,i, •¦'»;•*¦¦. mY 4§fe .ks-"^ YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Gift of John B. Fitch 1902 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS, being a GENERAL COLLECTION OF INTERESTING FACTS, TRADITIONS, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ANECDOTES, &c, relating to the HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF EVERY TOWN IN MASSACHUSETTS, GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS. ILLUSTRATED BY SOO ENGRAVINGS. BY JOHN WARNER BARBER, AUTHOR OF CONNECTICUT HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS, ELEMENTS OF GENERAL HIS TORY, ETC. [The Seal of the State of Massachusetts.] rBy the sword he seeks peace under Liberty.] WORCESTER: PUBLISHED BY DORR, HOWLAND & Co. 1841. YALE Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1839, BY DORR, HOWLAND & CO. In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. STEREOTYPED AT THE NEW ENGLAND TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY- GEO. A. AND J. CURTIS, BOSTON. WORCESTER: PRINTED BY M. SPOONER AND H. J. HOWLAND. PREFACE In view of the great variety of subjects introduced into this work, and the almost impossibility of producing a publication of this kind without errors and imperfections, it is with a degree of diffidence that it is laid before the public. This is felt in an espe cial manner when the author considers who will be his readers. A traveller in foreign places may make statements at random, in order to finish up his picture, which may pass for truth, when there is no one at hand who is able to correct his errors. This publi cation will come before persons many of whom have better means of information, and more knowledge on some subjects introduced, than can be reasonably expected from the author of this work. Massachusetts may justly claim an elevated rank among the states of this Union. She is the " mother state" of New England, and the birthplace of American freedom. A nobler ancestry no people ever yet possessed. " The Puritans (says a celebrated foreign writer, in no wise partial to them) were the most remarkable body of men, per haps, which the world has ever produced. — They were men whose minds had derived a peculiar character from the daily contemplation of superior beings and eternal inte rests. Not content with acknowledging in general terms an overruling providence, they habitually ascribed every event to the will of the Great Being, for whose power nothing was too vast, for whose inspection, nothing was too minute. To know him, to serve him, to enjoy him, was with them the great end of existence. They rejected with contempt the ceremonious homage which other sects substituted for the homage of the soul. — On the rich and the eloquent, on nobles and priests, they looked down with contempt ; for they esteemed themselves rich in a more precious treasure, and eloquent in a more sublime language ; — nobles by the right of an earlier creation, and priests by the imposition of a mightier hand." Let those who sneer at such an ances try go back to the titled robbers of the middle ages, and claim affinity, if they will, with those felons of the human race, who fatten on the sweat and blood of suffering humanity. Travellers who have heard of the " cold and sterile soil of New England" are sur prised on finding it the " Garden of the United States." On every hand he sees smiling and prosperous villages, and, to a very great extent, the appearance of public and private happiness. To whatever cause blind politicians may ascribe this, it is because " the Pilgrim spirit has not fled." Under no other system but Christianity doe,* true liberty exist, or are human rights properly respected. By it, the existence of man is invested with dignity and importance ; by this levelling and exalting system every human being, in whatever circumstances of degradation he may be placed, stands on an equality -with the mightiest potentate of earth, and to his fate is attached a mysterious and inconceivable importance. IV PREFACE. To the various gentlemen, throughout the commonwealth, who have furnished Infor mation for the work, the author would here return his grateful acknowledgments, particularly to the venerable T. M. Harris, D. D., librarian of the Historical Society, and to Maturin L. Fisher, Esq., formerly librarian, and also to Samuel F. Haven, Esq., the present librarian of the" American Antiquarian Society, for their readiness to afford every facility in their power in accomplishing the object of the work. The statements respecting the business done in each town were copied from the " Statistical Tables," published by the state in 1837. With regard to the title, it being somewhat similar to that of the volumes published by the Historical Society, it was, at first, not thought advisable to adopt the one now selected ; upon further reflection, however, as the work could not, with propriety, be called a History of Massachusetts, but is properly a col lection of materials ; and as the title is in fact different from the volumes above men. iioned, it is believed that no just grounds of complaint are given by adopting the present title of the book. In giving the ecclesiastical history of the several towns, it may perhaps be thought, by some, that an undue prominence is given to the Congregational denomination. In reference to this, it is to be remembered they are the most ancient, as well as most numerous, denomination in the commonwealth ; that almost all the town histories which have appeared have been written by clergymen of that order ; and of course it is to be expected that the religious history of their own denomination would receive their first attention. In this publication, impartiality has been attempted ; and whenever authentic accounts of other denominations have been obtained they have been inserted. Owing to prescribed limits, there has been an absolute necessity of being brief on many subjects of importance : many things have been omitted which it was desirable to have inserted. There are materials enough to have extended this publi cation far beyond its present limits ; but to have extended it to more than one volume would have rendered it too expensive for general circulation. The drawings for the numerous engravings interspersed throughout the book were, with few exceptions, taken on the spot by the author of this work. Before deciding upon the correctness of these representations, he wishes his readers to remember that the appearance of any place will vary considerably as it is viewed from different' points : thus a north view will appear quite different from one taken at the south. A person not being used to see a place from the point from which the drawing is made, it may not at the first sight be readily recognised. Before any view is condemned as being incorrect, it will be necessary, in order to form a correct judgment, to stand on the place from whence the drawing was made. In giving notices of distinguished individuals, a limited number only could be inserted. In some instances the information respecting some towns may have been defective. The history of some important towns may apparently not have received that attention to which they are entitled. This is owing to two principal reasons : one- is the failure to obtain the desired information after the attempt was made ; the other is the fact, that of some important places but little can be said which would be of general interest. Amid such a number of names, dates, &c, it is probable some mistakes may have occurred. A certain writer defines all history to be merely " an approxima tion towards truth." Though this humiliating statement cannot be fully aUowed, yet when the imperfection of every thing human is considered, it cannot be denied but that it may have some foundation in truth. April, 1839. J- w- B- CONTENTS. Abington, . Acton, . Adams,Alford, . Amesbury, . Amherst, Andover, . Ashby, . Ashburnham,Ashfield,Athol, Attleborough, Auburn, Barnstable County, Barnstable, . ¦Barre, . Becket,Bedford, -Belchertown, Bellingham, . Berkley, Berlin, . Bernardston,Berkshire County, Beverly, BUlerica, Blandford, . Bolton, . Boston, Boxborough, . Boxford,Boylston, Bradford, . Braintree, Brewster, . •Bridgewater, . Brighton, . Brimfield,Bristol County, .Brookfield, . Brookline, . Buckland, Burlington, • Cambridge, . (Canton, Carlisle, "Carver, Charlestown, Charlemont, Charlton, Chatham, . ¦Chelmsford, . 'Chelsea, Cheshire, Chester, Chesterfield,Chilmark, . Clarksburg, . Cohasset , . . Dover, .» Dracut, Dudley,Dukes County, Dunstable,Duxbury, • East Bridgewater; Eastham, . Easthampton,Easton, • . Edgartown, . Egremont, . Enfield,Erving, Essex, . Essex County. Fairhaven, . Fall River,' Falmouth, Pitchburg, . Foxborough,-.Framingham, « Franklin, Franklin County, Freetown, •- . Florida,Gardner,Georgetown,Gill, Gloucester,Goshen, Grafton,Granby,Granville, . Great Barrington Greenfield, - Greenwich,Groton, Hadley, . Halifax,Hamilton, Hampden County, Hampshire County, Hancock, . Hanover, ,» Hanson, » . Hardwick, Harwich, . Harvard,Hatfield. • . Haverhill,' , 68 562 , 171 116 455 245 40 117 463562 467 386 563 146 387498500 42 318119 151 69 320253175 166 120 121 44 565 .468 387 469 233125 70 568 176 253 176321 568 320 280 70 256 321389 322 501 181 275310 73 602 503 671 45 571 326 182 Hawley,- . Heath, . Hingham,*.Hinsdale,Holden, Holland,Holliston, • . Hopkinton, . Huhbardston, Hull, . Ipswich, . Kingston, • . Lancaster, .» Lanesborough, Lee, * . Leicester,Leominster, * Lenox, . Leverett, . Lexington,Leyden, Lincoln,Littleton, . Longmeadow,Lowell, r . Ludlow,Lunenburg, Lynn, . Lynnfield, . Maiden, Manchester,Mansfield, . Marblehead, » Marlborough, Marshfield, , Marshpee,Medfield, . Medford,Medway, . Mendon,Methuen, . Middleborough,Middlefield, Middleton,Middlesex County, Milford, • . Millbury, » . Milton, . Monroe,Monson,Montague, . Montgomery,Mount Washington, Nantucket County, Natick, Needham,New Ashford, . New Bedford, New Braintree, . Newbury, > '. Newburyport, < . VI CONTENTS. Page. Page. Page. New Marlborough, 83 Royalston, . 600 Tyngsborough, . 431 New Salem, . . 264 Russell, 287 Tyringham, _ . 100 Newton, * . . . 418 Rutland, . 600 Norfolk County, . . 450 Upton, . . 611 Northampton, • . 329 Salem, * . 218 Uxbridge, . 612 Northbbrough, . 589 Salisbury, . 227 Northbridge, * . 591 Sandisfield, 89 Wales, t . 299 North Bridgewater,* . 514 Sandwich,- . . 51 Walpole, - . 489 North Brookfield, 591 Saugus, . . 229 Waltham, * . . 432 Northfield, . . 265 Savoy, . . 90 Ware, - Wareham, » . 342 Norton, * . 127 Scituate, 526 . 529 Norwich,* . 334 Seekonk, . 136 Warren, 613 Sharon, « . 486 Warwick, . 274 Oakham, . 592 Sheffield, 91 Washington, 101- Orange, r . 268 Shelburne . 270 Watertown, . . 434 Orleans, . 48 Sherburne, . . 423 Wayland, • . 440 Otis, .... 85 Shirley, . 423 Webster, • . . 614 Oxford, . . 593 Shrewsbury, . . 602 Wellfleet, . 56 Shatesbury, 271 Wendell, . . 274 Palmer, * . 286 Somerset, 139 Wenham, . 231 Pawtucket/ . 128 Southampton, 341 Westborough, • . 614 Paxton, 595 Southborough, . 604 West Boylston, * 616 Pelham, 335 Southbridge, South Hadley, 605 West Bridgewater, - . 530 Pembroke, * 517 338 West Cambridge, 440 Pepperell, . 422 South Reading, \ 424 Westfield, . . 299 Peru, 86 Southwick, . . 287 Westford, •- 441 Petersham, 596 Spencer, C03 Westhampton, . 344 Phillipston, 598 Springfield, » . . 289 Westminster, 617 Pittsfield, * . 87 Sterling, 606 West Newbury,* . . 232 Plainfield, . 335 Stockbridge,-. . 94 Weston, * . 441 Plymouth, < . 513 Stoneham, 428 Westport, . . . 146 Plymouth County, 493 Stoughton, > . . 487 West Springfield, 304 Plympton, - . 523 Stow, 423 West Stockbridge,"' . 102 Prescott, 337 Sturbridge, » . . 607 Weymouth, 489 Princeton, 59S Sudbury, *. 429 Whately, _ . . 275 Provincetown, . •19 Sunderland, 272 Wilbranam, • 307 Sutton, ' . 609 Williamsburg,. . 344 Quincy, * . . . 478 Suffolk County, . 532 Williamstown, . 103 Swanzey, . 139 Wilmington, . . 442 Randolph, . 481 Winchendon, 617 Raynham," . 130 Taunton, * . 141 Windsor, . 109 Reading, . 422 Templeton, » Tewksbury, 610 Woburn, . 442 Rehoboth, *' . 132 . 430 Worcester, - . . 618 Richmond, - 88 Tisbury, 154 Worcester County, 550 Rochester,* . 524 Topsfield, Tolland, . . 230 Worthingham, , . . 345 Rowe, 269 298 Wrentham, . 491 Rowley, 217 Townsend, .. 431 Roxbury, < . 482 Truro, 54 Yarmouth, • . . 58 INDEX. Page. Adams houses, Quincy, . , . 480 Alden, Lieut. J., epitaph, . . . 496 Allen, Capt. John, epitaph, . 201 Allen, George, epitaph, . . 138 Americans killed at Lexington, . 400 Ames, Fisher, notico of, 402 Ancient church, W. Springfield, . 306 Ancient house in Deerfield, . . .251 Ancient house in Stockbridge, . . 98 Andross, seizure of, 26 Anecdote, revolutionary, New Salem, . 264 Annawon, capture of, . . . .135 Annawon's rock, view of, . . .134 Antiquarian Hall, Worcester, . . 620 Arabella, lady, .... 19 Ark in Pawtucket river, . . 129 Armory buildings, Springfield, . . 294 Ashley, Col. John, epitaph, ... 94 Atheneum, Boston, . . . .541 Atheneum at Nantucket, . . . 446 Atherton, H., epitaph, .... 466 Atherton, Rev. Mr., preservation, . . 327 Auburn, Mt., cemetery, . . .360 Baptist church, first in Massachusetts, . 614 Bailey, T. and L., epitaphs, . . .439 Bancroft, J., epitaph, .... 423 Barnard, Rev. J., epitaph, . . .' 206 Battle of Lake George, account of, . 236 Bean, Rev. J., epitaph, . . .492 Beers, Capt., surprised and slain, . . 266 Bell Tavern at Danvers, . . .174 Bills of credit, first, .... 26 Blackstone canal, 622 INDEX. VII Blackstone, William, account of, . .132 Bleeders, notice of persons so called, . 181 Blind, institution for, .... 540 Bliss, Rev. D., epitaph, . . .385 Bloodshed, first in Philip's war, . .140 Bloody Brook, attack of, 248 Bordwell, E., epitaph, . . . 264 Boston, evacuation of, . . . . 548 Boston harbor first visited, . ... 533 Boston in 1663, . . ... 534 Boston massacre, 1770, . . . 546 Boundary line between Connecticut ? „„„ and Massachusetts, 5 Bours, Rev. Peter, epitaph, . . .206 Bowditch, Hon. Nathaniel, notice of, . 226 Bradford, Hon. W., epitaph, . . 523 Brainerd, David, notice of, . . . 333 Breck, J., epitaph, .... 334 Breck, Rev. Robert, epitaph, . . 413 Breck, Rev. R., epitaph, . . .298 Bridge, Rev. E., epitaph, . . .377 Brookfield, attack on, . . . 559 Brown, Capt. J., ... 428 Bryant, Wm. C, notice of, . . . 317 Bug, singular account of, . . .108 Bunker Hill battle, . . . .368 Burk, Major John, journal of, . . 236 Cabotville, Springfield, . . .296 Cargill, Hugh, epitaph, . . .386 Cesar, a slave, epitaph on, . . . 115 Chabanakongkomun, Indian town, . 564 Chapman, Thomas, epitaph, . . 258 Chauncy, Rev. J., epitaph, . . .326 Cheese, the mammoth, ... 67 Chicopee village, Springfield, . . 295 Church, first Protestant in America, . 225 Churches, list of, Boston, . . .541 Church, ancient, at Hingham, . . 505 Clams, account of taking, ... 49 Clark, Rev. T., epitaph, . . .377 Coffin, Admiral Sir Isaac, . . . 446 Coit, I., Dr., epitaph, ... 289 College commons, ancient, . . . 357 Concord, action at, .... 382 Congregational church, first, . ¦ 35 Convention at Hatfield, . . . 328 Coin, first in New England, ... 22 Comette, L., epitaph, . . . 493 Correction, house of, . . . . 537 Cotton, Rev. J., epitaph, . . .421 Cushman, T., epitaph, . . . 240 Daggett, Rev. Naphtali, taken prisoner, 114 Danforth, Capt. J., notice of, . . 350 Day, first printer, .... 358 Dighton rock, inscriptions, &c., . . 117 Doolittle's engravings, . . . 398 Dorrellites, account of, ... 261 Dummer academy, oldest in N. E., 208 Dustin, Mr. and Mrs., escape, . . 184 East Cambridge, view of, . . . 356 East Boston, view of, . . 538 Eaton, Gen., notice of, . . 278 Edwards, Rev. Jonathan, . . 98 Eels in Merrimac river, . . . 170 Elizabeth Islands, Martha's Vineyard, . 150 Elegy on Rev. Mr. Whitefield, . . 215 Eliot's translation, anecdote, . . . 417 Eliot, Rev. John, notice of, . . . 484 Epitaphs, Latin, Cambridge, . . 362 Eustiss, William, epitaph, . . 401 Execution of Daley and Halligan, . 333 Fare, bill of, on Cape Cod, . Fairhaven, attack on, . Pall fight. Turner's falls, Faneuil Hall, view of, . Father's Choice, poetry, by Mrs. Hale, Fearing, Mai. Israel, bravery of, Fire at Newburyport, account of, Fire at Shrewsbury, Fisk, Rev. Moses, epitaph, . Folger, Peter, notice of, Pour Corners village, Middleborough Franklin, Benjamin, notice of, French Protestants at Oxford, Gage, Gen., residence, Danvers, Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Gerry, Hon. Elbridge, notice of, Gloucester, strange occurrences at Glover, Brigadier Gen., notice of, Glover, John, epitaph, Gookin, Maj. Gen., notice of, Gosnold's discoveries, &c., 1602, Gray Lock, ap Indian, . Green, Joseph, Rev., inscription, Groton attacked by Indians, . Hale, old Mr., singularities of, Harvard, Rev. John, Harvard University, Heath, Maj. Gen. William, . Hermit, Timothy Leonard, . Historical Society, Mass. Holyoke, Mt., view from, Holyoke, Mrs. Mari, epitaph, House, oldest in N. E., House on Cape Cod, Horn Pond, Woburn, . Hospital, State Lunatic, Hospital, Mass. General, Howe, L., singular monument of, Howe, Rev. Mr., of Hopkinton, Hubbard's Indian Wars, notice of, Hutchinson, Gov., notice of, Hutchinson, Mrs., account of, Indian church in Marshpee, Indians on Martha's Vineyard, Indians, first church of, Indian traditions, Nantucket, Indian tradition, Dighton, Indians christianized, . Inoculation of small-pox, Iron forge, first, Jack, John, epitaph on, Jerusalem, New, church, tenets, Judson, Rev. E., epitaph, Konkapot, Indian captain, ... 95 Landing, first celebration of, . 520 Lathrop, Rev. Joseph, notice of, . . 307 Law decisions, curious, . 21 Le Baron, Dr., notice of, . . . 526 Leonard house in Raynham, . . 130 Leonard, Zephaniah, epitaph, . . 145 Lexington, views in, . . . 398, 399 Lincoln, Benjamin, Maj. Gen., . . 508 Louisburg, capture of, . . . .28 Lovell's fight, 387 Lowell, Chevalier's account of, 408 Lyman, Rev. H. epitaph, . . 334 Lynn, poetic description of settlers, 195 Lyon, Marcus, murder of, . . • 309 vm INDEX. Mallefuild, J., epitaph, . Mann, Bazaleel, and Dr., epitaph, Marine Hospital, Chelsea, . Marblehead, description of, 1720, Marriage, first, notice of, Massasoit, sickness of, . Massachusetts, Fort, . . Massachusetts patent, . Mather, Cotton, notice of, Mattapoisett village, Mayhew, Gov., McLean Asylum, Monument mountain, . Monument at Concord, . Monument at Bloody Brook, . Monument at Bunker Hill, . Monument at Danvers, . Monis, Rabbi Judah, Mountain Miller, account of, . Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary, Mugford, Capt. James, . Murder of Miss McKinstry, . Nahant, account of, Nashoba, Indian town, . Navy yard, Charlestown, Newman, Rev. Mr., remarkable death, . Newspaper, first in America, Nonantum, Indian settlement, Old colony seal, . Oldtown harbor, . Ordination at Woburn, . Ordination at Salem, Ossian, quotation from, . Otis, James, notice of, . Page, " Old Governor," . Paine, Robert Treat, notice of, Paper-mill, first in N. E., Parsons, Theophilus, notice of, Paskhomuch, Indian attack on, Pear tree, ancient, Eastham, . Perkins, Jacob, notice of, Philip's war, Philip, King, draught by, Pickering, Timothy, epitaph, . Pilgrim Society, . Pilgrim Hall, Pilgrim Fathers, landing of, . Pirates at Saugus, Plymouth settlers, names of, . Pool, Miss, monument of, Powder mill explosion at Lee, Pratt, Mr., great age of, Prentice, Capt. T., epitaph, . Punkapoag, Indian town, Puritans, account of, Pynchon house, Springfield, . Quakers, laws against, Quincy Market, Boston, Quincy, Josiah, epitaph, Quinsigamond lake, Regicides, Goffe and Whalley, Robbins, Dr., library, . Rock, fractured, Sunderland, . Rocks, sacrifice, Plymouth, . Rock, writing, at Dighton, . Rogers, Rev. E., epitaph, Rolfe, Rev. Mr., killed by Indians, Russell, Rev. J. and Mrs., epitaph, Rutland, incursion of Indians, 298 116 549 203 1516 6415 548524 154 366 72 385 247 373 174 590 336339210 144 197 402365 133 544 419 522152 443220259 35 565 145 477 215 318 42 216 24 526227 521519 13 230 12 143 78 272 421488 9 292 23 543481603 323 525273522 117 218 187 326601 Saddle Mountain, view of, . Salt, manner of making, Samoset, account of, Scammel, Gen. Alexander, . Sea serpent, account of, . Seal of Massachusetts, &c., . Sergeant, Rev. John, . Shaker village in Hancock, . Shays' defeat at Springfield, . Sheffield, remarkable occurrences in, Sherman, Rev. J., epitaph, . Shipwreck of the pirate Bellamy, Skeleton, &c., found at Fall River, Snake attack on Nauhaught, South Boston, view of, . SpuTzheim, monument of, Stamp Act Standish, Capt., notice of, State prison, Charlestown, . State-house, Boston, Stockbridge Indians, account of, Stoddard, Rev. Mr., preservation of, Stone, Capt. J., epitaph, " Striped Pig," &c. Superstition of an Irishman, . Swamp fight, Narragansetts, Swift, Rev. J., epitaph, . Tappan, Benj., epitaph, Tea, destruction of, Thatcher, Col. J., notice of, . Thompson, E., epitaph, Thomas, Isaiah, notice of, . Tornado at Salisbury, . Townsend, Daniel, epitaph, . Treat, Rev. Mr., bunal of, . Turner's falls, Turner, Capt., killed, . Tuttle, Mr., killed by mistake, Ursuline convent, Van Rensselaer, Mr. remarkable preservation of, . Vale of West Boylston, Walker, J., epitaph, Ward, Judge, intrepidity of, . Ward, Artemas, Hon., epitaph, Wachusett, Mt., view of, Wadsworth, Capt., killed, . Wamesit, an Indian town, Warren, Gen., notice of, Washington elm, . Webster, John, epitaph, Webster, Hon. Daniel, residence, Wesleyan academy at Wilbraham, Weld, Rev. Mr., notice of, . Wells, J., escape from the Indians, Whale fishery, .... Whaling song, by Dr. Osborn, Whitman, EUza, notice of, . Whitefield, notice of, monument, &c., Willet, Capt. Thomas, notice of, . Williams, Hon. I., epitaph, . Williams, Mrs., killed by Indians, Williams, Rev. S., epitaph, . Witchcraft at Andover, Witchcraft at Danvers, . Witchcraft, notice of, . Witchcraft, Cotton Mather's account, Wood's hole, Falmouth, Wood, Captli David, epitaph, Woodcock, John, notice of, . IV, 328 624 604600 430404485359326 512 308 113 257 443 63 175 214 138 328 258 334 163172 27 221 44 45 111 MASSACHUSETTS. OUTLINE HISTORY, Massachusetts,* the oldest of the New England states, and the first in population and resources, was first permanently settled by Europeans at Plymouth, on the 22d of December, 1620. There is good reason to believe that the first civilized people who visited the territory now comprised within the limits of the state, were the Norwegians, who emigrated from Iceland, and formed a settlement on the coast of Greenland in A. D. 986. From this place, in A. D. 1000, a ship, with a crew of thirty-five men, proceeded southward on a voyage of discovery. From the account of their voyage, which is still preserved, it appears highly probable that they sailed as far south as Narragansett bay, near the head of Which it is supposed they passed the winter. It also appears that after this period they made other voyages along the coast, and even attempted settlements, of the fate of which we have no information. About the period of the commencement of the seventeenth century, the English sovereigns maintained a despotic power over the con sciences of their subjects. All who dissented from the national creed established by law were persecuted with great rigor. The avowed maxim in that age, adopted by religious as well as political rulers, was, that uniformity in religion was essential to the peace of society ; and that it was therefore the right and duty of every sovereign to maintain it in his dominions, by the force of law and punishment. In 1602, a number of religious people in the north of England, called Puritans, (so called from their efforts to preserve purity in divine worship,) were so persecuted on account of their religious sentiments, that they were compelled to take measures to find refuge in a foreign land. A little band of these brethren entered into a solemn covenant with each other "to walk with God and one another, in the enjoyment of the ordinances of God, according to the primitive pattern," whatever it might cost them. A number of ministers entered into this association, among whom was Mr. Robinson, a man of eminent piety and learning. Mr. Robinson, and as many of his congregation as found it in * This word Was the name for an Indian tribe who lived around the vicinity oi Massachusetts Bay. The word Massachusetts, according to Roger Williams, signifies, in the Indian language, Blue-Hills. 2 10 OUTLINE HISTORY. ;their power, left England in the years 1607 and 1608, settled in Amsterdam, in Holland, from whence, in 1609, they removed to Leyden. Here they lived in great friendship among themselves and their neighbors, Until they removed to New England. As early as 1617, Mr. Robinson's people meditated a removal to America. The reasons of their removal were, to preserve the morals of their youth, which were in danger of being corrupted by the dissolute manners of their neighbors, the Dutch ; the desire of perpetuating a church which they believed to be constituted after the simple and pure model of the primitive church of Christ ; and a zeal to propagate the Gospel in the regions of the new world. These reasons having been duly considered by the church, after seeking divine direction by humiliation and prayer, they agreed to come over to America, and settle iu a distinct body, under the general government of Virginia. They also agreed that their pastor, Mr. Robinson, should remain with the greater part of the church, whether they chose to remain at Leyden, or to come over to America. In 1617 they sent Mr. Robert Cushman and Mr. John Carver to England, to treat with the Virginia Company, and ascertain whether the king would grant them liberty of conscience, if they removed to their territory. The Virginia Company were very desirous to have them settle within the limits of their patent ; =the king, however, would grant no public recognition of religious liberty, but promised that if they behaved peaceably he would not molest them on account of their religious sentiments. In February, 1619, Mr. Cushman and Mr. Bradford were sent to England, where, after a long attendance, they obtained of the Virginia Company a patent of the northern parts of Virginia. This patent was taken out in the name of John Wincob, a religious gentleman in the family of the Countess of Lincoln, who intended to accompany them, but was providentially detained. This patent therefore was never used, but carried, however, to Leyden, with proposals from Mr. Weston, and several other respectable mer chants and friends, for their consideration, with a request that immediate preparations should be made for their voyage. After a day of solemn prayer, in accordance with their custom previous to their engaging in important concerns, tlie congregation ,of Mr. Robinson concluded to remove to America. As it was not convenient for all of them to go at once, it was agreed that part of their number should go, and make preparation for the rest. After due consultation, it was determined that Mr. Robinson and the greater part of the congregation should remain at Leyden. The other part, with Mr. Brewster for their elder and teacher, agreed to be the first adventurers. A small ship, of about sixty tons, called the Speedwell, was now purchased and fitted out in Holland; another of about one hundred and eighty tons, called the May flower, was hired at London. " All other matters being prepared, a large concourse of friends from Amsterdam and Leyden accom panied the adventurers to the ship, which lay at Delft Haven ; and the night preceding their embarkation was spent in tearful prayers, OUTLINE HISTORY. IB and in the most tender and friendly intercourse. The next day fair wind invited their departure. The parting scene is more easily felt than described. Their mutual good wishes, their affectionate and cordial embraces, and other endearing expressions of christian love and friendship, drew tears even from the stran gers who beheld the scene. When the time arrived that they must part, they all, with their beloved pastor, fell on their knees, and; with eyes, and hands, and hearts lifted to Heaven, fervently com mended their adventuring brethren to the Lord and his blessing. Thus, after mutual embraces, accompanied with many tears, they bid a long, and many of them a last, farewell." Having a fair wind, they arrived at Southampton about the 2d of July, and found that the Mayflower had arrived at that place from London, and immediate preparations were made for embarka tion. They divided themselves into two companies, one for each ship, and, with the approbation of the captains, each company chose a governor, and two or three assistants, to preserve order and distribute provisions. They sailed from Southampton on the 5th of August. They had not proceeded far, before the smallest ship proved so leaky, that they were obliged to return and refit. On the 21st of August, they sailed again, and proceeded about one hundred leagues, when they were obliged to return again, when the smaller ship was left behind as unfit for service. Leaving a part of the company which had embarked in the smaller vessel, the remainder went on board of the Mayflower. On the 6th of Septem ber, they set sail from Plymouth. After a boisterous passage, they arrived at Cape Cod on the 9th of November, and the next day they anchored in the harbor which is formed by the hook of the cape. This however was not the place of their destination ; neither was it within the limits of their patent. It was their inten tion to have been landed at the mouth of Hudson river ; but it appears the Dutch, intending to plant a colony there of their own, secretly hired the master of the ship to contrive delays in England, and then to conduct them to these northern coasts, and there, under the pretence of shoals and winter, to discourage them in venturing to the place of their destination. Finding that they were not within the limits of their patent, and consequently not under the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company, they concluded it necessary to establish a separate government for themselves. Accordingly, before landing, having devoutly given thanks to the Almighty for their safe arrival, they formed them selves into a body politic by a solemn contract, to which they all subscribed, and Mr. John Carver was unanimously chosen their go vernor for the first year. The following is a copy of this contract,. with the names of the signers, the number in their families, &c. " In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are under written, the loyal sub- jects of our dread sovereign Lord King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, king, defender of the- faith, &c., having undertaken, for- the glory of God and advancement of the christian faith and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do, by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presen.ce of God and of one another, covenant and com 12 OUTLINE HISTORY. bine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preserva tion, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid ; and by virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws and ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony, unto which we promise all due subjection and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names, at Cape Cod, the 11th day of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign Lord King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, Anno Domini 1620." This compact was subscribed in the following order by No. in Family Mr. John Carver,! £ Mr. William Bradford,! s Mr. Edward Winslow,! t Mr. William Brewster, | t Mr. Isaac Allerton,t ( Capt. Miles Standish,! John Alden, Mr. Samuel Fuller, *Mr. Christopher Mar tin,! * Mr. William Mullins,t * Mr. William White,! (Besides a son born in Cape Cod harbor, and named Peregrine) Mr. Richard Warren, No. in Family John Howland, (of Car ver's family,) Mr. Stephen Hopkins,! * Edward Tilly,! * John Tilly,! Francis Cook, * Thomas Rogers, * Thomas Tinker,! * John Ridgdale,! * Edward Fuller,! * John Turner, Francis Eaton,! * James Chilton,! * John Crackston, John Billington,! * Moses Fletcher, No. in Family. * John Goodman, * Degory Priest, * Thomas Williams, Gilbert Winslow, * Edward Margeson, Peter Brown, * Richard Britterige, George Soule, (of Edward Winslow's family) * Richard Clarke, Richard Gardiner, * John Allerton, * Thomas English, Edward Dotey, Edward Leister, (both of Ste phen Hopkins' family.) This brief, and comprehensive, and simple instrument established a most important principle, a principle which is the foundation of all the democratic institutions of Ame rica, and is the basis of the republic ; and, however it may be expanded and compli cated in our various constitutions, however unequally power may be distinguished in the different branches of our various governments, has imparted to each its strongest and most striking characteristic. Many philosophers have since appeared, who have, in labored treatises, endeavored to prove the doctrine, that the rights of man are inalienable, and nations have bled to defend and enforce them, yet in this dark age, the age of despotism and supersti tion, when no tongue dared to assert, and no pen to write, this bold and novel doctrine, which was then as much at defiance with common opinion as with actual power, of which the monarch was then held to be the sole fountain, and the theory was univer sal, that all popular rights were granted by the crown, — in this remote wilderness, amongst a small and unknown band of wandering outcasts, the principle that the will of the majority of the people shall govern, was first conceived, and was first practically exemplified. The pilgrims, from their notions of primitive Christianity, the force of circumstan ces, and that pure moral feeling which is the offspring of true religion, discovered a truth in the science of government which had been concealed for ages. On the bleak shore of a barren wilderness, in the midst of desolation, with the blast of winter howling around them, and surrounded with dangers in their most awful and appall ing forms, the pilgrims of Leyden laid the foundation of American liberty. — Baylies, vol. i. p. 29. Government being thus established, their next object was to find a convenient place for a settlement. On the same day sixteen men, well armed, with a few others, were sent on shore to fetch Avood and make discoveries. They returned at night without having found any person or habitation. On the 15th of November, Miles Standish, ami sixteen armed men, in searching for a place for set tlement, saw five or six Indians, whom they followed for several ! Those with this mark brought their wives. * Those who died before the end of the next March are distinguished by an aste risk. OUTLINE HISTORY. 13 miles, until night ; but, not overtaking them, were obliged to lodge in the woods. The next day they discovered heaps, one of which they dug open ; but finding within implements of war, they con cluded these were Indian graves. In different heaps of sand they also found baskets of corn, a quantity of which they took away, to the amount of about ten bushels. This was a fortunate disco very; it gave them seed for a future harvest, and probably saved the infant colony from famine. They made diligent inquiry for the owners of the corn, whom they found, and afterwards paid them to their entire satisfaction. Before the end of November, Peregrine White, the son of William and Susanna White, was born, being the first child of European parents born in New England. On the sixth of December, the shallop was sent out with seve ral of the principal men, Carver, Bradford, Winslow, Standish, and others, and eight or ten seamen, to sail around the bay in search of a place for a settlement. The next day the company divided; and some travelled on the shore, whilst the others coasted in the shallop. On the morning of the eighth, those on the shore were surprised by a party of Indians, who shot their arrows at them; they however instantly fled upon the discharge of the mus kets of the English. On the night of the ninth, being Saturday, they reached a small island, (since called Clark's Island). They reposed themselves, and on the next day on this spot they kept the Christian Sabbath. The day following, December 11th, O. S., they sounded the harbor, and found it "fit for shipping." A part of their number landed and went some distance into the country. They also examined the land near the shore, and found it hai' been planted with Indian corn two or three years before. A beau tiful brook was near, and a number of springs of pure water; and judging this to be a good place for a settlement, they returned with the welcome intelligence to the ship. This day has since been considered as the day on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the Rock of Plymouth. The day which has been annually cele brated in commemoration of this momentous event, is the twenty- second of December, N. S., which has been supposed to correspond with the eleventh, O. S. On Saturday the 23d, they began to cut timber and provide materials for building. This business found them employment, when the weather would permit, till about the 19th of February. The whole company, consisting of one hundred and one souls, were divided into nineteen families, who each built their 6wn house or hut ; they all, however, engaged in building a storehouse twenty feet square for common use. From the time of their arrival on the coast, till the day of their permanent landing, the weather was often stormy and severe. The men who were employed in exploring the coast, were exposed to great hardships from watchings and fastings, wet and cold. During the month of December, six of their number died, and many others sickened of grievous colds, of which they never recovered. On the Lord's day, December 31st, they attend- 14 OUTLINE HIS TOR Y . cd public worship for the first time on shore, and named the place Plymouth; partly because the harbor was so named by Capt. iSmith, who visited this coast in 1614, and partly from gratitude for the kind treatment they had received from Christian friends at Plymouth, the last port in England which they had left. The colonists, on the 9th of January 1621, proceeded to the erection of their town, which they built in two rows of houses for greater security. On the 14th, their common storehouse took fire from a spark that fell on its thatched roof, and was entirely consumed; but providentially, by the timely exertions of the peo ple, the contents of the building, so necessary for their support, -were preserved. On the 17th of February they met for settling military orders, and Miles Standish was chosen their captain. The settlers suffered extremely this month by sickness and death, and no less than seventeen of their number died. Their sufferings were much increased by the want of well persons to take care of the sick ; there being at one time no more than six or seven in tolerable health. In March, 1621, fifty-five only survived of the one hundred and one who came in the Mayflower. On the 16th of March, an Indian came into Plymouth alone, and surprised the inhabitants by calling out in broken English, " Welcome, Englishmen ! Welcome, Englishmen!" He was the first of the natives who visited them ; his name was Samoset, and was a Sagamore who had come from Monhiggon, (a place now in the limits of Maine,) where he had learned something of the English tongue from the captains of the fishing vessels who resorted thither. He informed the Plymouth people that the place where they were seated was called by the Indians Patuxet ; that all the inhabitants died of an extraordinary plague about four years since ; and that there was neither man, woman nor child remaining. No natives, therefore, were dispossessed of their land to make room for the English, excepting by the providence of God before their arrival. Samoset was treated with hospitality by the settlers, and was disposed to preserve an intercourse with them ; and on his third visit brought Squanto, one of the natives who had been basely carried off by Capt. Hunt in 1614, and afterwards lived in England. These Indians informed the English that Massasoit, the greatest king of the neighboring tribes, was near, with a train of sixty men. The meeting between him and the English was conducted with considerable formality and parade. They entered into a friendly treaty, wherein they agreed to avoid injuries on both sides, to punish offenders, to restore stolen goods to assist each other in all justifiable wars, to promote peace amono- their neighbors, &c. Massasoit and his successors for fifty years invio lably observed this treaty. The prudent and upright conduct of the Plymouth settlers towards their neighbors, the Indians, secured their friendship and alliance. On the 13th of September, 1621 no less than nine sachems declared allegiance to king James, and Massasoit, with many sachems under him, subscribed a writing acknowledging the kine of England as their sovereign. OUTLINE HISTORY. 15 The first marriage in the colony was solemnized on May 12th, 1621, between Mr. Edward Winslow and Mrs. Susanna White. The first duel in New England was fought on the 18th of June, between two servants, both of whom were wounded. For this disgraceful offence, they were formally tried before the whole com pany, and sentenced to have " their heads and feet tied together, and so to be twenty-four hours without meat or drink." Such, however, was the painfulness of their situation, and their piteous entreaties to be released, that, upon promise of better behavior in future, they were soon released by the governor. The colonists planted twenty acres with corn, of which they had a good crop. They were instructed in the maimer of planting by Squanto ; but were unsuccessful in their first trial with English grain, by reason, as is supposed, of the lateness of the season, and bad quality of the seed. Governor Carver was taken sick on the fifth of April, while engaged in planting corn, and died in a few days. His death was greatly lamented, as he was a man of great piety, humility, and benevolence. He possessed a considerable estate, the greater part -of which he expended for the good of the colony. Soon after his death, Mr. William Bradford was chosen governor, and by renewed elections continued in office for several years. On the 3d of November, 1620, king James signed a patent incor porating the Duke of Lenox, the Marquises of Buckingham and Hamilton, the Earls of Arundel and Warwick, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, with thirty-four others, and their successors, styling them " The Council established at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, for planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New Eng land in America." To this council he granted that part of Ame rica which lies between the fortieth and forty-eighth degrees of north latitude. This patent was the great civil basis of all the grants and patents by which New England was afterwards divided. The Plymouth Coimcil retained the power vested in them by the crown until the year 1635, when they resigned their charter.' Previous to this, however, the council had made several grants of land to adventurers who proposed to settle in New England. They granted New Hampshire to Capt. John Mason in 1621 — the Province of Maine to Sir R. Gorges in 1622 — and Massachusettc Bay to Sir Henry RosweU and five others in 1628. In 1622, Mr. Weston, a merchant of London, having procured for himself a patent for a tract of land in Massachusetts Bay, sent two ships, with fifty or sixty men, at his own charge, to settle a plantation. This company attempted a settlement at Weymouth, but, "being a set of rude, profane fellows, regardless of justice, provoked the Indians by stealing their corn, and other abuses, to become their enemies, and occasioned much trouble, both to them selves and the Plymouth settlers." The Indians soon entered into a conspiracy to destroy the settlement, which they would have effected, had it not been for the interposition of their Plymouth friends. The Plymouth settlers having received information that the 16 OUTLINE HISTORY. sachem Massasoit was sick and apparently near death, and that a Dutch ship was driven ashore near his house, the governor sent Edward Winslow and John Hambden to visit him, and speak with the Dutch. Having Hobamack for their guide, they reached the residence of Massasoit, whom they found extremely ill, but, by the timely assistance of Mr. Winslow, he recovered. The following is an account of this journey as narrated by Mr. Winslow. " The next day, (March 1623) about one of the clock, we came to a ferry in Con- batant's country, wnere, upon discharge of my piece, divers Indians came to us, from a house not far off. There they told us that Massassowat was dead, and that day buried ; and that the Dutch would be gone before we could get thither, having hove off their ship already. This news struck us blank ; but especially Hobbamock, who desired we might return with all speed. I told him I would first think of it, consider ing now that, he being dead, Conbatant was the most like to succeed him, and that we were not above three miles from Mattapuyst, his dwelling place. Although he were but a hollow-hearted friend toward us, I thought no time so fit as this to enter into more friendly terms with him, and the rest of the sachems thereabout ; hoping, through the blessing of God, it would be a means, in that unsettled state, to settle their affections towards us ; and though it were somewhat dangerous, in respect of our personal safety, because myself and Hobbamock had been employed upon a ser vice against him, which he might now fitly revenge ; yet, esteeming it the best means, leaving the event to God in his mercy, I resolved to put it in practice, if mas ter Hamden and Hobbamock durst attempt it with me ; whom I found willing to that •or any other course might tend to the general good. So we went towards Mattapuyst. "In the way, Hobbamock, manifesting a troubled spirit, brake forth into these speeches : 'Neen womasu Sagimus, neen womasu Sagimus, &c.,-~ My loving sachem my loving sachem ! Many have I known, but never any like thee.' And, turning to me, he said whilst I lived I should never see his like amongst the Indians ; saying he was no liar ; he was not bloody and cruel, like other Indians. In anger and pas sion he was soon reclaimed ; easy to be reconciled towards such as had offended him ¦ ruled by reason in such measure as he would not scorn the advice of mean men • and that he governed his men better with few strokes than others did with many ¦ truly loving where he loved ; yea, he feared we had not a faithful friend left among the Indians ; showing how he ofttimes restrained their malice, &c.; continuing a long speech, with such signs of lamentation and unfeigned sorrow, as it would have made the hardest heart relent. "At length we came to Mattapuyst, and went to the sachimo comaco, for so they called the sachem's place though they call an ordinary house witeo ; but Conbatant, the sachem, was not at home, but at Puckanokick, which was some five or six miles ofi'. The squa sachem, for so they call the sachem's wife, gave us friendly entertainment! Here we inquired again concerning Massassowat : they thought him dead, but knew no certainty. Whereupon I hired one to go, with all expedition, to Puckanokick that we might know the certainty thereof, and withal to acquaint Conbatant with our there being. About half an hour before sun-setting the messenger returned and told us that he was not yet dead, though there was no hope we should find him livin°- Upon this we were much revived, and set forward with all speed, though it was late within night ere we got thither. About two of the clock, that afternoon, the Dutchmen departed ; so that in that respect our journey was frustrate. " When we came thither, we found the house so full of men, as we could scarce "et in, though they used their best diligence to make way for us. There were thevm the midst of their charms for him, making such a hellish noise as it distempered us that were well, and therefore unlike to ease him that was sick. About him were six or eight women, who chafed his arms, legs, and thighs, to keep heat in him When they had made an end of their charming, one told him that his friend" the English were come to see him. Having understanding left,' but his sight was' wholly gone! he asked who was come. They told him Winsnow, for they cannot pronounce the letter I, but ordinarily n in the place thereof. He desired to speak with me When I came to him, and they told him of it, he put forth his hand to me which I took Then he said twice, though very inwardly, Keen Winsnoiv ? which is to sav Art thou Winslow ? I answered, Ahhe, that is, Yes. Then he doubled these words • Matta neen wonckanet namen, Winsnow ! that is to say, 0 Winslow, I shall never see thee again. OUTLINE HISTORY. 17 "Then I called Hobbamock, and desired him to tell Massassowat, that the governor, hearing of his sickness, was sorry for the same ; and though, by reason of many busi nesses, he could not come himself, yet he sent me with such things for him as he thought most likely to do him good in this extremity ; and whereof if he pleased to take, I would presently give him j which he desired; and having a confection of many comfortable conserves, on the point of my knife, I gave him some, which I could scarce get through his teeth. When it was dissolved in his mouth, he swallowed the juice of it ; whereat those that were about him much rejoiced, saying he had not swallowed anything in two days before. Then I desired to see his mouth, which was exceedingly furred, and his tongue swelled in such a manner as it was not possible for him to eat such meat as they had, his passage being stopped up. Then I washed his mouth, and scraped his tongue, and got abundance of corruption out of the same. After which I gave him more of the confection, which he swallowed with more readiness. Then he desired to drink. I dissolved some of it in water, and gave him thereof. Within half an hour this wrought a great alteration in him, in the eyes of all that beheld him. Presently after his sight began to come to him Then I gave him more, and told him of a mishap we had, in breaking a bottle of drink, which the governor also sent him, saying, if he would send any of his men to Patuxet, I would send for more of the same ; also for chickens to make him broth, and for other things, which I knew were good for him ; and would stay the return of his messenger, if he desired. This he took marvellous kindly, and appointed some, who were ready to go by two of the clock in the morning ; against which time I made ready a letter, declaring therein our good success, the state of his body, - plaints were renewed in England, which struck at the powers of government. An inquiry was set on foot, and followed from time to time, until 1684, when judgment was given against the chapter. In 16S6, in May, a commissioner arrived, appointing a president and divers gentlemen of the council, to take upon them the admi nistration of government. This administration was short, and productive of no grievances. In December, of the same year, Sir Ed/mund Andross arrived with a commission from king James, for the government of the New England colonies, with the exception of Connecticut. His kind professions for a while encouraged the * Seeley of New Haven. 26 OUTLINE HISTOKY. hopes of the people ; he, however, soon threw off the mask, and did many arbitrary acts, whereby the people were oppressed, and himself and his followers were enriched. The press was restrained ; public thanksgiving, without an order from the crown, was prohibited ; fees of all officers were increased ; and the people were compelled to petition for new patents for their lands, for which they were obliged to pay exorbitant prices. The colony was greatly disquieted by these and other tyrannical proceedings, and the hatred of the people was excited in proportion to their sufferings. In the beginning of 1689, a rumor reached Boston, that William, prince of Orange, had invaded England, with the intention of dethroning the king. Animated with the hope of deliverance, the , people rushed to arms, took possession of the fort, seized Andross, Randolph, the licenser of the press, and other obnoxious charac ters, and placed them in confinement. A council of safety, con sisting of their former magistrates, was then organized to admi nister the government till authentic intelligence should be received from England. In a few weeks tidings arrived that William and Mary were firmly seated on the throne : they were immediately proclaimed with great rejoicings. The people of Massachusetts applied for the restoration of their old or the grant of a new char ter. A definite answer was deferred, but the council was author ized to administer the government according to the old charter till further directions were given. Andross and his associates were ordered home for trial. A new charter was received in 1692 by Massachusetts, which added to her territory Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia. By this charter, the appointment of the gover nor was in the crown, and every freeholder of forty shillings ster ling a year, and every inhabitant of forty pounds sterling personal estate, was allowed to vote for representatives. At this period, the French in Canada and Nova Scotia insti gated the northern and eastern Indians to commence hostilities against the English settlements. Dover and Salmon Falls, in New Hampshire, Casco, in Maine, and Schenectady, in New York, were attacked by different parties of French and Indians, and shocking barbarities committed. Regarding Canada as the princi pal source of their troubles, New England and New York formed the bold project of reducing it by force of arms. For this pur pose, they raised an army, under General Winthrop, which was sent against Montreal, and equipped a fleet, which, commanded by Sir William Phipps, was destined to attack Quebec. The sea son was so far advanced when the fleet arrived at Quebec Octo ber 5th, 1690, the French so superior in number, the weather so tempestuous, and the sickness so great among the soldiers that the expedition was abandoned. Success had been so confidently expected, that no adequate provision was made for the pay ment of the troops. There was danger of a mutiny In this .extremity, the government of Massachusetts issued bills of credit, as a substitute for money ; and these were the first ever issued in Xhe American colonies. OUTLINE HISTORY. 27 In 1692, a great excitement was again revived in New England on account of the supposed prevalence of witchcraft. It com menced at this time in Danvers, then a part of Salem. Near the close of February, several children in this place began to act in a peculiar and unaccountable manner. Their strange conduct con tinuing for several days, their friends betook themselves to fasting and prayer. During religious exercises, the children were gene rally decent and still; but after service was ended, they renewed their former unaccountable conduct. This was deemed sufficient evidence that they were laboring under the "influence of an evil hand, or witchcraft." After a few days, these children began to- accuse several persons in the vicinity of bewitching them. Unfor tunately, they were credited, and these suspected persons were seized and imprisoned. From this time, this contagion spread rapidly over the neighboring country, and soon appeared in various parts of Essex, Middlesex, and Suffolk. Persons at Andover, Ipswich, Gloucester, Boston, and other places, were accused by their neighbors, and others. For a time, those who were accused were persons of the lower classes. But at length some of the first people in rank and character were accused of the crime of witchcraft. The evil had now become awfully alarming. Before the close of September, nineteen persons were executed; and one, (Giles Corey,) was pressed to death for refusing to put himself on a trial by jury ; all these persons died professing their innocence of the crime laid to their charge. At length the magistrates became convinced that their proceedings had been rash and indefensible. A special court was held on the subject, and fifty who were brought to trial were acquitted, excepting three, who were reprieved by the governor. These events were followed by a general release of all who were imprisoned. At this period the belief of the actual existence of witchcraft, prevailed in the most enlightened parts of Europe. The learned Baxter pro nounced the disbeliever in witchcraft " an obdurate Sadducee," and Sir Matthew Hale, one of the greatest of English judges, repeatedly tried and condemned persons accused of this crime. It ought also to be mentioned, that, if we are to credit the testi mony of many respectable witnesses, many things took place at that time, which, even in this age, cannot be satisfactorily ex plained. The war with the French and Indians, which began in 1690, was not yet terminated. For seven years the frontier settlements were harassed by the savages, till peace took place between France and England. But in a few years war again broke out in Europe, which was the signal for hostilities in America. In February, 1704, Deerfield, on Connecticut river, was surprised in the night, about forty persons killed, and more than one hundred made prisoners, among whom were Mr. Williams, the minister, and his family. In 1707, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and' Rhode Island, despatched an armament against Port Royal, in Nova Scotia ; but the expedition was unsuccessful. In 1710, New. 28 OUTLINE HISTOKY. England, assisted by the mother country, with a fleet, succeeded in reducing the place ; and its name, in honor of queen Anne, was changed to Annapolis. This success encouraged the com mander, General Nicholson, to visit England and propose an expe dition against Canada. His proposition was adopted, and in June, 1711, Admiral Walker, with a fleet of fifteen ships of war, and forty transports, with an army of veteran troops, arrived at Boston, from whence he sailed for Quebec about the last of July. At the same time, General Nicholson repaired to Albany, to take the command of the forces that were to proceed by land. When the fleet had advanced ten leagues up the St. Lawrence, the wea ther became tempestuous and foggy. Nine of the transports were dashed in pieces on the rocks, and upwards of a thousand men perished. Weakened by this disaster, the admiral returned to England, and the New England troops returned to their homes. Nicholson, having learned the fate of the fleet, returned with his troops to Albany. In 1713, peace was made between France and Great Britain at Utrecht. In 1716, Samuel Shute, a colonel in the army of the celebrated Duke of Marlborough, was appointed governor of Massachusetts. For a long period afterwards, many controversies and difficulties took place between the royal governors sent from England and the representatives of the people, who were jealous of their rights as British subjects. These disturbances continued, with some intervals, till the period of the American Revolution. - In' 1744, war again broke out between England and France, and the colonies were again involved in its calamities. Their commerce and fisheries suffered great injury from privateers fitted out at Louisburg, a strong fortress on the island of Cape Breton. This place was considered one of the strongest in America ; the fortifications had been twenty-five years in building, and had cost the French five and a half millions of dollars. The legislature of Massachusetts, convinced of the importance of reducing this place, planned a daring, but successful enterprise for its reduction. Accordingly, about four thousand men, from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut, under the command of Gen. Pep perell, sailed from Boston for the conquest of this place. Having the assistance of four ships of war, under Commodore Warren, from the West Indies, the troops arrived at Louisburg, about the 1st of May, 1745, and commenced the siege. For fourteen nights successively, the New England troops, sinking to their knees in mud, drew their cannons and mortars through a swamp two miles in length. By this means, the siege was pushed with so much vigor, that, on tho 16th of June, the garrison surrendered. France, fired with resentment against the colonies, the next sum mer sent a powerful fleet to ravage the coast of New England and recover Louisburg. The news of their approach spread terror throughout New England. But an uncommon succession of dis asters, which the pious at that time ascribed to the special inter position of Providence, blasted the hopes of the enemy. The O U T L I N E H I S T 0 R Y . 29 French fleet was delayed and damaged by storms : some of the ships were lost, and a pestilential fever prevailed among tho troops, and the two admirals killed themselves through chagrhi on the failure of the expedition. The war at this period was ended by the peace of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, by which all pri soners on each side were to be restored without ransom, and all conquests made during the war were to be mutually restored. Scarcely had the colonies begun to reap the benefits of peace, before they were again thrown into anxiety and distress by ano ther war against France. The war actually commenced in 1754, though not formally declared till May, 1756. Early in the spring of 1755, preparations were made by the colonies for vigorous exer tions against the enemy. Four expeditions were planned : — one against the French in Nova Scotia ; a second against the French on the Ohio ; a third against Crown Point ; and a fourth against Niagara. The expedition against Nova Scotia, consisting of three thousand men, chiefly from Massachusetts, was led by Gen. Monckton and Gen. Winslow. With these troops, they sailed from Boston on the 1st of June, arrived at Chignecto, in the bay of Fundy. After being joined by three hundred regular British troops, they proceeded against fort Beau Sejour, which surren dered, after a siege of four days. Other forts were taken, and Nova Scotia was entirely subdued. In order that the French in Canada should derive no assistance from this territory, the country was laid waste, and the inhabitants were taken from the country, and dispersed among the English colonies. One thousand of these proscribed Acadians were transported to Massachusetts, where many of them embarked for France. The expedition against Niagara was committed to Governor Shirley, of Massa chusetts, whose force amounted to two thousand five hundred men. The season, however, was too far advanced before he had completed his preparations, to effect any thing of importance, and the expedition was abandoned. The war continued, with varied success, till the conquest of Quebec by the army under Gen. Wolfe, in September, 1759, and the final reduction of Canada in 1760. This event caused great and universal joy in the colonies, and public thanksgivings were generally appointed. A definitive treaty, the preliminaries of which, had been settled the year before, was signed at Paris in 1763, by which all Nova Scotia, Canada, the isle of Cape Breton, and all other islands in the gulf and river St. Lawrence, were ceded to the British crown. After the peace of 1763, the British parliament formed a plan for raising a revenue by taxing the colonies. For this purpose, an act was passed for laying a duty on all paper, vellum, or parchment, used in America, and declaring all writings on unstamped materials to be null and void. This act, called the Stamp Act, received the royal assent March 22d, 1765. When the news of this act reached the colonies, the people everywhere manifested alarm and a determination to resist its execution. The 30 OUTLINE HISTOEY. assembly of Virginia first declared its opposition to the act by a number of spirited resolves ; but Massachusetts took the lead in this important crisis, and maintained it in every stage of the sub sequent revolution. In Boston, the populace, in some instances, demolished the houses of the friends of the British measures, and in various ways manifested the public indignation. To render the opposition complete, the merchants associated, and agreed to a resolution not to import any more goods from Great Britain until the stamp law should be repealed. To give efficacy to the oppo sition to this act, Massachusetts proposed a meeting of deputies from the several colonies, to be held at New York in October, 1765. Deputies from nine of the colonies met, agreed on a decla ration of rights and grievances, sent a petition to the king, and a memorial to both houses of parliament. This spirited opposi tion, seconded by the eloquence of Mr. Pitt and other friends of America, produced a repeal of the stamp act on the 18th of Marchr 1766. The British ministry, notwithstanding the fate of the stamp actr still persisted in their design of raising a revenue from America - and, in 1767, an act was passed for laying duties on glass, paint ers' colors, paper, and tea imported into the colonies. These duties were small, but the colonists objected to the principle, rather than to the amount of the tax, and remonstrated against the act. A second association was formed for suspending the importation on all goods on which duties were charged. These measures of Mas sachusetts were adopted by the other colonies, and a circular letter from Boston had its influence in giving concert and consistency to- the opinions and proceedings of the colonial assemblies. This op position, supported by petitions and remonstrances, procured the abolition of all the duties, except of three pence on every pound of tea. The British ministry, finding mild efforts to be unavailing in establishing their authority in regard to raising a revenue, sent four regiments to be stationed in Boston, to overawe the inhabitants and enforce the obnoxious orders of parliament. In pursuance of the ministerial plan of reducing Massachusetts to obedience, an act of parliament was passed for the regulation of its government, by which the powers of the people were abridg ed, and the officers of government were made dependent on the crown for their appointment and salaries. By another act, persons indicted for murder or other capital offences might, if the governor should think an impartial trial could not be had hi the colony, be sent to Great Britain to be tried. In 1774, the parliament, in order to punish the refractory province of Massachusetts, and especially the inhabitants of Boston, passed an act to shut the port of Boston and restrain all intercourse with the town by water. The government and public offices were removed to Salem. But this miserable proceeding had no effect but to irritate the feelings of all concerned. In May, 1774, Gen. Gage arrived in Boston, with the commission of governor of Massachusetts and commander-in-chief of the British forces. He summoned the assembly to convene at OUTLINE HISTORY. 31 Salem ; but, on further reflection, countermanded the summons. The counter order, however, was deemed illegal, and the members convened. The governor not meeting them, they organized them selves into a provincial congress, which formed a plan of defence, appointed general ofiicers, and took measures to collect supplies and military stores at Concord and Worcester. The assembly of Massachusetts, after a short adjournment, again met, and determined to raise twelve thousand men, sent agents to the neighboring colonies, and requested their co-operation. The New England colonies accordingly sent on their committees, who met and agreed on a plan of operations. At the same time meas ures were taken to effect a union of all the colonies, and for this purpose it was agreed that delegates from the several colonies should meet in a general congress. This body met on the 5th of September, 1774, and approved of the opposition made by Massa chusetts to the exercise of the arbitrary power of the British min istry, and stated their resolution to support her in her opposition. They published a declaration of the rights of the colonies, one of which was an exemption from taxes imposed upon them by a legislature in which they were not represented. When the pro ceedings of the Americans were laid before parliament, that body declared that rebellion actually existed in the province of Massa chusetts, and they accordingly besought his majesty to take the most effectual measures to enforce due obedience to the laws of the supreme legislature. From this time an appeal to arms seemed unavoidable, and both parties prepared for the conflict. The great drama of the Revolution opened in Massachusetts, at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker's Hill, and for about a year she sustained the first shock of the struggle. On July 2d, 1775, Gen. Washington arrived at Cambridge, and took the command of the American army encamped at that place. He introduced military order,, and, with about 20,000 men, besieged the town of Boston. Batteries were erected on Dorchester heights, which greatly annoyed the shipping in the harbor, and preparations were made for a general assault. On the 17fh of May, 1776, the British troops evacuated Boston, and, embarking on board of their vessels, sailed for New York. After this time, the soil of Massachusetts, except ing some islands, remained free from actual invasion. In 1780, the present constitution of government of the Common wealth of Massachusetts went into operation : it was formed by a convention of delegates appointed by the people for that purpose. John Hancock was elected the first governor, and held the office by annual election till 1785. The year 1786 is rendered memo rable for Shay's Rebellion. This insurrection was caused chiefly by the oppressive debts contracted during the revolutionary war by individuals and corporations throughout the state, and by the state itself. After the insurgents had held conventions, interrupted the proceedings of the courts of justice in several counties, and collected a considerable armed force, and thus greatly alarmed the government and agitated the community, they were entirely put 32 BARNSTABLE COUNTY. down, and dispersed by the state troops under the command of Gen. Shepherd and Gen. Lincoln. The Federal Constitution of the United States was adopted by the convention of Massachusetts in 1788, by a vote of 187 to 168, and the state was a firm supporter of the administration of Washington, the first President. The embargo laid upon American vessels in 1808, and other commercial restrictions, together with the war with Great Britain in 1812, bore with severity upon the extensive commercial interests of Massachusetts. Maine was a part of the state till 1820, and during the war of 1812 a portion of its territory was in the hands of the enemy. The war, and the acts of the national government during its continuance, were unpopular with the majority of the citizens of the state. Massachusetts has ever been one of the most distinguished mem bers of the American Confederacy. The spirit of her institutions has been transfused into many of her sister states, and she may justly claim an elevated rank among the members of this Union. During the great struggle of the Revolution, Massachusetts stood foremost: the powerful and efficient efforts of her patriots and statesmen, stand recorded on the pages of American history ; and the mouldering bones of her sons, whitening the battle-fields of the Revolution show her devotion to the cause of civil hberty. BARNSTABLE COUNTY. This county is the easternmost land in Massachusetts, compre hending the whole of the peninsula of Cape Cod, so named from the large number of codfish taken near it by one of its first discov erers. It was incorporated in 1685. The shape of the peninsula is that of a man's arm bent inwards both at the elbow and wrist • its whole length is 65 miles, and its average breadth about five! The basis of this peninsula, constituting almost the whole mass, is a body of fine yellow sand ; above this, is a thin layer of coarser white sand ; and above this another layer of soil, gradually declin ing from Barnstable to Truro, where it vanishes. In many parts of the county the traveller, while viewing the wide wastes of sand is forcibly reminded of descriptions given of the deserts of Arabia! Notwithstanding the general barrenness of the soil, the inhabitants of this county are in as comfortable and even thrifty circumstances as in almost any section of this country. The inhabitants generally derive their subsistence from the fishing and coasting business * and it may be said of the majority of the men who are born on the Cape, that in one sense " tiieir home is on the ocean," and when with their families they are only on a visit, and to a great extent * A very general prejudice has existed in the minds of many people livin» in the interior against the inhabitants of the Cape ; this has arisen from the fact that sea men, as a class, have been considered as more addicted to vice than many others This opinion, as far as it regards the inhabitants of this county, is erroneous' ; and it may BARNSTABLE. 33 are dependent on Boston and other places for a large proportion of their meats and bread stuffs. The county has but little wood, but it is well stored with peat. The manufacture of salt receives great attention ; about two millions of dollars are invested for this purpose. The tonnage of Barnstable district is 28,153 tons. Pop ulation 31,109. The following is a list of the towns. Barnstable, Eastham, Orleans, Wellfleet, Brewster, Falmouth, Provincetown, Yarmouth. Chatham, Harwich, Sandwich, Dennis, Marshpee, Truro, BARNSTABLE. Barnstable is the county town of Barnstable county, and is a port of entry. It was incorporated September 3d, 1639. There is no particular account to be found of the first settlement of this town. Probably there was none made much before its incorpora tion, as but two persons are named in the original grant. " The Indian name of the place appears to have been Mattacheese, Mat- tacheest, or Mattacheeset. Probably they are all the same name, Which Was given by the Indians to a tract of land which included Yarmouth, or at least a part of it ; for in the grant of Yarmouth that place is said to have been called Mattacheeset. The church at Scituate being in a broken condition, the Rev. John Lothrop of that place removed with part of the church to Barnstable, in Octo ber, 1639, the same year the town was granted by the Old Colony. It appears from the records which have been preserved, that all the south side of the town was amicably purchased of Wianno, and several other sachemSj about 1650. There is reason to believe that all the north part was likewise purchased of the natives, although no record of it now remains. The town of Barnstable extends across the peninsula of Cape Cod, which is here from five to nine miles wide, and its soil is better than most towns on the Cape. The land on the north side of the township is uneven, and in some places rocky. There is a line of hills extending east and west through the whole length of the town, the greatest height of which is about a mile from the harbor and marshes on the north side. South of this ridge the land is generally level to the sea. Barnstable harbor is formed by a neck of land (called Sandy Neck) which projects from the Sandwich line on the north shore, and runs east almost the whole length of the town. The neck is about half a mile Wide ; the harbor is about a mile Wide and four miles long. The tide rises in it from 10 to 14 feet. There is a bar at the entrance of the harbor which pre- be safely stated, that in no part of the state are the people more moral, or the insti tutions of morality and religion more regarded. The inhabitants of the Cape are literally more purely the descendants of the "pilgrim fathers" than any others in any" part of the state, as very few foreign emigrants have settled among them. 5 31 BARNSTABLE. vents the entrance of very large ships. The principal village is situated in the north-east section of the town, on the mam road. J^SSswH A I II Ifcft' North western viem of the Barnstable Court-House, and other buildings. The above is a north-western view of the Barnstable court-house, (recently erected) and some other buildings in the vicinity. The Unitarian church is seen in the distance, standing on elevated ground. A newspaper is published in the village. Hyannis is a village on the south side of the town, and contains two churches, one Baptist and one Universalist, and is five miles S. E. of Barnstable court-house, twenty-four from Falmouth, and thirty from Nantucket. It has a good harbor, and by an expensive breakwater, now constructing by the United States government, will become safe from all winds for all classes of vessels navigat ing the sound and passing round the Cape. Oysterville is a settle ment in the south-eastern part of the town, containing one or two churches and a postoffice. Besides these, there are two other small villages, one called Centerville, (formerly called by the Lidian name Chequaket,) the other Cotuit, in the western part of the town, four miles southerly from the court-house. There are in the town eight houses of worship, two Orthodox, one Unitarian, two Methodist, one Baptist, one Universalist, and one for various denominations. The manufacture of salt was commenced here as early as 1779 : it then sold for six dollars a bushel. In 1837, there were 27,125 bushels of salt made in the town. There are numerous ponds'and extensive salt marshes. Between fifty and sixty sail of fishing vessels and coasting vessels belong to this town. Population 4 017. Distance thirty miles S. E. from Plymouth, sixty-five S. E. of Bos- ;ton, and 466 miles from Washington. The Rev. John Lothrop was the first minister in this town, as BARNSTABLE. 35 has been' stated ; his successor was the Rev. Thomas Walley, who was ordained in 1663 ; the next was Rev. Jonathan Russell, who was ordained in 1683 ; Mr. Russell was succeeded by his son of the same name, who Avas ordained in 1712, and died in 1759. When the toAvn was divided into two precincts, in 1719, Mr. Russell, then minister, being left to his own choice, chose the west precinct, commonly called Great Marshes, Avhere he continued till his death. In 1725, the church in the east precinct Avas gathered, and the Rev. Joseph Greene was ordained. Mr. Greene Avas succeeded by Rev. Timothy Hilliard in 1771, who Avas succeeded by Rev. John Mellen Jr. in 1783. In the Avest church, Mr. Russell Avas succeeded by Rev. Oakes Shaw in 1760. It has been stated "the West Barnstable church is the first inde pendent Congregational church of that name in the world." It Avas organized in 1616, in England, principally through the instrumen tality of Rev. Henry Jacob, who was chosen and constituted its first pastor. " The foundation of this church was laid in the following manner : After solemn fasting and prayer, each made open confession of his faith in Jesus Christ ; and then, standing up together, they joined hands and solemnly covenanted with each other, in the presence of Almighty God, to walk together in all his ways, ordinances, • &c. Oh account of the violence of the persecution with which this church was assailed, their pastor continued with them only eight years, and then fled to Virginia, in this country, where he soon after died. The church then chose as their second pastor Rev. John Lothrop, from whom descended most of the numerous families of this name scat tered through our country. In 1632 Mr. Lothrop and the little band to whom he mi nistered, when assembled for worship in a private building, were surprised by their persecutors, and only 18 of their number escaped, while 42 were apprehended and cast into prison. After being confined for two years, all were released upon bail, ex cepting Mr. Lothrop, for whom no favor could be obtained. In the mean time his wife died, and his children left in needy and distressed circumstances. At length Mr. L., on condition of leaving the country, obtained his freedom. In 1634, with 34 of his church and congregation — all he could collect — he came to New England and set tled in Scituate. At that time the churches at PJymouth, Duxbury and Marsh field were all that existed in the country. In 1639, with a majority of his people and twenty-two male members of his church, he removed to Barnstable and commenced its settlement." " A large rock is said to lie near the place, around which this colony used to transact their civil business and hold their public religious meetings. On that venerable and consecrated rock is believed lo have been preached the first gospel sermon in this town ; and here the ordinances were first administered. ********** The first public house of worship, it is supposed, was built soon after the settlement was commenced, and near the consecrated rock. This rock may be now seen lying ' by the side of the road between west and east parishes." * * * * " It is a fact probably known to but few in this country, that the first Baptist church in England under that name sprung up in the original Congregational church of West Barnstable ! From the researches of Mr. Pratt, it seems that one of the members of Mr. Lothrop's church, before they left England, and probably before Mr. L.'s imprisonment in 1632, brought a child to be re-baptized. A few of the church insisted on having it done, as signing as a reason, their belief that the infant baptism of the child was not valid ; but when the vote was taken, a large majority voted against the innovation. Upon this, some of the more rigid, and a few others who had become dissatisfied about infant baptism, requested to be dismissed, that they might organize a separate church. They were accordingly dismissed ; and they chose Mr. Jacie as their minister. These two churches were on terms of Christian fellowship, and continued to commune together at the table of their common Lord." — Boston Recorder, Jan. 26, 1838. James Otis, a distinguished patriot and statesman, was born in this town, (West Barnstable) Feb. 5th 1725, and graduated at Har vard college in 1743. 36 BARNSTABLE. After pursuing the study of the law under Mr. Gridley, the first lawyer and civilian of his time, at the age of twenty-one he bpgan the practice at Plymouth, In about two years he removed from this town to Boston, where he soon gained so high a reputation for integrity and talents, that his services were required in the most important causes. In 1761 he distinguished himself by pleading against the writs of assistance, which the ofiicers of the customs had applied for to the judges of the supreme court. His anta gonist was Mr. Gridley. He was in this or the following year chosen a member of the legislature of Massachusetts, in which body the powers of his eloquence, the keenness. of his wit, the force of his arguments, and the resources of his intellect, gave him a most commanding influence. When the arbitrary claims of Great Britain were ad vanced, he warmly engaged in defence of the colonies, and was the first champion of American freedom who had the courage to affix his name to a production that stood forth against the pretensions of the parent state. He was a member of the congress which was held at New York in 1765, in which year his Rights of the Colonies Vin dicated, a pamphlet, occasioned by the stamp act, and which was considered as a master piece both of good writing and of argument, was published in London. For the bold ness of his opinions he was threatened with an arrest ; yet he continued to support the rights of his fellow-citizens. He resigned the office of judge advocate in 1767, and renounced all employment under an administration which had encroached upon the liberties of his country. His warm passions sometimes betrayed him into unguarded epithets, that gave his enemies an advantage, without benefit to the cause which lay nearest his heart. Being vilified in the public papers, he in return published some severe strictures on the conduct of the commissioners of the customs, and others of the ministerial party. A short time afterwards, on the evening of the fifth of September, . J769, he met Mr. John Robinson, one of the commissioners, in a public room, and an affray followed, in which he was assaulted by a number of ruffians, who left him and a young gentleman, who interposed in his defence, covered with wounds. The wounds were not mortal, but his usefulness was destroyed, for his reason was shaken from its throne, and the great man in ruins lived several years, the grief of his friends. In an interval of reason he forgave the men who had done him an irreparable injury, and relinquished the sum of five thousand pounds sterling, which Mr. Robinson had been by a civil process adjudged to pay, on his signing a humble acknowledgment. He lived to see, but not fully to enjoy, the independence of America, an event towards which his efforts had greatly contributed. At length, on the twenty-third of May, 1783, as he was leaning on his cane at the door of Mr. Osgood's house in Andover, he was struck by a flash of lightning ; his soul was instantly liberated from its shattered tene ment, and sent into eternity. President Adams, then minister in France, wrote respecting him, " It was with very afflicting sentiments I learned the death of Mr. Otis, my worthy master. Extraordinary in death as in life, he has left a character that will never die, while the memory of the American revolution remains ; whose foundation he laid with an energy, and with those masterly abilities, which no other man possessed." He was highly distinguished by genius, eloquence, and learning, and no American, perhaps, had possessed more extensive information. Besides his legal and political knowledge, he was a complete master of classical literature. He published Rudiments of Latin Prosody, with a Dissertation on Letters, and the Power of Harmony in Poetic and Prosaic Composition, 12mo, 1760, which has been con sidered fhe most clear and masterly treatise on the subject ; Vindication of the Con duct of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 1762 ; The Rights of the Brit ish Colonies Asserted, 1764 ; Considerations on behalf of the Colonists 1765 — Allen's Biog. Dictionary. The following inscriptions are copied from monuments in the town. Here lieth the body of Mr. Joseph Green, the worthy pastor of this church As a gentleman, -* Inend, a Christian, and minister, his character was greatlv distinguished His natural abilities were conspicuous, and much improved by study and amplication' In human and sacred literature he greatly excelled. His principles were evan4l cai and candid. In prayer and preaching his gifts were generall/ and justly admired Temperance purity prudence, benevolence, resignation, devotion, and exemplary diligence in ns Masters service, adorned his character. His mind was ffl temper placid, h.s affections and passions regulated by reason and religion • his man ner courteous, generous, and hospitable ; his conversation entertaining, instructive and serious ; a dutiful son, an affectionate husband, and a tender parent a sincere friend and faithful minister ; greatly, and to the last, beloved and honored by his people BREWSTER. 37 Born at Boston, 21 June, O. S. 1704 ; graduated at Harvard College, 1720 ; ordained 12 May, 0. S. 1725 ; departed this life, in assured hope of a better, 4 October, N. S., 1770, in the 70 year of his age, and 46 of his ministry. Think what the Christian minister should be, You've then his character, for such was he. Rev. Oakes Shaw, born at Bridgewater, 1736, graduated at Harvard College 1758, ordained in this place 1760, died 11th February, 1807- Benevolence, affection, and sincerity characterized and endeared him in all the relations of social life. With unaffected piety and zeal, with unshaken constancy and fidelity, he discharged the various duties of the pastoral office. To perpetuate the remembrance of his virtues and talents, to prolong the influence of his character, and to testify their respect for his memory, this monument is gratefully erected by a bereaved and affectionate people. BREWSTER. South-eastern view of Brewster, (central part). Brewster, formerly the first or North parish of Harwich, was in corporated as a town in 1803, by the name of Breiester, in honora ble remembrance of Elder Brewster, distinguished for his virtues among the first settlers of Plymouth colony. The first church gathered here Oct. 16, 1700, and Rev. Nathaniel Stone was ordained" their pastor on the same day. Mr. Stone died in 1755, and was succeeded by Rev. Isaiah Dunster. Mr. Dunster died in 1791, and was succeeded by Rev. John Simkins, who was ordained the same year. The first meeting-house built in this place stood about half a mile from the north shore. The above is a south-eastern view of the central part of Brewster, showing the Congregational church, town-house, and some other buildings in the immediate vicinity. There are about ninety dwell ing-houses within a mile from the Congregational church seen in the engraving. Besides the Congregational, there are two other churches in the village, one for Baptists, the other for Universalists ; a Methodist church is situated in the western part of the town. The factory village is situated about two miles westward of this 38 CHATHAM. place ; it contains a cotton and several other mills, and, what is unusual on the Cape, are moved by water. This town holds a central position with regard to the peninsula of Cape Cod, being about 36 miles from Provincetown at the loAver or north end, and the same distance from Falmouth the S. W. ex tremity. The face of the township is diversified by a mixture of hilly and level land. On some of these elevations over which the county road passes, the traveller has a fair view of the ocean on each side of the peninsula ; to the northward he can discern the buildings iii Eastham at the distance of 8 or 10 miles, and at cer tain seasons the reflection of the sun upon the windows of the houses in Wellfleet and Truro is discernible, by the naked eye, at a distance of eighteen miles and upwards on the county road. North of the county road and bordering on the bay, which is the north boundary of the toAvn, the soil may be considered in this region as good land ; the other part of the town the soil is light and sandy. This town has 6 or 8 fishing and coasting vessels, and does something at the manufacture of salt. A large number of ship-masters (in common Avith other towns on Cape Cod) sailing to foreign ports belong here. From a number of ponds in this toAra, a never-failing stream of water is produced, on which are a cotton mill, carding mill, and seAreral other manufacturing establishments. Population 1,534. Distance easterly from Barnstable 16 miles, 6 northerly from Chatham, and from Boston, by water, tAventy-three leagues. CHATHAM. The Indian name for Chatham appears to have been Monnamoiet or Monamoy. In 1665 William Nickerson bought of the sachem of Monamoy a tract of land near Potanumaquut, bounded east by the Great Harbor. Nickerson also made other purchases of the natives of lands in theAucinity at various times. In 1665 Thomas Hinckley, John Freeman, Nathaniel Bacon, and their 'partners, obtained from the Plymouth colony court the grant of a right to purchase of the natives land at Monnamoit and places adjacent. This interfered with the property of Nickerson, who had made several of his purchases Avithout authority from the court which was necessary to make his title valid. Hinckley and his associates, however, in 1672, for a valuable consideration, conveyed to Nick erson their grant, which made his title good, and Avas confirmed to his heirs by the legislature. The settlement of the village or dis trict of Monamoy, appears to have been made not long after the purchase was made. It Avas incorporated into a tOAvnship by the legislature, by the name of Chatham, in 1712. In 1720 the church was first gathered, and Rev. Joseph Lord ordained ; he was suc ceeded by Rev. Stephen Emery in 1749. Mr. Emery was suc ceeded by Rev, Thomas Roby, who was ordained in 1783 and dismissed by his request in 1795; the Rev. Ephraim Briggs was ordained the next year. CHATHAM, 39 The township consists of sand hills and ridges, Avith narrow val leys, small depressions, ponds and swamps betAveen them. The soil is rather better than most of the towns in this part of the Cape. Great HiU, in this town, is the first land made by seamen coming on this part of the coast ; and from this place Nantucket is some times seen. There are 4 churches in the town, 1 Orthodox, 1 Uni versalist, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist. North-western view in, Chatham. The above shows the appearance of the principal village in Chatham, as it is seen from the ancient burying-ground, about two and a half miles distant. Immediately beyond the monuments is seen one of the numerous fresh-water ponds in this town. They are said to be about thirty in number. By a beneficent arrange ment of Providence, these ponds, containing an article so necessary to life, are found in almost every part of the Cape. The Old Harbor is situated about tAvo miles from the two light-houses seen in the engraving. The village at this place is rather smaller than the one represented, but the houses are larger. Chatham is said to be one of the wealthiest towns in the county. A large amount of shipping is owned by the inhabitants in other places. Forty years ago, large ships used to come into the harbor; but it now has become so injured by the sand bar which has been making, that only small craft enter. A large proportion of the people are engaged in the sea-faring business. In 1837, there were 22 vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery : 15,500 quintals of cod-fish were caught, valued at $46,500. Twelve hun dred barrels of mackerel, valued at $9,600, were taken. There were 80 establishments for the manufacture of salt, and 27,400 bushels, valued at $8,220, Avere made. The central part of the town is about 22 miles easterly from Barnstable court-house, and 40 to Provincetown. Population 2.271. The folloAving, extracted from a' description of Chatham pub lished in 1802, shoAvs the "bill of fare" of the inhabitants of that period. " Food can so easily be procured, either on the shores or in the sea, that, with the profit which arises from their voyages, in which it must be confessed they labor very 40 DENNIS. hard, the people are enabled to cover their tables well with provisions. A break fast among the inhabitants, and even among those who are called the poorest, for there are none which may be called really poor, consists of tea or coffee, brown bread, generally with butter, sometimes without, and salt or fresh fish, fried or broiled. A dinner affords one or more of the following dishes : roots and herbs ; salted beef or pork boiled ; fresh butcher's meat not more than twelve times a year ; wild fowl frequently in the autumn and winter ; fresh fish boiled or fried with pork ; shell fish ; salt fish boiled ; Indian pudding ; pork baked with beans. Tea or coffee also frequently constitutes part of the dinner. A supper consists of tea or coffee, and fish, as at breakfast ; cheese, cakes made of flour, gingerbread, and pies of several sorts. This bill of fare will serve, with little variation, for all the fishing towns in the county. In many families there is no difference between the breakfast and supper ; cheese, cakes, and pies being common at the one as at the other.' DENNIS. This town Avas formerly the eastern part of Yarmouth. It was set off as a distinct parish in that town in 1721 ; and was incorpo rated into a town in 1793. The church was gathered, and the first pastor, Rev. Josiah Dennis, was ordained, in 1727. Mr. Den nis died in 1763, and Avas succeeded by Rev. Nathan Stone, who was ordained in 1764. The inhabitants have manifested their respect for Mr. Dennis, their first minister, by naming the town after him. The soil of this town, with the exception of a few small spots, is sandy and unproductive. Scar go Hill, in the north part of the township, is the highest land in the county, and is the first which is made by seamen when approaching the south shore. In 1837, the number of "vessels employed in the cod and mack erel fishery, 18; tonnage of the same, 1,037; codfish caught, 9,141 quintals; value of the same, $25,137; mackerel caught 4 684 barrels; value of the same, $25,762; salt used, 16,691 bushels- hands employed, 247; capital invested, $29,682." It is stated that there is more navigation owned in Dennis, than in any other town m the county; and a large portion of it is oAvned on the south side. North Dennis, on the north side, was first settled but within the last tAventy years the south side has become mu-b! the largest. There are two organized societies in this part of the toAvn one Methodist and one Congregationalist. The Congregationalist society was organized with twenty members, in 1817 under the ministry of Rev. John Sanford, the present pastor. .Distance, 8 miles easterly from Barnstable, and by water about 60 miles is. E. of Boston. Population 2,750. About 60,000 bushels of salt, and 500 barrels of Epsom salts are annually made m this town. The first salt produced by solar eva poration in this country appears to have been made by Capt John Sears, of this place, m 1776. During the revolutionary W many persons here and elsewhere on the coast, applied themselves to the business of making salt. The process consisted in evapT rating sea water from large boilers by fire. The quantity obtained in this manner was necessarily small, and the consumption of fuel DENNIS. 41 The cut shoAvs the appearance of the salt vats Avhich are sd numerous on Cape Cod. It will be perceived the covers or roofs of two of these vats are connected by a beam or crane. Dr. Dwight, who visited the Cape in 1800, says, "A Mr. Kelly, hav ing professedly made seAreral improvements in the means of accom-» plishing this business, obtained a patent, about tAvo years before this journey was taken, for making salt-Avorks on the plan gene rally adopted in this region. Of these the following is a descrip tion. Vats, of a number suited to the owner's design, 20 feet Apparatus used in making Salt. square, and 10 or 12 inches in depth, are formed of pine planks, ail inch and a half thick, and so nicely joined as to be Avater-tight. These are arranged into four classes. . The first class, or that next to the ocean, is called the water room ; the second, the pickle ioom ; the third, the lime room ; and the fourth, the salt room. Each of these rooms, except the first, is placed so much lower than the preceding, that the Avater flows readily from it to another, in the order specified. The water room is filled from the ocean by a pump furnished Avith vans or sails, and turned by the Avind. Here it continues until of the proper strength to be drawn into the pickle room, and thus successively into those which remain. The lime, Avith Avhich the Avater of the ocean abounds, is deposited in the lime room. The salt is formed into small crystals in the salt room, very white and pure, and Aveighs from 70 to 75 pounds a bushel. The process is carried on through the Warm seasom After the salt has ceased to crystallize, the remaining AVater is suf fered to freeze. In this manner, a large quantity of Glauber's salt is obtained in crystals, Avhich are clean and good. The residuum is a strong brine, and yields a great proportion of marine salt, like that already described. To shelter the vats from the deAvs and rains, each is furnished with a hipped roof, large enough to cover it entirely. The roofs of two vats are connected by a beam turn ing upon an upright post, set firmly in the ground, and are moved easily on this pivot by a child of fourteen, or even twelve years. To cover and uncover them, is all the ordinary labor." 6 42 EASTHAM. EASTHAM. The original Indian name of Eastham was Na-uset. After being /purchased from the natives, it was granted by the court to the set tlers at Plymouth, in 1644. This included the present town ships of Eastham, Wellfleet, and Orleans. Some of the principal settlers were Thomas Prince, John Doane, Nicholas SnoAv, Josias Cook, Richard Higgins, John Smalley, and EdAvard Bangs: these persons are said to have been among the most respectable inhabitants of Plymouth. The settlement commenced the year (1644) the grant was made, and was incorporated as a toAvn in 1646. A church was gathered soon after their arrival, but the inhabitants were not sufiiciently numerous to support a minister Jill .1672, when Rev. Samuel Treat, of Milford, Con. was ordained. IPirw i i JEI Ancient Pear Tree in Eastham. The above is a representation of an ancient pear tree, on the land now owned by Mr. Nathan Kenny, twenty-one miles from Barnstable court-house. It was brought from England by Thomas Prince, for many years governor of Plymouth colony. Governor Prince removed from Duxbury to Eastham in 1640 or 1645, and, leaving Eastham, returned to Plymouth in 1665, so that ¦this tree, planted by him, is now probably about two hundred years old. It is still in a vigorous state. The fruit is small, but excellent ; and it is stated that it yields annually, upon an average fifteen bushels of fruit. Governor Prince's house stood about thirty or forty rods eastward of this place. Mr. Treat the first minister, lived about one fourth of a mile to the north-east. The house seen in the engraving stands on the site formerly occupied as a garrison house. ^ This town is situated on a narrow part of the peninsula of Cape Cod, and the soil, for the most part, is but a barren waste of sand In an account given of the town in 1802, it is stated, " On the west side, a beach extends to Great Pond, Avhcre it stretches EASTHAM. 43 across the township almost to Town Cove. This barren tract, which does not noAV contain a particle of vegetable mould, for merly produced wheat. The soil, however, Avas light. The sand, in some places, lodging against the beach grass, has been raised into hills fifty feet high, where tAventy-five years ago no hills existed. In others, it has filled up small Aralleys and swamps. Where a strong-rooted bush stood, the appearance is singular : a mass of earth and sand adheres to it, resembling a small tower. In several places, rocks which were formerly covered with soil are disclosed, and, being lashed by the sand, driven against them by the wind, look as if they were recently dug from a quarry." There are tAvo churches, one Methodist and one Con gregational. Population 1,059. Distance, tAventy-three miles north-easterly from Barnstable, and, in a straight line, sixty-eight miles from Boston. In 1837, there were fifty-four establishments for the manufacture of salt, which produced 22,370 bushels; thirteen vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery; 1,200 quintals of cod-fish and 4,550 barrels of mackerel Avere caught. Mr. Treat, the first minister in this town, was distinguished for his eArangelical zeal and labors, not only among his own people, but also among the Indians in this vicinity; and he was the instrument of converting many of them to the Christian faith. He learnt their language, and once a month preached in their villages, visited them at their wigwams, and, by his kindness and affability, won their affections. : they venerated him as their pastor, and loved him as their father. In 1693, Mr. Treat states that there Avere four Indian villages in the township under his care. These Indians had four teachers of their own choice and four schoolmasters. They also had of their OAvn people six magistrates, Avho regulated their civil affairs ; they held stated courts and punished criminals. There Avere five hundred adult persons in the villages, all of Avhom attended public worship. But notwithstanding every exertion made for the benefit of the Indians, they wasted aAvay by fatal diseases and other causes, so that in 1764 they Avere reduced to four individuals only. Mr. Treat, having passed neax half a century of most active labor, died soon after the remarkable storm, -distinguished in the annals of New England by the name of the Great Snow, in February, 1717. The Avind blew Avith violence; and whilst the grounds about his house Avere left entirely bare, the siioav was heaped up in the road to an uncommon height. It was in vain to attempt making a path. His body was therefore kept several days, till an arch could be dug, through Avhich he was borne to the grave ; the Indians, at their earnest request, being permitted in turn to carry the corpse, and thus to pay the last tribute of respect to the remains of their beloved pastor. The second minister of Eastham was the Rev. Samuel Osborn, Avho was educated at the University of Dublin, and ordained here in 1718 ; the next year, the church being divided into two, Mr. Osborn removed into the south part of the township, and Rey. Benjamin Webb was ordained pastor of 44 FALMOUTH. the church that remained. Mr. Webb died in 1746, and was suc ceeded by Rev. Edward Cheever, who was ordained in 1751. Mr. Cheever was succeeded by Rev. Philander Shaw, who was ordained in 1795. The folloAving is the inscription on the monument of Mr. Treat, the first minister. Here lyes interred ye body of ye late learned and Revd. Mr. Samuel Treat, ye pious and faithful pastor of this church, who, after a very zealous discharge of his ministry for ye space of 45 years, & a laborious travel for ye souls of ye Indian nativs, fell asleep in Christ, March ye 18, 1716-17, in ye 69 year of his age. FALMOUTH. This town, forming the south-Avestern extremity of the peninsula of Cape Cod, Avas incorporated in 1686. Mr. Samuel Shireick labored in this place as a minister previous to 1700. Rev. Joseph Metcalf, who graduated at Cambridge, was chosen minister. He died in 1723, and Avas succeeded by Mr. Josiah Marshall. Rev. Samuel Palmer was ordained in 1731, and was succeeded by Mr. Zebulon Butler, who was ordained in 1775, and dismissed in 1778. The next minister, Rev. Isaiah Mann, was ordained in 1780, and died in 1789. Rev. Henry Lincoln was ordained in 1790 and dismissed in 1823. His successor, Rev. Benjamin Wood bury, Avas ordained in 1824, and dismissed in 1833. The next minister Avas Rev. Josiah Bent, who was installed in 1834, and dis missed in 1837, and Avas succeeded by Rev. Henry B. Hooker, who was installed the same year. The Congregational church in East Falmouth Avas organized in 1810, and the one in North Falmouth in 1833. The town is bounded on the west by Buzzard's Bay, and on the south by Vineyard Sound. A chain of hills, which is continued from Sandwich, runs on the Avest side of the township, near Buz zard's Bay, and terminates at " Wood's Hole," a harbor at the south-Avestern point of the , toAvn. The rest of the land in this toAvnship is remarkably level. The soil is thin, but superior in quality to the light lands in the eastern part of the county. An extensive pine forest is situated betAveen the villages of Falmouth and Sandwich. There are not less than forty ponds in the town ship, and give a great variety to the scenery. The engraving shows the appearance of Falmouth village, as it is seen from an elevation to the westAvard, on the road leading to Wood's Hole. The village, which is one of the handsomest on the Cape, consists of about one hundred dAvelling-houses two churches, (one Congregational and one Methodist,) an academy, and the Falmouth Bank, Avith a capital of $100,000. The village is twenty-tAvo miles from Barnstable, eighteen from Sandwich and seventy-one from Boston. Wood's Hole is four miles to the south west; at this place there is a village, and ships of the largest class can go up to the wharf. The landing at Falmouth village is about three fourths of a mile from the Congregational church HARWICH. 45 The mail is carried over from this place to Holmes's Hole, on Martha's Vineyard, three times a week, in a sail-boat. The dis tance between the two landings is seven miles. West view of Falmouth Village. Two streams afford a water poAver, on which are two woollen mills, having three sets of machinery. There are five houses of worship : three Congregational, one for Friends or Quakers, and one Methodist. Population 2,580. In 1837, there were "nine vessels employed in the whale fishery; tonnage of the same, 2,823 ; sperm oil imported, 4,952 barrels, (148,560 gallons); whale oil, 275 barrels, (8,250 gallons) ; hands employed in the fishery, 250 ; capital invested, $260,000 ; salt manufactured, 35,569 bushels." The following is copied from monuments in the village grave yard : — Here lies interred the body of the Rev. Samuel Palmer, who fell asleep April ye 13th, 1775, in the 68th year of his age, and 45th of his ministry. His Virtues would a monument supply, But underneath these clods his ashes lie. In memory of Capt. David Wood, who died in his 42d year, in Cape Francois, August 10th, 1802, of the yellow fever,- with 4 of his men. He's gone, the' voyage of human life is o'er, And weeping friends shall see his face no more. Far from the tenderest objects of his love He dies, to find a happier world above. Around this monument his friends appear, To embalm his precious memory with a tear. His men who died were Edward Butler, aged 15 years, and Prince Fish, aged 19 years, both died August 10 ; Henry Green, aged 20 years, Willard Hatch, aged 12 years, both died August 17. These hopeful youths with life are called to part, And wound afresh their tender parents' heart. HARWICH, The original town of Harwich extended across the peninsula of Cape. Cod. What is now called Harwich, Avas the second society 46 MARSHPEE. of old HarAvich, being the southern part of the town. In 1803,' the first society of Harwich was incorporated into a distinct town, by the name of Brewster. The land in this township is generally level and sandy. On Herring river, the outlet of Long Pond, are a cotton mill and carding-machine. There are in the limits of the toAvn four churches : one Baptist, one Congregational, and two Methodist. The Rev. Mr. Pell Avas the first Congregational minis ter in this town; he Avas succeeded by Mr. Mills. The third minister, Rev. Nathan UnderAvood, Avas ordained here in 1792. Population, 2,771. Distance, thirteen miles easterly from Barn stable court-house, eight to Chatham Lights, and about eighty from Boston. " Vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, 20; tonnage of the same, 1,300; codfish caught, 10,000 quintals; value of the same, $30,000 ; mackerel caught, 500 barrels ; value of the same, $3,000 ; salt used, 9,000 bushels ; hands employed, 200; capital invested, $60,000." House on Cape Cod. Dr. Dwight, who travelled through the Avhole length of the peninsula of Cape Cod, thus describes what he says " may be called with propriety Cape Cod houses." " These have one story, and four rooms on the loAver floor ; and are covered on the sides as well as the roofs, with pine shingles, eighteen inches in length! The chimney is in the middle, immediately behind the front door and on each side of the door are two AvindoAvs. The roof is straight ; under it are tAvo chambers ; and there are two larger and two smaller windows in the gable end. This is the general struc ture and appearance of the great body of houses from Yarmouth to Race Point. There are, hoAvever, several varieties, but of too little importance to be described. A great proportion of them are in good repair. Generally they exhibit a tidy, neat aspect in themselves and in their appendages, and furnish proofs of comfort able living, by which I Avas at once disappointed and gratified. The barns are usually neat, but always small." MARSHPEE. This ancient Indian territory is an incorporated district of the commonwealth, and contains 10,500 acres, or about sixteen square MARSHPEE. miles. This tract was procured for the Indians by the efforts of Mr. Richard Bourne, of Sandwich. This noble-hearted man, who deserves to be had in lasting remembrance, was a native of Eng land, and soon after his arrival at Sandwich began his labors for the temporal and spiritual good of the Indians. About the year 1660, at his own expense, Mr. Bourne obtained a deed of Marshpee from Quachatisset and others for the benefit of the Marshpee, or, as they Avere then called, South Sea Indians. In order that the Indians might have a place where they might remain in peace from generation to generation, Mr. Bourne had the deed or instru ment drawn, "so that no part or parcel of them [the lands] could be bought by or sold to any white person or persons, without the consent of all the said Indians, not even with the consent of the general court." This deed, with this condition, was ratified by the Plymouth court. Mr. Bourne, after having obtained the above deed, pursued his evangelical work, and was ordained pastor of an Indian church in this place in 1670, formed of his own disciples and converts. He died about 1685, and Avas succeeded by Simon Popmonet, an Indian preacher, who lived in this character about forty years, and Avas succeeded by Mr. Joseph Bourne, grandson of Richard, Avho was ordained over them in 1729, Avho resigned his mission in 1742, and Avas succeeded by Solomon Briant, an Indian preacher, who was ordained pastor. In 175S, Rev. Gideon Hawley was installed as pastor of these people. Marshpee lies south of Sandwich, and is bounded on the south by the ocean. It is well fitted for an Indian residence, being indent ed by two bays, and shoots into several necks or points of land. It is also watered by several streams and ponds. These, with the ocean, afford an abundant supply of fish of various kinds. They formerly subsisted by agricultural pursuits, the manufacturing of various articles of Indian ware, by the sale of their wood, fishing, fowling, and taking deer. Their land is good, well wooded, and some parts of it afford beautiful scenery. There are about three hundred colored people on this tract, and some whites. There are but very few of the Indians which retain pure blood of their ancestors. They generally appear to relish moral and religious instruction. The central part, is about twelve miles S. E. of Barn stable, nine S. of SandAvich, and sixty-five S. E. of Boston. The folloAving cut represents the Indian church, built under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Hawley, the missionary, and is about tAvelve miles from Barnstable court-house. It stands a short dis tance from the main road, and a forest has grown up around it. Public worship is kept up in this house, which is attended both by the whites and Indians. Previous to 1834, the government of the Indians consisted of a board of white overseers, a guardian and treasurer. The office of the guardian Avas that of a general superintendent,- to disburse supplies, oversee the poor, and regu late the getting of Avood, &c. The Indians getting dissatisfied, the government Avas changed, and it noAV consists of three select men, a clerk of their OAvn number and choice, and a Avhite com- 48 ORLEANS. missioner appointed by the governor and council. Many of the Indians are employed in the whale fisheries, and they are said to make the first-rate whalemen. Those who remain at home cul tivate their little plats of ground and carry wood to market. In 1837, they built a small vessel, " OAvned partly by some of the proprietors of Marshpee, and partly by sundry Avhite persons," and commanded by a capable, enterprising Indian. This vessel is employed in carrying their wood to- Nantucket. The land, except some small allotments, (as much as each can enclose and cultivate,) is common stock. Each has a certain amount of wood allowed for his own use, and he pays the Indian government one dollar per cord for all he cuts and carries to market. South-west view of the Indian Church in Marshpee. The Indian grave-yard is by the side of their church, represented in the engraving. Nearly all the graves are Avithout monuments. The following inscriptions are copied from tAvo monuments stand ing in this place. In memory of deacon Zacheus Popmunnet died 22d Octr. 1770 aged 51 years. The Righteous is more excellent than his neighbor. In memory of Flora Hawley obit 31st Jany. 1785 aged 40 years. A faithful servant. ORLEANS. This town was formerly the south part of Eastham ; it was in corporated into a township by the name of Orleans in 1797. Rev. Samuel Osborn, who Avas ordained at Eastham in 1718,was the first minister in this place, removing here the next year after his ordina tion. " Mr. Osborn v/as a man of Avisdom and virtue. Besides teaching his people the use of peat, he contributed much to theii prosperity by introducing iicav improvements in agriculture, and by setting them the example of economy and industry. But his good qualities and services did not avail him ; for, embracing the. Drawn by J. W. Bnrber— Engraved by S. E. Brown, Boston. NORTH-EASTERN VIEW OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. The above shows the appearance of Provincetown as it is seen from the north-eastern extremity of the village, which extends nearly two miles along the shore. The numerous wind or salt mills, and the elevations of sand, give this place a novel appearance. PROVINCETOWN. 49 religion of Arminius, his parishioners, who still retained the faith of Calvin, thought proper to dismiss him about the year 1737. From Eastham he removed to. Boston, where he kept a private grammar-school. He died aged between ninety and a hundred." Mr. Osborn was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Crocker, who was or dained in 1739. Mr. Crocker died in 1772, and was succeeded by Rev. Jonathan Crocker the same year. Orleans is of very irregular form, the lines being deeply indent ed Avith coves and creeks. There are several islands in Pleasant Bay which belong to this town, the largest of Avhich is Pochet, and is perhaps the best land in the township. The face of the land is uneven ; but the hills are not very high, and the soil is generally barren and sandy, and the roads here, as in most towns in this vicinity, are, on account of the sand, tedious and heavy. There are 4 churches in the town, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Metho dist, and 1 Universalist. Population 1,936. Distance 20 miles easterly from Barnstable and 85 S. E. from Boston. There were in 1837 fifty establishments for the manufacture of salt, which manu factured 21,780 bushels ; 33 vessels were employed in the cod and mackerel fishery ; 20,000 quintals of cod-fish and 6000 barrels of mackerel were taken. In the fishery, 264 hands Avere employed. The folloAving is from an account of Orleans in the Collections of the Mass. Hist. Soe. Sept. 1802 :— " Clams are found on many parts of the shores of New England, but nowhere in greater abundance than at Orleans. Formerly five hundred barrels were dug here for bait; but the present year 1000 barrels have been collected. Between one and two hun dred of the poorest of the inhabitants are employed in this business ; and they receive from their employers three dollars a barrel for digging the clams, opening, salting them, and filling the casks. From 12 to 18 bushels of clams in the shell must be dug, to fill, when opened, a barrel. A man by this labor can earn seventy-five cents a day ; and. women and children are also engaged in it. A barrel or clams are worth six dol lars ; the employers, therefore, after deducting the expense of salt and the casks, which they supply, still obtain a handsome profit. A thousand barrels of clams are equal in value to six thousand bushels of Indian corn, and are procured with no more labor and expense. When therefore the fishes, with which the coves of Orleans abound, are also taken into consideration, they may justly be regarded as more beneficial to the inha bitants, than if the space which they occupy was covered with the most fertile soil." PROVINCETOWN. "Cape Cod, now Provincetown, was originally a part of Truro. In 1714 it was made a district or precinct, and put under the con- stablerick of that toAvn." It was incorporated into a township, by the name of Provincetown, in 1727, and invested with peculiar privileges — the inhabitants being exempted from taxation. At that time, and for 10 or 12 years after, it was a flourishing place, con taining a number of dwelling-houses and stores. Not long after this period the inhabitants began to forsake the town ; and before the year 1748 it was reduced to two or three families. In 1755 it contained about ten dwelling-houses. In 1776 there were in it 36 families, 205 souls, and about 20 dwelling-houses. It remain ed in a state of depression during the revolutionary war, but after 50 PROVINCETOWN. its close it gradually rose to a state of prosperity. Mr. Spear was the first minister at Provincetown, but he was compelled to follow the removal of his congregation. In 1774, Rev. Samuel Parker was ordained here, and for twelve years received annually forty- five pounds from the government. After that period the pastor has been supported entirely by the inhabitants. Provincetown is situated on the end of the peninsula of Cape Cod, and lies in the form of a hook. It averages about three miles and a half in length and two and a half in breadth. The town ship consists of beaches and hills of sand, eight shallow ponds, and a great number of swamps. Cape Harbor, in Cape Cod Bay, is formed by the bending of the land nearly round every point of the compass, and is completely landlocked and safe. It is of suf ficient depth for ships of any size, and it will contain more than three thousand vessels at once, and is a place of great importance to navigation in this quarter. This was the first harbor the Mayflmoer touched at on her passage to Plymouth in 1620. This place has about 6000 tons of fishing and 400 tons of coasting vessels. The fares of fish in 1834 amounted to about 45,000 quintals of cod, and 17,000 barrels of mackerel. This place gives employment to about one thousand men and boys. There are three houses of worship : 1 Methodist, 1 Universalist, and 1 Congregationalist. Population 2,049. In 1837 there were 78 establishments for making salt, 48,960 bushels manufactured ; 98 vessels were employed in the cod and mackerel fishery; 51,400 quintals of cod-fish and 18,000 bar rels of mackerel were taken, and one thousand one hundred and thirteen hands were employed in the fisheries. Thirty-five of this number went out in the two whale ships sent from this place. Provincetown stands on. the north-western side of the harbor, on the margin of a beach of loose sand. The houses are mostly situated on a single street, about two miles in length, passing round near the water's edge. A chain of sand hills rise immediately back from the houses. These hills are in some places partially covered Avith tufts of grass or shrubs, which appear to hold their existence by a frail tenure on these masses of loose sand, the light color of which strongly contrasts with few spots of deep verdure upon them. These hills, with the numerous wind or salt mills, by which the salt water is raised for evaporation, thickly studding the shore through out the whole extent of the village, gives this place a most singular and novel appearance. The following cut is from a sketch taken in the village street, and shows its characteristic appearance. The houses are mostly one story in height, and, with their out-buildings, stand along on the street, apparently without much of an effort at order or regularity. Interspersed among the houses and by the side of the street are seeri the numerous flakes or frames on which the cod-fish are dried. These frames are about two or three feet in breadth, and stand up from the ground about two feet, having sticks or slats laid across them, on which the fish are laid. The street is narrow^ irregular SANDWICH. 51 View in the Village, of Provincetown. and has scarcely the appearance of being a carriage road.* Upon stepping from the houses the foot sinks in the sand, which is so light that it drifts about the houses, fences, lage called Savoy village is in the south part of this town, on the north branch of the Westfield river. This little Village consists of 2 churches, (1 Baptist, 1 Methodist,) 2 taverns, 2 stores, and about 15 dwelling-houses. Distance, 25 miles from Leriox, 7 from South Adams, 28 to Northampton, 29 to Greenfield, and 44 to Troy, N. Y; SHEFFIELD As early as 1722, Joseph Parsons and 176 other persons within the county of Hampshire, petitioned the general court of Massa-> chilsetts for two townships of land on the river Housatonic or Westbrook. This petition was granted Jan. 30, 1722-3, and a committee appointed for the purpose of making the purchase of the Indians, dividing the tract; granting lots, admitting settlers, &c. On the 25th of April, 1724, the committee made the pur-1 chase of the Indians and received from them a deed, "in consider ration of £460, three barrels of cider, and thirty quarts of rum.'1 This deed was signed and sealed by Konkepot and twenty other Indians at Westfield, before John Ashley, justice of the peace. The Indians in this deed reserved to themselves two small tracts, which on their removal, about 10 years after, they exchanged for land in Upper Housatonic, within the present town of Stockbridge. There were two or three small Indian settlements in this towns though but a few traces of them are now to be found. On a gravelly hillock ih the north part of the town, in a tract which they reserved, it is supposed was their burying-place. Human bones were discovered in making the turnpike road through the town two and a half miles south of the meeting-house, on the rise of ground a few rods south of the turnpike gate, which led- to the conclusion that this spot too was an Indian burying-place. In 1725, Capt. John Ashley and Capt. Ebenezer Pomroy, two of the committee, made a general division of the lower township, especially of the part lying upon the river ; and soon after the place began to be settled by individuals from the county of Hamp- 13 92 SHEFFIELD. shire, and mostly from the town of Westfield. In 1726 the settlers were subjected to much inconvenience and vexation by some of the Dutch inhabitants of the province of New York, who con tested the titles to the lands. They were also subjected to priva tion through fear of the Indians, and were obliged for safety to picket in two or three dwellings in different parts of the town, to which they resorted to spend the night. P8 I Southern view of Sheffield, (central part). In 1733 the lower township Housatonic was set off and incorporated as a town, eight miles long on the river, and wide enough to include 7 square miles ; and was named Sheffield, pro bably from Sheffield in England. It extended north to Great Barrington bridge. In 1761 the town was reduced to its present limits, 8 miles in length and 7 in breadth. Among the first settlers .of this town Avere those of the name of Noble, Austin, Westover, Kellogg, Pell, Callender, Corban, Huggins, Smith, IngersoU, DeAvey, Root, &c., in all about 60, Avho had their lands, from 2.50 to 1,000 acres each, confirmed to them by the committee. Mr. Obadiah Noble, from Westfield, Avas the first white man who resided in the town. He spent the first winter here with no other human being than the Indians. In spring he went back to Westfield, and in June returned with his daughter. The first church in this town was organized on the 22d of Oct., 1735. Mr. Jonathan Hubbard, of Sunderland, and a graduate of Yale College, Avas ordained their pastor on the same occasion. The people had built a meeting house the summer previous, 45 feet by 35. This house stood till 1762, Avhen a new one was erected. The engraving above is a view of the Congregational church (the only church in the town) and some other buildings in the central part of the town, with the east mountain in the distance. The first meeting-house stood about half a mile north of the pre sent house, near the house of Mr. Hubbard, the first minister, which is still standing and occupied by his son. This place is 20 miles from Lenox, 28 from Hudson, 28 from Litchfield, 48 from Hartford, and about 125 from Boston. Population, 2,308. SHEFFIELD. 93: A Baptist church was formed in this town on the 7th of July, 1825, with 15 members. There are a few Episcopalians and Methodists in the town. The town includes an extensive vale, and, except on the east, is generally level. In that part there is an extensive chain of con siderable hills, extending from one end of the township to the other. On the west it is mountainous : Taconic, or Mount Wash ington, as this part of the Taconic range is more generally called, is about 2500 feet in height, and presents a magnificent spectacle. A part of this mountain is within the limits of Sheffield. This town affords great abundance of white marble, and much of ex cellent quality. The soil of the township is generally productive, and in the vale easily tilled. Large quantities of hay are easily obtained from the extensive intervals lying upon the river. The Housatonic, which passes through the length of the town, is here a silent, sluggish stream, from 6 to 8 rods in breadth. From this town it passes into Connecticut, and, flowing through the western part of the state, empties into Long Island Sound between Mil ford and Stratford, 13 miles west of New Haven. The following singular occurrences are said to have taken place- near the boundary line between Massachusetts and Connecticut. Part of these occurrences took place in this town, and part in the adjoining town of Salisbury, in Connecticut. The relation of these circumstances was obtained from Mr. S. Sage and his family, who are still living on the spot, (June, 1836,) and could be corro borated by great numbers of people now living : — " These^occurrences commenced Nov. 8th, 1802, at a clothier's shop. A man and two boys were in the shop ; the boys had retired to rest, it being between 10 and 11 o'clock at night. A block of wood was thrown through the window ; after that, pieces of hard mortar, till the man and boys became alarmed, and went to the house to call Mr. Sage, who arose from bed and went to the shop, and could hear the glass break often, but could not discover from whence it came, notwithstanding the night was very light. He exerted himself to discover the cause without success. It con tinued constantly till day-light, and then ceased till the next evening at 8 o'clock, when it commenced again, and continued till midnight ; then ceased till the next evening at dusk, and continued till some time in the evening, and then ceased. The next day it commenced about an hour before sun-down, and continued about an hour, and then it left the shop and began at the dwelling-house of Mr. Ezekiel Landon, 100 rods north, in the town of Sheffield. It continued several hours, and ceased till the next morning: when the family were at breakfast it began again, and, continued two or three hours, and ceased till evening, when it began again and continued several hours, and ceased till the next morning, when it began again and con tinued all the forenoon, and then ceased altogether. The articles thrown into the shop were pieces of wood, charcoal, stone, but principally pieces of hard mortar, such as could not be found in the neighborhood. Nothing but 'stones were thrown into the house of Mr. Landon, the first of which were thrown into the door. There were. 38 panes of glass broke out of the shop, and 18 out of the dwelling houses : in two or three instances persons were hit by the things that were thrown. What was remarkable, nothing could be seen coming till the glass broke, and whatever passed through, fell directly down on the window-sill, as if it had been put through with a. person's fingers, and many pieces of mortar and coal were thrown through the same hole in the glass in succession. Many hundreds of people assembled to witness the scene, among whom were clergymen and other gentlemen, but none were able to detect the source of the mischief. The more credulous readily believed it to be witchcraft, but it was generally thought to be some slight of hand, effected by a combination of individuals, as the windows were broken on different sides of the buildings nearly at the same time." 94 STOCKBRIDGE. The following inscriptions are taken frorn monuments in the grave-yards in this place. Sacred to the memory of Jpnathan Hubbard, and Mrs. Rachel Hubbard his consort, this monument is erected. The Rev. J. Hubbard was the first pastor of the church in Sheffield. He was blessed with a lively genius and solid judgment. His public dis- eources were judicious, and his conversation instructive. He departed this life July 6th, 1765, in the 62d year of his age. Our Fathers where are they ? and do the Pro phets live forever ? Beneath this stone lies the body of the Rev. John Keep, A. M., pastor of the church in Sheffield, who died Sept. 3d, A. D. 1784, iEtat. 36, et ministerii 13, calmly resign ing his mortal life in hope of a blessed immortality thro' the atonement of Jesus Christ. He was blessed with natural genius improved by education, and a benevolent heart, and was illustrious as a Divine, a Preacher, a Friend and a Christian. When Suns and Planets from their orbs be hurl'd And livid fiames involve this smoking world ; The Trump of God announce the Savior nigh And shining hosts of angels crowd the sky Then from this tomb thy dust shall they convey To happier regions of eternal day. Sacred to the memory of the Rev. Ephraim Judson, Pastor of the church in Sheffield. He died on the 23d of February, A. D. 1813, in the 76th year of his age, and 23d of his ministry in Sheffield, having been previously the pastor of the church in Norwich, and also in Taunton. Mr. Judson was esteemed as a learned divine, an acute logician, and an evangelical preacher. He was mild, courteous, and hospitable. By his numerous friends he was deemed a wise counsellor, an active peace-maker, & a sincere christian. What he was in Truth, the Great Day will disclose. Here lies deposited the body of Major General John Ashley, who died Nov. 5, 1799, in, the 64th year of his age. Make the extended skies your tomb, Let stars record your worth ; Yet know vain mortals all must die, As natures sickliest birth. This monument is erected to perpetuate the memory of Col. John Ashley who departed this life Sept. 1st, 1802, in the 93d year of his age. Virtue alone has majesty in death, And triumphs most when most the tyrant frowns • Earth highest station ends in Here he lies And dust to dust concludes her noblest sqng. STOCKBRIDGE. This town was originally laid out by the general government of the state in 1735, for the accommodation of the Indians. In the year previous a mission was commenced among the Housa tonic Indians by Mr. John Sergeant, then a candidate for the ministry, assisted by Mr. Timothy Woodbridge as schoolmaster under the patronage of the board of commissioners for Indian affairs m Boston, of which his excellency Jonathan Belcher, then British governor of Massachusetts, Avas an active and influential member. At that time about half of these Indians lived in the stockbridge. 95 great meadow on the Housatonic in this town, called by them Wnahktukook. Here Konkapot the chieftain resided, who had just before been honored by Gov. Belcher with a captain's com mission. His cabjn stood on a knoll a few rods north of the Konkapot brook, on the east side of the county road. The other Indians lived on their reservation in Sheffield, called by them Skatehook. For the better improvement of their moral condition it Avas soon found desirable to have these united and settled in one place, with such other Indians in the vicinity as might be disposed to join with them. Being made acquainted with their situation, the legislature, on the 17th of March, 1735, granted them a town ship 6 miles square, to be laid out on the Housatonic river, immediately north of Monument mountain, provided the proprie tors and settlers of the Upper Housatonic could be induced to give up their right to that portion of their lands on which the neAV township would partly fall. It was wished to include the fine alluvial ground at Wnahktukook, where the chieftain resided, and, which, to some extent, was under cultivation. The committee met with but little difficulty in performing the duties assigned them, and in April, 1736, they laid out the town in a square, which inclu ded the present townships of Stockbridge and West-Stockbridge. Early in May of that year the Indians began to move into their plantation, and by the last of June there were more than 90 persons in the settlement. In Jan., 1737, the subject being laid before the legislature by the governor, they ordered that a, meeting-house 40 feet by 30, together with a school-house, should be built for the Indians at the charge of the province. On the 7th of May in this year, the grant of the town was confirmed to the Indians, their heirs and assigns ; and in 1739, the town was incorporated by the name of Stockbridge, after > the town of that name in Eng land. Their meeting-house was first opened for public worship on the 29th of Nov., 1739, the day of thanksgiving in the commonwealth. It stood a few rods north-east of the site of the present south meeting-house. The settlement gradually increased for many years, until they numbered, at one time, nearly 500, though it is probable that their average number, while they remained in the town, was about 400. A short time before the revolutionary war, a township, 6 miles square, was given them by the Oneidas, in the state of New York. After the close' of the war, in 1783, some of them removed, a large proportion of them in 1785, and the residue in 1788. In 1810, they are represented to have numbered more than 600. In 1822 these Indians began to move to Green Bay, on the southern shore of Lake Michigan, on to a tract of 5,000,000 acres, purchased for them and other Indians in the state of New York, for $500, of the Menominie and Winnebago tribes. The head of Green Bay is near the center of their purchase. The residence of Capt. Konkapot has been mentioned ; that of King Ben [Benjamin Kokkewenaunaut] was on the elevated ground back, of the Housatonic, half a mile west of the plain. In 1771, being then 94 years old, this chieftain told his people that they must appoint another king, and king Solomon [Solomon Unhaunnauwaunnutt] was chosen his successor. , His house was on the south bank of the Housatonic, opposite Little Hill. He died in Feb., 1777, aged 50. King Ben lived till April 1781, being 104 years old. Some of the Indians' houses were on the plain, some on the meadows near the river, and a few about Barnum's brook. These Indians at. first were called by the English River Indians, afterwards more generally Housatonic Indians, until the incorporation of this town ; since which they have more generally been ' called Stockbridge Indians. They have also some times, as well as the tribe at Norwich, Conn., been called Mohegans, which is a cor ruption of their proper name Mahhekaneew or Muhhekaneok, signifying " the people of the great waters, continually in motion." One very important effect which this mission produced was, that the friendship of these Indians was effectually secured to the English. They performed numerous kind offices for the early settlers of the county ; in time of war they were spies for the English, and often fought and sometimes shed their blood for them in the army. 96 STOCKBRIDGE. Though Fort Massachusetts was repeatedly attacked in the time of the first French war, and terror was spread through all this region, yet, in consequence of the well-known friendship of the Muhhekaneews, no hostile Indians ventured down into the vicinity ot this place, and the southern section of the county was saved from such calamities as befel some of the settlements on Connecticut river, and others to the west, in the state of New York. Though in the second French war a. few families in different parts of the county were disturbed, yet the mischief was small compared with what probably would have been done, had it not been for the friendship of the Stockbridge tribe. In this war many of the Indians were received as soldiers in the service of Massachusetts, and showed their fidelity by fighting for the whites. In the revolu tionary war a part of the company of minute men under the command of Captain Goodrich, of this town, was composed of these Indians. A company went lo White Plains under Capt. Daniel Nimham, where some were slain, and others died with sickness. Numbers served at other places. At the close of the war General Washington directed the contractors for supplying a division of the army at West Point with provisions, to give the Indians a feast, in consideration of their good conduct in the service. An ox weighing 1,100 lbs. was roasted whole; the whole tribe partook of it; the men first, and then the women, according to custom. The Rev. John Sergeant (the younger) and a Mr. Deane presided at the table, and the principal men of the place attended. The feast was kept near the residence of King Solomon, and after this was over the Indians buried the hatchet in token that the war was past, and performed some other ceremonies in their own style for the gratification of the com pany. The school commenced among these Indians by Mr. Woodbridge, in the autumn of 1734, was kept by him many years, and was regularly kept afterwards (for some time by Mr. John Sergeant, Jun.) until the Indians emigrated to the region of the Oneidas. The following account of Mr. Sergeant's labors is taken from the History of Stockbridge, by the Rev. David D. Field. In 1741, Mr. Sergeant projected the plan of a boarding-school, which was summa rily this : That a tract of land of about 200 acres should be set aside for the use of the school, and a house erected upon it ; that a number of children and youth, be tween the ages of 10 and 20, should be received, and placed under the care of two masters, one of whom should take the oversight of them in their hours of labor, and the other in their hours of study, and that their time should be so divided between the hours of labor and study, as to make one the diversion of the other ; that the fruit of their labors should go towards their maintenance, and to carry on the general design ; and that a stock of cattle should be maintained on the place for .the same purpose. It was also proposed to take into the number, on certain conditions, children from any of the Indian tribes around, that by their means the principles of virtue and Christian knowledge might be spread as far as possible. This project was very popular among the Indian and English inhabitants of this place, and much was eventually done by them, considering their circumstances, for promoting it. It was also popular with the commissioners and their friends in Boston. But before much was done, the first French war commenced, which rendered it neces sary that the actual establishment of the school should be postponed for a season. In the mean while, as the Corporation for Indian Affairs, under which the commissioners acted, existed in London, the project attracted the favorable notice of such blessed men there as Dr. Isaac Watts and Capt. Thomas Coram, who exerted themselves to raise funds for the support of the school. The Prince of Wales headed a subscription with 20 guineas, and a few others high in rank and office subscribed for it. Mr. Isaac Hollis made provision at first for supporting 12 boys, and afterwards for supporting 24, and was so anxious that the children should be instructed immediately, that Mr. Sergeant took 12 under his care in the beginning of 1748. But as it was not alto gether safe for them to remain here during the war, he procured Capt. Martin Kel logg, of Newington, in Wethersfield, Conn., to take them in May, and instruct them for a year. In 1719, the war being closed, a house for the boarding-school was erected, which stood on the southern end of the garden belonging to Mr. Benoni C. Wells. The heart of Mr. Sergeant was drawn exceedingly towards this school. His suc cessor, President Edwards, thought much of it, and, directly after his settlement in this place, a large council from the Six Nations sat here to consider the subject of sending their children to the school. After it was opened, the Rev. Gideon Hawley, afterwards missionary at Marshpee, it is understood, instructed it for a time. " He taught a few families of Mohawks, Oneidas and Tuskaroras." The Rev. Cotton stockbridge. 97 Mather Smith, who afterwards settled in Sharon, Conn., also instructed it for a season. But arrangements for managing the school were never very thoroughly made ; and admirable as was the plan, and as much as it promised, the occurrence of the second French war nearly destroyed it. Notwithstanding this unhappy issue, however, in this school, in connection with the common school, a considerable number of Indians received a good education. A few also were instructed at the Indian charity school at Hanover, N. H., and Peter Poli- quonnoppeet- was graduated at the college in that town in 1780. This Sir Peter, as he was commonly called, was a man of good talents and character, and connected with Joseph Quanaukaunt, Capt. Hendrick Aupaumut, and Capt. John Konkapot, in a. council, which, after the decease of King Solomon, regulated the affairs of the tribe. The regal power, it is said, belonged to Joseph Quanaukaunt ; but being a very modest and unassuming, as well as sensible man, he chose not to be king, but wished the tribe to be governed by a council. Many of the Indians were fitted for the transaction of all ordinary business. A part of the town offices were uniformly sustained by them while they remained in this place. The speech of one of the chiefs to the Massachusetts congress in 1775, in Bingham's Columbian Orator, tendering his services in the revolutionary war, may be taken as a specimen of the talent at oratory which some of them possessed. As to religion, it is evident that the Spirit of God was poured forth under the minis try of Mr. Sergeant, and that his labors were blessed to the conversion of many souls. The Lord's supper was first administered here on the 4lh of June, 1738 ; but as a number had made a profession years before, the church must be considered as pre viously existing, although we have no express account of the time and manner of its organization. About 100, from first to last, made a profession of Christianity ; and though it is not certain all these were genuine converts, yet we have no authority for restricting the operations of grace entirely to those who became professors, nor indeed to the members of this tribe ; for considerable numbers from other tribes occasionally listened here to the instructions of the gospel. But the extent to which they were civilized and christianized, will be more fully un derstood by attending to the labors of the successive missionaries. At the time Mr. Sergeant received his appointment, he was a tutor in Yale College. He visited the Indians in the autumn of 1734, and again in the spring of 1735, and in July in the latter year, having relinquished the duties of the tutorship, he took up his residence with the Indians for life. On the 31st of August following he was or dained at Deerfield, where Gov. Belcher had made an appointment to meet some In dian tribes about that time, for the purpose of making a treaty with them. The or dination took place on the Sabbath, in the presence of the congregation usually wor shipping there, of the governor and a large committee of both houses of the legisla ture, of the Indians collected from several tribes, and of some of the Housatonic Indians, who sat by themselves, and formally received Mr. Sergeant as their mis sionary. In the winters of 1734 and 5, and of 1735 and 6, the Indians were instructed in Great Barrington, and in the intermediate summer in Sheffield and Stockbridge. Upon their removal to this town in May in the year last mentioned, Mr. Woodbridge removed here and boarded with Capt. Konkapot. Mr. Sergeant boarded with a fami ly in Great Barrington until January, 1737, when he moved into town, and boarded with Mr. Woodbridge, who had settled in a family state. The first residence of Mr. Woodbridge was on the " Hill," eastward from the house of Dea. Josiah Jones. He afterwards built a house on the farm now owned by Mr. Samuel Goodrich. In the course of 1737, Mr. Sergeant built the house on the "Plain," occupied at the present time by the widow of Gen. Silas Pepoon, and which is now the oldest house in town. He afterwards built the house on the Hill, now occupied by his grandson, Maj. Sewall Sergeant. In this he died. Ignorant of their language, Mr. Sergeant at first instructed the Indians, of neces sity, by the aid of an interpreter. In this way he translated into their language some prayers for their daily use, and Watts's first catechism for the benefit of children. But as the disadvantages of this mode were many, he applied himself diligently to the study of the language, and iu August, 1737, began to declare unto them in their own tongue the wonderful works of God. Afterwards he made such proficiency in it, that the Indians were accustomed to say he spoke their language better than they did. The effect of his labors upon the Indians was very happy. From 8 or 10 families they had increased to. more than 50, during his ministry, had been reclaimed from many errors and vices, had assumed a stable character as a society, regularly attended public worship, had 20 houses built after the English manner, and paid considerable 98 stockbridge. attention to the cultivation of the earth. In singing they were great proficients. Fifty or sixty who had become hopeful converts were admitted to full communion by him ; some of whom died in the faith before him : 42 survived him. He baptized 182 na- tives, adults and infants. His services were also greatly useful to the English who settled here. Ancient House in Stockbridge. The above is a south-eastern vieAV of the house of Mr. Daniel B. Fenn, in the central part of Stockbridge village". It Avas built by Mr. Sergeant in 1737, and is the oldest house in the town. This house was occupied by the Rev. Jonathan EdAvards while he resided in this town, and within its walls he completed his cele brated production, " The Freedom of the Will," which is thought by many to be the greatest production of the human mind. His study was on the lower floor in the south-west corner of the build- * ing, and was quite contracted in its limits, being but about five feet by four, as it appears by the marks of the partition still remain ing. The walls of the house are lined with brick. After Presi dent Edwards left it was occupied by Jehiel Woodbridge, Esq., then by Judge Sedgwick, then Gen. Silas Pepoon, and now by Mr. Fenn. Mr. Sergeant was a native of Newark, N. J., and graduate of Yale College 1729. In stature he was rather small, but possessed a very intelligent, expressive countenance. He died on the 27th of July, 1749, and was succeeded in the labors of the mission by the Rev. Jonathan Edwards. He entered upon the same general course of instruction which his predecessor had pursued, and dis charged his duties with his wonted faithfulness, and to the good acceptance of both the people and commissioners. Besides per forming his ministerial duties, he here Avrote some of his greatest works. Mr. Edwards continued here till Jan., 1758, when he was dismissed, to take the presidency of Princeton College. At the time of his dismission, the number of Indian families Avere reduced to 42. Rev. Stephen West, of Tolland, Conn., and a graduate of Yale College, was ordained the next pastor of this church, June 13th, 1759, and continued over them until the removal of the Indians to the state of NeAV York. stockbridge. 99 This town Avas gradually settled by the English, Avho bought out the Indian rights one after another before their emigration. Some of the earliest white settlers, next to Mr. Sergeant and Mr. Woodbridge, were Col. Williams, Josiah Jones, Joseph Wood- bridge, Samuel Brown, Samuel Brown Jr., Joshua Chamberlain David Pixley, John Willard, John Taylor, Jacob Cooper, Elisha Parsons, Stephen Nash, James Wilson, Josiah Jones Jun., Thomas Sherman, and Solomon Glezen. Families by the name of Ball Hamilton, Cadwell, and Lynch were in the west part of the town of Curtis and Churchill in the north, and of Bradley and Williams in the east, at an early period. The great body of the people in this town have ever been Con- gregationalists ; though there are some Episcopalians, a few Bap tists and Methodists. The principal village, about half a mile in extent, is beautifully situated on the Plain, a tract of level land between " the Hill" and the Housatonic, moderately elevated above the river. It consists of about 40 dwelling-houses, a Congrega tional church, a bank, and academy. The scenery of the tOAvn has been much admired by strangers. It is situated 6 miles S. of Lenox, 44 from Springfield, 59 from Hartford, 32 from Hudson, 34 from Albany, and 130 W. of Boston. Population, 2,036. There are in the town a cotton mill with 3,780 spindles, 2 woollen mills with 8 sets of machinery, and 2 furnaces, one of which is for the manufacture of pig iron, of which in 1837 thirteen hundred and thirty-seven tons were made, valued at $53,480. [From the Boston Post Boy, Sept. 3, 1739.]^ " In a letter from a friend in the country, dated Aug. 21, 1739, we have the follow ing passages. I have lately been to" see my friends at Housatonwoc, (now called Stock- bridge,) and was well pleased to find the Indians so well improv'd, particularly in , husbandry, having good fields of Indian corn, and beans, and other sorts of grain, as oats, &c. They have good fence about their field, made with their own hands. Some of them live in houses built after the English manner, and Capt. Concopot has built a barn that is well shingled, &c. They have several horses among them, and some cows, hogs, &c. They are many of them grown industrious and diligent in busi ness ; I observed several young women sewing cloth, making shirts, &c. But I was in special gratify'd to find them improv'd in learning ; several of them have made good proficiency, can read in their Testaments and Bibles, and some of them can write a good hand : the children are in general as mannerly as you find in any country town. There are about 20 families of Indians that five there ; and now the great and general court have taken such effectual care, and put them in possession of the land, they have designed for them, (which hitherto they have been hindered from possessing,) I make no doubt but they will greatly increase in number ; for several Indians have been with them, and manifested a desire to tarry with them, could they have land to work upon. There is a church gather'd and fourteen Indian communieants ; the number of the baptiz'd is near sixty. While I was at Stockbridge, the Rev. Mr. Ser geant (the minister there) was married to Mrs. Abigail Williams, a. virtuous and agreeable young gentlewoman, daughter of Ephraim Williams, Esq. There were ninety Indians present at the marriage, who behaved with great gravity while the prayers were made, yea, during the whole solemnity ; and seem'd exceedingly well pleased that their minister was married ; they show him great respect, &c. And I hope he may prove yet a great blessing among them, and be instrumental of turning many of them from darkness to light. lam your's, fyc.'' The following is the inscription on the monument of Mr. Ser geant, in the grave-yard near the Congregational church. 14 100 tyringham. Here lies the body of the Rev. Mr. John Sergeant, who dy'd the 27th day of July, .A. D. 1749 in the 46th year of his age. Where is that pleasing form I ask, thou canst not show, He's not within false stone, there's nought but dust below ; And where's that pious soul that thinking concious mind, Wilt thou pretend vain cypher that's with thee inshrin'd? Alas, my friend's not here with thee that I can find, Here's not a Sergeant's body or a Sergeant's mind: I'll seek him hence, for all's a like deception here, , I'll go to Heaven, and I shall find my Sergeant there. TYRINGHAM. "The settlement of this town commenced in 1739. In April of that year Lieut. Isaac Garfield, Thomas Slaton, and John Chad wick, moved into the place. In August following, Capt. John Brewer, from Hopkinton, moved into the town and put up a house ; and erected mills for the use of the inhabitants, agreeably to a contract with the proprietors, on the site of the present Lang don mills. Concerning Capt. Brewer, it is worthy of notice that he was the father of 13 children, and his youngest child, CoL Jo siah Brewer, (born in 1744,) had exactly the same number. In the French war beginning in 1744, several houses were fortified, and the fortifications were rebuilt upon the alarm produced by two or three murders in the vicinity, in August, 1755. The first and principal of these fortifications was around the house of Capt. Brewer, at which some soldiers were .placed by the provincial gov ernment. Among these were William Hale, Avho had assisted in building Fort Massachusetts, in Adams. He became a settler here as early as 1747, and was afterwards a deacon in the church. About 1750, John Jackson moved into the town from Weston, and persons by the names of Thomas and Orton ; and four brothers by the name of Warren, with their father Joshua, (the first person born in Watertown,) moved into it about the same time. The south part of the tOAvn, sometimes called South Tyringham, was generally settled at an early period ; but Hopbrook, or North Ty ringham, was left as an insalubrious marsh for more than 20 years. The first log house in this section of the town Avas erected by Dea. Thomas Orton, about 1762. The first settlers Avere Congregational- ists, and in 1743 they erected a meeting-house. The church was formed of 8 members, Sept. 25, 1750, and on the 3d of October fol lowing Rev. Adonijah BidAvell, a native of Hartford, Con., and graduate of Yale College in 1740, was ordained its pastor. In 1796, the soeiety built the second meeting-house near the old one, which was dedicated July 4, 1798. In 1782, a portion of the peo ple became Shakers, and set up meetings at each other's houses, according to the customs of this sect. In 1792, they collected together in a body, and formed themselves into Avhat they denominate church order. Their settlement is in the north part of the town, at Hopbrook, where they own nearly 2,000 acres of land. The spiritual concerns of the three settlements at Tyring- WASHINGTON. 101 ham, Hancock, and Enfield, in Con., are superintended by a presid ing elder, assisted by a subordinate elder in each settlement. After the close of the revolutionary war some Baptists moved into the town from Rhode Island, and there are also some families of Methodists. These denominations have meeting-houses in the north part of the town. This town is 7 miles in length and 5 in Avidth. It was incor porated by the general court May 18, 1762. It is said the name was given at the suggestion of Lord Viscount Howe, who owned property at Tyringham in England, and who passed through this town a few days before he fell near Ticonderoga, July 6, 1758. This town is 14 miles S. E. of Lenox, ancL 116 W. of Boston. Population, 1,288. WASHINGTON. This town was purchased of the Indians, in 1760, by a com pany, most of which lived in Hartford and Suffield, Con. Some of the proprietors settled on their lands the same year. These were George Sloan, Andrew Mumford, William Milekan, Elijah Crane, Amos Beard, William Beard, Joseph Knox, Nathan Ingraham} Joseph Chaplin, and Matthew DeWolf. After the settlement was commenced, the proprietors met with some difficulty by the pro vince authorities claiming a right to the township; whereupon Nathaniel Hooker, John Townly, and Isaac Sheldon, of Hartford, in behalf of themselves and 57 others, proprietors, in the begin ning of 1762 petitioned the general court of Massachusetts to grant them the township. This grant was made in February of the following year, from which time till 1777 it was called Hartwood. The church in this town was formed as early as 1772. After two unsuccessful efforts to settle a pastor, the Rev. William G. Ballan- tine, of Westfield, was ordained, June 15, 1774. The first meet ing-house Avas built in 1773, Avhich stood till 1792, when a new one was erected. An Episcopal church, called St. John's church, was formed here in 1825. There- are a considerable number of Baptists and also of Methodists in the town. This town was incorporated by its present name April 12, 1777." It being situated on the Green mountain range, the surface is uneven, diversified by hills and valleys. The township is well watered by pure springs and brooks, and furnishes in every part good farms for grazing. A few years since a considerable number of the principal farmers exchanged their improved farms in this place for neAV lands in Ohio, on the St. Lawrence, in New York, and elsewhere, and removed, by which the population and prop erty of the town have been much diminished. This town is situ ated 8 miles E. of Lenox, and 120 W. of Boston. Population, 758^ 102 west stockbridge. WEST STOCKBRIDGE. im ii 111Isb3&^ ....... • BfF&fl ill iffeq^s^H,™, r , , North-western view of West Stockbridge Village. This town originally belonged to the Stockbridge Indians, and was sold by them in parcels to individual purchasers. The first person who settled in the town was Joseph Bryan, from Canaan, Conn., in 1766. In the fall of the same year Col. Elijah Williams, from Stockbridge, settled in that part of the town now called West Stockbridge village. Between this time and 1774, about 40 families settled in the town, among whom were the families of Increase HeAvings, Elisha Hooper, Lemuel Burghardt, Christopher B-razee, John Minkler and Samuel Boynton, from different places in this state, and Ichabod Miller, Samuel Mudge, Elijah Slosson, Josiah Arnold, John Deming, Matthew Benedict, Roderic Messen ger, Benjamin Lewis, John Ford, Ambrose Collins, and Amasa and James Spencer, from Connecticut. The early settlers generally planted themselves down in the north part of the town, Vfhere the lands are the most feasible and productive. The first meeting-house in this town, was built, in 1788, and the church organized June 4, 1789. Their first minister was the Rev. Oliver Ayres. The Baptist church was organized in 1792, and the society incorporated and a meeting-house built in 1794. The Rev. Samuel Wnelpley, from Stockbridge, preached to them for a number of years from the time the society was formed. This town was incorporated in 1774, and its name was derived from its relation to Stockbridge. Before its incorporation it was called Queensborough. A collection of rugged hills occupy the center of the town. Near the south-west corner is a mountain called. Tom Ball, extending into Great Barrington and Alford, while Stockbridge moun tain is on the eastern side. The south and south-eastern parts consist generally of rough, broken land. Lime quarries abound. There is much valuable marble in the town, of various colors ; some hardly less inferior in whiteness to snow, some parti- eqiored, mostly with blue ; some is dove-colored, some is gray, and some is black. In BoynstQn's quayry, near the village, (in 1828,) an opening or fissure in the rocks, about 15 feet deep and from 18 to 4 inches in diameter, was charged with 204 pounds of -powder. Upon firing it a mass of marble was raised, about 60 feet square on the surface and 8 feet thick, and at least twice that quantity was loosened; AVest Stockbridge village is situated near the north line of the town, on Williams' river, a mill stream passing through the whole extent of the town. It consists of about 30 dwelling-houses, 2 churches, 1 Congregational and 1 Methodist, (erected in 1838,) and a number of mills for sawing marble. Stockbridge mountain rises immediately eastward of the village, and is the boundary between the towns. This place is 5 miles frpm Lenox, 5 from Stockbridge, 47 from Springfield, 63 from Hartford, 28 from Hud son, 30 from Albany, and 135 from Boston. Population of the town, 1,244. - WILLIAMSTOWN. 103 WILLIAMSTOWN. This town is in the north-west corner of the state. It was ex plored, together with the town of Adams, and the limits traced, Dy a committee of the general court, in 1749. The committee con sisted of Col. Partridge, of Hatfield, and Col. Choate and Capt. Nathaniel Dwight, of Belchertown. Both towns were intended to be 6 miles square, but for some reasons they were laid out 7 miles in length and 5 in width. This township was called West Hoo sic and the adjoining one East Hoosic. This was the Indian name of the tract embraced in these towns. The first meeting of the proprietors of which any record is preserved was held Dec. 5, 1753, by virtue of a warrant of William Williams, Esq., of Pitts-. field, " issued in pursuance of a vote of the general court of Mas sachusetts Bay," Sept. 10,1753. But "the house lots" in the north part of the town were laid out previous to this meeting. The settlement of this town, like that of others of that day, was retarded by Indian hostilities. Nehemiah Smedley, William and Josiah Hosford, and some other young men, came to prepare for themselves and families a settlement here, it is believed, in 1751 or 52. But they Avere interrupted by the increasing hostility of the Indians in those years. Returning to Connecticut, they enlisted in a company raised to protect the frontiers, and came again with others to this place and garrisoned a fort, which stood a few rods north of the present meeting-house, and also a block-house near the west college. A few soldiers were kept here in garrison till 1760. But the inhabitants were exposed to frequent alarms. Some were carried into captivity, and in an attack July 11, 1756, Capt- Chapin and two persons by the name of Chidestree were killed. The dangers nearly ceased at the close of the French war. The following are most of the early settlers from the first, till about 1770. Capt. Nehemiah Smedley, William Hosford, Josiah Hosford, Col. B. Simmons, Seth Hudson, Richard Stratton, Jonathan Meaeham, James Meaeham, Thomas Train, Thomas Dunton, Wilson Webb, Derrick Webb, Elkanah Paris, Capt. Isaac Searle, John Newbury, Elisha Higgins, Dea. Nathan Wheeler, Mr. Seely, Elisha Baker and Son, William Hine, Seth Lewis, David Nichols, Stephen Davis. Titus Harrison, Isaac Ovitt, Thomas Ovitt, Josiah Wright, Jesse Ryan, Samuel Birchard, Joseph Wheeler, Asa Johnson, Robert Hawkins, Derrick Smith, Joseph Talmadge, Elisha Higgins, Stephen Olmsted, Nathan Smith, Isaac Stratton, Daniel Burbank, Robert McMaster, John McMaster, Moses Rich, Bartholomew Woodcock, Nehemiah Woodcock, David Johnson, Samuel Sloane, Alexander Sloane, Thomas Roe, Ichabod Southwick, Jesse Southwick, John Torrey, William Torrey, Capt. Samuel Clark, Moses Young, Andrew Young, William Young, Zebadiah Sabin, David Johnson, 2d, Asa Corben, Amasa Corben, Joseph Corben, Samuel Mills, Jonathan Sherwood, Samuel Sherwood, Isaac Sherwood, Deming, Lieut. Sampson Howe. Capt. Smedley (at the head of this list) had five brothers who settled in the place. 104 WILLIAMSTOWN. The town received also a large number of inhabitants at differ ent times, betAveen 1770 and 1800, from Colchester, Con., among which were all the Buckleys, Bridgeses, Chamberlains, Days, Fords, Judds, Northams, Skinners, Tylers, Judah and Elisha Williams, Elijah, Thomas, and Solomon Wolcott. At a meeting of the proprietors, March 10, 1763, it was voted, " that for the future" they " Avould have preaching," and accordingly a call was given to Rev. Moses Warren to preach on probation. Two years after this, and immediately after the incorporation of the town, the proprietors called Mr. Whitman Welch " to the work of the min istry in this town," July 26, 1765. His settlement was £80, ($267) to be paid one half the first year, the other half the year following. His salary was at first £40, and was to be increased £3 annually, until it should amount to £70, and he was to have the use of the ministry-house lot. He was ordained the latter part of the year 1765, and continued the pastor of the church nearly 12 years. Mr. Welch was a native of Milford, Con., and great-grandson of Thomas Welch, one of the 53 " first planters" of that town. His father dying early, the care of his education devolved on an uncle, with whom he went to reside in New Milford. He graduated at Yale College, in 1762. He was a man of intelligence, and was social in his habits, and at suitable times gay and sportive. He was an animated preacher, and attentive to the duties of his office. In the winter of 1776, he went with the American army to Canada as chaplain, in a regiment to which a party belonged, commanded by Lieut. Zebadiah Sabin, of Williamstown. Mr. Welch died of the small-pox in March of the same year, near Quebec. The first proposal to build a meeting-house was in 1766, in De cember of which year it was voted to build a house 40 feet by 30, and to raise £180 for this purpose. The house was erected in 1768, and was occupied by the congregation for 30 years, when it was removed and fitted up for a town-house, and a new meeting house erected, 76 feet in length and 55 in width, at the cost of about $6,000. The meeting-house at the south part of the town was erected by subscription in 1812, by the united exertions of Con- gregationalists and Baptists. There was early a small Baptist congregation in this town. In May, 1791, the town refused " to incorporate Matthew Dunning and 14 others into a Baptist socie ty," according to their petition. The next year " Isaac Holmes was chosen tythingman for the Baptist society in this town," {town records'). This church included some members, from Han cock, but was always small, and was dissolved in 1811., In 1814, another Baptist church was organized, which is now in a flourish ing state. The principal street in Williamstown passes over the highest part of three eminences ; on the first of which stands the east college and the chapel, on the second the west college, and on the third the Congregational church, from Avhich the drawing for the engraving was taken. There are about 50 dwelling-houses near the colleges, standing compactly enough togetlier to be called a village. This plaee is 20 miles from Pittsfield, 45 from Northampton, 14 from Bennington, 34 from Troy, and 135 miles from Boston. WILLIAMSTOWN. 105 Williams College, in Williamstown, was founded in 1790, was incorporated June 22, 1793, and held its first commencement in 1795, on the first Wednesday in September, which is still its anni versary. It was thus called, in" honor of Col. Ephraim Williams, a native of Newton, near Boston, and eldest son of Col. Ephraim Slit--- I _ S S ' mm Western view of Williams College and other buildings. Williams, who was afterwards one of the first settlers of Stock- bridge, and a justice of the court of common pleas in the county of Hampshire. The following account of Williams College, and of Col. Williams its founder, is by the Rev. Chester Dewey, and is extracted from the History of Berksire County. " Col. Williams, the younger, led for a number of years a seafar ing life, but was induced to relinquish it by the persuasion of his father. In his several voyages to Europe, in which he visited England, Spain, and Holland, he acquired graceful manners, and a considerable stock of useful knowledge. In the war between England and France, which continued from 1744 to 1748, he dis tinguished himself as commander of a company in the army rais ed in Nbav England for the Canada service. After the peace, he retired a Avhile to Hatfield, but was soon appointed commander of the line of Massachusetts forts on the west side of Connecticut river, and resided principally at Fort Massachusetts, which stood not far from the north-eastern end of Saddle mountain, on the north border of the Hoosic, in the edge of Adams, three and a half miles from Williamstown. Under the protection of this fort, and a small one in Williamstown, which stood a feAV rods north west of the present site of the meeting-house, the settlers in this section of the county began their improvements. Col. Williams, who owned considerable land among them, was much conversant with them, witnessed their dangers, difficulties and hardships, and, for the purpose of encouraging them, intimated an intention of doing something liberal and handsome for them at a future time. In the second French war, in 1755, he was colonel of a regiment, 106 WILLIAMSTOWN. and was ordered to join Gen. Johnson at the north. On his way to that station, on the 22d of July in that year, he made his will at Albany. On the morning of the 8th of September following, he was ordered out at the head of a scouting party, 1,200 strong, and was shot through the head by an ambush party of French and Indians, near French mountain, a little east of that point of Lake George on Avhich Fort George was built in 1759, in the 42d year of his age. His detachment returned to the main army, which the same day obtained a memorable victory over the enemy. In his will, after several bequests to his relatives and friends, he directed, " that the remainder of his land should be sold, at the discretion of his executors, within five years after an established peace ; and that the interest of the monies arising from the sale, and also the interest of his notes and bonds, should be applied to the support of a free school, in a township west of Fort Mas sachusetts, forever ; provided said township fall within Massachu setts, upon running the line between Massachusetts and New York, and provided the said township Avhen incorporated shall be called Williamstown ;" otherwise it was to be applied to certain other pious and charitable uses. Both of these conditions took place. The executors of the will sold the land agreeably to the direc tions of the testator, and by their provident and faithful manage ment the fund was annually increased. In the year 1785, they applied to the general court for an act to enable them to carry into effect the benevolent intention of the testator ; and an act was ac cordingly passed, incorporating a free school in WilliamstoAvn. Nine gentlemen were appointed trustees of the fund and of the school, viz. William Williams of Dalton, Theodore Sedgwick, Woodbridge Little, John Bacon, Thompson Joseph Skinner, Esquires, the Reverend Seth Swift and Daniel Collins, Mr. Israel Jones and Mr. David Noble, who voted in 1788 to erect a building for its use. The legislature granted them a lottery, which yield ed about $3,500, the inhabitants of the town raised by subscrip tion $2,000 more towards the building, and in 1790 the brick edifice, now the west college, was built on the middle eminence in the principal street, 82 feet long, 42 broad, four stories, contain ing 28 rooms and a small chapel. The expense of the building was about $11,700, and the funds then remaining at interest amounted to about the same sum. The school was opened in October, 1791, under Mr. Ebenezer Fitch, a native of Canterbury, Conn., who had been a tutor at Yale College. It consisted of two departments, an academy or grammar school, and an English free school ; and, under the direc tion of this gentleman, immediately became prosperous. A con siderable number of students resorted to it from Massachusetts and the neighboring states, and even from Canada. Upon the de sire of the people of Williamstown and others, and to effect more. perfectly the object of the donor, the legislature, in June, 1793, WILLIAMSTOWN. 107 erected this into a college, and accompanied the charter with a grant of $4,000. The trustees of the original school, together with Henry Van Schaack, Esq., of Pittsfield, Elijah Williams, Esq., of Deerfield, and the Rev. Stephen West, were constituted trustees of the college. In the charter it was provided that the trustees might be seventeen in number, (of whom the president ex officio is one,) that they might fill their own vacancies, and hold property, the annual income of which shall amount to $20,000. Mr. Fitch, now the Rev. Dr. Fitch, was elected president, and the college be gan its operations in October of this year, by the admission of three small classes. The English free school was discontinued, but the academy continued for some years in connection with the college. In 1794, a lot was purchased and a house built for the president, which together cost $2,400. In January, 1796, the legislature granted to the president and trustees, two townships of land in the district of Maine, which were sold in May for about $10,000 ; which, Avith a considerable sum besides, were applied in 1797 and. 8 to build the east college. This , stands on the eastern eminence in the principal street,, about 60 rods from the other col lege, on the south side of the road. This is also of brick, 104 feet long, 28 broad, four stories, containing 32 suites of rooms. Both colleges front the east. Two townships have since been granted to the college, and sold less advantageously. The college also received from the com monwealth three thousand dollars annually for ten years, begin ning with 1814 ; the interest of one fourth of which ($7,500) is applied annually to the payment of the bills of such students as need assistance. Woodbridge Little, Esq., of Pittsfield, one of the first trustees, made a donation of $2,500 in 1811, and raised the sum to near $5,700 at the time of his death, in June, 1813 ; the interest of which is applied also to assist young men intended for the Christian ministry. In 1820, more than $17,500 were added to the funds of the college by subscription ; and in 1826, $25,000 more were raised in the same manner, for the establishment of a new professorship, and the erection of a new chapel. In the sum mer of 1828, the chapel was erected, and on the 2d of September dedicated to the service of God. It is of brick, stands on the op posite side of the road from the east college, facing the south, 93 feet long, 38 wide, and three stories high. It contains, besides the. large and convenient room for the chapel, a chemical laboratory,. lecture rooms, apartments for the philosophical apparatus, the mineralogical collection, the libraries, the meetings of the trustees, &c. In addition to the buildings already mentioned, the corpora tion own a house and lot, designed for the accommodation of one; of the professors, and a right in the meeting-house. The fast property of the college, with the library, apparatus, and cabinet of minerals, has cost about $44,000, and the produc tive fund is $66,000. The college library is a choice selection of books, amounting to little more than 2,000 volumes. The library of the students,, 15 108 WILLIAMSTOWN. called the Adelphic Union Library, the library of the Theologi cal Society, and a collection of class books, called the Franklin Library, for the immediate use of the indigent students, amount to about half that number. The philosophical and chemical apparatus is well selected. The immediate instruction and government of the college is placed in the president, professors and tutors, who compose the faculty. Besides the president and tutors, there is established a professorship of divinity, of law, of moral philosophy and rhet oric, of mathematics and natural philosophy, of chemistry and natural history, and of languages, and a lectureship of anatomy. There was formerly a professorship of the French language. The terms of admission and the course of instruction are the same substantially as in the other New England colleges. , With this college, the Berkshire Medical Institution, at Pittsfield, is connected. Williamstown was incorporated by the general court of Massa chusetts in 1765. The township is nearly 7 miles in length and a little more than 5 in breadth. The general character of the soil is clayey, though loam predominates in some places, and a few spots of some extent may be called gravelly. Some of the best lands lie along the Hoosic, particularly in the eastern part of the town, though not a very large tract can properly be called meadow. A tract of considerable extent in the south part of the town, about the junction of the two principal branches of Green river, and along up those streams, is also particularly fertile and beautiful. But the hills also, and generally the mountain sides, almost, and sometimes quite, upto their tops, have a good and in many places an excellent soil, suited both to grazing and tillage, though generally best for the former. In 1837, there were in the town 2,000 Saxony sheep, merino sheep 5,800, other kinds of sheep 200 ; Saxony wool produced, 5,000 lbs., merino wool, 17,400 lbs. ; 1 cotton and 2 woollen mills. Population, 1,981. The following facts, though remarkable, are not solitary ; seve ral similar cases are recorded. -In 1806, a strong and beautiful lug eat out of a table made from an apple-tree, which grew on the farm of Maj. Gen. Putnam, in Brooklyn, Con., and which was brought to Williamstown when his son, Mr. P. S. Putnam, removed to that town. It was cut down in 1786, sixty-five years after it was transplanted, and if the tree was then fifteen years old, it was 80 years old when cut down. As the cortical layers of , the leaf ot the table are about sixty, and extend within about five of the heart, as the inner ones are quite convex, about fifteen layers have been cut off from the outside. In 1814, a third bug made his way out, the second having appeared two or three years before. The last bug came forth from nearest the heart, and 45 cortical layers distant, on the supposition of its age, from the outside. The tree had now been cut down 28 years. Of course, the egg must have been deposited in the wood seventy-three years before. This bug eat about three inches along the grain, till it emerged into the light. The eating of the insect was heard for weeks before its appearance. These facts were given by Mr. Putnam, in whose possession the table still remains, and were first pub lished in the Repertory at Middlebury, Vt., in 1816. One of the bugs, preserved for WINDSOR. 109 some time by the Rev. Dr. Fitch, "was about an inch and one fourth long, and one third inch in diameter ; color, dark glistening brown, with tints of yellow."— Hist, of Berkshire, p. 39. WINDSOR. This township was purchased at Boston, by Noah Nash, for £1,430, on the 2d of June, 1762, and called, among the toAvnships purchased at that time, No. 4. When it was incorporated in 1771, it was called Gageborough, in honor of General Gage, then British governor of Massachusetts. In 1778, at the request of the inha bitants, the general court gave to it its present name. The first inhabitants of the town were Joseph Chamberlain and Ephraim Keyes, from Ashford, Con., Edward Walker, from Hadley, John Hall, Jeremiah Cady, and Josiah Lawrence, from Plainfield, Con. Though Mr. Hall has many descendants still living here, he soon moved to Castleton, Vermont, and Avas killed by a party of Indians, about the time of the capture of Burgoyne. The first child born in the place was a daughter of Mr. Lawrence ; born May, 1768. . For many years the people had but one place of worship, and most of the inhabitants are yet Congregationalists. The first meeting-house erected was unfortunately burnt before it was com pleted. The present brick meeting-house Avas built in 1823, and dedicated the next year, on the 7th of January. The first church was formed in 1772, and on the 25th of March, 1773, the Rev. David Avery, a native of Groton, Con., and graduate of Yale College, 1769, Avas installed their pastor, having been previously ordained an evangelist. He was dismissed April 14, 1777, that he might accept the office of chaplain in the army of the United States, during the revolutionary war. He was much esteemed by the people here, who were extremely unwilling to part with him. A second Congregational church was formed in the autumn of 1811. in the north-east part of the town, with 20 members, taken principally from the church in Windsor. A few families in Savoy united with them, and they held their meetings, for a time, in a dwelling-house, fitted up for the purpose, on the line between the two toAvns. The Rev. Jephthah Poole, from Plainfield, was ordained their pastor Oct. 11, 1811. There is a Baptist society in, this town, who erected their meeting-house in 1819. Elder Noah Y. Bushnel preached to them for some years. This township is about 7 miles in length and 5 in breadth. The surface is uneven. A height of land lies a little west of the center, in a north and south direction, from which the descent is gradual, both to the east and west. On the east side rises Westfield river, and on the west the Housatonic. The origin and sources of these streams are but a few rods apart, a little south of the Congrega tional meeting-house. On the Housatonic, in the south-west part of the town, near the line of Dalton, are falls, judged to be about no ATTLEBOROUGH. 70 feet. Though the quantity of water is not great, yet it is pre cipitated down the rock with such violence that it affords a pros pect truly sublime. The soil of the township is various ; in the eastern section it is sandy. In general it is well adapted to grazing and mowing. In 1837, there were in the town 7,157 sheep, pro ducing wool to the value of $10,500. This town is situated 18 miles N. N. E. of Lenox, and 120 W. by N. of Boston. Popula tion 887. BRISTOL COUNTY. This county was incorporated in 1685. The surface of the county is somewhat broken, but generally level and sandy. It has a maritime coast of considerable extent, and many of the inha bitants of this county are engaged in navigation, and a large num ber employed in manufactures. Iron ore is found in large quanti ties in various parts. Taunton and Pawtucket rivers, both passing into Narragansett Bay, are the principal streams, and there is abun dant water-power in many of the towns. The tonnage of the two districts in this county (New Bedford and Dighton,) is 75,188 tons. In 1837, there Avere 57 cotton mills, having 104,507 spindles ; 4,814,238 lbs. of cotton Avere consumed, and 18,382,828 yards of cotton goods were manufactured, the value of which was $1,678,- 226. Population of the county in 1837 was 58,152. The follow ing is a list of the towns. Attleborough, Berkley,Dartmouth, XMghton, ' Easton, Fairhaven, Fall River, Freetown, Mansfield, New Bedford, Norton, PaAvtucket, Raynham, Rehoboth,Seekonk, Somerset, Swansey, Taunton, Westport. ATTLEBOROUGH. In 1661, Capt. Thomas Willett, of Rehoboth, having been em powered by the court, purchased of Wamsitta, a sachem of Poka- noket, a tract of land, Avhich was called the Rehoboth North Pur chase. It was bounded west by Pawtucket river, now the Black stone ; north by the Massachusetts colony, or the Bay line ; east by the Taunton North Purchase ; and south by the ancient Rehoboth. This purchase included Attleborough, Cumberland, R. I., and a tract extending east and west a mile and a half. The land was divided into seventy-nine and a half shares. The following are the names of the purchasers.* * This list is copied from the History of Attleborough, by John Daggett, Esq. Tt is to this work the author is almost entirely indebted for the history of this town. Capt. Thomas Willett, Mr. Stephen Paine, Mr. Noah Newman, Lieut. Peter Hunt, Mr. James Browne, Samuel Newman, John Allen, sen., John Woodcock, Thomas Estabrooke, Thomas Willmot, Sampson Mason, Anthoney Perry, John Butterworth, Philip Walker, John Ormsby, Richard Martin, Stephen Paine, Rober Joans, Obadiah Bowen, John Pecke, James Redeway, Samuel Carpenter, John Titus, Mr. John Myles, William Carpenter, Joseph Pecke, Thomas Cooper, Ensign Henery Smith, ATTLEBOROUGH. Thomas Cooper, sen., Samuel Pecke, William Buckland, Joseph Buckland, Benjamin Buckland, John Reade, sen., John Reade, jr., Nicholas Pecke, Elizabeth Winchester, Hannah Winchester, Lydia Winchester, Daniel Smith, Jonathan Bliss, Rice Leonard, William Saben, John Perrin, sen., George Kendricke, George Robenson, John Doggett, John Fitch, Richard Bowen, Elizabeth Bullucke, John Miller, Robert Fuller, Robert Wheaten, Ester Hall, John Miller, sen., Jaret Ingraham, 111 John KingSiey, Gilbert Brookes, Thomas Reade, Thomas Grant, Jonathan Fuller, Janies Gillson, Samuel Luther, Nicholas Tanner, John Allen, jr., Preserved Abell, Francis Stephens, Nicholas Ide, Richard Whittaker, Nathaniel Pecke, Israel Pecke, Jonah Palmer, Robert Miller, Nathaniel Paine, Jeremiah Wheaton, Joanna Ide, John Savage, Thomas Ormsby, Jacob Ormsby, John Polley, William Allen, John Lovell, Eldad Kingsley. The first settlement in the town was commenced by Mr. John Woodcock and his sons, in the neighborhood of the Baptist meeting house, where Hatch's tavern now stands : it was soon after the division in 1669. He built a public house on the Bay road, and laid out about 300 acres of land for his farm. He took up in seve ral parts of the town about 600 acres, some on his OAvn shares, and the rest on rights which he purchased, of Roger Amidowne, James Redeway, Andrew Willett, &c. His house was occupied for a garrison. It was licensed in 1670, according to the following record: "July 5th, 1670. John Woodcock is allowed by the court to keep an ordinary at the Ten-mile river (so called), which is in the way from Rehoboth to the Bay ; and likewise enjoined to keep good order, that no unruliness or ribaldry be permitted there." Woodcock was a man of some consequence in those days. His name often appeared in town offices and on committees. In 1691, he was chosen deputy to the general court from Rehoboth, and at several other times. He was shrewd, hardy, and brave. He did not much regard the rights of the Indians. On one occasion, he took the liberty of paying himself a debt due to him from an Indian, without his consent, for which act the court passed the following sentence upon him ; an example of the strict justice of the Puritans. " 1654. John Woodcock, of Rehoboth, for going into an Indian house, and taking away an Indian child and some goods, in lieu of a debt the Indian owed him, was sentenced to sit in the stocks at Rehoboth on a training-day, and to pay a fine of forty shillings." Woodcock died in 1701, at an advanced age. After his death the 112 ATTLEBOROUGH, scars of seven bullet-holes were counted on his body. He was a strong and implacable enemy to the Indians. His garrison was well known as a place of rendezvous in the great Indian war. It was part of a chain of fortifications extending from Boston to Rhode Island. There was one in Boston, one in Dedham, one in Rehoboth, and one at NeAvport, on the island. This stand, iioav owned and occupied by Col. Hatch, is the oldest in the county of Bristol: a public house has been kept on the spot without intermis sion nearly one hundred and seventy years. It is located on the Boston and Providence turnpike. In 1806, the old garrison was torn doAvn, having stood one hun dred and thirty-six years. The greater part of the timber Avas said to be perfectly sound, though pierced by many a bullet in king Philip's time. A large and elegant building has been erected on the spot. There was another early settlement at the Falls, now the Falls Factories. The advantage of a fine fall of water attracted many to the spot. John Daggett, of Rehoboth, was the West view of Attleborough. first person who laid out lands at the Falls. In 1677, he sold 50 acres of it to his brother, Thomas Daggett, of Martha's Vineyard. Edmund Hall also owned 50 acres here, which he gave to his son John, who sold it to John Stevenson and Samuel Penfield, in 1686. Penfield sold it to Thomas Daggett, of EdgartOAvn, and Joseph and Nathaniel Daggett, of Rehoboth. The first mill built at the Falls was a corn-mill, oAvned and occupied by Joseph Daggett. The south-east part of the town was early settled by people from Rehoboth. The borders of the Bay road that passed through the neighborhood of Newell' s and the City, were occupied by some of the first settlers. This Avas the first road in toAvn. The above is a vieAV taken in the principal village in Attlebo rough. The Boston and Providence railroad passes through it, ATTLEBOROUGH. 113 and is but a few rods eastward of the Congregational church seen m the engraving. The " Attleborough Bank," in this village, is the first building Avestward of the church. This place is 11 miles from Taunton, 11 from Providence, and 21 from Boston. Popula tion of the town, 3,396. The following is from the statistical tables, published by the state in 1837. Cotton mills, 8 ; cotton spindles, 13,078 ; cotton consumed, 510,680 lbs. ; cotton goods manufac tured, 2,500,811 yards; value of the same, $229,571; males em ployed, 157; females, 220; capital invested, $259,000 ; manufac tory of metal buttons, 1; metal buttons manufactured, 37,560 gross ; value of the same, $90,000 ; males employed, 42 ; females, 21 ; capital invested, $90,000 ; value of jeAvelry manufactured. $92,000; hands employed, 112; capital invested, $50,000; value of planing machines manufactured, $40,000 : hands employed, 15 ; capital invested, $1S,000 ; value of boots and shoes manufactured, $10,000. The Rev. Matthew Short was the first settled minister in this toAvn ; he was ordained in 1712. Difficulties between him and his people soon commenced, which resulted in his dismission in 1715. According to the agreement made Avith Mr. Short, he was to be paid £50 a year, for the first six years, one third in money, and the other two thirds in grain, beef, pork, butter or cheese, at the cur rent price.* " At the 7th year, his salary was to be raised to £60, payable as above, and then to continue until there should be 100 families hi town capable of paying public taxes, in the judgment of the selectmen, and then it was to be £70 per annum." The second minister Avas Rev. Ebenezer White; he was the pastor for 11 years, and died in 1726. He was succeeded by the Rev. Habijah Weld. He Avas distinguished for his usefulness in the ministry, and highly respected as a man, both at home and abroad. He united, to an uncommon degree, the affections of his people, for a period of 55 years, during which he was their pastor. He Avas a man of talents and respectable acquire ments, and was extensively known. He was ordained in 1727, and died 1782, in the 80th year of his age. " Mr. Weld was below the middle stature, and, in the latter part of his life, corpu lent. His constitution was vigorous, and his mind almost singularly energetic. The stipend he received from his parishioners consisted of an annual salary of two hun dred and twenty dollars, and the use of a parsonage-lot, which furnished him with wood and a little pasture. With his patrimony, he purchased a farm of about 70 acres, of moderately good land, and a decent house. He had fifteen children, ten of whom were married during his life, and one after his death. The remaining four died while young. This numerous family he educated, with the means which have oeen mentioned, in a manner superior to what is usually found in similar cir cumstances ; entertained much company in a style of genuine hospitality; and was always prepared to contribute to the necessities of others. For the regulation of his domestic concerns, he prescribed to himself and his family a fixed system of rules, which were invariably observed, and contributed not a little to the pleasantness and prosperity of his life. His children, laborers, and servants, submitted to them with * These articles were then valued as follows. Corn, 2s. 6d. per bushel; rye, 3s. 6d. per bushel ; pork, 3d. per lb. ; beef, 2d. per lb. ; butter, 6d. ; and good new milk cheese, 4d. per lb. 114 ATTLEBOROUGH. cheerfulness; and his house became the seat of absolute industry, peace, and good order. Breakfast was on the table precisely at six o'clock, dinner at twelve, and sup per at six in the evening. After supper he neither made visits himself, nor permitted any of his family to make them." From the death of Mr. Weld to the settlement of Mr. Wilder, in 1790, nearly 8 years, the first parish was destitute of a settled minis: ter. Rev. John Wilder was dismissed Nov. 28, 1822, having been settled upwards of 32 years. The first meeting of the East Parish was on the 6th June, 1743. On the 20th a meeting was called "to consider and see what the parish will do in order to placing a meeting-house for the public worship of God." This is the first record of an attempt to build a meeting-house in this part of the town. The Rev. Peter Thatcher, their first minister, was ordained in 1748. The second meeting-house was built in 1825. The North Baptist Church was constituted in 1769. Its existence may be traced back as early as 1747. It was a small and feeble church, and of the Congregational order, though differing from that denomination in some respects. In 1769, they, by a vote, changed their constitution from a Congregational to a Baptist church, in what is called open communion. Previous to this, in 1767, the church moved Mr. Abraham Bloss from Sturbridge to Attleborough ; he preached to them till his death in 1769. He was succeeded by Elder Job Seamans, of Sackville, Cumberland county, then in Nova Scotia ; he requested' a dismission in 1788, which was granted. His successor was Elder Abner Lewis, who was settled 1789, and continued until 1795, when he Avas dismissed. After this, Mr. Laben Thurber preached two years, and then gave up the office of the ministry. He was followed by Elder James Reed, who commenced preaching here in 1800. He gave so much satisfaction, that in December of the same year the church invited him to settle, which invitation he accepted. He was installed in 1801. He died in 1814, universally respected as a man. His successor was the Rev. Stephen S. Nelson, who settled in 1815, and was dismissed in 1820. The first meeting-house was not finished till 1784. The present house was built in 1817. South Baptist. The records of this church cannot be found. In 1789, the first and second churches in Attleborough met and agreed upon fellowship as sister churches. Elder Elihu Daggett was the first preacher. The next in succession was Elder Eli sha Carpenter, who settled in 1780, and continued till 1798, when he removed to Pro vidence. This church is now extinct. First Universalist Society was incorporated in 1818. The first minister was the Rev. Richard Carrique, who was ordained 1818, and dismissed in 1822, His successor was the Rev. Robert Kilham, who commenced preaching in 1822, and was dismissed in 1828. Hebronville Church was gathered by Rev. Thomas Williams, after his dismission from the west parish in 1827. A small but neat house was built on the line between Attle borough and Seekonk, half in one town and half in the other, to which and the neigh borhood was given the name of Hebronville by the founder. Mr. Williams' connec tion with the church was dissolved in 1832. Rev. Naphtali Daggett, D. D., president of Yale College, a native of this town, was born 1727. His ancestor, John Daggett, ancestor of all the Daggetts here and in Connecticut, came to Attleborough from Chilmark, Martha's Vineyard, in 1709. Rev. Naphtali Daggett entered Yale College in 1744, and graduated in 1748. He was settled as minister of Smithtown, on Long Island, in 1751. In 1755 he was elected Professor of divinity in Yale College, which he accepted, and removed to New Haven. After the resignation of Mr. Clap in 1766, he officiated as president till 1777. During the barbarous attack on New Haven in July, 1779, he distinguished himself for the part he took in the defence of the country. He had made himself obnoxious by his bold opposition to the British cause. In the pulpit and in the lecture-room, he inculcated upon the students the duty of resisting British oppression ; consequently he incurred the marked displeasure of the invaders. What he preached, that he practised. When the enemy landed, he shouldered his musket to repel them. He was taken pri soner, and treated with all possible indignity. His clerical character did not exempt him from their most outrageous abuse. When asked by them who he was, he imme diately replied, "My name is Naphtali Daggett; I am one of the officers of Yale Col lege. I require you to release me." " But we understand that you have been pray ing against our cause." " Yes, and I never made more sincere prayers in my life.'' Ur BERKLEY. 115 was saved by the courage of the lady into whose house he had been conveyed. The enemy having retired, they sent back an officer and file of soldiers to convey him as prisoner on board their fleet. They came to the house, and were refused admittance by the lady, who pleaded the excuse that he was so badly wounded that it would be impassible to convey him on board alive. "My orders," said the officer, " are positive to take nim with me." But she pleaded that he was in the agonies of death. After continual demands and refusals, the officer left to report the case, but never returned. He died in 1780, in consequence of the wounds he had received in his engagement with the British. He held the office of professor of divinity twenty.five years, and presided over the University about eleven years. The folloAving inscriptions are from monuments in this town. Bezaleel Mann, mort. die Octo. tert. 1796, an. setat, 74. Early imbued with the prin ciples of moral rectitude, he sustained through the diversified concerns of a long and active life, the character of an honest man. As a physician, he commanded, during the period of near 50 years, that unlimited confidence and respect which talents alone can inspire. The features of his mind were sketched by the glowing pencil of nature, filled up with qualities that adorn humanity, and shaded with few infirmities, the fre quent attendants on mental excellence. "Bebe Mann, his wife, mort. die Octo. tert. 1793, aetat. 61. She was a person of bright genius, of few words and much reserved in mind. From early youth, she marked all her paths with virtue, and timely took the advice Christ gave to his disci ples, and made to herself a friend of the mammon of unrighteousness, and, when she failed, could with christian confidence say, that her witness was in heaven and her reward on high." This stone is erected by the grateful hand of filial piety to protect the awful dust of revered parents. In memory of Dr. Herbert Mann, who with 119 sailors, with Capt. James Magee, mas ter, went on board the Brig General Arnold in Boston Harbor 25th Dec. 1778, hoisted sail, made for sea, and were immediately overtaken by the most tremendous snow storm with cold, that was ever known in the memory of man, and unhappily parted their cable in Plymouth harbor, in a place called the Cow-yards, and he with about 100 others was frozen to death ; sixty-six of whom were buried in one grave. He was in the 21st year of his age. And now Lord God Almighty, just and true are all thy ways, but who can stand before thy cold ? The following is an epitaph on the negro slave Caesar, Avho was given to Lieut. Josiah Maxcy by his mother when he was a child. He was a member of the Baptist church, honest and faithful. He survived his first master, and after his own death was buried in the same grave-yard- A decent stone was erected to his memory by his younger master, Levi Maxcy, with this inscription, which may be seen in the north-east corner of the burying-ground, near Hatch's tavern. Here lies the best of slaves Now turning into dust ; Caesar the Ethiopian craves A place among the just. His faithful soul has fled To realms of heavenly light, And by the blood that Jesus shed Is changed from Black to White. January 15, he quitted the stage, In the 77th year of his age. 1780. BERKLEY. This tOAvn, situated on the east side of Taunton river, was for merly a part of Dighton. It Avas incorporated hi 1735. It is 5 miles S. of Taunton, 18 E. of Providence, and 37 S. of Boston. Population, 878. In five years previous to 1837, there Avere t3 16 116 DARTMOUTH. vessels built ; tonnage of the same, 1,267 ; valued at $38,010. This place has about ten sail of coasting vessels, and some iron ore. The celebrated "Dighton" or "Writing Rock" is in the limits of this town, being situated on the eastern shore of Taunton river, which divides this town from Dighton. For a description of this rock, see Dighton. DARTMOUTH. This town was incorporated in 1664, and formerly included within its limits the present towns of Westport, NeAV Bedford and Fairhaven. During Philip's war a great part of this town was laid desolate and many of the inhabitants killed. The most of the Plymouth forces were ordered thither. In coming to Russell's garrison at Ponaganset or Aponaganset, in this town, they met Avith a number of the enemy that had surrendered themselves prisoners on terms promised by Captain Eels of the garrison, and Ralph Earl, who persuaded them to come in, by a friendly Indian Avhom he employed. It is to be regretted, however, that, notwith standing the promises made by the above persons to the Indians, they were by the superior authorities carried away to Plymouth, " then sold and transported out of the country, being about eight score persons." That part, of Dartmouth which was destroyed is about 5 miles S. W. of New Bedford. The cellars of Russell's garrison are still to be seen. They are on the north bank of the Aponaganset, about a mile from its mouth. It is stated that the Indians had a fort on the opposite side of the river, and used to show themselves, and act all manner of mockery to aggravate the English, they being at more than a common gunshot off. It is related, however, that an Indian came out at one time, and, hav ing turned his back sides, as usual, in a contemptuous manner towards the English, some one, having an uncommonly long gun, fired, and put an end. to his mockery. Dartmouth is principally a farming and fishing toAvn ; the cen tral part of which is about 3 miles from New Bedford, and 21 from Taunton. There are 3 postoffices, Dartmouth, (at Smith's Mills,) North Dartmouth, and South Dartmouth. This last place is called Padan Aram ; it is a fishing village, containing a Congre gational church, and perhaps 50 or 60 dwelling-houses. There are in the limits of the town 4 houses of worship for Friends, 3 for Baptists, 2 of which are Christian, 1 Congregationalist, and 1 for Methodists. Population of the town, 3,958. In 1837, 5 vessels were employed in the whale fishery; tonnage of the same, 1,490; sperm oil imported, 74,000 gallons; whale oil imported, 73,978 gallons ; hands employed in the whale fishery, 129. There were 13 establishments for the manufacture of salt ; ship-building is car ried on to some extent. DIGHTON. 117 DIGHTON. This town was incorporated in 1712, previous to which time it formed a part of the town of Taunton. It is finely situated on the west side of Taunton river, and is a port of entry. About half a mile from the landing place for sloops, there is a village of about 20 dwelling-houses, 7 miles from Taunton and 43 from Boston. Population of the town, 1,453. There are 3 cotton mills, with 3,564 spindles; a woollen mill, furnace, and nail factory. Ship-building is also carried on. Dighton Pock as seen from Dighton Shore. The celebrated " Dighton Rock" the inscriptions on whieh have caused such a variety of speculations, is on the Berkley side of the river, opposite the landing place mentioned above. The engraving shows the appearance of the rock and the surrounding objects as seen from the Dighton shore. The " Writing Rock," as it is sometimes called, is the one by which two persons are seen Western side of Dighton Rock. standing. The above shows the shape of the rock, with some thing of the appearance of the inscriptions upon it ; which are. 118 DIGHTON. to some extent, followed in the engraving. The lower part of this stone is generally covered to the dotted line at high water. Several drawings of these inscriptions have been taken at various periods ; the inscriptions, however, are so indefinite, that no tAvo of them agree entirely with each other. Several of these draw ings have been copied and recently published in Copenhagen, in a splendid work on the Antiquities of America. It is the opinion of some learned men, that these inscriptions are the work of the NorAvegian adventurers Avho it is supposed visited this coast about the year 1000 of the Christian Era. The following account of this rock is extracted from the second volume of Kendall's Travels. Mr. Kendall travelled through the northern parts of the United States in 1807 and 180S ; he made a careful examination of the Dighton Rock, visiting it several times for the purpose. " The rock is an insulated mass of fine-grained gray granite or grunstein, lying north-west and south-west, on the sands of the river, a few feet above the present low- water mark, but covered at every tide. Its length is eleven feet, and its height four and a half. Toward the land, its form is broken and irregular, but inclining gradu ally outward from the summit to the base ; toward the water, it presents a regular face, and nearly smooth, forming an inclined plane, of about sixty degrees elevation. Of this face, which is of the length of the rock, and about five feet broad, the whole appears to have been originally filled with sculptures ; but those immediately at the base, if such there were, are now entirely worn away. A little above, sculptures dis cover themselves but faintly ; while those at the summit are very perfect. #**######* " The whole is composed of outlines, hollowed, or cut in intaglio, and of which the breadth is generally less than an inch, and the depth, where deepest, does not exceed half an inch. From the appearance of the sculpture, and from the hardness of the stone, it is probable that the upper parts have suffered little injury; and yet the edges are here broken, and the whole execution appears barbarous. The different states of preservation, observable in the lower figures and the upper, may be attributed to the action of the water, and perhaps to the collision of floating bodies of ice, both of which agents must operate on the lower part of the stone in a greater degree than on the upper ; the upper being covered, at every tide, for a much shorter space of time than the lower. The alternate action of salt and the atmosphere have produced an equal diversity of color on the surface of the stone ; the upper part being of a deep red or purple color, and the lower gradually fading toward the base into a pinkish gray. The interior substance is gray. "After viewing the rock and its sculptures, which last are sufficiently conspicuous to attract notice from the deck of a vessel sailing in the channel of the river, we demand, if not the meaning of the sculptures, at least the history of their formation ; but, upon the second subject, there is very little to be said, and upon the first, absolutely noth ing. The only solid history is, that the rock, with its sculptures, was found in its present place, and apparently in its present condition, by the earliest colonists. "But, in the absence of history, there has been an abundance of conjecture. Two opinions, though with some subordinate varieties, chiefly divide the learned and amleamed. The unlearned believe that the rock was sculptured by the order of a pirate, either Captain Kyd or Captain Blackbeard, in order to mark the site of buried rtreasure ; and the shore, for more than a hundred fathom on a side, has been dug, in (the hope of a discovery. The learned are more attached to a Phoenician origin, and ¦suspect that the Writing Rock maybe a momument of the first navigators that passed the Pillars of Hercules; indeed, they find the Pillars of Hercules among the sculptures. ******* * # # " In accounting for the diversities observed in the copies, a favorite resource is that of supposing that the stone moulders away ; but this theory, which would well enough explain why sculptures seen in the year 1700 were not seen in the year 1800, will by no means explain why those seen in 1800 were not seen in 1700: it will accojjnt for disappearance, but not for variation. Professor Sewall's drawing, EASTON. 119 which is the earliest, Dr. Mather's excepted, contains no figures that I did not see on the rock ; but the two later drawings contain several. " But, the question of decay in the sculptures affects the question of their antiquity ; and Professor Sewall's drawing, and even Dr. Mather's, is evidence with me, that no perceptible decay has taken place within the last hundred years ; and this evidence, added to that derived from the durable quality of the stone, and from the degree oi the decay that is really observable, induces me to believe that the sculptures are very ancient. "As to traditions, there is, though but in a few mouths, an Indian tradition, which purports that, some ages past, a number of white men arrived in the river, in a bird ; that the white men took Indians into the bird^s hostages ; that they took fresh water for their consumption at a neighboring spring ; that the Indians fell upon and slaugh tered the white men at the spring ; that, during the affray, thunder and lightning issued from the bird; that the hostages escaped from the bird ; and that a spring, now called White Spring, and from which there runs a brook, called White Man's Brook, has its name from this event. " This story believed, the inference is, that the rock, which is doubtlessly a monu ment of some event in Indian history, is a monument of the adventure and slaugh ter of the white men of the bird ; but, upon visiting the spring, which is at the distance of a quarter of a mile from the rock, on the farm of a Mr. Asa Shove, I could hear nothing of the affair : on the contrary, a son of Mr. Shove's related to me, that he had always understood the spring and. brook to have received their names from the death of a white hunter, (a colonist,) who, being heated with the chase, drank freely at the spring, and died in consequence, upon the spot. In regard to the spring, one neighbor had told me that it was a hot spring, and another that it was remarkable for its intense coldness ; and I found it neither warmer nor colder than springs in general. The spring is to the north-east of the rock, and the brook enters Taunton river a little above the rock. The rock itself is on the farm of a Mr. Deane ; and Asonnet Neck is said to have been a place of banishment among the Indians. I was informed that another sculptured rock had been seen in the river, at times when the water was particularly low ; but this account, on tracing it to its source, appeared to be untrue. The only sculptures on any rock, not on the Writing Rock, consist in two or three figures or characters, having some similitude to the letters X 0 0, and which are seen on the corner of a slab- of stone, lying within a few yards of the Writing Rock." EASTON. This town, formerly a part of Taunton, was incorporated in 1725. It forms the north-eastern corner of Bristol county. Popula tion, 1,976. It is situated 10 miles northerly from Taunton, 22 from Providence, and 22 from Boston. The manufacture of iron has been carried on extensively, and the manufacture of shovels, spades, &c., is an important branch of business in this tOAvn. According to the statistical tables published by the state in 1837, there were two manufactories of shovels, spades, forks, or hoes, at which 84 hands were employed ; value of articles manufactured, $108,000; capital invested, $51,000. There were employed in the manufacture of boots and shoes, 141 males and 40 females ; "56,200 pair of boots, and 26,400 pair of shoes, bottomed." Four cotton mills ; cotton spindles, 1,824; cotton goods manufac tured, 180,000 yards ; value of the same, $32,400 ; males em ployed, 11; females, 45; capital invested, $31,000. Four air and cupola furnaces, which made~250 tons of iron castings, valued at $20,000 ; 20 hands Avere employed ; 1 furnace for the manufacture of pig iron ; 1 manufactory of cutlery ; value of cutlery made, $5,000 ; 1 Avire manufactory ; value of Avire, $20,000 ; 1 manufac- 120 FAIRHAVEN. tory of surveyors' instruments ; value of instruments, $4,500 ; 1 manufactory of pegs, employing 14 hands ; 15,000 straw bonnets were manufactured, valued at $14,000. FAIRHAVEN. This town was formerly included within the limits of New Bedford ; it was incorporated" as a distinct town in 1812. The village was settled in 1764, and it is said to have received its name, Fair-haven, from the beauty of its situation. It is united to New Bedford by a long bridge, about three fourths of a mile in extent, and is associated with it in many of its enterprises. Western view of Fairhaven. The above shoAVS the appearance of the village as it is seen from near the bridge on the New Bedford side of the river, or inlet. It contains 3 churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Freewill Bap tist, and 1 Methodist, a bank, (the Fairhaven Bank,) and an insu rance office. This place, in 1837, had 37 vessels employed in the whale fishery, the tonnage of which was 11,564 tons; sperm oil imported, 168,524 gallons ; Avhale oil imported, 350,944 gallons ; value of sperm oil, $144,178 56; value of whale oil, $152,780; hands employed in the fishery, 945 ; capital invested in the same, $957,000; whale-bone, 101,554 lbs.; value of Avhale-bone, $25,312 86. Population of the town, 3,649. During the revolutionary war, on the night of the 7th of Sep tember, 1778, the British troops made an attempt to destroy the village of Fairhaven, but were bravely repulsed by a small force in the command of Major Israel Fearing. The enemy a day or two previously had burnt houses and destroyed a large amount of property at New Bedford. The following is from Dwight's Travels, vol. 3d, p. 71. " From this place they marched around the head of the river to Sconticut Point, on the eastern side, leaving in their course, for some unknown reason, the villages of FALL RIVER. 121 Oxford and Fairhaven. Here they continued till Monday, and then re-embarked. The following night a large body of them proceeded up the liver with a design to finish the work of destruction by burning Fairhaven. A critical attention to their move ments had convinced the inhabitants that this was their design, and induced them to prepare for their reception. The militia of the neighboring country had been sum- moned to the defence of this village. Their commander was a man far advanced in years. Under the influence of that languor which at this period enfeebles both the body and the mind, he determined that the place must be given up to the enemy, and that no opposition to their ravages could be made with any hope of success. This decision of their officer necessarily spread its benumbing influence .over the militia, and threatened an absolute prevention of all enterprise, and the destruction of this handsome village. "Among the officers, belonging to the brigade, was Israel Fearing, Esq., a major of one of the regiments. This gallant young man, observing the torpor which was spreading among the troops, invited as many as had sufficient spirit, to follow him, and station themselves at the post of danger. Among those who accepted the invita tion was one of the colonels, who of course became the commandant ; but after they had arrived at Fairhaven, and the night had come on, he proposed to march the troops back into the country. He was warmly opposed by Major Fearing ; and, find ing that he could not prevail, prudently retired to a house three miles distant, where he passed the night in safety. "After the colonel had withdrawn, Major Fearing, now commander-in-chief, arranged his men with activity and skill ; and soon perceived the British approach ing. The militia, in the strictest sense raw, already alarmed by the reluctance of their superior officers to meet the enemy, and naturally judging that men of years must understand the real state of the danger better than Major Fearing, a mere youth, were panicstruck at the approach of the enemy, and instantly withdrew from their post. At tliis critical moment Major Fearing, with the decision which awes men into a strong sense of duty, rallied them ; and, placing himself in the rear, declared, in a tone which removed all doubt, that he would kill the first man whom he found re treating. The resolution of their chief recalled theirs. With the utmost expedition he then led them to the scene of danger. The British had already set fire to several stores. Between these buildings and the rest of the village he stationed his troops, and ordered them to lie close in profound silence, until the enemy, who were advanc ing, should have come so near that no marksman could easily mistake his object. The orders were punctually obeyed. When the enemy had arrived within this dis tance, the Americans rose, and with a well-directed fire gave them a warm and un expected reception. The British fled instantly to their boats, and fell down the river with the utmost expedition. From the quantity of blood found the next day in their line of march, it was supposed that their loss was considerable. Thus did this heroic youth, in opposition to his superior officers, preserve Fairhaven, and merit a statue from its inhabitants." FALL RIVER. This town was formerly a part of Freetown, and was incorpo rated as a distinct town by the name of Troy in 1803. In 1834, its name was changed to that of the river within its borders, at the junction of Avhich with the Taunton river the village is built. It is estimated that about seven eighths of the inhabitants of the town are in the village. It is stated that thirty-six years since, there were but eleven dwelling-houses in the place. At the north end of Main street, there were four houses ; occupied by Charles Dur- fee, Daniel Duflington, John Luther, Mary Borden ; in East Cen tral street were Nathan Bowen and Parry Borden; in West Central street were Nathan and Daniel Borden ; in South Main street, Simeon Borden, Richard Borden ; Thomas Borden lived to the west, towards the shore. The first meeting-house in the 122 FALL RIVER. place stood on the dividing line between Fall River and Tiverton, R. I. The next meeting-house which was built, was for Friends ; it Avas a small building, and was erected near where their present house now stands. The next was a Congregational church, now occupied as a school-house in Annawon street. The Baptists and Methodists erected their houses afterwards and at about the same time. During the revolutionary Avar about 200 of the enemy landed in the south part of where the present village is built ; they were opposed by about fifteen of our people, under the command of Col. Joseph Durfee, who from behind the stone walls fired on the British troops and killed two soldiers ; upon this, they rapidly re treated to their barges. The two soldiers were buried south of the river, where the Pocasset factory now stands. At the erection of this factory their remains were taken up and buried in the tOAvn grave yard. North view of Fall River. The above is a northern view of Fall River village, as seen from the western side of Taunton river, at Slade's ferry. Fall river, from whence the town derives its name, rises in Wattuppa Ponds ; one of which is 11 miles in length and 1 in breadth. These ponds are produced by perpetual springs, and lie about two miles east of the town. The descent of this river is 136 feet. The volume of water is constant ; not liable to excess, and of sufficient power for the largest manufactories. The harbor on Taunton river is safe, easy of access, and of sufficient depth for large ships. A marine railway Avas constructed here in 1834. The following view is taken in the main street in the village, looking to the southward, showing some of the public buildings. This street is upwards of a mile in extent, and is thickly settled for about that distance. This village is situated near the Rhode Island line, and a few houses, properly belonging to it, are in the town of Tiverton, in that state. There are 8 houses for public FALL RIVER. 12a Ctttirat part of Full River. worship, 1 for Friends, 1 Orthodox Congregational, 1 Unitarian, 1 Baptist, 1 Christian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, and 1 Catholic. There are two banks— the Fall River Bank, capital $400,000, Fall River Union Bank, capital $100,000 — and an Insurance Company, capital $100,000. Fall RiA'er is 17 miles from Taun ton, 14 from NeAv Bedford, 17 to Newport, 49 from Boston, and 30 by water to Providence. Population, 6,352. In 1837, there were in Fall River 10 cotton mills, having 25,000 spindles ; 1,547,300 lbs. of cotton Avere consumed. Cotton goods manufactured, 7,767,614 yards ; value of the same, $668,028 ; males employed, 337; females, 648; capital invested, $700,000. One woollen mill; woollen machinery, 8 sets; wool consumed, 175,000, lbs.; cloth manufactured, 150,000 yards; value of the same, $180,000 ; males employed, 65 ; females, 55 ; capital in vested, $50,000; sperm oil used, 6,500 gallons. Two print works; cloth printed, 12,000,000 yards; value of the same, $1,680,000; capital invested, $300,000; hands employed, 500. One nail factory; nails manufactured, 1,780. tons; value of the same, $260,000 ; hands employed, 40 ; capital invested, $75,000. There Avere six vessels employed in the whale fishery ; tonnage of the same, 1,359; sperm oil imported, 63,000 gallons; whale oil, 42,338 ; hands employed, 120 ; capital invested, $125,000. There were also in the place 2 air and cupola furnaces, a rolling and slitting mill, and various other establishments for manufacturing purposes. The following account of some remains found in this town is from an article by John Stark, Esq., of Galena, Illinois, published in the third volume of the American Magazine, Boston, 1837. " These remains were found in the town of Fall River, in Bristol county, Massachu setts, about three years since. In digging down a hill near the village, a large mass of 17 124 FALL RIVER. earth slid off, leaving in the bank, and partially uncovered, a human skull, wliich on examination was found to belong to a body buried in a sitting posture ; the head being about one foot below what had been for many years the surface of the ground. The surrounding earth was carefully removed, and the body found to be enveloped in a cov ering of coarse bark of a dark color. Within this envelope were found the remains of another of coarse cloth, made of fine bark, and about the texture of a Manilla coffee bag. On the breast was a plate of brass, thirteen inches long, six broad at the' upper end and five at the lower. This plate appears to have been cast, and is from one eighth to three thirty-seconds of an inch in thickness. It is so much corroded, that whether or. not any thing was engraved upon it has not yet been ascertained. It is oval in form, the edges being irregular, apparently made so by corrosion. " Below the breast-plate, and entirely encircling the body, was a belt composed of brass tubes, each four and a half inches in length, and three sixteenths of an inch in diameter, arranged longitudinally and close together ; the length of a tube being the width of the belt. The tubes are of thin brass, cast upon hollow reeds, and were fast ened together by pieces of sinew. This belt was so placed as to protect the lower parts of the body below the breast-plate. The arrows are of brass, thin, flat, and tri angular in shape, with a round hole cut through near the base. The shaft was fastened to the head by inserting the latter in an opening at the end of the wood, and then tying it with a sinew through the round hole, — a mode of constructing the weapon never practised by the Indians, not even with their arrows of thin shell. Parts of the shaft still remain on some of them. When first discovered, the arrows were in a sort of quiver of bark, which fell in pieces when exposed to the air. "The annexed cut will give our readers an idea of the posture of the figure and the position of the armor. When the remains were discovered the arms were brought rather closer to the body than in the engraving. The arrows were near the right knee. " The skull is much decayed, but the teeth are sound, and apparently those of a young man. The pelvis is much decayed, and the smaller bones of the lower extremities are gone. The integu ments of the right knee, for four or five inches , above and below, are in good preservation, appa rently the size and shape of life, although quite black. " Considerable flesh is still preserved on the hands and arms, but none on the shoulders and elbows. On the back, under the belt, and for two inches above and below, the skin and flesh are in good preservation, and have the appearance of being tanned. The chest is much compressed, but the upper viscera are probably entire. The arms are bent up, not crossed ; so that the hands turned inwards touch the shoulders. The stature is about five and a half feet. Much of the exterior envelope was decayed, and the inner one appeared to be preserved only where it had been in contact with the brass. " The preservation of this body may be the result of some embalming process ; and this hypothesis is strengthened by the fact, that the skin has the appearance of hav ing been tanned ; or it may be the accidental result of the action of the salts of the brass during oxydation ; and this latter hypothesis is supported by the faet, that the skin and flesh have been preserved only where they have been in contact with, or quite near, the brass ; or we may account for the preservation of the whole by supposing the presence of saltpetre in the soil at the time of the deposit. In either way, the preser vation of the remains is fully accounted for, and upon known chemical principles. " That the body was not one of the Indians, we think needs no argument. We have seen some of the drawings taken from the sculptures found at Palenque, and in those the figures are represented with breast-plates, although smaller than the plate found at Fall River. On the figures at Palenque the bracelets and anklets appear to be of a manufacture precisely similar to the belt of tubes just described. These fig ures also have helmets precisely answering the description of the helmet of Hector in Homer. •'•'If the body found at Fall River be one of the Asiatic race, who transiently settled in Central North America, and afterward went to Mexico and founded those cities, in exploring the ruins of which such astonishing discoveries have recently been made ; then we may well suppose also that it is one of the race whose exploits with ' brazen MANSFIELD. 125 spears ' have, although without a date and almost without a certain name, been im mortalized by the Father of Poetry ; and who, probably, in still earlier times, con- structed the Cloaca under ancient Rome, which have been absurdly enough ascribed to one of the Tarquins, in whose time the whole population of Rome would have been insufficient for a work, that would, moreover, have been useless when finished. Of this Great Race, who founded cities and empires in their eastward march, and are finally lost in South America, the Romans seem to have had a glimmering tradition in the story of Evander. - " But we rather incline to the belief that the remains found at Fall River belonged to one of the crew of a Phoenician vessel. " The spot where they were found is on the sea-coast, and in the immediate neigh borhood of ' Dighton Rock,' famed for its hieroglyphic inscription, of which no suffi cient explanation has yet been given ; and near which rock brazen vessels have been found. If this latter hypothesis be adopted, a part of it is, that these mariners — the unwilling and unfortunate discoverers of a new world — lived some time after they landed ; and, having written their names, perhaps their epitaphs, upon the rock at. Dighton,' died, and were buried by the natives." FREETOWN. This town was first settled about 1659, and incorporated in 1683. The principal village in the town is Assonett, situated at the head of an inlet from Taunton river, 8 miles from Taunton, 8 from Fall River, 16 from New Bedford, and 26 from Boston. The village consists of about fifty dwelling-houses and 2 churches, 1 Congregational and 1 Baptist. Ship-building is carried on in the village. Population of the town, 1,779. There are in the town 2 nail factories, 2 air and cupola furnaces, 1 axe manufactory, 1 manufactory of cutlery, and 1 for shovels, spades, &c. Eight ves sels were built in five years preceding 1837, tonnage 636 ; value of the same, $36,200 ; hands employed in building, eleven. MANSFIELD. This town was formerly a part of Norton ; it was incorporated as a distinct town in 1770. The central part of this town is 12 miles from Taunton and 28 from Boston. Population, 1,444. Col. Ephraim Leonard was one of the most distinguished of the first settlers of this place ; he built his house about tAvo miles eastward of the Congregational church in the center of the town. The Rev. Mr. White, the first minister, lived about one mile south of the meeting-house. Nathan Williams, another of the first settlers, located his house where the tavern now stands. A number of families, by the name of Wellman, had their houses about half a mile south of the meeting-house ; Deacon Abial Leonard lived at the distance of about three miles. Benjamin, brother to Nathan Williams, lived about a mile north of the meeting-house ; these brothers owned lands extending to the old colony line. A family of Deans settled in the south part of the town ; Deacon Skinner in the western part. Families by the name of Grover were among the early inhabitants. This town is well watered by three principal branches of Taun ton river, called Rumford, Cocasset, and Canoe rivers ; the two 126 NEW BEDFORD. first mentioned are valuable streams. There are in the town 6 cotton mills, running 3,412 spindles. In 1837, there were 680,971 yards of cotton goods manufactured, the. value of which was up wards of $40,000. There is a woollen mill, and 2 nail factories. In the same year 30,000 straw bonnets, valued at $30,000 ; 1,500 palm-leaf hats, valued at $382, and $4,000's worth of baskets, were manufactured. NEW BEDFORD. The Indian name of New Bedford Avas Acchusnutt or Acushnet. It was incorporated as a town in 1787, previous to which it formed a part of the town of Dartmouth. At what time and by whom the first settlement Avas commenced in the limits of tho town, does not distinctly appear. It is supposed, however, that the Friends or Quakers Avere the first white inhabitants. The first settled minister appears to have been the Rev. Samuel Hunt, who died about the year 1735 ; it is supposed he was ordained here about 1700. The next minister was Rev. Richard Pierce ; he was settled in 1735, and was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Cheever. Mr. Cheever Avas dismissed in 1759, and was succeeded by Rev. Samuel West, D. D., who Avas settled in 1761. The villages of New Bedford and Fairhaven, on the opposite side of the river, were settled about the same time, 1764. The first house in New Bedford village was built by Mr. John Louden, of Pembroke. The land on Avhich the place is built Avas owned by a Mr. Russell. This being the family name of the Duke of Bedford, Mr. J. Rotch, one of the principal purchasers and settlers, declared that the place where they built should go by the name of Bedford. It afterwards received the prefix New, on account of there being another town of the same name in the limits of the commonwealth. Mr. Rotch, a member of the society of Friends, was a man of sagacity and enterprise. He speedily built a house, stores, and whanres ; and was joined by several associates. By his previous knoAvledge of tfoe whaling business Avhich he had acquired in Nantucket, Mr. Rotch and his friends Avere able to carry on this business to great advantage, Avhich has been a great source of great wealth and prosperity to the place to the present time. " By his peculiar ad dress he procured first from the government of France, and then from that of Great Britain, the privilege of exporting oil to those countries, duty free ; and was thus enabled to carry on his own torasiness Avith the highest profit, and essentially to befriend that of his neighbors." • NeAV Bedford is a half shire toAvn of Bristol county and port of entry, on tlie Avest side of the Acushnet river, or, more properly, an inlet from Buzzard's Bay. The ground upon which the town is built rises beautifully from the water and as the town is ap proached from the water or from the FairhaA'-en side it presents a fine appearance. The harbor, though not easy of access, is capa- Drawn by J. W. Barber— Engraved by S. E. Brown, Boston. SOUTH-EASTERN VIEW OF NEW BEDFORD, MASS. The above view was taken from the fortification, a short distance south from Fairhaven village. Palmer's Island is seen extending before the town, on the left of the engraving. The bridge connecting the town with Fairhaven is discernible on the right. NORTON. 127 clous, and well secured from winds. A wooden bridge and cause way, the whole of which extends about three fourths of a mile, connects the town with the village of Fairhaven. The almost entire business of the place is the whale fishery and other branches of business connected Avith it : this business was commenced before the revolutionary war, and has gradually risen to its present impor tance. In 1838, the number of vessels belonging to New Bedford, en gaged in the Avhale fishery, was one hundred and seventy, employ ing four thousand hands. There are seventeen candle houses and oil manufactories. In 1837, there Avas imported into the United States 181,724 bbls. of sperm oil, and 219,138 bbls. of whale oil: of this quantity 75,675 bbls. of sperm oil, and 85,668 bbls. of whale oil, was imported into the New Bedford district. There are 4 banks. The Bedford Commercial Bank, with a capital of $400,000, was in corporated in 1816 ; the Merchants Bank Avas incorporated in 1825, with a capital of $400,000 ; the Mechanics Bank incorporated in 1831, capital $200,000; and the Marine Bank, incorporated in 1832, with a capital of $300,000. There are three insurance offi ces, Avhose united capitals amount to 350,000 dollars. The " New Bedford Institution for Savings" has an amount invested of about 220,000 dollars. There are 14 churches : 3 Baptist, 2 of which are Christian societies ; 3 Congregational, 1 of which is Unitarian ; 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Episcopal, 1 for Friends, 1 Universalist, 1 Bethel, 1 African and 1 Catholic. Few towns in Massachusetts have increased more rapidly than New Bedford. By the census of 1790, the population of the village was about 700 ; in 1820, it was 3,947 ; in 1830, it was 7,592 ; and in 1836, it was 11,113 ; making an increase of nearly 47 per cent, in six years. Distance 52 miles S. of Boston, 52 N. W. of Nantucket, 24 from Taunton, and 214 north-easterly from New York. During the revolutionary war New Bedford was a place of resort for American privateers. In order to destroy them, 4,000 British troops, under Gen. Gray, landed upon Clark's Neck, the western boundary of the river at its mouth. From this point they marched to the town, and burnt houses, wharves, own men, and went to Rhode Island ; the rest were sent to Plymouth, under Lieut. Howland. Not long after this, to the great grief of Capt. Church, Annawon was be headed at Plymouth. It is true Church did not guarantee his life when he surrendered, but he had little doubt of his being able to save him, knowing how much the country was indebted to him in this war. SEEKONK. In 1812, the west part of Rehoboth was incorporated into a dis tinct township by its ancient name of Seekonk. This wo-rd in SEEKONK. 137 the Indian language is the name for the wild or black goose, and this place probably received its name from the circumstance that great, numbers of wild geese used frequently to ahght in Seekonk river and cove* This town is properly the ancient Rehoboth, it being the place Avhere the first settlement was made.' Some accoimt of the first settlers, and the names of some of the first planters, will be found in the account given in this work of the town of Rehoboth. The town, or first settlement, Avas built in a semi circular form, around what is now Seekonk common, (the south extremity of the plain,) Avith the meeting-house and parsonage in the center; the semi-circle opening towards Seekonk or Paw tucket river. This circle was afterwards called " The Ring of the Town." Seekonk is washed on the west by Providence river, separating it from the state of Rhode Island. There are three cotton facto ries in the town, running nearly 6,000 spindles, and about 150 looms. There are 2 houses of worship, 1 Congregational and 1 Baptist. Population. 2,016. Distance from Providence 4 miles, 14 S. W. of Taunton, and 41 miles southerly from Boston. The Boston and Providence railroad passes through this town. In the spring of 1676, during Philip's war, the Indians, dispers ing themselves in small parties, committed dreadful ravages both in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The country being alarmed, Capt. Pierce, from Scituate, with sixty-three Englishmen and twenty friendly Indians from Cape Cod, was ordered to drive the Indians towards Rhode Island. He arrived at Seekonk on the 25th of March. While in pursuit of the Indians, the next day, he was attacked and surrounded by an overwhelming force of savages ; after a desperate resistance, Capt. Pierce, with nearly all his men, were killed, after having slain, it is supposed, nearly double the number of their enemies. " Two days after Pierce's fight, a party of the Indians, crossing the river, laid the town in ashes, burning 40 houses and 30 barns." These houses were around the " Ring of the Town ;" only two houses were left standing, — the garrison-house, which stood on the spot where the house of Phanuel Bishop now stands, and another house on the south end of the common, which was preserved by black sticks having been arranged around it, so as to give it at a distance the appearance of being strongly guarded. The houses Avere set on fire, as tradition informs us, early in the evening, and when the sun arose the next morning it beheld only a line of smoking ruins. It appears that only one person was killed ; he was an Irishman, a religious, but a singular and superstitious man. On the approach of the Indians, he refused to go into the garrison-house, but remained in his own house with his Bible in his hand, believing that while he continued reading it, nothing could harm him. He was, how ever, shot through the window. * Bliss' History of Rehoboth. 19 138 SEEKONK. There is a chair now in possession of Capt. Caleb Abell of See konk, which has been in possession of that family since the burn ing by the Indians, and is dignified with the appellation of " King Philip's Chair." According to the tradition preserved in the family, Philip was in the habit of frequently visiting the house of Preserved Abell, and whenever he came, this chair, being the "big armed-chair of the house," was brought forth as a mark of distinction for his seat. At the burning of the place in 1676, the Indians brought it out of the house for their chief (who is said to have been King Philip) to sit in, and enjoy the conflagration. When they left this house for another, an Indian threw a fire brand into the chair, which consumed the bottom, but left the huge frame, with only scorching the parts to which the bottom was attached. Capt. Thomas Willet, Avho came over to this country in 1630, was buried in the limits of this town, at the head of Bullock's Cove. He was a very young man when he arrived, and was a merchant by profession. He first resided at Plymouth, and soon became a useful and distinguished man in the colony. When New York was surrendered by the Dutch, Capt. Willet was sent for by his majesty's commissioners to assist them in organizing the new government. After a residence of a few years in New York, he returned to his seat at Swansea, where he died in 1674. " The English mayor of the first commercial metropolis in Ame rica,' (says-Mr. Daggett in his History of Attleborough,) lies buried on a lonely and barren heath, in the humble town of Seekonk, at a place seldom visited by the footsteps of man, with nought but the rudest monument to mark the spot." The following is the rudely carved inscription, still legible. 1674. Here lyeth the body of the worthy Thomas Willet, Esq., who died August ye 4th, in, the 64th year of his age, Anno . . . who was the first Mayor of New York, and twice did sustain the place. The following inscriptions are copied from monuments in the burying-ground in this town. Here rests the body of Mr. George Allen, a native of Sherburn in Great Britain, who died Jan. 20th, A. D. 1774, aged 78 years. His ingenuity & application to study were such, that in early life he made uncommon advances in the principal branches of Literature, & at the age of 17 was employed as a writing master in his native town. At the age of 21 he arrived at Boston, Where he opened a school for the instruction of youth, in which occupation (in that & other towns) he spent the Prime of his life ; his latter researches were better calculated for the promotion of Science, than for the advancement of his private interest. His friendly disposition and mode ration were conspicuous to all who knew him. A tribute of respect to Hosea Humphrey, Esq., who died June 30th, 1816, aged 59. He was a native of Connecticut, was highly esteemed there as a Philosopher, Physi cian & Statesman; was honored with a seat in the Convention for adopting the Federal Constitution, & also of the Legislature ; and ever defended the rights of man with a liberal independent spirit.— Erected by the affeclionate regard of his afflicted widow. SWANSEY. 139 SOMERSET. This town is pleasantly situated on the western side of Taun ton river, opposite the town of Fall River, Previous to its incor poration in 1790, it formed a part of Swansey, and was called the Shaioamet Purchase. Taunton river to this place is navigable for vessels of considerable burthen. This place is ,13 miles from Taunton, 16 from Providence, and 45 from Boston. Population, 1,063. In five years preceding 1837, there were 12 vessels built ; tonnage, 696. This town has about 1,200 tons of shipping, and 7 potteries, where stone and earthen ware are manufactured. There are 4 churches : 2 Baptist, 1 Friends, and 1 Methodist. SWANSEY. A part of this town was originally comprehended in the ancient limits of Rehoboth. It forms a part of the tract called by the In dians Wannamoiset, situated in this town and Barrington, R. I. Swansey was incorporated as a town in 1667, and comprehended1 in its limits at that period the present town, Somerset, Barring ton, and the greater part of Warren, R. I. The town derived its name from Swansea in Wales, and was so spelled in the earliest records. In 1649, Obadiah Holmes and several others in Rehor both, having embraced the Baptist sentiments, withdrew them selves from Mr. Newman's church, and set up a separate meeting of their own. The attempt to break them up, and the persecution they received, increased the number of Baptists. In 1663, they were much strengthened by the arrival of Rev. John Myles, with part of his church, which he had formed at Wales, whence he had been ejected for non-conformity. In the same year of his arrival Mr. Myles formed a Baptist church in Rehoboth, the fourth formed in America. It was organized in the house of John But- terworth, and commenced with seven members, viz. John Miles (or Myles), pastor, James Brown, Nicholas Tanner, Joseph Car penter, John Butterworth, Eldad Kingsley, and Benjamin Alby. These and subsequent proceedings, were deemed such an evil by the rest of the inhabitants of the town and of the colony generally, that the court of Plymouth was called on to interfere. Each mem ber of this new church was fined £5, prohibited from worship for the space of one month ; and they were advised to remove from Rehoboth to some place where they might not prejudice any existing church. They accordingly removed to Wannamoiset, and erected a house near Kelley's bridge, on a neck of land now in the limits of Barrington. They afterwards erected another about half a mile from " Myles's bridge," on the east side of Palmer's river, a short distance from where the present house of worship now stands. The central village of Swansey contains about a dozen dwelling- 140 SWANSEY. houses, and a Union church for various denominations. Some of the inhabitants of the toAvn are engaged in navigation and ship building ; there is also a cotton factory, 2 paper-mills, and a wool len factory. There are 3 Baptist churches. Population, 1,627. Distance, 14 miles S. W. of Taunton, 20 from New Bedford, 14 from Providence, 10 N. E. of Bristol, R. I., and 46 southerly of Boston. This town will be memorable on account of its being the place where the first English blood was shed in "King Philip's War." Philip having laid his plans for the extermination of the English, his warriors were so impatient that he was obliged to promise them that on the next Lord's day, when the English were gone to meeting, they should rifle their houses and kill their cattle. Ac cordingly, on Sunday, June 20th, 1675, he permitted his men to march out into the neighborhood of SAvansey, and to annoy the English by killing their cattle, thus hoping to provoke them to commence the attack ; for it is said a superstitious opinion pre vailed among them, that the side which did the first execution would finally be conquered. The Indians were so insolent in their deportment and language, that an Englishman was so pro voked that he fired upon one of them and wounded him. This, according to Mr. Hubbard, in his "Indian Wars," was the first gun fired. According to tradition, this Indian who was wounded, after killing a number of cattle in the field, went into the man's house and demanded liquor ; being refused, he attempted to take it by violence, and at the same time threatened revenge; this caused the Englishman to fire upon him. The Indians upon this commenced open war. The following is Mr. Hubbard's account of the first shedding of English blood: — "On the 24th of June, 1675, was the alarm of war first sounded in Plymouth colony, when eight or nine of the English were slain in and about Swansey ; they (the Indians) first making a shot at a company of English as they returned from the assembly, where they were met in a way of humiliation on that day, whereby they killed one and wounded others; and then likewise at the same time they sleAv two men on the high way, sent to call a surgeon ; and the same day barbarously mur dered six men in and about a dwelling-house in another part of the town ; all of which outrages were committed so suddenly, that the English had no time to make resistance." At this period the house of Rev. John Miles was garrisoned. It stood a short distance west of Miles' bridge, probably near the site of the tavern of Mason Barney, Esq. Intelligence of the mur der of the Swansey people having reached Boston, a foot company, under Capt. Henchman, and a troop, under Capt. Prentice, imme diately marched for Mount Hope, and being joined by another company of 110 volunteers under Capt. Mosely, they all arrived at Swansey on the 28th of June, where they found the Plymouth forces under Capt. CudAvorth. Mr. Miles' was made head-quar ters. About a dozen of the troop went immediately over the Drawn by J. W. Barber— Engraved by S. E. Brown, Boston. CENTRAL PART OF TAUNTON, MASS. The above is an eastern view of Taunton Green, with some of the surrounding buildings. The Court-House is seen on the left, and one of the Congregational churches on the right. TAUNTON. 141 bridge, Avhere they were fired upon out of the bushes, one killed and one wounded. This action drew the body of the English forces after the enemy, whom they pursued a mile or two, until they took to a swamp, after having killed about half a dozen of their number. The next morning the troops commenced their pursuit of the Indians. Passing over Miles' bridge, and proceed ing down the east bank of the river, till they came to the narrow of the neck, at a place called Keekamuit or Kickemuit, they found the heads of eight Englishmen that the Indians had mur dered, set upon poles by the side of the way. These they took down and buried. On arriving at Mount Hope they found that Philip and his Indians had left the place. TAUNTON. It is believed that the first Englishmen who first traversed the soil of this ancient town, (called by the Indians Cohannet,) were Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins, on their visit to Massa soit, in July, 1621. They found it depopulated and desolate ; the ravages of the great plague were every where discernible. At Tetiquet and Namasket there were Indian villages. The territory of Taunton proper (which formerly included within its limits the towns of Berkley and Raynham,) was claimed by the sachem of Tetiquet. In this territory there were no Indian settlements except in a small part of Raynham. It appears, however, that the country bordering on the river had been thickly populated, and the land cleared on both sides for a considerable distance. When first visited many of the remains of the natives were discovered unburied. At the head of the list of purchasers of Taunton, stands the name of Henry Uxley : who he was, does not appear. His house and lot were sold to Richard Williams, who may in some measure be considered as the father of Taunton, as he was in the place before the purchase of Miss Pool. Mr. Williams was a Welshman, and it is not improbable that he was a relation of Roger Williams. A tradition has always existed amongst his descendants that he was related by blood to Oliver Cromwell, the original name of whose family was Williams, (which name was changed for an estate,) and one of Cromwell's ancestors bore the name of Richard Williams.* The inland situation of Taunton prevented for some time much ac cession to the number of settlers. The first settlers, with few excep tions, were from Somersetshire and Devonshire, and many of them from Taunton, in England. The first purchase was made in 1637, and confirmed afterwards ; this was called the Tetiquet purchase, this being the Indian name for the great river of Taunton. About the period of its settlement, Miss Elizabeth Pool, a lady of family and fortune, from Taunton, in Somersetshire, Eng., conceived the * Baylies' Hist. Memoir of Plymouth Colony, vol. i. p. 288. 142 TAUNTON-. bold design of occupying the territory of Cohannet. It appears that an ardent desire of planting another church in the American wilderness, induced this pious puritan lady to encounter all the dangers and hardships of forming a settlement in the midst of the Indians. She died in 1654, and her kinsman placed over her grave a stone Avith an inscription Avhich commemorates her virtues. The first and ancient purchasers stand in the following order Henry Uxley, John Dean, William Hailstone, Francis Street, Richard Williams, John Strong, William Parker, Hugh Rossiter, Joseph Wilson, Henry Andrews, John Parker, John Gilbert, Benjamin Wilson, 'Thomas Cooke, John Richmond, Thomas Gilbert, William Coy, John Smith, AVilliam Holloway, Robert Hobell, George HaU, Mr. Thomas Farwell, The Wid. Randall, Richard Burt, David Corwithy, Edward Case, Francis Doty, John Crossman, Mr. William Pool, John Kingsley, William Dunn, John Luther, George Macy, Richard Pauli, William Scadding, John Drake, William Harvey, Richard Smith, John Bryant, Mr. John Brown. Hezekiah Hoar, Mr. John Gilbert, Anthony Slocum, Walter Dean, William Phillips, John Gengille, In a pamphlet entitled "Plain Dealing or NeAves from New England," written by Thomas Lechford of Clements Inn, Jan. 17, 1641, and published in London, 1642, the Avriter, speaking of Taunton, says — Cohannet, alias Taunton, is in Plymouth patent. There is a church gathered of late, and some ten or twenty of the church, the rest excluded ; Master Hooke, pastor ; Master Street, teacher. Master Hooke received ordination from the hands of one Master Bishop, a school-master, and one Parker, a husbandman, and then Master Hooke joyned in ordaining Master Street. One Master Doughty, a minister, opposed the gathering of the church there, alleging that according to the covenant of Abraham, all men's children that were of baptized parents, and so Abraham's children, ought to be baptized ; and spoke so in publique, or to that effect, which was held a disturbance, and the ministers spake to the magistrate to order him ; the magistrate commanded the constable, who dragged Master Doughty out of the assembly. He was forced to go away from thence with his wife and children. Rev. William Hooke, who must be considered the first pastor of the Taunton church, was born about the year 1600. He married the sister of Edward Whalley, a major general in the Parliament's army, one of the regicides, so called, from being one of the judges who condemned Charles I. to death. Mr. Hooke left Taunton about 1640, and removed to NeAV Haven, Con., from Avhence in 1656 he returned to England. He Avas received in the family of the Lord Protector, Oliver Crormvell, as domestic chaplain. After the restoration of Charles II. , he Avas silenced for non-conformity, and died in London, in 1677. Taunton is a shire tOAvn; it is pleasantly situated at the head of sloop navigation on Taunton river. This place has great water power by the junction of Canoe and Rumford rivers with the Taunton, and is well improved for manufacturing purposes. There are about 30 sail of coasters of considerable burthen which ply between this place and the neighboring ports. A branch of the Boston and Providence railroad is extended to this place. TAUNTON. 143 There are 8 churches : 4 Congregational, 2 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, and 1 Catholic. The center of the main village is orna mented with an enclosed green Avith shade-trees, on one side of which is situated the court-house and other handsome buildings. There are 3 banks, the "Taunton Bank," with a capital of $250,- 000, the "Bristol County Bank," capital $100,000, and the " Cohannet Bank," capital $100,000. There are two insurance companies. This place is 32 miles from Boston, 20 from Provi dence, and 32 from Newport, R. I. Population of the town, 7,647. In the Statistical Tables of the state, published in 1837, it is stated there were 8 cotton mills ; 3,043,887 yards of cotton goods were manufactured ; males employed, 124 ; females, 468. One print works, which printed 5,869,860 yards of cloth ; males employed, 250 ; females, 40 ; capital invested, $200,000. Seven millions and one hundred thousand of bricks were manufactured, valued at $28,000 ; ninety-five hands employed. Forty thousand straw bonnets were manufactured, valued at $62,000. Three nail fac tories, which manufactured 256 tons, valued at $60,500. One air and cupola furnace, which made 2,000 tons of iron castings, valu'eid at $200,000 ; one forge, which manufactured 400 tons of bar iron, valued at $35,000. Besides these, there are various other articles manufactured, such as boots, shoes, hats, &c. Monument of Miss Pool, Taunton Cemetery. A cemetery has been recently laid out in the immediate vici nity of the main village of Taunton, (called Mount Pleasant Ceme tery,) upon the plan of that at Mount Auburn, in the vicinity of Boston. The ground is well calculated for this objeet, being agree ably diversified with elevations and depressions, and the soil is superior to that of Mount Auburn. The engraving shows the ap pearance of the monument of Miss Pool, at the entrance of the cemetery. The following is the inscription on this monument. The Females of Taunton have erected this monument in honor of Elizabeth Foot, 20 144 TAUNTON. foundress of the town of Taunton, in 1637. Born before the settlement of America, in England, 1589, died at Taunton, May 21, 1654. The following account is taken from the pamphlet containing Mr. Conant' s sermon at the execution of Bristol, an African boy, •for the murder of Miss McKinstry. It is proper to state that some accounts say that this boy had been informed, that if he would kill some one, and run aAvay, he would obtain his liberty. The bloody murder of Miss Ehzabeth McKinstry, on June the 4th, 1763, which gave occasion for the preaching of the foregoing discourse, may Truly be placed among the astonishing Events of Providence and the alarming Frailties of human nature. One cannot call to mind the particular circumstances of this tragic scene without the deepest Emotions of Horror, Pity and Indignation. The Negro Boy who perpetrated this lamentable crime was born in Africa, and at the age of about eight years was brought to New England, where he lived about five years in the same family with Miss McKinstry, at Windsor. His master then dying, he was purchased tiy her brother, Dr. McKinstry, of Taunton, where he had lived three years when the murder was committed, the deceased having been also about two years in the same family ; so that from his childhood (excepting one year) he had lived in the same Family with her, and during this time he was treated with all the tenderness and Instruction that could be desired. He always appeared happy in his situation, and showed an uncommon Readiness to do his business and Faithfulness to perform what he undertook, without the least appearance of Sullenness or Malice. After he had the fact he rode to Newport, never snowing the least concern till he was apprehended ; he then made some artful excuses, till he had been committed about twelve hours, when he confessed the Avhole fact ; the substance of which was, " that early in the morning, Miss McKinstry, a little Girl, and himself, being the only per sons of the Family that were up, and the little girl being gone up stairs, as Miss .McKinstry was stooping over the fire, he catched up a Flat Iron that stood on the hearth, struck her on the head, and knocked her into the fire, which burnt her face ; 'She then gave her another Blow, and Immediately dragged her down the cellar stairs, ¦where, seeing an old ax, he struck her with it on the head, and made off as fast as he could." After his commitment he appeared very penitent, and expressed his sorrow for the crime, particularly for the grief he had brought on his master's Family, in speaking of which he always seemed the most affected. He declared constantly, during the •whole of his imprisonment, to his last moments, that he never had any anger against the deceased, nor any of the Family, and that he had never received any Treatment that deserved it; and though he always appeared free to answer any Questions that were asked him, yet he never gave any reason for committing the crime, but that he was prompted to it by a Negro Boy of his acquaintance, who Threatened to kill him if he did not do it. This he persisted in to his dying moment. At his trial he pleaded guilty, but showed no emotion at the pronouncing sentence of Death, nor at the public worship, where in his hearing several sermons besides this were preached on the occasion, nor even at the execution. This would naturally be construed to Stupidity or Sullenness, had not his discourse plainly shown that he had a true sense of his Crime and right notions of a future state. At the Gallows he made a long speech to the Spectators, particularly to those of his own color, which for Substance was pertinent and important. He expressed great concern for his master's Family, was very particular in thanking every Body that had taken notice of him while in Prison; he acknowledged his condemnation just ; he ex pressed his sense of his guilt and the hopes he had of forgiveness and future happiness through the Mercy of God in Christ ; and then, after repeating the Lord's Prayer dis tinctly, he was turned off. The deceased, who was the unhnppy object of this unac countable Malice, was a Daughter of the Rev. Mr. John McKinstry, late of Windsor, a young Lady of cheerful disposition, an even, generous temper, and every way of a Avorthy character. After tarrying with her Brother, she was preparing to return to her Mother at Windsor, when, in a moment that she thought not of, she was hurried in this cruel manner, to her long 'home. The following inscriptions .are copied from monuments in the ancient burying-ground. TAUNTON. 145 Here rest the remains of Mrs. Elizabeth Pool, a native of old England of good Fam. Uy, Friends & prospects, all of which she left in the prime of her life to enjoy the Religion _of her Conscience in this distant wilderness. A great proprietor of the town- ship of Taunton, a chief promoter of its settlement and its incorporation, A. D. 1639, about which time she settled near this spot, and having employed the opportunytys of her virgin state in Piety, Liberality of manners, died May 21st, A. D. 1654, aged 65, to whose memory this monument is gratefully erected by her next of kin Iohn Borland. Esq. A. D. 1771. In memory of the Hon. Samuel White, Esq. Colonel of a foot Regiment of Militia, Barrister at Law and member of the Hon. his Majesty's Council, who often having been delegated to the offices of Government, faithfully served his God, his king and his country, and exhibiting through an unspotted course of life, the virtues of the Patriot, Friend and Christian, fell asleep in Jesus, March XX, MDCCLXIX, in the LIX year, of his age. This humble stone, small tribute of their praise Lamented shade ! thy weeping offspring raise ! O while their footsteps haunt ye hallow'd shrine, May each fair Branch shoot fertile as ye vine ; Not with thy Dust be here thy virtue's tomb But bright'ning still each Grace transplanted bloom, Sire, Sons and Daughters shall a like renown ; Applauding angels ! a celestial crown ! Parentibus optimus bene merentibus.* Zephaniah Leonard, Esq. who died April the 23d, A. D. 1766, in the 63d year of his. age, & Hannah, his wife, who died the same day, in the 62d year of her age. To dust and silence so much worth consigned, Sheds a sad gloom o'er vanities behind. Such our pursuits ? proud mortals vainly soar. See here, the wise, the virtuous are no more. How mean Ambition ! how completely hate ; How dim the tinsel glories of the Great ! # * # # # & Death & hovering darkness hide us all. Inscribed to the memory of the Hon*1"- Seth Padelford, Esq., who deceased January 7th, 1810, aged 58 years and 1 month, For he was wise to know, and warm to.praise, and strenuous to transcribe in human Ufe The Miitd Almighty. Robert Treat Paine, a poet of some celebrity, was born in this town, December 9th, 1773. His father was the Hon. Robert Treat Paine, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. In his eighth year his father removed to Boston. He was graduated at Harvard in 1792, with a high reputation for genius. He was soon after placed in the counting-room of a merchant, but left it for literary occupations, and published several poems and ora tions, which at the time were highly popular. In 1802, he began the practice of law, but failed of success for want of" appli cation ; and he spent the latter part of his life in poverty. He died Nov. 13th, 1811, aged 38. His national song, Adams and Liberty, is perhaps the most widely knoAvn j of which the follow ing is the first stanza. Ye sons of Columbia, who bravely have fought For those rights, which unstained from your sires had descended, May you long taste the blessings your valor has bought, And your sons reap the soil which their fathers defended. * A worthy son of worthy parents. 146 DUKES COUNTY. 'Mid the reign of mild peace May your nation increase, With the glory of Rome, and the wisdom of Greec'e ; And ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves, While the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves. WESTPORT. This town, previous to its incorporation in 1787, was a part of Dartmouth. There are two small villages in the town, one at the head of East river, the other at Westport Point. The people are much divided in religious sentiments. There are 5 meeting-houses :' 2 for Friends, 2 for Baptists, and 1 for Methodists. There is also a small society of Congregationalists. The village at the head of East or Nochacuck river is about 8 miles from New Bedford, 8 from Fall River, and 21 from Newport. Formerly considerable quantities of timber were obtained in this town. The whale fish ery is now an important branch of business ; eight whaling ves sels now go out from Westport Point. There is a cotton mill in this town, having 3,072 spindles, which in 1837 consumed 300,000 lbs. of cotton ; 270,000 lbs. of cotton yarn were manufactured, the value of Avhich was $67,500. DUKES COUNTY This county is formed of the islands of Martha's Vineyard, Chappequiddick, Elizabeth Islands, and Noman's Land. The last- mentioned island is the southern extremity of Massachusetts. These islands lie off south of Barnstable county and Buzzard's Bay, and contain about 120 square miles. The principal island, Martha's Vineyard, is 19 miles in length from east to west, and its breadth in the widest part is 10 miles, and in the narrowest 2 miles : its rnean breadth may be about 5 miles. Its usual Indian name was Capawock, though sometimes called Nope. (It is believed that Nope was more properly the name of Gay Head.) The greatest part of the island is low and level land ; though in the western part there is a range of hills, which begins a mile west of Lambert's Cove, where they are three quarters of a mile wide, and running in a chain parallel with the sound, rise to the height of 250 feet, expand to the breadth of three miles, and terminate at Gay Head. These islands Avere discovered by Bartholomew Gos nold, in 1602. He landed at Noman's Land, which he called Martha's Vineyard, passed round Gay Head, which he named Dover Cliff, anchored in Vineyard sound, and landed on Catta- hunk, whitih he named Elizabeth Island, in honor of Queen Eliz abeth. Here he cdhcluded to begin a plantation, and accordingly chose a site at the west end of the island. Here, on the north side, is a small pond of fresh water, two miles in circumference ; in the DUKES COUNTY. 147 middle of its breadth, near the west end, is a small rocky islet. This they fortified, and upon it erected a storehouse.* While the men were occupied in this work, Gosnold crossed the bay in his; vessel, went on shore, trafficked amicably with the natives, and,. haying discovered the mouths of two rivers, returned to the island. One of these rivers was that on the banks of which New Bedford is how built. This storehouse was the first house built by the. English on the New England shores. When Gosnold was prepar ing to leave, discontent arose among those who Avere to have remained, so that the design of a settlement Avas relinquished, and the Avhole company returned to England. The next year, in June, Martin Pring entered the harbor of EdgartoAvn, which he called Whitson's Bay, and anchored under the shelter of Chappequiddick neck, to which he gave the name of Mount Aldworth. Here he remained till the beginning of August, when he sailed for England. In 1619, Capt. Thomas Dermer landed at Martha's Vineyard, and was attacked by the natives. He and his companions gallantly defended themselves with their swords, and escaped. Several Indians were killed in the fray. Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Islands were not included in any of the New England governments. William, Earl of Sterling, in consequence of a grant from the crown of Eng land, laid claim to all the islands betAveen Cape Cod and Hudson's river. James Forcett, agent for the earl, in Oct. 1641, granted to Thomas Mayhew, of Watertown, and Thomas Mayhew his son, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands, with the same powers of government which the people of Massachusetts possessed by charter. The elder Thomas Mayhew had been a merchant at Southampton, in England, and when he first came to America he followed the same employment. The next year after he obtained the grant of Martha's Vineyard, he sent his son and several other persons to begin a plantation, who established them selves at Edgartown. The father himself soon followed, and became the governor of the colony. In 1644, by an act of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, probably at the request of the inhabitants, Martha's Vineyard was annexed to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. In 1664, the Duke of York received from his brother, Charles II. , a grant of New York, includ ing Long Island, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the islands adjacent, which had been previously purchased of Henry, grand son and heir of William Earl of Sterling, who previously resigned and assigned them to the duke. In consequence, these islands became a part of New York, but were left mostly to manage their own-affairs. It was while Martha's Vineyard and Elizabeth Islands were connected Avith New York that, with Nantucket, they Were made a county by the name of Dukes County. By the char- *' The cellar of Gosnold's storehouse is yet to be seen, the stones of which were taken from the neighboring beach ; the rocks of the islet being less movable and lying in .edges. This place is what Josselyn and other old authors call " old Plymouth planta tion, begun in 1602." 1.48 C H I L M A R K . ter of William and Mary, which arrived in 1692, these islands were taken from New York and annexed to Massachusetts. In 1695, Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, and Noman's Land, were separated by the legislature from Nantucket, and made a dis tinct county. These islands suffered much in the revolutionary Avar. The vessels of the inhabitants were all taken and destroyed, the young men were captured, and many of them died on board prison ships. They lost most of their cattle and sheep, which were taken off by the enemy. In the last war with England, the inhabitants of these islands, from their exposed situation, were obliged to remain neutral. In this county there are 3 towns, viz. Chilmark, Edgartown, and Tisbury. CHILMARK. This township comprehends the west end of Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, and Noman's Land. The territory on Mar tha's Vineyard is 10 miles in length, and from 2 to 5 miles in breadth. The Indian name of this part of the island was Nash- ou-oh-ka-muck, and it was the last settled by the English. There was, however, a village here before the close of the seventeenth cen tury. Whilst it was under the government of New York, it was called the manor of Tisbury, but it was known by the name of Chilmark as long ago as 1698. The first town meeting was held in 1705, and in 1707 it first sent a representative to the general court. It was incorporated by the name which it now bears in 1714. The first minister in Chilmark was Rev. Ralph Thacher • the time of his ordination is unknown. He was dismissed at his request in 1714. In 1715 William Holmes was ordained. He was a man of worth, and died in the ministry. In 1746, Andrew Boardman was ordained ; and died of the small-pox in 1777. He was succeeded by Jonathan Smith, ordained in 1788, dismissed in 1827. Here are 2 meeting-houses, 1 Congregational, 1 Methodist. Distance 12 miles S. W. by S. of Edgartown, and 92 southerly from Boston. The surface of this township is more varied than that of the other towns in the county. The northern and western part is uneven, having many hills, which afford an extensive prospect of the ocean, the sound, the Elizabeth Islands, the shore of Fal mouth, and the country beyond the islands. The scene is enlivened by vessels which are continually passing. There are several pleasant and fertile valleys between the hills, about 2 miles from the sound, some of which afford iron ore. Considerable quantities of this ore have been exported to the forges on the main. Deli vered at the sound it is Avorth about 2 dollars per ton. The stones and rocks which lie on these hills are granite ; many of them are large, and some of singular shapes. Several at a distance might CHILMARK, 149 be mistaken for houses. One has a roof like a barn, another is almost a perfect cone, and is called the Sugar Loaf; and others are hollowed out in the form of a bowl. The soil is clay, inter mixed with sand, the clay predominating. There are several plains which are sandy. Both the clayey and sandy places are stony. The land, properly manured, produces good crops of Indian corn, rye, oats, and potatoes. There is more grass land in this town than in other parts of the island. There are but a few brooks, and those small. Swamps are more numerous, lying mostly in the western part of the township, but are not very extensive. Several of them have been cleared and converted into meadows. The best land in the island is at Gay Head, which is reserved to the Indians. There are a number of ponds in the town, the largest of which is Chilmark Great Pond, Avhich consists of two parts connected by an artificial creek, the length of which is 2 miles, east and west. There is a small pond near the north-west corner of the township, covering about an acre of ground, and situated on land 70 feet above high water. It is so deep that its bottom has never yet Lighthonse at Gay Head, Chilmark, Martha's Vineyard. been found. Most of the shore bordering this township is formed of cliffs of clay, of blue and red colors, disposed in layers. At the Avest end of the town and island, is a peninsula of about three and a half miles in length and one and a half in breadth, containing 2,400 acres, the north-west point of Avhich is Gay Head, about 100 feet in height. This cliff is composed of clay and other substances, red, yelloAv, blue, indigo, black, and white ; and to those who are on board a vessel sailing near the shore, especially after a rain, and when the sun shines on it, it is a brilliant and beautiful object ; hence it derived the name of Gay Head. A lighthouse which stands on it elevates a light 50 feet more above the level of the sea. At Gay Head is the Devil's Den, which, notwithstanding the terror of its name, has nothing formidable in its appearance. It is a depression in the hill in the form of a 150 CHILMARK. bowl, except that it is open on the side next the sea, through which it is not difficult tp descend to the strand. It is about 400 yards around, and 100 feet deep. If it was on the top of a mountain it might be called a crater. In this cavity, according to an Indian traditionary fable, many years before the English came to Martha's Vineyard, a giant, or tutelar deity, named Maushope, resided. Here he broiled the whale on a fire made of the largest trees, which he pulled up by the1 roots. Though a malignant spirit has now taken possession of his den, yet the first occupier was a benevolent being, and he kindly supplied the Indians with whales and other fish. After separating Noman's Land from Gay Head, metamorphosing his children into fishes, and throwing his wife on Saconet Point, where she still remains a misshapen rock, he went away, nobody knew whither. Perhaps the report that volcanic flames have been seert to ascend from the Devil's Den is as fabulous as the story of Maushope, as they have never been observed by any of the well-informed inhabitants. It has been suggested that the above story of the giant might have originated by the Indians finding fossil skeletons of large marine animals at that place, and from supposing the lignite which there abound to be the remains of his fires. From Gay Head across to Cattahunk, a ledge of sunken rocks extends, known by the name of the Devil's Bridge, concerning the origin of which the Indians had the following tradition. The same famous giant Maushope undertook to build a bridge or cause way there, and had thrown in the rocks and a shoefull of earth, which he scraped out from the Devil's Den, but, one day, while working in the water, a crab bit his toe, which so vexed him that he abandoned his project. Gay Head is inhabited by descendants of the native Indians, who own there 2,400 acres of land, most of which is under good improvement. Their dwelling-houses, upwards of 35, are mostly one story, and are comfortably built. The number of their popu lation is 235. Their church, which at present is of the Baptist denomination, is 148 years old, since the organization, and now consists of 47 communicants. Their present minister is Rev. Joseph Amos, an Indian, of Marshpee, entirely blind, but a preach er of considerable ingenuity. Within a few years the condition of these people has much improved in point of temperance and gene ral moral reformation. In this good cause, Simon Johnson, and Zacheus Hauwassowee are actively engaged. The Elizabeth Islands are separated from Martha's Vineyard by the sound, and from Falmouth by a strait called Wood's Hole.. Beginning north-east, the first island is Nannamesset, Avhich is a mile and a quarter long, and half a mile in breadth. It is inha bited by 3 families, and has salt-works. In the S. W. part of the island is a high hill called Mount Sod. The next island, Onka- tomka, is three quarters of a mile in length, and half a mile in breadth. Between Nannamesset and Nashawn, toAvards the sound, are two small islands, called the Ram Islands. South-west from Nannamesset, and divided from it by the Gut, is NashaAvn. This island is seven miles and a half long, and a mile and a quarter broad. The soil in the eastern part is a sandy loam and good, in the western part light and inferior. Nearly one half of the island is in wood and swamps. At half a mile distance, north of Nashawn,. in Buzzard's Bay, are 3 small islands, called Wepecket Islands. the largest of which is not a quarter of a mile in length. West of Nashawn, and separated from it by a strait called Robinson's EDGARTOWN. 151 Hole, is Pasque Island, which is a mile and three quarters long. The soil is light, and more stony than the other Elizabeth Islands. South-west from Pasque, and separated from it by Quick's Hole, is Nashawenna, three miles and a quarter long, and a mile and a quarter broad. Cattahunk lies west of Nashawenna, from which it is separated by a shoal, and is two miles and a half long, and three quarters of a mile broad. The soil is rich and good. North of Cattahunk is Penequese, which is three fourths of a mile long, and half a mile broad. Three quarters of a mile east of Pene quese is Gull Island, which is less than a fourth of a mile in length. The Elizabeth Islands are stony, but the soil is mostly good. Cattle are kept on all the islands, but they are the most noted for their sheep, which are larger and produce finer fleeces than those on Martha's Vineyard. Noman's Land belongs to Chilmark, and is situated 4 miles from Squibnocket Point, and six and a half from Gay Head. This island is a mile and three quarters long, and three quarters of a mile wide. The land is composed of hills of a moderate elevation, and of several small swamps. There are no trees, but there are bushes in the swamps, and in some of them there is peat. The soil of the upland is warm, and in general gravelly. The island is mostly used for the feeding of sheep. There are two dwelling-houses, and from 15 to 20 huts, which shelter the pilots, who go to the island, principally in the winter, to look out for vessels which are coming on the coast. The number of sheep in the town of Chilmark, in 1837, was 6,470, of Avhich 1,600 were merinos; the average weight of each fleece 2 lbs.; value of wool produced, $5,180. Population of the town, 699. EDGARTOWN. This town lies on the eastern part of Martha's Vineyard, and is 9 miles in length and 5 in breadth, exclusive of Chappequiddick island, which belongs to the town. This place is also known by the name of Oldtown. It is usually said to have been first settled by Thomas Mayhew and his company, in 1642"; but it appears there were 10 or 12 English families settled at EdgartoAvn before Mayhew went on to the island. These families first landed • at Pease Point, which is a part of Starbuck Neck. The ship in which they came was bound to Virginia, but fell by accident into this port, and, being short of provisions, these families preferred remaining and taking their chance with the Indians, to proceeding on the voyage. Four of their names have been handed down to us : Pease, Vincent, Norton, and Trapp, the three former of which still remain on the island. They landed late in the autumn, and were supplied during the first winter with fish and corn by the na tives.' Mayhew and his associates united with them, and laid out the land into 42 shares. There are circumstances which render it probable that Mayhew the younger had been on the island some time before the grant was obtained. The town was incorporated in 21 152 EDGARTOWN. 1671, Avhile under the .government of New York, by Francis Love lace, then governor of that colony. The first church was gathered in 1641, and Thomas Mayhew ordained pastor. He died in 1657. Thomas Mayhew the father preached to the Indians, and also to the English, after the death of his son. Jonathan Dunham was ordained in 1694. Samuel Wiswall was ordained in 1713. He died in 1746, and Avas suc ceeded the next year by John Newman. He Avas dismissed in 1758, and succeeded by Samuel Kingsbury, (from Dedham,) ordained in 1761. Mr. Kingsbury died of small-pox in 1778, and the next pastor, Joseph Thaxter, Avas ordained in 1780, and conti nued in that office till his death, in 1827. Eastern view of Edgartown. The village of EdgartoAvn is pleasantly situated on the west side of the harbor, 91 miles S. E. of Boston, 20 N. W. by W. of Nan tucket, 28 S. E. by E. of New Bedford, 20 S. of Falmouth, 495 from Washington. It is a county toAvn and port of entry. Here is the court-house, and 3 churches : 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist. The annexed engravings are different views of the Arillage of Edgartown. The aboA^e cut shoAvs the appearance of the central part of the place, as it is seen from the island of .Chappequiddick, lying eastAvard of the toAvn. The engraving on the next page shows the appearance of the Aullage as it is seen from the water, in a northern direction from the place. Eight A^essels are employed in the whale fishery from this toAvn. Population, 1,625. Oldtown harbor is the strait between Martha's Vineyard and Chappequiddick Island. It is composed of two parts. The outer harbor extends from Cape Poge to Starbuck's Neck, and is 4 or 5 fathoms deep. From this neck the harbor Avinds to the south, and against the town is half a mile wide. This harbor is safe and excellent, and is esteemed one of the best in the United States. It EDGARTOWN. 153 is so much better than that of Nantucket, that the whalemen of that island come to this place to take in their water and fit out Northern view of Edgartown. their ships. The excellent water of this town is conveyed to them by troughs which run over the wharves, at the end of which the ships lie, and by hose is conveyed into the casks in the holds. The head of Edgartown harbor is Matakeeset Bay, which communicates with the ocean by a strait called Washqua outlet, 50 rods wide, and from 4 to 10 feet deep at high water. The surface of this town is mostly level. A plain extends from Starbuck' s Neck 8 miles west, and is from 5 to 6 miles wide, and elevated about eighteen feet above the level of the sea. Round Edgartown harbor there are a few ele vated spots, which rise from 60 to 75 feet, above the sea. There is an elevation of land in this town, near the Tisbury line, of 120 feet, on which is situated a pond of fresh water, of about 20 rods in length, and 10 in breadth, and 5 or 6 feet deep. It has never been known to be dry ; and as there is no water, either salt or fresh, within 4 miles of it, it is of much. utility. In this town there is no stream sufficiently large to carry a mill^nd all the grinding of corn arid grain is done by windmills. Salt is made here to a considerable extent. The water is raised by pumps worked by windmills, and is led along by troughs to the cisterns or vats, which are filled to the depth of 3 or 4 inches, m which it is dried down by the sun. The domestic manufacture oi wool in this town is of considerable importance. Besides flannels and blankets, many thousand pairs of stockings, mittens, and caps or wigs, are annually made and sold. Fish of various kinds are taken in abundance in the harbor, coves, and ponds of this town. The herring fishery has become very profitable. Edgartown has at present 7 whale ships, 2 schooners, and 8 or 10 sloops ana Chappequiddick Island lies on the 'east side of Edgartown harbor and, including Cape Poge, is 6 miles long and 3 broad. The sou is sandy, but is thought to be more productive than the opposite land in Edgartown. There is some wood on the island, ™his chiefly oak of various sorts. The east and north parts oi the island 154 TISBURY. are level, but the west part rises into hills 60 feet high. Samp son's hill in the center is 100 feet in height. On this island are about 50 families.. The heads of several of these families, of the name of Fisher, living near Washqua Point, are celebrated as bold and skilful pilots. Ships in storms often get within the dangerous rips which lie off the island, and there appears to be no retreat. These men are constantly on the watch for them. The sea rolls like moving mountains on the shore, and the surf breaks in a ter rible manner. As the waves retire, five or six of them lift a whale- boat till they reach the surf, and then jump into it with almost in credible alacrity. The boat frequently fills with water, and they are obliged to return to the land to bail the water out, and to carry the boat down again- When at last they are so fortunate as to float on the surge, to a person standing on the shore, they seem to mount up to the sky, and then suddenly sink into the deep. With hard rowing they reach the ship, which oftentimes is at the dis tance of 7 or 8 miles. They come the messengers of safety, for with perfect ease they carry the ship into the harbor of Edgar town, where it is secure against every wind. At the time of the settlement, the Indians were very numerous in this town, perhaps more so than in other parts of the island. The Indians of Martha's Vineyard were hospitable, and more tractable than those on the main. Governor Mayhew and his son, as soon as they became settled, attempted to civilize them and introduce the gospel among them, and their success surprised and delighted the pious of that age. The younger Mr. Mayhew labored in this benevolent work, with diligence and fervor till fiis dealh, in 1657, when it Avas assumed by his father, and in a few years by his son, and it was carried on by some member of the family till the beginning of the present century, Nearly all the Indians on the island became professed Christians. At first they were called catechumens, but were formed into a church in 1659, and from this, (smother church arose in 1670. The English found most essential advantages from the ascendency which was gained over their minds ; they were disarmed of their rage, they were made friends and fellow-subjects. In King Philip's war, all the Indian nations qn the main were con federated against the English. Alarm and terror were diffused on every side, but Gov. Mayhew was So well satisfied with the fidelity of these Indians that he employed them as a guard, furnished them with the necessary ammunition, and gave them instructions how to conduct themselves for the common safety in this time of imminent danger. So faithful were they that they not only rejected the strong and repeated solicitations of the natives on the main to engage in hostilities, but when any landed from it, in obedience to their orders which had been given them, they carried them, though some times their near relations, to the governor, to attend his pleasure. The English, con vinced by these proofs of the sincerity of their friendship, took no care of their own defence, but left it entirely to the Indians ; and the storm of war which raged on the continent was not suffered to approach, but these islands enjoyed the calm of peace. This was the genuine and happy effects of Mr. Mayhew's wisdom and of the introduc tion of the Christian religion among the Indians. TISBURY, This town comprehends the'central part of the island, and is 10 miles long from north to south, and 5 miles in breadth. It was incorporated a township in 1671, at the same time with Edgartown, while under tho government of New York. As an acknowledg ment, the proprietors were to pay each and every year two barrels TISBURY. 155 of good merchantable codfish, to be delivered at Fort James, in New York. Before its incorporation it was known by the name of MiddletoAvn. The precise time ,when the Congregational church Avas 'organ ized is not known. John Mayhew began to preach at Tisbury in 1673, but was not ordained. Josiah Torrey was ordained in 1701 ; Nathaniel Hancock in 1727, George Damon in 1760, and Avas dis missed about 1779. Asa Morse Avas installed in 1784, and dis missed at his request in 1799. He was succeeded in 1801 by Nymphas Hatch. There are two churches, 1 Congregationalist and 1 Methodist, situated in West Tisbury, 8 miles and a half from the court-house Northern view at Holmes' Hole, East Tisbury. in Edgartown, and 85 S. S. E. of Boston. At Holmes' Hole, on the north side of the island, is a village, consisting of about 100 dwelling-houses. There are a Methodist and a Baptist church ; the last-mentioned was built in 1837. A few houses on the east chop of the harbor fall within the limits of Edgartown. Holmes' Hole is a good harbor. The depth of water is from 8 fathoms to 3 ; the bottom good holding ground, bluish clay. Several excel lent pilots reside near the harbor. Wickataquay Pond communi cates Avith Holmes' Hole by an opening which is only 4 rods wide and 7 feet deep at high water. It is supposed formerly to have been wider and deeper, and to have been a part of the harbor. The pond is 3 miles in length and 1 mile in width, and in several places 40 feet in depth. It is situated on the Edgartown side of the harbor. Newtown Pond, in the south part of Tisbury, is a mile and a half long, and has a natural communication with the sea, through Avhich the tide rises and falls. The largest brooks in the island empty into the head of this pond, not more than 100 rods apart, one running from the west and one from the north west. A small brook in this town discharges itself into Lam- 156 ESSEX COUNTY. bert's Cove. The Avells in this town, and in other parts of the island, are not deep, the water in them being on a level with the sea. The common depth is from 15 to 20 feet. The water in them is soft and of a good quality, and will wash as well as rain water. The sandy beaches in every part of the island abound with fresh water, which can be obtained by digging a few feet. The surface of this town is mostly level plains. Around Holmes' Hole, however, are hills of moderate elevation, and a range of highland runs on the north side of the tOAvn parallel with the sound. Most of the improved land in this township is good and productive. ESSEX COUNTY. Essex county, the north-eastern section of Massachusetts, was incorporated as a county in 1643. It is thirty-eight miles long, and twenty-five miles Avide ; and is more densely populated than any other county of its size in the United States. It has an exten sive sea-coast, the line of Avhich is very uneven, being indented with numerous bays, inlets, and harbors. Much of the shore is rough and rocky, but it has here and there a sandy beach. There are also great tracts of salt marsh, which produce large quantities of grass. There are many hills in the county, but no moimtains. The soil in many places is hard to cultivate, but is made produc tive by the industry of the farmers. The principal river in the county is the Merrimac, which rises in New Hampshire; it passes through the northern section, three miles south of the New Hamp shire line, and, owing to falls and rapids, is navigable only to Haverhill, about eighteen miles from its mouth. There is in this county a large amount of wealth, and its commerce and fisheries are very extensive. The manufacture of shoes, cloth, and other articles, is carried on to a considerable extent. Courts for the county are held at Salem, Newburyport, and Ipswich. The fol lowing is a list of the towns, which are 27 in number. -Amesbury, "Andover,"Beverly, -Boxford, ^Bradford, -Danvers, Essex, ^Georgetown, ¦Gloucester, -Hamilton, -Haverhill, ¦* Ipswich, Lynn, "Lynnfield, -Manchester, "Marblehead, -Methuen, Middleton, JNewbury, -Newburyport, - Rowley, -Salem, -Salisbury, -Saugus, Topsfield, Wenham, -West Newbury. In 1800 the population of the county was 61,196- in 1810 it was 71,888 ; in 1820 it was ~ in 183,7 it was 93,689. 74,655; in 1830 it was 82,887; and AMESBURY. 157 AMESBURY. Amesbury was formerly a parish in the town of Salisbury, under the name of Salisbury New- Town. It -took its name from a town in Wiltshire, England, and in the first records of the town it is writ ten Almsbury. The town was incorporated in 1668. It is six miles in length and three in breadth, and is divided into three sec tions : West Parish, or Jamaica, the Ferry, and Mills. The Ferry lies at the south-east extremity of the town, at the junction of" Povjow river Avith the Merrimac. Its name is derived from the ancient ferry Avhich was established between this part of the town and NeAvbury. The river alters its course at this point from a north-east to a south-west direction. This Avas formerly the seat ofconsiderable trade, and many large ships were OAvned in the place. Ship-building Avas also carried on extensively on the banks of the river, and some are still yearly launched. Shad and salmon Avere taken at this place ; some are still caught, but they are becoming scarce. The Mills are situated at the north-eastern border of the tOAvn, around tlie loAver falls of the Powow, forming a continuous settlement Avith the north-western village of Salisbury, on the oppo site side of the Poavow. The width of the river is about 2 rods, and is crossed by a number of bridges. There are 5 dams at the Mills Avithin a space of 50 rods ; the aggregate fall of water is 70 feet. ' The stream is rapid, especially in freshet times, Avhen its descent over the falls presents a beautiful scene. The stream is seldom exhausted; when so, Kimball's Pond has been dammed up, and converted into a reservoir. The canal which forms a communication between the pond and river is nearly an eighth of a mile in length. It has been made more than a century. A part of it forms a tunnel under a high hill, which is considered quite a curiosity. Water poAver in this place Avas applied to machinery at an early date. As far back as half a century there Avas a smelting- furnace, and much business carried on in the making of various kinds of tools and agricultural implements. Jacob Perkins' machine for cutting and heading nails, which was invented about 1796, was first used in this village. The tOAvn is hilly, and much of the natural scenery is of a picturesque character. Whittier, Bear, and the Pond hills, are the most elevated, and the prospect from them is very extensive and romantic. The soil of the town is of an average quality of the other soil in the county. The Amesbury Flannel Manufacturing Company, which was incorporated in 1822, with a capital of $200,000, have two large factories in ope ration, one of Avhich is for the manufactory of flannels, the other for satinets. The flannel mills have made annually 15,000 pieces of flannels. 46 yards each ; the satinet mill, 5,000 pieces of sati net, 25 yards each. The folloAving is a south-eastern view of Avhat is called the Mills Village, lying in the towns of Salisbury and Amesbury. For many purposes, the people on both sides of the Powoav (the dividing line) 158 AMESBURY. act together as one town. The village, in both towns, is supposed to contain about 2,500 inhabitants. There are five churches : 2 Baptist, 1 Congregational, 1 for Friends, and 1 Episcopal. This place is 5 miles from Newburyport, 12 from Haverhill, 20 from Portsmouth, and 40 from Boston. Population of the town, 2,567. South-east view of Mills Village, in Salisbury and Amesbury. i One of the signers of the' Declaration of Independence, Josiah Bartlett, was a native of this town, and many of his kindred still live in the place. He studied medicine in his native place, and removed to New Hampshire, of which state he held the office of governor for a number of years. He died in 1795. The first church organized was located at the Ferry. The first pastor, settled in 1672, was Thomas Wells, who died 1734, aged 87. The second pastor was the Rev. Edmund March, of New bury, who was settled here in 1728. He was succeeded by Rev. Elisha Odin, of Exeter, N. H, Avho was settled in 1744, and died in 1752. His successor was Thomas Hibbert, of RoAvley, who was settled in 1754, and died in 1793. The fifth pastor was Ben jamin Bell, settled in 1784, and resigned in 1790 ; was succeeded by Stephen Hull in 1799, who resigned in 1811. The second Con gregational church, located in the west parish, was organized in 1726. The Congregational society ofi Amesbury and Salisbury was organized in 1831. The Friends have a meeting-house at the Mills village. In Mr. Newhall's Essex Memorial, it is stated, "Most of the people of Amesbury belong to the productive class; very few are raised above the necessity for personal exertion. All are active and industrious, readily find employment, and com mand good wages. They have been distinguished for their zeal in the cause of temperance. There has not been, for several years, and is not now, a single licensed grocer in toAvn." According to the Statistical Tables published by the state in 1837, there were in the limits of this town 3 woollen mills, having 27 sets of machi- ANDOVER. 159 uery; 1,100,000 yards of flannel were manufactured, and 150,000 yards of satinet; value of woollen goods, $425,000; males em ployed, 118; females, 125; capital invested, $250,000. In the manufacture of chaises, &c, 128 hands were employed, and in the manufacture of shoes and boots, 84 persons. ANDOVER. The exact time of the first settlement of Cochichewick, now Ando ver, or when the toAvn was first purchased of the Indians, does not distinctly appear. The land Avas bought of Cutshamache, the sagamore of Massachusetts, by Mr. Woodbridge, in behalf of the inhabitants of Cochichewick. The amount paid was £6 and a coat. Mr. Edmund Faulkner might have assisted Mr. Wood- bridge, as there is a tradition that he purchased the town for the settlers. In 1646, the court confirmed this purchase and grant, and the town was incorporated by the name of Andover, from the fact that some of the planters came from Andover, in Hampshire, England. The settlers bought the land of the town, and they were received as commoners or proprietors ; and, according to a vote of the town, all householders were considered as proprietors and voters. The first divisions were small lots, few exceeding ten acres. The farms were rendered inconvenient, from the fact that plough land was granted at a distance, in small parcels, on the plains; the same also with swamps and meadow-land, wood land, &c. Much of this inconvenience is felt to this day. There is much obscurity about certain transactions, in consequence of the early records having been destroyed by the. Indians. The land was first settled near Cochichewick brook, and upon the Shawshin. Various parts of the town were soon occupied by settlers. The chief settlement was for many years in the neighborhood of the meeting-house and Cochichewick brook, and was called the town. Most of the first settlers were from England ; the names of the following were taken from the town records. They were Avritten in an ancient hand, without date, but probably most of the first settlers were living Avhen they were written. " The names of all the householders in order as they came to town : Mr. Bradstreet, John Osgood, Joseph Parker, Richard Barker, John Stevens, Nicholas Holt, Benjamin Woodbridge, John Frye, Edmund Faulk ner, Robert Barnard, Daniel Poor, Nathan Parker, Henry Jaques, John Aslett, Richard Blake, William Ballard, John Lovejoy, Tho mas Poor, George Abbot, John Russ, Andrew Allen, Andrew Fos ter, Thomas Chandler." Part of these brought families with them. The rest were young unmarried men. It is probable that all of these and others were in Andover before 1644. Many followed them in the course of a feAV years. The first violence done by the Indians took place April, 19, 1676. They Avere first discovered by Mr. Ephraim Stevens, not far from 22 160 ANDOVER. Bodwell's Ferry. He escaped upon his horse and gave the alarm. The Indians pursued their Avay along the main road, v/ithout doing any mischief, till they arrived at the south part of the town; there they killed Joseph Abbot, and took Timothy Abbot, both sons of George Abbot, sen. Joseph was strong and bold, and the tradition is that he killed one ,or more of them before he was slain: he was in his 24th year. Timothy was in his 13th year : after being kept seve ral months, he was brought back by a squaw who Avas friendly to the family. At the same time, they burnt Mr. Faulkner's house, wounded Roger Marks, and killed his horse. They killed some cattle, but only had time to cut out their tongues, as they were fired upon by the people in the garrison. A few months after, a party of the- enemy surprised and captured Mr. Haggett and two of his sons. The 10th of July, 1671, John Parker, James Parker, John Phelps, and Daniel Blackhead, Avere surprised and slain at Black Point, in Scarborough. Another war with the Indians com menced in 1688. Andover suffered more in this than in the pre ceding Avar. In August, 1689, John and Andrew Peters were killed by the Indians. The same year, Lieut. John Stevens, Ben jamin Lovejoy, Eleazer Streaton, and Robert Russell, died in the war at the eastward. In August, 1696, two others were slam. The greatest distress Avhich the Andover people ever suffered from the Indians was on the fifth of March, 1698. A company of 30 or 40 Indians surprised the tOAvn, slew 5 persons, burnt 2 houses and 2 barns, with the cattle in them, with other damage. The names of the persons killed were Simon Wade, Nathaniel Brown, Penelope Johnson, Capt. Pascoe Chubb, and Hannah his wife, daughter of Edmund Faulkner. Two years before, Chubb had- been captain at Pemaquid fort, when he treacherously murdered two chiefs of the Indians, which had greatly enraged them. His death caused them as much joy as the taking of the whole tOAvn. Col. Dudley Bradstreet and his family they took, and carried them about 50 rods from his house ; they then halted and dismissed their prisoners, Avithout offering them the least injury. The tradition is, that one Waternummon, an Indian who lived at NeAvbury, having a particular regard for Col. Bradstreet, offered to conduct the Indians to his house, on condition that they should not kill nor capture any of the family. They took Abiel Stevens, a lad, who pretended to be lame, and kept behind. The Indians hurried, expecting to be pur sued. He turned back, and made his escape, though fired upon by- the Indian Avho took him. In consequence of the snow being deep, the inhabitants having no snoAV-shoes, the Indians were not pursued. Assacumbuit, their principal chief, had distinguished himself in this Avar by his cruelties, which rendered their conduct in releasing the captives the more extraordinary. No assault after this has been made upon Andover, but the towns near suffered much many years afterward. Andover is the largest township in Essex county ; it contains 35,738 acres. The soil is excellent, and it is well cultivated. The river Merrimac runs along the north-west side; Cochichc- ANDOVER. 161 wick Brook issues from Great Pond, in the north-east, and empties into the Merrimac. The river ShaAVshin rises in Lexington, and, passing through Billerica, Wilmington, TeAvksbury, and Andover, empties into the Merrimac. Great Pond, in the north-east part of the town, is a fine place for fish and feathered game. It covers about 450 acres. Haggetfs Pond is in the west parish, and is a place of frequent resort in the summer for parties of pleasure. It covers about 220 acres. Hi Sr 111 - , pa m 3BL ¦» 1 1 i - a -—data Western view of the Theological Seminary at Andover. The south parish, in which the Theological Institution is situated, has a considerable village, extending northward of the institution, easterly to some extent, and westerly near the factories. The houses generally are well built, and present a fine appearance. A large portion of them has been erected within thirty years. There are in the village a printing-office; the "Andover Bank," incorpo rated in 1826, capital $200,000; the Merrimac Mutual Fire Insu rance Company, incorporated in 1828. and a savings bank, recently instituted. There are 5 churches in the village : 1 Congregational,, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Universalist, and 1 Methodist. This. place is 10 miles E. of Lowell, 16 from Salem, and 20 from Bos ton. The Andover and Wilmington railroad passes through the village. Population of the town, 4,878. In 1S37, there were 8 woollen mills, 26 sets of machinery ; avooI consumed, 524,000 lbs. ; cloth manufactured, 1,294,000 yards; value of woollen goods, $520,000 ; males employed, 140 ; females, 192 ; capital invested, $270,000; value of boots and shoes manufactured, $46,500. There Avere tAvo manufactories of machinery, employing 50 hands. The above is a western view of the three principal buildings of the Theological Institution. They stand on elevated ground, having a commanding, variegated, and beautiful prospect. The buildings of the institution consist of a dwelling-house for each of the professors; Phillips Hall, of brick, 90 feet by 40, four stories, con- 162 ANDOVER. taining 32 rooms for students, built in 1808 ; Bartlet Chapel, an ele gant brick building, 94 feet by 40, containing a chapel, library, and three lecture rooms, built in 1818 ; and Bartlet Hall, an elegant brick building, 104 feet by 40, containing 32 suits of rooms, fur nished, presented by Mr. Bartlet in 1821. This institution was founded in 1807, and richly endowed by the donations of William Bartlet, Esq., and Moses Brown, Esq., of NeAvburyport ; Widow Phoebe Phillips, John Phillips, Esq., and Samuel Abbot, Esq., of Andover, and John Norris, Esq., and his widow, of Salem. The library of the seminary contains between tAvelve and thirteen thousand volumes. Besides this, there are two other libraries : one, of the Porter Rhetorical Society, contain ing from two to three thousand volumes ; the other, belonging to the Society of Enquiry respecting Missions, containing from one to two thousand volumes. There is an Athenaeum and news-room, supported by the students. Annexed to the institution is a com modious mechanic's shop, where the students can exercise them selves in carpentering or cabinet work. There is a musical society, the president of which is paid by the trustees for his services as teacher of sacred music. The term is three years. The principal study for the first year is the Bible in its original tongues. The second year is occupied in the study of systematic theology. The third year is chiefly devoted to the study of ecclesiastical history, and the composition of sermons. There is also a Teachers' Semi nary near the Institution, which will accommodate 200 students. Western view of Phillips Academy at Andover ^ The above is a Avestern view of Phillips Academy, which is situated a few rods south of the Theological Seminary. It is built of brick, and is 80 feet in length and 40 in width, and was erected in 1819. This academy Avas founded April 21, 1778, by the Hon. Samuel Phillips, Andover, and Hon. John Phillips, Exeter, sons of the Rev. Samuel Phillips. It was incorporated Oct. 4, 1780, and is one of the first institutions of the kind in the country. Its funds are about $50,000. The first object of the institution is declared ANDOVER. 163 to be the promotion of true piety and virtue. The principal studies are the English, Latin, and Greek languages, together with writing, arithmetic, music, and the art of speaking : also, practi cal geometry, logic, and geography, with such other liberal arts and sciences or languages as opportunity and ability may admit, or as the trustees shall direct. Other schools, of a high class, exist in this toAvn, for the reception of male and female pupils. The average number of those attending private schools and academies is about five hundred. The first church, located in the north parish, was founded Octo ber, 1645. The first pastor was Rev. John Woodbridge, who was settled when the church was formed. He resigned in 1647, and went to England, where he preached until ejected under Charles II. He returned and lived at Newbury, where he died, March, 1695. The second pastor was Rev. Francis Dane, who was set tled 1648. The third, the Rev. Thomas Barnard, was settled 1682. He Avas succeeded by Rev. John Barnard, in 1719. The fifth Avas the Rev. William Symmes, who was settled 1758. The sixth pastor, Rev. Bailey Lorihg, was settled here in 1810. The second Congregational church is situated in the south parish, and was organized 1711. The west parish Congregational church Avas gathered Dec. 5, 1826, and Rev. Samuel C. Jackson settled here in 1827. The Baptist church, located in south parish, was organ ized 1832. During the excitement in 1692, on the subject of witchcraft, the people of Andover suffered their share of the alarm and distress which it occasioned. More than fifty in this town were complained of, for afflicting their neighbors and. others. Dudley Bradstreet, Esq., having granted thirty or forty warrants for commitments, at length refused to grant any more. He and his wife were imme diately accused ; he was said to have killed nine persons by witch craft. He found it necessary for his safety to make his escape. Three persons who belonged to Andover were hung for Avitchcraft, viz. Martha Carryer, Samuel Wardell, and Mary Parker. The following is from Abbot's History of Andover, published at Ando ver, 'by Flagg and Gould, in 1829. It is inserted here as a. matter of curiosity, and also as a document which will serve to illustrate the history of the times. The Indictment of Martha Carryer. Essex sa. Anno Regni Regis et Reginse Wilielm et Mariae, nunc Anglias, etc. quarto. The Jurors for our sovereign lord and lady the king and queen, present, that Martha Carryer, wife of Thomas Carryer, of Andover, in the county of Essex, husbandman, the thirty-first day of May, in the fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lord and lady, William and Mary, by the grace of God, of England, Scotland, France and Ire land, king and queen, defenders of the faith, &c. And divers other days and times, as well before as after, certain detestable arts, called witchcrafts, and sorceries, wick edly and feloniously hath used, practised and exercised, at and within the township of Salem, in the county of Essex aforesaid, in, upon, and against one Mary Wolcott, of Salem Village, single woman, in the county of Essex aforesaid; by which said wicked arts the said Mary Wolcott, the thirty-first day of May, in the fourth year aforesaid, and at divers other days and times, as well before as after, was, and is tortured, afflicted, pined, consumed, wasted and tormented; against the peace of our sovereign 164 ANDOVER. lord and lady, William and Mary, king and queen of England; their crown and dig nity, and against the form of the statute, in that case made and provided. Witnesses — Mary Wolcott, Elizabeth Hubbard, Ann Putnam. There was also a second indictment for afflicting Elizabeth Hubbard by witchcralt. Witnesses — Elizabeth Hubbard, Mart Wolcott, Ann Putnam, Mary Warrin. The trial of Martha Carryer, August 2, 16.92, as stated hy Dr. Cotton Mather. Martha Carryer was indicted for the bewitching of certain persons, according to the form usual in such cases: Pleading not guilty to her indictment, there were first brought in a considerable number of the bewitched persons ; who not only made the court sensible of an horrid witchcraft committed upon them, but also deposed, that it was Martha Carryer, or her shape, that grievously tormented them by biting, pricking, pinching and choking them. It was further deposed that while this Carryer was on her examination before the magistrates, the poor people were so tortured that every one expected their death on the very spot ; but that upon the binding of Carryer they were eased. Moreover, the looks of Carryer, then laid the afflicted people for dead, and her touch, if her eyes were at the same time off them, raised them again. Which things were also now seen upon her trial. And it was testified, that upon the mention of some having their necks twisted almost round by the shape of this Carryer, she replied, It's no matter, though their necks had been twisted quite off. 2. Before the trial of this prisoner, several of her own children had frankly and fully confessed, not only that they were witches themselves, but that their mother had made them so. This confession they made with great shows of repentance, and with much demonstration of truth. They related place, time, occasion; they gave an account of journeys, meetings, and mischiefs by them performed ; and were very credible in what they said. Nevertheless, this evidence was not produced against the prisoner at the bar, inasmuch as there was other evidence, enough to proceed upon. 3. Benjamin Abbot gave in his testimony, that last March was a twelvemonth, this Carryer was very angry with him, upon laying out some land near her husband's. Her expressions in this anger were, that she would stick as close to Abbot, as the bark stuck to the tree ; and that he should repent of it before seven years came to an end, so>as Dr. Prescot should never cure him. These words were heard by others besides Abbot himself, who also heard her say, she would hold his nose as close to the grind stone as ever it was held since his name was Abbot. Presently after this he was taken with a swelling in his foot, and then with a pain in his side, and exceedingly tor mented. It bred a sore, which was lanced by Dr. Prescot, and several gallons of cor ruption ran out of it. For six weeks it continued very bad; and then another sore bred in his groin, which was also lanced by Dr. Prescot. Another sore bred in his groin, which was likewise cut, and put him to very great misery. He was brought to death's door, and so remained until Carryer was taken, and carried away by the con stable. From which very day he began to mend, and so grew better every day, and is well ever since. Sarah Abbot, his wife, also testified that her husband was not only all this while afflicted in his body ; but also that strange, extraordinary and unaccountable calami ties befel his cattle ; their death being such as they could guess no natural reason for. 4. Allin Toothaker testified that Richard, the son of Martha Carryer, having some difference with him, pulled him down by the hair of the head; when he rose again, he was going to strike at Bichard Carryer, but fell down flat on his back to the ground, and had not power to stir hand or foot, until he told Carryer he yielded; and then he saw the shape of Martha Carryer go off his breast. This Toothaker had received a wound in the wars, and he now testified, that Martha Carryer told him, he should never be cured. Just before the apprehending of Carryer, he could thrust a knitting needle into his wound four inches deep, but presently after her being seized, he was thoroughly healed. He 'further testified that when Carryer and he sometimes were at variance, she would clap her hands at him, and say, he shoidd get nothing by it. Whereupon he several times lost his cattle by strange deaths, whereof no natural causes could be given. 5. John Roger also testified that upon the threatening words of this malicious Carryer his cattle would be strangely bewitched ; as was more particularly then described. 6. Samuel Preston testified that about two years ago, having some difference with Martha Carryer, he lost a cow in a strange, preternatural, unusual manner; and about a month after this, the said Carryer, having again some difference with him, she told 1 him he had lately lost a cow, and it should not be long before he lost another ! which accordingly came to pass ; for he had a thriving and well-kept cow, which, without any known cause, quickly felbdown and died. 7. Phebe Chandler testified that about a fortnight before the apprehension of Martha BETEELY. 165 Carryer, on a Lord's day, while the psalm was singing in the church, this Carryer then took her by the shoulder, and, shaking her, asked her where she Uved. She made her no answer, although as Carryer, who lived next door to her father's house, could not in reason but know who she was. Quickly after this, as she was at several times crossing the fields, she heard a voice that she took to be Martha Carryer's, and it seemed as if it were over her head. The voice told her, she should within two or three days be poisoned. Accordingly, within such a little time, one half of her right hand became greatly swollen and very painful ; as also part of her face ; whereof she can give no account how it came. It continued very bad for some days ; and several times since she has had a great pain in her breast ; and been so seized on her legs that she has hardly been able to go. She added, that lately going well to the house of God, Richard, the son of Martha Carryer, looked very earnestly upon her, and immediately her hand which had formerly been poisoned, as is above said, began to pain her greatly, and she had a strange burning at her stomach; but was then struck deaf, so that she could not hear any of the prayer, or singing, till the two or three last words of the psalm. 8. One Foster, who confessed her own share in the witchcraft, for which the prisoner stood indicted, affirmed, that she had seen the prisoner at some of their witch-meetings, and that it was this Carryer, who persuaded her to be a witch. She confessed that the devil carried them on a pole to a witch-meeting, but the pole broke, and she hanging about Carryer's neck, they both fell down, and she then received an hurt by the fall, whereof she was not at this very time recovered. 9. One Lacy, who likewise confessed her share in this witchcraft, now testified that she and the prisoner were once bodily present, at a witch-meeting in Salem Village, and that she knew the prisoner to be a witch, and to have been at a diabolical sacra ment, and that the prisoner was the'undoing of her and her children, by enticing them into the snare of the devil. 10. Another Lacy, who also confessed her share in this witchcraft, now testified that the prisoner was at the witch-meeting in Salem Village, where they had bread and wine administered to them. 11. In the time of this prisoner's trial, one Susanna Shelden, in open court, had her hands unaccountably tied together with a wheel-band, so fast, that without cutting, it could not be loosened. It was done by a spectre ; and the sufferer affirmed it was the prisoner's. BEVERLY. Beverly was formerly a part of Salem, and was first settled about the year 1630, by the removal of John and William Wood bury, Avith others of the companions of Roger Conant, from the i south to the north side of Bass river. John Balch and Conant, with others, soon came after. In 1649 the settlers became numer ous enough to desire of the church of Salem that " some course be taken for the means of grace amongst themselves, because of the tediousness and difficulties over the water, and other inconve niences." A meeting-house was built in 1656, and a branch of the church of Salem established. The town was incorporated by the name of Beverly on the 14th Oct., 1668. The act of incorpora tion ran thus : " The court, on perusal of this return, (on notice to Salem,) judge it meet to grant that Bass River be henceforth a township of themselves, referring it to Salem to accommodate them with lands and bounds suitable for them, and that it be called Beverly." The first toAvn meeting was held on the 23d of November, 1668. Conant was not satisfied with the name given by the court; in 1671 he petitioned to have it changed to Budleigh,' the name of the town in England from which he came. The fol- 166 HSVGKL! lowing, from NewhaU's Essex Memorial,* 1836, is an extract from the petition : — " Now my umble suit and request is unto this honorable Court onlie that the name of our town or plantation may be altered or changed from Beverly, and be called Bud- leigh. I have two reasons that have moved me unto this request: the first is, the great dislike and discontent of many of our people for this name of Beverly, because (wee being but a small place) it hath caused on us the constant nick-name of beggarly, being in the mouths of many, and no order was given, or consent by the people, to their agent, for any name untill they were shure of being a towne granted in the first place. Secondly, I being the first that had house in Salem, (and neither had any hand in nameing either that or any other towne,) and myself, with those that were with me, being all from the western part of England, desire this western name of Budleigh, a market towne in Devonshire, and neere unto the sea, as wee are heere in this place, and where myself was borne. Now, in regard of our firstnesse and antiquity in this soe famous a collony, we should umblie request this small prevaledg, with your favour and consent, to give this name abovesaid unto our towne. I never yet made sute or request unto the Generall Court for the least matter, tho I think I might as well have done, as many others have, who have obtained much without hazard of life, or preferring the public good before their own interest, which I praise God I have done. If this my sute may find acceptation with your worships, I shall rest umbly thankfull, and my praiers shall not cease unto the throne of grace for God's guidance and his blessing to be on all your waightie proceedings, and that iustice and righteousness may be eve- rie where administered, and sound doctrine, truth, and holiness everie where taught and practised throughout this wilderness to all posterity, which God grant. Amen." This petition was signed by thirty-three or four other names But it appears that the petition was not granted. Beverly is 11 miles from Ipswich, 17 north-east of Boston, and 14 south-west of Gloucester. Its greatest length is six and two thirds and width three and a half miles. It is divided into two territoral parishes ; the westerly called the Precinct of Salem and Beverly, and the easterly called the First Parish. " This last contains two thirds of the territory, and five sixths of the popula tion." Part of Wenham Pond lies within the limits of this town. There are several conspicuous hills in the town; that called Brown's Folly is the highest. From the hill the observer has a view of a large portion of the bay, the towns of Salem, Danvers, and Marblehead, with the surrounding country. There is raised in this town about 1,550 tons of hay, 14,000 bush els of grain, and 1,100 head of cattle are pastured. The orchards yield an abundant supply of apples. Considerable quantities of butter and cheese are made, but of the last, not enough for home consumption. There are about 12,000 bushels of Indian corn pro duced annually. The whole quantity of grain raised is about equal to half of the consumption of bread stuffs ; of other vega- table food the quantity produced exceeds the consumption. The great extent of sea-coast furnishes an abundant supply of sea manure for improving the soil. The amount of capital employed in the cod fishery is greater than that of any other business. There are fifty vessels, making an aggregate of 3,500 tons ; valued, includ ing the stores and outfits, at $100,000 ; manned by 400 men and boys. The income of this fishery may be estimated at $150,000. * The author would here mention that he is deeply indebted to this valuable and interesting work for much historical information respecting the various towns in Essex county. The work is entitled " The Essex Memorial for 1836, embracing a Regis ter for the County, by James R. Newhall." BEVERLY.' 167 There uv. employed in the manufacture of shoes about 300 males and 200 females. The value of boots and shoes manufactured in 1S37 was |60,000. Population of the toAvn, 4,609. Southwest view of Beverly. The above is a view of the southern part of Beverly village, as it is seen from near the bridge connecting it with Salem. The act for incorporating the proprietors of this, bridge passed in 1787.' It is 1,484 feet long and 34 Avide. It is built on 93 Avooden piers of oak timber, driven into the mud. It has a draAv for vessels. The first pier Avas driven in May, 1788.' The proprietors are authorized to receive toll seventy years from this date, after which the bridge reverts to the commonwealth. This is a large village, mostly built on a single street. There are 4 churches, 3 Congregational, 1 of which is Unitarian, and 1 Baptist. There is an academy, and a bank, " The Beverly Bank." ~ There are tAvo Congregational churches in the upper parish, and a Baptist at the Farms. The lamented Capt. Lathrop, and a number of his men, Avho fell in an ambuscade of the Indians at Bloody Brook, at Deerfield, were from this place. The' first church was organized in 1667. and the Rev. John Hale, the first pastor, was ordained at the formation of the church. The duties of the sexton of the church, about this period, as they appear on the town book, Avere "to ring the bell- at' nine o'clock every night a sufficient space of time as is usual in other places," and " keep and turn the glass." An hourglass was kept near the pulpit, in vieAV of the minister. He was expected to close his sermon in the course of an hour, and if he went over or fell short of tlie time it Avas a sufficient cause for complaint. Mr. Hale died in 1700. His successor Avas the Rev. Thomas Blowers, who Avas ordained in 1701, and died 1729. Rev. Joseph Champney succeeded Mr. Blowers, Avas ordained 1729, and died in 1773. His successor .Avas Rev. Joseph Willard, who Avas ordained 1772, and 'dismissed in 1781, he having been elected president of Harvard University. 168 B OXFORD. He was succeeded by the Rev. Joseph McKeen, who was ordained in 1785, and dismissed by mutual consent in 1802. In 1803 Rev. Abiel Abbot , was installed, and died 1828. The second Congre gational church was organized, and the first minister, the Rev. John Chipman, ordained, in 1715. The first Baptist church was organized in 1801. The third Congregational church was organ ized in 1802. The society was incorporated in 1803. The second Baptist was of the Christian denomination, and was formed in 1828. The Rev. Benjamin Knight was ordained in 1829. He has been dismissed, and the church have changed to the Calvinistic Baptist. BOXFORD. Boxford was taken from Rowley in 1685, and incorporated as a separate town. For the last thirty years, the population has re mained nearly stationary : in 1800 it was 852, in 1830 957, and in 1837 it was 964. The fertility of the soil is not very great ; but the inhabitants by their industry have overcome many natural deficiencies. The main business of the inhabitants is agriculture. There is a cotton factory in the place, Avhich does some business in the preparation of batting. Shoemaking is also carried on to a considerable extent. The value of shoes manufactured in 1837 was $52,975. This place is 10 miles from Ipswich, 13 from Newburyport, and 24 from Boston. It contains 2 postoflices, one in the east, the other in the west parish. At the commencement of the Revolution, the inhabitants dis played much ardor in the cause of freedom. At the battle of Bunker Hill, eight persons from the town Avere killed. The Hon. Aaron Wood, a native resident of this town, at his death, which took place in 1791, left a legacy of 2,061 dollars for the support of Latin and Greek grammar-schools. The toAvn enjoys some useful water privileges, derived from seve ral ponds, Avhich form the head waters of RoAvley and Parker rivers, and the source of a branch of Ipswich river. In 1680 the manufacture of iron was commenced here, but the business was soon discontinued. The first Congregational church was organized in 1702. The Rev. Thomas Symmes Avas the first pastor ; he Avas settled in 1702, and resigned 1708. The Rev. John Rogers Avas second pastor; he was settled in 1709, and left about 1743, and resided with his son at Leominster till his death, which took place 1775. His successor was the Rev. Elizur Holyoke, who was settled in 1759, preached until 1793, and died 1806. He was succeeded by the Rey. Isaac Briggs, who was installed in 1808, resigned Dec. 3, 1833. The second Congregational church Avas organized in 1736. The Rev. John Cushing was the first pastor. He was settled in 1736, and died 1772. His successor was Rev. Moses Hale, who was settled in 1774, and died 1786. The next pastor was Dr. Eaton, settled here in 1789. BRADFORD. 169 BRADFORD. This town was taken from Rowley. Its first name was called Merrimac. After that it was knoAvn by the name of Rowley Vil lage. In 1673 it was incorporated by its present name. The lands of this town Avere granted by the general court to Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, first minister of RoAvley, and others. In 1658, a commit tee of Rowley laid out tracts of land for the Rev. Samuel Phillips, John and Robert Haseltine, widow Mighill, widow Hobson, Thomas Kimball. Joseph Jewett, Joseph Chaplin, John Simmons, Abraham Foster, Jonathan Hopkinson, John Eastman, James Dickinson, and Maximilian Jewett, had lands granted them. These divided the lands in various proportions in 1671, and Avere most of them the first settlers of the town. Bradford is very plea santly located on the south bank of the Merrimac. The length of th& toAvn is about six miles, and from one to two and a half miles: in breadth. It contains about 10,000 acres of land. The surface is uneven and the soil varied. Much of it is of the first quality, especially the upland, which is verdant amidst the droughts of summer. Many of the hills are considerably elevated, from which are fine views of rural scenery. There are extensive forests of oak, walnut, pine and maple; with beds of peat, that afford a supply of fuel for the inhabitants. The ponds in the town are Avell stoeked with pickerel and perch. Salmon in small quantities are yet taken. Shad and aleAvives are taken in great abundance from the river. A handsome bridge of three arches connects this town with Haverhill: The width of the river is about 800 feet at the lower part of the town, but narrower at the upper part. The depth of water at low tide is from four to five feet. There are serious impediments to navigation, resulting from the short turn in the river and the shoals between the chain ferry and Haverhill ; but hulls of vessels built at Bradford and Haverhill, of the burthen of 400 tons, have passed down, while those of 90 or 100 tons have come up loaded. The scenery on the banks of the Merrimac, be tAveen this town and Haverhill, is exceedingly beautiful. Ship building is now almost totally abandoned, as easier labor and more profit is derived from the manufacturing of boots and shoes, of which it is estimated that about 360,000 pairs are made annually. The village in Bradford, on the opposite side the Merrimac from Haverhill, containsabout 30 dwelling-houses and a church. Brad ford is 30 miles N. of Boston. Population, 2,275. Bradford Academy, in the -west parish, was established in 1803. Its location is on an elevated site, and commands a delightful view of the surrounding country, comprising the entire villages of Brad ford and Haverhill. The names of Mrs. Judson and Harriet New ell, who were pupils in this school, will not soon be forgotten by the Christian world. This academy is extensively known, and has been generally attended by a large number of pupils. Merri mac Academy is located in the east parish, and was established in 1821, and is in successful operation. 170 BRADFORD. At the time of the Indian wars the people were much alarmed for their safety, and fortified three houses ; but they Avere not much molested by the savages. The following is from a discourse de livered by Gardner B. Perry in 1820. He says : " I have found but one record of any violence experienced from them. This is con tained in a note attached to one of the town books, by Shubal Walker, who was the town- clerk. He observes in this note that Thomas Kimball was shot by an Indian, the third of May, 1676, and his wife and five children, Joannah Thomas, Joseph, Prescilla and John, were carried captives. These, however, he observes in another note, re turned home again the 13th of June, the same year. The house in which Mr. Kim ball lived, stood on the road leading to Boxford, the cellar of which may still be seen. "It is traditionally reported," continues Mr. Perry, "that the Indians who committed this violence set out from their homes near Dracut with the intention of killing some one in Rowley who they supposed had injured them, but finding the night too far spent, they did not dare to proceed farther, and so revenged themselves on Mr. Kimball. There was also a Mr. Nehemiah Carlton shot from across the river, at the time of the attack upon Haverhill ; and it is said, further, that one of the workmen employed in felling timber on the Haverhill side of the river was also shot. Besides these I have heard of no particular injury received from them.' The first burial in the east parish burying-place was in 1723, Mrs. Martha Hale. The folloAving is taken from the foot-stone : " If you will look it will appear She was the first buried here." The most remarkable occurrence ever Avitnessed here was a great freshet in 1818. The siioav had been melted by a violent-rain, which .rushed down the valley of the Merrimac Avith great fury, tearing •up the ice, which Avas nearly tAvo feet thick, with the noise and convulsions of an earthquake ; driven into immense dams, it rolled and fleAV about in every possible direction on its Avay to the ocean. The river Avas raised 21 feet above common high-water mark. The country around Avas inundated, and in many houses the water Avas from tAvo inches to five feet in depth. The ice was driven far upon the land, and pyramids of fragments were throAvn up above the level of the flood. Buildings were removed and destroyed, cattle and sheep Avere droAvned, and ruin spread on all sides. Mr. Penny says, in his historical discourse, " that the eels go up the river the beginning of May in a ribband or stream of about a foot Avide upon the aArer.age, and three or four inches in depth, and every year in the same course. They are from two to six inches in length, move Avith considerable velocity, and continue to pass along Avithout interruption for about four days. Almost an incon ceivable number must pass during this time." They are said to be from the ocean, and are said to pass into the ponds and brooks connected Avith the river. The first Congregational church, located in the Avest parish, was organized in' 1682. The first pastor Avas Rev. Zachariah Symmes, who Avas settled in 1682, died 1707. He was succeeded by his son, the Rev. Thomas Symmes, in 1708, avIio died in 1725. The Rev. Joseph Parsons succeeded Mr. Symmes, and Avas settled in 1726, and died in 1765. The next Avas the Rev. Samuel Williams, ,vho Avas settled in 1765, and resigned in 1780, His successor Avas DANVERS. 171 Rev. Jonathan Allen, Avho Avas settled in 1781. The sixth pastor Avas the Rev. Ira Ingraham, AAmo settled here in 1824, resigned in 1830. The seventh pastor was the Rev. Loammi J. Hoadly, who Avas settled in 1830, resigned January, 1833. His successor was the Rev. Moses C. Searle, Avho was settled in 1833, and resigned in 1834. k The second Congregational church, in the east parish, was formed in 172S. The Methodist society was established in 1832. DANVERS. Danvers was formerly a part of Salem, known by the name of Salem village. It was settled by Gov. Endicott and his associates in 162S. The settlement Avas incorporated as a district in 1752, and as a town June 16, 1757. Tradition says it received its name from Earl D' Anvers, a nobleman in the north of England, but Avhy his name was adopted does not appear.* The population of the toAvn in 1837 Avas 4,804. There are seven houses of public avot- ship, viz., 2 Congregational, 2 Universalist, 1 Unitarian, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist. The principal village in Danvers is large and thickly settled ; its principal street joins the main street in Salem, forming but one continuous settlement. The Neiu Mills village, situated at the head of navigation on Porter river, in the north eastern part of the toAvnship, was settled in 1754. During the revolutionary Avar, four 20 gun ships, and eight or ten privateers, Avere built here. In 1837, there Avere manufactured in this town 14,000 pairs of boots, 615,000 pairs of shoes; the value of boots. and shoes Avas $435,900; males employed, 666; females, 411. There were 28 tanneries : hides tanned, 66.200 ; value of the lea ther tanned and curried, $264,400; hands employed, 110; capitaL invested, $203,700. There Avere 3 manufactories of morocco: skins manufactured, 98,000, valued at $39,400; hands employed, 35 ; capital invested, $30,000. Nails, chocolate, bricks and various other articles are manufactured here. The center of the princi pal village is about tAvo miles distant from the central part of Salem, and about 15 from Boston. There are two banks, the Danvers Bank, incorporated in 1825, capital $150,000 ; the War ren Bank, incorporated in 1832, capital $120,000 ; and an insu rance company, incorporated in 1829. The inhabitants of Danvers have always been distinguished for their patriotism, and its citizens bore their full share in the great contest of the Resolution. Gen. Israel Putnam, so celebrated for his courage and his important services in the French, Indian, and Revolutionary Avars, Avas a native of Danvers. Col. Hutchinson, another commander in the revolutionary army from this toAvn, re ceived the marked approbation of Washington for his services at the crossing of the Delaware. He also commanded a company at * The author is indebted to Mr. Poole for a number of particulars respecting the his lory of this town. 172 DANVERS. the siege and capture of Quebec by Gen. Wolfe, and was at Lake George, and at the defeat of Ticonderoga, with Gen. Abercrombie. At the battle of Lexington he commanded a company of minute men. Jeremiah Page, another hero from this town, commanded a company at Lexington, and afterwards became a colonel in the army. Capt. Samuel Page also fought at Lexington, and com manded a company in the revolutionary army. Gen. Gideon Fos ter, another commander at the battle of Lexington, still survives, at the age of 90 years. ¦¦¦I ml m MB ?Aan 1131 Southern vtew of the Collins House, Danvers. As early as June 5th, 1774, General Gage, the royal governor, came here from Boston with two companies of the king's troops, from Castle William, belonging to the 64th regiment, and had his head-quarters at the mansion of Hon. R. Hooper, since the pro perty of the late Judge Collins, of which the above cut is a repre sentation. The troops Avere encamped about the house; but they had been there scarcely three months before the rebellious spirit of the people became so manifest that a large part of this force was kept under arms every night, to prevent a surprise, and on the 10th of September Gov. Gage marched back to Boston. It was in the vicinity of this house that the witchcraft excitement of 1692 first manifested itself. In Felt's Annals of Salem, it is thus noticed: [Feb.] "25th. Tituba, an Indian servant of Rev. S. Parris, is complained of for witchcraft. Before this, John, her husband, another Indian servant of Mr. P., had been persuaded by Mary Sibley to make a superstitious experiment for discovering persons, who, they supposed, secretly afflicted Mr. P.'s daughter, Elizabeth, M. 9, and his niece Abigail Williams, M. 11, and Ann Putnam, a girl of the neighborhood. March 1st. Sarah Osborn, Sarah and Dorothy Good, Tituba, servant of Mr. Parris, Martha Cory, Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Cloyce, John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth, all of Salem village, are committed to Boston jail, on charge of witchcraft. 11th. Mr. Parris and other ministers observe a Fast at Salem village because witchcraft had appeared there. — DANVERS. 173 Mary Sibley, having confessed that she innocently councilled John, the Indian, to attempt a discovery of witches, is permitted to com mune with Mr. P.'s church. She had been previously disciplined for such council and appeared well." The following statement is from the records of the first church, where it appears in Mr. Parris' own hand-writing. " 27th March, Sab. 1692. Sacrament Day. "After the common auditory were dismissed, and .before the church communion of the Lord's table, the following Testimony against the Error of our sister Mary Sibley who had given direction to my Indian man in an unwarrantable way to find out witches, was read by the Pastor. It is altogether undenyable that our great and blessed God hath suffered many persons, in several Families of this little village, to be grievously vexed and tortured in body, and to be deeply tempted, to the endanger ing of the destruction of their souls, and all these amazing facts (well known to many of us) to be done by Witchcraft and Diabolical Operations. It is also well known that when these calamities first began, which was in my own family, the affliction was several weeks before such hellish operations as Witchcraft was suspected. Nay it never brake forth to any considerable light until diabolical means was used by the making of a cake by my Indian man, who had his directions, from this our sister Mary Sibley, since which apparitions have been plenty, and exceeding much mischief hath followed. But by this means it seems the Devil hath been raized amongst us, and his rage is vehement and terrible, and when he shall be silenced the Lord only knows." The First Congregational church was located in the north parish, and organized 1671. Rev. James Bailey was the first pastor; he Avas settled in 1671, and resigned 1680.' His successor was the Rev. George Burroughs, Avho Avas settled 1680, and re signed 1683, and on the 19th August, 1692, Avas executed for witchcraft on "Gallows Hill," Salem. He Avas succeeded by the Rev. Deodab LaAvson in 1683, who resigned in 1688. The next in order was Rev. Samuel Parris, who was settled in 1689, and resigned in 1696. It was in Mr. Parris' family that witch craft excitement first made its appearance. His successor was the Rev. Joseph Green, who was settled in 1698, and died 1715. The Rev. Peter Clark succeeded him in 1717, and died in 1768. His successor, Rev. Benjamin Wadsworth, was settled 1772, and died 1826. The Second Congregational church, located in the south parish, was organized in 1713. The Baptist society was organized 1793, located at New Mills. The Unitarian society was incorporated in 1825. The Rev. Mr. Sewall was settled in 1827. This church is located at south parish. The First Universalist church, located at New Mills, organized in 1829. Pastor, Rev. William Henry Knapp, installed 1834. Second Universalist, located in south parish. The Methodist society Avas recently organized. The public acts of the inhabitants of Danvers in those fearful times immediately preceding the open rupture with the mother country, as shown by their town records, display an ardor and de termination in view of the great struggle before them, unsurpassed in any other part of the country. These acts were folloAved by prompt personal effori and the sacrifice of the best blood of her sons. Of those who fell at the battle of Lexington one sixth part 174 DANVERS. were inhabitants of this town. A monument to their memory Avas laid in 1835, on the 60th anniversary of the battle, by Gen. Gideon Foster, one of the survivors, and captain of a company of minute men from this tOAvn, which fought on that day. Gen. Foster then addressed the multitude assembled to Avitness the ceremony, among which were nineteen survivors of the revolutionary army ; after which religious services Avere performed, and an address delivered ¦ by Danl. P. King, Esq., in that ancient church Avhere sixty years before religious services Were had over the remains of the slain. "The occasion will long be remembered, — as calculated to deepen our feelings of veneration for the events commemorated — for the exercise of generous feelings in the discharge of an honor due to the glorious dead, — and the ceremonies of the day will re mind us of our obligations to those who spilled their blood in the first offering at the shrine of liberty." ¦ :Wfi^:S^ks= !if i?S3fef wm . Monument and Bell Tavern, Danvers. The above is a view of the monument, which is built of hewn sienite, is 22 feet in height and 7 feet broad at the base. . It Avas completed in 1837, at an expense somewhat exceeding $1,000. The. following inscriptions, carved in Italian marble, appear on tAvo sides of the monument. [On the east.] Battle of Lexington, April 19th, 1775. Samuel Cook, aged 33 years ; Benj. Daland. 25;. George Southwick, 25; Jotham Webb, 22; Henry Jacobs, 22; Ebenr. Gold- thwait, 22 ; Perley Putnam, 21 ; Citizens of Danvers, fell on that day. Dulce et decorum est pro pairia mori. [On the reverse.] Erected by Citizens of Danvers on the 60th Anniversary, 1S35. In the back-ground is a AneAv oi' an ancient building Avhich was formerly much celebrated as the Old BeU Tavern, for man}'- years kept by a Mr. Francis Symouds, Avho, besides being the landlord, claimed 'the honor of being the poet laureate of the village. A ESSEX. 175 wooden representation of a bell hung from his sign-post, on which he caused to be inscribed, " I'll toll you in if you have need And feed you well and bid you speed." To the business of publican he united that of chocolate dealer, and on a sign projecting from the post below the bell, was the fol lowing couplet : " Francis Symonds makes and.sells The best of Chocolate, also Shells." This house was formerly a place of much resort, it being on the great thoroughfare from the east and north to Boston. It was here that the Salem regiment, under the late Col. Timo. Pickering, halted for refreshment on their march to Bunker Hill on the 17th of June, 1775. It may not be uninteresting to state that this ancient building Avas once the temporary residence of Elizabeth Whitman, whose singular history in fictitious narrative, and under the fictitious name of Eliza Wharton, has excited so much interest with read ers of romance. It was here she lived a transient visiter, a mys tery to all, and here, among strangers, she died. She is described by those who saw her as a lady of agreeable manners and con versation, of strong mind, intelligent and accomplished. In form she was above the common height, and had considerable personal beauty. Her fate appears to have excited much sympathy in the village, and her remains were followed by a large number of the inhabitants to the village burial-ground, Avhere the mutilated head stone of her grave still remains. The foot-stone has long since been entirely demolished by the depredations of visiters, who make their pilgrimages to the spot and carry away some portion as a relic, and, unless some measures are taken to prevent it, the re maining stone will also soon disappear. These monuments to her memory are made from a reddish freestone, and were placed at her grave by some unknown friends of the deceased. The head-stone bears the following inscription, which differs from that recorded in the book purporting to be her history, only in the name. " This humble stone in memory of Elizabeth Whitman, is inscribed by her weep ing friends to whom she endeared herself by uncommon tenderness and affection. Endowed with superior genius and acquirements, she was still more endeared by humility and benevolence. Let candor throw a veil over her frailties, for great was her charity to others. She sustained the last painful scene far from every friend, and exhibited an example of calm resignation. Her departure was on the 25th of July, A. D. 1788, in the 37th year of her age, and the tears of strangers watered her grave." ESSEX. Essex was for 121 years a parish of the ancient town of Ipswich, and was called Chebacco. It became a separate town in 1819. The fishing business was formerly extensively carried on in this 24 176 GLOUCESTER. town. It is well situated for ship-building. During five years preceding 1837, there were 220 vessels built, the tonnage of which was 12,500 tons ; valued at $337,500 ; hands employed in ship building, 120. There were 14 vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery. The timber for ship-building is rafted from the Merrimac into Plum Island Sound, and thence through a canal which has been cut across the marshes from Ipswich bay. The farms in Essex are good. Much fruit is raised, and many tons of hay annually sold in the Boston and Salem markets. Another source of profit, to some of the inhabitants, are the clam-banks of Essex. Upwards of a thousand barrels of clams are dug here annually, and sold (exclusive of barrels and salt) for $2,50 to $3 ;per barrel. There is one fact which is indicative of the attach ment of the people to the place : that of 196 families, of which the town consisted in 1820, fifty-two were of the name of Burnham, and a large proportion of the residue were of the names of Cogs well and Choate. The village in the central part of the town consists of about 50 dwelling-houses and two churches, about 5 miles from Ipswich, and 25 from Boston. Population of the town, 1,402. A Congregational church was formed here in 1681. The next year the Rev. John Wise was ordained pastor. His successor was Rev. Theophilus Pickering, who was settled in 1725. In 1745, the second society was formed, and in 1747 the Rev. John Cleave land was ordained pastor. In 1774, the two churches united under Mr. Cleaveland. Rev. Josiah Webster succeeded Mr. Cleaveland in 1799. His successor was Rev. Thomas Holt, who was installed 1809. The Rev. Robert CroweU was settled 1814. The Christian society was organized in 1808, and their house erected 1809. A Universalist society was formed 1829. GEORGETOWN. This town was incorporated in 1838, previous to which it was the western part of Rowley, and called New Rowley. It appears that the first Congregational church in this town Avas organized in 1731, and the first pastor was James Chandler, a native of Ando ver, who settled here in 1732, and died in 1788. The highest land in the county is " Bald Pate." From this elevation an extensive and delightful view may be obtained, comprehending a portion of the valley of the Merrimac, and the adjacent settlements, toge ther with the beautiful town of Haverhill. GLOUCESTER. Gloucester is a maritime town, comprising Cape Ann, and an inland parish. This promontory was named Cape Ann, by Prince Charles, out of respect to his mother. It is joined to the GLOUCESTER. 177 main land by a narrow isthmus of about fifty yards wide, called the Cut, over which the road passes into the harbor. The name Cut was derived from an early grant, in these words : " Upon the 26th of the 5th month, 1643, it is ordered that Mr. Richard Blyn.man, Pastor, is to cut the beach through and to maintaine it, and hath given him three ackers of upland, and hee is to have the benefit to himself and his forever, giveing the Inhabitantes of the town free passage." This afforded an easier and shorter passage to vessels bound to or from the eastward. In 1624, the Dorchester (Eng.) company commenced a fishing and planting station here. Thomas Gardner was appointed over seer of the planting, and John Tilley of the fishing, that year. Ro ger Conant, who had been appointed overseer of both departments, removed here the year after, bringing Lyford as minister, with others. But this settlement was broken up in 1626, and Conant, with most of the company, removed to Salem. A few years after, a permanent settlement was formed here by the Rev.' Mr. Blynman, an ejected minister of Wales, with about fifty others. In 1639, the place was incorporated as a fishing plantation. In 1642, Glouces ter was, created a town by the general court. It was named after Gloucester, England, the native place of some of the first settlers. First Parish, or Harbor. — The first church was formed in 1642, and for many years its location was in the Town parish. It was the 19th church gathered in Massachusetts Bay. In 1738, a new meeting-house was erected by the society at the Harbor. Its pastors have been, Rev. Richard Blyman, settled in 1642 ; Rev. John Emerson, in 1658 ; Rev. John White, in 1703 ; Rev. Samuel : Chandler, in 1751 ; Rev. Eli Forbes, in 1776 ; Rev. Perez Lincoln, in 1805 ; Rev. Levi Hartshorn, in 1815 ; Rev. Hosea Hildreth, in 1825; Rev. Luther Hamilton, in 1834; Rev. Josiah K. Waite, in 1836. This church is now Unitarian. The Universalist Society was formed in 1774, under the preaching of Rev. John Murray, the first teacher of that denomination. In 1792 it was incorporated as the Independent. Christian Society. Rev. Thomas Jones, first pastor, was settled 1804 ; Rev. Daniel D. Smith as colleague pastor in 1838. since dismissed. The Baptist Church was organized in 1830. Rev. Samuel Adlam settled in 1831: Rev. William Lamson in 1837; Rev. J. A. B. Stone in 1839. The Methodist Society was or-. ganized in 1826 ; church built in 1827. The Evangelical Congregational Church was organized in 1829. Rev. Charles Porter was settled in 1831 ; Rev. Christopher M. Nickels in 1835. Second, or West Parish. — The Congregational Society was organized in 1716. Pastors : Rev. Samuel- Thompson was settled in 1716 ; Rev. Richard Jacques in 1725 ; Rev. Daniel Fuller in 1770. A large majority of the society having become Universalists, the meeting-house and other property of the society have since belonged to that denomination. The church has been revived by the addition of members to the few persons that remained of the old church, and a new meeting-house was built in 1834, and Rev. Isaac Brown was ordained in 1840. This is called the Trinitarian Congregational Church and Society. Third, or Squam Parish. — It was incorporated in 1728. Pastors : Rev. Benjamin Bradstreet was set tled in 1728; Rev. John Wyeth in 1766; Rev. Obadiah Parsons in 1772; Rev. Ezra Leonard in 1801. Mr. Leonard was ordained as a Congregational minister, but in 1815 he embraced the Universalist doc trine, and the society is now of that order. The Christian Society was organized in 1810. It has since become a Baptist Society. Rev. Epes Davis was settled in 1813. This society is now almost extinct. The Congregational Society at Lane's Cove, Squam Parish, was formed in 1828. Church organized in 1830. Pastors ; Rev. Moses Sawyer was settled in 1831 ; Rev. David Tilton in 1840. Fourth, or Town Parish.— The oldest in the town, being the location of the first settlers, and the place of worship and seat of business for about a century. In 1742 the parish was divided, and the northern part was incorporated and set off as a separate parish, (the fourth.) Rev. John Rogers was ordained in 1744, died in 1782. Since that period there has been no regular ordained minister, and the society is now extinct. A Methodist church was set off from the Harbor church in 1838, and a meeting house was erected the same year. The town of Gloucester comprises two villages. The Harbor,. 178 GLOUCESTER. so called, is the principal village, and is finely located on the south side of the cape, The engraving shows the appearance of the vil- South-western view of Gloucester. lage as it is approached from the south-west. The settlement is compact ; many of the houses are built of brick. The sea views from this place are very extensive, and rarely equalled in grandeur and sublimity by any on the coast, and the inhabitants truly dwell at " the noise of the sounding surge ! when the dark rolling wave is near, with its back of foam ! " The village of Sandy Bay is on the eastern side of the cape, about five miles from the Harbor. A pier and breakwater have been constructed here for the security of shipping. The village of Squam is on the north side of the cape, about five miles from the Harbor. Opposite this place is the sand beach, which once supplied with sand all the towns from Portsmouth to Boston, at the time when it was used on floors instead of paint or carpets. The mackerel fishery is earried on to a great extent in this town. The following is an account of the business that has been done in this branch in the. years 1832, '33 and '34. The year 1835 was an unfortunate year to the mackerel catchers. There were inspected in 1832, 8,138 barrels of No. 1, and 6,202 half barrels; of No. 2, 15,421 barrels and 7,163 half barrels; of No. 3, 15,010 barrels and 547 half barrels. In 1834, there were inspected of No. 1, 18,835 barrels, and 9,432 half barrels; of No. 2, 20,638 barrels, and 6,591 half barrels; of No. 3, 13,763 barrels, and 143 half barrels. The folloAving is from the state Statistical Tables in 1837. Ves sels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, 221 ; tonnage of the same, 9,824; cod-fish caught, 55,181 quintals; value of the same, $186,516 ; mackerel caught, 43,934 barrels ; value of the same, $335,566 ; salt used in the cod and mackerel fishery, 113,760 bushels; hands employed, 1,580; capital invested, $349,000. GLOUCESTER. 179 Immense quarries of light and gray granite are found in this town ; this is split into regularly formed blocks. It is of a fine grain, easily dressed, and can be loaded into vessels at little expense. There is an increasing demand for it. The quarries employ about three hundred men, who get out about 100,000 tons yearlv, and this is sold at an average price of $2 per ton. Gloucester Bank commenced operation in 1796, with a capital of $40,000, and it was incorporated Jan. 27, 1800. Subsequent acts of the legisla ture increased the capital to $200,000, its present amount. Here is an insurance company, Avith a capital of $100,000, and an institu tion for savings. There is a newspaper printed in this place, called the Gloucester Telegraph. There are 14 churches in this town, of Avhich 5 are Universalist, 4 Orthodox, 3 Baptist, 1 Unita rian, and 1 Methodist. Five are located in the Harbor parish, 2 in the West parish, 3 in Squam, 1 in Town parish, and 3 in Sandy Bay. It has been stated in some ancient publications that lions; have been seen in this section of country. William Wood, the author of " New England's Prospect," says, concerning lions, " I will not say that I ever saw any myself, but some affirm that they have seen a lion at Cape Ann, which is not above ten leagues from Bos ton. Some likeAvise being lost in the woods, have heard such ter rible roarings, as have made them much aghast ; which must be either devils or lions, there being no other creatures which use to roar, saving hears, which have not such a terrible kind of roaring:" This place was visited by a severe storm in August, 1635, in which a melancholy shipwreck took place. There had been a strong Avind blowing from the south and south-east for a week ; at midnight it changed to the north-east, when a tremendous storm set in. Trees were torn up by their roots, vessels were driven from their anchorage, and houses were blown down. The tide rose twenty feet in height. During the storm, Mr. Allerton's bark was cast away upon the cape, twenty-one persons were drowned, of which number was the Rev. Mr. Avery, of Wiltshire, (Eng.) with his wife and six small children. All were lost except Mr. Thacher and his wife, who were cast upon the shore of an island and saved. The island where the two were saved was afterward called Thach er's Island. The rock on which the vessel struck is still called Avery's rock. In 1671, a whirlwind of about forty feet in breadth passed through the neck that makes one side of the harbor, bearing all before it with such power that a large rock in the harbor came near being overturned. In 1692, memorable in the annals of mystery, many strange oc currences took place at Gloucester. The people thought they saw armed Frenchmen and Indians running about their houses and fields ; these they often shot at when within a short distance ; the shot ap peared to take effect, so much so as to cause them to fall, but on coming up they rose and ran away. The " unaccountable troublers" in return shot at the inhabitants of the town, who said that they heard the shot whiz by their ears. One man heard the Report of a gun., the bullet of which whizzed by him and cut Off a pine bush near at 180 GLOUCESTER. hand, and lodged in a hemlock tree. Turning round, he saw four men advancing to ward him with guns on their shoulders. There were others who saw where the bullet had lodged and cut off the pine bush. For three weeks the alarm was so great that two regiments were raised, and a company of sixty men from Ipswich, under the com mand of Major Appleton, was sent to their succor. The Rev. John Emerson, the cler gyman of the town, says " all rational persons will he satisfied that Gloucester was not alarmed for a fortnight together by real Frenchmen and Indians, but that the devil and his agents were the cause of all that befel the town." Another writer asks " whether Satan did not set ambushments against the good people of Gloucester, with demons, in the shape of armed Indians and Frenchmen, appearing to a considerable number of the inhabitants, and mutually firing upon them for the best part of a month together." The following is taken from a pamphlet, entitled " Report of a Committee of the Linnsean Society of New England, relative to a large Marine Animal, supposed to be a Serpent, seen near Cape Ann, Massachusetts, August, 1817." The letter is from the Hon. Lonson Nash, of Gloucester. Gloucester, Sept. 9, 1817. Sm : Your favor of the second inst. has been received. The vote of thanks of the Linnsean Society for my services was highly gratifying to me, not simply on account of the high consideration I entertain for the members of that laudable institution, hut likewise for the agreeable manner and respectable channel through which their vote of thanks was communicated to me. I have seen and conversed with the woman who was said to have seen the serpent dormant on the rocks, near the water, to whom you refer in yours ; but she can give no material evidence. She says that she saw something resembling a large log of wood on the rocks, on the extreme eastern point of Ten Pound Island, fa small island in our harbor,) resting partly on the rocks and partly in the water. The distance was about half a mile. She took a glass, looked at the object, and saw it move. Her attention was for a short time arrested by some domestic avocation, and when she looked for the object again it had disappeared. You request a detailed account of my observations relative to the serpent. I saw him on the fourteenth ultimo, and when nearest I judged him to be about two hundred and fifty yards from me. At that distance I judged Mm in the larger part about the size of a half barrel, gradually tapering towards the two extremes. Twice I saw him with a glass, only for a short time, and at other times with the naked eye for nearly half an hour. His color appeared nearly black — his motion nearly vertical. When he moved on the surface of the water, the track in his rear was visible for at least half a mile. His velocity, when moving on the surface of the water, I judged was at the rate of a mile in about four minutes. When immersed in the water, his speed was greater, moving, I should say, at the rate of a mile in two, or at most in three minutes. When moving under water, you could often trace him by the motion of the water on the sur face, and from this circumstance I conclude he did not swim deep. He apparently went as straight through the water as you could draw a line. When he changed his course, it diminished his velocity but little — the two extremes that were visible appear ed rapidly moving in opposite directions, and when they came parallel they appeared not more than a yard apart. With a glass I could not take in at one view the two extremes of the animal that were visible. I have looked at a vessel at about the same distance, and could distinctly see forty-five feet. If he should be taken, I have no doubt that his length would be found seventy feet, at least, and I should not be surprised if he should be found one hundred feet long. When I saw him I was standing on an emi nence on the sea-shore, elevated about thirty feet above the surface of the water, and the sea was smooth. If I saw his head I could not distinguish it from his body, though there wore sea-faring men near me who said they could distinctly see his head. I believe they spoke truth, but, not having been much accustomed to look through » glass, I was not so fortunate. I never saw more than seven or eight distinct portions of him. above the water at any one time, and he appeared rough, though I suppose this appearance was pro duced by his motion. When he disappeared he apparently sunk directly down like a rock. Capt. Beach has been in Boston for a week past, and I am informed that he is HAMILTON. 181 still there. An engraving from his drawing of the serpent has been or is now making in Boston, but I have not been able to ascertain how far his drawing is thought a correct representation. Respectfully, Sir, your most ob't. Hon. John Davis. Lonson Nash. HAMILTON. Hamilton Avas formerly a part of Ipswich, and was called Ips wich Hamlet until 1793, when it Avas incorporated as a separate town. Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants, though shoes are made to a considerable extent annually. In 1837, boots and shoes were manufactured to the value of $14,702. Population, 827. Distance from Boston, 26 miles. The town is pleasantly located, and the soil good ; but the in habitants are so much scattered that there is no compact village. Chebacco river takes its rise here, from Chebacco pond, and seve ral other smaller ponds near the south-east boundary of the town. Wenharn swamp extends into the southern parts of the town. Ips wich river runs along the western border. Hamilton has only one religious society ; this is Congregational, and was organized in 1714, as the third of Ipswich. The Rev. Samuel Wigglesworth, the first pastor, was settled in 1714, died in 1768. He was succeeded by the Rev. Manasseh Cutler, in 1771, who died in 1823. His -successor was the Rev. Joseph B. Felt, who was installed in 1824, resigned in 1833. Mr. Felt is author of Annals of Salem, History of Ipswich, Ham ilton and Essex. The following is an extract from his history of this place. " There are four families in this town called bleeders ; three of them are immediately and the other mediately related. The number of individuals so denominated are five. They are thus named from an unusual propensity in their arteries and veins to bleed profusely, even from slight wounds. A cut or other hurt upon them assumes at first the common appearance ; but after a week or fortnight the injured part begins and continues, for seve ral days, to send forth almost a steady stream of blood, until this disappears, and it becomes nearly as colorless as water. A por tion of the coagulated blood forms a cone, large or small according to the wound. The bleeding ceases when the cone, which has a minute aperture and is very foetid, falls off. The persons thus constituted dare not submit to the operation of the lancet. They often bleed abundantly at the nose, and are subject to se vere and premature rheumatism. Some of their predecessors have come to their end by wounds which are not considered by any means dangerous for people in general. This hemorrhage first appeared in the Appleton family, who brought it with them from England. None but males are bleeders, whose immediate children are not so, and whose daughters only have sons thus disposed. As to the precise proportion of these who may resemble their grand fathers in bleeding of this kind, past observation furnishes no data ; it has been found altogether uncertain." 182 HAVERHILL. HAVEHHILL. The precise time of the settlement of Haverhill is not known. Gov. Winthrop, in his journal, says, " Mo. 3, 1643. About this time two plantations began to be settled upon Merrimack river : Pentuckett, called Haverhill, and Cochichewick, called Andover." The settlement, it is believed, was begun in 1640 or 41. The town is said to have been called Haverhill in compliment to Mr. Ward, the first minister, who Avas born in Haverhill, in Essex county, in England. " The town at first extended six miles north of the Merrimack, and was fourteen miles upon the river. It Avas inte rested in the long dispute about the boundaries betAveen the pro vinces of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, Avhich Avas at length settled by commissioners in 1737. Col. Richard Saltonstall, Rich ard Hazzen, and Dea. James Ayer, represented the town before these commissioners." The township formerly embraced Avithin its limits a part of the towns of Methuen, Salem, Atkinson, and the town of PlaistoAV, in NeAV Hampshire. The folloAving is a copy of the Indian deed of the town. " Know all Men by these Presents, that wee Passaquo and Saggahew, with the concent of Passaconnaway, have sold unto the inhabitants of Pentuckett all the land wee have in Pentuckett ; that is, eight miles in length from the little river in Pentuckett west ward, six miles in length from the aforesaid river northward, and six miles in length from the aforesaid river eastward, with the islands and the river that the islands stand in, as far in length as the land lyes, as formerly expressed, that is, fourteene myles in length; and wee the said Passaquo and Saggahew, with the consent of Passaconnaway, have sold unto the said inhabbittants all the right that wee or any of us have in the said ground, and islands and river ; and do Avarrant it against all or any other Indians whatsoever, unto the said inhabbittants of Pentuckett, and to their heirs and assigns forever. Dated fifteenth day of November : Anno Dom: 1642. Witness our hands and seals to this bargayrie of sale, the day and yeare above written, (in the presents of us.) Wee the said Passaquo and Saggahew have received in hand, for and in consi deration of the same, three pounds and ten shillings." The two Indians above named signed the above by making their marks, each a bow and arroAV, and is witnessed by John Ward Robert Clements, Tristam Coffin, Hugh Sherrit, William White, and Thomas Davis. The following are the names of those persons Avho accompanied Mr. Ward, the minister, and began the first settlement of Haverhill. Those in italics were from Newbury. William White, Samuel Gile, James Davis, Henry Palmer, John Robinson, Abraham Tyler Daniel Ladd, Joseph Merrie, Christopher Hursey, Job Clement^ John Williams, Richard Littlehale. Before the town was settled it was covered Avith a dense forest, except the lowlands or meadows! These were cleared by the Indians, perhaps centuries before the arrival of the English settlers, and they were covered Avith a heavy growth of grass, so thick and high, it is said, that it was impossi ble to discover man or beast at a distance of five rods. On account of the grass, these lands were prized above all others by the settlers, on account of procuring hay for their cattle. The first house was HAVERHILL. 183 erected near the old burying-ground, about one fourth of a mile east of the Haverhill bridge. Eastern view of Haverhill. The above shows the appearance of Haverhill from the road on the northern bank of the Merrimac, as the village is entered from the eastward. Haverhill bridge, the one seen in the view, is hardly excelled by any structure of the kind in New England for strength and durability. The location of the village is uncommonly beau tiful. It is built on the south side of a gentle acclivity, which rises gradually from the river, which winds before it in the form of a crescent. Water and Main streets, the principal streets in the village, are someAvhat irregular. Water street is a mile or more in length; it runs parallel with the river, and is thickly built on both sides with buildings of various kinds. Main street intersects Avith Water street opposite the bridge, and runs north. On it are a number of elegant buildings. Summer street, which was opened a few years since, on the brow of the hill, intersecting Main street, is the pleasantest in the village, and is adorned with elegant dAvelling-houses. The "Merrimac Bank," in this place, Avas incorporated in 1814, with a capital of $270,000. There is an institution for savings, an academy, and two printing-offices, each of which issues a weekly paper. There are 8 houses of worship in the town, viz. 4 Congregational, 2 Baptist, 1 Universalist, and 1 Christian. Population, 4,726. Distance, 14 miles from NeAv- buryport, 15 from Ipswich, 30 from Portsmouth, and 29 from Bos ton. In 1837, there were manufactured in this town 12,003 pairs of boots ; 1,387,118 pairs of shoes; the value of boots and shoes, $1,005,424 55; males employed, 1,715; females, 1,170. There were 4 tanneries; hides tanned, 8,050; value of leather tanned and curried, $115,630, (part of the leather tanned in other towns) ; hands employed, 47. Six hat manufactories ; hats manufactured, 125,593 ; value of hats, $75,365 ; males employed, 83 ; females, 25 184 HAVERHILL. 39. One woollen mill, which manufactured $7R,000's worth ol woollen goods. For more than seventy years, Haverhill was a frontier town, and often suffered the horrors of savage warfare. The following accounts are taken from Mirick' s History of Haverhill, published in Haverhill, in 1832. The accounts are evidently drawn up with a good deal of care and accuracy. On the 15th of March, 1697, a body of Indians made a descent on the westerly part of the town, and approached the house of Mr. Thomas Dustin. They came, as they were wont, arrayed with all the terrors of a savage war dress, with their muskets charged for the contest, their tomahawks drawn for the slaughter, and their scalping knives unsheathed and glittering in the sunbeams. Mr. Dustin at this time was engaged abroad in his daily labor. When the terrific shouts of the blood-hounds first fell on his ear, he seized his gun, mounted his horse, and hastened to his house, with the hope of escorting to a place of safety his family, which consisted of his wife, whom he tenderly and passionately loved, and who had been confined only seven days in childbed, her nurse, Mrs. Mary Neff, and eight young children. Immediately upon his arrival, he rushed into his house, and found it a scene of confusion — the women trembling for their safety, and the children weeping and calling on their mother for protection. He instantly ordered seven of his children to fly in an oppo site direction from that in which the danger was approaching, and went himself to assist his wife. But he was too late — before she could arise from her bed, the enemy were upon them . Mr. Dustin, seeing there was no hope of saving his wife from the clutches of the foe, flew from the house, mounted his horse, and rode full speed after his flying chil dren. The agonized father supposed it impossible to save them all, and he determined to snatch from death the child which shared the most of his affections. He soon came up with the infant brood ; he heard their glad voices and saw the cheerful looks that overspread their countenances, for they felt themselves safe while under his protection. He looked for the child of his love — where was it ? He scanned the little group from the oldest to the youngest, but he could not find it. They all fondly loved him — they called him by the endearing title of father, were flesh of his flesh, and stretched out their little arms toward him for protection. He gazed upon them, and faltered in his Tesolution, for there was none whom he could leave behind ; and, indeed, what parent could, in such a situation, select the child which shared the most of his affections ? He could not do it, and therefore resolved to defend them from the murderers, or die at their side. A small party of the Indians pursued Mr. Dustin as he fled from the house, and soon overtook him and his flying children. They did not, however, approach very near, for they saw his determination, and feared the vengeance of a father, but skulked behind the trees and fences, and fired upon him and his little company. Mr. Dustin dismounted from his horse, placed himself in the rear of his children, and returned the fire of the enemy often and with good success. In this manner he retreated for more than a mile, alternately encouraging his terrified charge, and loading and firing his gun, until he lodged them safely in a forsaken house. The Indians, finding that they could not conquer him, returned to their companions, expecting, no doubt, that they should there find victims, on which they might exercise their savage cruelty. The party which entered the house when Mr. Dustin left it, found Mrs. Dustin in bed, and the nurse attempting to fly with the infant in her arms. They ordered Mrs. Dustin to rise instantly, while one of them took the infant from the arms of the nurse, carried it out, and dashed out its brains against an apple-tree. After plundering the house they set it on fire, and commenced their retreat, though Mrs. Dustin had but partly dressed herself, and was without a shoe on one of her feet. Mercy was a stran ger to the breasts of the conquerors, and the unhappy women expected to receive no kindnesses from their hands. The weather at the time was exceedingly cold, the March-wind blew keen and piercing, and the earth was alternately covered with snow and deep mud. They travelled twelve miles the first day, and continued their retreat, day by day, following a circuitous route, until they reached the home of the Indian who claimed them as his property, which was on a small island, now called Dustin's Island, at the mouth of the Contoocook river, about six miles above the state-house in Concord, New Hampshire. Notwithstanding their intense suffering for the death of the child —their anxiety lor those whom they had left behind, and who they expected had been HAVERHILL. X85 cruelly butchered— their sufferings from cold and hunger, and from sleeping on the damp earth, with nothing but an inclement sky for a covering — and their terror for themselves, lest the arm that, as they supposed, had slaughtered those whom they dearly loved, would soon be made red with their blood,— notwithstanding all this they performed the journey without yielding, and arrived at their destination in compara tive health. r The family of their Indian master consisted of two men, three women, and seven children ; besides an English boy, named Samuel Lennardson, who was taken pri soner about a year previous, at Worcester. Their master, some years before, had lived in the family of Rev. Mr. Rowlandson, of Lancaster, and he told Mrs. Dustin that " when he prayed the English way he thought it was good, but now he found the French way better." These unfortunate women had been but a few days with the Indians, when they were informed that they must soon start for a distant Indian settlement, and that, upon, their arrival, they would be obliged to conform to the regulations always required of prisoners, whenever they entered the village, which was, to be stripped, scourged, and run the gauntlet in a state of nudity. The gauntlet consisted of two files of Indians,. of both sexes and of all ages, containing all that could be mustered in the village ; and the unhappy prisoners were obliged to run between them, when they were- scoffed at and beaten by each one as they passed, and were sometimes marks at which the younger Indians threw their hatchets. This cruel custom was often prac tised by many of the tribes, and not unfrequently the poor prisoner sunk beneath it. Soon as the two women were informed of this, they determined to escape as speedily as possible. They could not bear to be exposed to the scoffs and unrestrained gaze of their savage conquerors — death would be preferable. Mrs. Dustin soon planned a mode of escape, appointed the 31st inst. for its accomplishment, and prevailed upon her nurse and the boy to join her. The Indians kept no watch, for the boy had lived with them so long they considered him as one of their children, and they did not, expect that the women, unadvised and unaided, would attempt to escape, when suc cess, at the best, appeared so desperate. On the day previous to the 31st, Mrs. Dustin wished to learn on what part of the- body the Indians struck their victims when they would despatch them suddenly, and how they took off a scalp. With this view she instructed the boy to make inquiries of one of the men. Accordingly, at a convenient opportunity, he asked one of them; where he would strike a man if he would kill him instantly, and how to take off a scalp. The man laid his finger on his temple — " Strike 'em there," said he ; and then. instructed him how to scalp. The boy then communicated his information to Mrs. Dustin. The night at length arrived, and the whole family retired to rest, little suspecting that the most of them would never behold another sun. Long before the break of day, Mrs. Dustin arose, and, having ascertained that they were all in a deep sleep, awoke her nurse and the boy, when they armed themselves with tomahawks, and despatched ten of the twelve. A favorite- boy they designedly left ; and one of the squaws, whom they left for dead, jumped up, and ran with him into the woods. Mrs. Dustin killed her master, and Samuel Lennardson despatched the very Indian who told him where to strike, and how to take off a scalp. The deed was accomplished before the day began to break, and, after securing what little provision the wigwam of their dead master afforded, they scuttled all the boats but one, to prevent pursuit, and with that started for their homes. Mrs. Dustin took with her a gun that belonged to her master, and the tomahawk with which she committed the tragical deed. They had not pro ceeded far, however, when Mrs. Dustin perceived that they had neglected to take their scalps, and feared that her neighbors, if they ever arrived at their homes, would not credit their story, and would ask them for some token or proof. She told her fears to her companions, and they immediately returned to the silent wigwam, took off the scalps of the fallen, and put them into a bag. They then started on their jour ney anew, with the gun, tomahawk, and the bleeding trophies, — palpable witnesses of their heroic and unparalleled deed. A long and weary journey was before them, but they commenced it with cheerful hearts, each alternately rowing and steering their little bark. Though they had escaped from the clutches of their unfeeling master, still they were surrounded with dangers. They were thinly clad, the sky was still inclement, and they were liable to be re-captured by strolling bands of Indians, or by those who would undoubtedly pur sue them so soon as the squaw and the boy had reported their departure, and the ter rible vengeance they had taken ; and were they again made prisoners, they well knew that a speedy death would follow. This array of danger, however, did not appall them, 186 HAVERHILL for home was their beacon-light, and the thoughts of their firesides nerved their hearts. They continued to drop silently down the river, keeping a good lookout for strolling Indians ; and in the night two of them only slept, while the third managed the boat. In this manner they pursued their journey, until they arrived safely, with their trophies, at their homes, totally unexpected by their mourning friends, who supposed that they had been butchered by their ruthless conquerors. It must truly have been an affect ing meeting for Mrs. Dustin, who likewise supposed that all she loved — all she held dear on earth — was laid in the silent tomb. After recovering from the fatigue of the journey, they started for Boston, where they arrived on the 21st of April. They carried with them the gun and tomahawk, and their ten scalps — those witnesses that would not lie ; and while there, the general court gave them fifty pounds, as a reward for their heroism. The report of their daring deed soon spread into every part of the country, and when Colonel Nicholson, governor of Maryland, heard of it, he sent them a very valuable present, and many presents were also made to them by their neighbors. The following lines, descriptive of the foregoing, were written by Mrs. Sarah J. Hale, editor of the Ladies' Magazine, recently pub lished in Boston. They contain much of the " soul of poetry." THE FATHER'S CHOICE. Now fly, as flies the rushing wind — Urge, urge thy lagging steed ! The savage yell is fierce behind, And life is on thy speed. And from th,ose dear ones make thy choice ; The group he wildly eyed, When "father!" burst from every voice, And " child !" his heart replied. There's one that now can share his toil, And one he meant for fame, And one that wears her mother's smile., And one that bears her name ; And pne will prattle on his knee, Or slumber on his breast ; And one whose joys of infancy Are still by smiles expressed. They feel no fear while he is near ; He'll'shield them from the foe ; But oh ! his ear must thrill to hear Their shriekings, should he go. In vain his quivering lips would speak ; No words, his thoughts allow ; There's burning tears upon his cheek— r Death's marble on his brow. And twice he smote his clenched hand- Then bade his children fly ! And turned, and e'en that savage band Cowered at his wrathful eye. Swift as the lightning, winged with death, Flashed forth the quivering flame ! Their fiercest warrior bows beneath . The father's deadly airn. Not the wild cries, that read tlie -skies, Hie heart of purpose move ; He saves his children, or be dies The sacrifice of love. Ambition goads the conqueror on, Hate points the murderer's brand- But lore and duty, these alone Can nerye the good man's hand. The hero may resign the field. The coward murd'rer flpe ; He cannot fear, he will not yield, That strikes, sweet love, for thee. They come, they come — he heeds no cry, Save the soft child-like wail, " 0, father, save !" " My children, fly 1" Were mingled on the gale. And firmer still he drew his breath, And sterner flash'd his eye, As fast he hurls the leaden death, Still shouting, " Children, fly I" No shadow on his brow appeared, Nor tremor shook his frame, Save when at intervals he heard Some trembler lisp his name. In vain the foe, those fiends unchained, Like famished tigers chafe, The sheltering roof is near'd, is gain'd, All, all the dear ones safe ! The 29th of August, 1708, a party of French and Indians, from Canada, fell upon Haverhill, and killed and captured about forty inhabitants. The following is from Mirick' s History of Haverhill. It is said that their first design was to attack Portsmouth, and then, marching rapidly onward to other settlements, spread terror and desolation along the whole frontier. But being unable to accomplish this on account of the unexpected desertions, they were obliged to compress their views. Their whole force was now about 250, a small number when compared with that which started from Canada. Probably the French officers felt ^ashamed to return without effecting something, after they had been at so much trouble and expense ; accordingly, Haverhill, a compact village, consisting of about thirty houses, was selected for the slaughter. At the break of day, on the 29th of August, they passed the frontier garrisons undis covered, and were first seen near the pound, marching two and two, by John Keezar, wno was returning from Amesbury. He immediately ran into the village and alarmed HAVERHILL. 187 the inhabitants, who seem to have slept totally unguarded, by firing his gun near the meeting-house. The enemy soon appeared, making the air ring with terrific yells, with a sort of whistle, which, says tradition, could be heard as far as a horn, and clothed in all the terrors of a savage war-dress. They scattered in every direction over the village, so that they might accomplish their bloody work with more despatch. The first person they saw was Mrs, Smith, whom they shot as she was flying from her house to a garrison. The foremost party attacked the house of Rev. Benjamin Rolfe, which was then garrisoned with three soldiers, and he, and a part of his beloved and accomplished family, were suddenly awakened from their slumbers, only to hear the horrid knell for their departure. Mr. Rolfe instantly leaped from his bed, placed himself against the door, which they were endeavoring to beat in, and called on the soldiers for assistance ; but these craven-hearted men refused to give it, for they were palsied with fear, and walked to and fro through the chambers, crying and swinging their arms. Had they displayed but half the ordinary courage of men, no doubt they would have successfully defended the house. But, instead of that, they did not fire a gun, or even lift a finger towards its defence. The enemy, finding their entrance strenuously opposed, fired two balls through the door, one of which took effect, and wounded Mr. Rolfe in the elbow. They then pressed against it with their united strength, and Mr. Rolfe, finding it impossible to resist them any longer, fled precipitately through the house, and out at the back door, The Indians followed, overtook him at the well, and despatched him with their tomahawks. They then searched every part of the house for plunder, and also for other victims, on whom they might inflict their savage cruelties. They soon found Mrs. Rolfe and her youngest child, Mehitable, and while one of them sunk his hatchet deep in her head, another took the infant from her dying grasp, and dashed its head against a stone near the door. Two of Mr. Rolfe's children, about six and eight years of age, were providentially saved by the sagacity and courage of Hagar, a negro slave, who was an inmate of the family. Upon the first alarm, she leaped from her bed, carried them into the cellar, covered them with two tubs, and then concealed herself. The enemy entered the cellar and plundered it of every thing valuable. They repeatedly passed the tubs that covered the two children, and even trod on the foot of one, without discovering them. They drank milk from the pans, then dashed them on the cellar bottom, and took meat from the barrel, behind which Hagar was concealed. Anna Whittaker, who was then living in the family of Mr. Rolfe, concealed herself in an apple-chest under the stairs, and escaped unharmed. But it fared differently with the cowardly soldiers. They earnestly begged for mercy of their inhuman con querors, but their cries were unheeded, and, when the massacre was over, their bodies were numbered with the slain. The family of Thomas Hartshorne suffered as severely as that of Mr. Rolfe. He saw a party approaching to assault his house, whieh stood a few rods west of the meeting-house, and escaped out of it, followed by two of his sons, to call assistance ; but all three were shot dead immediately after leaving it. A third son was toma hawked as he was coming out at the door. Mrs. Hartshorne, with that presence of mind which is a characteristic of her sex when surrounded with danger, instantly took the rest of her children — except an infant which she left on a bed in the garret, and which she was afraid would, by its cries, betray their place of concealment, if she took it with her— through a trap-door into the cellar. The enemy entered the house, and began to plunder it, but happily did not discover them. They went into the garret, took the infant from its bed, and threw it out at the window. It fell on a pile of clap boards, and when the action was over it was found completely stunned. It lived, however, and became a man of uncommon stature, and of remarkable strength. His neighbors would frequently joke him, and say that the Indians stunted him when they threw him from the garret-window. One of the parties proceeded towards the river, and attacked the house of Lieut. John Johnson. Mr. Johnson and his wife, with an infant a year old in her arms, were standing at the door when the enemy made their appearance. Mr. Johnson was shot, and his wife fled through the house into the garden, carrying her babe, where she was overtaken by the foe, and immediately despatched. But when she fell, she was careful not to injure her child, and it seemed as if her last thoughts were for its safety. The enemy, it appears, did not murder it, and it is somewhat remarkable that they did not, for they always took great delight in torturing and dashing out the brains of innocent babes. Perhaps it was because the mother was not alive to witness its agonies. After the massacre was over, it was found at the breast of its dead mother. 1 88 HAVERHILL. Another party rifled and burnt the house of Mr. Silver, which stood within ten rods of the meeting-house, and others attacked the watch-house, which was, however, suc cessfully defended. Another party went to the house of Capt. Simon "Wainwright, whom they killed at the first fire. The soldiers stationed in the chambers were pre paring to defend the house, till the last, when Mrs. "Wainwright fearlessly unbarred the door and let them in. She spoke to them kindly, waited upon them with seeming alacrity, and promised to procure them whatever they desired. The enemy knew not what to make of this; — the apparent cheerfulness with which they were received, and the kindness with which they were treated, was so different from what they expected to meet wirh, that it seemed to paralyze their energies. They, however, demanded money of Mrs. Wainwright, and upon her retiring " to bring it," as she said, she fled with all of her children, except one daughter, who was taken captive, and were not afterwards discovered. The enemy, so soon as they found out how completely they had been deceived, were greatly enraged, and attacked the chambers with great vio lence; but the soldiers courageously defended them, and, after attempting to fire the house, they retreated, taking with them three prisoners. In the mean time, two Indians skulked behind a large stone, which stood in the' field a few rods east of the house, where they could fire upon its inmates at their leisure. The soldiers in the chambers fired upon them, and killed them both. They were afterwards buried in the same field, a few rods south, and but a few years since the water washed their skele tons from their places of repose. Two Indians attacked the house of Mr. Swan, wnich stood rn the field now called "White's lot, nearly opposite to the house of Capt. Emerson. Swan and his wife saw them approaching, and determined, if possible, to save their own lives, and the lives of their children, from the knives of the ruthless butchers. They immediately placed themselves against the door, which was so narrow that two could scarcely enter abreast. The Indians rushed against it, but finding that it could not be easily opened, they commenced their operations more systematically. One of them placed his back to the door, so that he could make his whole strength bear upon it, while the other pushed against him. The strength of the besiegers was greater than that of the besieged, and Mr. Swan, being rather a timid man, said our venerable narrator, almost despaired of saving himself and family, and told his wife that he thought it would be better to let them in. But this resolute and courageous woman had no such idea. The Indians had now succeeded in partly opening the door, and one of them was crowding himself in, while the other was pushing lustily after. The heroic wife saw there was no time for parleying — she seized her spit, which was nearly three feet mi length, and a deadly weapon in the hands of woman, as it proved, and, collecting all. the strength she possessed, drove it through the body of the foremost. This was too* warm a reception for the besiegers — it was resistance from a source and with a weapon they little expected ; and, surely, who else would ever think of spitting a man ? The two Indians, thus repulsed, immediately retreated, and did not molest them again. Thus, by the fortitude and heroic courage of a wife and mother, this family was probably saved from a bloody grave. One of the parties set fire to the back side of the meeting-house, a new and, for that period, an elegant building. These transactions were all performed about the same time ; but they were not permitted to, continue their work of murder and conflagration long, before they became panic-struck. Mr. Davis, an intrepid man, went behind Mr.,Rolfe's barn, which stood near the house, struck it violently with a large club, called on men by name, gave the word of command, as though he were ordering an attack, and shouted with a loud voice, " Come on ! come on ! we will have them ! " The party in Mr. Rolfe's house, supposing that a large body of the English had come upon them, began the cry of " The English are come ! " and, after attempting to fire the house, precipitately left it. About this time Major Turner arrived with a company of soldiers, and the whole body of the enemy then commenced a rapid retreat, taking with them a number of prisoners. The retreat commenced about the rising of the sun. Meantime Mr. Davis ran to the meeting-house, and with the aid of a few others succeeded in extinguishing the devouring element ; but it was mostly owing to his exertions that the house was saved. The town, by this time, was generally alarmed. Joseph Bradley collected a small party, in the northerly part of it, and secured the medicine-box and packs of the enemy, which they had left about three miles from the village. Capt. Samuel Ayer, a fearless man, and of great strength, collected a body of about twenty men, and pur sued the retreating foe. He came up with them just as they were entering the woods. when they faced about, and though they numbered thirteen or more to one, still Capt. Ayer did not hesitate to give them battle. These gallant men were soon reinforced HAVERHILL. 189 by another party, under the command of his son ; and after a severe skirmish, which lasted about an hour, they re-took some of the prisoners, and the enemy precipitately retreated, leaving nine of their number dead. The first minister of Haverhill, Rev. John Ward, is represented as a person of quick apprehension, facetious conversation, " an exact grammarian, an expert physician, and, which was the top of all, a thorough divine ; but, which rarely happens, these endow ments of his mind were accompanied with a most healthy, hardy, and agile constitution of body, which enabled him to make nothing of walking, on foot, a journey as long as thirty miles together." He preached (says Dr. Mather) an excellent sermon in the eighty- eighth year of his age. He died in 1693, and was succeeded by Rev. Benjamin Rolfe, who was killed in the descent of the Indians upon Haverhill, in 1708. The next minister was Rev. Joshua Gardner, who was ordained in 1711, and died in 1715. Rev. John Brown, the next, was ordained in 1719, and died in 1742. His suc cessor was Rev. Edward Barnard, was ordained in 1743, and died in 1774. The next minister was Rev. John Shaw, settled in 1777, and died suddenly 1794, and was succeeded in 1795 by Rev. Abiel Abbot, D. D., who was dismissed at his own- request in 1803, on account of an unhappy controversy having arisen on account of the insufficiency of his salary. Rev. Josiah Dodge, his successor, was ordained in 1808. Mr. Dodge was succeeded by Rev. Dud ley Phelps, in 1828. The Central church was organized in 1833, and Rev. Joseph Whittlesey settled as pastor the same year. The North church was gathered in 1728 ; the Third church was formed in 1735, and the East church in 1743. The first Baptist church in the county of Essex was gathered in this town, by Rev. Hezekiah Smith, in 1765. Mr. Smith conducted himself with great prudence, and gradually obtained general esteem and respect. He was an eminent clergyman, and in 1797 received a degree of D. D. from Providence college, of which institution he was a faithful friend and trustee. He died in 1805, and was succeeded by the Rev. William Bachelder. The following historical items were principally obtained from the records of the town : The first bell was purchased in 1748. Before that time there was a singular sub stitute, as appears by a vote passed in 1650 : " That Abraham Tyler blow his horn half an hour before meeting, on the Lord's day, and on lecture days, and receive one pound of pork annually for his services from each family." In 1650, a vote was passed " that the freeholders attend town meeting within half an hour after the time notified, and continue in town meeting till sunset, unless the same is sooner closed, on penalty of paying half a bushel of corn." Johnson, in his account of this town, says, " The people are wholly bent to improve their labour by tilling the earth and keeping of cartel, whose yearly increase incou- rages them to spend their days in those remote parts." So wholly bent were they upon husbandry, as to suffer for the want of mechanics. There is in the town records a contract signed by Mr. Ward, the minister, and nineteen others, dated February 6, 1658, in which they agree to pay their proportion of 20 pounds for the purchase of a house and land for Mr. Jewett, provided he live here seven years, following the trade of a blacksmith in doing the town's work ; " also the said Jewett doth promise to refuse to work for any that refuse to pay towards this purchase, until they bring under the selectmen's hands that they will pay." The first meeting-house for the first church stood in front of the grave-yard, half a 190 HAVERHILL. mile below the bridge. In this vicinity the settlement began. In 1666, John Hutch ings had " liberty to build a gallarie at the west end of the meeting-house, provided he give notice to the town at the next training day whether he will or noe, so that any inhabitant of the town that has a mind to join with him may give in his name." In 1681, it was voted "to enlarge the room in the east end of it by making a gallerie therein for the women." The second house was built in 1699, and, after a great con tention whether it should be built where the first stood, a majority voted to erect it about fifty feet in front of where the third church was built in 1766. Col. Nath. Saltonstall, one of the assistants of the colony, was the clerk or recorder of the town from 1668 to 1700, and his records are in a very superior style, although he took the liberty occasionally of adding his own comments. In 1689, the town passed a vote " to pay Mr. "Ward his full salary for the next year, provided that he, upon his own cost, do for the next ensuing year board Mr. Rolfe." The record begins, " The town then (Mr. "Ward and his son Salstonstall being absent) voted, &c. The mar ginal reference is £20 taken from Mr. Ward for Mr. Rolfe's diet, in '90, without his consent." Three lines, which probably contained some severe remark are blotted out, and the marginal note says it was " blotted out by order of the town." Mr. Rolfe, the second minister, began to preach in Haverhill in 1689, and was ordained in January, 1693-4. Mr. Ward, the first minister, who died in 1693, agreed to abate all his salary except .£20, half in merchantable wheat, Indian, Soe, and half in money, and fifty cords of wood annually, upon condition that the town should pay all arrearages of his salary, and appoint a committee " to attend at his house upon a sett day to receive and take account of what shall be brought in, and sett the price thereof if it be not merchantable, that so it come not in by pitiful driblets as former ly." Mr. Rolfe's salary was £60, half in corn and other articles. He was graduated at Cambridge in 16S4. This worthy minis ter was killed in what since has been called the " great descent" of the Indians upon Haverhill. The following is the inscription on his monument : Clauditub. hoc tumulo cokpus Revekendi ph doctique viri D. Beniamin Rolfe, ECCJC.ESSI.ffi Chkisti quje est in Haueehill fastokis fidelissimi; QUI DOMI SUM AB hostibus bah.bake tkucidatus. a labokieus suis kequieuit mane diei sacrje qdtetis, Aug. xxix., anno domini mdccviii., ^tatis su.e xlvi. (Inclosed in this tomb is the body of the reverend, pious, and learned Benjamin Rolfe, the faithful pastor of the Church of Christ in Haverhill ; who was barbarously slain in his own house by the enemy. He rested from his labors early on the day of sacred rest, Aug. 29, 1708, in the 46th year of his age.) The following is the inscription on the monument of Dr. Smith, the first Baptist minister in this place. In memory of the Rev. Hezekiah Smith, D. D., who was born at Long Island state of New York, 21 April, A. D. 1737, graduated at Princeton College, A. D. 1758. He was ordained as an evangelist, in Charleston, South Carolina, and was the first pastor of the Baptist church in Haverhill, and took charge of the flock 12 November A D. 1766. He departed this life 24 January, A. D. 1805, after forty years faithfully per forming the pastoral duties. He was laborious and successful in his preachin°- and an able defender of the christian faith. His discourses were delivered with fervency and a becoming solemnity. He was a vigilant watchman in the various stations of his office. In his social circle he shone conspicuously. His deportment through life exhibited the humble christian and faithful minister of Jesus Christ. There's a hast'ning hour, it comes, it comes, To rouse the sleeping dead, to burst the tombs, And place the saints in view. IPSWICH. 191 IPSWICH. The Indian name of Ipswich was Agawam, a word, it is said, which denoted a place where fish of passage resorted : it was ap plied to several places in Massachusetts. This is said to have been the first place in Essex county known to have been visited by Europeans. In 1611, Capt. Edward Hardie and Nicholas Hobson sailed for North Virginia ; they touched at this place and were kindly received. In 1614, Capt. John Smith, in his descrip tion of North Virginia, or New England, thus speaks of Agawam : " Here are many rising hills, and on their tops and descents are many corne fields and delightfull groues. On the east is an isle of two or three leagues in length, the one halfe plaine marish ground, fit for pasture, or salt ponds, with many faire high groues of mul- herry trees. There are also okes, pines, walnuts, and other wood, to make this place an excellent habitation." The first permanent settlement was commenced in March, 1633, by Mr. John Winthrop jr. and twelve others, among whom were -Mr. William Clerk, Ro bert Coles, Thomas Howlet, John Biggs, John Gage, Thomas Hardy, William Perkins, Mr. John Thorndike, and William Ser jeant. The next year (1634) Agawam was incorporated by the name of Ipswich. Johnson remarks of Ipswich dwellings about 1646, " their houses are many of them very faire built, with pleasant gardens." In 1638, Masconnoment, the sagamore of Agawam, sold his right to Ipswich for £20. This chief appears to have died about 1658. He lived to see his people become almost extinct. He was buried on Sagamore Hill, now within the bounds of Hamilton. As late as 1726, there were three families, each having a. wigwam back of Wigwam Hill, at the Hamlet. It is probable that not long after this year the tribe became entirely extinct. Ipswich is one of the three shire towns in Essex county. The principal village is compactly built on both sides of Ipswich river, a large mill stream. A substantial stone bridge was built over this stream in 1764, having two arches. It was built at an expense of £1000, and named Choate Bridge, from the Hon. John Choate, one of the committee intrusted with its erection. There are three Congregational churches, one of which is Unitarian, and one Methodist. There is in the village a court-house, jail, a bank, incorporated in 1833, with a capital of $100,000, and the Ipswich Female Seminary, incorporated in 1828. The central part of the village is uneven and rocky. The engraving shows the appearance of the Congregational church, court-house, and part of the Female Seminary, as seen from a building on the western side of open ground, or common, in the central part of the place. The manufacture of thread and silk lace was formerly carried on here to a great extent. As early as 1790, about 42,000 yards were made annually. The Boston and Ipswich Lace Factory was in corporated in 1824, and the " New England Lace Factory" in 26 192 IPSWICH. South-west view in Ipswich, (central part.) 1833 ; both have ceased operation, and the business has declined. There is a cotton factory in the village, with 3000 spindles. Value of cotton goods manufactured in 1837, $50,000. The value of boots and shoes manufactured in 1837 was $46,000. Population of the town, 2,855. Distance, 12 miles from Salem, 10 from New buryport, and 27 from Boston. The following, extracted from the town records of Ipswich, and othersources, is taken from Mr. Felt's History of Ipswich, published in 1834. 1642. " "Whosoever kills a wolf is to have and the skin, if he nail the head up at the meeting-house, and give notice to the constables. Also for the better destroying or fraying away wolves from the town, it is ordered, that 1st day of 7th mo, every householder whose estate is rated £500, and upward, shall keep a sufficient mastive dog; or £100 to £500, shall provide a sufficient hound or beagle, to the intent that they be in readiness to hunt and be employed for fhe ends aforesaid." 1648. "The heads of wolves, in order to receive the premiums, must be brought to the constable and buried." Josselyn informs us, 1663, how such animals are taken. " Four mackerel hooks are bound with a brown thread, and then some wool is wrapped round them and they are dipped into melted tallow, till they be big and round as an egg. This thing, thus prepared, is laid by some dead carcass which toles the wolves. It is swallowed by them, and is the means of their being taken." Down to 1757, it was a common thing to hear them commence their howl soon after sunset ; when it was very dangerous to go near the woods. 1642. The " Seven men" are to see that children, neglected by their parents, are employed, learned to read and " understand the principles of religion and the capital laws of this country," and, if necessary, be bound out to service. 1661. As an inhabitant of Ipswich, living at a distance, absented himself with his ¦wife from public worship, the General Court empower the seven men to sell his farm, so that they may live nearer the sanctuary and be able more conveniently to attend on its religious services. Individuals are appointed to keep order in the meeting-house. 1670. Constables are instructed to prevent young persons from being out late in the evening, especially Sabbath, lecture, and training-day evenings. 1672. Laborers are forbidden to have intoxicating liquors. 1678. All persons in town are required to have some employment. 1681. Single persons, who are under no government, are ordered to put themselves under the care of some head of a family. Daniel Weldron is required to return to his wife according to law. An inhabitant is complained of by a tything man because he had a servant many years and had not taught him to read. 1667. A man of this place is prosecuted for digging up the bones ofithe Sagamore, .and for carrying his scull on a pole. LYNN. 193 The first Congregational church was organized in 1634, the same year the town was incorporated. The first, regular pastor was Rev. Nathaniel Ward, who was born at Ipswich, England, and was a preacher near London. Having expressed himself against the " Book of Sports," and against some of the ceremonies of the church of England, he was suspended and required to make a public recantation. Rather than comply, he forsook his country and came to this. He arrived in 1634, and soon took charge of the Ipswich church. He appears to have possessed much, legal knowledge, and aided the legislature of Massachusetts colony in forming their laws. He returned to England, where he died, 1653, aged 83. In 1647 he published the " Simple Cobbler of Agawam," a satirical and witty performance. Besides this he published a number of other works. Nathaniel Rogers and John Norton were the next ministers. Mr. Rogers was a descendant of the mar tyr ; he came to New England in 1636, and died in 1655. Mr. Norton and Mr. Rogers were settled in 1638. Mr. Norton was an able writer and a man of great influence in the colony. He died in 1663, aged about fifty-seven. Rev. William Hubbard was settled here in 1656 ; he was born in England. In 1677 his first historical work received the approbation of the colonial licensers, and was soon published in Boston. It contained " Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England in 1676 and 1677, with a Supplement concerning the War with the Pequods in 1637, and a Table and Postscript ; also, a Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians from Piscataqua to Pemaquid. ' The same book was licensed in London, and was printed there under the title, " Present State of New England." What he thus gave to the public was after wards thrown into the present form of his "Indian Wars." , This history was long under the supervision of an intelligent com mittee appointed by the general court. In 1682 the legislature voted him £50 for his History of New England, and the next year they order half this sum to be paid him now if "he procure a fayre coppie to be written, that it be fitted for the presse." Such a copy was obtained, and was amended by his own hand. The Massachusetts Historical Society, aided by a liberal donation from the general court, had it printed in a volume distinct from those of their Collections, which contain it, in 1815. Mr. Hubbard died in 1704, aged 83. LYNN. The town of Lynn, formerly Saugust, received its present name in 1637. The name was given in respect to Mr. Whiting, who came from the town of Lynn Regis, or King's Lynn, in Norfolk, England. The record of the court on this occasion consists of only four words, " Saugust is called Lin." " The Indian name of the river which forms part of the western boundary of the town is Saugus. The eastern extremity was called Swampscot, which 194 LYNN. name it still retains. Nahant, an Indian word signifying an island, is the original name of the peninsula which has become so celebrated. Lynn is the oldest town excepting Salem in Essex county, and since its settlement, in 1629, nine other towns have been settled from it, viz. Saugus, Lynnfield, Reading, South Read ing, Sandwich, and Yarmouth ; Hampton and Amherst in New Hampshire ; and Southampton on Long Island. The first white inhabitants of the town were Edmund Ingalls and his brother, Francis Ingalls. Edmund Ingalls came from Lincolnshire, in Eng land, to Lynn in 16g9. He was a farmer, and settled in the east ern part of the town, near a small pond, in Fayette street. The spot where he resided is still pointed out by his descendants. The brother of Edmund was a tanner, and lived at Swampscot. He built his tannery on Humfrey's brook, where it is crossed by a stone bridge. The vats were filled up in 1825. This was the first tannery in New England. The emigrants found the place inhabited by a tribe of Indians of a great nation, called A berginians. Their settlements extended from Charles river to the Merrimac. The name of the sachem who formerly governed them was Nane- pashemet, or the New Moon, who was killed about 1619. The government was continued by his queen, called " Squaw Sachem." Most of the tribes in Massachusetts were subject to her. She had a second husband in 1635, whose name was Wappacowet. Mon- towampate, son of Nanepashemet, sachem of the Saugus Indians, lived near the eastern end of the beach on Sagamore Hill, and had the government of Lynn and Marblehead. The proprietor of Na hant was an Indian chief called by the English " Duke William," more commonly " Black Will." He was killed by some of the whites in 1633- The following is taken from Mr. Lewis' History of Lynn, published in 1829 ; a well- written work, full of interest ing details respecting the history of this town. The first settlers of Lynn were principally farmers, and possessed a large stock of horned cattle, sheep, and goats. For several years, before the land was divided and the fields fenced, the cattle were fed in one drove, and guarded by a man, who, from his employment, was called a hayward. The sheep, goats, and swine were kept on Nahant, where they were tended by a shepherd. Nahant seems to have been sold several times, to different individuals, by Black William, who also gave it to the plan tation for a sheep pasture. A fence of rails, put near together, was made across the reach near Nahant, to keep out the wolves, as it is said those animals do not climb. "When the people were about building this fence, Captain Turner said, " Let us make haste, lest the country should take it from us." In autumn the swine were let loose in the woods, that they might fatten themselves on nuts and acorns. The people of Lynn, for some years, seem to have lived in the most perfect democracy. They had town meetings every three months, for the regulation of their public affairs. They cut their wood in common, and drew lots for the grass in the meadows and marshes. „ These proved very serviceable to the farmers, in furnishing them with sustenance for their eattle, which was probably the reason why there were more farmers at Lynn ihan in any other of the early settlements. Mr. Johnson says, "The chiefest corn ¦ they planted, before they had Plowes, was Indian grain. — And let no man make a jest at Pumpkins, for with this food the Lord was pleased to feed his people to their good content, till Corne and Cattell were increased." Their corn at the first was pounded with a wooden or stone pestle, in a mortar made of a large log, hollowed out at one end. They also cultivated large fields of barley and wheat. Much of the for mer was made into malt for beer, which they drank instead of ardent spirit. They jaised considerable quantities of flax, which was rotted in one of the ponds, thence LYNN. 195 called the Flax Pond. Their first houses were rude structures, with steep roofs, covered with thatch, or small bundles of sedge or straw, laid one over another. The fire places were made of rough stones, and the chimneys of boards, or short sticks, cross ing each other, and plastered inside with clay. Beside the haste and necessity which prevented the construction of more elegant habitations, the people who had wealth were advised to abstain from all superfluous expense, and to reserve their money for the public use. Even the deputy governor, Mr. Dudley, was censured for wainscot- ting his house. In a few years, houses of a better order began to appear. They were built with two stories in front, and sloped down to one in the rear. The windows. were small, and opened outward on hinges. They consisted of very small diamond panes, set in sashes of lead. The fire-places were large enough to admit a four-foot log, and the children might sit in the corners and look up at the stars. On whichevei side of the road the houses" were placed, they uniformly faced the south, that the sun at noon might "shine square." Thus each house formed, a domestic sun-dial, by which the good matron, in the absence of the clock, could tell, in fair weather, when to call her husband and sons from the field — for the industrious people of Lynn, then. as well as now, always dined exactly at twelve. It was the custom of the first settlers. to wear long beards, and it is said that " some had their overgrown beards so frozen together, that they could not get their strong water bottells into their mouths." In. very hot weather, " servants were priviledged to rest from their labours, from ten of the clocke till two." The common address of men and women was Goodman and. Goodwife ; none but those who sustained some office of dignity, or belonged to some respectable family, were complimented with the title of Master. In writing they seem to have had no capital F, and thus in the early records we find two small ones used instead ; and one m with a dash over it stood for two. The following song, which. appears to have been written about this time, exhibits some of the peculiar customs. and modes of thinking among the early settlers. The place where we live is a wilderness wood, Where grass is much wanting that's fruitful and good ; Our mountains and hills, and our valleys below, Being commonly covered with ice and with snow. And when the north-west, wind with violence blows, Then every man pull^ his cap over his nose ; But if any is hardy and- will it withstand, He forfeits a finger, a foot, or a hand. But when the- spring opens we then take the hoe, And make the ground ready to plant and to sow ; Our corn being planted, and seed being sown, The worms destroy much before it is grown. And while it is growing some spoil there is made By birds, and by squirrels, that pluck up the. blade; And when.it is come to full corn in the ear, It is often destroyed by raccoon and by deer. And now our old garments begin to grow thin, And wool is much wanted to card and to spin ; If we can get a garment to cover without. Our other in-garments are clout upon clout. Our clothes we brought with us are apt to be torn, They need to be clouted soon after they're worn ; But clouting our garments, they hinder us nothing, Clouts double are warmer than single whole clothing. If fresh meat be wanting to fill up our dish, We have carrots, and pumpkins, and turnips, and) fish; And if there's a mind for a delicate dish, We haste to the clam banks, and there we catchi fish. 'Stead of pottage, and puddings, and custards, andi pies, Our turnips and parsnips are common supplies ; We have pumpkins at morning, and pumpkins a& noon, If it was not for pumpkins we should be undone. If barley be wanting to make into malt, We must then be contented, and think it no faulc ;: For we can make liquor,'to sweeten our lips, Of pumpkins, and parsnips, and walnut tree chipsi. Now while some are going, let others be coming, For while liquor's boiling it must have a scumming.; But I will not blame them, for birds of a feather,. By seeking their fellows, are flocking together. Then you whom the Lord intends hither to bring',. Forsake not the honey for fear of the sting ; But bring both a quiet and contented mind, And all needful blessings you surely will find. The following are the names of some of the persons who appeaar to have been inhabitants of Lynn in 1630. Joseph Armitage, Allen Breed, Wm. Ballard, Nicholas Brown, Edward Baker, Samuel Bennet, Nicholas Brown, Thomas Coldam, Clement Coldam, Thomas Chadwell, "William Cowdrey Henry Collins, Thomas Dexter, William Dixey, Robert Driver, George Farr, Jeremy Fitch, Edmund Farrington, Adam Hawkes, Edward Holyoke, Edward Howe, Lieut. Danl. Howe, Ephraim Howe, William Hathorne, Thomas Hudson, Christopher Hussey, Christopher Lyndsey, Thomas Newhall, Robert Potter, John Ramsdell, John Taylor, Capt. Ed. Tomlins,. Timothy Tomlins, Capt. Nath. Turner,, Capt. Rich. Walker Thomas Willis, John White, William Witter,. John Wood, William Wood'. 196 LYNN. The following persons were also at Lynn as early as 1637. Abraham Belknap, Edmund Bridges, Jenkin Davis, Joseph Floyd, Christopher Foster, George Fraile, Nathaniel Handforth, Thomas Ivory, Richard Johnson, Thomas Keysar, Thomas Laighton, Richard Longley, John Pierson, Richard Roolton, Richard Sadler, William Andrews, Richard Brooks, Goodman Cox, Goodman Crosse, John Deacon, John Elderkin, William George, Francis Godson, Henry Gaines, John Gillow, Thomas Halsye, James Hewes, Robert Hewes, William Hewes, Jeremy Howe, John Hudson, Samuel Hutchinson, Thomas Hutchinson, Philip Kneeland, Thomas Paine, Robert Parsons, Thomas Parker, Joseph Pell,, Nicholas Poor, Wm. Partridge, Thomas Read, Isaac Robinson, Jarett Spenser, Michael Spenser, Josias Stanbury, George Taylor, William Thorn, Mr. Wathin, George Welbye, Richard WeUs, Edward West, Thomas Wheeler, Nathanl. Whiteridge, John Humfrey, Edward Howe. Lynn in its present limits extends nearly six miles on the sea- coast, on the northern shore of Massachusetts Bay, and extends Western entrance of the central part of Lynn. about four miles into the woods. From the center of the southern side a beach of sand projects into the sea nearly two miles, and terminates in a peninsula, called Nahant. The whole town con tains 9,360 acres. The south-eastern part is a tract of excellent salt marsh ; and the northern part is a range of wood-land and pasture. The inhabited part of the town is an extensive plain, gently undulating toward the extremities into graceful elevations, skirted on the south by the sea, and defended on the north by a range of rocky hills. A considerable degree of attention is given to agriculture. The farmers have much improved their lands by cultivation, and by procuring sea weed and rock weed from the beaches for manure. These substances have been freely mingled with the soil, and since their use the crops of English grass have been increased in nearly a tenfold proportion. The other princi pal products are Indian corn, barley, and the common vegetable productions. The cold and damp sea breezes, which frequently prevail, have an unfavorable effect, and the soil appears to be uncongenial to the finer sorts of grain. LYNN. 197 The foregoing view was taken at the western entrance of Lynn. The entrance to the common is seen on the right. This is a level tract of about twenty acres. A handsome circular pond has been recently dug near the center, and other improvements have been made. The village is principally built on a plain, back of which are hills composed of rough rocks, partially covered with bushes and trees. On the side next the ocean and on Saugus river are salt marshes. To the south-west of the village the turnpike from Bos ton to Salem passes over an extensive tract of marsh land. There are 8 churches in this place, 3 Methodist, 2 Congregational, 1 for Friends, 1 Baptist, and 1 Universalist. There are two banks, the Lynn Mechanics Bank, incorporated in 1814, and the Nahant Bank, incorporated in 1832, each with a capital of $150,000. There is a savings bank, incorporated in 1826, and three insu rance companies. The Lynn Academy, an incorporated institution, was first opened in 1805. A newspaper is published here. Lynn is 5 miles from Salem, and 9 from Boston. Population, 9,323. In 1837 there were manufactured in this town 2,220 pairs of boots, 2,543,929 pairs of shoes; value of boots and shoes, <$ 1,689,793; males employed, 2,631 ; females, 2,554. There were 6 morocco leather manufactories ; value of leather manufactured, $153,000 : males employed, 90 ; females, 16. There were 5 vessels employed in the whale fishery, and 14 in the cod and mackerel fishery. A manufactory of India rubber cloth has been recently established. " Nahant is a peninsula on the south of Lynn. In the beauty and sublimity of its scenery, combined with its pecuhar advantages of health and pleasure, it is not sur passed by any place on the coast of America. It consists of two, elevated, rock-engir dled islands, called Great and Little Nahants, united together by a bettch; half a mile in length, and connected to the main land by another beach, one mile and a half in length. From the center of the town, the Long beach projects directly into the sea, and is washed by the waves of the great ocean on the eastern side, and on the western by the waters of the harbor. It is a gently curving bar, of fine, silvery, gray sand, rising so high in the center as generally to prevent the waves from passing over it, and almost imperceptibly sloping to the water on each side. It is unbroken by land, or rock, or shrub, for its whole extent, and the broad ridge of dry sand, which passes through its center, is interspersed with shells, and pebbles, and fragments of coral and other substances, which the storms have cast upon it, among which the white gull lays her spotted eggs, in little cavities scooped in the sand, and, soaring overhead, startles the traveller by her shrilling shriek. The portion of the beach which is left by the tide, is broad enough for fifty carriages to pass abreast, and presents a perfectly smooth surface of pure, fine sand, beaten hard and polished by the constant breaking of the waves, on which the horse's hoof leaves no print, and the wheel passes, with out sound or trace, like a velvet roller on marble. The hard sand frequently retains sufficient water, for an hour after the tide has left it, to give it the appearance of glass, in which objects are reflected as in a mirror. " Little Nahant is a hill, consisting of two graceful elevations, rising eighty feet above the sea, and defended by battlements of rock, from twenty to sixty feet in height. It is about half a mile in length, and contains forty-two acres, seventeen of which are in good cultivation The outer portion of the peninsula, called Great Nahant, is about two miles in length, and in some parts half a mile broad, containing four hundred and sixty-three acres. The surface is uneven, rising into elevations, from forty to one hundred feet above the level of the sea. The shores are extremely irregular, being composed, in many places, of huge precipitous rocks, in some places resembling iron, rising from twenty to sixty feet above the tide, with a great depth of water below ; and in others, stretching out into beautiful beaches, or curving into df lightful recesses and coves, filled with pebbles, of every variety of form and color, 198 LYNN. from burning red to stainless white. The whole outline presents the most agreeable interchange of scenery, from the low beach, that glistens beneath the thin edge of the wave, to lofty precipices, and majestic cliffs that rise Like moonlight battlements, and towers decayed by time. Nahant Hotel, Long Beach, Lynn. " Nahant is much visited by persons for the improvement of health, and by parties of pleasure, from the neighboring towns, for whom it furnishes every accommodation. Two steamboats are constantly running from Boston during the pleasant season, but a ride by land, over the beaches, is much more delightful. A spacious and elegant hotel has been erected, of stone, near the eastern extremity. It contains nearly a hundred rooms, and is rurrounded by a double piazza, commanding the most delight ful prospects. Several other hotels and boarding-houses are situated in the village, and about twenty beautiful cottages, the summer residence of gentlemen of fortune, are scattered over the peninsula. There is also a neat stone building erected for a chapel, which serves for a library and school-room." — Lewis' Hist, of Lynn. The church at Lynn was gathered in June, 1632, and was the fifth in Massachusetts. The first meeting-house was a plain small building, without bell or cupola, and stood on the eastern side of Shepard street. It was placed in a small hollow, that it might be the better sheltered from the winds, and was approached by descend ing several steps. Before this, part of the people of Lynn attended public worship at Salem'. Rev. Stephen Batchelor, the first min ister, on his arrival in Lynn in 1682, immediately commenced thft exercise of his ministerial duties, without installation. About four months afterwards a complaint was made of some irregularities in his conduct. He was arraigned before the court at Boston, Oct. 3d, when the following order was passed : " Mr. Bachelr- is re quired to forbeare excerciseing his giftes as pastr- or teacher pub- liquely in or- Patent, unlesse it be to those he brought with him, for his contempt of authority, and till some scandals be removed." This was the commencement of a series of difficulties which agi tated the unhappy church for several years. The Rev. Samuel Whiting arrived from England in June, and was installed pastor of the church in November, 1636. The next year Rev. Thomas Cobbet who also came from England, was LYNNFIELD. 199 installed a colleague pastor with Mr. Whiting. Mr. W. was styled the pastor, as being the principal, and Mr. Cobbet was called teacher, an office in some degree subordinate, though his talents were superior. Rev. Jeremiah Shepard was the first minister of Lynn who was born and educated in America. He was ordained in 1680, and died in 1720, having preached at Lynn forty years. He was distinguished for his unaffected piety and his untiring exertions for the spiritual welfare of his people. The following epitaph was transcribed from his grave-stone with difficulty ; hav ing become greatly obliterated by the hand of time, for a period of more than one hundred years. Elijah's mantle drops, the prophet dies, His earthly mansion quits, and mounts the skies. — ; So Shepard's gone. His precious dust, death's prey, indeed is here, But's nobler breath 'mong Seraphs does appear ; ' He joins adoring crowds about the throne, He's conquered all, and now he wears the crown. LYNNFIELD. This town was originally called Lynn End, having been granted to Lynn soon after the settlement of the town. A meeting house was built in 1715. It was incorporated into a district in 1782. In 1814 it became a separate town. The town abounds with wild and romantic scenery, its surface being broken and uneven, and its hills clothed with dense forests. Farming is the principal employment of the inhabitants. In 1837 there were 100 pairs of boots and 54,000 shoes manufactured, valued at $40,250 ; males employed, 93 ; females, 80. Population, 674. Distance, 12 miles from Boston. The .Congregational church in this place was the second of Lynn, was formed 1720. The first pastor, Rev. Nathaniel Spar hawk, settled here at the formation of the church : he resigned 1731. He was succeeded by the Rev. Stephen Chase in 1731, and resigned 1755. His successor was the Rev. Benjamin Adams, who was settled in 1755, died 1777. He was succeeded by the Rev. Joseph Motley in 1782, who died in 1821. The next was the Rev. Joseph Searl, who was settled here in 1824, resigned in 1827. There is also a society of Methodists in the town. The following is from the inscription on the monument of Mr. Daniel Townsend in this place, who was killed in Lexington, April 19th, 1775. He was born in 1738. Lie, valiant Townsend, in the peaceful shades, we trust Immortal honors mingle with thy dust. What though thy body struggle in its gore-? So did thy Savior's body long before ; And as he raised his own by power divine, So the same power shall also quicken thine, And in eternal glory mayst thou shine ! 27 200 MANCHESTER. MANCHESTER. Manchester was once known by the name of Jeffrey's Creek, and formed a part of Salem. Upon the petition of several of the inhabitants it was incorporated, in 1645, by its present name. The surface of the township is rocky and uneven, and in many places is covered with extensive forests. Here is found the Mag nolia, a low tree, bearing many beautiful and sweet-scented flowers. Here is a variety of soil, which is in a good state of culture. The fishing business was commenced at this place at a very early pe riod, but of late years this business has somewhat declined. Some of the most enterprising ship-masters of Boston and vicinity are natives of this town. There is about 1000 tons of shipping em ployed. The vessels are of small size. The depth of water will not allow vessels exceeding 120 tons to come up to the town. The harbor is good, and affords anchorage for vessels of any size. South-western view of Manchester. There is a Congregational society here, which was gathered in 1716, under the ministry of the Rev. Amos Cheever. Before this year no church records of Manchester are found. The Universal- ists have a small society, which was organized in 1820. The busi ness of making cabinet furniture is carried on here with great activity, employing 150 men or more. In 1837 there were 12 manu factories of chairs and cabinet ware ; value of articles manufac tured, $84,500; hands employed, 120. There were 14 vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, employing 65 hands. Population, 1,346. The above shows the appearance of Manchester village as it is entered from the south-west upon the Beverly road. Coasters from 60 to 70 tons burthen can come up to this village, which consists of upwards of eighty dwelliiig-houses, built compactly together. Dis tance, 7 miles from Gloucester, 9 from Salem, and 23 from Boston. The following inscriptions are copied from monuments in the grave-yard in this place : MARBLEHEAD. 201 In memory of Benjamin Tappan, late pastor of the church in Manchester, who ex pired May 6, 1790, m the 70th year of his age, and 45th year of his ministry. He was a sincere and exemplary christian, a tender husband and parent, a judicious and sound divme, a prudent and faithful minister. Oh ever honor'd, ever dear, adieu, How many tender names are lost in you. Keep safe, 0 tomb, thy precious sacred trust, Till life divine awake his sleeping dust. Colo1- Benja- Marston lies here, who died May 22, 1754, being 57 years & 3 mo. old. Art thou curious, reader, to know what sort of man he was? Wait till the final day of Retribution, and then thou mayest be satisfied. Sacred to the memory of Capt. John Allen, who died Aug. 27, 1834, aged 59 years. Though Boreas' blasts and Neptune's waves I Now here at anchor I do lie, Have toss'd me to and fro, | With many of our fleet, In spite of both, by God's decree, I In hope again for to set sail I harbor here below. | My Savior Christ to meet. MARBLEHEAD. Marblehead was originally a part of Salem, from which it was detached and incorporated as a distinct town in 1649. At this time it contained 44 families, the heads of which were of the fol lowing names : James Smith, Thomas Bowinge, Mr. Walton, John Deveroe, Rowland Smith, John Stacie, John Lyon, Abrm. Whitcare, Samuel Doliber, George Chine, Henry Stacie, John Bartoll, Edmund Nicholson, John Northy, William Chichester, Joseph Doliber Francis Nicholson, Nicholas Merrett, Samuel Corwithen, Robert Knight, John Gatchell, Thomas Pitman, Thomas Gray, John Bennett, William Barber, Timothy Allen, Richard Norman, F. J. Walsingham, David Thomas, Thomas Sams, John Peachy, John Norman, John Legg, Arthur Sanden, Richard Curtice, William Luckis, Peter Pitford, Isaac Allerton, John Hart, Christoph. Lattimore, Erasmus James, Moses Maverick, William Charles, John Goyt. The township is a rough and very rocky* peninsula, extending between three and four miles into the sea, and it is inhabited prin cipally on account of its convenience as a fishing port. The first settlers made their pitch on the eastern side of the town, taking advantage of a very good harbor, running north-east and south west, and towards half a mile on an average. " At the south-west end of the harbor the town is connected with the Great Neck, so called, by a very narrow isthmus, separating the waters of Lynn bay from those of the harbor. About the year 1728, it was found that the sea was fast encroaching on the south-west side of this isthmus, so as to endanger the preservation and security of the har bor. The government of the province at that time attended to the subject, as it respected not only the town in particular, but the trade of the province in general ; and ordered by an act the sum * As the celebrated Mr. Whitefield was entering the settlement late in the autumn, when no verdure was to be seen, he exclaimed, " Pray where do they bury their dead ?" It may be observed, that,' notwithstanding the rough and forbidding aspeet of the soil, it is verv productive when cultivated. 202 marblehead. of £1,328 to be paid out of the public treasury for necessary re pairs. It seems that about the year 1762 some necessary repairs were made. In the year 1790, although the town had carefully endea vored to secure, support, and keep the same in good repair, the go vernment of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, considering the preservation of the said harbor was a matter of public concern, l Southern view of Deerfield, (central part.) ensign Daniel Fisher, and other English at Dedham, their asso ciates and successors," by Chauk, alias Chaque, the sachem of Pocumtuck, and his brother Wapahoale, and is dated Feb. 24, 1665, prior to the grant by government. The deed is witnessed by Wequonock, who " helped the Sachem in making the bar gain ;" and reserves to the Indians " the right of fishing in the rivers and waters ; hunting deer, or other wild animals ; the gath ering of walnuts, chesnuts, and other nuts, and things on the com mons." The first settlement at Deerfield commenced in 1670, and within four years a considerable number of buildings were erected. In 1686, the Rev. John Williams was settled as minister of the place, on a salary of £60, to be paid in wheat at three shil lings and three-pence the bushel, pease at two shillings and six pence, Indian corn at two shillings, and salted pork at two-pence halfpenny the pound. , Deerfield is finely situated on the west bank of Connecticut river. Deerfield river, a large and beautiful stream, meanders through" the center of the town, and on its banks are large tracts of interval land, the quality of which is equal to any in the state. The principal street runs north and south on a beautiful elevation above the meadows, which spreads out from the foot of East or Deerfield mountain. DEERFIELD. 247 The engraving on the opposite page, is a view (looking to the northward) in the central part of the village, showing the Unita rian Congregational church, and some other public buildings. The ancient house, which escaped destruction at the time the Indians burnt the town in 1704, is seen in the distance, standing a few feet westward of the church. Deerfield is principally an agricultural town. In 1837, there was one manufactory of cutlery, which employed seventy hands ; the value of cutlery manufac tured was $100,000. The value of palm-leaf hats manufactured was $7,800; the value of com brooms made was $10,990; the value of pocket-books, &c, $11,000. Population, 1,952. Distance,. 3 miles south from Greenfield, 18 miles north of Northampton, 60 to Hartford, Conn., and 95 from Boston. n HH it:- t Monument and Sugar-loaf Mountain, Deerfield. The above is a north-western view of the monument at Bloody Brook, erected in memory of Capt. Lathrop and his men, who fell on this spot, in an ambuscade of the Indians. This monument stands perhaps 30 or 40 rods southerly from the Congregational church. South-easterly from the monument is seen Sugar-loaf Mountain, a conical peak of red sand-stone, about 650 feet in height. In 1835, the 160th anniversary of the destruction of Capt. Lathrop and his men was commemorated in this place. The Hon. Edward Everett, now governor of Massachusetts, was appointed orator for the occasion, and General Epaphas Hoyt, of Deerfield, was' appointed to make the address at the laying of the corner stone for the monument. About six thousand persons were present on this occasion. Governor Everett delivered his address under a walnut tree, a few rods eastward of the monument, the top of which is seen rising between the two mountainous elevations in the back ground. About forty years after Capt. Lathrop and his men were killed, a rude monument was erected to their memory, but the different occupants of the soil removed it so many times, that it was a matter of uncertainty where he or his men were 248 . DEERFIELD. buried. In 1835, the committee of investigation, guided by the tradition of some aged people, found the spot where he and about thirty of his men were interred ; the grave was just in front of the door-yard of Stephen Whitney, Esq., and about twenty feet north west of his front door. Their bones were in a state of tolerable preservation, but fell to pieces on exposure to the air. "A grave, probably containing the bones of the- ninety-six Indians who were slain on that day, was. likewise found by accident about the same time, nearly one hundred rods west of the , road leading from Bloody Brook to Conway, by Mr. Artemas Williams, and a little more than half a mile south-west of the grave of Lathrop." The monument is six feet square, and about twenty feet in height ; it is constructed of marble,, by Mr. Woods, of Sunderland. On its completion an address was delivered at its foot by Mr. Luther B. Lincoln, of Deerfield. The following is the inscription on the monument : — On this ground Capt. Thomas Lothrop and eighty-four men under his command, including eighteen teamsters from Deerfield, conveying stores from that town to Had ley, were ambuscaded' by about 700 Indians, and the Captain and seventy-six men slain, Sept. 18th, 1675, (old style.) The soldiers who fell were described by a co- temporary Historian, as " a choice company of young men, the very flower of the- County of Essex, none of whom-, were ashamed to speak with the enemy in the gate." " And- Sanguinetto tells you where the dead Made the earth wet, and turn'd the unwilling waters red." This monument erected August, 1838. The bearing and distance of the grave of the slain (south 21 rods) is inscribed on the monument, and a stone slab placed on the spot. In order to defend the frontier settlements from the Indians in Philip's war, a considerable number of soldiers were posted at Hadley, and it became necessary to procure provisions and forage for their subsistence. The Indians having burnt the principal part of Deerfield, it was abandoned by the inhabitants ; their grain, consisting of about 3,000 bushels of wheat, remained stacked in the fields, having escaped the conflagration. Deter mining to avail himself of this supply, the commanding officer at Hadley detached Capt. Lathrop and his company, with a number of teams and drivers, to thrash it and transport it to head-quarters. Having thrashed the grain and loaded his teams, Capt. Lathrop, on the 18th of September, commenced his march for Hadley. As no Indians had been seen in the vicinity, he did not probably appre hend any danger. The following account of the fatal attack of the savages at Bloody Brook is taken from Hoyfs Indian Wars, published at Greenfield in 1824. "For the distance of about three miles, after leaving Deerfield meadow, Lathrop' s march lay through a very level country, closely wooded, where he was every moment exposed to . an attack on either flank ; at the termination of this distance, near the south point of Sugar-loaf Hill, the road approximated Connecticut river, and the left was in some measure protected. At the village now called Muddy Brook, in the southerly part of Deerfield, the road crossed a small stream, bordered by a narrow morass, from which DEERFIELD. 249 the village has its name ; though more appropriately it should be denominated Bloody Brook, by which it was sometimes known. Before arriving at the point of intersection with the brook, the road for about half a mile ran parallel with the morass, then, cross ing, it continued directly to the south point of Sugar-loaf Hill, tra versing what is now the home lots, on the east side of the vil lage. As the morass was thickly covered with brush, the place of crossing afforded a favorable point of surprise. On discovering Lathrop' s march, a body of upwards of seven hundred Indians planted themselves in ambuscade- at this point, and lay eagerly waiting to pounce upon him while passing the morass. Without scouring the woods in his front and flanks, or suspecting the snare laid for him, Lathrop arrived at the fatal spot ; crossed the morass with the principal part of his force, and probably halted, to allow time for his teams to drag through their loads. The critical moment had arrived — the Indians instantly poured a heavy and destructive fire upon the column, and rushed furiously to close attack. Confusion and dismay succeeded. The troops broke and scattered, fiercely pursued by the Indians, whose great superiority enabled them to attack at all points. Hopeless was the situation of the scattered troops, and they resolved to sell their lives in a vigorous struggle. Covering themselves with trees, the bloody con flict now became a severe trial of skill in sharp shooting, in which life was the stake. Difficult would it be to describe the havoc, barbarity, and misery that ensued ; ' fury raged, and shuddering pity quit the sanguine field,' while desperation stood pitted, at ' fearful odds,' to unrelenting ferocity. The dead, the dying, the wounded, strewed the ground in all directions; and Lathrop' s devoted force was soon reduced to a small number, and resistance became faint. At length the unequal struggle terminated in the annihilation of nearly the whole of the English ; only seven or eight escaped from the bloody scene, to relate the dismal tale ; and the wounded were indiscriminately butchered. Capt. Lathrop fell in the early part of the action. The whole loss, including teamsters, amounted to ninety." Capt. Mosely, who was at Deerfield with his company, between four and five miles distant, hearing the musketry, hurried on to the relief of Lathrop, but it was too late ; he found the Indians had done their bloody work, and were stripping the dead. Rush ing on in close order, he broke" through the enemy, and, charging back and forth, cut down all within the range of his shot. After several hours of gallant fighting, the savages were compelled to seek for safety in the surrounding swamps and forests. Lieuten ants Savage and Pickering greatly distinguished themselves by their skill and bravery. Just at the close of the action, Major Treat, of Connecticut, who on the morning of this day had marched towards Northfield, arrived on the ground with one hundred men, consisting of English, Pequot and Mohegan Indians, and shared in the final pursuit of the enemy. Captain Mosely lost but two men in the various attacks, and seven or eight only were 250 DEERFIELD. wounded. The loss of the Indians in the various attacks of tne day was estimated at ninety-six, the greatest proportion of which fell in the engagement with Mosely. On the approach of night, Treat and Mosely proceeded to Deerfield, where they encamped for the night, and the next morning returned to the field of slaugh ter to bury the dead. The day after this disaster, the Indians appeared at Deerfield, on the west side of the river in that town, and, displaying the garments they had stripped from Lathrop' s slain, made demonstrations of an attack on the fortified house, which then contained a garrison of only twenty-seven men. The commander held out delusive appearances of a strong force, — caused his trumpet signals to be given, as if to call in additional troops, which so intimidated the Indians that they withdrew with out making an attack. This post, however, was afterwards abandoned by the garrison, and the place was soon after des troyed by the enemy. During the French and Indian wars, Deerfield was often exposed to the incursions of the French and their savage allies. In the evening of the 29th of February, 1704, Major Hertel de Rouville, with 200 French and 142 Indians, after a tedious march, of between 2 and 300 miles through deep snow, arrived at an ele vated pine forest, about two miles north of the village, (now called Petty' s plain,) bordering Deerfield meadow, where they lay con cealed till after midnight. Finding all quiet, and the snow being covered with a crust sufficient to support the men, Rouville left his snow-shoes and packs at the foot of the elevation, and, crossing Deerfield river, began his march through an open meadow before daylight with the utmost caution, which, however, was unneces sary, as the guard had retired to rest a little before daylight. Arriving at the north-west quarter of the fort, where the snow had drifted in many places nearly to the top of the palisades, the enemy entered the place, and found all in a profound sleep. Parties detached in different directions broke into the houses and dragged the astonished people from their beds, and wherever resistance was made they were generally killed. A party forced the door of the house of the Rev. Mr. Williams, who, awakened by the noise, seized a pistol from his bed tester and snapped it at one of the Indians who were entering his room. He was seized, bound, and kept standing in his shirt for near an hour. His house in the mean time was plundered, and two of his chil dren, with a black female servant, were murdered before the door. They then permitted him and Mrs. Williams, with five other chil dren, to put on their clothes. The house of Capt. John Sheldon was attacked, but as the door at which the Indians attempted to enter was firmly bolted, they found it difficult to penetrate. They then perforated it with their tomahawks, and, thrusting through a musket, fired and killed the captain's wife, as she was rising from a bed in an adjoining room. The captain's son and wife, awakened by the assault, leaped from a chamber window, at the east end of the house, by which the latter strained her ankle, DEERFIELD. 251 and was seized by the Indians, but the husband escaped to the woods and reached Hatfield. After gaining possession of the house, which was one of the largest in the place, the enemy reserved it as a depot for the prisoners as they were collected from other parts of the village. The whole number made prisoners was 112, and the number of killed was forty-seven. Having collected the prisoners, plundered and set fire to the buildings, Rouville left the place when the sun was about an hour high. Every building within the fort was reduced to ashes except the meeting-house and that of Captain Sheldon, Avhich was the last fired, and saved by the English, who assembled immediately after the enemy left the place. This house is still standing near the center of the vil lage, of which the annexed engraving is a representation. llBHGHn South-east view of Ancient House in Deerfield. The ground plan of the building is 42 by 21 feet. The timber used in the construction of this house is of a large size and firm texture, most of which remains sound even to the sills, and the primitive clapboards at the gables are in a good state of preserva tion ; the walls are lined with brick. The door, showing the per foration made by the tomahawks, still remains. Other parts of the building have been repaired, and the general appearance of the house does not exhibit so antique an appearance as its age would indicate. The night following the attack, the enemy encamped in the meadow, in what is now Greenfield, about four miles from Deerfield village, where, by clearing away the snow and construct ing slight cabins of brush, the prisoners were as comfortably lodged as circumstances would admit. On the second day of their jour ney Mrs. Williams, who had lain in but a few weeks previous, be came exhausted through fatigue, and, proving burdensome, her Indian master sunk his tomahawk into her head and left her dead at the foot of a hill near Green river. The march of the captives on Connecticut river continued for several days v/ithout any inci- 34 252 DEE 1729, in the 65lh year of his age. Reu. 14. 13. Write blessed are the dead which die in the Lord. ERVING. The territory comprising this town was an unincorporated tract, called Erving's Grant, lying on the north bank of Miller's river, bounded north by Northfield and Warwick. It was incorporated as a town in 1838. A Congregational church was organized here five or six years since, but there never has been any minister set tled in the place. At this time the inhabitants meet occasionally in a school-house for public worship. In the Statistical Tables published by the state, it is stated that in Erving's Grant there was 1 woollen mill, which manufactured 25,600 yards of satinet, valued at $1-6,640 ; 12 hands, 6 male and 6 female, were employ ed ; capital invested, $7,000. Two thousand and fifty pairs of boots and 744 pairs of shoes were manufactured, valued at $4,345. Population in 1837 was 292. There is a post-office in the town. Distance, 10 miles ea,st from Greenfield, and 85 miles from Boston. GILL. This town was formerly a part of Deerfield ; it was incorporat ed in 1793. It received its name in honor of Lieutenant Governor Moses Gill. The church records have been lost, but it is supposed that the Congregational church was organized in 1793. The first minister was Rev. John Jackson, who was settled in 1798 ; his successor, Rev. Jabez Munsell, was settled in 1802 ; the next minis ter, Rev. Josiah W. Canning, was settled in 1806. The township is situated on a great bend of Connecticut river, and contains much fertile land. It lies on the west side of the Connecticut, and is separated from Greenfield by Fall river. There are two churches, 1 Congregational and 1 Methodist, both situated in the small vil lage in the central part of the town. Population, 809. Distance, 5 miles E.'N. E. of Greenfield, 15 S. of Brattleborough, Vt., and 86 westerly from Boston. Near the point where the boundaries of. this town, Montague 254 gill. and Greenfield meet, there is in the Connecticut tne most interest- in °- waterfall in the state. They were formerly called Miller's fails, but of late have received the name of Turner's Falls, in commemoration of Capt. Turner, who surprised a body of Indians, in 1676, at this place, during Philip's war. A canal, three miles in length, in order to pass the falls, has been constructed in the town of Montague, on the eastern side of the river. An artificial dam has also been constructed at the falls, more than a thousand feet long, resting near the center upon two small islands. Over this dam the water descends more than thirty feet perpendicularly, and for half a mile continues descending rapidly and foaming in its course. From an elevation perhaps about fifty rods below the cataract, the observer perceives that he has a miniature resem blance of the falls of Niagara before him. The country about these is but little cultivated. On the opposite side of the river, the $1? Turner's Falls, in Connecticut River. observer will, however, perceive a few dwellings and the head of a canal ; but a little beyond appear elevations, which are princi pally covered with evergreens, and terminate the landscape. The Indians during Philip's war resorted to the falls for the pur pose of taking fish, as vast quantities of shad, salmon, and other fish ascended the river during the spring season. Several hundred Indians took a station on the right bank of the river, on elevated ground ; a smaller party occupied the opposite bank ; and another was stationed at what is now called Smead's Island, upwards of a mile below. As the English forces at Hadley and the adjacent towns were not, at this time, numerous, the Indians appeared to have considered themselves but little exposed to an attack. Two lads, Stebbins and Gilbert, who had been taken prisoners and car ried to the falls, fortunately made their escape, and gave informa tion of the position and carelessness of the Indians. On the receipt of this intelligence, it was determined to attack them by surprise. About one hundred and sixty mounted men assembled at Hatfield, GILL. 255 under the command of Capt. Turner of the colony troops. He was accompanied by Capt. Holyoke of Springfield, and Ensign Lyman of Northampton. Under the direction of two skilful guides, the English commenced their march for the falls, about twenty miles distant, in the evening of 17th of May. " Passing the ruins of Deerfield, and the river at the northerly part of the meadow in that town, they were heard by a lodge of Indians, seated at what is now called Cheapside, a small distance below the place where the English forded. The Indians immedi ately turned out and examined the usual place of crossing, but, finding no trail, supposed the noise to proceed from moose wading the river, and returned to their lodge. Turner having passed Green river and a trackless forest of about four miles, halted on elevated ground, a small distance west of Fall river, about half a mile from the Indian camp at the falls, where his men dismounted and left their horses, tied to saplings, under a small guard. About the dawn of day the English crossed Fall river, and, climbing up an abrupt hill, went rapidly through an intervening wood, rushed upon the camp, and found the Indians in a deep sleep, Without even a watch. Roused from their slumber by the sudden discharge of musketry, they fled towards the river, exclaiming, Mohawks ! Mohawks! verily believing this furious enemy was upon them. Many leaped into their canoes, some in the hurry forgetting their paddles, and, attempting to cross, were shot by the English or pre cipitated down the cataract and drowned. Some were killed in their cabins, others were cut down under the shelving rocks of the river bank, where they had fled for shelter. One hundred Indians were left dead on the ground, one hundred and forty passed down the falls, but one of whom escaped drowning. Their whole loss, as was acknowledged afterwards, was about three hundred men, among whom were some of their principal chiefs. Turner, who at this time had lost but one of his men, now returned towards his horses. By this time the Indians from the east side of the river, having joined those from Smead's Island, advanced on the left and rear of the English. Capt. Holyoke, who with part of the force formed a rear guard, often drove back the savages with great reso lution. They, however, continued their attacks, being covered by a thick morass extending along the left flank of the retiring troops. By a captive which they took the English were informed that Philip was now approaching with a thousand Indians. This, with several attacks at various points, produced a panic among the men, and the main body at length fell into confusion, and separated into several parties under different leaders. Two of these parties were cut off by the Indians, and the prisoners of one party, as was after ward^ ascertained, were burnt to death. Capt. Turner, at the head of the van, being enfeebled by a previous sickness, was unable to act with his usual vigor, and with much difficulty reached Green river. The enemy came up as he was crossing over, and he soon fell by a shot. Capt. Holyoke, who then commanded, continued lhc retreat through the meadow bordering Green river, and, cross- 256 GREENFIELD. ing a pine" plain and Deerfield river, entered the meadow in that l own, hard pressed by the Indians, and after sustaining several furious attacks arrived at Hatfield, with the loss of thirty-eight men. ' The most fatal part of the retreat lay across the present town of Greenfield, to the north of the extended swamp, lying north of the old meeting-house. Capt. Turner is supposed to have fallen in Greenfield meadow, near the mouth of the brook, on vvhich now stands Nash's mill, where his body was afterwards found by a scouting party of the English. The Indians followed Holyoke to the village, now called the Bars, at the south end of Deerfield meadow.' "* GREENFIELD. This town was formerly a part of Deerfield. It was incorpo rated as a town in 1753. Rev. Edward Billings, the first minister of the first Congregational church in this town, was a native of Sunderland ; he settled here in 1754. He was succeeded by Rev. Roger Newton, D. D., in 1761. Rev. Gamaliel S. Olds was settled as colleague in 1813; he resigned in 1816, and became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the University of Ver mont and in Amherst college. His successor was Rev. Sylvester Woodbridge, who was succeeded by Rev. Amariah Chandler in 1832. Rev. Titus Strong, D. D., the present rector of the Episco pal church, was instituted by Rt. Rev. Bishop Griswold, in 1814. The first pastor of the second church was Rev. Charles Jenkins, who was settled in 1820 ; his successors have been Rev. Wm. C. Fowler, Rev. C. S. Henry, Rev. Th. Bellows, and Rev. Saml. Wash burn. The first minister of the Unitarian Congregational church was the Rev. Winthrop Bailey, who was installed in 1825, and died in 1835. He was succeeded by Rev. John Parkman Jr., in 1837. The principal part of Greenfield is composed of an extensive plain ; on the eastern part of the township runs a succession of eminences, of moderate height, which are a continuation of Deer field mountain. The soil on and near these eminences is, for some extent, light and sandy ; that of the plain is moderately good ; and that along Green river, near the western border, is excellent. Greenfield is the shire town of Franklin county. The village is beautifully situated on an elevated plain, rising above the interval on Green river, and built on two intersecting streets. The village consists of 100 well-built dwelling-houses, 4 churches, 2 Congre gational, one of which is Unitarian, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist, a court-house, jail, a bank, the " Greenfield Bank," with a capital of $150,000, 2 printing-offices, with quite a number of mercantile stores and mechanic shops. The "Greenfield High School for young Ladies " has a high reputation, and the buildings connected with it are large, extensive, and elegant, and add very much to the fine appearance of the village. The following statement of dis- * Hoyt's Indian Wars, p. 131. Drawn by J. W. Barber— Engraved bv S.' E. Brown, Boston. CENTRAL PART OF GREENFIELD, MASS. The above is a northern view of part of the public buildings. The Court-House, with a small spire, is seen on the left ; the first build ing northward is the Greenfield Bank ; the Congregational Church is seen on the right ; the Greenfield High School is a few rods south j the elevation in the distance is beyond Green river, a mill stream, passing southward of the village. GREENFIELD. 257 tances was taken from a guide-board, (or a kind of pilaster,) stand ing near the elegant hotel in the center of the place : 20 miles to Northampton ; 3 to Deerfield ; 7 to Bernardston ; 9 to Coleraine ; 40 to Springfield ; 54 to Worcester ; 20 to Brattleboro', Vt. ; 118 to Haverhill ; 66 to Hartford, Con. ; 255 to Montreal. U. C. ; and 88 miles to Boston. Population of the town, 1,840. In 1837, there was in the town 1- woollen mill, 4 sets of ma chinery ; 36,000 lbs. of cotton and 150,000 lbs. of wool were con sumed, and 180,000 yards of satinet were manufactured, the value of which was $110,000; males employed, 26; females, 63; capital invested, $80,000. Merino sheep, 1,000; other kinds of sheep, 1,153 ; merino wool produced, 2,730 lbs.; other kinds of wool, 3,459 lbs. This town during the Indian and French wars was made the theater for some of the horrors of Indian warfare. The fall fight, so called, took place, near the eastern border of this town. (See account of Gill.) The most fatal part of the action to the English took place within the limits of this town. The following case of individual suffering deserves notice: it is extracted from Hoyfs Indian Wars. Mr. Jonathan Wells, of Hatfield, one of the twenty who remained in the rear when Turner began his march from the falls, soon after mounting his horse received a shot in one of his thighs, which had previously been fractured and badly healed, and another shot wounded his horse. With much difficulty he kept his saudle, and, after several narrow escapes, joined the main body just at the time it separated into several parties, as has been related. Attaching himself to one that was making towards the swamp on the left, and perceiving the enemy in that direction, he altered his route, and joined another party flying in a different direction. Unable to keep up with the party, he was soon left alone, and not long after fell in with one Jones, who was also wounded. The woods, being thick and the day cloudy, they soon got bewildered, and Wells lost his companion ; and after wandering in various directions, accidentally struck Green river, and proceeding up the stream, arrived at a place, since called the country farms, in the northerly part of Greenfield. Passing the river, and attempting to ascend an abrupt hill, bordering the interval west, he fell from his horse exhausted. After lying senseless some time, he revived and found his faithful animal standing by him ; making him fast to a tree, he again lay down to rest himself, but finding he should not be able to remount, he turned the horse loose, and making use of his gun as a crutch hobbled up the river, directly opposite to the course he ought to have taken. His progress was slow and painful, and being much annoyed by musquetoes, towards night he struck up a fire, which soon spread in all directions, and with some difficulty he avoided the flames. New fears now arose ; the fire, he conjectured, might guide the Indians to the spot, and he should be sacrificed to their fury. Under these impres sions he divested himself of his ammunition, that it might not fall mto their hands — bound up his thigh with a handkerchief, and staunched the blood, and composing him self as much as possible, soon fell into a sleep. Probably before this he had conjee* tured that he was pursuing a wrong course, for in a dream he imagined himself bewildered, and was impressed with the idea that he must turn down the stream to find his home. The rising of the sun the next morning convinced him that his sleeping impressions were correct — that he had travelled from, instead of towards Hatfield, ana that he was then further from that place than the falls, where the action took place. He was nowsome distance up Green river, where the high lands closed down to the sjream. Reversing his course, he at length regained the level interval in the upper part of Greenfield, and soon found a foot path which led him to the trail of his retreating comrades ; this he pursued to Deerfield river, which, with much difficulty, he forded by the aid of his gun ; ascending the bank, he laid himself down to rest, and being overcome with fatigue, he fell asleep ; but soon .awaking, he discovered an Indian making directly towards him, in a canoe. Unable to flee, and finding his situation desperate, he presented his gun, then wet and filled with sand and gravel, as il in the act of firing ; the Indian, leaving his own gun, instantly leaped from his canoe 35. 258 GEEENFIELD. into the water, escaped to the opposite shore, and disappeared. Wells no w concluded he should be sacrificed by others, who he knew were but a small distance down the river; but determining if possible to elude them, he gained' an adjacent swamp, and secreted himself under a pile of drift-wood. The Indians were soon heard in search of him, traversing the swamp in all directions, and passing over the drift-wood ; but lying close, he fortunately avoided discovery, and after they had given up the search and left the place, he continued his painful march through Deerfield meadows. Hunger now began to prey upon him, and looking about he accidentally discovered the skele ton of a horse, from the bones of which he gathered some animal matter, which he eagerly devoured, and soon after found a few birds'- eggs, and some decayed beans, which in some measure allayed the cravings of nature, and added to his strength. Passing the ruins of Deerfield at dusk, he arrived the next morning at Lathrop's battle ground, at Bloody Brook, in the south part of Deerfield, where he found himself so exhausted that he concluded he must give up further efforts, lie down, and die. But after resting a short time and recollecting that he was within about eight miles of Hatfield, his resolution returned, and he resumed his march over pine woods, then smoking with a recent fire ; here he found himself in great distress from a want of Water to quench his thirst, and almost despaired of reaching ' his approximated home. But once more rousing himself, he continued his route, and about mid-day on Sunday reached Hatfield, to the inexpressible joy of his friends, who had supposed him dead. After a long confinement, Mr. Wells' wound was healed, and he lived to an advanced age, a worthy member of the town. After the sacking of Deerfield, Rouville, the commander of the French and Indians, after the destruction of the town, after a march of about four miles, encamped in the meadows on the bank of the river. The second day's march was slow. At the upper part of Greenfield meadow it was necessary to pass Green river, a small stream, then open, in which Mrs. Williams, the wife of the Rev. John Williams, plunged under water, but, recovering herself, she with difficulty reached the shore, and con tinued her route. An abrupt hill was now to be surmounted, and Mr. Williams entreated his Indian master for leave to return and help forward his distressed wife; he was refused, and she left to struggle with difficulties beyond her power. Her cruel and bloody master, finding her a burthen, sunk his hatchet in her head, and left her dead at the foot of the hill. Her body was soon afterwards taken up and interred in the burial-ground in Deerfield. On the twelfth of August, 1766, a party of Indians attacked five men at labor at a place called the Country farms, in the northerly part of Greenfield. The Indians had secreted themselves on an adjacent eminence, and observed the people deposit their ¦arms before they commenced their labor, and by a cautious approach placed them selves between them and the men, and rushing furiously on, gave their fire ; but it proved harmless. Destitute of the means of defence, the people fled in different direc tions ; ¦ Shubal Atherton leaped into a ravine, among thick brush, where he was dis covered, shot, and scalped ; Benjamin Hastings and John Graves, dashing through Green river, outstripped the Indians, and escaped ; but Daniel Graves and Nathaniel Brooks were captured. The former being in years, and unable to travel with the speed of the Indians, was killed a small distance from the place of capture ; Brooks was carried off, and never returned; whether he suffered the fate of his fellow-pri soner, is not known. A partyof people from Greenfield village hurried on to the spot, and followed the trail of the enemy some distance, and were soon joined by Major Williams with a party from Deerfield, but the enemy eluded their pursuers. The following is copied from a monument in the grave-yard in this place : — ¦ Sacred to the memory of Thomas Chapman, Esq., a native of Barforth, in York shire, Great Britain ; and many years a resident at Cossim-buzar, in the East Indies. iHe departed this transitory life May 25th, A. D. 1819, aged 73 ; and was a Gentleman H A W L E V . 259 of inviolable integrity, of great urbanity of manners, and a generous example of good old English hospitality. He was also an affectionate Father, an indulgent husband, a zealous friend of the primitive church, and a sincere follower of Jesus Christ; Hence he lived beloved, and died, lamented, by a large circle of friends and acquain tance, and the few sorrowing relatives who have erected this, marble to perpetuate his remembrance. HAWLEY. This town was incorporated in 1792. It has an elevated situa-- tion on the Green mountain range, and is well watered by several branches of Deerfield river. Rev. Jonathan Grout, the first Con gregational minister, was settled here in 1793 ; he died, in 1835, aged 72. His successor was Rev. Tyler Thacher. No regular minister has yet been settled over the second parish. The names' of some of the first settlers were Deacon Joseph Bangs, Adjutant Zebedee Wood, Daniel Burt, Samuel and Arthur Hitchcock, Timothy Baker, Reuben Cooley, Joseph Easton, Elisha Hunt, Abel Parker, Nathan West, Phineas Scott, Thomas King, Joseph Long- ley, William Mclntire, and James Percival. Part of the north part of the town is named from Bozrah, Con., from which place some of the first settlers came. Old Mr. Hale, one of the first settlers of this town, located him self about half a mile from the South Hawley post-office. He is described as being a very singular sort of a man. He was never married, but lived by himself : with his own hands he cleared up land and raised a considerable quantity of grain. He used to talk. much to himself, and, was very much, harassed by the appearance of " spirits," which he said very much troubled him ; he, however, like Fingal," showed fight " with his tormentors. He has:been seen. armed with a pitehfork, and to all appearance, as far as. he was concerned, engaged in mortal combat with his enemies. He would violently thrust the fork into the air in various directions about him, furnishing a, kind of representation of Fingal's cele brated contest with the spirit of Loda, thus described in Carric- Thura,, a poem of Ossian : "The flame was dim and distant ; the moon hid her red face in the east.. A blast came from the mountain'; on its wings was the spirit of Loda. He came to his place in his terrors, and shook his dusky spear. His eyes appear like flames in his dark face ; his voice is like distant thunder. Fingal advanced his spear in night, and raised his voice on high. " ' Son of night, retire : call thy winds, and fly ! Why dost thou come to my presence with thy shadowy arms ? Do I fear thy gloomy form,; spirit of dismal Loda? Weak' is thy shield of clouds ; feeble is that meteor thy sword ! The blast rolls them together ;¦ and thou thyself art lost. Fly from my presence, son of night! call thy winds and fly!' "'Dost thou force me from my place?' replied the hollow voice. 'The people bend before me. I turn the battle in the field of the brave. I look on the nations, and they vanish ; my nostrils pour the blast of death. . I come abroad on the winds ; the tempests are before my face. But my dwelling is calm, above the clouds ; the fields of my rest are pleasant.' " ' Dwell in thy pleasant fields,' said the king. ' Let Combal's son be forgot. Do my steps ascend from my hills into thy peaceful plains ? Do I meet thee with a speai , on thy cloud, spirit of dismal Loda ? Why then dost thou frown on me ?- why shake 260 HEATH. thine airy spear ? Thou frownest in vain : I never fled from the mighty in war. And shall the sons of the wind frighten the king of Morven ? No : he knows the weakness of their arms ! ' " 'Fly to thy land,' replied the fonn ; 'receive thy wind, and fly ! The blasts are in the hollow of my hand ; the course of the1 storm is mine. The king of Sora is my son • he bends at the stone of my power. His battle is around Carric-thura ; and he will prevail ! Fly to thy land, son of Combal, or feel my flaming wrath ! ' " He lifted high his shadowy spear! He bent forward his dreadful height. Fingal, advancing, drew his sword ; the blade of dark-brown Luno. The gleaming path of the steel winds through the gloomy ghost. The form fell shapeless into air, like a column of smoke, which the staff of the boy disturbs as it rises from the half-extin guished furnace." In 1837, there were in this town 2,716 merino sheep, which pro duced 8,148 lbs. of wool, valued at $4,574. The value of leather tanned and curried was $13,000. Population, 985. Distance, 2Q miles from Greenfield, 23 from Northampton, 53 to Albany, and about 120 from Boston. HEATH. This town was incorporated in 1785. Rev. Joseph Strong, the first minister, was settled here in 1790. The church originated from that in Charlemont, at the close of the Revolutionary war, when;Mr. Leavitt was the minister of the latter. " It was a period of some difficulty, owing, in part, to the state of the times." The number of original members was thirty-five. Rev. Moses Miller succeeded Mr. Strong in the ministry, in 1804. It is stated in the American Quarterly Register, Feb. 1838, as follows, viz. : " The church now consists of about 200. It has been diminished 100, by emigration. About 60 families attend Mr. Miller's meeting; of which 15 do not belong to the parish. About 350 persons attend meeting statedly ; 30 families attend the Baptist meeting ; 10 the Methodist ; and 20 are Unitarians. At one time one third of the persons in town were professors of religion." This is principally an agricultural town. The principal articles manufactured in the town are palm-leaf hats ; of these, in 1837, there were 30,000 manufactured, valued at $5,000. The number of inhabitants in 1830 was 1,199 ; in 1837 it was reduced to 953. Distance, 4 miles N. of Charlemont, 13 from Greenfield, and 125 from Boston. There are three churches in the town, 1 Congrega tional, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist ; and two post-offices. One of the cordon of forts, built in 1744 for a defence against the Indians, was situated in this town, and was called Fort Shirley. LEVERETT. This town Was incorporated in 1774. Rev. Henry Williams Was installed pastor here in 1784. He died in 1811, and was succeed- Li LEYDEN. 26 1 ed by Rev. Joel Wright, in 1812, who continued pastor till 1820 ; Rev. Joseph Sawyer, the next minister, was settled in 1822. The next was Rev. Jonas Colburn, who was settled in 1824 ; and was succeeded, in 1832, by Rev. Freegrace Reynolds. This is principally an agricultural town. In 1837, there were two scythe factories, which manufactured 2,400 scythes, valued at $1,600. Palm-leaf hats manufactured, 30,400 ; the value of which was $4,590. There are two Congregational churches, one in the north, the other in the south part of the town ; there are two post- offices. Population, 902. Distance, 3 miles E. from Sunderland, 10 from Greenfield, and 85 from Boston. LEYDEN. This town was incorporated in 1809. It was formerly a part of Coleraine, and is now divided from' that town by Green river, which, passing through Greenfield, passes into Deerfield river. There is one church in the town, which is situated in the central part, and belongs to the Baptists, the only regular denomination in the town. Agricultural pursuits is the business of the inhabitants. In 1837, there were 1,140 Saxony, 1,733 merino, and 269 other kinds of sheep in this town ; Saxony wool produced, 3,320 lbs. ; merino, 5, 199 lbs. ; other kinds, 807 lbs. ; average weight of fleece, 3 lbs. ; value of wool, $5,129 30 ; capital invested, $7,855:. Popu lation, 656. Distance, 7 miles from Greenfield, and 100 from Bos ton. The " Glen," a narrow rocky pa^s, through which a branch of the Green river passes, is much admired for its wild and pic turesque scenery. William Dorrell, the founder of the sect of Dorrellites, it is believed is still living in the north-west corner of this town. He is a native of England, and was born in Glou cestershire, about 1750, and was the son of a farmer. He enlisted as a soldier when he was twenty years of age. He came to America and was captured with Burgoyne. He lived for a time in Petersham, where he married a woman by the name of Polly Chase ; he lived afterwards in Warwick, and then removed into Leyden. He was visited by a gentleman in 1834, from whom the above, and following particulars are derived. He was found living in a poor old house, situated in a bleak place, far from any travelled road. He was six feet or more in height. He did not believe in the Bible. He said the first revelation was made to him when he was chopping wood ; it was, " Ren der yourself an acceptable sacrifice," or something similar. He began to have follow ers in the spring of 1794, and at one time twenty or more families joined him ; some were from Bernardston. Dorrell held that all days were alike, and also to non-resist ance, and would say that no arm of flesh could hurt him. Some of his followers wore wooden shoes and tow cloth. Dorrell possessed a good deal of firmness of mind, and it is said that the organ for this was very fully developed in his cranium. He was in the habit of occasionally drinking too much ; he was, however, very punctual in ful filling all his engagements, whether drunk or sober. The sect of which he was the head, it is believed, has become extinct. MONROE. This town Was incorporated in 1822. It is situated on the high lands north of Hoosic river. Distance, 23 miles from Greenfield, 262 MONTAGUE. and 130 N. W. of Boston. Number of inhabitants, 232. It is stated that no religious society has yet been formed in the place. In 1837, there were 400 Saxony, 600 merino, and 103 other kinds of sheep ; the average weight of whose fleeces were three and one fourth pounds. MONTAGUE. Montague was incorporated as a town in 1753. Before that time, the southern part belonged to the town of Sunderland, and the northern part belonged to the state. It is about 6 miles square. The general face of the town is uneven, the soil various ; a range of highlands in the easterly part of the town, the parts of which North-west view of Montague, (central part.) are designated by different names, Harvey's Hill, Chesnut Hill, Bald Hill, Pine Hill, Quarry Hill, &c. South-westerly from the present center of the town there is a hill called Taylor Hill. The northerly part consists of pine plains ; on the west of the town, bordering upon the Connecticut, there is quite an extensive tract of meadow land, of a good quality for cultivation. There is also upon the Saw-mill river, which takes its rise from Lock's Pond, Shutesbury, considerable meadow land. This river enters the town of Montague near the south-east corner, and winds its way in a north-westerly direction, passing northerly of the center of the town, and empties itself into the Connecticut, about one mile from the south-west corner of the town. The town affords many excellent water privileges. Timber, clay, granite and other stone of a good quality for building, are abundant. The above is a view from the north-west of the central part of the town, on the bank of Saw-mill river, showing the two churches, and some other buildings in the vicinity. In 1837, there was $6,000's worth of scythe-snaiths and $3,000's worth of palm-leaf MONTAGUE. 263 hats manufactured. Population, 1,260. Distance, 7 miles from Greenfield, and 80 from Boston. In the north-westerly part of the town there is a canal 3 miles long, commencing at the head of Turner's falls, descent 70 feet, through which lumber and goods are conveyed in great abundance annually. There is a post-office at this place, called Montague Canal post-office. From time to time many traces of savage men are here discovered, such as points of arrows, stone chisels, &c. The first ordained minister was the Rev. Judah Nash, as appears upon a slab of slate-stone over his grave ; was settled Nov. 17, 1752, died Feb. 19, 1805, having continued with his people 53 years. And it is engraven upon said slab, that " He was faithful to his God, a lover of the church, a friend to mankind. Ever ready to hear affliction's cry, And trace his Maker's will with a curious eye, He tried each art, reproved each dull delay, Allured to brighter worlds and led the way. At church, with meek and unaffected grace, His look adorned the venerable place." - The names of some of the first settlers are Ellis, Harvey, Root, Gunn, Taylor, Clapp, &c. The celebrated Capt. Jonathan Carver had his residence in this town for many years.* One of his daugh ters married a Mr. Moses Gunn, who is still living in this place, and through the descent of his children by Capt. Carver's daughter claims an interest in what is called the Carver lands, granted him by the western Indians, situated in the Wisconsin Territory. The following was transcribed from a grave-stone in said Mon tague, about one mile from the present center : — " In memory of Mrs. Olive, wife of Mr. Moses Gunn, and daughter of Capt. Jona- - than Carver of Montague, who died April 21, 1789, aged 30 years, leaving 4 children." That part of the town taken from Sunderland in early times was called Hunting-hill Fields. Tradition says that it was thick ly inhabited by animals of the forest, such as bears, wolves, deer, and moose. From the many stories of hunters, one only is select ed. "A Mr. Ebenezer Tuttle and his father, of this place, at the time of its first settlement, went out on a hunting expedition, agree ing to continue out over night, designating the spot, about 3 miles from any house, in the easterly part of the town, in a gloomy forest. They separated for the objects of their pursuit. The son returned first to the place of encampment ; he had not been there long before he heard a noise, saw the bushes move, and, being somewhat frightened, he thought he saw a bear, levelled his piece and fired ; his father replied, ' You have killed me ! ' and soon expir ed. It was then almost dark. He took his father in his arms, with what emotions nor pen nor tongue can describe, and continued with him till day, and then went and gave information of what had taken place." In the grave-yard in said Montague there is the following inscription : — * Communication from J. Hartwell, Esq. 264 NEW SALEM. "In memory of Mr. Elijah Bordwell, who died Jan1? 26, 1786, in y° 27th year of his age, having but a few days survived ye fatal night when he was flung from his horse and drawn by y8 sturrup 26 rods along ye path, as appeared by ye place where his hat was found, and here he had spent ye whole of the following severe cold night tread ing down the snow in a small circle. The Family he left was an aged Father, a wife and three small children." NEW SALEM, This town was incorporated in 1753. The first inhabitants were chiefly from Middleborough, and some from Danvers. The first minister was Rev. Samuel Kendal, who died in 1792, and was succeeded in the ministry by Rev. Joel Foster, who was settled in 1779 ; he resigned in 1802, and was succeeded by Rev. Warren Pierce. Rev. Alpheus Harding succeeded Mr. Pierce in 1807. The north Congregational society erected their meeting-house in 1836, about three and a half miles north of the south church. The church (called the Orthodox) was organized in 1824. Rev. Levi French was settled pastor the next year ; he was succeeded by Rev. Erastus Curtiss, in 1834. There is a Baptist church near the southern line of the town. The south Congregational church and the academy, which was incorporated in 1795, stand on a very elevated hill, which com mands an extensive prospect over the neighboring valleys. " The fogs of Connecticut river seldom rise above this place, while it covers the surrounding country ; and the towering Monadnock on the north appear like islands rising from a boundless ocean." This place is 19 miles from Greenfield, 12 from Montague, 35 from Worcester, 10 from Athol, and 73 from Boston. The Millington post-office, in this town, is 3 miles distant from this place, in a little village in the south part of the town. Population, 1,255. Agri culture is the principal business of the inhabitants. The manu facture of palm-leaf hats, however, receives considerable attention. In 1837, seventy-nine thousand were manufactured, valued at $13,575. The following, relative to Revolutionary times, is copied from the Barre Gazette. " The news of the battle at Lexington flew through New England like wildfire. The swift horseman with his red flag proclaimed it in every village, and made the stirring call upon the patriots to move forward in defence of the rights so ruthlessly invaded and now sealed with the martyr's blood. Putnam, it will be recollected,' left his plough in the furrow and led his gallant band to Cambridge. Such instances of promptness and devotion were not rare. We have the following instance of the display of fervid patriotism from an eye-witness — one of those valued relics of the band of '76, whom now a grateful nation delights to honor. "When the intelligence reached New Salem in this state, the people were hastily as sembled on the village green, by the notes of alarm. Every man came with his gun, and other hasty preparations for a short march. The militia of the town were then divided into two companies, one of which was commanded by Capt. G. This company was paraded before much consultation had been had upon the proper steps to be taken in the emergency, and while determination was expressed on almost every countenance, 'he men stood silently leaning on their muskets, awaiting the movement of the spin' NOKTHFIELD. 265 in the officers. The captain was supposed to be tinctured with toryism, and his present indecision and backwardness were ample proof, if not of his attachment to royalty, at least of his unfitness to lead a patriot band. Some murmurs began to be heard, when the first lieutenant, William Stacy, took off his hat and addressed them. He was a man of stout heart, but of few words. Pulling his commission from his pocket, he said : ' Fellow-soldiers, I don't know exactly how it is with the rest of you, but for one, I will no longer serve a king that murders my own countrymen ;' and tearing the paper in a hundred pieces, he trod it under his foot. Sober as were the people by nature, they could not restrain a loud, wild hurra as he stepped forward and took his place in the ranks. G. still faltered, and made a feeble endeavor to restore order ; but they heeded him as little as the wind. The company was summarily disbanded, and a reor ganization begun on the spot. The gallant Stacy was unanimously chosen captain, and with a prouder commission than was ever borne on parchment, he led a. small but efficient band to Cambridge. He continued in service through the war, reaching, we believe, before its close, the rank of lieutenant-colonel, under the command of Put nam." The following inscriptions are copied from monuments standing in the grave-yard near the south Congregational church. Sacred to the memory of Rev14- Samuel Kendall, who died Jan. 31, 1792, in the 85 year of his age, first minister of New Salem. Equal in dust we all must lie ; And no distinction we can make, But Faith forbids the rising sigh, And sees my sleeping dust awake. In memory of Mrs. Lucy Kendall, the late virtuous & amiable consort of Mr. Sam uel Kendall, Jr., who died Oct. ye 22, 1784, in the 34th year of her age. Tantum mors temporalem vastat felicitatem.* Nor art nor virtue could redeem from death, Nor anxious love prolong her lab'ring breath ; Conjugal bands asunder must be torn, And thou, surviving partner, left to mourn ; But let her virtue now your grief suppress, And wait reluctant till you meet in bliss. NORTHFIELD. " In 1672, a township was granted to John Pynchon, Mr. Pearson, and other associates, at Squakheag, now Northfield, on Connecticut river; and the following year a few people from Northampton, Hadley, and Hatfield, began a plantation at that place. The township was laid out on both sides of the river, and included an area of six miles by twelve, extending several miles into the pre sent states of New Hampshire and Vermont, including a valuable tract of interval land. The northern boundary of Massachusetts was at this time unknown, but the grant was supposed to be within the limits of the province. A deed to William Clark and John King of Northampton, agents for the proprietors of Northfield, covering the grant, was made August 13, 1687, by Nawelet Gon- gegua, Aspiambelet, Addarawanset, and Meganichcha, Indians of * Thus does death destroy temporal (happiness) felicity. 36 266 NORTHFIELD. the place, in consideration of ' two hundred fathom of wampum and fifty-seven pounds worth of trading goods.' It was signed with the marks of the grantors, and witnessed by Jonathan Hunt, Preserved Clap, William Clark, Jr., Peter Jethro, Joseph Atherton, and Israel Chauncey." " The planters built small huts, and co vered them with thatch ; made a place for public worship ; and built a stockade and fort." A great part of Northfield is excellent land, particularly several valuable intervals on both sides of Connecticut river. The village of Northfield is situated on an elevated plain, rising above the meadows on the Connecticut. The main street runs parallel with the river, and is about a mile in length ; it is wide, and ornamented with shade trees. The houses are handsomely built. There are two churches and an academy in the village. Southern view in the central part of Northfield. The above is a southern view in the central part of the village, showing the Unitarian church and some other buildings, with the shade trees ; the whole intended to give a characteristic view of the appearance of the village. This place is about 12 miles from Greenfield, 12 from Brattleborough, Vt., 16 from New Salem, 13 to Montague, 78 to Hartford, Ct., and 78 to Boston. Population, 1,605. Very little is done in the manufacturing business at present in this town. Northfield has suffered much from the horrors of Indian warfare and bloodshed. Upon the opening of Philip's war, Northfield, be ing a frontier settlement, was much exposed to the attacks of the enemy. In the beginning of September, 1675, nine or ten people were killed in the woods at Northfield ; others escaped to the gar rison-house. The day after this took place, and before it was known at Hadley, Capt. Beers, with thirty-six mounted infantry, was detached by Major Treat, to convoy provisions to the garri son and people at Northfield. Beers' route led through the present NORTHFIELD. 267 towns of Sunderland, Montague, and the tract called Erving's Grant, then a continued forest, through which was an imperfect road, the distance of nearly thirty miles ; and though continually e?ip0™ •*,? attacks> he Passed several difficult places, and among others Miller s river, without seeing an Indian. Dismounting and leaving the horses, the march was continued on foot, and was ne cessarily retarded by an accompanying baggage. At the distance ol about two miles from the garrison at Northfield, the route lay over a deep swampy ravine, through which ran a considerable - brook, emptying into Connecticut river. Discovering Beers' ap proach, a large body of Indians formed an ambuscade at this place and lay ready to attack his front and right. Without discovering the snare, Beers arrived at the point, and received the fire of the Indians from the margin of the ravine on his right. A considera ble proportion of the party fell on the spot- the remainder instantly broke, and, in scattered order, retreated over a piece of level ground, closely followed by the Indians. Beers, with a few of his men, gained an abrupt hill, about three fourths of a mile in his rear, where they bravely maintained their ground some time against an overwhelming force ; but at length he received a fatal shot, and the survivors were compelled to retire from the ground. Out of the thirty-six, only sixteen escaped back to Hadley, leaving the Daggage and wounded in the hands of the enemy* Two days , after this fatal disaster, Major Treat, with one hundred men, ar rived on the ground where Beers was defeated, and witnessed the horrid barbarity of the savages. Several of the slain were behead ed, and their heads were elevated on poles near the road ; one man was suspended to the limb of a tree, by a chain hooked to his un der jaw, probably when alive, and the whole scene was appalling. Pursuing his march to the town, the major found the garrison safe, and brought them off with the inhabitants. The Indians soon after destroyed the fort, houses, and every thing valuable in the town. During the first part of " King William's war," which com menced in 1690, Northfield was again occupied by a few settlers, pro- • tected by small works, and a few troops, furnished by government ; but the people were at length compelled to abandon it, on which the Indians the second time destroyed the place. Immediately after the peace of 1713, the settlers of Northfield returned to their plantations, rebuilt their houses, and one for public worship; and in 1718, they settled Mr. Benjamin Doolittle, from Wallingford, Con., as minister of the place, which then consisted of about thirty families. The following is the date of the settlement of the cler gymen succeeding Mr. Doolittle : John Hubbard in 1750 ; Samuel . * Hoyt's Indian Wars. The ground where this disaster took place is still called Beers' plain, and the hill where the captain fell, Beers' mountain. At a sandy knoll on the west side of the road, near the place where the attack commenced, the bones of the • slain were a few years since to be found bleaching in the sun. The mail route from Montague to Northfield formerly passed over the ground ; it now runs a little to the . west. Janes' mill is situated a small distance north of the place of attack. 268 ORANGE. C. Allen in 1795 ; Thomas Mason in 1799 ; George W. Hosmer in 1830; Oliver C. Everett in 1837. The Trinitarian church was formed in 1825. Eli Moody and Bancroft Fowler have been min isters of this church. The Methodist church stands in the south ern part of the town. [From the Boston Post Boy, May 12, 1746.] " By an express from the westward, we are informed, that the Indians kill'd a man who was going from Lunenburg to Northfield, about a fortnight ago, but was not found until last Monday. He had been to Boston, and was on his return home, with about four or five hundred pounds with him in paper bills, which he was carrying up to Northfield to pay the billeting of soldiers. — And that at No. 4, another- man was killed last Friday sev'night, the circumstances of which are pretty remarkable. Maj. Willard with several soldiers went as a guard to some women, not far from the fort, who went out to milk their cows. Two of the party having separated to go to the barn, one of them seeing a door of the stable open, ran before to shut it, fearing the cat tle might have got in there ; and just as he had got to the door, he saw 7 or 8 of them in the stable ; upon which he cried out, the stable is full of Indians ! They not minding it, the Indians rushed out and fired upon them, and shot this man. The major and guard hearing the guns, called the. men to arms, and advanced in haste toward the enemy ; but before they got nigh enough, they saw one of the Indians, a very stout fellow, run up to the man they had shot and strike him on the head, which entirely dispatched him ; but the major getting good aim, fired, and supposes to have struck him, as they were scouring off, this fellow being seen from the fort to drop at some distance, but was carried off by the others ; also much blood was seen at the place, and his blankets, very bloody, were found." The following inscriptions were copied from monuments in the burial-ground in this place : Eev. John Hubbard, A. M., second minister of this town, died Nov. 28, 1794, in the 69lhyear of his age, and 45lh of his ministry. A man he was to all his people dear And passing rich with eighty pounds a year ; Remote from towns, he held his godly race, Nor ever changed, nor wish'd to change his place. In duty, faithful, prompt at every call, He watch'd, and wept, and pray'd for all ; He try'd each art, reproved each dull delay, Allur'd to brighter worlds, and led the way. In memory of the Eev. Mr. Benjamin Doolittle, first pastor of the church in North field, who died Janr- ye 9th. 1748, in the 54lh year of his age & 30th year of his minis try. Bless'd with good intelectual parts, Well skilled in two important arts, Nobly he filled the double station Both of a preacher and physician. To cure men's sicknesses and sins, He took unwearied care and pains ; And strove to make his patient whole Throughout, in body and in soul. He lov'd his God, lov'd to do good, To all his friends vast kindness show'd ; Nor could his enemies exclaim, And say he was not kind to them. His labors met a sudden close, Now he enjoys a sweet repose ; And when the just to life shall rise, Among the first, he'll mount the skies. ORANGE. This town was incorporated in 1783. The face of the township is generally rough and uneven. Miller's river, which now passes through the central part of the town, affords valuable water privi leges. Mr. Emerson Foster and Mr. Chandler are the only minis- ROWE. 269 ters who have been settled over the old church in Orange, now in the northern section of the town. Mr. Foster was minister here about 1798. Mr. Chandler was in the place but a short time. In 1837 an ecclesiastical council convened and organized a church, called the " Evangelical Church of Orange." NHSBr mm &*. JSiyHII Southern view of Orange, (centralpart.) The above is a southern view of the flourishing little village of Orange, now in the central part of the town. Miller's river, which passes through the place, was formerly the southern boundary of Orange. The northern part of New Salem has been quite recently annexed to this town, so that this village is now in the central part. The forests have been recently cleared away in the immediate vicinity, and the place presents the appearance of a new settlement springing up in the wilderness. Population of the town in April, 1837, was 1,543. Distance, 75 miles from Boston. In 1837, there were manufactured in this town 72,300 palm-leaf hats, the value of which was $12,050. ROWE. This town was incorporated in 1785. It has an elevated situa tion, and was originally purchased by a Mr. Jones. In 1838, the legislature annexed a part of an unincorporated tract, called Zoar, to this town. This tract comprised 1,875 acres of land, adjoining the south part of the town, on which were six families. One of the cordon of forts erected about 1744 for a defence against the French and Indians was situated in this town. The ruins of this fortifi cation, called Fort Pelham, are situated south-east of the Congre gational church in the center of the town, on Pelham brook, a small stream, being the only one passing through the town. Rev. Preserved Smith, the first minister, was settled here in 1787 ; his successor was Rev. Jonathan Keith, was settled in 1808, and was 270 SHELBURNE. succeeded by Mr. Smith, who again settled in 1812. His successor was Rev. William D. Stearns, was settled in 1835. Rev. John C. Thompson was settled over the Trinitarian church in 1835. There are four religious societies and four meeting-houses in this town. Population, 688. Distance, 22 miles from Greenfield and 130 from Boston. There is a woollen mill in this town. In 1837 there were 302 Saxony, 1,630 merino, and 364 of other kinds of sheep, producing wool to the value of $4,249 80. SHELBURNE. This town was originally a part of Deerfield, called Deerfield North- West. It received its present name from Lord Shelburne, of England. It was incorporated a distinct town in 1768. The first settlement was made in the eastern part of the town ; the first meeting-house, which was built of logs and plastered, stood about half a mile north of the present Congregational church in the cen ter of the town. The first Congregational minister was Rev. Ro bert Hubbard, who was settled in 1773 ; he died in Middletown, Ct. in 1788, aged 45. His successor was Rev. Jesse Townsend, who was settled in 1792, and resigned in 1797 ; the next pastor was Rev. Theophilus Packard, D. D., who was settled in 1799; he was succeeded by his son of the same name in 1828. The Shakers came into this town in 1782; they continued here about three years, when they removed to New Lebanon : a Mr. Wood was their elder or leader. The oldest house now standing in Shelburne Falls village was built by these people. The first Baptist church in this town was formed in 1788, and their first minister was a Mr. Green ; in 1792 Rev. David Long became its pastor, and con tinued his labors nearly forty years. The Unitarian society was formed in 1828. The Rev. Pliny Fiske, a missionary to Palestine, who died at Beyroot, in Syria, in 1825, was a native of this town. The following is a S. Eastern view of Shelburne Falls village, on Deerfield river, on the western boundary of the town. It consists of about thirty dwelling-houses, a church, an academy, and other buildings. The descent of the river at this place is forty-seven feet in the distance of forty rods, which affords abundant water power for several mills for different purposes. This village is uncom monly neat and beautiful in its general appearance. The engra ving shows the northern part. Deerfield river runs a few rods westward of the houses represented ; it bends round to the east ward, passing over a rocky bed, falling in some places perpen dicularly, foaming and roaring. This, with the elevated banks on each side, covered with forest trees, presents a wild and pictu resque scene. The church seen in the engraving in the distance is the Baptist church, erected in 1836. The second Baptist church was formed in 1833, and the Rev. John Alden, Jr., was constituted pastor. SHUTESBUKY. a& msm film, i - «. ,tllS??lt^ril=«^--y->Ci!i isi South-eastern view of Shelburne Falls Village. The Franklin Academy, located in this village, was incorporated in 1823. Two buildings are connected with the institution : one, (the academy) is a brick edifice, 52 feet by 38, and three stories in height. It is seen in the engraving in the distance, with a small tower or steeple on the roof. The other is the house occu pied by the principal, and others connected with the academy. It is 80 feet by 30, and stands about 60 rods east of the brick building. The average number of scholars for the last five years has been about 90 each term. Ever since its formation it has been under the charge of Mr. Alden, the Baptist clergyman mentioned above. This place is 4 miles from the center of the town, 9 from Greenfield, 25 from Northampton, and 100 from Boston. Popula tion, 1,018. In 1837 there was one woollen mill; 1 scythe manu factory, which manufactured 7,200 scythes, the value of which was $9,400. Fifteen hands were employed in the manufacture of scythe snaiths ; capital invested in this manufacture was $10,000. There were 6,000 palm-leaf hats manufactured, valued at $1,000. The value of wool produced in the town was $4,500 ; boots and shoes, $4,000. SHUTESBURY. This town was incorporated in 1761. The town was first set tled mostly by people from Sudbury, in 1754, and was at that period called Road Town. The land is uneven, encumbered with stones, and the soil is generally of an inferior quality. The Rev. Abraham Hill, the first Congregational minister, was settled here in 1742. Imbibing political sentiments hostile to the American cause, Mr. Hill was alienated from his people, and was regularly dismissed, in 1778 ; the' church was reduced to one member. It 272 SUNDERLAND. was reorganized in 1806 with 20 members. Rev. John Taylor was settled here, 1816 ; his successor was Rev. Martyn Cushman. Population, 816. Distance, 16 miles from Greenfield, 9 from Amherst, and 78 from Boston. In 1837, there were 22,000 palm- leaf hats manufactured. The following account of Mr. Ephraim Pratt, of this town, who lived to a very advanced age, is from the second volume of Dr. Dwight's Travels, page 358. " He was born at Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 1687 ; and in one month from the date of our arrival (Wednesday, Nov. 13th, 1803) would complete his one hundred and sixteenth year. He was of middle stature ; firmly built ; plump, but not encumbered with flesh ; less withered than multitudes at seventy ; possessed of considerable strength, as was evident from the grasp of his hand and the sound of his voice ; and without any marks of extreme age. About two months before, his sight became so impaired, that he was unable to distinguish persons. His hearing, also, for a short time had been so imperfect, that he could not distinctly hear common conversation. His memory was still vigorous ; his understanding sound ; and his mind sprightly in its conceptions. " The principal part of the time which I was in the house, he held me by the hand ; cheerfully answered all my questions ; readily gave me an account of himself in such particulars as I wished to know ; observed to me that my voice indicated that I was not less than forty-five years of age, and that he must appear very old to me ; adding, however, that some men, who had not passed their seventieth year, probably looked almost, or quite, as old as himself. The remark was certainly just ; but it was the first time that I had heard persons who had reached the age of seventy considered as being young. We were informed, partly by himself and partly by his host, that he had been a laborious man all his life ; and particularly, that he had mown grass one hun dred and one years successively. The preceding summer he had been unable to per form this labor. During this season his utmost effort was a walk of half a mile. In this walk he stumbled over a log, and fell. Immediately afterwards he began evi dently to decline, and lost in a considerable degree both his sight and hearing. In the summer of 1802, he walked without inconvenience two miles, and mowed a small quantity of grass. " Throughout his life he had been uniformly temperate. Ardent spirits he rarely tasted ; cider he drank at times, but sparingly. In the vigorous periods of life he had accustomed himself to eat flesh, but much more abstemiously than most other per sons in this country. Milk, which had always been a great part, was now the whole of his diet. He is naturally cheerful, and humorous ; apparently unsusceptible of tender emotions ; and not much inclined to serious thinking. According to an account which he gave his host, he made a public profession of religion near seventy years before our visit to him ; but was not supposed by him, nor by others acquainted with him, to be a religious man. He conversed easily, and was plainly gratified with the visits and conversation of strangers. When he was ninety-three Years old, he made a bargain with his host, (who told us the story,) that he should support him during the remainder of his life for £20. "He was never sick but once, and then with the fever and ague. It is scarcely necessary to observe, that a man one hundred and sixteen years old, without religion, was a melancholy sight to me. " Three or four years before this time I saw in a newspaper an advertisement, written by a person who professed and appeared to be acquainted with him and his con cerns, in which it was said that his descendants, some of whom were of the fifth generation, amounted probably to more than 1,500." SUNDERLAND This town was originally a part of Hadley. It was incorpo rated as a town in 1718, and the Rev. Josiah Willard was ordained the first minister the same year. Mr. Willard died in 1790, aged SUNDERLAND. 273 ninety years. The following ministers have succeeded him, viz. William Rand, who settled here in 1724 ; Joseph Ashley, in 1747 ; Asa Lyon, in 1792; David H. Williston, in 1804; James Taylor, in 1807; Henry B. Holmes, in 1833. The central village of Sunderland is pleasantly situated on a fine interval of land on the east bank of Connecticut river. It consists of about fifty dwelling-houses and a Congregational church. The village street is about three fourths of a mile in extent. The North village is about three miles from the center, and contains about fifteen or twenty dwellings, and a Baptist church. Plum Tree village is three miles south, and is about the size of the north village. At the central village there is a bridge over the Connecticut, 858 feet in length ; it was built in 1832, at an expense of $20,000. The village is handsomely built, and the scenery in the vicinity is uncommonly interesting : the Sugar-loaf mountain rises at about half a mile's distance, on the western bank of the river, in solitary and striking grandeur ; while Mount Toby rises to the eastward. Population, 729. Distance, 10 miles from Greenfield, 10 from Hadley, 5 from Montague, 29 from Spring field, 70 from Albany, N. Y., and 85 from Boston. The value of corn brooms manufactured in this place in 1837 was $11,415. Mount Toby is a sand-stone mountain, elevated about a thousand feet above Con necticut river, and lies partly in Sunderland and partly in Leverett, and is almost covered wifh forests. On the north-west side of this mountain, in the north part of Sunderland, are a cave and fissure which have attracted some attention. " The follow ing section will, I apprehend," says Prof. Hitchcock in his Geological Report, "ren- der intelligible, not merely the form and situation of this cave and fissure, but alsc the mode of their production. They occur in a. conglomerate rock of new red sand-staney on the north-west side of Mount Toby, in the north part of Sunderland. The conglome rate strata are several feet thick ; and immediately beneath this rock lies a slaty micaceous sand-stone, which is very subject to disintegration ; as may be seen a little north of the cave, where the conglomerate projects several feet beyond the slate, whose ruins are scattered around. The spot is, perhaps, 300 or 400 feet above Connecticut river ; yet there is the most conclusive proof in all the region around, that water once acted powerfully, and probably for a long period, at various elevations on the sides of this mountain ; and not improbably this aqueous agency assisted in undermining the conglomerate rock by wearing away the sand-stone." At A and B, the rock is but slightly removed from its original position ; but in the space between these points, the slate appears to have been worn away, so as to cause the whole conglomerate stratum, which is from 50 to 60 feet thick, and consequently of immense weight, to fall down, producing the fissure a and the cavern b. The fis sure is 9 feet wide at the top, and open to d, 40 feet ; below which it is filled with rubbish. The cavern is wider than this in some parts, though very irregular in this respect. Its bottom also is rendered very uneven by the large masses of rock that have tumbled down. In the deepest spot (56 feet) the rocks are separated to the surface, 37 274 WENDELL., so as to let the fight from above. The whole length of the cavern is 148 feet. Its general direction is nearly east and west ; but towards its eastern part it turns almost at right angles to the left) in consequence of the rock A having been broken in a north and south direction from the mass of the mountain." WARWICK. The Indian name for this town was Shaomet. It was incorpo rated as a town in 1763. The first church which was formed here, in 1760, consisted of twenty-six members. Rev. Lemuel Hedge, the first minister, was ordained here December 3d, 1760, on the day of the formation of the church ; he died in 1777, aged 44 years. His successor was Rev. Samuel Reed, who was settled here in 1779 ; he died in 1812, aged 57. Rev. Preserved Smith, the suc cessor of Mr. Reed, was settled in 1814. The church and society now worship in the third house that has been built for the society ¦ it was erected in 1836. The Trinitarian church in this place was organized in 1S29, and consisted at that time of thirty members. Rev. Samuel Kingsbury, the first minister, was installed pastor in 1833, and resigned in 1835. His successor was Rev. Roger C. Hatch. There is in the central part of the town an insulated, mountain ous elevation, called Mount Grace, from which there is a fine prospect. There is a scythe factory in the town. In 1837, there were manufactured here 47,000 palm-leaf hats, which were valued at $6,400. Population, 1,111. Distance, 14 miles from Green field, 22 south from Keene, N. H., and 78 from Boston. In 1812, there was a glass manufacturing company established here, with a capital of $70,000. WENDELL. This town was incorporated in 1781. It is mostly a farming town, composed of scattered plantations, there heing no considera ble village in the town. The surface is uneven, but not much broken Or precipitous. There are two houses of worship in the central part of the town, one a Congregational, the other a Bap tist church. Rev. Joseph Kilburn, a Congregational minister, was settled here in 1783; he died in 1815, and his successors have been Rev. Hervey Wilbur, Rev. John B. Duncklee, and Rev. Wil liam Claggett. Miller river, which forms the northern boundary of the town, is here a fine stream, and adds much to the beauty and fertility of this part of the township. Population, 847. Distance, 14 miles from Greenfield, and 80 from Boston. In 1837, there were 37,000 palm-leaf hats manufactured here, valued at $5,000; the value of boots and shoes manufactured was $5,250. HAMPBEN COUNTY. 275 WHATELY. The territory comprising this town was a part of the original grant of Hadley, from which it was separated, with Hatfield, in 1761, with which town it remained one hundred years, till its incorporation in 1771. The Rev. Rufus Wells, the first Congre gational minister, was ordained here in 1771 ; he died in 1834, at the age of ninety. Rev. Lemuel P. Bates, a native of Blandford, Scotland, was settled as colleague with Mr. Wells in 1822 ; he resigned in 1832, and was succeeded by Rev. John Ferguson in 1836. There is a small Baptist church in the western part of the town. There is a considerable quantity of interval land on Connecticut river, but it is not of the first quality. The town street, which passes by the Congregational church, runs parallel with the river about two miles westward ; between this street and the river there is an extensive tract of swampy land, called Whately Swamp, extending from north to south almost the entire length of the town. Westward of the street above mentioned, the township is hilly, and the soil in many places rich and fertile. In 1837, there were 3 woollen mills, which consumed 52,500 lbs, of wool, employing 36 hands, 13 males, 23 females ; 57,000 yards of cloth were manufac tured, valued at $37,000. The value of palm-leaf hats manufac tured was $7,500 ; value of gimblets manufactured, $11,125; value of brooms and. brushes manufactured, $6,877; value of pocket-books and wallets, $16,000; value of stone ware, $3,000. Population, 1,140. Distance, 11 miles south of Greenfield, 9 from Northampton, and 92 from Boston. HAMPDEN COUNTY. Hampden county was incorporated in 1812, previous to which it formed the southern part of the old county of Hampshire. The soil is generally quite fertile and well cultivated, particularly on Connecticut river, which centrally intersects the county. There are also fine lands on Westfield river. Chicopee- river and its branches afford great water power ; it flows westward, and passes into the Connecticut in Springfield. Agriculture has been the principal business of the inhabitants; of late years great attention has been paid to the manufacturing business. The New Haven and Northampton canal runs through the eastern section of the county, and promises great facilities for the transportation of various articles to, and from southern markets. The Western railroad from Boston to Albany is now in progress, and will extend through the whole length of this county from east to west. A range of the Green mountains lies along the whole western bor der of this county, separating it from Berkshire. The Lyme range of mountains rises in the eastern part, and extends in a southerly line into Connecticut. The following is a list of the towns, which are 18 in number. 276 BRIMFIELD. Blandford, Longmeadow, Russell, Westfield, Brimfield, Ludlow, Southwick, West Springfield, Chester, Monson, Springfield, Wilbraham. Granville, Montgomery, Tolland, Holland, Palmer, Wales, The population of this county in 1820 was 28,021 ; in 1830, it was 31,610; in 1837, it was 33,627. BLANDFORD. This town was incorporated in 1741. The inhabitants to a great extent are descended from a company of emigrants, of the Presbyterian denomination, from the north of Ireland, by whom this town was originally settled. The Rev. Mr. McClenathan appears to have been the first minister ; it is supposed that he was from Ireland. Joseph Patrick and James Morton appear to have been the next in order, Joseph Badger and Jonathan Keep the next. Mr. Badger was for three years a soldier in the revolutionary war. Rev. Dorus Clark was settled here in 1823, he resigned in 1835 ; he was succeeded by Rev. Charles J. Hinsdale, in 1836. This township is situated principally upon the eastern side of a range of the Green mountains. In this town commences the ridge of rocky hills which extend to Pittsfield, in Berkshire county. In 1837, there were in this town 1 woollen mill, with 2 sets of machinery ; 13,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $18,000; 1 paper-mill, which manufactured 60 tons of paper, val ued at $2,500. There were 1,535 cows ; cheese manufactured, 230,000 lbs.; butter, 20,000 lbs.; value of cheese, $16,100 ; butter, $3,000; males employed, 200; females, 300; capital invested, $60,000. Population, 1,443. Distance, 15 miles from Springfield, and 116 from Boston. BRIMFIELD. This town was granted by the general court, in the year 1701, to a number of petitioners, inhabitants of Springfield. The town ship as originally granted was 8 miles square, and was at first designated by the " Plantation adjoining Springfield ;" but the committee, for the sake of convenience, as stated in the records, soon gave it the name of Brimfield. The first grants of land were made in December, 1701, to 13 persons. Very little seems to have been done towards the settlement of the place for a conside rable time, owing probably to the embarrassments occasioned by the war with the French and Indians. In 1717, the proprietors' committee petitioned for an extension of the township 3 miles fur ther east, which was granted. After this the settlement progressed rapidly. Among the early settlers who came from Springfield are found the names of Sherman, Lombard, Pynchon, Hitchcock B E I M F I E L D . 277 Brooks, Morgan, Burt, Charles, Collins, Keep, Scott, Stebbins, Warnner, Nichols, Graves and Bliss. The Thomson family came from Woburn, and the Blodget and Russel families from Lexington. The first family which settled in Brimfield Avas of the name of Hitchcock, in 1714 or 1715. The principal settlers were from Springfield.* The town was incorporated in 1730, and included within its original limits the towns of Monson, Wales, and Hol land. In 1722, a meeting-house, 45 feet by 40, was erected, and stood more than eighty years. The records of the church were burnt in 1748, and some early interesting facts cannot now be ascertained. Rev. Richard Treat, the first minister, (a native of Milford, Conn.) was probably ordained in 1725; his successor, Rev. James Bridgham, was settled in 1736 : the next minister was Rev. Nehemiah Williams, who continued in the ministry nearly twenty-two years, and died in 1796, aged 47. Rev. Clark Brown, his successor, was dismissed in 1803, agreeably to his own request. Rev. Warren Fay, D. D., was settled here in 1808, and remained two years and eight months ; Rev. Joseph Vaill and Rev. Joseph Ful ler have been the succeeding ministers. Most of the people of Brimfield, from its first settlement, have continued of one religious denomination. South-eastern view of Brimfield, The above is a south-eastern view of the central part of the vil lage of Brimfield, which consists of about 40 dwelling-houses, a number of stores and mechanic shops. The manufacture of boots and shoes is an important branch of business in this place. A few rods south of the Congregational church, seen in the engra ving, was the residence of Gen. Eaton, celebrated for his daring * Notice of Brimfield in the "American Quarterly Register," vol. x, by B. B. Edwards. Mr. Edwards has drawn up a full list of all the Congregational minis ters in the old county of Hampshire, with historical notices, evidently with much labor and accuracy, and the author of this work would here express his obligations to thai valuable publication for much historical information. 278 B K I M F I E L D . expedition through the deserts of Barca, in Africa. This town contains much good land, and is finely watered by Chicopee and Quinebaug rivers. In 1837, there were 10,000 pairs of boots and 36,000 pairs of shoes manufactured in this town, the value of which was $58,650; males employed, 125; .females, 50. There were 12,780 palm-leaf hats manufactured, valued at $5,112. There was 1 cotton mill, with 1,332 spindles; 230,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $19,500. Distance, 19 miles from Springfield, 2.5 miles south-west of Worcester, and 70 from Boston. Population, 1,518. Gen. William Eaton spent the last years of his life in this town, where he died and was buried. He was born in Woodstock, Conn., Feb. 23, 1764. " At a very early period he disclosed strong indications of intellectual vigor, and of mental eccentricity. At the age of about 16 years, without the knowledge or consent of his parents, he went from home and enlisted into the army. This was in 1780, near the close of the revolutionary war ; and young Eaton continued in the army until the close of the war, a considerable part of the time in the humble station of a pri vate soldier ; but he attained the rank of a sergeant. After the peace, in 1784, he commenced the study of the Latin language, and the year after was admitted a member of Dartmouth college, where he graduated in 1790, the period of his colle giate life having been protracted, from the circumstance of his having devoted a portion of his time to school-keeping, which his want of pecuniary resources rendered necessary. "In October, 1791, he was chosen clerk of the house of delegates of Vermont, resid ing at that time in the town of Windsor, where he had been engaged in school- keeping. In March, 1792, he was appointed a captain in the army of the United States ; and whilst in this situation, he performed various services upon the western and southern frontiers. He continued in the army until 1797, when he was appointed consul to Tunis. He continued in this difficult (and it may be added, perilous) situa tion until 1803, during which period he discharged the consular functions with great firmness and ability. In 1804, Gen. Eaton returned to America and visited Washing ton, where he disclosed the famous enterprise which he had planned to restore the ex-bashaw of Tripoli, and having obtained the sanction of government, he embarked in July of the same year, in the Argus sloop of war, with the intention of engaging in this bold and hazardous undertaking, and arrived at Alexandria, in Egypt, on the 25th • of November following. From Alexandria he proceeded to Cairo, where he found the ex-bashaw, who approved of the enterprise, and after having made suitable arrange ments, and recruited about 500 men, (100 of which only were Christians,) it was determined by Eaton and the ex-bashaw to cross the desert and seize the province and city of Derne. After a difficult and fatiguing journey, through a dreary desert, pre senting innumerable obstacles, they arrived within the province of Derne, and soon attacked and captured the city, having the assistance of the Hornet sloop of war. The boldness and desperate bravery of Gen. Eaton and his little party alarmed the reigning bashaw and his barbarian subjects, who almost thought they were something more than human beings; but the progress of Gen. Eaton was arrested by a peace which the American consul concluded with the bashaw. After this, Gen. Eaton returned to his native country, and was every where received with the most distin guished applause, the grateful tribute of patriotic and heroic achievements. "Gen. Eaton was a very extraordinary character ; he possessed much original genius, was bold in his conceptions, ardent in his passions, determined in his resolu tions, and indefatigably persevering in his conduct. He possessed considerable lite rary acquirements, and the style of his writings was characteristic of his mind ; bold, energetic, and decisive. His courage was equalled only by his resolution ; and the boldness of his enterprises, by his ability and perseverance to execute them."* His majesty the king of Denmark presented him with an elegant * Pease and Niles' Gazetteer of Connecticut. CHESTER. 279 acknowledgment, in a gold box, of services he rendered several captured Danes at Tunis, and he also received from Massachu setts the gift of 10,000 acres of land, in token of the respect in which his talents and services were held by that state. Epitaphs copied from the burying-yard in Brimfield. This is erected as a faint expression of filial respect ; and to mark the spot where repose the remains of Gen. William Eaton, who died June 1st, 1811, JE. 47. In memory of Stephen Pynchon, Esq., who died Feb. 5, 1828, M. 55. One truth is certain, when this life is o'er Man dies to live ; and lives, to die no more.' CHESTER. This town was incorporated in 1765. The Rev. Aaron Bascom and Samuel M. Emerson appear to have been the first ministers. Rev. Rufus Pomeroy was settled here in 1819 ; he resigned in 1827, and was succeeded by Rev. Saul Clark in 1829. Mr. Clark was succeeded by Rev. Alanson Alvord, in 1834. Southern view of Chester. The above is a southern view of Chester village, situated in the south-eastern corner of the town of Chester. This place is situated at the corners of four towns, viz. Chester, Blandford, Norwich, and Montgomery. The Methodist church seen in the engraving stands on the line between the towns of Chester and Blandford ; the house on the left is in Blandford. This little village, consisting at present [1838] of about 15 dwelling-houses, a cotton factory, and some other buildings, is situated in the gorge through which the Westfield river passes. The route of the Wes tern railroad is laid out through the village. Part of the moun tainous elevation seen in the back ground is within the limits of 280 GRANVILLE. Norwich. This place is 5 miles from the center of the town, 12 from Westfield, 16 from Northampton, 21 from Springfield, and 118 from Boston. The scenery along the Westfield river is wild and picturesque in many places. Population, 1,290. In 1837, there were 2 cotton mills; cotton spindles, 1,690; cotton goods manufactured, 225,000 yards ; value, $22,075 ; males employed, 13 ; females, 22. There were 1,055 Saxony sheep, 2,495 merino, and. 170 of other kinds of sheep ; average weight of fleece, 2 and three fourths pounds ; value of wool produced, $5,817 38 ; capital invested, $11,347. There were 3 tanneries ; hides tanned, 33,500 ; value of leather tanned and curried, $10,900 ; the value of win dow blinds manufactured, $15,000 ; males employed, 14 ; females, twenty-six. GRANVILLE. This town was incorporated in 1754, and included in its origi nal limits the present town of Tolland. Rev. Moses Tuttle appears to have been the first minister. He was settled in 1747, and con tinued' pastor here about six years ; he was succeeded by Rev. Jedediah Smith, who, was ordained in 1756. Mr. Smith was a man of uncommon piety, pleasantness, and affability. "After his dismission, in 1776, he preached his farewell sermon, and embarked at Middletown, Con., with his family, for Louisiana. In a long pas sage up the Mississippi, being exposed to an intense heat and nox ious atmosphere, he was attacked with a fever, and in a phrensy leaped into the river. Though rescued from the water, he soon after died, and was buried on the land. The river gradually encroached on the bank, till the grave was borne away, and ' no man knoweth of his sepulcher unto this day.' His family went on and founded a settlement in that remote country. The descend ants comprise some of the most respectable citizens of Louisiana. ..... The church was destitute of a pastor for 20 years, and the place was a moral waste. Divisions were prevalent in the church, and profaneness, horse-racing, and intemperance in the town." The next settled minister after Mr. Smith was Rev. Timothy M. Cooley, D. D., who was settled in 1796, and his labors have had a happy influence in the town. The first minister of the Second church, or church in West Granville, was Rev. Aaron J. Booge, who was installed in 1786, and dismissed in 1793. He was suc ceeded by Rev. Joel Baker, who was settled in 1797, and died in 1833 ; his successor, Rev. Seth Chapin, continued pastor till 1835. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry Eddy. The principal village in this town is in East Granville. It is situated on a very elevated hill, about 17 miles from Springfield. This is situated in a mountainous region, and agriculture is the principal business of the inhabitants. In 1837, pocket-books went the principal articles manufactured in the town ; the value of these was $6,240. Population, 1,439. The church in East Gran villi- LONGMEADOW. 281 organized from their own number a church to form a settlement in Granville, Ohio. This colony laid the foundation of one of the most respectable churches in Ohio, and now consists of about 400 members. The church in West Granville likewise organized a church which settled in Charlestown, in the same state ; this is also in a flourishing state. HOLLAND. This town was formerly a part of Brimfield. It was incorpora ted as a town in 1796. The Rev. Ezra Reeve, the first Congrega tional minister, was settled here in 1765. He died in 1818, at the age of 85. The next minister settled here was Rev. Enoch Burt. James Sandford, who succeeded Mr. Burt, was installed here in 1831. Besides the Congregational, there is a Baptist church in the place. In 1837 there was one cotton mill, having 1,024 spindles ; it consumed 20,902 lbs. of cotton ; 104,512 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $10,451 20 ; males employed, 12 ; females, 17; capital invested, $15,000. Population, 495. Distance, 20 miles from Springfield, and 70 from Boston. LONGMEADOW. This place was originally a part of Springfield ; its Indian name was Masacksick. It was incorporated as a distinct precinct in 1713, when there were a little less than 40 families. It was incor porated as a town in 1783. "It is not known exactly at what pe riod the settlement commenced in this town, but probably as ear ly as 1644. Among the earliest settlers were Benjamin Cooley, George Colton, (known in, the records by the name of quarter-mas ter Colton,) and John Keep. These persons were the ancestors of all the families of their respective names in this part of the country. The original settlement in what is now Longmeadow began in the meadow near the bank of the river. In 1703 there was a pe tition from the inhabitants to the town, that, on account of the danger which they were in from floods, and some other inconve niences attending their situation, they might be permitted to move out of the general field, and build on the hill, about half a mile east of the river. This petition was granted, and the town voted to give them ' the land from Pecowsic brook to Enfield bounds, and from the hill eastward of Longmeadow, half a mile further eastward into the woods.' " The soil of Longmeadow is fertile, and the inhabitants are al most exclusively devoted to agricultural pursuits. The principal village is pleasantly located near the east bank of Connecticut river. The following cut is a northern view of the first Congrega tional church, and exhibits the characteristic scenery of this plea- 38 282 LO NGMEADO W. North view of Congregational Church, Longmeadow. sant village. The village is built on one wide level street, which -passes through the town, following the course of the Connecticut, on the first rise of ground above the meadows, which extend the whole breadth of the town from north to south. The distance from the street to the river is generally about one mile. Distance, 4 miles south of Springfield, 22 north of Hartford, 97 south-wester ly from Boston. There are 3 churches, 2 Congregational and 1 Baptist. The Baptist and one of the Congregational churches are in the eastern part of the town, called East Longmeadow. An ex tensive range of forest lands extend from north to south through the town, a little eastward of the main road. The western part of the township is generally level and free from stones. Popula tion, 1,251. The first minister of the place was Rev. Stephen Williams, who was ordained here in 1716. He was a son of Rev. John Williams, of Deerfield, and was carried captive with his father to Canada. He served as chaplain in three campaigns, and received the de gree of D. D. from Dartmouth college in 1773. He died in 1782, in the 90th year of his age, and 66th of his ministry. Dr. Wil liams was succeeded by Rev. Richard Salter Storrs, who was settled in 1785. Mr. Storrs died in 1S19. The next minister was Rev. Baxter Dickinson, who was ordained in 1823. The first settled Baptist minister in this town was Rev. George B. Atwell, who was ordained in 1822. The Baptist meeting-house is in the eastern part of the town. "On the 26th of March, [1676,] a number of people from Longmeadow, being on their way to attend public worship in Springfield, escorted by a party of cavalry, were attacked, and two , killed and several wounded. As the attack was made from the woods bordering the road, the escort afforded little protection ; two women, with their children, falling from their horses during the confusion, were seized by the Indians, and dragged into a swamp in LUDLOW. 283 the vicinity. In the mean time the people in the van were safely convoyed to Springfield by the cavalry, who returned expedi tiously to the place of attack; but the Indians had retired into the woods. The next day the captured women and children were found in the margin of the swamp, badly wounded by Indian hatchets, some of whom died after being conveyed to their places of residence." — Hoyfs Indian Wars, p. 125. The following inscriptions are copied from monuments in the ancient grave-yard : In memory of Rev. Stephen Williams, D.- D., who was a prudent and laborious minis ter, a sound and evangelical preacher, a pious and exemplary christian, a sincere and faithful friend, a tender and affectionate father and consort, and a real and disinterested' lover of mankind ; departed this life with humble and cheerful hope of a better, June- 10th, 1782, in the 90 year of his age, and 66th of his ministry. Softly with fainting head he lay ] His maker kissed his soul away, Upon his maker's breast ; | And laid his flesh to rest. Sacred to the memory of the Rev. Richard S. Storrs, pastor of the church in Long meadow. He was born at Mansfield, Conn., Aug. 30th, 1763, graduated at Yale Col lege in 1783, ordained Dec. 7, 1785, died Oct. 3, 1819. In the private relations of life he eminently illustrated the graces of the christian. He was distinguished for his ap propriate, perspicuous, and affectionate exhibition of evangelical truth, for propriety, . richness and fervor in social prayer, and for. his instructive coversation and christian sympathy in pastoral duties. In testimony of their affectionate remembrance of his personal worth and their regard for his ability, zeal and usefulness as their christian ; pastor, his mourning congregation erect this monument. Religion, her almighty breath, I Amidst that calm of sweet repose, Rebuked the winds and waves of death ; | To Heaven his gentle spirit rose. In memory of Capt. Isaac Colton, who died Jan?- 23ld. 1757, in his 57th year. Capt. I. Colton had a military genius, commanded a company at Louisbourg, in 1745. Was respected & useful at home. Was a man of prayer. Isa. 31, 3. For behold the Lord doth take away the Captain. How art thou fallen in the midst of the battle ; 0 very pleasant hast thou been. In memory of Lieutenant" Nathaniel Burt, who was slain in the memorable battle of Lake George, Sept. 8th, 1755, when his Colonel and other brave officers fell, yet a sig nal victory was obtained over the enemy. Mr. Nathaniel Burt was a deacon of this church, an exemplary christian, a man of Public Spirit, & a good soldier ; well be loved at home, and in ye army. A concern for pure religion caused his going into ye military service. He died in his 45th year. 2 Chron. 35 and 25. And Jeremiah la mented over Josiah. Mr. Nathaniel Burt, a respectable and worthy father of the town of Longmeadow, was born A. D. 1636, and died Sept. 29th, 1720. This monument is erected by the inhabitants of said town, as a token of gratitude for his donation of lands made by him to them for the support of the gospel, and public school. Isaiah 32, 8. The liberal de viseth liberal things, and by liberal things he shall stand. LUDLOW. This town was incorporated in 1774. The first Congregational minister settled here was Rev. Antipas Steward, who was or dained in 1793. He resigned in 1803, and died in 1814, aged 80 years. His successor, Rev. Ebenezer B. Wright, settled here in 284 MONSON. 1819. Mr. Wright resigned in 1835, and was succeeded the same year by Rev. David R. Austin. Besides the Congregational, there is now, in the central part of the town, a Methodist church. This is principally an agricultural town ; the greater part of the inhabitants live scattered about on their farms. There is, however, a flourishing little village on the Chicopee river, which forms the southern boundary of this town, dividing it from Wilbraham and Springfield. Jenks' cotton factories, two in number, are at this place. The village lies on both sides of the Chicopee. In 1837, there were in this town 2 cotton mills, having 10,000 spindles; 500,00,0 lbs. of cotton were consumed; 1,600,000 yards of cotton goods were manufactured, valued at $160,000 ; males employed, 88; females, 200; capital invested, $100,000. Population, 1,329. Distance, 10 miles from Springfield, and 84 from Boston. MONSON. This town was originally a part of Brimfield. About one ninth of the proprietors of that town settled in this part of the township. The first house east of Springfield was erected more than 140 years ago within the present limits of this town. The name of the man who first planted himself here was Fellis. The general court granted him 200 acres of land, on condition that he would erect and keep a house of entertainment for travellers passing between Springfield and Brookfield. The man continued awhile, but soon returned to Springfield on account of alarm from the Indians. Al though he did not entirely fulfil the conditions of the grant, yet he held and sold the land. It afterwards came into the possession of Governor Hutchinson's family. Of the above-mentioned proprie tors who settled within the present limits of Monson, were Robert Olds, (as early as 1715,) Ezra and Samuel King, Benjamin Munn, John Keep, John Atchenson, Mark Ferry, Daniel Killam, Obadiah Cooley, and. Samuel Kilborn. On petition to the general court, this part of Brimfield was incorporated as a district in the spring of 1760. Previous to this, the name of Monson was given to it by Gov. Pownal. When the act of incorporation was obtained, there were only 49 families in, the limits of the district. In the month of August fol lowing, the first district meeting was held, at which all necessary officers were chosen. They immediately proceeded to make pre paration for the public worship of God. In 1762, about 2 years* from the incorporation, land had been procured and a meeting house erected. During this period they had preaching in private houses, by candidates. The first who supplied them was Simeon Strong, afterwards judge of the supreme court. Rev. Abishai Sa- bin was the first pastor, ordained in 1762. His relation to the church continued about 10 years, when he was dismissed. The second pastor was Rev. Jesse Ives, a native of Meriden, Con., and MONSON. 285 graduate of Yale college in 1758. He was installed in 1773, and continued with the people till his death, in 1805. The present pastor, Rev. Alfred Ely, D. D., a native of West Springfield, was ordained in 1806. The amount of settlement and salary which the people offered Mr. Sabin is not known, though it is evident he had a settlement. Mr. Ives had a settlement of £100, and £65 and 30 cords of wood as an annual salary ; and the present pastor $500. The first meeting-house was taken down in 1803, having stood 41 years, and the same year the present one was built. There is no notice of the existence of any organized society of another denomi nation till 1798, when " persons composing the first Baptist society were set off." JIHSBB"*:*--' ail South-eastern view of Monson. The above is a representation of the centra part of Monson, as seen from the bridge, at the south-eastern extremity of the village. The academy is seen on the left, surmounted with a cupola ; the Congregational church is seen in the central part of the engraving ; the building standing northerly from the church, with a small tower, is the vestry. Monson Academy is well endowed, and is a very respectable institution. This town is about 8 miles in length, from N. to S., and about 6 miles in breadth. A narrow vale, interspersed with some small gravelly hills, runs from south to north through the center, bounded on each side by ranges of hills of moderate height. Through this vale flows for a considerable distance a small stream, which flows into the Chicopee river on the north. On this brook, within about 1 mile of the center, are 4 factories, 2 cotton and 2 woollen. The public buildings are a Congregational meeting-house, a vestry, an academy building and laboratory in the center, a Baptist meet ing-house on the west border, and a Methodist chapel about 2 miles south of the center. Distance, 13 miles E. from Springfield, and 73 S. W. by W. of Boston. Population, 2,179. In 1837, there were in this town 3 cotton mills, 3,636 cotton spin dles ; 605,071 yards of cotton goods were manufactured, valued at 286 MONTGOMERY. $67,500; males employed, 47; females, 73; capital invested, $39,000. There were two woollen mills and 5 sets of machinery ; wool consumed, 130,000 lbs. ; cloth manufactured, 170,000 yards; valued at $117,000; males employed, 43; females, 37; capital invested, $29,250. There were 2,712 merino, and 349 other kinds of sheep in the town ; value of wool produced was $4,892 ; value of boots and shoes manufactured, $5,600 ; value of spectacles manufactured, $7,060; straw braid, $2,100. MONTGOMERY. This town was incorporated in 1780. A Congregational church was organized here in 1797; it consisted at the time it was organ ized of five male members. Rev. Seth Noble, the first pastor, was settled here in 1801, and resigned in 1806. He died in the state of Ohio, a few years since, whither he had removed. His succes sor in the ministry was Rev. John H. Fowler, who was ordained in 1822; he died in 1829', aged 58. The next pastor was Rev. Solomon Edson, who was settled in- 1832, and resigned in 1836. Rev. Caleb Knight, the next pastor, was installed the same year. This is a small agricultural town. Population, 497. Distance,. 12 miles from Springfield, 12 from Northampton, and 100 from Boston. In 1837, there were 1,189 merino and 279 other kinds of sheep ; the average weight of their fleece was two and three fourths pounds ; value of wool produced, $2,220 35. PALMER. This place was originally settled by emigrants from the north of Ireland ; many of whose descendants remain in the place. The records of the church and those of the town are scanty and defec tive. The town was incorporated in 1752. A church was probably organized here in 1730 or 1731, three years after the town was settled. Rev. John Harvey, who was ordained by the Londonder ry presbytery, was settled here in 1734, and was dismissed in 1748. He was succeeded by Rev. Robert Burns, in 1753. Mr. Burns was succeeded by Rev. Moses Baldwin, who was installed in 1761 ; he resigned in 1811, and died in 1813, aged 81. His successors have been Rev. Simeon Colton, settled in 1811 ; Rev. Henry H. F. Sweet, in 1825 ; Rev. Joseph K. Ware, in 1827 ; and Rev. Samuel Backus, installed in 1832. Till the settlement of Mr. Colton, this church was Scotch Presbyterian. This town is well situated for agriculture, between the forks made by Ware river with the Chicopee on the south, and the Swift river on the north. It is fast rising into importance as a manufacturing town. In the central part of the town there is a SOUTHWICK. 287 little village of about a dozen dwelling-houses and a Congregational church. The village of Three Rivers is on the Chicopee, at the western extremity of the town, nearly three miles from the center ; this is a factory village, consisting of about 20 dwelling-houses and a Baptist church. There is another village now erecting, about one mile from the center, called Thorndike village. In each of these villages there is a large cotton mill. In 1837, there were 2 cotton mills, 11,020 spindles ; 1,020,000 yards of cotton goods man ufactured, valued at $102,000 ; males employed, 100 ; females, 200. One woollen mill, with 2 sets of machinery ; 68,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $54,000. The value of boots and shoes manufactured was $8,956 ; value of scythes manufactured, $10,000; palm-leaf hats, $2,500. Population, 1,810. Distance, 16 miles from Springfield, 23 from Northampton, 7 to Ware village, 9 to Wilbraham, 31 to Worcester, and 71 from Boston. RUSSELL. This town Avas incorporated in 1792. It was formerly a part of Westfield, and was called the Neio-addition. The first settlers in this town were two brothers by the name of Barber, and a Mr. Grey. , They lived upon the road leading from Westfield to Bland ford, by Sackett's, and up the mountain, then called Glasgow mountain. A Congregational church was organized here in 1800, by Rev. Joseph Badger. The Congregationalists own a small well- finished meeting-house in connection with the Methodists. There is a small cotton mill in this town. Population, 475. Distance, 14 miles from Springfield and 100 from Boston. SOUTHWICK. This town was formerly a part of Westfield ; it was incorporated as a distinct town in 1779. Samuel Fowler appears to have been the first settler within the limits of this town. About 1734, he located himself in the north part, then called Poverty, so called probably from the lightness of the soil in this section of Southwick. A Congregational church was organized in this place in 1773 ; the first settled minister was ordained the same year. His successor, Rev. Isaac Clinton, was ordained in 1788. Rev. Dudley D. Rossiter, the next minister, was ordained in 1816, but preached but a very few times on account of ill health. Rev. Calvin Foote, his succes sor, was ordained in 1820. Rev. Elbridge G. Howe was installed here in 1831, and Rev. Thomas Fletcher in 1838. The first meet ing-house was erected about one mile south of the village ; it was burnt in 1823; a new one was erected in 1824. A Methodist Episcopal church was erected in 1824, in the south part of the 288 SOUTHWICK. town. A Baptist church was erected in the central village about 1822. The village in the central part of the town consists of about 25 dAvelling-houses, 2 churches, 1 Congregational and 1 Baptist, and an academy. Mr. Richard Dickinson, who died in this town in 1824, appropriated $17,000 in his will for the benefit of the schools. A sum not exceeding one half goes to the support of a grammar- school, and the remainder to the district schools. The interest only is appropriated. The grammar-school has been commenced, and is free to the youth of Southwick. This place is 11 miles from Springfield, 5 from Westfield, 6 from E. Granville, 22 from Hart ford, Con., and 108 from Boston. Population, 1,291. In 1837, the value of powder manufactured in this place was $32,725 ; hands employed, 13 ; capital invested $17,300 ; value of cigars manufac tured, $6,350; hands employed, 10; capital invested, $1,000; value of whips manufactured, $5,400; value of whip-lashes, $3,850; males employed, 5 ; females, 16 ; capital invested, $1,000. The New Ha ven and Northampton canal passes through this town, and com municates with several large ponds in the south-eastern section. It will be perceived, in all correct maps of Connecticut, that a tract of land, about two miles in length and breadth, on the west ern boundary of this town, projects into what would seem ought to belong to Connecticut. This tract has been left to the jurisdic tion of Massachusetts since the year 1800. It appears that the bounds of Springfield and Windsor were not defined with much accuracy in this section ; the bounds at the north-west point of the projection, however, appear to have been clearly defined. The western bounds of Springfield, in which part of Suffield was in cluded, were supposed, but erroneously, to extend to this point. A Mr. Moore, living on the tract in question, was knowing to the facts in the case. Having received a warning to a militia training, he refused to appear, denying that he was Avithin the jurisdiction of Connecticut. The case was carried to the general assembly of Connecticut, who, upon an examination of the facts in the case, were obliged to leave this tract to the jurisdiction of Massachu setts. " The south line of Massachusetts, according to charter, runs west from a point three miles south of the most southerly branch of Charles river, and every part of it • and the north line of Connecticut is the south line of Massachusetts. When Mr. Pyn chon settled Springfield, and the first plantations were made in Connecticut, in 1635, it was not known whether the territory would fall within the limits of Massachusetts or not. But Mr. Pynchon at first considered himself as belonging to the jurisdiction of the Connecticut plantations. In 1642, Massachusetts employed two surveyors, Woodward and Saffery, to run the line between the colonies. These pretended to as certain the south line on Charles river, and then, sailing round and going up the Con necticut, they attempted to fix the line there, in the same latitude. But either through inattention or the use of bad instruments, they determined the line to fall in Windsor, many miles south of the true line. Connecticut was dissatisfied with the determination of Woodward and Saffery, and made repeated proposals to Massachusetts for a mutual adjustment of the controversy, which were ineffectual. In 1694, a committee appoint ed by Connecticut run the line, and found the former survey very erroneous. In this situation, the inhabitants of Suffield and Enfield, who settled under the claims and jurisdiction of Massachusetts, continued to encroach upon \Vindsor and Simsbury, which excited warm animosities. In tlie year 1700, further attempts were made to SPRINGFIELD. 689 procure an amicable settlement of the dispute ; the line was run by commissioners of both colonies, in 1702, and formd to fall far north of the former line ; but Massachusetts disagreed to their report. In 1708, Connecticut appointed commissioners with full powers to run the line, and establish the boundary ; and resolved, that unless Massa chusetts would unite to complete the business, they would apply to the crown. Mas sachusetts did not agree at once to the proposal of Connecticut ; but in 1713, commis sioners were appointed on the part of both colonies, who came to an agreement on the 13th of July. On rnnning the line it was found to fall north of Enfield, Suffield, and Woodstock, which of course came within the jurisdiction of Connecticut. As an equi valent for the land which had been taken from Connecticut by encroachments, Massa chusetts granted a tract of land in the western part of that colony, which, in 1716, was sold for two thousand two hundred and seventy-four dollars, which sum was applied to the use of Yale college. This agreement, however, was not considered as conclusive and satisfactory ; nor was the boundary between the two states definitely settled tiU May, 1804."* The following inscriptions are from monuments in the grave yard in this place : In memory of the Rev. Abel Forward. His talents & learning we're great. Formed to benefit & instruct mankind, he was a pulpit orator, A pious & benevolent divine, a wise and prudent councillor & skilful Guide, & believing & teaching the Religion of Jesus, died in faith & hope, Jan?- ye 15thi 1786, in ye 38 year of his age and 13lh of his ministry. Flere et meminiffe relictum est In memory r>{ Mrs. Keturah, wife of y« Rev4- Abel Forward, who died Jan. 16">. in her 23d year, a sincere christian. How lov'd, how vatuM once, avails thee not, To whom related, or by whom begot ; A heap of Dust alone remains of thee, Tis all thou art ! & all the proud shall be. Grace was in all her steps, Heaven in her Eye, In every gesture dignity & love. Sunt Lacrymae rerum et mentum mortalia targunt. Keturah Sophia, daughter of the Rev. Abel & Mrs. Keturah Forward, died Apr. r8a'> 1775, aged 3 months. 0 welcome tears, a tribute due, to mother & daughter too, Whose ashes lie mingled as one, beneath the limits of this stone. Pulsanti aperietur. Life how short, Eternity how long ! In memory of Isaac Coit, Esq., an eminent physician, who died 25*h April, 1813, aged 58. Reflection long shall hover o'er his Urn, And faithful friendship boast the power to mourn ; Peace to his shade ! while truth shall paint the rest, Lamented most by those who knew him best. SPRINGFIELD. William Pynchon, Esq. may be considered as the father of this town. He was one of the patentees in the colony charter, and was appointed a magistrate and assistant in 1629, in England, when the governor and officers were appointed. He came from England ?Webster's History of United States. 39 290 SPRINGFIELD. with Governor Winthrop, and began the settlement of Roxbury in 1630. In May, 1635, Mr. Pynchon and the inhabitants of Roxb.ury had the leave of the general court to, remove to any place they should think proper, provided that they continued under the juris diction of Massachusetts, and would not prejudice any other plan tation. The fertility of the land upon Connecticut river having become known, Mr. Pynchon, Henry Smith, Jehu Burr, and proba bly some others, came to this place in 1635, called Agawam, and began to build a house on the west side of the river, on the Aga wam, in the meadow, called from that fact House-meadoAv. The Indians who Avere friendly informed them that the house would be exposed to the flood ; they accordingly abandoned it, and built another house on the east side of the river, probably on the lot afterwards owned by Mr. Pynchon, and still possessed by his de scendants. It is supposed that they returned to Roxbury in the fall. In the spring of the next year, (1636,) Mr. Pynchon, with a number of other persons with their families, removed from Roxbury and came to this place. The settlers made an agreement, the ori ginal of which is preserved in the town records, consisting of fifteen articles. The first provides for the settlement of a minister ; the second limits the number of families to forty, and not to exceed fifty. The other articles provide for the rule and mode of division, and defraying the expenses of the settlement. The agreement was subscribed by only eight persons, though it appears that twelve were concerned. Those who subscribed Avere William Pynchon, Mat thew Mitchell, Henry Smith, Jehu Burr, William Blake, Edmund Wood, Thomas Ufford, and John Cabell. Jehu Burr and Thomas Ufford made their marks. The other four who Avere united with them were Thomas Woodford, John Reader, Samuel Butterfield, and James Wood. In making the settlement, the most general course Avas to " allow each settler a house-lot on the west side of what is now Main street, 8 rods wide from the street to the river ; a like width in the mea dow, in front of his house, to the foot of the hill ; and a wood-lot of the same breadth, extending at first eighty, and afterwards to an hundred rods, nearly to the top of the hill ; and, when practi cable, an allotment in the interval on the Avest side of the river, of the same width, as near as might be directly against his lot." The first settlers here, as well as those at Hartford, Windsor, and Weth ersfield in Connecticut, came on under the license and the pro fessed authority and protection of Massachusetts, but they were at such a distance from the towns on the Bay as to be obliged, principally, to rely on themselves. AgaAvam Avas, at first, united with the other towns below on the river. It appears by the Con necticut records that at a court holden at Hartford, Nov. 1636, Mr. Pynchon was present with the other magistrates. It appears' that in 1637 Agawam was assessed Avith the toAvns in Connecticut, to furnish its quota of troops, and pay a portion of the expense of the Pequot war. This place, hoAvever, did not long continue united with Connecticut. On February 14, 163S, the inhabitants, Drawn by J. W. Barber— Engraved by S. E. Brown, Boston. COURT SQUARE IN SPRINGFIELD, MASS. The above is an eastern view of the Court-House, Congregational Church, and some other buildings around Court Square, in the central part of Springfield. A part of the Hampden Coffee-House is seen on the right SPRINGFIELD. 291 believing themselves to be within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, came into a voluntary agreement, and appointed Mr. Pynchon a magistrate with extensive powers, and directed the proper course of proceeding, till they should receive orders from Massachusetts. In 1640, by a vote of the town, its name was changed from Aga wam to Springfield. Hubbard, in his General History, states that the name was given out of regard to Mr. Pynchon, who had his mansion in a town of that name, near Chelmsford, in Essex, before he came to this country. " Whatever be the origin, it is peculiarly appropriate. It is very rare that a place so abundantly watered with rivers, brooks, streams, and springs can be found." Much uncertainty has existed with regard to the precise date of the in corporation of the town. There is good reason to believe, however, that it was in 1641. The limits of the town, by various purchases from the natives and grants from the legislature, became very ex tensive, embracing a tract nearly twenty-five miles square. This territory included the towns of Westfield, Suffield, and a great part of Southwick, and the whole of West Springfield, on the west side- of the river, and the towns of Springfield, Enfield, Somers, Wil- braham, Ludlow, and Longmeadow, on the east side. Extensive- as this territory was, the most of it was obtained by fair purchase from the Indians. The following is a list of the inhabitants of Springfield from/ 1636 to 1664. William Pynchon, Henry Smith, William Blake, Edmund Wood, Thomas Ufford, John Cabel, Matthew Mitchell, Samuel Butterfield, James Wood, John Reader, Thomas Woodford, John Seale, Richard Everitt, Thomas Horton, Rev. George Moxon, Thomas Mirrick, John Leonard, Robert Ashley, John Woodcock, John Allin, John Burt, Henry Gregory, Samuel Hubbard) Elizur Holyoke, William Warriner, Henry Burtj. Rowland Stebbins, Thomas Stebbins, Samuel Wright,. Richard' Sikes, John Deeble, Samuel Chapin,. Morgan Johns, Thomas Cooper, James Bridgman, Alexander Edwards, John Dobie, Roger Pritchard, Francis Ball, John Harmon, William Vaughan, William Jess, Miles Morgan, Abraham Mnndon, Francis Pepper, John Burrhall, Benjamin Cooley, John Matthews, George Colton, Joseph Parsons, John Clarke, . James Osborne,- Thomas Rieve, Wid. Margaret Bliss, Nathaniel Bliss, Thomas Tomson, Richard Exell, William Branch, Griffith Jones, Reice Bedortha, Hugh Parsons, John. Lombard, John Scarlet, George Langton, Lawrence Bliss, Samuel Bliss, John Bliss, Anthony Dorchester; John Lamb, Samuel Marshfield,. John Dumbleton, Jonathan Taylor, Rowland Thomas, Thomas Miller, Benjamin Parsons, Obadiah Miller, Abel Wright, Hugh Dudley, William Brooks, Simon Beamon, Samuel Terry, John Lamb, Benjamin Mun, John Stewart, Thomas Bancroft, Thomas Noble, Richard Maund, Thomas Gilbert, Simon Sacket, Richard Fellowes, Rev. Peletiah Glover, Tahan Grant, Nathaniel Ely, Samuel Ely, John Keep, Edward Foster, Thomas Sewall, Thomas Day, John Riley, John Henryson, William Hunter, John Scott. The town increaced rapidly and extended in every direction, till an event took place, which at the first seemed calculated to check it. Mr. Pynchon, in 1650, fell under the censure of the general court for having published a work entitled " The Meritorious Price of Man's Redemption," in,opposition to the general opinions respect- 292 SPRINGFIELD. ing the nature of the atonement. He Avas left out of the magis tracy, and cited to appear before the court, and laid under heavy bonds. The next year Mr. Pynchon, in a letter addressed to the general court, retracted his sentiments. The censure of him was suspended, but he Avas so much dissatisfied that he went to England, and Mr. Moxon Avith him. Whether he approved of Mr. Pyn- chon's book is not known. Mr. Pynchon did not take his family, but Mr. Moxon did. Neither of them ever returned. Mr. Pynchon Avas a man of distinction, of a pious disposition of mind, and of respectable talents ; and appears to haAre had the confidence of the town, while he remained. His son-in-law Henry Smith, one of the principal men in Springfield, also removed with his family to England. The absence of Mr. Pynchon was made up in his son John Pynchon, Avho remained here. " He was a man of uncommon talents, and admirably adapted to his situation." Deacon Samuel Chapin and Elizur Holyoke were leading men in the town. Pynchon House, Springfield, erected about 1660. For forty years after the commencement of the settlement, the in habitants lived in peace Avith the Indians. Occasionally complaints were made of the misconduct of the Indians. They were, when complaints were substantiated, obliged to do right by their neigh bors. On the other hand, it is evident, that whenever any of the Indians were Avronged by the whites, they had speedy justice done them. But Avhen Philip's Avar broke out, in June, 1675, there was a , general alarm. What fortified places there were in the town, does not certainly appear. The old brick house, built by John Pynchon, Esq., before the year 1660, was used as a fort. The above engraving is copied from a draAving of this house as it ap peared in 1784. It was taken down a few years since. There is reason to believe that there was one or two more forts south of the meeting-house. It has also been said that the south part of the town was palisadoed. The Indians who were this side of the river had their principal settlement on Long Hill, where they had a fort. During the night of the 3d or 4th of October, three SPRINGFIELD. 293 hundred of Philip's warriors were received into the fort and there concealed by the Springfield Indians. Toto, a Windsor Indian, was informed of a plot to burn the town and massacre the inhabitants. This he communicated to the people of Windsor, who, without delay, sent an express to Springfield to give the alarm. This at first occasioned great consternation ; and the people betook them selves to the forts, and took such measures for security as they could upon the emergency. The Springfield Indians, however, appeared as usual, professed cordial friendship, and in a great de gree quieted the fears and alarms of the English. The Rev. Mr. Glover, who with others had retired to the fort, and had removed his library and some of his valuable effects to Mr. Pynchon' s, upon finding all to be quiet, and nothing to be heard or seen of an enemy, moved back his library to his own house. The Indians lay per fectly still and concealed. Some of the English, however, were not satisfied ; and in the morning of October 5 th, Lieutenant Tho mas Cooper and Thomas Miller went out as scouts, to examine and explore the fort and Indian settlement. While advancing towards it, they were both fired upon and killed. Mr. Cooper, being very athletic and vigorous, got into one of the forts before he expired. An assault upon the town immediately followed. Three men and one woman were killed, including the two above named. About thirty dwelling-houses and tAventy-five barns were destroyed. The mills and.house of correction, or jail, were also burnt; but the old meeting-house was preserved. The Indians retreated before they had completed the work of destruction. At the time of the attack Major Pynchon and Capt. Appleton were at Hadley; they hurried on with the utmost speed to the relief of Springfield ; but the In dians had withdrawn with their plunder before they arrived. The folloAving is extracted from Capt. Appleton's official account of the attack, &c., dated Oct. 12, 1675. He Avas at Hadley Avhen he wrote. " As to the state of poor desolate Springfield, to whose relief we came (though with a march that had put our men into a most violent sweat, and was more than they could well bear,) too late. Their condition is indeed most afflicted, there being about 33 houses and 25 barns .burnt, and about fifteen houses left unburnt. The people are full of fear, and staggering in their thoughts as to their keeping or leaving of the place. They whose houses and provisions are consumed incline to leave the place, as think ing they can better labor for a living in places of less danger, than where they now are. Hence they seem unwilling to stay, except they might freely share in the com and provision which is remaining and preserved by the sword. I cannot but think it conducive to the public, and for ought I see to the private interest, that the place should be kept ; there being corn and provision enough and to spare, for the suste nance of the persons, whose number is considerable, and cannot be maintained else where without more than almost any place can afford to their relief. The worth of the place is also considerable, and the holding of it will give encouragement and help to others, and the quitting of it great discouragement and hazard of our passage from one place to another, it being so great distance from Hadley to any othertown on this side of the river. I have in regard of the present distress of the poor people adven tured to leave Capt. Sill there to be ordered by the honored major till further order. In the account of Springfield houses, we only presented the number of them on the east side of the river and that in the town plat, for in all, on the west side and in the outskirts on the east side, there are about sixty houses standing and much corn in and about them." [In another letter, dated Oct. 17-, 1675, Capt. Appleton says,] " By a letter received from Major Pynchon, I am informed of an old Indian squaw taken at Springfield, who tells that the Indians who burnt that town lodged about six miles of the town. Some men went forth, found twenty-four fires, and some 294 SPRINGFIELD. plunder. She saith there came of the enemy 270, that the enemy are in all about 600j The place where they keep is at Coassitt, as it is supposed, about 56 miles above Hadley." Springfield is the shire town for Hampden county, and one of the most important inland towns in New England, being the center of a large inland and river commerce, and is also the site of the largest armory in the United States. A considerable part of the village is on a single street, two miles in length. There is a court-house, jail, 2 banks, (the Springfield and Chicopee Banks,) several printing-offices, and 6 churches, 3 Congregational, 1 of which is Unitarian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist. There are many elegant private residences in this place, particularly on the elevated ground which rises eastward from the court-house. Distance, 17 miles from Northampton, 48 from Worcester, 27 from Hartford, Con., 87 from Boston, and 363 from Washington. Western view of the Armory Buildings, Springfield. The principal U. S. Armory buildings are situated on the ele vated table land eastward of the main village, called " the Hill." From the village, on the main street, there is a gradual ascent to the summit of the hill, which is flanked on the north and south by a ravine. Most of the buildings connected Avith the armory, such as the arsenals or store-houses for the preservation of arms, the workshops, houses of the superintendents, &c, are situated on, and around an area of several acres. Some of these buildings are represented in the engraving ; those on the right are arsenals. The assessors of Springfield, in 1837, made the following return relative to the U. S. Armory, viz. :— " Public lands and buildings, valued at $210,000 ; machinery, $50,000 ; one hundred and seventy thou sand muskets on hand, $2,040,000 ; muskets manufactured during the year ending April 1st, 1837, fourteen thousand, $154,000; ord nance and stock on hand, $80,000; two hundred and sixty men employed." SPRINGFIELD. 295 « During the revolutionary war, the town did not very much increase. It felt, in common with the country in general, the pressure of the struggle for indepen dence. But in that period, a foundation was laid for much of its subsequent in crease and present prosperity. In the time of the war, this was a recruiting post and a rendezvous for soldiers. Being centrally situated, easy of access, and at the same time so far inland as to be out of the reach of sudden invasions of the enemy, it was early in the war fixed upon as a suitable place for making and repairing the various munitions of war, and a depot for military stores. At first, the whole was confined to Main street. The various artificers employed, had their shops where they could find a convenient place, and resided themselves in that part of the town. The laboratory for cartridges, and for the various fire-works manufactured on such occasions, was in the barn then owned by Ebenezer Stebbins, on the place now owned by Dr. Kings bury, south of Festus Stebbins'. After two or three years, the public works were removed on to the hill, where they now are. This was done gradually, in the years 1778 and 1779, as accommodations could be found. At first, with the exception of the powder magazine, the whole of the public buildings were placed upon a square of ten acres, on the land appropriated by the town for a training field. A few cannon were cast here during that war, but no small-arms were manufactured till after the peace of 1783. At the close of the war, the workmen employed were discharged, and the arsenals, magazine and shops, were left in the charge of a store-keeper. " When the object of making arms was under consideration of the national govern ment, in the year 1794, the convenience of the place, and the arsenals, magazines, ahd shops already here, were a sufficient inducement to establish the national armory here. This was done. At different periods since that time, lands have been pur chased, and erections made, for the public accommodation. This establishment has, without question, been one great source of the prosperity of the town." — Bliss' Hist. Address, 1828. South entrance of Chicopee Village, Springfield. The above is a view taken at the south entrance of Chicopee village, upon the Springfield road. A part only of the village is seen. The forest trees Avhich are seen on each side of the road, stand in the position in which they originally grew ; the novelty and beauty of the scene arrests the attention of the traveller, and to the lover of nature, this irregularity is far more pleasing and attractive than any artificial arrangement. By far the greater part of the village is on the southern side of the Chicopee. The elevation seen in the extreme distance is Mount Tom, on the west ern side of Connecticut river. This village is estimated to contain nearly tAvo thousand inhabitants. There are four cotton mills, run- 40 296 SPRINGFIELD. ning 20,000 spindles. There is also an establishment for the manu facture of machinery, saAvs, &c. This village is 4| miles from Springfield, and 87 from Boston. North view of Cabotville, Springfield. The above is a northern vieA\r of the central part of Cabotville, four miles from Springfield. The draAving from Avhich the above was engraved, Avas taken but a few feet from the road, on the side of the elevated heights which rise in some places almost perpen dicularly from the road on the northern bank of the Chicopee. The village is built on the south bank of the Chicopee river, which is seen passing over its rocky bed in the engraving. This flourish ing village is of quite recent origin. It Avas named from the Hon. George Cabot. It is estimated that at this time there are more than 2,000 inhabitants in this village. There are tAvo churches, 1 Con gregational, 1 Universalist, and a Baptist church noAV (1838) erect ing. The following statements respecting the manufacturing business done in this town are from the Statistical Tables, published by the state in 1837. " Cotton mills, 7; cotton spindles, 35,000; cotton consumed, 3,495,000 lbs. ; cotton goods manufactured, 11,062,000 yards; value of the same, $1,089,500; males employed, 330; fe males, 1,300; capital invested, $1,400,000." The following is a list of the articles manufactured, their value, and the number of hands employed. Articles. Value. Hands employed. Boots and Shoes, $16,000, 56 Leather, 10,200, 7 Hats, 4,800, 7 Paper, 200,000, 225 Iron Castings 43,800, 30 Cutlery, 40,000, 60 •Chairs, &c, 16,000, 28 •Ploughs, 1,300, 2 Tin-ware, 15,000, 14 Articles. Value. Hands employed Hard-ware, $11,000, 11 Cards, 40,000, 19 Joiners' Tools, 12,000, 19 Paper-machinery, 12,000, 10 Shuttle & Bobbin, 4,500, 6 Rifles, 18,000, 18 Stoves, 12,000, 6 Machinery, 60,000, 80 Swords, &c, 50,000, 35 SPRINGFIELD. 297 Besides the above, there were five steamboats built In five years preceding 1837, valued at $18,000. There is also an establishment for the manufacture of brass cannon, employing 25 hands, lately- commenced, which it is estimated Avill manufacture cannon to the amount of $50,000 annually. In 1810, the population of this town was 2,767 ; in 1820, it was 3,914; in 1830, it was 6,784; in 1837, it Avas 9,234. In Shays' insurrection, in 1786, the judicial courts being ad journed by the legislature to sit at Springfield on the 26th of December, Shays, with about 300 malcontents, marched into this town to oppose the administration of justice, and took possession of the court-house, and prevented the court from proceeding to business. In January, 1787, the movements of the insurgents Avere such, that the governor and council determined to raise a force of 4,400 men in order to put them down. Two thousand men of this force were ordered to rendezvous in the vicinity of Boston on the 19th of January, and Maj. Gen. Lincoln, of Hingham, was en trusted with the command. "Befbre the troops under Gen. Lincoln marched from Roxbury, Gen. Shepard had. been ordered to take possession of the post at Springfield. He soon collected 900 men, and afterwards 200 more, the continental arsenal furnishing them with a sufficient number of field-pieces, and such equipments as were wanted. It became an object with the insurgents to gain .this post, if possible, before the arrival of Lincoln's army. Their movements, therefore, were towards West Springfield on the one side, where about 400 men were collected under the command of Luke Day ; and towards the Boston road on the other, where 1100 more were headed by Shays, himself. Besides these, a party of about 400 from the county of Berkshire, under the command of Eli Parsons, were stationed in the north parish of Springfield. Shays proposed to attack the post on the 25th of January, and wrote to Day on the 24th to co-operate with him. In a letter which was intercepted by Gen. Shepard, Day rephed that he could not as sist him on the 25th, but would the day after. On the 25th, however, Shays, con fident of his aid, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, approached the arsenal where the militia were posted, with his troops in open column. Gen. Shepard sent several times to know the intention of the enemy, and to warn them of their danger ; and received for answer, in substance, that they would have the barracks ; and they immediately marched onwards to within 250 yards of the arsenal. Another message was sent, in forming them that the' militia were posted there by order of the governor and of con gress, and that if they approached any nearer they would be fired upon. One of their leaders replied, 'That is all we want ;' and they immediately advanced one hundred yards. Gen. Shepard' was now compelled to fire ; but, in hope of intimidating them, ordered the two first shot to be directed over their heads, which, instead of retarding, quickened their approach ; and the artillery was at last pointed at the center of their column, which produced its effect. A cry of murder was raised in the rear of the insur gents ; their whole body was thrown into the greatest confusion, and, in spite of all the efforts of Shays lo form them, the troops retreated precipitately about ten miles to Lud low, leaving three of their men- dead on the field and one wounded.. Had Gen. Shep ard been disposed to pursue, he might easily have cut many, of them in pieces. But the object was not to destroy them, but to bring them to consideration and amendment. " Notwithstanding this retreat, tliere was serious apprehension of another attack from the insurgents ; for Day was now on the west side, of Connecticut river with his men, and Parsons at Chicopee, whither the party, of Shays repaired (after losing 200 mea by desertion) on the 26th. This apprehension was allayed the next day, at noon, by, the arrival of Lincoln's army." After the county of Hampshire was formed, in 1662, a part of the county courts were held in Springfield ; this continued to be the case till 1793, when they were all removed to Northampton. It was supposed that this would have an injurious effect upon the 298 TOLLAND. place. The armory was established here the next year, and which undoubtedly contributed to prevent any injurious effects from being apparent. Upon the organization of Hampden county, Springfield again became a shire town, and the courts Avere re-established here in 1813. The folloAving inscriptions were copied from monuments in the ancient grave-yard in this place : Here lteth the body of Mam, the wife of Elizvk Holyoke, who nran October 2,6, 1657. Shee -f- lyes here was while she stood A very glory of womanhood ; Even here was sowne most pretious dvst, Which surely shall rise with the jvst. Here lyeth the body of Iohn Glover, son of Mr- Pelatiah Glover, who died y° 14th of Ianuary, 1664. My body sleepes, my sovle hath sviet rest In armes of God, in Christ, who makes me blest ; The tyme drawes on apace when God the Sonne To see his face shall both vnite in one. Here lies interr'd the body of Mr. John Mallefuild, a French gentleman, who, pass ing through the town of Springfield, dying, bequeathed all his estate to the poor of this town. He died Nov. 26, 1711. Psal. 41, 1. Blessed is he that considereth the poor. In memory of the Rev. Robert Breck, A.M., late pastor of the church of Christ in this place, who died on the 23d day of April, A. D. 1784, in the 71st year of his age, & in the 49th of his ministry. — This monument is erected by his affectionate and grateful parishioners, in addition to that in their breasts, to perpetuate the remembrance of his singular worth & long continued labors among them in the service of their souls. He taught us how to live, & Oh ! too high A price for knowledge ! taught us how to die. TOLLAND. This town was incorporated in 1810 ; it was taken from Gran ville and Sandisfield, and what was formerly called Southfield. The Congregational church in this town was organized in 1797, and consisted of 70 members. The Rev. Roger Harrison was ordained here in 1798, and resigned in 1822. He was succeeded by Rev. Bennet F. Northrop in 1827, who resigned the next year. The celebrated missionary, Gordon Hall, was a native of this tOAvn. This township is on elevated land, which is adapted for grazing. Considerable quantities of butter and cheese are produced. It is watered by Farmington river, the western boundary of the town, which is here a beautiful and lively stream. In 1837 the value of shovels, spades, forks or hoes manufactured here was $3,500. Population, 570. Distance, 20 miles from Springfield, and 110 from Boston. WESTFIELD. 299 WALES This town was formerly called South Brimfield. It received its name from James Wales, Esq., one of the principal men of the toAvn. About 30 years since the population was divided between the Baptists, Universalists, and Congregationalists. A short time previously, the three denominations united in building a meeting house, each to occupy it according to the amount of taxes paid by each. Rev. Mr. Coddington was the first Baptist minister; the Rev. Mr. Eveleth was the next pastor. A Congregational church was or ganized here in 1819, which consisted of about 12 persons ; it is now (1838) about extinct. The Methodists have a meeting-house in the central part of the town. The village in the center of the town consists of about 25 or 30 dwelling-houses and two churches. It is situated at the northern extremity of a pond, about three fourths of a mile in length and about half a mile in breadth. In 1837 there was a woollen mill, with 2 sets of machinery ; 36,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $32,400. The value of boots and shoes manufactured (boots 6,230, shoes 9,053 pairs) was $27,743 ; males employed, 42 ; females, 5. The value of palm-leaf hats manufactured was $1,500. Population, 738. Distance, about 20 miles from Springfield, and 67 from Boston. WESTFIELD. The Indian name of Westfield was Warronoco, (or Kee,) and was incorporated in 1669, Edward Tyng being magistrate of the Massachusetts colony. It was first proposed to call it Streamfield, because situated between two streams, but upon further conside ration it was called Westfield, because it was nearly Avert from Boston, the metropolis of the colony, and also the most westerly plantation in New England. It is difficult to determine in what precise year the first permanent settlement was made in this town, though probably between 1658 and 1650. At a town meeting held in Springfield, Dec, 1658, a tract of land in Warronoco Avas granted to Thomas Cooper, on condition he commenced improve ments upon said land in twelve months and continued them five years. This tract was situated over West river, probably not far from the county bridge. A similar grant was made in 1660 to Dea. S. Chapman, of land adjoining Cooper's. In 1661, a grant was made to Capt. Pynchon, Robert Ashley, and George Colton, of a tract of upland meadow, probably lying between the rivers. It hence appears that Warronoco belonged to Springfield. It was included in the original grant made to the first settlers of that town by the king of England. It Avas first settled by families from Springfield. The following is among the early records of that town: "Feb. 7, 1664. At a general town meeting, Capt. Pynchon, Major Holyoke, and Messrs. Ely, Colton, and Cooley, were chosen a standing committee, to have the sole power to order matters con- 300 WESTFIELD. ceming Warronoco, both for admittance of inhabitants and to grant lands, or for any other business that may concern that place and conduce to its becoming a town of itself." Some to whom grants of land Avere made, forfeited their lands by a non-compliance Avith the conditions of the grantors. Lands were confirmed to those Avho continued their improvements five years. According to the re cords, the following persons had confirmed titles : George and Isaac Phelps, Capt. Cook, Mr. Cornish, Thomas Dewey, J. Noble, David Ashley, John Holyoke, John Ponder, and John IngersoU. These men lived near the confluence of Great and Little rivers. They took up their residence here about 1666, as appears from the following facts. Meetings Avere first held here in 1667 on the Sabbath. The first English child born here was Benj. Saxton, who died in 1754, aged 88 years, and Avas therefore born in 1666. Mention is made of the establishment of a trading-house at the confluence of the tAvo rivers, by three young men, some years pre vious to a permanent settlement. They spent one summer here, and were never heard of afterward. It was supposed that they were cut off by the Indians. Each inhabitant owned a separate tract of land, but seem at first to have lived to a certain extent in common. They had a fort near the junction of the rivers, as sup posed, a few rods Avest of Harrison's tavern. In this they lodged every night, and fled to it by day in case of alarm. It seems from the records that a tract of land tAvo miles in circuit about the fort was strongly enclosed. Within this enclosure they had all their dwellings. Houses were occupied as forts in different parts of the toAvn until after the French war in 1757. Warronoco was at first nine miles long and three wide ; additions were made to it until it included what is now Westfield, Southwick, and Russell. Westfield is situated eight miles west of Connecticut river, sepa rated from it by West Springfield. Little river comes in from the west, and Westfield river from the north-west ; they unite half a mile east of the meeting-house. The central part of the town has the appearance of having once been a lake, and by geologists acquainted with the country is supposed to have been at some re mote period covered with water. It is surrounded by an abrupt bank, from 20 to 70 feet in height. The bank in some places is clayey, in others gravelly, and in others rocky. The lake must have been about seven miles in length, from north-west to south east, and nearly three in width at the widest place. Westfield furnishes a greater variety of vegetable productions than most towns, on account of having such varieties of soil : sandy plains, mountains, meadows, and swamps. There are about 60 varieties of meadow grass, some of which have been found nowhere besides in North America. Alders, poplars, and willoAvs, blossom about the middle of March. Chesnut fencing-stuff is brought from the neighboring mountains, and lumber from the towns west and north. The elm, buttonwood, and maple groAv luxuriantly in this valley. Westfield is a considerable village of about two hundred build- WES TFIELD. 301 Southern view in the central part of Westfield. ings, including stores and mechanic shops. The engraving shows the appearance of the central part of the village, as it is entered from the south. The building appearing on the extreme right is the Westfield Academy ; the two next buildings north are the old and new town-houses. The new one, which is surmounted by a small tower, was erected the present year, (1838). The Congre-- gational church and the Hampden Bank, with four pillars, fronting the south, are seen beyond ; the spire of the Baptist church is seen in the distance. A small enclosed common, oval in its form, is in the central part of the area, around Avhich the public build ings are situated; it is newly set out with shade trees, and will add to the beauty of the place. A range of stores, where a considera ble part of the mercantile business of the place is done, is immedi ately north of the. Congregational church, fronting the common, but from the point where the aboAre view was taken they could not be seen. This place is 9 miles from Springfield, 17 from Northampton, 28 from Hartford, Con., 60 from New Haven, Con., and 97 from Boston. The New Haven and Northampton canal passes through the village, a few rods eastward of the buildings seen in the engraving. The manufacture of Avhips is the principal mechanical business of the town. In 1837, there were thirteen Avhip manufactories ; value of whips manufactured Avas $153,000 ; 154 males and 410 females were employed in this business. Forty persons were engaged in the manufacture of cigars, the value of Avhich was $11,000. There were three poAvder-mills, which manu factured 20,000 kegs of powder, the value of which Avas $50,000. Population, 3,039. Westfield Academy was chartered in 1796, and opened for the admission of students in Jan. 1800. The folloAving gentlemen have been preceptors. Those in Italics became clergymen. Peter Starr, Henry C. Martendale, (since a member of congress,) Lyman 303 WESTFIELD. Strong, Alfred Perry, M. D., Horatio Waldo, Saul Clark, Theodore North, Sylvester Selden, Francis L. Robbins, Samuel M. Emerson, Alfred Stearns, Charles Jenkins, Stephen Taylor, Flavel S. Gay- lord, George W. Bendict, now professor of mathematics, &c. in Vermont University, Elnathan Gridley, now missionary to Pales tine, Alvan Wheeler, M. D., Emerson Davis, and Parsons Cooke. All are graduates of Williams college except Elnathan Gridley, who graduated at Yale. The building has two school-rooms on the lower floor, and on the other a large hall and lecture-room. The institution is furnished with a sufficient quantity of chemical and philosophical apparatus for illustrating the general principles of those sciences. There is also a respectable collection of mine rals for the use of the academy. Instruction is given in the depart ment of natural history to those who wish. About 3 000 have been educated at this academy since its establishment. Meetings were first held on the Sabbath in this town in 1667. Mr. Holyoke, son of Major I. -Holyoke, of Springfield, conducted them. After him a Mr. Fiske preached here as a candidate for settlement. People were called together on the Sabbath by the beat of the drum. A man was employed for that purpose, and was paid 25 shillings per year. The first meeting-house stood near Jedediah Taylor, Esqr.'s. A second house was built in 1720, which was destroyed by fire. In 1678 permission was granted by the governor of Massachusetts colony to organize a church in Warronoco. Mr. Edward Taylor was a candidate for settlement. A council was convened on the last Wednesday of June, 1679, the church organized, and Mr. Taylor was ordained pastor. One of Mr. Taylor's daughters married Mr. Stiles, and was the mother of President Stiles, of Yale college. Mr. T. was a man eminently devoted to the work of the'minis- try. Besides performing the duties of a pastor and managing his domestic concerns, he left in manuscript 14 quarto volumes, closely written, of about 400 pages each. He died June 29, 1729, in the 50th year of his ministry. On account of the infirmi ties of age he had not preached for four or five years. His successor was the Rev. Nehemiah Bull, who was ordained Oct. 1726. During Mr. Bull's ministry a mission to the Housatonic Indians was commenced. Mr. Hopkins, of West Springfield, labored among them, but, being taken sick, Mr. Bull, of Westfield, and WiUiams, of Deerfield, were appointed by Gov. Belcher, in 1734, to superintend the mission. They procured the Rev. J. Sargeant, then a tutor in Yale college. There was at that time, 1735, only one house between here and Sheffield. Mr. Bull, after having introduced Mr. Sargeant to the Indians, remained some days, and baptized the first Indian con vert. The Rev. John Ballantine succeeded Mr. Bull, and was ordained in June, 1741. He died Feb. 1776. Rev. Noah Atwater, a native of Hamden, New Haven Co., Con., succeeded Mr. Ballantine ; was ordained in 1781. He died in 1802. He was a dis tinguished scholar and learned divine. He never preached the same sermon to his people twice, always kept twenty sermons ahead, and completed his two sermons for the Sabbath on Tuesday evening. He always rose before sunrise at all seasons of the year. He was a man of a philosophical mind. Most Of his papers fell into the hands of the late President Dwight. His successor was the Rev. Isaac Knapp, a native of Norfolk, Con. He was ordained over this church in 1803. The Baptist society of Westfield was organized in 1784. Rev. Adam Hamilton was the first pastor of this church. He was a native of England, and for a Ion" time highly esteemed. On account of misconduct he lost his reputation, and was rejected from the fellowship of the Baptist churches. He died at Chesterfield, and it is chari tably hoped he was a true penitent for some years before his death. In consequence of Mr. Hamilton's conduct the church became nearly extinct ; but they revived a°-ain and a new church was organized in 1806. In 1807, the Rev. Azariah Hawkes°was ordained pastor of the society, and continued his labors about two and a half years then removed to Euclid, Ohio. After this, the Rev. Caleb Green preached for some time ; in 1819 he was dismissed. Rev. David Wright succeeded Mr. Green, and was ordained Nov. 1819. The following, relating principally to the depredations of the Indians upon this town, is copied from " A Historical Sketch of WESTFIELD. 303 Westfield, by Emerson Davis, A. M.;" to which publication, the author is indebted almost entirely for the history of this town. No special harm was received from the Indians until the commencement of this war in 1675. I have compiled an account of the injuries received during this war from records kept by the Rev. Mr. Taylor. He remarks that they were sorely distressed, yet sovereignly preserved. " Our soil," he says, " was moistened by the blood of three Springfield men, young Goodman Dumbleton, who came to our mill, and two sons of Goodman Brooks, who came here to look for iron ore on land bought of Mr. J. Pyncheon, who accompanied them, but they fell in the way by the first assault of the enemy. At the same time Mr. Cornish's house was burnt to ashes, and also John Sackett's house and barn with its contents, it being the first snowy day of winter. They also lodged a ball in Mr. Granger's leg. It was thought the enemy received some loss, because m the ashes of Mr. Cornish's house the bones of a man were found. Also in the winter some scattering rascals, upon a Lord's day, in the time of afternoon worship, fired Mr. Ambrose Fowler's house and barn, and in the week after Mr. Walter Lee's barn. On the last snowy day we had in the winter of 1675, we, discover ing an end of the Indians, did send out a scout to make a full discovery of the same, designing only three or four to go with orders not to assault them, but, to our woe and smart, there going ten or twelve, not as scouts, but as assailants, run furiously upon them, and received from the enemy a furious charge, whereby Mr. Moses Cook, an inhabitant, and a soldier not an inhabitant, were killed." In the fall after, nine men from Westfield were at Deerfield, at the time of an attack upon that place, three of whom were killed. The few families residing here during the war were so impoverished and distressed that some left, and all more than once were upon the point of relinquishing their lands and uniting with other planta tions for the purpose of protection. Thus their lives were in constant jeopardy ; they were few in the midst of savages, destitute of the luxuries and most of the comforts of fife, contented with such food as their own valley produced. Previous to 1675, a grist mill and saw mill were erected on a brook emptying into the great river just below the county bridge. These mills were erected by a company of four men, Mr. Whiting and three Dewys. The toll was regulated by a vote of the town. Debts were paid in grain or meat, the price of which was also regulated by a vote of the town. In 1716 the price of rye was three shillings, corn two shillings and four-pence, and wheat and peas four shillings and six-pence. When debts were paid in money a discount of one fourth was made by the creditor in all cases. The creditor was obliged to take what was offered in payment, money or grain. Besides grain, tar and turpentine were also an article of traffic, being manufactured by the inhabitants. Persons paid int4 the town treasury two shillings for every hundred boxes they employed in collecting turpentine from the white pine. There was an old Indian, whom they called Grey Lock, that produced considerable commotion among the people. He was constantly skulking about, waylaying them for the purpose of taking captives. He caught a young lad by the name of Loomis, who went out of the fort in the early part of the evening to get cherries. He was soon released. Mr. Bently, in the east part of the town, worked at ditching all of one sum mer. He uniformly set his loaded gun one rod before him, and >vhen he hads cut his ditch up to the gun would move it forward again, but the next year he was taken. Grey Lock said he had watched for an opportunity to take him all the year previous, but could not ; he might have killed him, but he wanted captives. Mr. Bently was afterwards released. Mr. Noble, who lived near where Mr. Ambrose Day now lives, was much exposed. One night during family prayers Grey Lock stepped up and pulled the string and let the door swing open ; some of the family shut the door, and as soon as all was quiet he would pull the string again. Mr. Noble was persuaded by his friends to move into town. Grey Lock said he had several opportunities of killing most of his children at a shot, but did not want scalps so much as captives. Mr. Phelps, who lived in Shepard Lane, returning from work at Pochasuck, came to the fording place of Great river, and saw three Indians in the river. He considered his situation perilous. They were coming towards him. He clapped his hands and exclaimed, " Here they are, my brave boys ! rush on, we have them ! " at which the Indians took the alarm and escaped. Noah Ashley, of whom mention is made in another place, returning from work at Pochasuck, was met by an Indian near the Bancroft house. Both drew up their guns, but Ashley fired first and the Indian fled. He was tracked by blood through the brush to a place near by, but was never found. The plain has ever since been called " Indian Plain." 41 304 WEST SPRINGFIELD. A daughtei of the second wife of a Mr. Sackett (her name I do not know) was taken captive by the Indians and carried to the north-west part of New York, married an Indian, and remained among them as long as she lived. Her descendants have been here to see their mother's friends several times since the French war. Previous to that they used some exertions to make others of the Sackett family captives, but did not succeed. About the time of the French war a man was killed at the Farms while looking for his cow, and another at Southampton. He was in a barn threshing, with his gun standing near, but as he turned his back to the door he was fired upon by the Indian and killed. A signal was given on the discovery of Indians in the vicinity by twice firing a gun. An alarm of this kind was once given, and the central village was deserted by all the male inhabitants ; while absent, a company of Indians appeared on the bank south of the town, with the intention, as it afterwards appeared, to make a hostile attack, but were deterred, on seeing the number of the houses and smoke curling from every chim ney, through fear of finding the whites of superior strength. Thus the town was pro videntially preserved, when four or five might have laid it in ashes. I have been informed that two tribes wandered about in this vicinity. The rivers afforded fish in great variety in those days, such as bass, salmon, shad, &c, and the forests abounded with bears, deer, &c. , while on the meadows and plains maize was easily cultivated. A field on Little river, now called Squawfield, was probably cultivated by them. There arrow-heads and other Indian utensils were formerly found in abundance. There is a collection of their utensils in the academy, together with au Indian's head, the bones of the skull and face nearly perfect, said to have been dug up in the vicinity of Harri son's tavern. Very few facts relative to the aborigines have been recorded, and there fore I am able to give only a very brief account of them at this period. WEST SPRINGFIELD. This town was originally a part of Springfield ; it was made a parish in 1696, and was incorporated as a distinct town in 1773. It is supposed that settlements commenced in this town as early as 1654 or '55, as there were in those years a number of house-lots granted on Chicopee plain, on the west side of the river. These grants were made to the following persons : — Francis Pepper, Anthony Dorchester, Samuel Terry, Hugh Dudley, John Dum- bleton, Miles Morgan, John Stewart, Obadiah Miller, and Simon Sacket. Thomas Cooper and Abel Leonard settled on the south west side of the Agawam, about 1660, and in a short time Thomas Merrick Avas there also. A feAV years after this, house-lots Avere granted as far Avest as Paucatuck Brook, and among the settlers are found the names of Riley, Foster, Jones, Petty, Scot, Barber, Rogers, Parsons, Fowler, Ely, Bagg, and Day. In May, 1695, the inhabitants on this side of the river, consisting of thirty-two families and upwards of 200 souls, presented a petition to the general court " that they might be permitted to invite and settle a minister." This petition Avas granted; a church Avas formed in 1698, and in 1702 the first meeting-house was erected. The first or " old burying-ground " is said to have been the gift of a person by the name of Foster. The oldest monuments to be found in it .are those of Mr. Nathaniel Dwit, who died Nov. 1, 1711 and of Deacon John Barber, who died June 27, 1712. In 1750, a number of inhabitants in the north part of West Springfield united with a number on the east side of the river, WEST SPRINGFIELD. 305 and petitioned the general court that they might be Incorporated into a distinct parish. ¦ This petition was granted the next year, and they were incorporated as the fifth parish in Springfield, and Rev. John M'Kinstry was set apart as their minister and a meet ing-house erected the same year. Afterwards the part on the west side became the third parish in West Springfield, being thus incorporated in 1786. This place has been usually called Ireland, from the circumstance, it is said, that several Irish families were among the earliest settlers in this part of the town. The Congre gational church in this parish was formed in 1799, and consisted originally of 9 members. The Baptist church here was formed, and Rev. Thomas Rand constituted its pastor, in 1803. In 1757 the southern part of the town Avas erected into a dis tinct parish, containing about 75 families. It was then the sixth parish in Springfield ; in 1773 it became the second parish in West Springfield. In Nov., 1762, a church was formed here, and Rev. Sylvanus Griswold Avas constituted its pastor. In 1727, there were five persons baptized by immersion in the town, by Rev. Elisha Callender, pastor of a church in Boston. In 1740, they, with several others who had joined them, were formed into a- church, and Rev. EdAvard Upham became their pastor. The prin cipal field of Mr. Upham's labors was in the second parish. In 1800 this parish was divided by an act of the legislature, form ing what are usually called, the parishes of Agawam and Feeding Hills. The meeting-house, which had been built by the second parish, Avas removed in 1799 from its original site to where it now stands, in Feeding Hills. A meeting-house in Agawam, which the Baptists and Congregationalists occupied alternately, was erected in 1803. West Springfield extends along the west bank of Connecticut river the Avhole breadth of Hampden county. It is intersected by Westfield river, and the soil is generally very fertile, particularly on the banks of the rivers. There are high hills or mountains in the north part of the town, and sandy plains at the south. Great quantities of rye are annually raised. In 1837, there was in this town 1 cotton mill, 2,700 cotton spindles; 261,000 yards of cotton goods Avere manufactured ; valued at $33,270. There were two woollen mills ; woollen machinery. 2 sets ; 26,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $16,600. There Avere 80 Saxony, 1,881 merino, 1,413 other kinds of sheep; average weight of fleece, 3 pounds ; value of wool produced, $5,107. There are 7 churches, 4 Congregational, 2 Baptist, and 1 Methodist. Population, 3,227. Distance, 10 miles N. of* Suffield, and 93 westward from Boston. The folloAving is, believed to be a correct representation of the first meeting-house in this town, Avhich was erected in 1702. The dimensions of this meeting-house, as near as can be ascertained, were 42 feet square on the ground, and 92 feet in height. The architect was John Allys, of Hatfield. Until 1743, the people assembled for public worship at the beating of the drum. This continued to be occupied as a place of worship till June 20, 1802,, 306 WEST SPKINGFIELD. Ancient Church, West Springfield. when, the new one being completed, Dr. Lathrop preached a vale dictory sermon, from Psalm xlviii. 9. The old house remained till 1820, when by a vote of the parish it was taken down. A large part of the timber was then quite sound, and some of it used in building the toAvn-house. " The house in which Mr. Woodbridge [the first minister] lived," says Rev. Mr. Sprague in his historical discourse delivered at West Springfield in 1824, " stood a few rods north of the spot now occupied by the house of Mr. Aaron Day. There is a tradition that there was a cavern connected by a pas> sage with the cellar of the house, to which the women and chil dren of the neighborhood fled for protection in case of alarm from the Indians. The present appearance of the ground is such as to give a high degree of probability to the tradition." " The following account of a singular incident, which took place," says Dr. Dwight, (vol. i. Travels,) "in the first settlement of this township, was communicated to me in the year 1798, by Captain Noble, a respectable inhabitant of Hoosac, N. Y., at Noble's Falls, who was then about 76 years of age. It was transmitted from his ancestor, one of the persons concerned. One of the first planters of Springfield was a tailor, and another a carpenter. The tailor had for a small consideration purchased of an Indian chief a tract of land in what is now West Springfield, forming a square of three miles on a side. The carpenter had constructed a clumsy wheelbarrow, for which the tailor offered to make him a suit of clothes, or convey him the land. After some delibera tion he exchanged the wheelbarrow for the land. This tract contained the best settled part of West Springfield ; many an acre of which might now be sold, for the purposes of cultivation only, at the price of one hundred dollars. I will not assert that there is no error in the story ; yet on the face of it there is nothing improbable. When the fourth part of a township of the common size was sold by one Englishman to another for a wheelbarrow, it will be easily believed that it was of still less value to the aborigines. The small prices paid by the first colonists for the lands in this country, are no evidence that the bargains were fraudulent or inequitable. To the Indian without an English purchaser, the land was often worth nothing ; and to the colonist its value was created by his labor." The first minister in West Springfield was Rev. John Wood- bridge. He was constituted pastor at the formation of the first church, in 1698. He died in 1718, at the age of 40 years. His sue- WILBRAHAM. 307 cessor was Rev. Samuel Hopkins, who was ordained in 1720 ; he died in 1755, in the 36th year of his ministry. He has the reputa tion of being an eminently prudent and faithful minister, though it appears that in the early part of his ministry he was suspected by some of being heterodox. A Mr. Jonathan Worthington, of Spring field, was presented by the grand jury for making such an asser tion, and was fined by the court, in 1722. Mr. Hopkins was suc ceeded by Rev. Joseph Lathrop, who Avas consecrated to the minis try here in 1756, and died on the last day of December, 1820, in the 65 th year of his ministry. The Rev. Dr. Lathrop was a descendant of the Rev. John Lothrop, who came to New England with several sons in 1634, and was afterwards settled in Barnstable. Samuel, the youngest son of this progenitor, went to Norwich in Connecticut, and settled there ; and there Joseph, his great-grandson, was born, in 1731. In his 19th year he entered Yale college, where he was graduated in 1754. In 1756 he settled in the ministry in a parish in Springfield, Massachusetts, now the town of West Springfield, where he per formed the duties of the pastoral office upwards of 60 years. On the day which con eluded the 60th year of his ministry, 25 August, 1816, he preached to a large audience, and the sermon was printed. His ministrations were still continued until the las' Sabbath in March, 1818, when, ou account of the infirmities of age and the imperfec tion of sight, he declined the public services of the Sabbath, -and requested his society to provide for him an assistant or colleague ; and in 1819, the 63d anniversary of hi? own ordination, he attended the ordination of his colleague, the Rev. William B. Sprague, and took a part in the public solemnities. Dr. Lathrop, to " an intellect of the first order," united the kindly affections. Benevolence marked his whole charac ter. To all his other estimable qualities, he added a serenity and cheerfulness of tem per, which gave to his old age a charm as rare as it was delightful. He was equally remote from the intemperate heat of enthusiasm, and that lifeless system, which excludes all exercise of the affections. He was exemplary in the observance of the duties of piety and devotion, and of the social and relative duties. As a Christian minister he was very conspicuous. To his comprehensive intellect and exalted piety was added the acquired knowledge necessary to constitute a great theologian. In his pastoral intercourse he was peculiarly attentive to the state and circumstances of his flopk, and an eminent example of prudence. " He was cautious without being timid, fami liar without sacrificing his dignity, condescending without abandoning what he believed to be principles of duty." In doubtful and perplexing cases of ecclesiastical concern, he was distinguished as a wise, judicious, and upright counsellor ; and great confidence was reposed in his judgment. To the truly evangelical principles which he delivered to others he steadfastly adhered, and he finished his course in the faith and hope of the gospel. His occasional discourses have been extensively read and highly approved, especially the " Seasonable Warning to the, Churches;" and his other works have met with an uncommonly favorable reception. Four volumes of sermons were published during his life, and a fifth volume, with a memoir of his life, has been published since his decease." — Holmes' Annals, 2d edition, published in 1829 WILBRAHAM. This tOAvn was originally a part of the ancient tOAvn of Spring field. In May, 1731, Nathaniel Hitchcock removed from Spring field, and built a house on the spot afterwards occupied by the house of Dr. Samuel F. Merrick. This was the beginning of the settlement of the town. Mr. Hitchcock and his family lived here one year alone. In 1732, Noah Alvord, with his family, removed here ; and in 1733, Daniel Warner and four others, with their fami lies, also removed here. From that period, there was a gradual increase till 1741, when the number of families increased to twen- 308 WILBRAHAM. ty-four. In May of this year, the parish was incorporated by the name of the fourth parish of Springfield, but it usually went by the name of Springfield Mountains till 1763, when it was incor porated as a town by its present name. It had not, however, the privilege of sending a representative to the general court till the adoption of the new constitution, in 1780. Rev. Noah Merrick, the first minister in this place, was ordained in 1741. The or daining service Avas to have been performed under a large oak tree, but as the morning proved rainy the people assembled in a barn belonging to Mrs. Warriner, and there attended the ordaining solemnities. There were six male church members, viz., Nathanier Warriner and David Merrick, (afterwards deacons,) Moses Burt, Nathaniel Hitchcock, Stephen Stebbins, and Samuel Stebbins. WBKm mm^m:v*m£''vm^*&^2g&?m ii Western view of the Wesleyan Academy in Wilbraham. It appears that the council that convened to organize the church, determined that no less than seven could constitute a church, and were therefore brought to a stand in their proceedings. At length David Warriner stated that he had for some time wished to make a profession, but waited only for the ordination of a minister. Be ing admitted to the number, the council AA>ere relieved from their difficulty. The first meeting-house in Wilbraham was built in 1748. It stood 30 rods south of the house occupied by Mr. Mer rick, the first minister. In 1783, the town was divided into two parishes. The above is a western view of the " Wesleyan Academy" in Wilbraham, taken from the boarding-house, a three-story building on the opposite side of the street. This institution was incorpo rated in 1824, and is governed by a board of trustees. It has ever been in high repute ; it had during the last year (1837) upwards of 300 pupils, of whom 190 were males and 114 females. Scho lars are received from 10 years old and upAvards. " The course of study is systematic and extensive, and includes all those branches which are requisite to prepare the pupil for the common business WILBRAHAM. 309 of life, or for a higher course of collegiate or professional duties. The year is divided into four terms, corresponding, as nearly as possible, with the four seasons." The academy is 10 miles west of Springfield, 30 miles north-easterly from Hartford, and 83 Avester- ly from Boston. There are in the town 4 churches, 2 Congrega tional and 2 Methodist. Population, 1,802. In 1837, there Avere'in • this town 457 Saxony, 1,054 merino, and 781 other kinds of sheep, and the value of wool produced Avas $3,668 62 ; capital invested, $35,460. The value of boots and shoes manufactured, $8,498 75 ; value of straw bonnets and straAV braid manufactured, $2,000; palm-leaf hats manufactured, 7,145, valued at $1,000 30. The following is from the Massachusetts Spy, (Worcester,) Nov. 20, 1805 : Mk. Thomas, Jon. Sir, — I have written the following at the earnest request of the relatives of the deceased. Please to give it a place in your paper, and you will gratify the public, and discharge a duty which humanity imposes. Your real friend, Z. L. L. Horrid Murder and Robbery. Mr. Marcus Lyon, a young man of peculiar respectability, about 23 years of age, left his friends in Woodstock, Con., last March, and went to Cazenovia, N. Y., and labored through the season. As he was on his return to his native place, mounted on an excellent horse, he was attacked by two merciless ruffians in Wilbraham, on the Spring field turnpike road, between the gate and Sikes' tavern, on the 9th inst. about 2 o'clock, P. M., and there murdered in the most barbarous manner. The circumstances attend ing the awful scene are almost too shocking to humanity to relate. It is supposed, from the best circumstantial evidence, that the unfortunate young gentleman was first shot with a pistol ; but the assassins, perceiving the wound not fatal, (as the ball was afterwards found on the outside of his ribs,) fell upon him like bloodhounds, and with a club and breech of the pistol lacerated and mangled his. head in a most savage and barbarous manner. The upper part of his head over the cerebrum, and also over his left eye, was indented with wounds, evidently made with the cock of the pistol, and the back part, against the cerebellum, was all mashed to a pulp. They beat him till the guard of the pistol flew off and the ramrod was knocked out, which were afterwards found lying on the fatal spot. Having thus far gratified their infernal disposition, they robbed him of his pocket-book, (how much money it contained we are not able to inform,) then threw him over the wall, dragged him a few rods to Chicopee river, and there deposited him, and placed large flat stones upon his head to prevent his rising. Without delay they next conveyed the horse through a small piece of wood to a sequestered enclosure, and then turned him loose, with saddle, saddle-bags and bridle on, and then went on. Soon after the horse was found and taken up ; the neighbors conjectured he had by accident gotten away from some place where his rider had hitched him, and supposed that inquiry would soon be made for him, it being Saturday in the afternoon. They waited till Sunday morning, but, alas! no rider appeared! The alarm spread. The woods, fields, and every bye corner were searched, and at even ing they found the corpse close by the edge of the river, with all his clothes on, mittens on his hands, and his great coat wrapped about his head, with a large stone pressing him to the bottom. The pistol was found on the brink, broken to pieces. The young man's hat, new and unharmed, was discovered under a small bridge near the spot. The corpse was conveyed to a neighboring house, and the inhabitants paid that pecu liar attention which sympathy alone can dictate and gratitude' reward. The remains were conveyed to Woodstock on Tuesday, and the funeral attended on Wednesday, when the Rev. Abiel Ledoyt addressed the assembly from Mark xiii. 33. The grief of the mourners, the numbers convened, and the tears that profusely flowed, presented a scene which we conclude has never had a parallel in these our inland towns. The villains who perpetrated the awful crime are supposed to be two foreigners in sailors' dress, who were seen that day by a number of people making their way toward Springfield. One particular circumstance tends much to strengthen the suspicion. A lad, about 13 years of age, being sent after some hogs in the woods, near the place of the murder, happened to come out into the road, within two or three rods of two men in sailors' habit. He declared under oath before the jury of inquest, that before 310 AMHERST. he got out of sight of them, he saw one mount the same horse which was afterwards found, and ride him up the hill into the woods, while the other stood with a new cud gel in his hand leaning upon the wall. The same persons, according to the descrip tion, were soon after observed travelling in great haste towards Springfield. We are happy to learn that his excellency Governor Strong issued a proclamation offering a reward of five hundred dollars for the detection of the villains, and that the high sheriff of Hampshire county greatly interested himself in taking measures to detect them, which we learn have proved effectual, and the murderers are both committed to gaol in Northampton. (See Northampton.) HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. Hampshire county was incorporated in 1662, and embraced at that time the three counties of the state which are centrally intersected by Connecticut river. Before its division it was the largest county in the state, and Northampton, being in the central part, was a shire town. The county was divided into three by the legislature of 1811 and '12. Franklin county was formed from the northern section, Hampden the southern ; Hampshire, the central part, re tained the original name. The surface of Hampshire is generally hilly, and in some parts mountainous. The land in the western part of the county gradually rises, and its western border lies on the summits of the Green Mountain range. The Lyme and Mount Tom ranges of mountains begin in this county, and continue to the ocean, on the southern shore of Connecticut. The soil is of very unequal quality, being best in the center, and growing less and less fertile towards the eastern and western extremities. There are, however, fine interval lands on the banks of the Connec ticut, being some of the best lands in the state. The following is a list of the towns, which are 23 in number. Amherst, Oranby, Northampton, Southampton, Belchertown, Goshen, NorAvich, Ware, Chesterfield, Greemvich, Pelham, Westhampton, Cummington, Hadley, Plainfield, Williamsburg, Easthampton, Hatfield, Prescott, Worthington. Enfield, Middlefield, South Hadley, In 1820, the population of this county Avas 26,447; in 1830, it was 30,210; in 1837, it was 30,413. AMHERST. This town was originally a precinct of Hadley, called " Hadley East or Third Precinct." It was incorporated as a town in 1759. The first church was organized, and Rev. David Parsons, the first minister, was settled Nov. 7th, 1739; he died in 1781, and Avas succeeded by his son, Rev. David Parsons, D. D., Avho was or dained in 1782. "The ministers who belonged to the council which ordained Dr. Parsons, were the Rev. Messrs. Robert Breck, AMHERST, 311 of Springfield, Joseph Ashley, of Sunderland, John Hubbard, of Northfield, Samuel Hopkins, D. D., of Hadley, Roger Newton, D. D. of Greenfield, Simon Backus, of Granby, and Josiah Dana, of Barre." Dr. Parsons died suddenly at Wethersfield, Con., Avhere his remains were interred. He Avas succeeded by Rev. Daniel A. Clark, Avho Avas settled in 1820, and continued here in the ministry till Aug., 1824. Rev. Royal Washburn next suc ceeded, and continued his labors here five and a half years, and died in 1833. Rev. Micaiah T. Adam succeeded Mr. Washburn. He is a native of England, and passed a number of years a mission ary of the London Missionary Society at Benares, in Hindoostan. Rev. Josiah Bent succeeded Mr. Adam, in 1837. North-western view of Amherst College. The Second Parish in Amherst Avas incorporated in 1783. The church was organized the year previous, and their first minister, Rev. Ichabod Draper, Avas ordained in 1785. He Avas succeeded by Rev. Nathan Perkins in 1810. The South Parish Avas incor porated in 1824. The church Avas organized in 1824, and Rev. Horace B. Chapin, the first minister, was ordained the following year. The North Parish Avas incorporated in 1826, and ReA^. Wil liam W. Hunt was settled as pastor of the church the next year. - The above is a north- Avestern vieAV of the Amherst College build ings, Avhich are four in number, constructed of brick. Three are occupied by students ; the one surmounted Avith a tower is occupied as a chapel, library, and for lecture-rooms. These buildings stand on a commanding eminence, and overlook the valley of the Con necticut to a great extent. ': This institution Avas established in 1821. Its resources were comparatively limited at first, and its success, by some, considered doubtful ; but it is now in a highly prosperous state. It has a fund of $50,000, made up of the contributions of individuals. This fund is under the direction of five trustees, chosen by the subscribers; and tlie interest is annually appropri ated toward* the support of the college. There are 7 or S pro- 312 AMHERST. fessors, including the president, 3 or 4 tutors, besides other officers ; and from 150 to 200 students. The yearly expenses of a student are from 90 to 118 dollars, including college bills and board. There are three vacations per annum; the first for four weeks from commencement, Avhich takes place the fourth Wednesday in August, the second for six weeks from the fourth Wednes day in December, the third for three Aveeks from the third Wednes day in May. The number of volumes in the library is 7,000 and upAvards, and the terms of admission, and the courses of study, are similar to those of Yale college, Con. The numerous diffi culties Avhich Amherst college encountered in its infancy are fresh in the recollection of many persons, as well as the violent opposi tion which was raised against the application of the trustees for a charter from the general court." — American Magazine, 1835. The Arenerable Noah Webster, LL. D., the author of the Ameri can Dictionary of the English Language, Avas for a time a resi dent of this town, and was one of the presidents of the board of the Amherst academy. He inaugurated the first president, and deli vered an address on the occasion, standing on the north-west corner-stone of the south college. Besides the college, there is in the place an academy, and a seminary, called the " Mcnmt Pleasant Institution." There are 9 or 10 instructers, and it has acquired celebrity throughout the state. The village in, the vicinity of the college consists of about 75 well-built dwelling-houses, a bank, and other public buildings. Distance, 6| miles to Northampton, 108 from Dartmouth col lege, N. H., 46 from Hartford, and 82 miles west of Boston. Popu lation, 2,602. In 1837, there were in this town 2 woollen mills, 4 sets of woollen machinery ; wool consumed, 39,000 lbs. ; cloth manufactured, 62,195 yards, valued at $40,337; males employed, 22 ; females, 30 ; capital invested, $30,000. Two hat manufacto ries ; value of hats manufactured, $3,600 : palm-leaf hats manu factured, 60,000, valued at $12,000; value of carriages manufac tured, $100,000; hands employed, 100; capital invested, $30,000; value of joiners' planes manufactured, $8,000. There Avere 2 pa per mills; stock manufactured, 42 tons; value of paper, $7,000. The folloAving inscriptions are copied from monuments in the grave-yard in this place : In memory of the Revd- Mr. David Parsons, first pastor of the church at Amherst, who died Jan. 1, 1781, in the 69 year of his age, and 41st of his ministry. A man of God and faithful servant of Jesus Christ. Rev. 14, 13. Blessed are the dead that die in the Lord ; yea, saith the Spirit, their works do follow them. Rev. Royal Washburn, born at Royalton, Vt., Dec. 6, 1797, graduated at Vermont University, 1820, and at the Andover Theological Seminary, 1824, settled as pastor of the first church and parish, Amherst, Jan. 4, 1826, died Jan. 1, 1833. Honored & be loved in the church, having a good report of them without ; seeming blameless as the steward of God ; in doctrine showing sincerity and sound speech, in practice a pattern of good works ; yet lowly of heart, & ascribing all to the grace of God through Christ ; his ministry short, but blessed with joyous fruit ; his life as becometh saints ; his death full of peace. Multum diuque desiderabimus.* * Much and long shall we lament for him. BELCHERTOWN. 313 Hie jacet corpus sepultum Reverendi Zephanijk Swifx Moore, S. T. D., Collegii Amherstiae Prsesidis. Ille homo ingenioque scientia, atque pietate sincera, prseclarus ; ac mentis gravitate quoque insigni quum se demittens. Animo et consilio certus, sed tamen mitissimus semperque facilitate permagna, modestus, placabilis, misericordia et fructibus bonis plenus. Non dijudicans, non simulator ; discipulis suis veneratus quasi illis pater dilectusque. Maximo omnium desiderio mortem obiit, die XXX Jun., Anno Domini MDCCCXXIII. iEtatis suae LIII. Hanoveriae gradum Artium Baccalaurei admissus, anno Domini MDCCXCIII. Ecclesise Logecestriensis Pastor annos XIV, Collegii Dartmuthensis linguarum Professor IV, Collegii Gulielmi Prases II. Cura- tores Collegii Amherstias hoe saxum ponendum curavere. [Here lies buried the body of the Reverend Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D., President of the College at Amherst. He was a man pre-eminent for genius, and science, and sincere piety, as well as greatness of mind and humility. He was firm in his pur- ' poses, and yet very mild, easy to be entreated, modest, placable, full of mercy and good works. He was not censorious, and no dissembler. By his pupils he was loved and venerated as a father. To the great grief of all, he died on the 30th of June, in the year of our Lord 1823, and in the 53d year of his age. He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Hanover in 1793 ; he was pastor of the church at Leicester 14 years, Professor of languages at Dartmouth College 4 years, President of Williams Col lege 2 years. The trustees of the college at Amherst have ordered this stone to be erected.] BELCHERTOWN.* The towns of Belchertown, Ware, and Pelham, were originally included in one tract, and styled the Equivalent Lands, from the following circumstance. The towns of Woodstock, Somers, En field, and Suffield, in Connecticut, were formerly supposed to be long to the province of Massachusetts, and were for many years under her jurisdiction; and though it afterwards appeared that they were included within the boundaries of Connecticut, the pro vince of Massachusetts still claimed jurisdiction over them. It was, therefore, agreed between the two governments, that an equal extent of territory should be given to Connecticut as an equiva lent. This, and the adjacent towns above mentioned, Avere inclu ded in that territory, and Avere thence denominated the Equivalent Lands. Connecticut aftenvards sold a considerable portion of this township to six individuals, in and near Boston, one of whom was the Hon. Jonathan Belcher, who was for many years afterwards the governor of Massachusetts colony. About the year 1740, the towns in Connecticut above mentioned threw off the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and have since been incorporated with that, state. The grant made to these proprietors was first laid out in 1727. Another grant, comprising about 14,000 acres, adjoining this, on the north, was subsequently made to several inhabitants of North ampton, of Avhom Pemberton, Vance, Saltonstall, and the reverend and venerable Jonathan EdAvards, were the principal proprietors.. This tract was laid out into lots of 100 acres each, about the year 1760, and the whole became a toAvn corporate by an act of the gene ral court in 1761. The remaining section of the equivalent lands was sold to Col. Stoddard, of Northampton. * The author is indebted for the history of this town principally to a communication from the Hon. Mark Doolittle of this town. It was published in the Hampshire Centinels a newspaper printed in this town, in 1827. 314 BELCHERTOWN. This tract of country, from Shutesbury to Chicopee river, it ap pears, was. formerly distinguished as the best hunting- ground in this vicinity for deer and other Avild game. The hunters were ac customed to encircle a large tract of land by a line of fires, which, burning in every direction, gradually encompassed the game in a circle so narroAv, that they became an easy prey to their pursuers; and in process of time our native forests Avere destroyed, and, in a great measure, consumed by the hunters' fires. But these lands which had been thus burnt were soon covered Avith a species of wild grass, affording excellent pasturage for cattle ; and for many years great numbers of cattle and horses Avere annually sent out from Northampton and Hadley to graze upon these hills during the summer season. The practice of burning over these lands also continued a considerable time after the first settlement of the place. This town Avas first knoAvn by the name of Cold Spring. It took its name from a noted cold spring in the eastern part of the town, near the path that. Avas formerly travelled from Northamp ton to Brookfield and Boston. After leaving Hadley, there was, for many years, no house nearer than Brookfield ; and this spring, lying midway between the two towns, afforded a convenient place for iisfreshment to the traveler in his solitary journey through the Avilderness. As the communications betAveen the towns upon the river and the eastern section of the state became more frequent, the spring became a celebrated watering-place for travellers, and finally gave name to the township. In honor of Governor Belcher, one of its original proprietors, it was, hoAvever, in the act of its in corporation, called Belcher's Town ; which, by common usage, has passed into the name of BelchertOAvn. The town is now about twelve miles in length, with an average breadth of about five miles, and is estimated to contain about 34,000 acres of land. The first settlement of the town Avas made about 1732, by two or three fami lies. The first permanent inhabitant was Dea. Aaron Lyman, who settled in the east part of the town, near the celebrated spring above mentioned. His son, the late Major Lyman, was the first male child born in the toAvn. The next settlement that was made was by Col. Timothy Dwight, who established himself near the middle of the toAvn. He Avas originally the sole proprietor of the lands in the central part of the town, a A'aluable portion of Avhich remains to this day in the possession of his descendants. The set tlements Avere gradually increased by successive emigrants from Northampton and Hatfield. The following vieAVAvas taken from near the public house, situated at the south end of the Avide street or common, in the central part of Belchertown. It shoAvs the two Congregational churches, and in the distance, at the north end of the common, is seen " the Belchertown Classical School." It was incorporated in 1836. This institution is one of much promise ; it is in a flourishing state, and has at present about sixty pupils of both sexes. The village is situated on a hill, and consists of about forty dwelling-houses, three BELCHERTOWN. 315 Southern view in Belchertown. churches, 2 Congregational and 1 Baptist, a number of mercan tile stores and mechanic shops. Distance, 15 miles from North ampton, 18 from Springfield, 28 from Greenfield, 10 from Ware vil lage, 9 from Amherst college, 38 from Worcester, and 77 from Boston. Population, 2,598. In 1837, there Avere 3,000 sheep in this town; wool produced, 9,000 lbs., valued at $5,400. About 600 one-horse wagons were manufactured, the value of Avhich was estimated at $24,000. It appears probable, from some imperfect toAvn records, that the first minister, the Rev. EdAvard Billings, was ordained here in 1739. Mr. Billings left no church records, and the names and number of the first members cannot be ascertained ; it appears, however, at this period, that the entire population oi" the town consisted only of twenty families. Mr. Billings! continued pastor about twelve years, when he was dismissed on account of a difference of senti ment . between him and his church respecting the admission of members. He was afterwards installed OArer the church at Green field, and died in a feAV years. The next pastor was Rev. Justus ForAvard, Avho Avas ordained Feb. 25, 1756. The population had then increased to 55 or 60 families, comprising about 300 souls, and the church at that time consisted of 69 members. The following is a list of the male members, viz. : Dea. John Smith, Dea. Aaron Lyman, Abner Smith, Daniel Smith, Joseph Smith, Elijah Smith, Jonathan Graves, Ebenezer Bridgman, Joseph Bridgman, Benjamin Stebbins, Walter Fairfield, Stephen Fairfield, Samuel Hannum, Moses Hannum, Aaron Hannum, Gideon Hannum, Eliakim Phelps, Joseph Phelps, Nathan Parsons, Moses Warner, Ebenezer Warner, Nathaniel Dwight, Hezekiah Root, Thomas Brown, Thomas Chapin, Benjamin Morgan, Nathaniel Cowles, Israel Cowles, Ebenezer Stearns, Thomas Graves, John Graves, Benjamin Billings, Joseph Bardwell. Mr. Forward continued in the ministry more than fifty-eight 316 CHESTERFIELD. years, and died March 8th, 1814, in the 84th year of his age. Rev. Experience Porter, the next minister, was installed pastor in 1814; he resigned in 1825, and Avas succeeded by Rev. Lyman Coleman the same year : Rev. Jared Reid, the next pastor, Avas installed in 1833. The Brainerd church was organized in 1834. The following inscriptions are copied from monuments in the grave-yard, about a mile eastward of the village : Sacred to the memory of Rev. Justus Forward, pastor of the church in Belcherstown, who, skilled in Evangelical Doctrine, exemplary in christian duty, prudent in council, valiant for the truth, faithful and successful in labours, after a long and useful minis try, in which with reputation to himself, and to the spiritual benefit of his flock, he served God, and his generation, fell asleep March 8, A. D. 1814, in the 84th year of his age, and the 59th of his ministry. Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord. In memory of Capt. Nathaniel Dwight, who died March 30th, 1784, in the 72d year of his age. He was one of the first settlers of this town, & was esteemed & em ployed m public business in town and county thro' his whole life. Come honest sexton with your spade, And let my grave be quickly made ; On Heaven's decree I waiting lie, And all my wishes are to die. Tho' I must die and turn to dust, I hope to rise among the just. Jesus my body will refine, I shall with him in glory shine. CHESTERFIELD This town was incorporated in 1762. The Congregational church in this town was formed in 1764, and the Rev. Benjamin Mills was ordained pastor the same year. He resigned in 1774, and died in 1785. Rev. Joseph Kilbourn was settled in 1780, and died within one year ; his successor was Rev.. Timothy Allen, who was settled in 1785, and continued pastor about ten years. Rev. Isaiah Waters was settled in 1796, and was pastor till 1831 ; his successor was Rev. Israel G. Rose. This town is watered by the north branch of Westfield river. The channel of this river in the western part of the town may be regarded as a curiosity. " It is worn into the solid rock in places nearly thirty feet in depth, and may be traced from the bridge nearly sixty rods, appearing as if cut out by human hands." This town is situated on one of the eastern ridges of the Green moun tains. Beryl and emeralds have been found in the town. In 1837, there was in the town one woollen mill ; cloth manufactured, 4,500 yards, valued at $5,600. There were 1,000 Saxony, 5,000 merino, and 1,100 other kinds of sheep ; Saxony wool produced, 2,500 lbs. ; merino, 1.5,000 lbs. ; other kinds of wool, 3,300 lbs. ; average weight of fleece, two and three fourths pounds ; value of wool, $12 480 • capital invested, $106,500. Population, 1,158. Distance, 12 miles, from Northampton, 27 from Pittsfield, and 105 from Boston. cummington. 317 CUMMINGTON. This town was sold by the general court to Col. John Cum mings, of Concord, in 1762. The first meeting of the proprietors was held at Concord, in December, of the same year, and the first meeting held at Cummington Avas in June, 1771. The first per son Avho resided within the present limits of the town Avas a Scotchman, by the name of Mclntire, who, Avith his family, began a settlement here in 1770. Many of the early settlers came from BridgeAvater and Abington. The toAvn was incorpo rated by the legislature in 1779. The precise time when the church Avas gathered here Avas not known, though previously to the settlement of their first pastor, Rev. James Briggs, Avhich was in 1779. He Avas a graduate of Yale college, in 1755, and he began to preach in Cummington in 17Y1 . The town voted to give him 200 acres of good land, and £60 for settlement, to be estimated by rye, at 3s. 4d. per bushel, beef, 2d. a lb., and flax, 8d. a lb. Mr. Briggs was a very useful and respectable minister. He died in 1825 ; and the same year Rev. RosAvell Hawkes was installed. Cummington is situated on a range of the Green mountains. A branch of the Westfield passes through the town, and affords good water power for mills and manufactories. There are two villages, the East and the West. The east village contains two churches, 1 Baptist and 1 Congregational, and about 30 dwelling-houses; about 18 miles from Northampton. In 1837, there were in this town 2 cotton mills ; cotton spindles, 1,168 ; cot ton consumed, 23,000 lbs. ; 124,000 yards of cotton goods were manufactured, valued at $8,060. There were 4 woollen mills ; wool consumed, 18,000 lbs. ; 74,000 yards of satinet were manu factured, valued at $31,000; eleven males and twenty females Avere employed; capital invested, $14,000. Twenty thousand scythe-snaiths were manufactured, valued at $12,000. Palm-leaf hats manufactured, 7,200, valued at $1,500 ; value of leather tanned and curried, $45,445 93. There were 4,162 merino sheep, which produced 12,486 lbs. of wool, valued at $7,491 60. It is stated that at the first settlement of the town deer were very plenty, and that a large number of them made their head quarters on Deer hill, in this town ; but that they were extirpated by the hunters of those times. "It is stated that a large one was taken by some hunters, at a time when the snow in the woods Avould not bear him up, and one of the party, taking a fancy to ride him, he Avas tied on by the feet, and a bridle being put into the animal's mouth, he galloped off with his rider in full speed. On coming, however, to a cleared spot, the crust was so hard as to bear up both the deer and his rider ; so that, OAving to the intracta ble disposition of the beast, and the rapidity and eccentricity of his movements, his ride was any thing but agreeable. It is said that he was dismounted without any serious hurt." William Cullen Bryant, one of our best American poets, is a 318 EAST HA MP TON. native of this town. He is the son of Dr. Peter BryanJ, and was born Nov. 3d, 1794. The following notice of Mr. Bryant is from Kettell's Specimens of American Poetry, vol. 3d. At ten years, he felt an inclination for poetry, and wrote various pieces in verse, one of which was published in the Hampshire Gazette, at Northampton. In 1810, he entered Williams college, where he studied a year or two, and obtained a dismissal on his own application : he turned his attention to the law. After completing the usual studies, he was admitted to the bar at Plymouth, in 1815. He removed to New York in 1820, and was one of the editors of the United. States Review and Literary Gazette. In 1828, he became associate editor of the New York Evening Post. Mr. Bryant published, in 1808, at Boston, a volume of poems, with the title of " The Embargo, or Sketches of the Times." Although the author was but fourteen years of age, the book was so well received, that it was reprinted the next year. In 1821, appeared the volume containing The Ages, Thanatopsis, and other pieces. He also furnished many of the poetical articles in the United States Literary Gazette. As a poet, he is entitled to rank with the most eminent among us for originality, and finished, chaste execution. He does not offend us by abruptness and inequality. He presents us with here and there a bold image, but the tenor of his poetry is even and sustained. He shows good judgment, and a careful study of the materials of his verse. He does not aim with an over-daring attempt at those lofty and bewildering flights, which too often fill the poet's pages with cloudy and confused representations. His delineations are clear and distinct, and without any indications of an endeavor to be startling and brilliant by strange metaphors, or unlicensed boldness of phraseology. His writings are marked by correct sentiment and propriety of diction. Mr. Bryant stands high in the general estimation, and his works have been the sub ject of frequent notice. The pages of our periodical criticism show the manner in which he is appreciated by the highest literary authorities. EASTHAMPTON. This town was originally included in the limits of Northampton. It was incorporated into a district in 1785, by the name of East Hampton, and in 1809 was incorporated into a toAvn. The first minister, Rev. Payson Williston, was settled here in 1789, and resigned in 1833, and Avas succeeded the same year by Rev. William Bement. In 1837, there was jn this town 1 woollen mill ; cloth manufactured, 15,000 yards, valued at $14,000. The A^alne of lasting buttons manufactured in 1837 was $40,000; males em ployed, 2 ; females, 125 ; capital invested, $12,000. Population, 793. Distance, 5 miles from Northampton, and 90 from Boston. On the borders of this town lies Mount Tom, the highest land in the valley of Connecticut, and is the head of a ridge of mountains, to which it gives the name of Mount Tom range, and which ex tends into the state of Connecticut, on the west bank of the river. The first settlement in this town was at the foot of Mount Tom at a place called Paskhomuck ; this was about the year 1700. The following account of the attack of the Indians upon the settlement is from Williams' Historical Discourse respecting Northampton. " On the 13th of May, 1704, old style, the Indians attacked the village of Paskhomuck. The inhabitants had been settled there only two or three years, the town having granted them their home lots hi 1699. The Indians had been to Merrimac EASTHAMPTON. 319 river, but met with no success; they then directed their course toward Westfield; but Westfield river was so high that they could not pass it. Some of the Indians had been at Northampton, in a friendly manner, the year before, and informed their companions that there was a small village at Paskhomuck, where they might get provisions, for they were almost famished, and intended, as they afterwards declared, to resign themselves up, if they could obtain no food otherwise. In the evening before the 13th of May, the Indians went upon Mount Tom, and observed the situation of the place. As the meadow was then covered with water, they sup posed the village might be taken, and that no aid could come sea sonably from the town, on account of the intervening flood. The village consisted only of five families : Samuel Janes' , Benoni Jones', John Searls', Deacon Benjamin Janes', and Moses Hutch inson's. A little before day-light, the Indians attacked the village. Benoni Jones' house, which stood on the lot where Nathaniel Kentfield afterwards lived, was encompassed with pickets. The Indians procured flax and other combustibles, and set them on fire, which was communicated to the house. A young woman, named Patience Webb, was waked, and, looking out of the win dow, was shot through the head. The people surrendered, and all the above families were killed or taken prisoners. Some of the prisoners were afterwards rescued by the people from the town. These, commanded by Capt. Taylor, went round by Pomroy's meadow, and met the Indians near the mountain, when a skir mish ensued, in which Capt. Taylor was killed. Of the five fami lies before mentioned, the Indians killed the following persons: Samuel Janes, and his wife and three children ; Benoni Jones, and two children, and the young woman before named ; John Searls, and three children ; Deacon Benjamin Janes, and four children ; and Moses Hutchinson, and one child. The wife of Benjamin Janes was taken to the top of Pomroy's mountain, and was there knocked in the head and scalped. Our people found her in that situation, and, perceiving that she was still alive, brought her home, and she recovered, and lived till she Avas more than eighty years old. The wife of Moses Hutchinson was taken prisoner, but soon made her escape. John Searls' wife was also taken, and severely wounded, but was afterwards rescued from the In dians. Benoni Jones' wife, and Elisha, the son of John Searls, were taken prisoners to Canada. Ten Indians went to the lower farms, where there was then but one house, in which Captain Wright lived, at the place afterwards owned by Mr. Elias Lyman. Captain Wright refused to surrender, and shot one of the Indians, and broke his arm. They then attempted to burn the house, by shooting spiked arrows, dipped in brimstone, upon the roof; but a young man in the house, named Thomas Stebbins, wrapping Jum- self in a feather bed, drew water from the well, and put out the fire." * * " The season, at that time, was remarkably backward ; for, though so late in the year, being the 24th of May, accordmg to the present style, the trees and bushes had 43 320 GRANBY. ENFIELD. This town was incorporated in 1814 ; previous to which it formed a part of the towns of Greenwich and Belchertown. The first minister was the Rev. Joshua Crosby, who was a chaplain in the Revolutionary war. The next pastor was Rev. Sumner G. Clapp, Avho was settled here in 1828, and resigned in 1837. Rev. John Whiton was the next minister. This town is watered by two branches of Swift river, a main branch of the Chicopee, and is an important stream for manufac turing purposes. In 1837, there were two cotton mills ; the value of cotton goods manufactured was $8,000. Two woollen mills, five sets of machinery ; 150,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $100,000; twenty-five males and twenty-five females were employed. The value of boots and shoes manufactured was $11,729. Sixty thousand palm-leaf hats were manufactured, valued at $12,000. Value of wool cards manufactured, $35,000; twelve males and six females Avere employed; capital invested, $20,000 ; value of cotton batting and wicking manufactured, $10,000. Population,' 1,058. Distance from Northampton, 15 miles, 5 from Ware, and 75 from Boston. GRANBY. This town, formerly the second parish in South Hadley, was incorporated as a town in 1768. The original Congregational church in the place was organized in 1762, and Rev. Simon Backus was settled as pastor the same year. He continued here till 1784. His successor, Rev. Benjamin Chapman, Avas settled in 1790, and died in 1804 ; he was succeeded by Rev. Elijah Gridley. In 1821, the church was divided, and two churches constituted, called the East and West churches. The division grew out of a difficulty respecting the location of a meeting-house. "At the time of divi sion, the West church had 130 members, and the East 144. An attempt was made, in the spring of 1836, to unite the churches. By this effort, a portion of the West church, with their minister, were transferred to the East. A portion still remain. The West church has, perhaps, about 40 members. The East church has 281 members." This town is watered on the north by a small stream, which originates in a pond in Belchertown, and runs Avestward along the foot of mount Holyoke, and passes into the Connecticut in South Hadley. On this stream there is a number of manufacturing not budded;, and the year was so far advanced before the flood subsided from the meadow, that many persons doubted whether it was expedient to plant their com ; but notwithstanding, as there was no frost till late in the season, the crop of corn proved to be uncommonly good." GREENWICH. 321 establishments. In 1837, there were two woollen mills ; 26,200 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $20,200 ; ten males and ten females were employed. There were 1,900 merino, and 167 other kinds of sheep. The average weight of fleece was. 3 lbs. ; value of wool produced, $3,670. Population, 922. Distance, 9 miles from Northampton, 12 from Springfield, and 90 from Boston. GOSHEN. This town, the smallest in the county of. Hampshire, was in- corporated in 1781. Rev. Samuel Whitman was installed pastor in this place in 1788, and continued such till 1818. He was suc ceeded, in 1821, by Rev. Joel Wright. The next minister was Rev. Henry B. Holmes, who was settled in 1830 ; he continued for- nearly three years, and was succeeded by Rev. Stephen Mason,. who Avas installed in 1836. This township Is on elevated land. In the central part of the, town there are 2 churches, 1 for Congregationalists and 1 for Baptists. In 1837, there were in the town 710 Saxony, 2,115 merino, and 223 other kinds of sheep. The value of wool pro duced was $4,500. The value of broom-handles manufactured was $3,000 ; the value of sawed lumber was $5,000. Population, 560. Distance, 12 miles from Northampton, and 105 from Boston. GREENWICH. This town was incorporated in 1754. It was originally settled ; by a colony from the north of Ireland, and many of their descend ants still remain in the town. Rev. Pelatiah Webster, the first minister, was ordained here in 1749 ; he resigned in 1755. He was succeeded by Rev. Robert Cutler, who was installed in 1760, and died in 1786, aged 68. Mr. Cutler was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Blodget, who was settled here in 1786, and died in 1833. Rev. Joseph H. Patrick was settled here as colleague pastor in- 1830. This township is pleasantly situated on the east and Avest branches, of Swift river, a branch of the Chicopee. In 1837, there- was one woollen mill; 3,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $3,000: One scythe manufactory; scythes manufac tured, 10,200, valued at $7,000; twelve hands were employed; capital invested, $4,0Q0. There were 30,000 palm-leaf hats manu factured, valued at $4,375. Population, 842. Distance, 17 miles. from Northampton, 26; from Worcester, and 75 from Boston. 322 HADLEY. HADLEY. John Webster and John Russell may be considered as the foun ders of Hadley. Mr. Webster was a magistrate of Connecticut in 1639, and was elected governor in 1656, and sustained that office a number of years ; Mr. Russell was a minister at Wethersfield, in Connecticut. About the year 1660, there was quite an excitement and controversy in the colony of Connecticut, respecting the quali fications of baptism, church-membership, &c. As the minds of the people could not be united on these subjects, many, in order to enjoy peace and harmony, thought it best to remove, and com mence settlements in other places. " The original agreement, or association, for removal, is on record, dated at Hartford, April 18, 1659. John Webster is the first signer, and about 30 names follow. Mr. Russell and his people signed another instrument, and his name, at the head of the list, is followed by about 30 of his con gregation. Mr. Russell was installed the first minister of Hadley. He removed to this place in 1659, and Mr. Webster, with three others of his name, it is believed, the same year." It is stated that these emigrants purchased the whole territory now included in the towns of Hadley, Hatfield, Granby, and Amherst. The Rev. Isaac Chauncy succeeded Mr. Russell, in 1695. The next minis ter was Rev. Chester Williams, who was ordained colleague pastor in 1740-1 ; he died 1753, and was succeeded by Rev. Samuel Hopkins, in 1775. Dr. Hopkins was succeeded by Rev. John Woodbridge, who was ordained colleague in 1810. Rev. John BroAvn, D. D., the next minister, was installed in 1831. Rev. Ebenezer Brown was installed pastor of the second church in 1835. Hadley is a fine agricultural town, and the meadows on the banks of the Connecticut river are some of the best in New Eng land. Large quantities of broom-corn are annually raised, and the manufacture of brooms is an important branch of business in this town. The value of brooms manufactured hi 1837 was $89,248. There were also 42,300 palm-leaf hats manufactured, valued at $6,768. Connecticut river, between this town and Northampton, Avinds about in entirely opposite directions, and above Northampton village forms a kind of peninsula. On the isthmus, or neck, of this peninsula, the village of Hadley is situ ated. It lies mostly on one street, a mile in length, running di rectly north and south ; is sixteen rods in breadth ; is nearly a perfect level ; is covered, during the summer, with a rich verdure • abuts at both ends on the river ; and yields every where a delight ful prospect. The following sIioavs the appearance of the gorge between Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom, as seen from tlie south end of the east street in Hadley, looking down the river. Mount Holyoke is seen in the distance, on the left; the mountain house is just discerni ble on its summit, with the path leading up to it. Mount Tom is seen still farther to the south, on the right of the engraving. " In the beginning of April, (1676,) a number of inhabitants of Had- hadley. 323 View from the south end of Hadley Street. ley, who had gone down the river to Hoccanum, under a small guard, for the purpose of tillage, ventured out some distance from the guard, and a part to the summit of Mount Holyoke, to view the surrounding country from the peak so noted at this day. A party of Indians rushed upon them, and killed two of their num ber on the mount. Deacon Goodman, having proceeded some dis tance in a different direction, to view the enclosures of his field, was also killed." Hadley is situated about 3 miles N. E. of Northampton ; it is connected with this town by a covered bridge, which was erected at a considerable expense, being 1,080 feet in length. It is 88 miles W. of Boston, 3 N. W. of Mount Holyoke, and 6 N. of South Hadley. Population, 1,805. Incorporated a town in 1661. Hadley is celebrated as being the place of refuge for Goffe and Whalley, two of the judges of Charles I. of England, called by some " the regicides." Soon after the restoration of monarchy in England, thirty of the judges who condemned king Charles to death were apprehended and executed as traitors. Among those who made their escape, were Goffe and Whalley, Avho arrived at Boston in 1660. They were gentlemen of worth ; their appear ance and manners were dignified, commanding universal respect ; they Avere also highly esteemed by the colonists for their unfeigned piety. Whalley had been a lieutenant-general, and Goffe a ma jor-general, in Cromwell's army. An order for their apprehension, from Charles II. , reached New England soon after their arrival. The king's commissioners, eager to execute this order, compelled the judges to resort to the woods, caves, and other places of con cealment ; and they would undoubtedly have been taken, had not the colonists secretly aided and assisted them in their conceal ments. Sometimes they found a refuge in a kind of cave, on West Rock, a mountain, about two miles from New Haven, and at others in the cellars of the houses of their friends ; and once they were secreted under a bridge, near New Haven, while their pur suers crossed it on horseback. 324 hadley. >'At oi about the time the pursuers came to New Haven, and perhaps a little before, to prepare the minds of the people for their reception, the Rev. Mr. Davenport preached publicly from this text : Isaiah xvi. 3, 4. — ' Take counsel, execute judgment, make thy shadow as the night in the midst of the noonday ; hide the outcasts, betray not him that wandereth. Let mine outcasts dwell with thee, Moab ; be thou a covert to them from the face of the spoiler.' This, doubtless, had its effect, and put the whole town upon their guard, ana united the people in caution and concealment. " To show the dexterity of the judges at fencing, the following story is told : That while at Boston, there appeared a fencing-master, who, on a stage erected for the pur pose, walked it for several days, challenging and defying any one to play with him at swords ; at length, one of the judges, disguised in a rustic dress, holding in one hand a cheese, wrapped in a napkin, for a shield, with a broomstick, whose mop he had besmeared with dirty puddle water as he passed along — thus equipped, he mounted the stage. The fencing-master railed at him for his impudence, asked him what busi ness he had there, and bid him begone. The judge stood his ground, upon which the gladiator made a pass at him with his sword, to,drive him off— a rencounter ensued — the judge received the sword into the cheese, and held it until he drew the mop of the broom gently over his mouth, and gave the gentleman a pair of whiskers. He made another pass, and, plunging his sword a second time, it was caught and held in the cheese, whilst the mop was drawn gently over his eyes. At a third lunge, it was again caught and held in the cheese, until the judge had rubbed the broom all over his face. , Upon this, the gentleman let fall his small sword, and took up the broad sword. The judge then said, ' Stop, sir ; hitherto, you see, I have only played with you, and not attempted to harm you ; but if you come at me now with the broad sword, know that I will certainly take your life.' The firmness with which he spoke struck the master, who, desisting, exclaimed, '¦ Who can you be ? You must be either Goffe, Whalley, or the devil ; for there was no other man in England that could beat me.' " — Stiles' History of the Judges. After about three years and a half weary pilgrimage at New Haven and its vicinity, they, on October 13, 1664, set out for Hadley. Travelling in the night only, probably with a guide, they were undiscovered, and arrived at the house of Mr. Russell, the minister of Hadley, after a journey of about 100 miles. The house of this friendly clergyman, situated on the east side of the main street, near the center of the village, was of two stories, with a kitchen attached, and ingeniously fitted up for the recep tion of the judges. The east chamber was assigned for their resi dence, from which a door opened into a closet, back of the chim ney, and a secret trap-door communicated with an under closet, from which was a private passage to the cellar, into Avhich it was easy to descend, in case of a search. Here, unknoAvn to the peo ple of Hadley, excepting to a few confidants and the family of Mr. Russell, the judges remained fifteen or sixteen years. The dangerous secret of their concealment Avas knoAvn to Peter Tilton, Esq., whose residence stood on the same side of the street with Mr. Russell's, about half the distance toAvards the south end of the village ; and here, it is said, the judges occasionally resided. A Mr. Smith, who lived in the northern part of the village, is said to have occasionally admitted the exiles to his house. Mr. Tilton was frequently at Boston, being often a member of the general court from Hadley, and through him donations from their friends in England, and elsewhere, were received by the judges. During his residence in Hadley, Goffe held a correspondence with his wife in England, under a fictitious name. By one of the letters, dated' April 2, 1679, it appears that Whalley had died some time previ-. hadley. 325 ously, at Mr. Russell's. He was buried in a sort of tomb, formed of mason work, and covered with flags of hewn stone, just with out the cellar Avail of Mr. Russell's house ; where his bones were found by Mr. Gaylord, who built a house on the spot where Mr. Russell's was standing, as late as 1794. Soon after the death of Whalley, Goffe left Hadley, and travelled' to the south ward; after Avhich, no certain information of him can be obtained. There is a tradition, however, that he also died at Hadley, and Avas buried in the garden or near the house of Mr. Tilton. Not long after the arrival of the two judges at Hadley, Col. John DixAvell, an other of the judges, joined them at Mr. Russell's, and resided there for a Avhile ; he afterward settled down at NeAV Haven, Con., under the assumed name of Davids, where he died in 1688-9. It has been conjectured by President Stiles, and others, that the re mains of both Goffe and Whalley Avere interred near those of DixAvell's, there being monuments near that of Dixwell's inscribed with the initials of their names. During Philip's war, in 1676, Hadley was attacked on the morning of the 12th of June, by about seven hundred Indians. " In the preceding night, they approached the toAvn, laid an am buscade at the southern extremity, and advanced the main body towards the other, and at day-light the attack Avas commenced with great spirit ; but the English, turning out, received them at the palisades. The Indians gained possession of a house at the north end of the street, and fired a barn, but Avere in a short time driven back Avith loss. The attack Avas reneAved on other points, and the Indians, though Avarmly opposed, appeared determined on car rying the place ; but a discharge of a piece of ordnance checked their fury, and their ambuscade failing of their object, Avhich Avas to attack the people who might be driven from the village, they drew off. Major Talcott, at Northampton, hearing the attack, hurried on, passed the river, and, joining the Hadley forces, pre cipitated the Indians into the woods. Only two or three men were lost by the English; the enemy's Avas not ascertained." . "When the people Avere in great consternation, and rallying to oppose the Indians, a man of venerable aspect, differing from the inhabitants in his apparel, appeared, and, assuming command, arrayed them in the best manner for defence, evincing much knoAvledge of mili tary tactics, and by his advice and example continued to animate the men throughout the attack. When the Indians drew off, the stranger disappeared, and nothing further Avas heard of him. Who the deliverer was, none could inform or conjecture, but by supposing, as was common at that day, that Hadley had been saved by its guardian angel. It will be recollected that at this time the two judges, Whalley and Goffe, were secreted in the village, at the house of the Rev. Mr. Russell. The supposed angel, then, Avas no other than Gen. Goffe, who, seeing the village in imminent danger, put all at risk, left his concealment, mixed Avith the inha bitants, and animated them to a vigorous defence. Whalley, being 326 HATFIELD. then superannuated, probably remained in his secluded cham ber." * The following inscriptions were copied from monuments in the grave-yard in this town : — Reverend Rvssells remains, who first gathered, and for 33 years faithfvllt governed the flock of christ in hadley, til the cheif shefherd svddenly called him off to recieve his reward, in the 66 year of his age, december 10, 1692. Rebeckah, made by God a meit help to Mr. Iohn Rvssell, and fellow labovk- er in Christ's work ; a wise, vertvovs, piovs mother in Israel lyes here, in fvll assvrance of a joyfvl Resvrrection. She died in the 57 year of her age, No vember 21, 1688. To the memory of John Webster, Esq., one of the first settlers of Hartford, in Con necticut, who was many years a magistrate or assistant, & afterwards Deputy Gover nor of that Colony, & in 1659, with three sons, Robert, William & Thomas, associ ated with others in the purchase and settlement of Hadley, where he died in 1665.f This monument is erected, in 1818, by his descendant, Noah Webster, of Amherst. In memory of Mrs. Sarah Marsh, wife of Ebenezer Marsh, who departed this fife January ye 31, 1794, in the 66 year of her age. Prudence is an eveness of soul, A steady temper, which no cares controul, No passions ruffle, no desires inflame, Still constant to itself, & still the same. Here lies the body of the rev. Isaac Chauncy, pastor of the first church in Hadley, who was of a truly peaceable and catholic spirit, a good scholar, an eloquent orator, an able divine, a lively, pathetic preacher, a burning and shining light in this candle stick, an exemplary christian, an Israelite indeed, in whom was no guile. He de parted this life 2 May, A. D. 1745, aetat. 74. HATFIELD. Hatfield is one of the oldest settlements in the county, and Avas originally included within the bounds of Hadley. It was incorpo rated in 1670. The Rev. Hope Atherton appears to have been the first minister. Mr. Atherton died in 1679, aged. 33. He was succeed ed by Rev. Nathaniel Chauncy. Mr. Chauncy died in 1685, and was succeeded by Rev. William Williams, who died in 1741. Rev. Timothy Woodbridge was installed here in 1740, and was suc ceeded by Rev. Joseph Lyman, D. D., in 1772. Dr. Lyman died in 1828, and was succeeded by Rev. Jared B. Waterbury, in 1827, who was succeeded by Rev. Levi Pratt, in 1830. This is a fine agricultural town, and noted for its raising fine beef cattle. A part of the township is a pine plain, a part intervals of the first quality, and the remaining part valuable upland. The principal village lies on an interval opposite the north end of Hadley, at the distance of one mile and a half. There is one Congregational Church. Population, 937. Distance, 5 miles north of Northamp- * Hoyt's Indian Wars, p. 135. t This is an error ; it should be 1661. HATFIELD. 327 ton, and 95 west of Boston. The value of brooms manufactured in this town in 1837 was $28,600. Hatfield, like other ancient toAvns in this vicinity, has passed through many scenes of distress and danger. On October 19, 1675, in Philip's war, between seven and eight hundred Indians ap proached the outposts of Hatfield, flushed with their recent suc cesses in Deerfield and other places. Having cut off several par ties who were scouring the woods in the vicinity, they made a rapid attack on the town in various directions. Fortunately, two companies, under the command of Captains Mosely and Poole, were at this time in the village. While Poole bravely defended one extremity, Mosely with no less resolution defended the center, while Captain Appleton, arriving with his company from Hadley, protected the other extremity. After a severe contest, the Indians were repulsed at every point ; many were driven across Mill river in confusion, and in their hurry, attempting to carry off their dead and wounded, lost many of their guns in the river. They how ever found time to fire several buildings, which were consumed, and to drive off a number of cattle and sheep. Their retreat being made at the dusk of the eA^ening, their loss could not be ascer tained; the loss of the English is not given. Captain Appleton had a narrow escape, a ball passing through the hair of his head ; his sergeant at his side was mortally wounded. On the 30 th of May, 1676, a body of 6 or 700 Indians fell upon Hatfield again, and burnt about a dozen houses and barns in the skirts of the town. One party attacked the fortified houses to which the inhabitants had fled, the other drove away the cattle belonging to the inha bitants. In the mean time twenty-five young men from Hadley crossed the river, and with invincible resolution broke their Avay through the enemy, and assisted in repelling the savages. In the expedition of Captain Turner and others, in 1676, against the Indians at the falls in the vicinity of Greenfield, Rev. Mr. Atherton of Hatfield accompanied him as chaplain. In the con fusion of the retreat from Greenfield, he was separated from the troops, and became lost in the woods. After wandering at random and despairing of finding his way home, he came to the resolution of delivering up himself to the Indians. Approaching a party of the savages, he by signs offered to surrender himself a prisoner ; but, as unaccountable as it may appear, they refused to receive him. When he approached and called to them, they fled from his presence, and appeared fearful of his approach, and Mr. Atherton was left to his fate. Upon this he determined if possible to find the river and follow it to Hatfield. This he effected., after a wan dering march of several days of excessive fatigue and hunger, and arrived in safety among his people. The Indians, probably, know ing Mr. Atherton' s profession by his dress, and having some knowledge of the sacredness of his office, considered him as a sacred person, whom they dare not injure. On the 19th of September, 1677, about fifty Indians, who had descended Connecticut river, fell upon Hatfield, as the people were 44 328 MIDDLEFIELD. raising a house, killed and captured about twenty, including among the latter several women and children. Among the pri soners were the wives of Benjamin Wait and Stephen Jennings. Having received authority from the government to ransom the captives, they commenced their hazardous journey on the 24th of October, and. followed the enemy through NeAV York by the lakes into Canada. They returned, after an absence of eight months, with nineteen of the prisoners. On the 22d of August, 1786, a convention of delegates from fifty towns in Hampshire county assembled in Hatfield, and passed certain seditious resolutions. " This Avas the first important blow struck against the government, in Shays' insurrection ; it was soon followed up by attempts, some of which were successful, to stop the proceedings of courts in various counties." The convention con tinued for three days. This body voted that the essential branches of the three legislative departments of the state were grievous; " material proceedings upon national concerns erroneous ; obvious measures for paying the debt blindly overlooked ; public moneys misappropriated, and the constitution itself intolerably defective. The directions for transmitting these proceedings to the convention of Worcester, and to the county of Berkshire, displayed a design in this assembly of doing more than passively representing their own grievances." — Minot' s Hist. Insurrection. The following inscriptions are from monuments in this town : In memory of the Hon. Israel Williams, Esquire, who departed this fife 10 Janu ary, 1788, in the 79 year of his age. High and low, rich and poor, are death's equal prey, and no valuable distinction survives his resistless attack, but that, which enno. hies an angel, the love of God. All on earth is shadow, all beyond Is substance ; the reverse is folly's creed. How solid all, where change shall be no more ! To the memory of Mr. Jacob Walker, who, respected by the brave, beloved by his country's friends, dear to his relations, while manfully defending the laws and liberties of the commonwealth, nobly fell by the impious hand of treason and rebellion, on the 17 of February, 1787, in the 32 year of his age. Citizen passing, drop a tear, and learn to imitate the brave. MIDDLEFIELD. This town, which is situated on a range of the Green moun tains, was incorporated in 1783. Rev. Jonathan Nash, the first minister, was settled in 1792, and died in 1S34. His successor Rev. Samuel Parker, was installed pastor in 1832, and resigned in 1833. He was succeeded by Rev. John H. Bisbee, in 1834, Besides the Congregational, there is a Baptist church in the central part of the town. A Methodist church is situated in the south-eastern section of the town. This town is watered by two branches of Westfield river. The stream called Middle river divides this toAvn from Worthington. Drawn by J. W. Barber— Engraved by S. E. Brown, Boston.' CENTRAL PART OF NORTHAMPTON, MASS. The view shows the appearance of the Court-House, the First Congregational Church, and other buildings, as seen from the road in a north-eastern direction. The Congregational Church is the building seen in the central part of the engraving. NORTHAMPTON. 329 Soap-stone and an extensive bed of serpentine, or rock of various colors, are found in the town. In 1837, there were two woollen mills, 4 sets of woollen machinery ; cloth manufactured, 26,000 yards, valued at $54,000 ; males employed, 26 ; females, 24 ; capi tal invested, $36,000. There were 9,724 Saxony sheep; wool produced, 26,741 lbs. ; average weight of fleece, two and. three- fourths lbs. ; value of wool, $17,381 65 ; capital invested, $120,945. Population, 710. Distance, 24 miles from Northampton, 17 from Pittsfield, and 110 from Boston. NORTHAMPTON. The Indian name of Northampton was Nonotuck. It formerly included Southampton, Westhampton, and Easthampton, since incorporated as towns. The fertility, extent, and beauty of the fine intervals in this region attracted the attention of settlers at an early period. The township was purchased in 1653; and convey ed to John Pynchon, Esq., for the planters, by Wawhillmoa, Ne- nessahalant, Nassicohee, and four others, (One of whom was a married woman,) styled " the chief and proper owners," for one hundred fathom of wampum by tale, and ten coats, besides some small gifts, in hand paid to the sachems and OAvners, and also for ploughing up sixteen acres of land on the east side of Quonnecticut river the ensuing summer. These "all bargained for themselves, and the other owners by their consent." The original planters- were twenty-one in number, and the legal grant was made to them in 1654, by " John Pynchon, Elizur Holyoke, and Samuel Chapin, commissioners for laying out Nonotuck, by the general court," and the settlement of the toAvn commenced the same year.* In 1656, ' " towns men" (or selectmen) were chosen, and in 1657 three commissioners were chosen at a town meeting " as a court to end small causes." The same year, the town employed an agent "to obtain a minister, and to devise means to prevent the excess of liquors and cider from coming to the town." In 1662, at the for mation of the county of Hampshire, consisting of the three toAvns of Springfield, Northampton, and Hadley, Northampton was made a half shire, and in 1794 was made the county town. The village of Northampton is situated about a mile from Con necticut river, a little elevated above the surrounding meadows. These meadows are some of the best land in New England, and are in the highest state of cultivation. The village, although very irregularly laid out,f is one of the most beautiful and best built * There is a, tradition that one English family came to Northampton in 1658, and lived on land which is east of what is now called Hawley street. f " It has been said that they [the streets] were laid out by the cows, and that wherever these animals, when going to feed in the forests, made their paths, the inha bitants located their streets. The probability is, that the first planters, being both in clined and obliged to build near to each, other, placed their houses wherever*the ground i 330 NORTHAMPTON. villages in New England. Situated in the delightful valley of the Connecticut, surrounded with beautiful and variegated prospeqts on every side, Avith the magnificent front of Mount Holyoke, rising to the height of 830ieet, on the opposite side of the river, the scenery of this place presents a specimen of the " sublime and beautiful." A fine stream passes the center of the tOAvn, possessing a good water power, on Avhich are mills and factories of various kinds. This ' place has considerable river and inland commerce, Avhich will pro bably be increased by the New Haven and Northampton canal, Avhich terminates a little north of the village. Eastern view of Round Hill, Northampton. The above is a representation of Round Hill, an elevation which rises immediately back of the court-house and the central part of the village. It is very regular in its form, and the summit is croAvned by a noble grove. A number of elegant residences stand on the side of this elevation, overlooking the village ; and from this spot there is a fine prospect of Mount Holyoke and the delightful valley of the Connecticut. The view from Avhich the above, engraving was made, Avas taken standing on the Avestern side of the first Congregational church. The building appearing on the left is the Toum School ; the Gothic structure on the right is the young Ladies' Seminary. Round Hill is seen beyond. There are 5 churches, 3 Congregational, (1 of Avhich is Unitarian,) 1 Episco pal, and 1 Baptist. There is 1 bank, the "Northampton Bank," with a capital of $200,000. Population, 3,576. Northampton is 91 miles W. of Boston, 72 E. of Albany, 40 N. of Hartford, 22 S. of Greenfield, 17 northerly of Springfield, and 376 from Wash ington. In 1S37, there Avere 3 woollen mills, 7 sets of machine ry ; 70,000 yards of cloth Avere manufactured, valued at $230,000 ; was sufficiently dry to furnish convenient building spots." — Dr. Dwight's Travels, vol ume i., page 328. NOKTHAMPTO'N. 331 males employed, 64; females, 60; capital invested, $100,000. There are 2 silk manufactories ; value of ribbon and sewing silk manufactured, $40,000 ; males employed, 20 ; females, 40 ; capi tal invested, $100,000. There is a paper-mill, an air and cupola furnace, and other manufactories of various kinds. The inhabitants of Northampton appeared to have lived in great harmony Avith the Indians. In 1664, the Indians requested leave of the people to build themselves a fort Avithin the tOAvn ; leave was granted, and their fort was erected perhaps about thirty rods from the most populous street. The conditions on which leave Avas obtained for building their fort were,' — that they should not Avork or game within the town on the Sabbath, nor powaw here or any where else ; they should not get liquor, nor cider, nor get drunk ; nor admit Indians from without the toAvn ; nor break down fences, &c. " The Indians," says Dr. Dwight, " Avere always considered as having a right to dAvell and to hunt within the lands which they had sold." Although the Indians lived in such close contact with the Avhites, there is not even a traditionary story of any quar rel betAveen them and the people of Northampton. But after Phil ip's war commenced, the inhabitants were in continual danger. In 1675, a guard was kept continually ; several of the inhabitants had their houses burnt. In King William's Avar, in 1690, a forti fication was ordered to be run quite round the town. In 1704 a body of French and Indians, numbering, it is supposed, about five hundred, invaded the town, but it appears that the inhabitants were so vigilant and well fortified, that they made no serious at tempt upon the place.' It appears that one house was fortified in every little neighborhood, so that all the inhabitants might have a place of refuge near, in case of an attack. " These fortifications must have been expensive. Those which were erected around the town, were palisadoes set up in the earth, throAvn out of a trench ; and must from their great extent have involved an expense scarce ly supportable." The first road to Windsor, their only passage to market, was laid in 1664. The first bridge over Manhan river, a mill stream three miles south of their church, was voted in 1668. At the same time, they paid their taxes at CharlestoAvn first, and afterwards at Boston, in wheat. This was conveyed to Hartford in carts and wagons, and there shipped for Boston. There is one account, only, of their expense in a transaction of this nature re corded. In this instance, they Avere obliged to pay one third of the cargo for the transportation from Hartford to Charlestown. During Shays' insurrection in 1786, after the insurgents had concerted their measures at Hatfield, they assembled to the num ber of about 1,500, under arms, at Northampton, took possession of the court-house, and effectually prevented the sitting of the courts as prescribed by laAV. Upon this violence being committed. the governor issued his proclamation in a feeling and spirited man ner upon the officers and citizens, to suppress such treasonable proceedings, but such Avas the state of things in the common- 332 N0ETHAMPT0N. wealth at this time, that the ill-disposed paid but little attention to this timely measure. The first minister of Northampton was Eleazer Mather, son of the Rev. Richard Mather, of Dorchester. He was ordained in 1661, and died in 1669, aged 32. Mr. Mather's health having de clined, Rev. Joseph Elliot, in 1662, was invited to settle in the ministry here ; he was the second son of Rev. John Elliot, of Rox bury, the celebrated apostle to the Indians ; he afterwards settled at Guilford, Con. Rev. Solomon Stoddard Avas the next minister, was ordained in 1672, and died in 1729. His successor was Jona than Edwards, the celebrated divine, who was invited in 1726 to assist Mr. Stoddard in the ministry. Mr. Stoddard "possessed probably more influence than any other clergyman in the province, during a period of thirty years. Here he was regarded with a reverence which will scarcely be rendered to any other man. The very savages are said to have felt towards him a peculiar awe. Once, when riding from Northampton to Hatfield, and passing a place called DeAvey's Hole, an ambush of savages lined the road. It is said that a Frenchman, directing his gun towards him, was warned by one of the Indians, who some time before had been among the English, not to fire, because ' that man was English man's God.' A similar adventure is said to have befallen him while meditating in an orchard, immediately behind the church in Deerfield, a sermon he was about to preach. These stories, told in Canada, are traditionally asserted to have been brought back by English captives. It was customary for the Canadian savages, after they returned from their excursions, to report their adven tures, by way of triumph, to the captives taken in the English colonies. Among the works Avhich Mr. Stoddard published, his Guide to Christ, and his Safety of appearing in the Righteousness of Christ, have ever been held in respectful estimation." " He published the Doctrine of Instituted Churches, London, 4to, 1700, in which he advanced some sentiments that Avere not very, well received in this country, such as the folloAving : — that the Lord's table should be accessible to all persons not immoral in their lives, that the power of receiving and censuring members is vested ex clusively in the elders of the church, and that synods have poAver to excommunicate and deliver from church censures." The Rev. Jonathan Edwards continued in Northampton more than twenty-three years, till he Avas dismissed in 1750. The causes which led to his dismissal Avere his endeavors to enforce what he considered to be his duty in regard to the discipline of the church, and likewise the opposition he made to the sentiment supported by his colleague and grandfather, Rev. Mr. Stoddard, that unconverted persons ought to be alloAved to come to the sacra ment of the Lord's supper. In 1751, he was settled at Stockbridge as missionary to the Indians, where he continued six years, preach ing to the Indians and white people. Here he found leisure to prosecute his theological and metaphysical studies, and produced those Avorks which will probably hand down his name to the latest NORTHAMPTON. 333 posterity. In January, 1758, he reluctantly accepted the presiden cy of the college at Princeton, New Jersey. The small-pox pre vailing, President Edwards was induced to be inoculated, which was the cause of his death, March 22, 1758, in the 55th year of his age. David Brainerd, the celebrated missionary, died at the house of Jonathan Edwards, in this place, Oct. 9, 1747, in the thirtieth year of his age. His life was written by Mr. EdAvards. ".His life and diary," says a celebrated English divine, "exhibits a perfect pattern of the qualities Avhich should distinguish the instructor of rude and barbarous tribes ; the most invincible patience and self- denial, the profoundest humility, exquisite prudence, indefatigable industry, and such a devotedness to God, or rather such an absorp tion of the whole soul in zeal for the divine glory and the salvation of men, as is scarcely paralleled since the age of the apostles. His constitutional melancholy, though it must be regarded as a physi cal imperfection, imparts an additional interest and pathos to the narrative, since Ave more easily sympathize with the emotion of sorrow than of joy. There is a monotony in his feelings, it must be acknowledged, and consequently a frequent repetition of the same ideas, which will disgust a fastidious or superficial reader, but it is the monotony of sublimity." [From the Massachusetts Spy, June 25, 1806.] " Springfield, June 10. " Execution or Dalet and Halligan. — On Thursday last, pursuant to their sen tence, Dominick Daley and James Halligan were executed at Northampton. At half past 10 o'clock, they were conducted to the meeting-house, by the high sheriff and his deputies, with a guard,, composed of a company of artillery and a detachment of the militia. An appropriate and eloquent discourse was there delivered to a very crowded auditory, by the Rev. Mr. Cheverus, of Boston, from 1 John, 3. 15 : ' Whoever hateth his brother is a murderer.' After the sermon, the criminals were constantly attended by Mr. Cheverus, with whom, during the greater part of the time, they appeared to be engaged in prayer. At 3 o'clock, sentence was executed by Major-General Mattoon, sheriff of the county. Notwithstanding their protestations of innocence, in which they persisted in to the last, it is believed that of the 15,000 persons supposed to be present, scarcely one had a doubt of their guilt. Daley and Halligan were natives of Ireland. Daley was about 34 years of age, and has been in this country two years ; he has left a wife, a mother, and brother in Boston. Halligan was about 27 years of age ; and we believe has no connections in this country, in which he has resided for four years." The folloAving inscriptions are copied from monuments in the Northampton grave-yard : Here is inter'd the body of the Revd- Mr. Solomon Stoddard, A. M., sometime Fellow of Harvard College, pastor of y° church in Northampton, N. E., for near 60 years ; who departed this life Feb. 11, 1729, and in the 86 year of his age. A man of God, an able minister of the N. Testament ; singularly qualified for that sacred office, and faithful therein, sealed by the H : Spirit in numerous converts to Christ, by his solid, powerful, and most searching ministry. A light to the churches in general, a peculiar blessing to this ; eminent for the holiness of his life, as remarkable for his peace at death. Sacred to the memory of the Rev<>- David Bkainakd, a faithful & laborious missiona ry to the Stockbridge, the Delaware, & the Susquehannah tribes of Indians, who died in this town, Oct. 10, 1747, aged 30. , A tabular monument of free-stone is placed over the grave of 45 334 . NOKWICH. this celebrated missionary. The inscription at first wjs on an in let of schistus, which many years since was destroyed by the frost, and the inscription at present is said to be unknown. An inlet of marble with the above inscription now supplies the place of the former one in the horizontal slab over his remains. Here lies the Reva- John Hooker, who died of ye small pox, Feb. 6lb. 1777, in the 49th year of his age & 23d of his ministry. In him an excellent & highly cultivated Genius, a graceful elocution, engaging manners, & the temper of the Gospel united to form an able and faithful minister, & to render him examplary and beloved in all the relations of life. The affectionate people of his charge, in remembrance of his many amiable & christian virtues, erected this monument to his memory. Solomon Williams, born July 25, 1752, lived as a pastor of the church of Christ in Northampton 56 years and 5 months. His spirit ascended in sweet peace to the upper Sanctuary on the morning of the Sabbath, Nov. 9, 1834. In memory of Caleb Strong, late Governor of Massachusetts, who, after a life emi nent for piety and devotion to the public service, died November 7*. 1819, in the 75"1 year of his age. John Breck, Esq., died Feb. 26, 1827, Mt. 56 years. Great day of dread decision and despair, At thought of thee, each sublunary wish Lets go its eager grasp, and drops the world, And catches at each reed of hope in heaven. In memory of Rev. Henry Lyman, son of Theodore and Susan W. Lyman, a mis sionary of the American Board, who, with his associate, Rev. Samuel Munson, suffered a violent death from the Battahs, in Sumatra, June 28th. 1834, aged 24. We are more than conquerors. NORWICH. This town was incorporated in 1793. The Rev. Stephen Tracy, of Norwich, Con., was the first Congregational minister of this town; he Avas settled here in 1781, and resigned in 1799. His successor was Rev. Benjamin R. Woodbridge, who settled here in 1799, and resigned in 1831. Rev. Samuel Russell, the next minis ter, was installed in 1832, and resigned the next year. His suc cessor was Rev. Alvah C. Page. This is a hilly township ; a northern branch of Westfield river passes through the town, from north to south. In 1837, there was in the town one small woollen mill and an axe manufactory, in which were manufactured 3,000 axes, which Avere valued at $4,250- hands employed, five. Population, 714. Distance, 12 miles from Northampton, and 108 from Boston. The following is the inscrip tion on the monument of the Rev. Mr. Russell, one of the ministers of this place: , if11 m™or5r f ^e,^ ,Sam?el £ussell> a man wh° ^ doctrine was sound, in his labors diligent and faihfulm his hfe simple and irreproachable, in his piety distin- ett aa?^ i8^yiho3f we say more ? He -»** «* ^ *• PLAINFIELD. 335 PELHAM. This town was originally a section of what was termed the Equivalent Lands, granted by Massachusetts to Connecticut. The tract comprising the town was sold to Col. Stoddard of Northamp ton, and was denominated Stoddard's Town. The township was afterwards sold by Col. Stoddard to a number of settlers from Worcester, and was incorporated into a town by the nanie of Pel ham in 1742. The ancestors of the first settlers of this town were Presbyterian emigrants from the north of Ireland. The first minis ter of the place was Rev. Robert Abercrombie, from Edinburgh, Scotland ; he was ordained here in 1744. His successors were Richard C. Graham, Nathaniel Merrill, Thomas F. Oliver, Elijah Brainerd, Winthrop Baily. Mr. Baily died in 1835, in Greenfield. In the second church Matthias Cazier and Sebastian C. Cabot have been ministers. The soil of this township is good, but the situation-is elevated and the surface is uneven. Swift river, a principal branch of the Chicopee, waters the eastern border, and Fort river, which falls into the Connecticut, waters the western part of this town. In 1837 there were 18,000 palm-leaf hats manufactured in this town, valued at $3,000. Population, 957. Distance, 13 miles from Northampton, 7 from Amherst, and 80 from Boston. PLAINFIELD. This town was formerly included in Cummington, and with that town was sold by Col. John Cummings, of Concord, in 1762. The first meeting of the proprietors was held at Concord, in December of that year. Many of the first settlers came from Bridgewater and Abington. Plainfield was incorporated a district of Cummington in 1785, and in 1807 was incorporated a distinct town. A church of 14 members was organized here in 1780 ; but they had no settled minister till 1792, when Rev. Moses Hallock, a na tive of Long Island, was settled with them. He continued in the pastoral office till 1831, in which year he was succeeded by Rev. David Kimball. Few men have been more useful than Mr. Hal- lock ; none more humble, holy, consistent, and devoted to the proper work of man. He had no brilliancy, but was strongly characterized in his whole deportment by kindness, sincerity, meekness, and a deep and heartfelt interest in the welfare of all. He died in 1837. The meeting-house of this society was built in 1792. A Baptist society was formed in the eastern part of the town in 1833. The church was organized in June, by an ecclesiastical council, Elder David Wright, of Cummington, acting as moderator. This township lies on the eastern side of the Green mountain range, and, as might be expected, the surface is undulating, and in many parts rough and broken, less so, however, than that of the- 336 PLAINFIELD. adjoining towns. Indeed, the summit of East Hill, on which is the principal village, may be considered as level through nearly the whole breadth of the town. The soil is good and strong, and well adapted for grass. The township is exceedingly well supplied with springs and rivulets. There are no large streams in the town. Mill Brook is the largest. There are two ponds, both in the north west part of the town : the North Pond, which is about a mile long and half a mile wide, and the Crooked Pond, so called from its figure. The scenery around these ponds is wild, and may perhaps be said to partake of the gloomy ; for here, for the most part, the forests have never been touched, and nature, in all her wildness, Still on her bosom wears the enamel'd vest, That bloomed and budded on her youthful breast. The waters of the North Pond empty into the Deerfield river at Charlemont, while those of the Crooked Pond empty into the South Pond in Windsor, which is the head of one of the branches of Westfield river. The North Pond is dotted with islands, and is a favorite place of resort for anglers and parties of pleasure ; and both have peculiar attractions to the botanist, as some very rare and interesting aquatic plants are found on the shores and in the water. In 1837, there were two Avoollen mills; 20,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $13,000; there were 238 Saxony, 1,775 merino, and 1,759 other kinds of sheep; the value of wool produced was $5,379 36 ; there were manufactured 48,000 palm-leaf hats, valued at $8,900. Population, 865. Distance, 20 miles N. W. of Northampton, and 110 W. by N. of Boston. "Rev. James Richards and Rev. William Richards, American missionaries, were of this town, and sons of Dea. James Richards. They were both graduates of Williams college. The first mention ed sailed, in 1815, for the East Indies, Avhere he arrived after a prosperous voyage of 5 months. The period of his labors was short, for his constitution soon sunk by undue exposure to the in fluence of a tropical climate. He died at Tillipaly, in Ceylon, Aug. 3, 1822, aged 38 years. Rev. William Richards Avas ordain ed missionary at New Haven, Sept. 12, 1822, from which place he sailed, with his Avife, for the Sandwich Islands, Nov. 19, of the same year, Avhere he arrived in April, 1823. His labors appear to have been very acceptable and useful. He resides in the village of Lahaina, (in the island of Maui,) one of the most delightful spots in the Sandwich Islands." The following account of the Mountain Miller was taken from the History of Plainfield, by Dr. Jacob Porter, page 40. " Deacon Joseph Beals, who will be known through the future ages of the church as the Mountain Miller, was a native of Bridge- water, in this state, and removed Avith his family to this place in 1779. Here, in 1789, a year of great scarcity, he met with a severe affliction, the loss of his house and nearly all his provisions by a fire. Previous to this, he had been depending on his exter- PRESCOTT. 337 nal morality for salvation, considering a change as unnecessary. He now found that he could not truly submit to the will of God, and betook himself to the seeking of his salvation in earnest. After a season of distressing anxiety, the Savior was pleased to reveal himself to his soul as ' the chief among ten thousand and alto gether lovely,' and he suddenly broke forth in new strains of de votion, penitence, and praise, for redeeming love. From this time he consecrated himself to the service of his Savior, and became distinguished for his meekness and humility, his life of prayer, his exemplary deportment at all times and in all places, particularly in the house of God, his abiding sense of the uncertainty of life and the retributions of eternity, his preciousness to the awakened sinner, his care for the spiritual welfare of his family and of all with whom the providence of God brought him in contact, his perseverance in doing good, and his uniform and consistent piety. ' His conversation would never tire, and it seemed that he was ne ver tired of religious conversation.' He died after a short sickness, July 20, 1813. 'His body,' says the writer of the tract, 'was in terred in the grave-yard, near his accustomed place of worship, where a plain, neat marble slab, bearing his name, age, and date of his death, is erected as the only memorial of the Mountain Miller.' A notice of his death was inserted in the county newspaper, with this expressive and appropriate remark : ' His presence animated the Christian and awed the sinner ;' which would have been his whole recorded story, had not some special indications of Provi dence convinced the writer of this narrative of his duty to commu nicate it, for the benefit, he trusts, of thousands. The pious tra veller will hereafter delight to visit the place, consecrated by the residence of the Mountain Miller, to drink at the spring by the road-side, bursting from the rock and shaded by the two beautiful sugar maples, where he so often drank in passing between his house and mill, and, above all, to linger at the grave of this most devoted servant of the Most High. From this spot floAvers have already been culled, and sent to different parts of this country and of Europe." The tract entitled the Mountain Miller, written by William A. Hallock, was first published by the American Tract Society, in 1831, and has since gone through numerous editions, and in various languages. PRESCOTT. This town was incorporated in 1822, previous to which it form ed a part of Pelham. Rev. Ebenezer Brown was installed pastor here in 1827, and resigned in 1835. The Rev. Job Cushman, his successor, was installed here the same year. A church formerly existed in this town while it was a part of Pelham, over which two ministers were settled, Matthias Cazier and Sebastian C. Cabot. 338 SOUTH HADLEY. This church became extinct. The church was re-organized in 1823, With 12 members. This town is watered by several branches of Swift river, which is a principal branch of the Chicopee. The principal article of manufacture is palm-leaf hats, of which, in 1837, 50,000 were manufactured, valued at $10,000. Population, 788. Distance, 16 miles from Northampton, 8 from Amherst, and 76 from Boston. SOUTH HADLEY. This town was originally a parish in Hadley ; it was incorpo rated as a town in 1753. " This town was settled as early as 1721 by a few' families from Hadley. It was then called the South Precinct in Hadley. The first settlers for some time continued to attend public worship on the Sabbath in Hadley, a distance of about 7 or 8 miles. In 1733 the first town meeting as a sepa rate district was held, and it was resolved that a meeting-house, the frame of which was put up the year before, should be in part finished. The building, however, was not completed until the close of the year 1737. The families were few in number and indi gent in their circumstances, and the house was principally built by their personal labor ; it was not large, containing only nine pews in the body of it. A gallery was subsequently added. There was no steeple or bell. The people were called together at the ap pointed hour Of public worship by the "blowing of a conch shell." The house still remains, and is occupied as a dwelling-house, on the north side of the common. In consequence of the house being too small to accommodate the people, at the meeting of the town in March, 1750, a vote was passed to build a neAV house, 55 feet in length and 45 in breadth, to be placed as near the old one as might conveniently be done, and as near the center of the tOAvn as possi ble. The difficulty of locating the house Avas almost without a parallel. It was not till thirteen years afterwards that the question was settled, during which more than fifty meetings for the purpose of agreeing on the place Avere held. It was finally settled by lot. The lot fixed the place where the meeting-house of the first parish noAV stands. A part being dissatisfied, a council of ministers was called, consisting of the Rev. Dr. Williams of Longmeadow, Rev. Mr. Breck of Springfield, Rev. Mr. Ballantine of Westfield, and Rev. Mr. Lathrop of West Springfield, Avho decided that both par ties were under moral obligation to abide by the lot. The first pastor of the church in South Hadley Avas Rev. Grindall Rawson, who was settled in 1733. A grant of land, called the " Proprietors' Land," was set off to this town on its first settlement, by the town of Hadley, for the use of the ministry, on condition that the people should settle among them " a good orthodox minister." By a vote of the precinct, at their first meeting, this land was appropriated to Mr. Rawson. Rev. John Woodbridge, the successor of Mr. Raw- SOUTH HADLEY. 339 son, was installed pastor in 1742. He died in 1783, aged 80. He was succeeded in the ministry by Rev. Joel Hays, who was settled. in 1782. Rev. Artemas Boies, the next minister, was settled in 1824, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph D. Condit, in 1835. Rev. Flavel Griswold was the first pastor of the second or Canal church. He Avas installed pastor in 1828 ; Rev. William Tyler succeeded him in 1832. The soil in this township is light, Avarm, and in many places very productive. Considerable attention is paid by the farmers in this town to the raising of sheep. There is considerable Avater- poAver in the toAvn, much of which is yet unimproved. The manu facture of paper, satinet, and other articles, forms an important branch of business in this place. There is a canal in this town, two miles long, on the east side of Connecticut river, and a dam across the river of 1100 feet, Avhich is constructed to overcome a fall in the river of 50 feet. This dam produces a water-power of great extent. The canal has five locks, and a cut through solid rock of 40 feet in depth and 300 in length. The amount of tolls on the canal is from 10 to $18,000 annually. Northern view of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. The above is a northern view of "Mount Holyoke Female Semi nary," in the central village of South Hadley, 6 miles from North ampton, and 13 from Springfield, which is now about opening for the reception of scholars. This institution is designed entirely for young ladies. " The design is to give a solid, extensive, and well- balanced English education, connected with that general improve ment, that moral culture, and those enlarged vieAvs of duty, which Will prepare ladies to be edkcators of children and youth." One leading object in this seminary is to raise up female teachers. This institution is designed to be permanent, and to be placed on as lasting foundations as the colleges in our country for the other sex. An act of incorporation has been obtained, and a self-perpetu ating board of trustees appointed. The institution is designed to furnish the best facilities for education at a very moderate expense. One very important feature in the system to be adopted here, is, 340 SOUTH HADLEY. that all the teachers and pupils, without a single exception, will constitute but one family, and all the pupils are to perform a part of the domestic work of the family. The place for an institution of this kind is well chosen, being easy of access, and at the same time removed from, the evils attendant on a seminary of learning being located in a populous place. The view from the upper sto ries of the seminary is commanding and interesting. At the north, the towering heights of Mount Tom and Holyoke, rising in gran deur at the distance of two or three miles; the gorge between the two mountains, through which the Connecticut passes; the beauti ful interval on which Northampton is situated, seen beyond, pre sent a scene which is rarely equalled. There are 3 churches, 1 Congregational in the center, 1 Congregational and 1 Methodist in the village at the falls, on the south border of the town. Popu lation of the town, 1,400. In 1837, there were two woollen mills, 3 sets of machinery ; 60,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, the value of which was $45,000. There were three paper mills ; stock manufactured, 1,250 tons ; value of paper, $161,500; males employed, 43; females, 41 ; capital invested, $100,000. Tavo pearl button manufactories ; 18,000 gross of buttons were manufactured, valued at $8,500; males employed, 13 ; females, 18 ; capital invested, $4,200. The value of leather tanned and curried was $18;400. Mount Holyoke, on the northern borders of this town, rises 830 feet above the level of the Connecticut at its base, and from its summit presents probably the richest view in America in point of cultivation and fertile beauty, and is quite a place of fashionable resort. " It is a part of a mountain ridge of greenstone, commencing with West Rock, near New Haven, and proceeding northerly, in terrupted by only occasional valleys, across the whole of Connec ticut, until it enters Massachusetts between West Springfield and Southwick, and proceeds along the Avest line of the first-named place, and along the east line of Westfield, Easthampton, and Northampton, to the banks of Connecticut. Until it reaches East hampton its elevation is small ; but there it suddenly mounts up to the height of a thousand feet, and forms Mount Tom. The ridge crosses Connecticut in a north-east direction, and curving still more to the east, passes along the dividing line of Amherst and South Hadley, until it terminates ten miles from the river in the north-west part of Belchertown. All that part of the ridge east of the river is called Holyoke ; though the prospect house is erected near its south western extremity, opposite Northampton and near the Connecticut." The following view is from Mt. Holyoke, showing the appearance of the curve of the Connecticut, sometimes called the Ox-bow, which gracefully sweeps round a circuit of three miles Avithout advancing its ocean course a hundred rods. "In the view from Holyoke we have the grand and beautiful united ; the latter, how- ever,-greatly predominating." "On the Avest is seen, a little elevated above the general level, the populous village of Northampton, with its elegant public and private buildings ; a little more to the right SOUTHAMPTON. 341 «£ ySSfiflR Fiero /rom ifte summit of Mount Holyoke. the neat and substantial villages of Hadley and Hatfield; and still further east and more distant, Amherst, with its college, gymnasium and academy, on a commanding eminence, form a pleasant resting place to the eye. On the south is seen the village of South Hadley. Springfield and other places south indistinctly visible along the banks of the Connecticut, and even the spires of the churches in Hartford may be seen in good weather, just rising above the trees. With a telescope the elevated peaks in the vicinity of New Haven may be seen. Facing the south-west, the observer has before him the ridge called Mount Tom, which rises one or two hundred feet higher than Holyoke." " In the north-west the Graylock may be seen peering above the Hoosic, and still' farther north the Green mountains shoot up beyond the region of clouds. Near at hand, in the valley of the Connecticut, are seen the insulated Sugar-loaf and Toby presenting their fantastic outlines ; while far in the north east rises in insulated grandeur the cloud-capt Monadnoc." " Pro bably, under favorable circumstances, not less than 30 churches, in as many towns, are visible from Holyoke. The north and south diameter of the field of vision there can scarcely be less than 150 miles." SOUTHAMPTON. This town was incorporated in 1753, previous to which it was a part or precinct of Northampton. The first persons who took ,up their residence in this plantation were Judah Hutchinson and Thomas Porter, in 1732; the next year fourteen other settlers came into the place. Some families had resided in the north part of the town, in Pomeroy's meadow ; they belonged hoAvever to the old town till after a meeting-house was built in the south pre cinct. Between 1733 and 1740, fourteen families removed to the place. The first meeting of freeholders qualified to vote in 46 342 WARE. precinct affairs was held in 1741. On the 8th of June, 1743, the first church was organized, and Rev. Jonathan Judd was ordained pastor at the same time ; and on the same day Waitstill Strong and John Clark were chosen deacons. The clergymen at his ordination were Messrs. Edwards of Northampton, Hopkins of West Springfield, Woodbridge of South Hadley, Parsons of East Hadley, Williams of Hadley, Woodbridge of Hatfield, and Ballan tine of Westfield. "It was requested that each should bring a messenger with him." Mr. Edwards preached the sermon, which was afterwards published. Mr. Judd had for settlement 200 acres of land, 100 pounds old tenor, and 125 pounds, old tenor, to be expended in work on his house. . His salary for the first three years was 130 pounds, old tenor, per annum, and five pounds a year to be added till it reached 170 pounds. At the next meetmg it was voted to give him his wood ; "and we will give him more according to our ability." His house during the Indian troubles was fortified* Mr. Judd died in 1803, aged 83. Rev. Vinson Gould, his successor, was ordained colleague pastor in 1801, and resigned in 1832. His successor, Rev. Morris E. White, was set tled the same year. The Manhan river, which rises in Westhampton, passes twice through this town, first from north to south, into Westfield, and then, returning, passes north-east, into Easthampton, affording water privileges. There is a small village in the central part of the town, containing a Congregational church and an academy. The New Haven and Northampton canal passes through this place. Agriculture is the principal business of the inhabitants. Population, 1,216. Distance, 8 miles from Northampton, and 97 from Boston. Several interesting minerals are found here ; and indications of a rich lead mine, so promising that a company was incorporated, with a capital of $200,000, in order to work it. The success of the undertaking however did not equal the expec tation of the projectors. At this time, this mine, which is situated in the northern part of the town, is not worked. WARE. This town was incorporated in 1761. " Ware remained unset tled for many years after the adjoining towns were settled, the soil being so hard and rough that it was considered unfit for cultiva tion. At an early period nearly the whole territory noAV comprised in the town was granted by the general court to a military com pany from Narragansett, as a reward for expelling the Indians from that vicinity. So little value Avas placed upon it by the com- *During this period a number of soldiers were stationed in this town, for the defence of the inhabitants. In August, 1747, Elisha Clark was killed by the Indians, when he was thrashing in his barn. Noah Pixley was also killed in this town during the French and Indian wars. WARE. 343 pany,. that they shortly after Sold it to John Reed, Esq., of Boston, for two coppers per acre' ; yet it is now one of the most flourishing towns in this part of the state." The first church in this town was formed in 1757. Rev. Grindall Rawson, the first clergyman, was settled in 1751, and resigned in 1754; Rev. Ezra Thayer, his successor, was settled in 1759, and died in 1775. Rev. Benjamin Judd, the next minister, was settled in 1785 ; he resigned in 1787, and was succeeded by Rev. Reuben Moss, who Avas settled in 1792, and died in 1809. Rev. Samuel Ware, the next minister, was set tled in 1810; resigned in 1826, andAvas succeeded by Rev. Augus tus B. Reed, the same year. The second or village church was organized in 1826. Rev. Parsons Cooke was settled in the same year. His successor, Rev. Cyrus Yale, was installed pastor in 1835, and resigned in 1837. South-western view of Ware Village. The above is a south-western view of Ware village, as seen from near the Northampton road. This village is situated in the eastern part of the town, on Ware river, a large and powerful stream, rising in the western part of Worcester county. A great change has taken place at the falls of the river in this town within a short period ; a flourishing village has arisen, containing, it is sup posed, at this time, upAvards of 1,500 inhabitants, where a few years since was but a wilderness. The Ware Manufacturing Com pany was incorporated February, 1822, with a capital of $525,000. There is a bank in the village, the " Hampshire Manufacturers Bank," with a capital of $150,000. In 1837, there were 2 cotton mills, 6,544 spindles ; cotton consumed, 516,000 lbs. ; cotton goods manufactured, 1,450,000 yards, valued at $160,000 ; males employ ed, 62; females, 200; capital invested, $200,000. There were 2 woollen mills, 11 sets of woollen machinery; 270,000 lbs. of wool were consumed; 230,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $280,000 ; males employed, 77 ; females, 8Q ; capital invested, $&GO,.0Q0. There were manufactured 867 pairs of boots, arid. 344 WILLIAMSBURG. 61,623 pairs of shoes, valued at $53,164. Straw bonnets manu factured, 85,000, valued at $114,832 ; palm-leaf hats manufactur ed, 79,200, valued at $10,870; value of augers manufactured, $4,500. Population, 2,403. Distance, 25 miles from Northamp ton, 23 from Springfield, 27 to Worcester, 44 to Hartford, Con., and 67 to Boston. WESTHAMPTON. This town was incorporated in 1778. The first settlement of this town began about the year 1767. Lemuel Strong, the oldest son of Noah Strong, (in 1817 the oldest man in the town,) is sup posed to have been the first child born in this town. In 1779 there were about sixty families and three hundred souls in the town. The first minister, Rev. Enoch Hale, was settled here in 1779 ; he died 1837, aged 83. Mr. Hale was the brother of Capt. Nathan Hale df Connecticut, the martyr to American liberty, who was executed as a spy in 1775, aged. 22. The successor of Mr. Hale in the ministry was Rev. Horace B. Chapin, who settled here in 1829, and resigned in 1837 ; his successor was Rev. Amos Drury, who was installed pastor the same year. This is principally an agricultural town. In 1837, there were 170 Saxony, 944 merino, and 1,404 other kinds of sheep; average weight of fleece, 2\ lbs. ; value of wool, $3,205 ; capital invested, $7,204. Population, 818. Distance, 8 miles from Northampton, 8 from Williamsburg, and 100 from Boston. WILLIAMSBURG. This town Avas incorporated in 1771. The first Congregational minister settled in this place was Rev. Amos Butler, a native of Hartford, Con. ; this was in 1773 ; he died in 1777, at the age of twenty-nine years. Mr. Butler was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Strong, in 1781. Mr. Strong died Jan. 1st, 1803, and was suc ceeded by Rev. Henry Lord in 1804. His successor was Rev. William Lusk, who was installed here in 1836. A considerable stream passes through this town, and unites with the Connecticut at Northampton, affording good water-power for manufacturing purposes. The folloAving is a southern view of the central part of Williamsburg. The Methodist church recently erected is seen on the left ; the Congregational church is seen on the right, southerly of which is the bridge over the mill stream passing through the village. In the central part of the engraving is seen in the extreme distance the spire of the old Congregational church, situated about half a mile northward from the central part of the village. This Avas built more than fifty years ago. WORTHINGTON , 345 Southern view of Williamsburg. This village is 8 miles from Northampton, and 103 from Boston. Population, 1,345. The Williamsburg woollen, linen and cotton manufactory was incorporated in 1825, with a capital of $250,000. In 1837, there were 3 Avoollen mills; 42,150 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $69,235 ; males employed, 26 ; females, 25 ; capital in vested, $33,700 ; value of flexible and japan buttons manufactured, $102,500 • hands employed, 13 males and 105 females; capital invested, $39,000; value of axes manufactured, $6,106; value of augers, bitts, and bitt-stocks manufactured, $2,310 ; value of gimblets, screw-drivers, and punches manufactured, $4,066. WORTHINGTON. This town was incorporated in 1768. The Rev. Jonathan Hunt ington appears to have been the first minister in the place. He died in 1780, aged 48 ; his successor in the ministry was Rev. Josiah Spaulding, who died in 1803 ; the next minister was Rev. Jonathan L. Pomeroy, who died in 1836, aged 67. The next minister was ReAr. Henry Adams, who was settled in 1833. This township occupies an .elevated situation near the center of the Green mountain range, upon its eastern declivity. The waters in this township are discharged into the Connecticut by the Westfield river, the principal branch of which washes the south-west boun dary of the town, and other branches pass through the middle and north-east parts. It is one of the best townships of land in this vicinity ; the surface is handsome and pleasant, and much of the soil rich and productive, producing grain, fruits, &c. In 1837, there were in this town 9,050 merino sheep; wool produced, 27,000 lbs. ; average weight of fleece, 3 lbs. ; value of wool, $16,875 ; capi tal invested, $25,000; value of curtains manufactured, $10,125 ; 346 ACTON. value of leather tanned and curried, $32,000. Population, 1,142. Distance, 17 miles from Northampton, 55. from Albany, N. Y., and 110 from Boston. MIDDLESEX COUNTY. This county was incorporated in 1643. The surface is uneven, and the soil varied. The principal streams in the limits of the county are the Merrimac, Charles, Concord, and Nashua. There are no mountains in this county, but its surface is diversified by numerous small hills, which are generally less than one hundred feet in height. The land in the northern and southern parts is the most uneven. The soil is not generally so good as that in some other parts of the state, but it Avell rewards cultivation. The manufacturing interests of this county are very important, particu larly in the manufacture of cotton goods. In 1837, there were 52,860,194 yards of cotton goods manufactured, the value of which was $5,971,172, being nearly three times the value manufactured in any other county in the state. The canal, and particularly the railroads recently constructed in the county, afford great facili ties in the transportation of goods to and from Boston. Cam bridge and Concord are the shire towns. The following is a list of the towns in this county, which are 46 in number. Acton, .Ashby, Bedford,Billerica, Boxborough,Brighton, Burlington,Cambridge,Carlisle, Charlestown,Chelmsford, Concord, Dracut,Dunstable, Framingham, Groton, Holliston,Hopkinton,Lexington, Lincoln, Littleton, Lowell,Maiden,Marlborough, Medford, Townsend, Natick, Tyngsborough, Newton, Waltham, Pepperell, Watertown, Reading, Wayland, Sherburne, W. Cambridge, Shirley, Westford, South Reading, Weston, Stoneham, Wilmington, Stow, Sudbury, Tewksbury, Woburn. In 1820, the population of this county was 61,476 ; in 1830, it was 77,968; in 1837, it was 98,565. ACTON. The town of Acton lies wholly within the ancient limits of Con cord. Most of the lands comprised within its limits were granted to the town of Concord "for feeding;" they Avere, however, not very accurately defined, as Avhen they were actually surveyed they were found to contain a greater number of acres than nomi nally specified in the grants. A settlement was commenced ji ASHBY. 347 these grants as early as 1656, and perhaps a few years earlier. The Shepherd and Law families were among the first. Many of the meadows were open prairies, and afforded, with little or no labor, grass in abundance. Some of the uplands had been cleared by the Indians, and were favorite places for feeding. " In 1668, the town leased to Capt. Thomas Wheeler, for 20 years, 200 acres of upland near Mr. Silas Holden's present residence, and 60 acres of meadow lying in several parcels on Nashobah brook, on condition that he should keep, ' except 12 Sab bath days yearly,' a herd of 50 cattle for Is. per head for the inhabitants, to be paid ' one third part in wheat, one third part in rie or pease, and the other third part in Indian corn.' They were to be constantly watched by a ' herdsman,' and kept in a yard at night to protect them from the wild beasts. Capt. Wheeler agreed to build a house ' 40 feet by 18, and 12 stud,' covered with shingles, and to have a ' pair'of chimneys ; ' and a barn 40 by 24, and 12 high, to be left for the use of the town aftei fhe expiration of the lease." The town was incorporated in 1735, one hundred years from the incorporation of Concord. The surface of the town is rough and uneven, though there are no considerable hills ; and with some exceptions the soil is rocky and hard to cultivate. It contains, however, many good farms. The principal employment of the inhabitants is agriculture. There are, however, from 15,000 to 20,000 barrels annually manufactured here, and this business is a source of considerable income. There are two Congregational churches in this town, one for the Orthodox, the other for Unita rians. This place is 21 miles N. W. of Boston, and 5 N. Westerly from Concord. Population, 1,071. The first meeting-house (42 feet by 36, and 21 feet high) was built in 1736, and served as a place of worship till the present one was erected, in 1808. The Rev. John Swift was the first minister ordained in this town ; this was on Nov. 8, 1738. During the prevalence of the small-pox in Acton, in 1775, he was severely attacked, and was never able to preach afterwards. He died the same year, in the 37th year of his ministry. The Rev. Moses Adams was next ordained here, June 25, 1778. He died in 1819, aged 70. The Rev. Marshall Shed in 1820 became their next pastor ; he was dismissed at his own re quest, in May, 1831. The Orthodox society seceded from the town, and formed a separate parish during the latter part of Mr. Shed's ministry, and the Rev. James T. Woodbury was ordained over them, Aug. 29, 1832. The Universalist society in this town was organized in 1816, and incorporated in 1825. ASHBY. This town was incorporated in 1767. It is situated at the north western extremity of the county. This township is on elevated land, varied with hills and valleys, furnishing rich pastures and agreeable prospects. This is an agricultural town, and the farms are productive. The two churches in the central part of the town stand on high land, and may be seen from a great distance. Pop ulation, 1,201. Distance, 25 miles from Concord, and 42 from 348 BEDFORD. Boston. The manufacture of palm-leaf hats is the principal manu facturing business performed in the town. In 1837, there were 59,989 hats manufactured, the value of which was $7,751 50. BEDFORD. Bedford originally belonged in part to the town of Concord. It was incorporated as a town in 1729. It is not very Avell situated for an agricultural town. About half of it is meadoAv land, un improved, and partly incapable of improvement. It contains, however, several good farms, and nearly all the varieties of soil. The Shawshine is the only considerable stream of water. On this stream is a mill Avhich was built before Philip's war, in 1676, and was then owned by Michael Bacon, who was allowed to have tAvo garrison soldiers stationed there for his safety. Agriculture is the employment of a large portion of the people. The manufacture of shoes for the Boston market Avas begun here in 1805, by John Hosmer and Jonathan Bacon. In this business about 60 men and 80 women are employed. About 90,000 pairs of shoes, estimated to be worth $50,000, are made annually. There are 2 churches, 1 Orthodox and 1 Unitarian, and about 30 dwelling-houses, in the central part of the town. This place is 5 miles north-east of Con cord, and 15 north-Avest of Boston, and contains 858 inhabitants. The first meeting-house was completed in 1730. Committees were chosen the next and many subsequent " to seat the meeting house," and "have respect to them that are 50 years old and up wards ;" those under this age " to be seated according to their pay." A new meeting-house was erected in 1817. The first minister, Rev. Nicholas Bowes, was ordained July 15, 1730. He was dis missed in 1734, and in 1735 Avent as chaplain in the northern army at Fort Edward. In 1756, Rev. Nathaniel Sherman Avas the next ordained here. Being opposed to the "half-way covenant," he was dismissed in 1766. The Rev. Joseph Penniman Avas the next regular minister, and was ordained in 1771, and continued here about twenty years. Though possessed of respectable talents, he was very eccentric in his manners and public performances. Soon after the 19th of April, 1775, he is said to have used the following expression in his prayer :—" We pray thee to send the British sol diers where they will do some good ; for thou knowest, O Lord ! that we have no use for them about here." The next minister was the Rev. Samuel Stearns, Avho Avas ordained in April, 1796. Among the peculiar customs which prevailed in the church from its first formation to the ordination of Mr. Stearns, Avas that of making public confession of particular offences committed by the members. These were drawn up in writing, and read by the min ister before the congregation. Frequent notices are specified in the church records, such as "the confession of for the sin. of intemperance," "for the breach of the seventh commandment," or BILLERICA. 349 Other sins, as the case might be, "was read before the congrega tion." This custom was not peculiar to the church in Bedford ; it prevailed to some extent in many other churches. BILLERICA The ancient Indian name of Billerica was Shawshine, a name which it received from its vicinity to the river of this name. The present name is derived from Billericay, in the county of Essex, in England, whence it is supposed that several of the first inhabitants emigrated. As early as 1637, the general court appointed Capt. Jennison and Lieut. Spooner to view Shawshine, and to consider whether it be fit for a plantation. In 1641, it was granted to Cam bridge, "provided they would make it a village to haAre ten fami lies settled there within ten years." It appears that the first set tlement was made about the year 1653. It was commenced by a. number of respectable families from Cambridge, but the greater part were originally from England. The folloAving are the names of some of the first principal settlers: John Parker, John Kit- tredge, John Rogers, William French, George Farley, Ralph Hill, Samuel Manning, Simon Crosby, Jonathan Danforth, Rev. Samuel Whiting, Thomas Richardson, Edward Farmer, Joseph Tompson. In 1656, the inhabitants of Shawshine, in answer to their peti tion, obtained a grant of land lying upon Concord river, near the farms of John and Robert Blood. To this tract the court granted the name of Billerica. In the same year, 8,000 acres of land lying at Natticott were granted to the inhabitants. About 6,300 acres were situated on the east of Merrimac river, and 1,750 on the west side. The town Avas divided into lots, by Jonathan Danforth, who was one of the committee for locating the home lots. These lots were most generally denominated ten and five acre lots. A ten acre lot, or a single share, contained 113 acres of upland, and 12 acres of meadoAV. A five acre lot contained half this quantity. It appears that the first church was gathered in this town in 1663, and the Rev. Samuel Whiting Avas ordained in the same year. The first meeting-house Avas erected by John Parker, and completed about 1660; it was at first covered with thatch instead of shingles. A regard for purity of morals and an attention to re ligious duties appear to have been the characteristics of the first inhabitants. Within a few years after the toAvn Avas settled, three persons were chosen " to examine the several families, and see whether their children and servants were taught in the principles of religion." In 1675, the selectmen of this town passed an order that all children and youth from eight years old and upwards should be sent by their parents and masters to the Reverend Mr. Whiting, to receive catechetical instruction at such times as should be appointed. Mr. Whiting died in 1713, having preached in this place more than fifty years. He was succeeded by Rev. Samuel Ruggles. 47 350 billerica. Capt. Jonathan Danforth was one of the most active and enter prising settlers of Billerica. He was distinguished for his mathe matical knowledge, usefulness, and piety. From his skill in sur veying, he was frequently employed in locating new towns and settlements in the provinces of New Hampshire and Massachu setts. The plans of his surveys were very numerous, and many of them remain. He also left other manuscripts. A poem was written on his death, (in 1712,) of which the following is an ex tract : " He rode the circuit, chain'd great towns and farms To good behavior; and by well marked stations, He fixed their bounds for many generations. His art ne'er fail'd him, though the loadstone failed, When oft by mines and streams it was assailed ; All this is charming, but there 's something higher, Gave him the lustre which we most admire." Here follows an account of his piety, attention to religious du ties, which are celebrated by the poet in the versification peculiai to that period. About the period of king Philip's war, the number of families in Billerica was about forty-eight, and the number of dwelling-houses forty-seven. The alarm produced by the incursions of the Indians at this time, caused many persons to leave their habitations and seek refuge in the most compact part of the several towns. It is not known, however, that this town suffered any essential injury during Philip's war. Within the original limits of this town lived a considerable body of Indians. The Pawtucketts, at Wamesit and its vicinity, con tained in 1675 about 250 souls. They had been formerly esti mated at 3,000. They inhabited a small tract of land on the east side of Concord river, and bordering on the Merrimac. The divi sion line between them and the English, it is said, extended from Merrimac river, about half a niile below the mouth of Concord river, on a direct line to Concord river, two miles from its mouth. Their plantation was separated from the English by a ditch, which may be still traced. Within these limits is a hill, called Fort HiU, on which are some remains of their fortification. In this place it seems the Indians were in some degree civilized, and attended to the cultivation of their lands. During the French and Indian war, on Aug. 5th, 1695, the In dians made an irruption on the inhabitants of this place. " In the northerly part of the town, on the east of Concord river, lived seve ral families, who, though without garrisons and in time of war, felt no apprehensions of danger. Their remoteness from the fron tiers might have contributed to their apparent security. The In dians came suddenly upon them in the day-time. They entered the house of John Rogers while he Avas sleeping, and discharged an arrow at him, which entered his neck and pierced the jugular vein. Awakened by this sudden and unexpected attack, he started up, seized the arrow, which he forcibly withdrew, and expired with the instrument of death in his hand. A woman being in the BILLERICA. 351 chamber, threw herself out of the window, and, though severely wounded, made her escape by concealing herself among some flags. A young woman was .scalped, and left for dead, but survived the painffil operation, and lived many years afterwards. A son and daughter of Mr. Rogers were made prisoners. The family of John Levistone suffered most severely. His mother-in-law and five young children were killed, and his oldest daughter captured. Thomas Rogers and his oldest son were killed. Mary, the wife' of Dr. Roger Toothaker, was killed, and Margaret, his youngest daughter, taken prisoner. Fifteen persons were killed or taken at this surprisal. Though the Indians Avere immediately pursued by the inhabitants of the center of the town, yet so effectually had they taken precautions in their flight that all efforts to find them were unavailing. It is said that they even had tied up the mouths , of their dogs with wampum, from an apprehension that their bark ing would discover the direction they had taken. The shock given to the inhabitants by this melancholy event was long had in -pain ful remembrance." Southern view of Billerica, (central part.) The above is a southern vieAV of the central part of Billerica, taken from the Concord road. The Unitarian church (erected in 1797) and the academy are seen on the left of the engraving. The tavern and post-office, the town-house, and some other build ings, are seen on the opposite side of the street; the spire of the- Orthodox Congregational church is seen on the extreme right. The village street is about a mile in extent. About two miles north ward, the Middlesex canal crosses the Concord river ; in the east ern part of the town this canal and the Lowell railroad cross the Shawshine river; the canal crosses this river by means of an aqueduct 20 feet in height. Population, 1,498. Distance, 10 miles from Concord, 6 from Lowell, and 18 from Boston. In 1837, there were 2 woollen mills, and 4 sets- of machinery ; 96,319 yards of 352 BRIGHTON. cloth Avere manufactured, valued at $32,561 ; males employed, 17; females, 23. ' There were 512 pairs of boots and 19,336 pairs of shoes manufactured, which were valued at $11,093. The following inscriptions were copied- from monuments in the grave-yard on the Concord road, about a mile from the central part of the village : ' Sub hoc saxo sepulchrali conditi sunt cineres Reverendi domini Samuelis Ruggles, ecclesiae nuper pastoris Billerica? : qui cursu quem Deus dederat peracto A. C. 1749, morti cessit-tertio die Martii, cum vixisset annos circiter 68, et munere sacerdotali fer ine 41 fideliter perfunctus esset. Which may be translated in the following manner : Beneath this monumental stone are gathered the ashes of the Reverend Samuel Rug gles, late pastor of the church at Billerica ; who having finished the work appointed for him by God, departed in 1749, on the 3d day of March. He was about 68 years of age, and had faithfully discharged the ministerial office for almost 41 years. Here lies y8 body of the widow Lydia Dyar, of Boston, the place of her nativity, where she left a good Estate & came into ye country May 22d, 1775, to escape ya abuce of ye Ministerial Troops sent by George ye 3d to subject North America. She died July 28"" 1776, aged 80 years. The sweet remembrance of the just Shall flourish when they sleep in dust. Beneath this stone rest the remains of the Rev. Henry Cummings, D. D., late pastor of the church and Christian Society in Billerica. Born Sept. 25lb. 1739 ; ordained Jan. 26, 1763 ; died Sept. 5lh. 1823. Possessing intellectual powers of the highest order, he was eminently learned, pious and faithful, and by his life and example illustrated and recommended the doctrine and virtues he taught and inculcated. In grateful re membrance of his distinguished virtues, this stone is erected by the people of his charge. BOXBOROUGH. This town was incorporated in 1783. The tract comprising the township is elevated and hilly. There is no stream of much im portance in the town. The township lies between Concord and Nashua rivers, and at nearly equal distance from both. The popu lation of this town in 1837 was 433, being smaller than that of any other in Middlesex county. About one thousand dollars' worth of straw bonnets and palm-leaf hats were manufactured in this place. Limestone is found in the town, and hops have been cultivated to some extent. Distance, 9 miles from Concord, and 25 from Boston. BRIGHTON. Brighton was formerly a part of Cambridge, and known by the name of Little Cambridge. It was incorporated in 1807. The town contains several beautiful country seats and highly-cultivated farms, 2 Congregational churches, 1 of which is Unitarian, and a bank, the " Brighton Bank," with a capital of $200,000. Popula- BRIGHTON. 353 tion, 1,337. It is 16 miles S. E. from Concord, 35 E. of Wor cester, 8 northerly from Dedham, and 5 W. of Boston. A cattle fair was commenced here during the revolutionary war, and has been increasing in importance ever since. Most of the cattle for the supply of Boston market are brought in droves to this place, from two hundred to six thousand a week : every Mon day is the fair, or market day, when the dealers in provisions resort thither to make purchases. Western view of Brighton, (central part.) The above is a western view of the central part of Brighton, showing the place where the great cattle-market of New England is held. The street at this time is filled with cattle of various kinds, and with buyers and sellers. Large droves of cattle are driven from Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont to this market. Besides furnishing the Boston market, great numbers of cattle are collected, bought and slaughtered, and barreled up for exportation to various places. In the engraving the large building appearing on the left is the "Cattle Fair Hotel:" at times as many as 400 or 500 persons have been known to dine at this establishment on market days. The Unitarian church is the next building east ward ; the Brighton Bank is seen on the opposite side of the street. A reporter attends the market, and his reports of the prices, &c, are published in the newspapers. " Winship's Gardens," celebrated for their great variety of shrubs and flowers, are about half a mile north of the Cattle Fair Hotel. The Worcester railroad passes through the northern part of these gardens. The following statement of Brighton market for 1837 and 1838 is from the public prints. In 1837, 32,664 beef cattle, 16,216 stores, 110,206 sheep, 17,052 swine; total sales estimated at $2 449,231. In 1838, 25,850 beef cattle, sales estimated at $L317,330; 9,573 stores, sales $315,909; 104,640 sheep, sales $261,600; 26,164 swine, sales $163,165— total sales estimated at $2 058,004. 354 CAMBRIDGE. BURLINGTON. This town was incorporated in 1799. The land in this town is rather rough and hard to cultivate. There is a small stream in the town, called Vine brook, a branch of the Shawshine river, which flows into the Merrimac in the town of Andover. There is a Congregational church in the central part of the town. In 1837 there were 5,800 pairs of shoes manufactured in this town, valued at $4,900. There were twelve males and nine females employed in this business. Population, 522. Distance, 10 miles north-east of Concord, 11 S. E. from Lowell, and 13 from Boston. CAMBRIDGE. The settlement of Cambridge commenced in 1631. It was originally intended to make it the metropolis of the province of Massachusetts. Governor Winthrop, Deputy Governor Dudley, and the assistants, having examined the territory lying in the vicini ty of the new settlements, upon a view of this spot " all agreed it a fit place for a beautiful town, and took time to consider further about it." On Dec. 29, 1630, " after many consultations about a fit place to build a town for the seat of government, they agree on a place N. W. side of Charles river, about three miles W. of Charles town ; and all except Mr. Endicot and Sharp (the former living at Salem, and the latter purposing to return to England) oblige themselves to build themselves houses there the following spring, and remove their ordnance and munition thither, and first call the place Newtown."* The town was laid out in squares, the streets intersecting each other at right angles ; one square was reserved and left open for the purpose of a market. According to agreement, the governor and other principal gentlemen, in the spring of 1631, began to erect their houses. On some considerations, however, " which at first came not into their minds, " the governor took down the frame of his house and removed it to Boston, which he intended to make the place of his future abode, much to the disap pointment of the rest of the company, who Avere still resolved to build at Newtown. In 1632 the court ordered " that £60 be levied out of the several plantations, toAvards making a palisado about the Neu> Town." This fortification was made ; and the fosse which was then dug about the town (says Dr. Holmes in his History of Cambridge) is in some places yisible to this day. In some of the first years, the annual election of the governor and magistrates of the colony Avas holden in this town. "The people on these occasions assembled under an oak tree on the northerly side of the common, which long remained a venerable monument of the freedom, the patriotism, and the piety of the ancestors of NeAV England." A considerable * Prince's Chronology, vol. ii. CAMBRIDGE. 355 accession appears to have been made to this place in August, 1632, by the arrival of Mr. Hooker's company. Messrs. Hooker, Stone, and Haynes, the three principal fathers of the Connecticut colony, came over in 1633. The Rev. Mr. Hooker and his assistant, Rev. Samuel Stohe, were the first settled ministers at Cambridge. The fame of the removal of these eminent men to America induced great numbers of the Puritans to come over, and the number of inhabitants so increased at NeAVtown, that Mr. Hooker and the whole of his church and congregation, in 1636, emigrated to Hart ford, on Connecticut river. Their houses and lands at NewtoAvn were purchased by the Rev. Thomas Shepherd and his company, who thus had the advantage of entering a settlement furnished with comfortable accommodations. In 1636, the general court contemplated the erection of a public school at Newtown, and appropriated four hundred pounds for that purpose ; which laid the foundation of Harvard college. In 1638, the Rev. John Harvard,* of Charlestown, endowed the pub lic school with about eight hundred pounds. Thus endowed, this school was exalted to a college, and assumed the name of its prin cipal benefactor ; and Newtown, in compliment to the college, and in memory of the place where many of our fathers received their education, was now denominated Cambridge. Cambridge is a half shire town, and may be divided into three parts. Old Cambridge, the seat of the University, is three miles from West Boston bridge, which divides Cambridge from Boston ; Cambridgeport is a compact, flourishing village, about half way between the University and the bridge. East Cambridge, for merly Lechmere Point, is of newer growth, and is a very flourishing place. It is the seat of the county courts, and is connected with Boston by Canal bridge and the viaduct of the Boston and Lowell railroad over Charles river. There are three banks in the town : the Middlesex Bank, Avith a capital of $150,000, is located in East Cambridge ; the Charles River Bank (capital $100,000) is located in the ancient village ; the Cambridge Bank (capital $100,000) is located in Cambridgeport. The following is a south-eastern view of East Cambridge as seen from the Warren bridge, leading into Charlestown. The glass manufactories are seen on the right, with part of the bridge con necting the place with Charlestown ; part of the viaduct on which * A monument to his memory has been erected in Charlestown by the subscriptions of the graduates of Harvard college, in small sums. It is constructed of granite, in a solid shaft of fifteen feet elevation, and in the simplest style of ancient art. " On the eastern face of the shaft, the name of John Harvard is inscribed, with the following lines : 'On the 26th of September, A. D. 1828, this stone was erected by the gradu ates of the University at Cambridge, in honor of its founder, who died at Charlestown, on the 26th of September, 1638.' On the western side of the shaft is an inscription in Latin, of the following purport : ' that one who merits so much from our literary men, should no longer be without a monument, however humble. The graduates of the University of Cambridge, New England, have erected this stone, nearly two hundred years after his death, in pious and perpetual remembrance of John Harvard.' " At the erection of this monument, Gov. Everett, who is considered one of the best scho lars educated at Harvard college, delivered an appropriate and eloquent address. 356 CAMBRIDGE. Eastern view of East Cambridge. the cars pass into Boston is seen on the left, beyond which is seen one of the churches and the court-house. One of the glass manu factories in this place produces some of the finest specimens of cut glass ware manufactured in this country. The soil in this part of Cambridge being of a clayey kind, large quantities of bricks are annually made. The following list of articles manufactured in this town, their value, and the number of hands employed, is taken from the Statistical Tables published by the state in 1837. Articles. Value. Hands. Glass, $453,076, 290 Boots and Shoes, 28;768, 73 Hats, 24,984, 36 Chairs and Cabinet Ware, 3,750, 8 Tin Ware, 5,000, 4 Carriages, Harnesses, &c, 41,905, 57 Organs, 6,500, 8 Clothing, 11,370, 12 Carpenters' Rules and Rods, 5,000, 10 Cigars, 9,788, 22 Brass and Britannia Ware finishing, The population of the town in 1837 Avas 7,631. The college buildings stand on an enclosed plain of fourteen acres, around which, except in front, forest trees are planted. These buildings are large and commodious, which have been erected at different periods, as the accommodations of the officers and students required. Most of them are of brick ; the most mo dern are of granite ; they bear the names of various patrons of the institution. The building seen on the right of the engraving is Massachusetts Hall, the most ancient of the present buildings • was built in 1720. Harvard Hall, the building Avith a cupola^ was built m 1765. The University Hall is seen in the distance, stand ing between Massachusetts and Harvard Halls ; this was built in 1814, of Chelmsford granite, the color of which approaches nearly to white. It measures 140 by 50 feet, and is 42 feet in height. 12,000, 15 Articles. Bricks, J Ropes and Twine, Soap, Brushes,Varnish, &c, Confectionaries, Paper, stamped and stained, Glue, in the 67th year of his age. Adornedwith gifts, both native and acquired ; he was a master in the art of teaching ; a model of living, conforming all his acts to the divine laws. To all those with whom he had to do, he exhibited the wisdom of the serpent and the innocence of the dove. While riving, he was very much beloved, and he left at death a grateful, though mournful memory to his friends. Through many scenes and trials, and even unto death, he manifested a rare discretion, modesty, patience, and submission to the Divine Will. He at length rests with the Lord, looking for the adoption, that is, the redemption of the body.] GROTON. Groton was originally a grant by the general court, made May 23, 1655, of eight miles square, to Mr. Dean Winthrop and others, at a place called Petapaway, and included the greatest part of the towns of Pepperell and Shirley, and parts of Dunstable, Westford, Littleton, and Harvard. , Mr. Dean Winthrop, being a son of John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts colony, probably named the place Groton., from the town in England whence the family came. The grant, in the quaint language of the times, says, "the court judgeth it meet to grant the petitioners eight miles square in the place desired, to make a comfortable plantation," and it is ordered to be laid out "with all convenient speed, that so no encouragement may be wanting to the petitioners for the speedy procuring of a godly minister among them." Among the first set- 390 GROTON. tiers were WiUiam Martin, Richard Blood, Robert Blood, and John Lakin. The precise time of the first settlement is not known, but a committee of the general court, appointed October, 1659, report, that there are hot above four or five families there, though " it Avill afford a comfortable accommodation for sixty families at least." The first town record to be found is as folloAvs : — " At a generall town meeting, June 23d> 1662, It was agreed uppon, that the house for the minister should be set uppon the plane whare it is now framing." Also, " that the meeting-house shall be sett upon the right hand of the path, by a small Avhite oak, marked at the sow- Avest side Avith tAvo notches and a blaze." The number of inhabit ants increased until the year 1676, when, having been three times attacked by the Indians, in Philip's war, they abandoned the place. A new settlement took place, it is believed, in the spring of 1678. The first minister of Groton was the Rev. Samuel Willard, or dained 1663, left the inhabitants in 1676. His successors have been Gershom Hobart, ordained 1678, dismissed 1704 or 5 ; Dud ley Broadstreet, ordained 1706, dismissed 1712 ; Caleb Trowbridge, ordained 1715, died 1760 ; Samuel Dana, ordained 1761, dismis sed 1775 ; Daniel Chaplin, ordained 1778, retired by reason of age 1825 ; Charles Robinson, installed 1826, dismissed 1838 ; Rev. George W. Wells, installed Nov. 21, 1838. A Presbyterian society was incorporated in 1788, but it never had an ordained minister, and has become extinct. In 1826, a part of the first parish seceded and formed an Orthodox society ; whose ministers have been John Todd, ordained 1827, dismissed 1833 ; Charles Kitteridge, install ed 1833, dismissed 1835 ; Dudley Phelps, installed 1836, the pre sent minister. A Baptist society was formed in 1832, and they have Amasa Saunderson for their minister. Groton, as iioav bounded, is of a very irregular shape, having many angles in its boundary lines. None of its original boundaries are retained, except one mile on Townsend on the west, and Massapoag Pond on the N. East. Its present area is about 27,350 acres ; one fourth of the whole, viz. the central part, is an excellent soil for grass, corn, barley, or most crops usually cultivated in New England. The village, in the center of the town, contains two meeting houses, one academy, two district school-houses, five mercantile shops, two taverns, and seventy other dwelling-houses. The en graving is a north-western view of the Unitarian church, and the academy, seen on the right, in the southern part of the village. This place is 17 miles from Concord, 14 to Lowell, 30 to Worces ter, and 34 to Boston. Population, 2,057. At the west part of the town, about two and a half miles from the center, on the Squannacook river, there is a paper-mill, which will employ from 8 to 10 hands. There are two tanneries, and 4 grist and saw-mills. The town is mostly a farming toAvn, and formerly has raised large quantities of hops, but the recent low prices have discouraged the hop growers. In 1837, the value of GROTON , 391 North-western view of the Congregational Church and Academy, Groton. clothing manufactured was $24,000; number of garments, 11,000; males employed, 3; females, 245. The following, respecting the Indian depredations in this toAvn, is from Dwight's Travels, vol. ii. " Groton, in the early periods of its settlement, experienced its share of Indian de predations. It was incorporated in 1655. In 1676, a body of savages entered it on the second of March, plundered several houses, and carried off a number of cattle. On the ninth, they ambushed four men, who were driving their carts, killed one, and took a second ; but, while they were disputing about the manner of putting him to death, he escaped. On the thirteenth, about four hundred of these people assaulted Groton again . The inhabitants, alarmed by the recent destruction of Lancaster, had retreated into five garrisoned houses. Four of these were within musket-shot of each other. The fifth stood at the distance of a mile. Between the four neighboring ones were gathered all the cattle belonging to the inhabitants. " In the morning two of the Indians showed themselves behind a hill, near one of the four garrisons, with an intention to decoy the inhabitants out of their fortifications. The alarm was immediately given. A considerable part of the men in this garrison, and several from the next, imprudently went out to surprise them ; when a large body, who had been lying in ambush for this purpose, arose instantaneously, and fired upon them. The English fled. Another party of the Indians, at the same time, came upon the rear of the nearest garrison, thus deprived of its defence, and began to pull down the palisades. The flying English retreated to the next garrison ; and the women and children, forsaken as they were, escaped, under the protection of Providence, to the same placb of safety. The ungarrisoned houses in the town were then set on fire by the savages. " In a similar manner they attempted to surprise the solitary garrison, one of their people being employed to decoy the English out of it, into an ambush in the neighbor- J- ood. The watch, however, discovering the ambush, gave the alarm, and prevented the mischief intended. The next day the Indians withdrew ; having burnt about forty dwelling-houses and the church, together with barns and out-houses. John Monoco, their leader, during the preceding day, with the same spirit which is exhibited with so much vanity and haughtiness in the proclamations of General Burgoyne, the duke ot Brunswick when entering France, and General Le Clerk when attacking St. Domin go, insulted the inhabitants of Groton with his former exploits in burning Lancaster and Medfield ; threatened that he would burn Groton, Chelmsford, Concord, and Bos ton ; and declared, amid many taunts and blasphemies, that he could do whatever he pleased. His threatening against Groton he executed ; but, instead of burning the other towns, he was taken a prisoner a few months afterwards, led through the streets of Boston with a halter about his neck, and hanged. His three compeers in haughtiness 392 holliston. met with a fate differing in form from his ; but by the inglorious and miserable end of their efforts are exhibited to mankind as solemn monitions of the madness, as well as impiety, of arrogating to a human arm that disposal of events which belongs only to God. One would think, that Sennacherib and Rabshakeh had long since taught this lesson effectually. For Monoco, ignorance may be pleaded ; for the Christian boasters there is no excuse." HOLLISTON. The first settlements were made in this town about 1710. In 1724, the people had increased to thirty-four families, and finding it inconvenient, on account of the distance, to attend meeting and do duty in Sherburne, they petitioned the town to set them off, which was amicably voted. The same year, (1724) they were incorporated by the general court ; and as a mark of respect for Thomas Hollis, of London, one of the patrons of the university in Cambridge, the place was called Holliston. The soil in this town is generally of a good quality ; a small branch of Charles river rises in this town, and affords a good water-power. There is one woollen factory, one of thread, and one of combs. A considerable quantity of brogans are made here, employing about 300 men, wo men and children. There are 2 churches, 1 for Congregationalists and 1 Methodist. Distance, 21 miles S. of Concord, 6 N. E. of Hopkinton, and 24 south-westerly from Boston. Population, 1,775. In 1837, there were manufactured in this town 20,803 pairs of boots, 244,578 pairs of shoes, valued at $241,626 ; males employ ed, 312 ; females, 149. There were 26,580 straw bonnets manu factured, valued at $33,210. The first church was gathered, and Mr. James Stone was or dained the first pastor here, in 1728. In 1743, Mr. Joshua Prentiss was ordained the second minister ; he continued pastor 42 years, and died in 1788. He was succeeded by Mr. Timothy Dickinson, the third minister, who was ordained in 1789. December, 1753, and January, 1754, were remarkable for what is called the great sickness in Holliston. " The patients were violently seized with a piercing pain in the breast or side ; to be seized with a pain in the head was not common ; the fever high. The greater part of those that died were rational to the last ; they lived three, four, five, and six days after they were taken. In some instances, it appears, they strangled, by not being able to expectorate ; some in this case, who Avere thought to be in their last moments, were recovered by administering oil. In about six weeks fifty-three persons died, forty-one of whom died within twenty -two days." The following account of this sickness is extracted from the account kept by the Rev. Mr. Prentiss. " December 31st, seven lay unburied. Janu ary 4th, ten lay unburied, in which week seventeen died. There were two, three, four, and five buried for many days successively. Of those who died, fifteen were members of this church." "Wc are extremely weakened by the desolation death has made in many of the most substantial families among us ; four families wholly broken up, losing both their heads. The sickness was sn HOPKINTON. 393 prevalent, that but few families escaped ; for more than a month, there was not enough well to tend the sick and bury the dead, though they spent their whole time in these services ; but the sick suflered and the dead lay unburied; and that, notwithstanding help was procured, and charitable assistance afforded, by many in the neighboring towns." "We are a small town, consisting of about eighty families, and not more than four hundred souls." HOPKINTON, The principal part of .this town was purchased of the natives by Mr. Leverett, president of Harvard college : its Indian name was Quansigomog. A hill in the eastern part of the town was called by the natives Megonko. It was purchased for the purpose of perpetuating the legacy of Edward Hopkins, Esq. to Harvard col lege, and was called Hopkinton, in honor to his name. It was leased out by the president and trustees of the college to the first settlers. The settlement began about the year 1710 or 12, and was never interrupted ; the town was incorporated in December, 1715. Hopkinton is hilly, interspersed with small valleys, and well watered. There are two ponds in the westerly part of this town. From one, which is called White-Hall Pond, issues one of the ex treme branches of the Concord river, which empties itself into the Merrimac. From the other, called the North Pond, (although it lies nearly south of the first, about two miles distant,) issues one of the extreme branches of Providence or Blackstone river. One of the extreme branches of Charles river also takes its rise in this town. The Mineral Spring in this town, near White-Hall Pond, is much visited. It contains carbonic acid, and carbonate of lime, and iron. There is a large and commodious hotel at this place, and,it is a fashionable place of resort, situated within three and a half miles of the Boston and Worcester railroad, at Westborough, and 7 miles from the Blackstone canal, at Northbridge. There are in the town 4 churches, (2 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist,) 2 cotton factories, and 2,166 inhabitants. Distant 24 miles S. W. of Concord, 30 northerly from Providence, 14 easterly from Worcester,, and 30 miles S. W. of Boston. In 1837, there were 3 cotton mills ; 3,428 spindles ; cotton goods manufactured, 555,900 yards; valued at $55,350. There were 72,300 pairs of boots and 15,600 pairs of shoes manufactured, valued at $152,300: males employed, 234 ; females, 24. There were 2,950 straw bonnets manufactured, valued at $5,350. The first church was gathered, and the first pastor, Rev. Samuel Barrett, was ordained, in 1724; in 1772, Rev. Elijah Fitch was ordained colleague pastor with Mr. Barrett. Mr. Fitch died in 1788, and was succeeded by Rev. Nathaniel Howe, in 1791. Some time after the ordination of Mr. Barrett, the first Congregational 53 HOPKINTON. Western view in the central part of Hopkinton. minister, a number of the inhabitants of the Episcopal order living in the town, the Rev. Roger Price, a gentleman of eminence and ability, came from England, and erected a house near the middle of the town for public worship, and endowed it Avith a glebe, and public worship was performed under his ministry for a number of years. After his removal to England, he sent the Rev. Mr. Trout- beck, who officiated as minister for some time. — The two churches in the central part of the town, represented in the above engraving, are situated on an elevated hill, which descends with considerable abruptness to the eastward. In or about the year 1746, tAvelve men and a boy Avere enlisted in this town, by Capt. Prescott, of Concord, to go upon the expe dition to Cuba. They went, and all died there, except the boy. The boy returned ; and it was remarked by the old people, that they Avere twelve of the most robust young men in the town. Their names were EdAvard Carrel, Francis Peirce, Samuel Frale, Henry Walker, Thomas Belloes, Samuel Clemons, Henry Walker, Jr., Eleazer Rider, ' Ebenezer Coller, Gideon Gould, Cornelius Claflen, Samuel Rosseau. Within the limits of this toAvn Avas formerly a village of praying Indians ; the folloAving is from Gookin's account : "Magunkaquog is the seventh toAvn Avhere praying Indians inhabit. The signification of the place's name is a place of great trees. It is situated partly within the bounds of Natick and partly upon the lands granted to the country. It lieth west-southerly from Boston about twenty-four miles, near the mid-way betAveen Natick and Hassanamessit. The number of their families is about eleven, and about fifty-five souls. There are men and women, eight members of the church at Natick, and about fifteen baptized per sons. The quantity of the land belonging to it is about three thousand acres. The Indians plant upon a great hill, Avhich is HOPKINTON. 395 very fertile. These people worship God and keep the Sabbath,, and observe civil order, as do the other towns. They have a con stable and other officers. Their ruler's name is Pamphaman ; a sober and active man, and pious. Their teacher's name is Job ; a person well accepted for piety and abilities among them. This town Avas the last settling of the old toAvns. They have plenty of corn, and keep some cattle, horses, and SAvine, for Avhich the place is well accommodated." The following is extracted from a second edition of a Century- Sermon, preached in this place in 1815, by the Rev. Mr. HoAve. It is introduced here to sIioav the nature of some of the controversies Avhich, owing to human imperfection, Avill occasionally take place- between a minister and his people. Of the merits of the folloAving case, the author has no information, excepting what is published in the sermon. He Avould, hoAvever, observe, that in controversies of this kind there is generally some fault on both sides, and that men, when associated i,n a body, Avill oftentimes do acts which they Avould be ashamed to do in their private capacity. Mr. Howe, in, the course of this sermon, says — " When the public took sides upon politics, your minister was a federalist, though he- was sensible a very great majority of the town were of different sentiments. He be lieved then, as he believes now, that he ought to have more regard to his country than.: to any particular part of it ; and when he has occasionally preached political sermons, they have repeatedly occasioned uncomfortable feelings. "Another difficulty your minister has had to encounter was the want of support. A. vast change has taken place in the expenses of dressing and living since my ordina tion, and yet no addition has been made to my salary. "When a candidate, I determined I would never settle till I saw a reasonable pros-. peet of a comfortable support, and when settled that I would never complain of my salary. I remained of this mind till I had been your minister for fifteen years. " Borne down with the fatigues of manual labor, pressed into the woods in the win ter, to, the plough in the spring, and into the meadow in the summer, to support my family comfortably and fulfil my promises, I felt the business of the ministry was greatly neglected ; — that it was impossible for me to do what ought to be done in my profession, unless the people did more toward my support. " I committed my thoughts to paper, then communicated them to four brethren of the church, then to the church as a body, and afterward to the town." The following is extracted from this communication : "When you gave me a call to settle with you in the gospel ministry, and the town.. had concurred and made their proposals, I took the matter under serious consideration. . I considered the unanimity, of the church and town as favorable circumstances, and the proposals that were made with respect to my support, as reasonable, though not large. The ministerial land I was sensible was good, though the state of cultivation was very bad, and the fences extremely poor. It then appeared to me, if I should be favored with prosperity, with the knowledge I thought I had of agriculture, that I should be able to support a family. With those views I gave my answer in the affirmative, was ordained, and' soon had a family. At this time, every article of provision was low, labor was cheap, and my income was sufficient for my support. But within two years , from my ordination, money began to depreciate, and the price of labor to rise ; my sala ry has continued depreciating and labor rising, till it is not worth more than half what it was when I was settled. "I have always been sensible of the difficulty of transacting money business with. any people ; and from this, impression have labored with my hands, to make provision for my family, and fulfil my promises. I have scarcely ever suffered myself to make any complaints ; but I find at present, that my expenses are increasing and my income decreasing, This has led me into considerable perplexity with respect to my duty. If* 396 HOPKINTON. I ask a dismission and remove, it must be with a considerable loss of property. If I , remain as I am, I see no reason to expect any better times. If I exert myself more in laboring with my hands, it must be disadvantageous both to you and me ; for then I must neglect my professional business. If I advertise my house and land for sale, it will appear precipitate. If I propose to the town to purchase it for the next minister, and ask them to dismiss me ; I know not how this will operate. I do not wish to leave the ministry ; but if I should ever remove, it is full time, for I have probably spent the best part of my life among you. Fifteen years ago, the expense of candidate preach ing was four or five dollars a Sabbath ; now it is eight or ten. Then the members of our general court had one dollar per day, now they have two dollars per day. A com mon laborer at that time had fifty-five or sixty dollars per year ; now they have 130, 140, and some 150 dollars a year. ####*# " In these circumstances, brethren, 1 request your advice. Shall I ask a dismission? Or, shall I ask to have the depreciation made up on my salary? Shall I ask the town to purchase my house and land ? Or, shall I advertise it in a public paper ? Or, ought I to remain satisfied as I am? " It costs me this year one hundred and fifty dollars for one man's labor, who can not do my business either winter or summer ; and if I add to this sum the reasonable expense of his board, it will amount to as much as the town pay to my support. It will be said that the ministerial land is much more productive than formerly : this is true ; but how comes it to pass ? Is it not in consequence of the labor and expense I have been at to cultivate and fence it ? Some years I have expended as much on the land as the whole of the income. " If it should be said I have other income, I ask, is it right for me to spend the pro perty that was left to my wife, by her parents, while I am preaching to a people well able to support me, when, perhaps, by and by, she may be left in poverty and dis tress ? " If a farm be let out at the halves, the buildings and fences will soon be out of re pair, and the land impoverished. If all the labor be hired to carry on a farm, and pay the other expenses, the income to the owner will be but small. I say these things to show you my situation, and to convince you, that, should I ask a dismission in a few months, you ought not to think it unreasonable." The manner in which the town acted upon Mr. Howe's com munication is seen by the following. " The town met on Dec. 15, 1806. Mr. Howe was called upon to read to the town the communication he had made to the church. Upon which the vote was put, < to see if the town will (on account of the depreciation of money) add $116 67 to the yearly salary of the Rev. Nathaniel Howe, till such time as labor and provisions fall in then- prices as low as when he was ordained.' This passed in the negative by a large ma jority. " Then Mr. Howe proposed to see if the town would add $116 67 till such time as the members of our general court receive less than two dollars per day for their ser vices. This was negatived by a large majority. " Then Mr. Howe proposed to see if the town will add SI 16 67 for seven years, from the first day of January next. This passed in the negative by a large majority. " Then Mr. Howe proposed to see if the town will make up one half the depreciation on his salary, from this time, while he continues their minister. This passed in the negative by a large majority. " Then Mr. Howe proposed to see if the town will, in future, give him two hundred dollars for his annual salary, and average it on labor, corn, rye, cider, hutter and cheese, beef and pork, at the prices they bore on the day of his ordination. This passed in the negative by a large majority. " Then Mr. Howe proposed to see if the town will purchase his house and land, and keep it lor the next minister. This passed in the negative by a large majority. " Then Mr Howe proposed to see if the town will request the church by a vote to grant him a dismission. This passed in the negative by a large majority "Then Mr. Howe said he had but one proposition more to make ; which was, to see it the town were willing he should publish the communication he had made to the church, and read to the town this day, and all the doings of the town thereon. And this also passed in the negative by a large majority. Attest, ' EPHRAIM READ, Town Clerk.n Near the conclusion of the sermon Mr. Howe says LEXINGTON. 397 " My brethren, may I ask a question, a plain, simple question ? How shall I obtain your consent? Shall I take silence for consent? Your countenances discover a wil lingness. " The question is this : do you know by what means I have become so rich as tc have a great house, finished and furnished ; a farm, a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, horses, and money at interest ? I say nothing about my debts to-day. " Shall I answer the question ? The principal reason is this ; because I have been doing your business, and neglecting my own. What is your business ? Your business is to support your minister ; and that is what I have been doing, for more than twenty years. And what is my business? My business is to study and preach ; and in this I have never abounded. It is true, I have been absent from public worship not more than four or five Sabbaths for twenty-five years ; but I have frequently been present, and attempted to preach, when it has been mortifying to me, and eourd not have been edifying to you. I have sometimes administered reproof, both to the church and the society, in a manner that has been thought to discover some degree of severity ; but in these cases you have always had good sense enough to know you richly deserved it." LEXINGTON. This town was incorporated in 1712. The face of the town is rather rough and uneven, and the soil is not of the first quality for cultivation. There are, however, some good farms and extensive meadows on the branches of the Shawshine river, several of which rise in this town. In 1837, the value of boots and shoes manufac tured in this place was $12,278; fur caps manufactured, 60,000 muffs and neck ties, 600 ; fur capes, 400 ; fur gloves, 1,000 pairs value of these articles, $73,000 ; males employed, 25 ; females, 75 capital invested, $55,000. There Avas also an establishment for calico printing. Population, 1,622. Distance, 7 miles from Con cord, 13 from Lowell, and 10 from Boston. The following is a representation of the far-famed spot where the first blood was shed at the opening of the great drama of the Revo lution. The engraving is a western view from the Concord road, showing the Unitarian church, and the monument on Lexington green, or common. The monument is situated on a small eleva tion of ground on the western side of the green ; a small school- house stood on this spot at the time the British troops fired upon the Americans, on the memorable 19th of April, 1775. The church seen in the engraving stands on the same spot where the ancient church stood, which was taken down in 1794, when the present building was erected. The following is the inscription on the monument : — Sacred to the Liberty and the Rights of Mankind ! ! ! — The Freedom & Independ ence of America, — Sealed and defended with the blood of her sons. — This Monument is erected — By the Inhabitants of Lexington — Under the patronage, and at the expense of — The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, — To the memory of their Fellow-Citizens — Ensign Robert Munroe, Messrs. Jonas Parker, — Samuel Hadley, Jonathan Harring ton, Junr — Isaac Muzzy, Caleb Harrington, and John Brown — Of Lexington, and Asahel Porter of Woburn — Who fell on this field, the first victims to the — Sword of British Tyranny & Oppression — On the morning of the ever memorable — Nineteenth of April, An. Dom. 1775.— The Die was Cast ! ! !— The Blood of these Martyrs— In the cause of God & their Country, — Was the Cement of the Union of these States then — Colonies, &; gave the spring to the Spirit, Firmness — And Resolution of their Fellow- 398 LEXINGTON. Congregational Church and Monument at Lexington. Citizens — They rose as one man to revenge their brethren's — Blood, and at the point of the sword to assist & — Defend their native Rights. — They nobly dared to be free ! ! — The contest was long, bloody & affecting, — Righteous Heaven approved the solemn appeal ; — Victory crowned their arms ; — And the Peace, Liberty, & Independence, of the United — States of America, was their glorious Reward. — Built in the year 1799. The house seen betAveen the church and the monument was in 1775 the public inn, kept by Mr. John Buckman ; it is now the re sidence of Mr. Rufus Merriam. The Americans at the time they were fired upon were paraded, perhaps, four or fiAre rods eastward of the monument, toAvards the barn seen in the engraving. In the extreme distance, on the right, is seen the tower of the Baptist church, on the Boston road. The village in the vicinity of the churches consists of about forty dAvelling-houses, most of which are situated south-westward of the monument. The following is a vieAV of the ancient meeting-house and other buildings, as they appeared in 1775. In the afternoon, on their retreat, the British troops fired a cannon ball through this meeting house ; it passed out through the pulpit AvindoAv. The drawing was made from a large print, published by Mr. Amos Doolittle, of New Haven, Con., in 1775. Mr. Doolittle and Mr. Earl, who made the original drawing, were both members of the governor's guard at New Haven, Avhich company, Avhen the neAvs of the bloodshed at Lexington reached New Haven, immediately volun teered their services, took up their march for Boston, and joined the American army investing that place. The company continued at Cambridge for a number of weeks before they returned. While here, Mr. Earl and Mr. Doolittle visited Lexington and Concord, and took a drawing of the buildings and surrounding scenery, par ticularly at Lexington, where the first blood was shed.* * The author of this work would here state that he was personally acquainted with Mr. Doolittle, and has conversed with him repeatedly upon the subject of these draw- LEXINGTON, 399 H» 51 ,\\Y-V fcilliS«|i^H View of Lexington Meeting-house and Buckman's Tavern in 1775. " At about 10 o'clock in the evening of the 18th, a detachment of British troops, consisting of grenadiers and light infantry, in all about eight hundred, embarked from Boston in boats, and landed at Lechmere Point in Cambridge, just as the' moon rose. To pre vent discovery, they took a bypath leading to the main road, which obliged them to wade through marshy places and water to a con siderable depth. " Governor Gage, by posting sentinels, endeavored to prevent the carrying intelligence of the embarkation of the troops into the country. But nothing of the kind could escape the notice of the vigilant and active General Warren and his compatriots. Colonel Revere and a Mr. Lincoln had been seasonably sent out of Boston, to give information to Hancock and Adams, and to others, of the movement of. the British troops, and what might be expected. Revere and Lincoln, one through CharlesAoAvn, the other through Roxbury, met at Lexington. They both brought written com munications from General Warren, that a large body of the king's troops (supposed to be a brigade of twelve or fifteen hundred men) had embarked in boats, and gone OArer to Lechmere Point, and it was suspected they were ordered to seize and destroy the stores belonging to the colony, then deposited at Concord. The march ings. They were four in number, and were engraved by Mr. Doolittle. Plate 1. repre sented the Battle of Lexington. Plate 2. A View of the -Town of Concord, with the ministerial troops destroying the stores. Plate 3. The Battle at the North Bridge, at Concord. Plate 4. The South Part of Lexington, where the first detachment was joined by Lord Percy. Being familiar with these engravings, and having visited the places of which they are a representation, the author would state that these plates, though rude in execution, and defective in point of perspective, are from drawings taken on the spot, giving a faithful representation of the houses, &c, as they appeared at that time. These engravings may be considered as the first regular series of historical prints ever published in this country. Mr. Doolittle, the engraver, died in 1832, after having industriously applied himself to the business of engraving for more than half a century. The "Battle of Lexington" was his first attempt in the art ; and it may be men tioned, as somewhat remarkable, that the last day he was able to perform any labor, he assisted the author of this work in engraving a reduced copy of this plate. 400 L, IS JS. 1 IN li T U N . r of the British troops was silent and rapid. A little before 5 o'clock, A. M., they arrived at Lexington, near the meeting-house, and in sight of the militia there collected." Major Pitcairn, (who was afterwards killed at Bunker Hill,) led the van ; he rode up, and, addressing the militia as rebels, or dered them to throw down their arms and disperse. This order, as far as it regarded the throioing down of their arms, appears not to have been obeyed. Pitcairn then fired his pistol, and, flourishing his sword, ordered his soldiers to fire. Eight -of the Americans Avere killed. ; three or four by the first fire of the British, the others after they had left the parade. The following deposition of Mr. Wood, of Woburn, published in Rev. Dr. Ripley's "History of the Fight at Concord," gives a circumstantial account of this event. " I, Sylvanus Wood, of Woburn, in the county of Middlesex and commonwealth oi Massachusetts, aged seventy-four years, do testify and say, that on the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, I was an inhabitant of Woburn, living with Deacon Obediah Ken dall ; that about an hour before the break of day on said morning, I heard the Lexing ton bell ring ; and fearing there was difficulty there, I immediately arose, took my gun, and with Robert Douglass went in haste to Lexington, whjch was about three miles distant. When I arrived there, I inquired of Captain Parker, the commander of the Lexington company, what was the news. Parker told me he did not know what to believe, for a man had come up about half an hour before, and informed him that the British troops were not on the road. But while we were talking, a messenger came up and told the captain that the British troops were within half a mile. Parker imme diately turned to his drummer, William Diman, and ordered him to beat to arms, which was done. Captain Parker then asked me if I would parade with his company. I told him I would. Parker then asked me if the young man with me would parade. I spoke to Douglass, and he said he would follow the captain and me. By this time many of the company had gathered around the captain at the hearing of the drum, where we stood, which was about half way between the meeting-house and Buckman's tavern. Parker says to his men, 'Every man of you, who is equipped, follow me, — and those of you who are not equipped, go into the meeting-house and furnish your selves from the magazine, and immediately join the company.' Parker led those of us who were equipped to the north end of Lexington common, near the Bedford road, and formed us in single file. I was stationed about in the center of the company. While we were standing, I left my place, and went from one end of the company to the other, and counted every man who was paraded, and the whole number was thirty- eight and no more.* Just as I had finished and got back to my place, I perceived the British troops had arrived on the spot between the meeting-house and Buckman's, near where Captain Parker stood when he first led off his men. The British troops immediately wheeled so as to cut off those who had gone into the meeting-house. The British troops approached us rapidly in pkttoons, with a general officer on horseback at their head. The officer came up to within about two rods of the center of the com pany, where I stood, the first platoon being about three rods distant. They there halted. The officer then swung his sword, and said, ' Lay down your arms, you damn'd rebels, or you are all dead men — fire.' Some guns were fired by the British at us from the first platoon, but no person was killed or hurt, being probably charged only with powder. Just at this time, Captain Parker ordered every man to take care of himself. The company immediately dispersed ; and while the company was dispersing and leaping over the wall, the second platoon of the British fired, and killed some of our men. There was not a gun fired by any of Captain Parker's company within my knowledge. I was so situated that I must have known it, had any thing of the kind taken place before a total dispersion of our company. I have been intimately acquaint ed with the inhabitants of Lexington, and particularly with those of Captain Parker's. company, and, with one exception, I have never heard any of them say or pretend that there was any firing at the British from Parker's company, or any individual in it, un til within a year or two. One member of tlie company told me, many years since, thai * This does not include those who went into the meeting-house and were " cut off.' LINCOLN. 401 after Parker's company had dispersed, and he was at some distance, he gave them ' the guts of his gun.' " After the British had begun their march to Concord, I returned to the common, and found Robert Roe and Jonas Parker lying dead at the north corner of the common, near the Bedford road, and others dead and wounded. I assisted in carrying the dead into the meeting-house. I then proceeded towards Concord with my gun, and when I came near the tavern in Lexington, now kept by Mr. Viles, I saw a British soldier seated on the bank by the road. I went to him, with my gun in readiness to fire, if he should offer to resist. I took his gun, cutlass, and equipments from him. I then proceeded with him towards Lexington, and meeting a Mr. Welch and another person, I delivered the prisoner to them. " After Welch arrived in Lexington with the prisoner, I understood that another prisoner was taken by Mr. John Flagg, and that , they were conducted to Burlington, and put under the care of Captain James Reed. I believe that the soldier who surren dered his gun to me was the first prisoner taken by the Americans on that day. SYLVANUS WOOD." " Middlesex, ss. June 17th, 1826. Then the above-named Sylvanus Wood personally appeared, and subscribed and made oath to the foregoing affidavit. " Before me, NATHAN BROOKS, Justice of the Peace." The following is copied from an inscription on a monument in the Lexington grave-yard. Here lies the body of his Excellency William Eustiss, who was born at Cambridge, June 10th, 1753, and died in Boston, Feb. 6th, 1825. He served his country as a sur geon through the Revolutionary War. In her political affairs he subsequently took an active lead : he successively filled the distinguished places of Secretary at War of the United States, Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at the Court of the Netherlands, Representative to the National Congress, and Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. To the honored and beloved memory of a Revolutionary Patriot, a servant of his country in its highest trusts, a friend to his country in its darkest hours, an eminent orator, a practical statesman, a dutiful son, an affectionate husband, this monument is erected by his mourning widow, Caroline Langdon Eustiss. He hastened to his country's service on the eventful morning of the 19th of April, 1775, and here, within the precincts, hallowed by the blood which was shed that day, after an hon orable and useful life, he rests in peace and hope, conformably to his last wish, by his mother's side. LINCOLN. This town was incorporated as the second precinct of Concord in 1746. It was incorporated as a town in 1754, by the name of Lincoln, which name was given by Chambers Russell, Esq., whose ancestors were from Lincolnshire, England. The town averages about 5 miles in length and 3 in breadth. It has all the varieties of soil, from the richest to the poorest. Though, rough and un even, it contains some of the best farms in the county. The most celebrated is that known at different times as the Russell, Codman, and Percival farm. Flint's or Sandy Pond, containing about 197 acres, derived its name from its being situated on the farm -of Ephraim Flint, one of the original owners of Lincoln. It is a favorite resort for pickerel ; and its fisheries have been con sidered of so much importance, that an act was passed by the le gislature, in 1824, prohibiting any person, under the penalty of $2, from fishing with " more than one hook" between the 1st of De- 54 402 LITTLETON. cember and April. Lincoln is three and a half miles south-east erly from Concord, and 16 north-westerly from Boston. Popula tion, 694. It contains one Congregational church, which is situ ated on a hill 470 feet above high-water mark in Boston. This building has been several times repaired. A steeple was built in 1755, and furnished with a bell, the gift of Mr. Joseph Brooks. The first minister, Rev. Wm. Lawrence, was ordained in 1748. The following is the inscription on his monument : " In memory of the Rev. William Lawrence, A. M., Pastor of the church of Christ m Lincoln, who died April 11, 1780, in the 57th year of his age, and 32d of his minis try. He was a gentleman of good abilities, both natural and acquired, a judicious divine, a faithful minister, and firm supporter of the order of the churches. In his last sickness, which was long and distressing, he exhibited a temper characteristic of the minister and christian. ' Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.' " LITTLETON. This town was formerly a gore of land not included in any of the adjoining towns : it remained in this state many years after they were incorporated. It was but thinly inhabited by some English people, together with Indians living on their ancient settle ments, and was known by the name of Nashoba. In 1715, upon the petition of one Whitcomb and Powers, this place was incorpo rated into a town, by the name of Littleton. It was so called after the name of the Hon. George Lytlleton, Esq., member of Parlia ment, and one of the commissioners of the treasury. In return for the honor done to his name, the noble gentleman presented this town with a church bell ; but, on account of an error in spelling the name, caused by substituting the i for the y, which formed the word Littleton, the valuable present miscarried, and was finally withheld, under the pretence that no such town as Lyttleton, to which the bell was to be presented, could anywhere be found. It is stated, that the same bell is now in the possession and use of the town in this commonwealth which purchased it. The first settled minister was Rev. Benjamin Shattuck, Avho Avas ordained in Dec. 1717. He continued in the ministry about 13 years, and was succeeded by Rev. Daniel Rogers, who died in 1782, after a ministry of more than half a century. He Avas succeeded by Rev. Edmund Foster, who Avas ordained in 1781. Littleton is principally an agricultural toAvn. Population, 876. Distance, 10 miles from Concord, 5 miles from Groton, and 26 from Boston. Mr. Gookin, in his history of the Indian tribes, gives the following account of this place : ¦n "Z^t^X^ SiXth nf ^ ? ran town- This village is situ^d in a manner - Jt IrT * fTn, Chel^ford, Lancaster, Groton, and Concord, about 25 miles Jw fi^nfl T°vf u The lnhabltants are ab°ut ten families, aW consequently about fifty souls. This village is four miles square. The people live here as in In dian villages, upon planting corn, fishing, hunting, and sometimes labouring with the English people. Their ruler of late years was John Ahatawana, a pious man. After LITTLETON. 403 his decease, Pennekennet, or Pennekannet, became their chief. Their teacher's name was John Thomas, a sober and pious man. The father of this John (Thomas) was murdered by the Maquas Indians, in the most secret manner, as he was fishing for eels at his wear. He was a pious and useful man In this place are or chards of apples. Near unto this town is a pond, wherein, at some seasons, there is a strange rumbling noise, as the Indians, affirm; the reason thereof is not yet known. Some have considered the hill adjacent as hollow, wherein the wind, being pent, is the cause of this rumbling, as in earthquakes. At this place they attend civil and reli gious order, as in other praying towns ; and they have a constable and other officers. This town was deserted during the Maquas war in 1676 ; but is now again peopled, and in a hopeful way to prosper."* " The pond above mentioned" (says Mr. Foster in his Century Sermon in 1815) " must be Nagog. .. . . . It lies on the eastern extremity of this town." The report of a strange noise, heard occasionally in this pond, was not without foundation. But the- noise was not in the water, as they imagined, but from a hill, ly ing in a north-west direction, and about half a mile distant from the pond, partly in Littleton and partly in Westford, known by the name of Nashoba Hill. A rumbling noise, from time to time, has been heard from this hill ever since the settlement of the toAvn. It has been repeated within two years past, and is called "the- shooting of Nashoba Hill." At the south-easterly part of the town, and on the northerly side- of a pond lying there, the Indians erected and maintained a fort, which gave to the waters adjoining the name of Fort Pond. The fort was built on an elevated spot of ground, occupied and im proved by the Indians, according to their manner of cultivation. The principal oAvner, or oldest possessor, of this plot of ground, was an Indian by the name- of Spean ; and the- land is known to this day by the name of " Spean's Hill." " The oldest dwelling- house in this town (says Mr. Foster) was erected as a garrison- house for the defence of the English settlers against their Indian enemies. This ancient and much decayed building is situated on the south-easterly side of Nashoba Hill. It is in possession of the family of Mr. Samuel Reed, deceased, is now inhabited by his . widow, and is said to have been standing more than 170 years." In the Indian war, Isaac and Jacob Shepherd were killed, and a young maid, about the age of 15, was taken captive by the Indians. She had been set to watch the enemy on a hill,, which lies about a, third of a mile south of Nashoba Hill, on the road leading to Bos ton, and was called Qnagana Hill. Tradition says that this girl was carried by the savages to Nashawa, now called Lancaster, or to some place in the neighborhood of it ; that in the dead of night, she took a saddle from under the head of her Indian keeper, when sunk in sleep, increased by the fumes of ardent spirit, put the sad dle on a horse, mounted on him, swam him across Nashawa river, . and so escaped the hands of her captors, and arrived safe to her relatives and friends. * Gookin's Historical Collections, chap. 7, p. 188. 404 LOWELL. LOWELL. The city of Lowell is now a part of the land granted for a town, called Wamesit, by the general court to the Pawtucket Indians, once the most powerful tribe north of the Massachusetts. The his torian Gookin states that " the tribe was almost wholly destroyed by the sickness in 1612 and '13; and at this day (1674) there are not above two hundred and fifty men, besides women and children. What that disease Avas, that so generally and mortally swept away these and other Indians in New England, I cannot learn. Doubt less it was some pestilential disease. I have discoursed with some Indians, that were then youths, Avho say ' that their bodies were exceeding yellow before, and after they died,' describing it by a yellow garment they showed me." The following account of Wa mesit is from Gookin' s Historical account of the Indians. " Wamesit* is the fifth praying town ; and this place is situated upon the Merrimac river, being a neck of land where Concord river falleth into Merrimac river. It is about twenty miles from Boston, N. N. W., and within five miles of Billerica, and as much from Chelmsford ; so that it hath Concord river upon the W. N. W. and Merrimac upon the N. N. E. It hath about fifteen families, and consequently seventy-five souls. The quantity of land belonging to it is about twenty-five hundred acres. The land is fer tile, and yieldeth plenty of corn. It is excellently accommodated with a fishing place ; and there is taken a variety of fish in their season, as salmon, shad, lamprey-eels, stur geon, bass, and divers others. There is a great confluence of Indians, that usually resort to this place in the fishing seasons. Of these strange Indians, divers are vicious and -wicked, men and women, which Satan makes use of to obstruct the prosperity of religion here. The ruler of this people is called Numphow. He is one of the blood of their chief sachems. Their teacher is called Samuel ; son to the ruler, a young man of good parts, and can speak, read, and write English competently. He is one of those that was bred up at school, at the charge of the corporation for the Indians. These Indians, if they were diligent and industrious, to which they have been frequently ex cited, might get much by their fish, especially fresh salmon, which are of esteem and a good price at Boston in the season ; and the Indians being stored with horses of a low price, might furnish the market fully, being but a short distance from it. And divers other sorts of fish they might salt or pickle, as sturgeon and bass ; which would be much to their profit. But notwithstanding divers arguments used to persuade them, and some orders made to encourage them ; yet their idleness and improvidence doth hitherto prevail. " At this place, once a year, at the beginning of May, the English magistrate keeps his court, accompanied with Mr. Eliot, the minister ; who at this time takes his oppor tunity to preach, not only to the inhabitants, but to as many of the strange Indians as can be persuaded to hear him ; of which sort, usually, in times of peace, there are con siderable numbers at that season. And this place being an ancient and capital seat of Indians, they come to fish ; and this, good man takes this opportunity to spread the net of the gospel, tofish for their souls." In 1726, Wamesit was annexed to the toAvn of Chelmsford. Tradition says that the house erected by the Indians for public Avorship was built of logs, and located on the high ground at the head of Appleton street. As the English population increased, the Indians decreased, till their number became very small, when they sold out their remaining lands and removed to the north. Their last abiding place here Avas, it is stated, on Fort Hill, around which portions of a trench dug by them are still visible. ' ' The toAvn of Lowell, as incorporated by an act of the legislature, * Now in Lowell, previously in Tewksbury . — For a number of interesting particu lars respecting the history of Lowell, the author is indebted to Floyd's Lowell Direc tory for 1S37. Drawn by J. W. Barber— Engraved byE. L. Barber, New Haven, Conn. EAST VIEW OF LOWELL, MASS. The above is an eastern view of the central part of Lowell as seen from the elevated ground on the Dracut or northern side of Merrimac river. The entrance of Concord river into the Merrimac is seen on the left. LOWELL. 405 passed on the first day of March, 1826, contained four square miles, and Avas formerly the north-eastern section of the town of Chelms ford. The legislature, in 1834, annexed Belvidere village, the westerly corner of TeAvksbury, to Lowell. This annexation ex tends the territory of Lowell to nearly five square miles. The population of Lowell in 1820 was about 2,000 ; in 1828, 3,532 ; in 1830, 6,477; in 1832, 10,254; in 1833, 12,363. In 1837, it was 18,010. " The first effort to promote manufactures in this place were made in 1813. In consequence of the restrictions that were laid on commerce, and of the war with Great Britain, the attention of many enterprising men was directed to domestic manufactures. Capt. Phi neas Whiting and Capt. Josiah Fletcher, having selected an eligible site on Concord river, at the Wamesit falls, about a hundred rods from the Merrimac, erected, at the expense of about $3,000, a large wooden building for a cotton manufactory. In 1818, they sold their buildings and their right to the water-poAver, to Mr. Thomas Hurd. Mr. Hurd afterwards fitted up the wooden factory, and erected a large brick one and several dwelling-houses, and improv ed the same for fabricating woollen goods. The woollen factory was destroyed by fire on the 30th of June, 1826, but was rebuilt immediately after. Mr. Hurd continued the business till the great pressure in 1828, when he was compelled to assign his property for the benefit of his creditors, and which was afterwards pur chased by the Middlesex Company. " About the year 1820, Messrs. Patrick T. Jackson, Nathan Ap pleton, and Kirk Boott, of Boston, entered into a design to form a company for the purpose of manufacturing cotton goods, particu larly calicoes. They accordingly commenced an enquiry for a suitable water privilege. A large number of privileges were ex amined, and, for various reasons, rejected. At length Mr. Paul Moody, then connected with the manufacturing establishments at Waltham, while on a visit to his friends in Amesbury, met with Mr. Worthen, a gentleman of taste, Avith views congenial tohis own, to whom he mentioned that an extensive water privilege was want ed by the above-named gentlemen. Mr. Worthen replied, ' Why do they not purchase the land around the Pawtucket falls, in Chelmsford 1 They can put up as many works as they please, and never want for water.' This conversation resulted in a visit of these gentlemen to this place, and from observation they were both satisfied that the privilege was exactly what was wanted. The Pawtucket canal was immediately purchased by Messrs. Jackson, Appleton, and Boott. " This canal was projected about the year 1790, and the propri etors were incorporated in 1792, by the name of ' The Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimac River.' It was open for the purpose of facilitating the transportation of wood and lumber from the interior to Newburyport. It is about one mile and a'half in length, had four sets of locks, and was built at the expense of $50,000. Its direction is nearly east, and it enters Concord river, 406 LOWELL. just above its junction with the Merrimac, where the water is thirty-two feet lower than at the head of the Pawtucket falls. "It is worthy of remark, that a few years before the purchase Avas made by Messrs. Jackson, Appleton, and Boott, an engineer was sent to examine this place, by a number of gentlemen in Boston, Who made a report that there was no water privilege here. The company made the first purchase of real estate on the 2d of No vember, 1821. They began their work about the 1st of April, 1822. On the 10th of July, they began to dig the canal broader and deeper, and let the water into it about the 1st of September, 1823. Five hundred men were constantly employed in digging and blast ing. The gunpoAvder used in blasting amounted to $6,000, at one shilling per pound. The Avhole expense of digging the canal was about $> 120,000. It is now sixty feet wide, has three sets of locks, and the water in it is eight feet deep, and is calculated to supply about fifty mills. In digging this canal ledges were found, conside rably below the old canal, which bore evident traces of its having once been the bed of the river. Many places were found worn into the ledge, as there usually are in falls, by stones kept con stantly in motion by the water ; some of these cavities were one foot or more in diameter and two feet deep. " The company Avas first incorporated by the name of the ' Mer rimac Manufacturing Company.' In 1825, a new company was formed, called the ' Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimac River,' to whom the Merrimac Manufacturing Company sold all the water privilege and all their real estate, together with the machine shop and its appurtenances, reserving water power sufficient for five factories and the print works, and also the buildings occupied for boarding-houses, and the land on which they are situated. " There are ten houses for public worship in Lowell : 3 Baptist, 3 Congregational, 2 Methodist, 1 Universalist, and 1 Catholic ; 16 primary schools, 5 grammar schools, and 1 high school. There are three banks, the ' City,' ' Lowell,' and ' Railroad' Banks. There are 5 newspapers published in this place. " Lowell became an incorporated city in February, 1836, by an act of the general court, accepted by a vote of the people April 11. On the first of May, the following officers were chosen for city go vernment. CITY OFFICERS. Elisha Bartlett, Mayor. ALDERMEN. William Austin, Oliver M. Whipple, Seth Ames, Benjamin Walker, Aaron Mansur, Alexander Wright. COMMON COUNCIL. Thomas Nesmith, Henry J. Baxter, Stephen Mansur, Thomas OrdAvay, Weld Spaulding, John Mixer, Samuel Garland, Jonathan BoAvers, John A. Savels, George Brownell, Sidney Spaulding, James Cook, LOWELL 407 Cyril French, John Clark, Josiah B. French, Horace Howard, James Russell, Jonathan Tyler, William Wyman, H. W. Hastings, David Dana, Erastus Douglass, David Nourse, Tappan Wentworth. SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Rev. Lemuel Porter, John A. KnoAvles, Dr. John O. Green, Jacob Robbins, Rev. A. Blanchard, Thomas Hopkinson. Samuel A. Coburn, City Clerk. Zacheus Shed, City Marshall." " The Lowell railroad, from the capital and commercial emporium of Massachusetts to Lowell, the greatest manufacturing town in the state, was very early projected. It was obviously important, after it was known that Lowell was rapidly increasing, and the manufacturing establishments greatly extending, that the mode of conveyance, both for men and goods, should be facilitated as to time and expense. The passing of boats on the Middlesex canal, which extends almost the whole distance, is very slow ; usually not more than three miles an hour. The turnpike was, in most cases, a far better mode of conveyance. Railroads were then in operation in England, and highly approved as means of conveying passengers and goods to and from the manufacturing towns. " No town in New England has grown up so rapidly as Lowell. It is but about fif teen years since the settlements began ; and it now contains seventeen thousand inhabit ants. The capital employed in the manufacturing business is over seven and a half millions. In i830, the travel between this place and Boston had become very great ; and during that year a company was incorporated for constructing a railroad ; and in 1835, it was opened for travel. It is constructed in a strong and durable manner. It has an iron edge rail, resting on cast-iron chairs, on, stone blocks, and a stone founda tion. " The distance, from the north-west part of Boston, where the road begins, to Lowell, is twenty-five miles and one thousand feet. For a great distance it is nearly straight. The time usually occupied in the passage is one hour and fifteen minutes. There is a cut through a solid rock or ledge, of six hundred feet, which was made at the expense of forty thousand dollars. In the summer season, there are four trains of cars each way, every day in the week, excepting Sundays. The fare for a single passenger is one dollar ; and goods are transported at far less expense than they can be in any other way. The first cost and additional expenses to the close of 1835 amounted to 1,500,000 dollars ; and the receipts up to the same time, being the income for conveying people and goods, including moneys paid for assessments on shares, were $1,361,000 ; of which $45,000. was received of passengers and owners of property transported. It is propos ed to have a double track on this railroad ; and a second has been commenced, the cost of which is estimated at $300,000. " The usual rate of travel has been already stated. The cars can be run in much less time, and have, in some instances, passed over the whole road in fifty-six minutes. The number of persons conveyed on this road during the present year is far greater than the last ; but the precise number we are unable to give. " It is intended to extend the road to Nashua, in New Hampshire, and thence to Concord in that state. A branch from South Andover, to unite with the Lowell road at Wilmington, a distance of seven miles and a half, has been opened this year ; and it is proposed to continue it from Andover to Haverhill." — American Magazine, vol. iii. 1837. The folloAving account of the business done in LoAvell is taken entire from the Statistical Tables, published by the state in 1837. " Cotton mills, 22 ; cotton spindles, 141,334 ; cotton consumed, 16,053,000 pounds ; cotton goods manufactured, 48,434,000 yards ; value of same, 85,434,000 ; males em ployed, 862 ; females, 5,685; capital invested, $6,167,000. Woollen mills, including 408 LOWELL. tons. Saxony sheep, 25; merino sheep, 25 ; Saxony wool produced, 75 lbs. ; merino wool, 75 lbs. ; average weight of fleece, 3 lbs. ; value of wool, $100 ; capital invested, $200. Boots manufactured, 3,450 pairs ; shoes, 12,350 pairs ; value of boots and shoes, $27,250; males employed, 51 ; females, 19. Tinware manufactories, 3; value of tin ware, $11,000 ; hands employed, 10. Cotton batting mills, 4; capital invested, $20,000 ; batting manufactured, 600,000 lbs. ; value of same, $75,000 ; males employed, 30 ; females, 18. Printing and dyeing cotton goods, 3 mills ; capital invested, $700,000 ; cotton goods dyed and printed, 12,220,000 yards ; males employed, 450 ; females, 35 ; value of printing and dyeing, $550,000. Powdermills, 10 ; capital invested, $125,000; powder manufactured, 50,000 casks ; value of powder, $125,000 ; materials used, salt petre, 1,000,000 lbs. ; brimstone, 150,000 lbs. ; hands employed, 50. Carriage and harness manufactories, 3 ; capital invested, $20,000 ; value of manufactures, $37,000 hands employed, 30. Flour mill, 1 ; hands employed, 8 ; capital invested, $20,000 60 barrels flour made per day, value not estimated. Card factory, 1 ; capital invested. $8,000 ; value of cards manufactured, $12,000 ; wire used in the manufactory, i tons ; males employed, 4 ; females, 4. Reed factory, 1 ; capital employed, $2,000 ; value of manufacture, $6,000 ; wire used in the manufacture, 2 tons ; males employ ed, 2 Whip manufactory, 1 ; capital invested, $2,000 ; value of whips manufactured, $6,000 ; males employed, 4 ; females, 2. Brass and copper manufactory, 1 ; capital invested, $2,500 ; value of manufactures, $20,000 ; hands employed, 10. Establish ments for manufacture of cotton machinery, engines and cars for railroads, &c, 3 ; capital invested, $500,000 ; value of manufactures, $300,000 ; wrought and cast iron used in the said manufactures, 1,200 tons ; coal used, 400 tons ; oil used, 2,300 gallons ; hands employed, 500." The following respecting Lowell is extracted from M. Cheva lier's work on the United States, recently published in Europe. This traveller visited Lowell in 1834. " Lowell is a town which dates its existence twelve years, with 14 or 15,000 inhabit ants, including the adjoining Faubourg of Belvidere. Twelve years ago it was an uncultivated solitude, whose silence was broken only by the murmur of the little river, the Concord, and by the roar of the transparent waters of the Merrimac over the ledges of granite which obstruct their passage. Now, here are immense buildings of five, six, seven stories each, surmounted with a, small white cupola rising above the red brick work, and reflected on 'the neighboring hills which bound the horizon. Here are small square houses of wood painted white, with green blinds, very neat, and enclosed — well furnished with carpets, with trees about them, or brick houses, in the English fashion, that is to say, pretty, — plain without, and comfortable within. " On one side are shops, stores, fashionable shops, (magazins de modes,) without number, for women abound in Lowell, large hotels after the American fashion, hke barracks, — the only barracks at Lowell ; on the other hand are canals, water-wheels, cascades, bridges, foundries, banks, schools, bookstores, for there is much reading here ; reading is, in fine, their only amusement, and there are no less than seven news papers. "In every direction are churches of every sect, — Episcopal, Baptist, Congregational ists, Methodist, Universalists, Unitarians, &c; there is also a Catholic chapel. Here are all the edifices of a flourishing city of the old world, with the exception of prisons, hospitals, and theatres. Here are the sounds of hammers, of shuttles, of bells, which call and dismiss the operatives ; here are stage coaches with six horses arriving and departing. Here is the noise of gunpowder, blowing up rocks to make a passage for the water or to level the ground ; here is the peaceful farm of a laborious popu lation, all whose movements are as regular as clock-work, — a population not born at LoweU, and of which the half will die somewhere else, after having successively laid the foundation of three or four other cities ; for the American of pure blood has this in common with the Tartars, that he is encamped, not fixed, on the soil which he occu pies. " Massachusetts and the neighboring states, composing New England, contain manu facturing towns similar to Lowell, but no other has attained the same size. "Unlike the cities of Europe which were built by some demi-god, son of Jupiter, or by some hero of the siege of Troy, or by an inspiration of the genius of a Ceesar or an Alexander, or by the assistance of some holy monk, attracting crowds by his miracles, or by the caprice of some great king, like Louis XIV. or Frederick, or by an edict of Peter the Great, it is neither a pious foundation, a refuge of the proscribed, nor a mili tary post. It is a speculation of the merchants of Boston. The same spirit of enterprise, M A L D E N . 409 which the last year suggested to them to send a cargo of ice to Calcutta, that Lord William Bentinck and the Nabobs of the India Company might drink their wine cool, has led them to build a city, wholly at their expense, with all the edifices required by an advanced civilization, for the purpose of manufacturing cotton cloths and printed cali coes. They have succeeded, as they usually do in their speculations. The dividends of the manufacturing companies of Lowell are usually 5 to 6 per cent, semi-annually. " Manufactures of cotton, which in America only date from the last war with Eng land, are making rapid progress, notwithstanding the modification of the tariff, result ing from the late demonstrations of South Carolina, has somewhat cooled the ardor for manufacturing. Boston, like Liverpool, seems destined to have her Lancashire about her. As waterfalls abound in New England, in conformity with the general law applicable to regions of granite, it will be a long time before it will be necessary to resort to steam-engines. " This portion of America is generally iar from fertile. It required the perseverance,. and even the obstinacy of the Puritans, to transport thither the charms of civilized life. It is broken, mountainous, cold. It is the commencement of the chain of the Allega- nies, which runs towards the Gulf of Mexico, leaving the Atlantic coast. The inhabit ants possess in the highest degree a genius for mechanics. They are patient, skilful, full of invention; — they must succeed in manufactures. It is in fact already done, and Lowell is a little Manchester. More than 30,000 bales of cotton are consumed there, or one sixth of the whole consumption of the United States, beside wool, which is there manufactured into broadcloths, carpets, and cassimeres. To increase the- resemblance between Liverpool and their city, the merchants of Boston have decided that there shall be a railroad from Boston to Lowell, the distance being ten leagues. They have not permitted this railroad to be constructed in the bold style and of the- temporary character which are found in most of the American railroads. They wished a Roman work, and their engineers have given them one. They have made them a railroad certainly the most solid which exists in the world. They have only omitted the fine workmanship, the cut stone arches, the columns and monumental architecture,, which make the Liverpool and Manchester railroad one of the wonders of modern times. These magnificent ornaments are of no importance. The railroad from Bos ton to Lowell, in its Roman or Cyclopean simplicity, will cost 800,000 francs the league." MALDEN. Malden was originally a part of Charlestown. It was probably incorporated a distinct town about 1649. Some uncertainty exists respecting the exact time of the incorporation of some of the ancient toAvns in the state, from the fact that such acts cannot be found in print. The records which remain are oftentimes quite laconic. The record respecting Maiden is thus expressed : " The Mistic north side men are incorporated into a town called Maiden." From this it appears that the bounds of the toAvn were made to include all that part of Charlestown lying north of Mystic river. The precise period of erecting the first meeting-house is not known. It appears, however, that one existed in 1682, from the town order of that date, which provides " that the meeting house be repaired, to keep out the weather, and to save the sills from rotting." At this time, the toAvn was in possession of a bell, which for many years was placed upon an elevated rock, termed Bell Rock. This custom of locating the town's bell upon an elevation near the meeting-house was quite a common usage among the early settlers. The first church gathered in the town was in 1648. In 1651, they called a minister to the pastoral office, without the consent of the neighboring churches, and without permission from the legal 410 MALDEN. authority; for this they Avere fined by the general court. Mr. Blackman and Mr. Thomas Cheever appear to have been the first ministers ; after these, Rev. Michael Wigglesworth was pastor, and Avas a popular minister in the times in which he lived, being cotemporary with the famous Cotton Mather. Mr. Wigglesworth, " when the weakness of his lungs disqualified him from preaching, would strive, with his pen, to render truth attractive, by invest ing her with the garb of poetry." His "Day of Doom" went through six editions in this country, and was republished in London. It comprises a version, after the manner of Sternhold and Hopkins, of all the scripture texts relative to the final judg ment of man, and contains 224 stanzas of 8 lines each. He died in 1705, aged 74. Southern view of Maiden. The above is a vieAV of the central part of Maiden, four and a half miles from Boston, taken at the southern entrance of the village on the Boston road. The village consists of about 40 dwelling-houses, 4 churches, 1 Universalist, 1 Congregationalist, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist. The church appearing on the right is the Congregational ; the Universalist church, the largest in the village, is seen in the distance on the left. Population of the town, 2,303. In 1837, there Avere manufactured in this tOAvn 250 pairs of boots, 155,800 pairs of shoes, valued at $118,410 36; males employed, 214; females, 110. There were 5 establishments for currying leather; 28,500 sides of leather were curried, valued at $ 99,750. The value of tin ware manufactured Avas $31,000; hands employed, 20. One rolling and slitting mill, Avhich manu factured 550 tons of iron, valued at $78,000. There was also a last, dye Avood, twine and block tin manufactory. The folloAving are extracted from the ancient records : 1689. " Voted at a publick towne meeting, that no young trees under a foot over are to be felled for fire wood under a penalty of paying five shillings for every such tree." MARLBOROUGH. 41 1 "The mark which Capt. John line doe put upon ye ears of those his cretures which he usuly eare markes — That is, ye top of ye near eare cut square of and a slit down in the "same eare. Also a half peney cut out of ye under side of ye furder eare." 1684. " At a meeting of ye selectmen for ye regulation of Dis order in ye meeting house on ye Lord's day, by boys and youths playing, it is ordered by ye selectmen that all householders and masters of families in this town shall take their turns successively, every Lord's day, below and in the galleries." * In 1702, " John Sprague was appointed school master for the year insuing, to learn children and youth to Read and Wright ; and to Refmetick, according to his best skill ; And he is to have £10 paid him by the town for his pains. The school is to be kept for all ye inhabitants of ye town, and to be kept at four severall places, at four severall times, one quarter of a year in a place." MARLBOROUGH. v A tract of land, six miles square, was granted to a number of petitioners, inhabitants of Sudbury, in 1656, which was incor porated by the name of Marlborough, in May, 1660. The Indian name of this place was Okommakamesit. The last distinguished leader of the tribe, who resided here, was Onomog. By the reason assigned in the petition for the land, it appears that the English settlement was begun about 1654. The infant town was severely checked in its growth by the invasion of the savages. In Mr. Packard's account of the town (Mass. Hist. Coll., 4th vol.) it is stated, that, " on the Sabbath, when Mr. Brimsmead was in sermon, March 20, 1676, the worshipping assembly Avas suddenly dispersed by an outcry of ' Indians at the door.' The confusion of the first moment Avas instantly increased by a fire from the enemy ; but the God whom they were worshipping shielded their lives and limbs, excepting the arm of one Moses Newton, who was carrying an elderly and infirm woman to a place of safety. In a few minutes they were sheltered in their fort, with the mutual feelings peculiar to such a scene. Their meeting-house, and many dwelling-houses, left without protection, were burnt. Fruit trees pilled and hacked, and other valuable effects rendered useless, perpetuated the barbarity of the savages, many years after the * " In 1675 and 1677, the general court passed several laws, founded upon the system of Alfred the Great, designing thereby a better regulation of society, and a promotion of sound morals. These laws directed an appointment of tythingmen in each town, who were to have the inspection of 10 or 12 families, and to prosecute for all trans gressions of the laws within their tythings or districts. Record is, made of their appointment in this town as early as 1678. It was the duty of a tythingman to enforce the laws respecting the Sabbath, licensed houses, the use of spirituous liquors, and to see that no person was away from home after nine o'clock at night. How well they discharged the duties of their office, the unruly who fell within their grasp would probably be the best judges."— Wright's Historical Discourse, Dec. 1831. 412 MAELBO ROUGH. inhabitants returned. The enemy retired soon after their first onset, declining to risk the enterprise and martial prowess of the young plantation. The new settlers, being much debilitated by their various losses, being a frontier town, and still exposed to the ' adjudication ' of their savage neighbors, left their farms till the seat of war Avas further removed." Marlborough is one of the best agricultural towns in the county. Very little of Avhat is called good land lies level, but is intersected in various directions by hills, declivities and valleys. The high lands are more moist, and less exposed to drought, than the inter vals below them, and often retain their verdure in dry seasons when the valleys are parched. This place is 14 miles south-west of Concord, 16 east of Worcester, and 25 west of Boston. Popu lation, 2,089. There are 4 churches : 1 Restorationist, 1 Ortho dox, 1 Universalist, and 1 Methodist. South-eastern view of Marlborough. The above is a south-eastern view of some of the principal buildings in the central part of Marlborough. The most prominent building seen on the left is the Universalist church ; the Congre gational church is the one seen in the distance, in the central part of the engraving. The West village is about one mile from this place, and contains a Restorationist church and an academy. Feltonville village, in this town, is about three miles north. In 1837, there Avere manufactured in this town 103,000 pairs of shoes, valued at $41,200; there Avere 7,500 straAv bonnets manu factured, valued at $10,850. Mr. William Brimsmead appears to have been the first minister. He was ordained in 1666, and died in 1701. He lived unmarried, and, according to tradition, appears to have been possessed of some singularities, one of Avhich Avas his refusing to baptize children who were born on the Sabbath. Rev. Robert Breck was ordained here in 1707. He was succeeded by Rev. Benjamin Hunt, Avho MEDFORD. 413 was ordained in 1733, and dismissed in 1735. Rev. Aaron Smith was ordained in 1740. and dismissed in 1778. The next, the Rev. Asa Packard, was ordained in 1785. The following is copied from a monument in the grave-yard in the central village : — Reliquiae terrestres Theologi vere venerandi Robekti Breck sub hoc tumulo con- servantur. Pars ccelestis ad cesium myriadum angelorum et ad spiritus juslorum qui perfecti sunt, abiit. Ingenii penetrantis : Quoad vires naturales, vir fuit amplissimtn mentis et judicii solidi una cum animi fortitiidine singulari. Quod partes ncqnisitas spectat, in linguis quae doctae praesertim audiunt admodum peritus : — literarum poli- tarum mensura parum communi instructus ; et quod aliis fuit difficile, die virtute genii proprii et studiis coar . . . . s feliciter subegit. In omnibus Theologiae partibus versatissimus, et vere orthodoxus scriba ad Piegnum Ccelorum usquequaque institutus : officio pastorali in Ecclesia Marlburiensi, ubi Spi ritus Sanctus illiim constituit Episcopum per xxvii. annos fideliter, sedulo, pacifice, multaque cum laude functus est. Doctrinse Revelatae, una cum culm et regimine in Ecclesiis Novanglicanis institutis, assertor habilis et strenuus. Ad consilia danda in rebus arduis turn publicis turn privatis, integritate conspicuus et prudentia instructissimus : — sincere dilexit amicos, patriam, et universam Christi eeclesiam. Demque, pietatis, omnis virtutis socialis, et quoad res terrenas, modera- minis, exemplar ; in doloribus asperis segritudinis ultimas patientia ejus opus perfec- tum habuit, et si non ovans, expectans tamen et placide discessit. Natus Decemb. 7, 1689. Denatus Januar. 6, 1731. Prophetae ipsi non in seculum vivunt. [Beneath this mound are preserved the earthly remains of that truly venerable theologian, Robekt Breck. His celestial part has gone to the myriads of angels in heaven, and to the spirits of the just made perfect. He was of a discriminating genius ; and by nature a man of enlarged mind and sound judgment, united tn un common courage of spirit. As to his acquired parts, he was in the learned tongues exceedingly skilful, and he was furnished with no common measure of polite litera ture. What to others was difficult, he easily mastered by the force of his genius and his close application. In every department of theology he was well versed, and a truly orthodox scribe, thoroughly instructed unto the kingdom of heaven. He peacefully discharged the duties of the pastoral office in the church at Marlborough, over which the Holy Ghost had made him Overseer, with diligence, fidelity, and great success for 27 years. Of Divine Revelation, and of the doctrines, institutions and principles of the Churches of New England, he was an able and strenuous advocate. In giving counsel, in matters both public and private, he was conspicuous for his integrity and wisdom. He sincerely loved his friends, his country, and the whole church of Christ. He was, in short, an exemplar of piety, of every social virtue, and of moderation in worldly desires. In the severe pangs of his last sickness," he finished his work in patience, and if not in triumph, yet in hope, he peacefully departed. Born December 7, 1689. Died January 6, 1731. Even prophets do not live for ever.] MEDFORD. Medford is one of the oldest towns in Massachusetts, being incorporated in 1630. Gov. Dudley, in his letter of March 12th, 1630. to the countess of Lincoln, speaking of the " dispertion" of the settlers who had just arrived from England, says, " some of us upon Mistic, which we named Meadford." In Wood's New England Prospect, printed in London in 1639, the author, in giv ing an account uf the various settlements, notices Mystic or Med- 414 MEDFORD. ford in the following manner : " The next town is Mistic, which is three miles from Charlestown by land, and a league and a half by water. It is seated by the water-side very pleasantly ; there are not many houses as yet. At the head of this river are great and spacious ponds, whither the alewives press to spawn. This being a noted place for that kind of fish, the English resort thither to take them. On the Avest side of this river the Governor hath a farm, where he keeps most of his cattle. On the east side is Mr. Cradock's plantation, where he hath impaled a park, where he keeps his cattle, till he can store it with deer : Here, likewise, he is at charges of building ships. The last year one was upon the stocks of an hundred tons ; that being finished, they are to build one twice her burthen. Sliips without either ballast or loading may float down this river ; otherwise the oyster-bank would hinder them, which crosseth the channel." Southern view of Medford. Medford is a large and flourishing village, built principally on the north-eastern bank of Mystic river, which here, though quite a narrow stream, is of sufficient depth to float to the ocean the numerous vessels which have been built in the place. There are in the village four churches, 2 Congregational, (one of Avhich is Unitarian,) 1 Universalist, and 1 Methodist. The above engrav ing shows the appearance of the village as it is entered from the south, upon the Boston road. The south part of the toAvn is com posed of rich marly soil, through Avhich Mystic river Avinds its Avay to the ocean. The northern part of the tOAvn is broken and rocky. The Middlesex canal and the LoAvell railroad pass to the AvestAvard of the village. Winter Hill, in this town, rises 124 feet above the level of the sea. It is noted in the history of the American Revo lution as the place of the encampment of Gen. Burgoyne and his army after their capture. Population, 2,075. Distance, 14 miles from Concord, 2 west of Maiden, and 5 miles from Boston NATICK. 415 John Brooks, M. D., LL. D., and a governor of the common wealth, was a native and resident of this town. In 1837, there were 239 hands employed in ship-building; 60 vessels were built during the five preceding years, the tonnage of which was 24,195 ; valued at $1,112,970. One hat manufactory ; 10,043 hats were manufactured, valued at $40,275 ; hat bodies manufactured, 40,000, valued at $20,000. Bricks manufactured, 1,200,000, val ued at $7,200. Linseed oil manufactured, 13,500 gallons, from 7,300 bushels of seed; value of oil, $14,856. NATICK. This township was originally granted by the general court to the Indians, as a place for a permanent residence. It was incorpo rated into an English district in 1761, and into a town in 1781, by the name of Natick, a word in the Indian language, signifying " the place of hills." It is watered by Charles river, and contains numerous fish-ponds. 'There are two villages, which are upwards of a mile apart. North Natick is a village newly erected ; it con sists of about 30 houses, two churches, 1 Congregational, and 1 Methodist. The Boston and Worcester railroad passes through this village. South Natick is the ancient village ; it consists of about 20 dwelling-houses and a Unitarian church. Population, 1,221. Distance from Concord, 12 miles, 9 from Dedham, and 16 from Boston. In 1837, there were 250,650 pairs of shoes manu factured here, valued at $213,052 50; males employed, 263; females, 189. The first Indian church in New England was formed here, In 1660. The Indians were first brought together, by Mr. Eliot, at Nonantum, (in Newton) but not finding sufficient accommoda tion, they removed to Natick in 1651. Here they built a toAvn on the banks of Charles river, " which consisted of three long streets; two on the Boston side of the river, and one on the other. To each house was attached a piece of ground. Most of the houses were built after the Indian fa'shion. One large house was erected in the English style, the lower apartment of which was employed as a school-room in the week, and as a place of worship on the Lord's day ; there was likewise a large handsome fort, of a circular figure, palisadoed with trees ; and a foot-bridge over the river, the foundation of which was secured with stone ; with several little houses after the English fashion." According to the advice of Mr. Eliot, they adopted the form of government pro posed by Jethro to Moses. About 100 of them met together, and chose one ruler of a hundred, two rulers of fifties, and ten rulers of tens. After their church was formed, they flourished under a succession of pious teachers, natives and English, until, by repeat ed Avasting sickness and other causes so fatal to the race, they have now become nearly if not quite extinct. The folloAving 56 " 416 NATICK. account of Natick, &c, is from the Memoirs of Eliot, by the ReV. Martin Moore, of Natick. " It lieth upon Charles river, eighteen miles south-west from Boston, and ten miles north-west from Dedham. It hath twenty-nine families, which, computing five persons to a family, amount to one hundred and forty-five persons. The town contains about six thousand acres. The soil is good and well watered, and produceth plenty of grain and fruit. The land was granted to the Indians at the motion of Mr. Eliot, by the general court of Massachusetts : and in the year 1651, a number of them combined together and formed a town, which is the place of the greatest name among Indians, and where their principal courts are held. # * # # " In this town was the first church of Indians embodied, in the year 1660. Unto this church some pious Indians of other places, both men and women, are since joined. The number of men and women in full communion with this church were, in 1670, between forty and fifty. "We are to consider, that all those we call praying Indians are not all visible church members, or baptized persons ; which ordinance of baptism is not to be ad ministered unto any that are out of the visible church, until they profess their faith in Christ and obedience to him, but the infants of such as are members of the visible church are to be baptized. Here, I shall take the liberty, though it be a. digression, to relate a story of remark concerning a child at Natick, a youth of about eleven years of age, who was of a sober and grave carriage, and an attentive hearer of the word, considering his age and capacity, but he had a weak body and was consump tive. This child hearing Mr. Eliot preach upon a time at Natick when the ordinance of baptism was to be administered unto some children, whose parents had made pro fession of their faith and were joined to the church : upon which occasion Mr. Eliot said, that baptism was Christ's mark, which he ordered to be set upon his lambs, and that it was a manifest token of Christ's love to the offspring of his people to set this mark upon them. This child taking special notice of this passage, did often solicit his father and mother, that one or both of them would endeavour to join to the church, that he might be marked for one of Christ's lambs before he died. The parents, who were well inclined, especially the mother, and being also very affectionate to their child, as the Indians generally are, did seriously ponder the child's reiterated intreaties ; and not long after, first the mother, and then the father of the child, joined to the church. Soon after the lad was baptized ; in which he did greatly rejoice and triumph, that he was now marked for one of Christ's lambs. ' Now,' said he to his father and mother, ' I am willing to die ;' which shortly after came to pass ; and I doubt not, but as the child had Christ's name set upon him in baptism and by faith, so his immortal soul is now in glory, rejoicing in communion with Christ. " There are many Indians that live among those that have subjected themselves to the gospel, that are catechised ; who attend public worship, read the scriptures, pray in their families morning and, evening, who have not yet attached themselves to the visible church. The manner practised by these Indians in the worship of God is thus. Upon the Lord's days, fast-days, and lecture-days, the people assemble together at the sound of a drum, (for bells they yet have not) twice a day, in the morning and after noon, on the Lord's days, but only once upon lecture-days, when one of their teachers begins with a solemn and affectionate prayer. In these acts of worship, for I have often been present with them, they demean themselves visibly with reverence, atten tion, modesty and solemnity ; the men-kind sitting by themselves, and the women-kind by themselves, according to their age, quality and degree, in comely manner. And for my own part, I have no doubt, but am fully satisfied, according to the judgment of charity, that divers of them do fear God and are true believers ; but yet I will not deny but there may be some of them hypocrites, that profess religion, and yet are not sound-hearted. But things that are secret belong to God ; and things that are re vealed, unto us and our children. , " Their teachers are generally chosen from among themselves, except some few English teachers of the most pious and able men among them. Mr. Eliot hath of late years fallen into a practice among the Indians, the better to prepare and furnish them with abilities to explicate and apply the scriptures, by setting up a lecture among them in logic and theology, once every fortnight all the summer, at Natick : whereat he is present and ready, and reads and explains to them the principles of those arts. And God hath been pleased graciously so to bless these means, that several of them, especially young men of acute parts, have gained much knowledge, and are able to ' Fpeak methodically and profitably unto any plain text of scripture, yea, as well as you can imagine such little means of learning can advantage them unto. From NATICK. 417 this church and town of Natick hath issued forth, as from a seminary of virtue and piety, divers teachers that are employed in several new praying towns. " In this town they have residing some of their principal rulers, the chief whereof is named Waban, who is now above seventy years of age. He is a person of great prudence and piety. I do not know any Indian that excels him. Other rulers there are living there, as Nattous and Piam, Boohan and others. These are good men and prudent, but inferior to the first. The teachers of this town are Anthony and John Speen, who are grave and pious men. They have two constables belonging to this place, chosen yearly; and there is a marshal-general belonging to all the praying Indian towns, called Captain Josiah, or Pennahanit. He doth attend the chief courts kept here, but he dwells at another place, Nashobah." Mr. Eliot translated the whole Bible into the Natick (or Nip- muc) dialect. This Bible was printed at Cambridge, in 1663, and is the first Bible printed in America. A second edition was printed in 1685, in the correction of which Mr. Eliot received great assistance from Mr. John Cotton.* The following is the title-page : " Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up Biblum God, Naneeswe Nukkone Testament Kah Wonk Wusku Testament." The following is the Lord's Prayer, in the Indian tongue, con tained in the above work. Our father heaven in hallowed thy name come thy kingdom Nnshun kesukqut ; Quttianatamunach ktowesuonk ; Peyaumuutch kukketassutamoonk^ thy will done earth on as heaven in our food daily Kuttenantamoonk nen nach ohkeit neane kesukqut; Nummeetsuongash asekesukokish give us this this day and forgive us our sins as asamaiinean yeuyeu kesukod ; Kah ahquontamaunnean nummatcheseongash neane wicked-doers we forgive them Also lead us not. matchenekuk quengig nutahquontamounnonog ; Ahque sagkompagunaiinnean en temptation in Oh deliver us evil, from for thine qutchhuaonganit; Wehe pohquohwussinnean wutch match itut ; Newutche kutahtaun kingdom and power and glory forever Amen. ketassutamoonk kah menuhkesuonk kah sohsumoonk micheme Amen. The following is copied from a monument in the grave-yard. near the Unitarian church in South Natick. Hie deposits sunt reliquiae domini reverendi Oliveri Peabody, viri, propter mentis facultates et Literaturam necessariam maxima veneratione digni. Speculationes the- ologicas optime delegit. In officio pastorali conspicue effulsit, per annos triginta, Populo apud Natick ministravit praecipue aboriginum eruditionis in religione Christi. ana causa. In vita sociali quoque fuit exemplar. Benevolentia Integra et hospitali- tate catholica maxime antecessit. Retributionem futuram certissime expectans, ministerium reliqnit, die Februarii 2do, A. D. 1752, aetatis 54. [Here are deposited the remains of the reverend Oliver Peabody, a man venerable for the faculties of his mind and for all needful learning. He delighted much in theological investigations. ' He discharged the pastoral office with great renown for thirty years ; ministering to the people of Natick, especially to the aborigines, in the * " It is related that while Mr. Eliot was engaged in translating the Bible into the Indian language, he came to the following passage in Judges v. 28 : ' The mother of Sisera looked out at the window, and cried through the lattice,' &c. Not knowing an Indian word to signify lattice, he applied to several of the natives, and endeavored to describe to them what a lattice resembled. He described it as frame-work, netting, wicker, or whatever occurred to him as illustrative ; when they gave him a long, bar barous and unpronounceable word,.as are most of the words in their language. Some years after, when he had learned their dialect more correctly, he is said to have laughed outright upon finding that the Indians had given him the true term for eelpot. ' The mother of Sisera looked out at the window, and cried through the, eelpot.' " 418 NEWTON. cause of sacred learning. He was a model in social life. In benevolence and uni versal hospitality he was pre-eminent. In the firm expectation of a future retribution, he was called from his ministry on the 2d of February, A. D. 1752, aged 54 years.] NEWTON. The exact period of the commencement of the settlement of Newton is unknown. It was originally a part of Cambridge, and was styled Cambridge Village, or New Cambridge. It was incor porated in 1691. This is a beautiful agricultural and manufactur ing town, the Nonantum of the Indians. It is 12 miles S. E. of Concord, 7 N. of Dedham, and 7 miles west from Boston. Popu lation, 3,037. There are five churches, 2 Congregational, 2 Bap- •^J&jiA-' §31 ¦ f •<»&*^feM^r ¦,.¦-./$&' §||1I||E? Ms»~ ~ If* Residence of Dr. Emmons, Franklin. succeeded in the ministry by Rev. E. Smalley, who was ordained here in 1829. The above is a southern view of the residence of the venerable Nathaniel Emmons, D. D. This house Avas built by Mr. Haven, the first minister of this town. It stands about half a mile south of the Congregational church. The first meeting-house stood about 20 rods north of the present church. At the time Dr. Em mons was ordained, there was a forest Avithin 20 rods of the church. His ordination took place in the open air ; he stood in a kind of valley, and the people stood on the elevated ground above him. In allusion to this circumstance, he pleasantly remarked that he was ordained wider his people, not over them. Dr. Emmons was born at East Haddam, Con., in 1745, and is now in his 94th year. He is entirely of the old school in his dress, &c, even to the shoe- buckles, and three-cornered hat. One of his numerous visiters mentions that he called on Dr. Emmons in 183S, and, instead of finding him broken doAvu by age, found him quite cheerful and pleasant in conversation. The study of Dr. Emmons is on the lower floor in the south-Avestern corner room, Avhich he has occu pied for this purpose for more than sixty years. So closely has he confined himself to this room, that it is said he is quite a stran ger to the other parts of his house. Says Mr. Smalley in his cen- tennia1 sermon, preached in 1838, " Few clergymen of any age or country have lived so long as he ; feAV have Avritten so much • and few have liv^d to such purpose In the unpretending form of sermons, he has embodied so much truth, settled so many principles, and cleared up so many difficulties, that not a feAV have already acknowledged themselves greatly indebted to him, and are prepared to unite with others in pronouncing him a public bene factor Probably no clergyman unconnected with a theolo gical seminary has guided the studies of so many young men in theology as Dr. Emmons." The manufacture of straw bonnets is an important branch of MEDFIELD. 471 business in this town. In 1837, there were 93,173 straw bonn,ets manufactured, the value of which was $160,186. There were also in the limits of the town 5 cotton mills ; cotton spindles, 1,968 ; cotton goods manufactured, 323,000 yards, valued at $31,140; males employed, 17; females, 31. Population, 1,696. Distance, 17 miles from Dedham, 18 from Providence, R. I., and 27 from Boston. The folloAving account is abridged from a communication in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, by Dr. Mann. It rests upon the authority of tradition, but appears to be well authenticated. " A man by the name of Rocket, in searching for a stray horse, discovered a train of 42 Indians, about sunset. From their appearance he suspected they intended to at tack the settlement at Wrentham the next morning, after the men had dispersed to their work ; he therefore followed them, secretly, till they halted for' the night, when he hastily returned to the settlement and gave notice to the inhabitants. A consulta tion was held, at which it was agreed to attack the Indians early the next morning. A company of 13, under the command of Captain Ware, was hastily collected from Wrentham and the vicinity ; who, having secured the women and children and the infirm in the garrison, set out for the Indian encampment, where they arrived just be fore day-light ; and were posted within a short distance, with orders to reserve their fire till the enemy began to decamp. " Between day-light and sunrise the Indians suddenly rose from their resting places, when, upon a signal given, a general discharge was made, which threw them into the utmost consternation. Some, in their confusion, while attempting to escape, leaped down a precipice of rocks from 10 to 20 feet in height ; some of the fugitives were overtaken and slain. Two of them, who were closely pursued, attempted to conceal themselves in Mill Brook, where they were found and killed. It is related that one Woodcock discharged his long musket, called, in those days, a buccaneer, at a fugitive Indian, at the distance of 80 rods, and broke his thigh bone, and then killed him. " The number of Indians killed was from 20 to 24 ; and not one of the whites. The place where this bold adventure occurred is in that part of the ancient Wrentham which is now Franklin. The large rock where the Indians were encamped is to this day called Indian Rock. The time is not certainly ascertained ; but it was, without much doubt, in the spring or summer of 1676, when the Indian forces were dispersed in parties throughout the country." MEDFIELD. This is the forty-third town in Massachusetts that secured an act of incorporation. It was originally a part of Dedham, and was incorporated as a town in 1650. A church was organized here in 1651, consisting of eight members; Rev. John Wilson, Jr. was installed pastor the same year. Mr. Wilson was born in England, and graduated in the first class in Harvard college. He united in himself the offices of a preacher, physician, and school-master, at, the same time. He continued in the pastoral office more than for ty years, and died in 1691. After a period of nearly six years, in Avhich thirty-tAvo candidates were employed, Joseph Baxter was settled, and sustained the pastoral office more than 48 years. Mr. Baxter commenced his ministerial labors at the age of eighteen, and in consequence of his youth his settlement was delayed almost three years. " He was selected for a missionary during his minis- 472 MEDFIELD. try by Governor Shute. When his excellency had a conference with the Indians at Georgetown, on Arrousic Island, in August, 1717, he presented to them Mr. Baxter, a Protestant missionary; but, through the influence of the Jesuit Ralle, he was rejected. Mr. Baxter was succeeded by Rev. Jonathan Townsend, who was set tled in 1745, and died of the small-pox in 1776. His successor was Rev. Thomas Prentiss, D. D., who Avas settled in 1770. Dr. Prentiss died in 1814, deeply lamented." This town is pleasantly situated, has a fertile soil, and is water ed by Charles and Stop rivers. In the village are two Congrega tional churches (one of them Unitarian) and 1 Baptist, and about 40 dwelling-houses. Considerable quantities of boots, shoes and straw are manufactured here. The principal business, hoAvever, is agriculture. There are extensive meadows Avest of the village, on Charles river, which are very valuable. It is stated that the name of the town (which is spelled on the ancient records Mead- field,') originated from the circumstance of the plantation being situated near these meadows. There is good peat in the toAvn, and quarries of granite. Distance, 8 miles S. by W. of Dedham, and 17 S. S. W. from Boston. Population, 899. The principal articles manufactured are straAv bonnets, of Avhich, in 1837, there i were 124,000, the value of which was $135,000. Ancient House in Medfield. The above is a Avest vieAV of one of the oldest houses noAV standing in New England. It is about one third of a mile east ward from the central village of Medfield, on the main road to Ded ham. This house was standing at the time when the principal part of the town was burnt by the Indians, in 1676. It is, proba bly, the only house of the kind now standing in this country. It is an interesting relic of antiquity, shoAving the manner in which most of the houses of the first settlers were built. This house is 24 feet in length, 14J feet in breadth, 10 feet from the ground to the eaves of the roof, about 12 feet from the eaves to the top of MEDFIELD. 473 the roof. There are three divisions on the ground floor, consisting of one principal room, an entry, and a pantry ; on the second floor are two chambers, above which is a narroAv garret. The building standing on the side of the house is believed to be about as ancient as the house, and Avas formerly used as a weaver's shop. The floor of this building is sunk about 3 feet below the surface of the ground. Among the first settlers of this town, it is stated, there were a large number of weavers. In this town slaves were formerly common and numerous. Con cerning witches, it is stated in Dr. Saunders' Historical Sermon, that the Rev. Mr. Baxter went to reprove Goody Lincoln for the sin of practising witchcraft, and felt a strange pain in his leg on his return, which was attributed to her ill influence. The greater part of this town was burnt in King Philip's Avar. The folloAving account of attack of the Indians is taken from Dr. Saunders' Historical Sermon, preached at Medfield, in 1817, page 17. " Having arrived in a Arast body at Wachusett mountain, in Princeton, they [the Indians] divided for more extensive mischiefs into two parties. One proceeded toward Concord, Chelmsford, Woburn, and Haverhill ; the other burnt Lancaster, Marlborough, and Sudbury, and soon reached Medfield. The Sunday before the assault, they Avere seen on the. heights of mount Nebo and Noonhill, as the people came out from public worship. There were then four [14] garrisons in town. Nearly 300 soldiers had arrived for its defence ; but these had been billeted out upon the inhabitants in every direction. The Rev. Mr. Wilson had charged his flock to be vigilant against surprise and guarded against dan gers. Monday morning, 21st February, 1676, was the fatal period. During the night preceding, the Indians had spread themselves over every part of the town, skulking beside every fence and building. At the first dawn of day, about 50 buildings were set into a blaze at the same instant. Many of the inhabitants through great perils were able to reach the garrisons, others Avere shot down as they rushed out of their houses, and one was burnt in his own dwelling. At length, the savages Avere compelled to retire over a bridge in the south-west part of the town. Burning the bridge in order ,to cut off pursuit, they retired to a savage feast on the top of the nearest hill, in view of the ruins they had occasion ed. Philip had been seen, riding upon a black horse, leaping over fences, exulting in the havoc he Avas making. Though he could neither read nor write, yet he caused a paper to be left, threaten ing to visit them every year for twenty years to come. He did not live to fulfil this promise. "The destruction commenced at the east part of the town. Most of the houses and barns were consumed between the meet ing-house and the bridge leading to Medway. Nearly 50 build ings and two mills were destroyed. The best houses and all the garrisons escaped. The damages were estimated at about 9,000 dollars. It was supposed that there were 500 Indians in this en- 474 MEDWAY. gagement. Their dread of cannon , hastened them away. Soon after, they carried destruction to Rehoboth, Pawtucket, and Provi dence. Here, John Fussell, aged about 100, was burnt in his house. Eight inhabitants were killed, four were mortally wound ed, besides three soldiers Avho fell, amounting in all to fifteen. " On the 6th of May following, the Indians met with a. notorious repulse at the stone-house near Medfield, in the north-east corner of MedAvay. On the 2d of July, there was near this a new con flict in the woods, and more execution was done upon the enemy. Among the captives recovered, a slave gave information of an in tended attack upon Taunton Avith 200 savages, which information proved the preservation of that toAvn by timely auxiliaries sent to their protection. July 25 th, 30 of our men and 90 Christian Indians from Dedham and Medfield pursued the savages and capti vated about 50 of them, among Avhom Avas Pomham, the great sachem of the Narragansetts. Soon after, the savages retired from this part of the country, to carry new distresses into more distant regions." MEDWAY. This town was originally a part of Medfield : it was incorpo rated in 1713. Mr. David Deming, the first minister, Avas ordained in 1715, and continued nearly seven years pastor. Rev. Nathan Buckman, his successor, was settled in Dec, 1724, and continued the pastoral relation to this church more than seventy years. He died Feb. 6, 1795, in the 92d year of his age, and 71st of his minis try. Mr. Benjamin Green was colleague Avith the venerable Mr. Buckman for a few years. Rev. Luther Wright succeeded Mr. Green in the pastoral office, and discharged its duties for seventeen years, and was dismissed in 1815. He Avas succeeded by Rev. Luther Baily. The second church in Medway Avas formed hi 1750, and Rev. David Thurston was settled in 1752, as the first minister. In consequence of ill health and some difficulties in the church, he resigned the pastoral office in 1769. Rev. David San ford, the second pastor, continued his active and useful labors from 1773 till 1807, Avhen they were terminated by a severe paralysis. He was succeeded by Rev. Jacob Ide, who Avas invested with the pastoral charge in 1814. The following engraving shoAvs the appearance of MedAvay, or Factory Village, as it is entered from the east upon the old Med field road. The spire seen on the right is that of the Congrega tional church. The building on the left with a small Ioav spire is a 4 story cotton factory, standing on Charles river. This village consists of 37 dwelling-houses, 3 stores, 3 cotton and 1 woollen factories. The boot and shoe business is carried on to considerable extent in Medway village and in West MedAvay. In East Med way rs a bell-foundry, (owned by Col. Geo. H. Holbrook,) an organ manufactory, and a clock factory. This toAvn is gradually MILTON. 475 Eastern view of Factory Village, Medway. improving in appearance, wealth, and population. There are in the limits of the town 4 churches, 3 Congregational, one of which is Unitarian, and 1 Baptist. Distance, 12 miles S. W. of Dedham, and 20 S. W. of Boston. Population, 2,050. In 1837, there were in the limits of the town 6 cotton mills ; 2,500 spindles ; 428,200 yards of cotton goods manufactured, the value of" Avhich was $42,120. Two woollen mills, 3 sets of ma chinery; 76,000 yards of cloth were manufactured, valued at $62,000. There Avere 38,494 pairs of boots and 100,650 pairs of shoes manufactured, valued at $149,774; males employed, 198; females, 98 ; there Avere 32,200 straw bonnets manufactured, val ued at $40,400; there Avas also a manufactory for cotton batting, and another for cotton Avadding. MILTON. The Indian name of this place is said to have been Uncataquis- sett. In 1662, the town of Dorchester voted that Unquety, since called Milton, should be a township,, if it had the consent of the general court. It had the consent of the court, and it Avas incor porated the same year. In the south-west part of this town there is a range of the Blue Hills, 710 feet above high-water mark, and is a noted landmark for sailors. It presents in full view Boston and its environs, Mas sachusetts Bay, the peninsula of Cape Cod, and Wachusett Moun tain in the interior. Milton is adorned with some pleasant country seats, and contains at the two falls, and at the bridge where the Neponset meets the tide, manufactories of cotton, paper, &c. For ty or fifty vessels annually visit the wharves Avith wood, coal, lumber, grain, &c. The first paper-mill ever established in Mas sachusetts was in this town. There are 3 churches, 2 Congrega- 64 476 MILTON Central part of Dorchester and Milton Village. tional and 1 Universalist. Population, 1,772. Distance, 7 miles S. of Boston, 6 E. of Dedham. The above is a southern view of the central part of Dorchester and Milton village, lying on both sides of Neponset river, which is the dividing line between the towns. The view is taken from the Milton side when descending the hill on the road to the bridge, connecting the north and south parts of the village, which consists of nearly 100 dwelling-houses, 3 churches, 2 Congregational, one of which is Unitarian, and 1 Methodist ; tAvo cotton factories, 2 pa per-mills, two chocolate mills, and a bank, the " Dorchester and Milton Bank;" this institution is located on the Dorchester side. "The Governor Hutchinson House" is on the summit of the hill on the Milton side, which rises immediately from the southern bank of the Neponset. The central part of the village is between six and seven miles from Boston. Milton was the summer residence of Gov. Hutchinson, the au thor of the History of Massachusetts Bay, and the last royal gover nor but one. He Avas supposed by many to have forwarded the stamp act by letters written on the occasion. After the arrival of the stamps, a mob assaulted his house in Boston, in 1765, and having forced him to retire, out of regard to his personal safety, either destroyed or carried off his plate, his family pictures, most of the furniture, the wearing apparel, about nine hundred pounds sterling in money, and the manuscripts and books which he had been thirty years collecting. In 1772, a number of his letters were found written to the British cabinet, stimulating them to enforce their plans against the liberties of the Americans. The general court, upon knowledge of this, voted to impeach him, and requested his majesty would remove him from office. Hutchinson, when informed of this, dissolved the assembly. He became at length so obnoxious to the province, that he was superseded by needham. 477 Governor Gage, in 1774. He died in England, in .1780, aged 69 years. The following article is taken from the Boston Evening Tran script, Jan. 25th, 1839. " The first paper-mill built in New England. — An act to encourage the manufacture of paper in New England was passe*d by the general court of Massachusetts on the 13th Sept., 1728, and a patent was granted to Daniel Henchman, Gillam Phillips, Benjamin Faneuil, Thomas Hancock, and Henry Dering, for the sole manufacture of paper for ten years, on the following conditions : In the first fifteen months to make one hundred and forty reams of brown paper, and sixty reams of printing paper. The second year to make fifty reams of writing paper, in addition to the first-mentioned quantity. The third year and afterwards yearly, to make twenty-five reams of a superior quality of writing paper, in addition to the former mentioned, that the total annual produce of the various qualities not to be less than five hundred reams a year. The afore-mentioned proprietors erected a small paper-mill in Milton, on a site adjoin ing Neponset river, near the lower bridge. What number of years the original proprie tors carried it on, is not now known ; their master-workman's name was Henry Wood man, an Englishman ; he married in Milton, and leff children, two daughters, Abigail and Rebekah. The paper-mill, having been stopped for some time, was eventually sold to Mr. Jeremiah Smith, who, for want of workmen, was prevented making any use of it. In 1760, the business was again revived by James Boies, of Boston, who procured a paper-maker from a British regiment, then stationed in Boston, by the name of Hazel ton, who obtained a furlough long enough to set the mill to work, there being an American paper-maker, Abijah Smith, then living in Milton, a decent workman, who- assisted him, and who continued at the business until an advanced age. On the regi ment to which Hazelton belonged being ordered to Quebec, the commander-in-chief would not permit him to remain behind, and he went with the army to Canada, and received a wound on the plains of Abraham, when Wolfe fell, and died a few weeks after. After a short time, Richard Clarke, an Englishman, arrived from New York, and again set the mill at work. He was an excellent workman, and made his own moulds. After a few years he was joined by his son, a young man of 19 or 20 years, who was also considered a first-rate workman. Such is the origin of the first paper- mill built in New England, and probably the first erected this side of Philadelphia, if not the first in America : and such was the commencement of that now invaluable and extensive branch of New England productive industry, on which so many thou sands depend for support." NEEDHAM. This town, originally a part of Dedham, was incorporated in 1711. It is something of the nature of a peninsula, being sur rounded by more than two-thirds of its limits by Charles river. There are large bodies of meadow on the banks of this river ; Broad meadow, lying partly in this town and the towns of Dedham and Newton, is said to be one of the largest in the state. The town is uncommonly well watered, and is diversified with hills and plains. In the course of the river which separates this town from Newton, there are two falls, called the upper and lower falls, which afford valuable water privileges. At the upper falls is the largest cataract in the whole of Charles river, from its source to its mouth. The water here falls twenty feet upon a bed of rocks. The principal settlements in the town are in the vicinity of the upper and lower falls. There is a manufacturing village at both. of these falls, lying partly in this town and partly in Newton. In 1837, there were in the limits of this town 6 paper-mills ; 610 tons 478 Q TJ I N C Y . of stock Avere manufactured, valued at $61,000 ; one cotton mill, 1,700 spindles; cotton goods manufactured, 190,000 yards, valued at $19,000 ; three hat manufactories, which manufactured 15,004 hats, valued at $18,729; one windoAv-blind hinge manufactory, Avhich manufactured 50,000 pairs of hinges, valued at $12,500 ; there were 22,673 pairs of , shoes manufactured, valued at $14,964 18 ; males employed, 26 ; females. 41. There are 5 churches, 2 Congregational, 2 Methodist, and 1 Baptist. Popula tion, 1,492. Distance, 4 miles north-west of Dedham, and 12 westerly from Boston. , The first church was organized, and Mr. Jonathan Townsend was ordained the first minister, in 1720. He continued in the ministry upwards of forty-two years, and was succeeded by Samuel West, D. D., Avho was settled here in 1764. Dr. West resigned his charge in 1788, and was succeeded by Mr. Stephen Palmer, who Avas settled in 1792. During the ministry of Dr. West, conflicting interests respecting the location of the meeting house occasioned a division of the town into two societies. The West parish Avas incorporated by the general court in 1778. They erected a meeting-house, but did not have constant preach ing for several years. A church was organized in 1798, and the next year Rev. Thomas Noyes was ordained their first minister. QUINCY. This town was originally the first parish in Braintree. It was first settled in 1625, by a Capt. Wollaston, and from him was named Mount Wollaston. It appears that he became discouraged, and the next year Avent to Virginia, appointing Lieutenant Filcher his agent. One Thomas Morton, Avho had been a kind of petti fogger at Furnival's inn, being one of the company, excited a sedition against Filcher, and compelled him to leave the plantation. Morton then assumed the control, and having received some goods from England, began to trade Avith the natives. The trade being profitable, the company devoted their gains to rioting and drunk enness, and changed the name of their residence to Merry Mount, where, as it is related in the New England Memorial, " setting up a May-pole, drinking and dancing about it, and frisking about it hke so many fairies, or furies rather, yea, and Avorse practices, as if they had anew revived and celebrated the feast of the Roman goddess Flora, or the beastly practices of the mad Bac chanalians." They soon after began to sell arms to the savages. This alarmed the other plantations. The magistrates of Plymouth colony wrote to him civilly and repeatedly, requesting him to desist from, this commerce; but Morton treated the proposition with contempt ; upon which, Capt. Standish, with a small force, came to Mount Wollaston, took Morton, dispersed the rioters, and left a few of the more sober and industrious planters. Mortor was carried to Plymouth, and sent back to England. QUINCY. 479 Quincy was incorporated as a town in 1792. It received its name from the family of Mr. Edmund Quincy, who Avas one of the early inhabitants of Boston, and one of the earliest and prin cipal proprietors of Mount Wollaston. The south-Avestern part of this town forms, with little exception, a complete body of granite rock, rising to the height of 600 feet above the level of the sea. Here are inexhaustible quarries of stone, which furnish a beautiful material for building. A railroad, nearly three miles in length, has been constructed, at an expense of upwards of $30,000, to convey the stone from the quarries to Neponset river. The rails are of wood, six feet apart, firmly laid upon blocks of stone, and covered with iron plate, upon which the wheels of the wagon move so easily that one horse has draAvn twenty tons, besides the wagon, which weighs six tons. This railway Avas built in 1826, and was the first constructed in America. Some vessels are oAvned here ; large quantities of boots and shoes, and some salt, are manufactured here. The pleasantness of the tOAvn, its nearness to Boston, and good schools, induce many families to make it their residence. There are 4 churches, 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Uni versalist. Population, 3,049. Distance, 10 miles from Dedham, 6 from Hingham, and 8 from Boston. In 1837 there was quarried in tnis town 64,590 tons of granite, valued at $248,737 ; hands employed, 533. The value of coach, chaise, harness and wheel wright business was $32,650 ; hands employed, 36. The value of coach lace manufactured was $12,000; males employed, 7; females, 16. Boots manufactured, 27,437 pairs ; shoes, 18,602 pairs, valued at $111,881 ; males employed, 163; females, 58. Vessels built in the five preceding years, 13 ; tonnage, 2,594 ; valued at $122,650 ; hands employed in ship-building, 50. Ten vessels were employed in the cod and mackerel fishery ; 6,200 quintals of codfish were caught, valued at $18,800 ; mackerel caught, 1,750 barrels, valued at $12,242 ; hands employed, 100. Quincy is distinguished as the birthplace of two presidents of the United States.* The following cut (a reduced copy from one in the American Magazine) is a representation of the two Adams houses, near the foot of Penn's Hill, in Quincy. The house on the right, with a lightning-rod attached to it, is the house where John Adams, the elder president, was born, the other in which his son John Q. Adams was born, in July, 1767. In the garret was packed his valuable library while he was minister at Russia. It * It appears from an epitaph on a monument raised by the elder President Adams, that Henry Adams was the progenitor of the Adams family in this country ; in the epitaph it is said, " He took his flight from the Dragon persecution in Devonshire, England, and alighted, with eight sons, near Mount Wollaston. One of the sons returned to England, and, after taking time to explore the country, four removed to Medfield and the neighboring towns, two to Chelmsford, one only, Joseph, remained here, and was an original proprietor in the township of Braintree." Joseph Adams had a son Joseph Adams, who was the father of John Adams, who was the father of John Adams the president. They were distinguished, as we learn from the epitaph referred to above, " for their piety, humility, simplicity, prudence, patience, temper ance, frugality, industry, and perseverance." 480 QUINCY. Adams Houses in Quincy. was under the care of the Rev. Mr. Whitney, pastor of the first Congregational society, who occupied the house from 1800 to 1804. Back of the houses represented in the engraving is a meadow of some extent ; connected with this, there is the following anecdote, often related by the elder Adams, respecting himself: " When I was a boy, I had to study the Latin grammar, but it was dull, and I hated it. My father was anxious to send me to college, and therefore I studied grammar till I could bear it no longer, and, going to my father, I told him I did not like study, and asked for some other employment. It was opposing his wishes, and he was quick in his answer. ' Well, John,' said he, ' if Latin grammar does not suit, you may try ditching ; per haps that will. My meadow yonder needs a ditch, and you may put by Latin, and try that.' This seemed a delightful change, and to the meadow I went. But I soon found ditching harder than Latin, and the first forenoon was the longest I ever experi enced. That day I eat the bread of labor, and glad was I when night came on. That night I made some comparison between Latin grammar and ditching, but said not a word about it. I dug the next forenoon, and wanted to return to Latin at dinner ; but it was humiliating, and I could not do it. At night, toil conquered pride, and I told my father — one of the severest trials of my life — that if he chose I would go back to Latin grammar. He was glad of it ; and if I have since gained any distinction, it has been owing to the two days' labor in that abominable ditch." The following inscriptions are from monuments in this place : Braintrey ! thy Prophet's gone, this Tomb inters The Reverend Moses Fisk, this sacred herse Adore Heaven's praiseful art that form'd the man Who souls not to himself but Christ oft wan, Sail'd thro' the straits with Peter's family, Renown'd and Gaius's hospitality, Paule's patience, James his prudence, John's sweet love, Is landed, enter'd, clear'd and crown'd above. Obut August the x, MDcoxm, iEtatis suse lxvi. RANDOLPH. 481: Here lies the body of the Rev. Mr. Henry Flynt, who came to New England in the year 1635, was ordained the first Teacher of the Church of Braintry 1639, and died 27th April, 1663. He had the character of a gentleman remarkable for his piety, learning, wisdom, and fidelity in his office. By him, on his right hand, lies the body of Margery, his beloved consort, who died March 1686-7. Her maiden name was Hoar. She was a gentlewoman of piety, prudence, and peculiarly accomplished for instructing young gentlewomen, many being sent to her from other towns, especially from^Boston. Descendants of goodly families in Old England. The following is the inscription on Leonard Hoar, some time president of Harvard college, Avho died Nov. 28, 1675, aged 45 : Three precious friends under this tombstone lie, Patterns to aged, youth, and infancy, A great mother, her learned son, with's child, The first and least went free, He was exiled. In love to Christ, this country, and dear friends, He left his own, crossed seas, and for amends Was here extolled, envied, all in a breath, Hw noble consort leaves, is drawn to death. Strange changes may befall us er^. we die, Blest they who well arrive at eternity. God grant some names, 0 thou New England's friend, Don't sooner fade than thine, if times don't mend. Sacred to the memory of Josiah Quincy, jun., of Boston, Barrister of Law, young est son of Josiah Quincy, Esq. late of this place. Brilliant talents, uncommon elo quence, and indefatigable application raised him to the highest eminence in his profession. His early, enlightened, inflexible attachment to the cause of his country is attested by monuments more durable than this, and transmitted to posterity by well* known productions of his genius. He was born the 23d of February, 1744, and died the 26th of April, 1775. His mortal remains are here deposited, with those of Abigail, his wife, daughter of William Phillips, Esq., born the 14th of April, 1745, died the 25th March, 1793. Stranger, in contemplating this monument as the frail tribute of filial gratitude and affection, Glows thy bold breast with patriotic flame ? Let his example point the paths of fame ! Or seeks thy heart, averse from public strife, The milder graces of domestic life? Her kindred virtues let thy soul revere, And o'er the best of mothers drop a tear ! RANDOLPH. Randolph was originally a part of Braintree ; it was incorpo rated as a town in 1793. A church was formed in 1731, and Rev. Elisha Eaton was ordained the first pastor, the same year. He continued about nineteen years in the ministry, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Rev. Moses Taft, who continued in the pastoral office nearly forty years. Rev. Jonathan Strong, D. D., was ordained colleague pastor with Mr. Taft, in 1789. Dr. Strong died in 1814, and was succeeded by Rev. Thaddeus Pomeroy. Mr. Pomeroy was dismissed in 1820, and was succeeded by Rev. Calvin Hitchkock. " During Mr. Pomeroy's ministry, the east part of the town of Randolph became a separate society. They erected a meeting-house, organized a church; and on the 29fh of December, 1821, Mr. Brigham, the first and present pastor, was ordained." In the following cut, the church seen on the left is the first Congregational church. The first meeting-house ever erected in this town stood on this spot. The present building is the third 482 ROXBURY. South-eastern view of the central part of Randolph. which has been built. The first settlement in this tOAvn Avas made in the vicinity of this church. The principal part of the central village is situated on a street running about a mile north westerly of this church, at the northern extremity of which is the Baptist church, which is just discernible in the distance, in the engraving. The village consists of about 100 dwelling-houses, with the usual number of stores and mechanic shops. This place is 14 miles from Boston, 11 from Dedham, and 8 from Weymouth landing. East Randolph, a flourishing village, is about 2 miles eastward ; is about two thirds the size of the central village, and contains two churches, 1 Congregational and 1 Baptist. There is also another Baptist church in the south part of this town, near the Stoughton line. The Randolph Bank is located in this town. In 1837, there were manufactured in this town 200,175 pairs of boots, 470,620 pairs of shoes ; the value of boots and shoes, $944,715 ; males employed, 804; females, 671. Population, 3,041. Distance, 12 miles from Dedham, 7 from Braintree landing, and 14 from Boston. ROXBURY. This town and Boston were incorporated the same year, 1630; it being also the same year in which this place was selected for a settlement by Mr. Pynchon and some others. A great part of this town is rocky land ; hence the name of Rocks'bury ; the soil is, however, strong, and in a very high state of cultivation, abounding in country seats and pleasure-grounds. The toAvn is joined to Boston by a neck of land, over which are broad and pleasant avenues. That portion of the toAvn next to Boston is thickly set tled, and forms a handsome village, and the principal street may be considered as a continuation of Washington street, Boston. In the western part of the town is an extensive level, called Jamaica Plains ; this is a pleasant spot, ornamented, Avith elegant country ROXBURY. 483 seats and well-cultivated gardens. The pond in this plain is the source from Avhence the Boston Aqueduct is supplied. It is about four miles from Boston, and there are four main logs from the pond, to and through the principal streets; these logs and the branches connected with them amount to about forty miles in length. There are generally about eight hundred families sup plied with water from the aqueduct. North-western view in the central part of the Village of Roxbury. The above is a vieAV on the elevated ground in the central part of Roxbury. The first Congregational church (Unitarian) appears on the left. The Norfolk House, a splendid establishment, is par tially seen on the right. The omnibuses which pass between this place and Boston start from this house. At this time they are 12 in number, with four horses each ; one of which starts from Rox bury and Boston every 15 minutes. The distance between the Norfolk House and the state-house is three miles. The fare from Boston to Roxbury is twelve and a half cents ; by purchasing a number of tickets at one time, the price of a passage is reduced. As there are many persons who do business in Boston but reside in Roxbury, this method of conveyance is a great accommodation. There are 5 churches in this village, 2 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Universalist. There are 2 banks, the " Peoples" and " Winthrop," each with a capital of $100,000. Owing to the uneven surface on which this large village is built, there is quite a variety of scenery in the place. The numerous genteel residences and cottages, which are mostly built of wood and painted white, contrast strongly with the evergreens and shrubbery by which most of them are surrounded ; and, during the summer months, Ihe appearance of this place is highly beautiful. In 1837, there viras 1 nail factory, which manufactured 1,000 tons of nails, valued at $120,000 ; hands employed, 75. There are 10 churches in the 65 484 ROXBURY. limits of the toAvn, 6 Congregational, 2 Universalist, 1 Baptist, and 1 Episcopal. Population, 7,493. In Roxbury village there is an establishment for the manufacture of carpets, and another for the manufacture of India rubber cloths, &c., an article which it is be lieved is destined to be one of very great importance. The Rev. John Eliot, the celebrated missionary to the Indians, was nearly sixty years pastor to the church in this place. He is usually called " the Apostle of Indians." He was born in England, in 1604. The following biographical sketch is extracted from Al len's Biographical Dictionary. " His pious parents early imparted to him religious instruction, and it was not without effect. After receiving his education at the university of Cambridge, he was for some time the instructer of youth. In 1631 he came to this country, and arriving at Boston harbor November third, immediately joined the church in that town, and preached to them, as Mr. Wilson, their minister, was then in England. Here he was earnestly requested to remain, but he was settled as teacher of the church in Roxbury Novem ber 5, 1632. In the following year Mr. Welde was ordained as his colleague, with the title of pastor. These two ministers lived together in much harmony. In 1637 they both opposed the wild notions of Mrs. Hutchinson, and were both witnesses against her at her trial. In 1639 they were appointed, with Mr. Richard Mather of Dorchester, to make a new version of the Psalms, which was printed in the following year. For tuneful poetry it would not perhaps yield the palm even to that of Sternhold and Hop kins ; but it did not give perfect satisfaction. The reverend Mr. Shepard of Cambridge thus addressed the translators : ' Ye Roxbury poets, keep clear of the crime Of missing to give us very good rhyme ; And you of Dorchester, your verses lengthen, But with the text's own words you will them strengthen.' The New England psalms were afterwards revised and improved by President Dunster, and they have passed through twenty editions. In 1641 Mr. Welde returned to Eng land. Mr. Eliot's other colleagues in the ministry were the reverend Mr. Danforth and Mr. Walter. " His benevolent labors were not confined to his own people. Having imbibed the true spirit of the gospel, his heart was touched with the wretched condition of the Indians, and he became eagerly desirous of making them acquainted with the glad tidings of salvation. There were, at the time when he began his missionary exertions, near twenty tribes of Indians within the limits of the English planters ; but they were very similar in manners, language, and religion. Having learned the barbarous dialect, he first preached to an assembly of Indians at Nonantum, in the present town of Newton, October 28, 1646. " He was violently opposed by the sachems and pawaws, or priests, who were appre hensive of losing their authority, if a new religion was introduced. When he was alone with them in the wilderness, they threatened him with every evil if he did not de sist from his labors ; but he was a man not to be shaken in his purpose by the fear of danger. He said to them, ' I am about the work of the great God, and my God is with me ; so that I neither fear you, nor all the sachems in the country ; I will go on, and do you touch me if you dare.' With a body capable of enduring fatigue, and a. mind firm as the mountain oaks which surrounded his path, he went from place to place, relying for protection upon the great Head of the church, and declaring the salvation of the gospel to the children of darkness. His benevolent zeal prompted him to encounter with cheerfulness the most terrifying dangers, and to submit to the most incredible hardships. He says in a letter, ' I have not been dry, night or day, from the third day of the week unto the sixth ; but so travelled, and at night pull off my boots, wring my stockings, and on with them again, and so continue. But God steps in and helps. I have considered the word of God, 1 Tim. ii. 3, Endure hardship as a good soldier of Jesus Christ.' He made a missionary tour every fortnight, planted a number of churches, and visited all the Indians in Massachusetts and Ply mouth colonies, pursuing his way as far as Cape Cod. " He made every exertion to promote the welfare of the Indian tribes ; he stimu lated many servants of Jesus to engage in the missionary work ; and although he ROXBURY. 485 mourned over the stupidity of many, who preferred darkness to light, yet he lived to see twenty-four of the copper-colored aborigines fellow-preachers of the precious gospel of Christ. In 1661 he published the New Testament in the Indian language, and in a few years the whole Bible, and several other books, best adapted for the instruction of the natives. He possessed an influence over the Indians, which no other missionary could obtain. He was their shield in 1675, during Philip's war, when some of the people of Massachusetts, actuated by the most infuriate spirit, intended to have de stroyed them. He suffered every abuse for his friendship to them, but nothing could quench the divine charity which glowed in his heart. His firmness, his zeal, his benevolence at this period increased the pure lustre of his character. When he reached the age of fourscore years, he offered to give up his salary, and desired to be liberated from the labors of his office, as teacher of the church at Roxbury. It was with joy that he received Mr. Walter as his colleague, in 1688. When he was bend ing under his infirmities and could no longer visit the Indians, he persuaded a number of families to send their negro servants to him once a week, that he might instruct them in the truths of God. He died May 20, 1690, aged about eighty-six years, say ing that all his labors were poor and small, and exhorting those who surrounded his bed to pray. His last words were, " welcome joy." Fac simile of the handwriting of the Rev. John Eliot, copied from an original letter in the possession, of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Joseph Warren, a major-general in the American army, and a, martyr to the cause of American freedom, was born in this town,, in 1740, and graduated at Harvard college, in 1759. " Directing his attention to medical studies, he in a few years became one of the most- eminent physicians in Boston. But he lived at a period when greater objects claimed his attention than those which related particularly to his. profession. His country needed his efforts, and his zeal and cqurage would not permit him to shrink from any labors or dangers. His eloquence and his talents as a writer were displayed on many occasions, from the year in which the stamp act was- passed to the commencement of the war. He was a bold politician. While many were wavering with regard to the measures which should be adopted, he contended, that every kind of taxation, whether external or internal, was tyranny, and ought- immediately to be resisted ; and he believed that America was able to withstand any force-that could be sent against her. From the year 1768 he was a principal member of a secret meeting or caucus in Boston, which had great influence on the concerns of the country. With all his bold ness, and decision, and zeal, he was circumspect- and wise. In this assembly the plans of defence were matured. After the destruction of the tea, it was no longer kept secret. He was twice chosen the public orator of the town on the anniversary of the massacre, and his orations breathe- the- energy of a great and daring mind. It was he who, on the evening before the battle of Lexington, obtained information of the intend ed expedition against Concord, and at ten o'clock at night despatched an express to Messrs. Hancock and Adams, who were at Lexington, to warn them of their danger. He himself on the next day, the memorable nineteenth of April, was very active. It is said in General Heath's Memoirs that a ball took off part of his ear-lock. In the confused state of the army, which soon assembled at Cambridge, he had vast influence in preserving order among the troops. After the departure of Hancock to congress, he was chosen president of the provincial congress in his place. Four days previously to the battle of Bunker's or Breed's hill he received his commission of major general. When the intrenchments were made upon the fatal spot, to encourage the men within the lines he went down from Cambridge and joined them as a volunteer on the event ful day of the battle, June the seventeenth. Just as the retreat commenced, a ball struck him on the head, and he died iii the trenches, aged thirty -five years. He was the first victim of rank that fell in the struggle with Great Britain. In the spring of 1776 his bones were taken, up, and entombed in Boston, on which occasion, as he had 486 SHARON. been grand master of the free-masons in America, a brother mason and an eloquent orator pronounced a funeral eulogy. With zeal in the cause of liberty, which blazed, Dr. Warren was yet judicious in counsel, and candid and generous towards those who had different sentiments respecting the controversy. His mind was vigorous, his disposition humane, and his manners affable and engaging. In his integrity and patriotism entire confidence was placed. To the most undaunted bravery he added the virtues of domestic life, the eloquence of an accomplished orator, and the wisdom of an able statesman. He published an oration in 1772, and another in 1775, com memorative of the fifth of March, 1770." William Heath, a major-general in the Revolutionary war, was born in this town, in 1737. He was brought up a farmer, and from his youth Avas remarkably fond of military exercises, and read whatever he could find on the subject. The following is from Alden' s Collection. " At the commencement of that contest which issued in the independence of the American states, the subject of this article was a colonel of the militia, and one of the committee of safety appointed by the provincial congress of Massachusetts. Soon after the war was begun, he received the commission of a brigadier-general in the army of the United States, and, the year following, he was promoted to the rank of a major-general. He continued in the public service of his country till the establish ment of peace, and was appointed to various important stations and extensive com mands. " On the restoration of peace, he returned tc his family, and employed himself in agricultural pursuits, and the various duties of private life and of such public offices as his fellow-citizens called him to fill. He was a member of the state convention which ratified the federal constitution, and gave his vote for its adoption. He was repeatedly elected to a seat in the senate and in the council of Massachusetts. In the year 1806, he was chosen, by the suffrages of the people, lieutenant governor of the commonwealth, but, being far advanced in age, did not accept the proffered honor. As judge of probate, he served his county, very acceptably, for many years, and till the close of life. " In a domestic sphere, he was distinguished by his mild and amiable disposition and manners. Few men appeared more free from the influence of party spirit and ran cor, or expressed their sentiments on public men and measures with more prudence, than General Heath. From his youth, he was a believer and public professor of the Christian religion, and adorned his profession by his exemplary life and conversation. After a few days of confinement with sickness, he died, on the 24th of January, 1814, meeting his dissolution with Christian fortitude, resignation, and hope." SHARON. This toAvn, originally a part of Stoughton, was incorporated in 1765. This place was called Mashapoag by the Indians, and a principal branch of Neponset river rises in Mashapoag pond in this town. The church formerly denominated the second precinct in Stoughton was organized in 1741. Rev. Philip Curtis, their first minister, Avas ordained in 1743, and continued in the ministry more than fifty-four years. His successor was Rev. Jonathan Whitaker, who continued here nearly 17 years, and was dismissed in 1816. Rev. Samuel Brimblecom was the next minister; he continued about three years, and was afterwards installed at West brook, Maine, a Universalist minister. The following is a N. Eastern view of the central part of Sharon, showing one of the churches, the spire of another, (now erecting) and some of the buildings in the vicinity. The main road appears STOUGHTON. 4S7 North-eastern view in the central part of Sharon. on the right, at the southern extremity of which is seen in the dis tance one of the Blue Hills, which are the highest elevations in the limits of Norfolk county. The Boston and Providence railroad passes within about half a mile from the central part of the village. There are 3 churches, 2 Congregational and 1 Baptist. Popula tion, 1,093. Distance, 8 miles from Dedham, 17 from Taunton, 24 from Providence, R. I., and 18 from Boston. The Sharon Cot ton Factory Company was incorporated in 1811, with a capital of $100,000. In 1837, there were 2 cotton mills, spindles, 948 ; cot ton goods manufactured, 179,077 yards, valued at $22,760 22; one Avoollen mill, Avhich manufactured 25,000 yards of cloth, val ued at $12,500 ; there were 2,804 straw bonnets manufactured, valued at $4,451 50. STOUGHTON. Stoughton was originally a part of Dorchester, and embraced within its limits the present towns of Canton, Sharon, and Foxbo- rough. It was incorporated in 1726. A church was organized in 1744, and Rev. Jedediah Adams received the pastoral charge in 1746, and continued in the ministry fifty-three years. Dr. Rich mond was ordained colleague pastor in 1792, and continued twen ty-four years. He resigned in 1817, and was succeeded by Mr. Gay, who continued pastor about three years and a half, and resigned in 1822. Dr. Park, formerly a professor in Brown Uni versity, Avas installed over the church and the society who usually Avorship with them. Mr. Stearns was ordained over the first parish, and continued upwards of three years, when he was dismissed. Rev. Mr. Ballou, an Universalist minister, is the stated preacher in the first parish. The following is a S. Western view of the central part of Stough- 488 STOUGHTON. South-western view of Stoughton, (central part.) ton, shoAving two of the churches and some other buildings in the , vicinity. There are 4 churches, 1 Universalist, 1 Congregational, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist. Population, 1,993. Distance, 10 miles from Dedham, and 17 from Boston. "A large quantity of gunpowder was made here during the Revolutionary war, from salt-petre, the produce of the towns in its vicinity." The Stough ton woollen and cotton factory was incorporated in 1815, with a capital of $75,000. In 1837, there was one woollen mill, 2 sets of machinery ; 32,000 yards of satinet were manufactured, valued at $35,000 ; two cotton mills for the manufacture of thread and twine. There were 174,900 pairs of boots, and 53,250 of shoes, valued at $487,390 ; males employed, 495 ; females, 386. There was formerly a village of praying Indians in the limits of this tOAvn. The folloAving is Gookin's account of the place. " The next town is Pakemitt or Punkapoag. The signification of the name is taken from a spring, that ariseth out of red earth. This town is situated south of Boston, about fourteen miles. There is a great mountain called the Blue Hill lieth north-east from it two miles ; and the town of Dedham about three miles north-west from it. This is a small town, and hath not above twelve families in it, and so about sixty souls. This is the second praying town. The Indians that settled here removed from Neponset Mill. The quantity of land belonging to this village is about six thousand acres ; and some of it is fertile, but not generally so good as in other towns. Here they worship God and keep the Sabbath, in the same manner as is done at Natick, before declared. They have a ruler, a constable, and a school-master. Their ruler's name is Ahawton ; an old and faithful friend to the English. Their teacher is Wil liam Ahawton, his son; an ingenious person and pious man, and of good parts. Here was a very able teacher that died about three years since. His name was William Awinian. He was a very knowing person, and of great ability, and of genteel deportment, and spoke very good English. His death was a very great rebuke to this place. This town hath within this ten years lost by death several honest and able men ; and some have turned apostates, and removed from them- which dispen sations of God have greatly damped the flourishing condition of this place Here it was that Mr. John Eliot jun., before mentioned, preached a lecture once a fortnight for sundry years, until his decease. In this village, besides their planting and keeping- cattle and swine, and fishing in good ponds and upon Neponset river, which lieth near them; they are also advantaged by a large cedar swamp; wherein such as are labo rious and diligent do get many a pound, by cutting and preparing cedar shingles and clapboards, which sell well at Boston and other English towns adjacent." WEYMOUTH. 489 WALPOLE. This town was set off from Dedham in 1724, and incorporated the same year. The Rev. Philips Payson was settled here in 1730, and continued in the ministry more than forty-seven years. He educated four sons, all of whom settled in the ministry. Mr. Payson died in 1778, and was succeeded in 1783 by Rev. George Morey. Rev. John P. B. Storer was settled colleague pastor Avith Mr. Morey in 1826. The second church Avas formed about the time of the settlement of Mr. Storer, and Rev. Asahel Bigelow was ordained pastor in 1828. Three considerable branches of Neponset river from Sharon, Foxborough, and Medfield unite in this town. There are 3 churches, 2 Congregational and I Methodist. Population, 1,592. Distance, 10 miles from Dedham, 21 from Providence, and 20 from Boston. In 1837, there were 3 cotton mills; spindles, 1,924, cotton consumed, 85,200 lbs.; cotton goods manufactured, 278,000 yards, valued at $46,500 ; males employed, 20 ; females, 39. Tavo woollen mills; 4 sets of machinery; wool consumed, 80,000 lbs.; cloth manufactured, 95,000 yards; value, $103,250; males em ployed, 28 ; females, 25. Two paper-mills ; stock manufactured, 155 tons ; value of paper, $12,000. Two air and cupola furnaces; iron castings made, 413 tons, valued at $41,300 ; hands employed, 26 ; capital invested, $12,000. The value of hoes manufactured, $5,000; hands employed, 7; capital invested, $10,000; straw bonnets manufactured, 9,669 ; value, $19,338 ; value of twine manufactured, $6,666. WEYMOUTH. This place, the Wessagusset of the Indians, is the oldest settle ment in Massachusetts, except Plymouth. " In 1622, Thomas Weston, a merchant of good reputation in London, having pro cured for himself a patent for a tract of land in Massachusetts Bay, sent two ships, Avith 50 or 60 men, at his own charge, to settle a plantation. Many of the adventurers being sick on their arrival at Plymouth, most of the company remained there during the greater part of the summer, and were treated with hospitality and kindness by the inhabitants. Some of their number, in the mean time, finding a place in the Bay of Massachusetts, named Wessa gusset, which they judged convenient for a settlement, the whole company removed to it, and began a plantation." This was rather of a disorderly company, there being, as it is stated, "many of them rude and profane," and being badly governed, fell into disorder, and experienced much suffering from their extravagance and conduct towards the natives, such as taking their corn, &c. The Indians were so incensed against them that they entered into a conspiracy to destroy the whole company. This was prevented by the daring exploit of Capt, Standish, some account of which is 490 WEYMOUTH. given on the 17th page of this work. Such, however, was the reduced state of the colony, and their danger from the natives, that it was deemed prudent to break up the settlement. It appears, hoAvever, there were a few inhabitants here in 1624, as it is stated "that the few inhabitants of Wessagusset receiving an accession to their number from Weymouth, in England, the town is sup posed to have hence been called Weymouth." In 1635, a Mr. Hull and 21 families joined the settlement. Mr. Hull was a minister from England, and appears to have been their first preacher. This toAvn was attacked by the Indians in Philip's war, in 1676, and 7 or 8 houses were burnt. 'mmSMm Northern view of Weymouth Village. The above is a vieAV of the village of Weymouth, as seen from near the residence of Minot Thayer, Esq., Avhose house appears on the left of the engraving. The church appearing on the right is called the Union church ; this, with the house of Mr. Thayer, are within the limits of the town of Braintree. Ship-building, to some extent, is carried on in this place ; vessels of 400 tons have been launched above the bridge, over Maniquot river. This village (about one third of which is in the limits of Braintree) is 15 miles from Dedham, 5 from Randolph, and 10 from Boston. The surface of the town is undulating and stony, and the soil generally good. It has a good landing-place for vessels of light burthen; about 800 tons of shipping belong to the place, and it is estimated that about half a million of dollars' worth of boots and shoes are manufactured in the town. The "Union Bank" of Weymouth and Braintree, Avith a capital of $100,000, is located here. There are 3 houses of Avorship, 2 Congregational, and 1 Methodist. Population, 3,387. In 1837, there Avere 70,155 pairs of boots and 242,083 pairs of shoes manufactured in this town, the value of which was $427,679 ; males employed, 828 ; females, 519, value of leather tanned and curried, $42,500. WRENTHAM. WRENTHAM. 491 This town was originally included within the limits of Dedham, and was set off in 1661, when there were only sixteen families. It was incorporated in 1673. There was no church formed here till 1692, when Rev. Samuel Mann, the first minister, was ordained. Mr. Mann preached to the feAV families here in a comparative wilder ness, but, in consequence of Philip's war, in 1676, they were obliged to abandon their settlements for more than four years. When they returned, they prevailed upon Mr. Mann to accompany them. He shared with them all their difficulties and privations, left a numerous posterity, and died in 1719, in the forty-ninth year of his ministry. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry Messenger, who continued in the ministry nearly 32 years. Rev. Joseph Bean Avas the next minister ; he Avas settled in 1750, and died in 1784, and was suc ceeded by Rev. David Avery, who Avas dismissed in 1794, and died in Virginia. Rev. Elisha Fisk was his successor. The Second Church and Society in North Wrentham Avere formed previous to the instalment of Rev. John Cleveland, in 1798 ; he continued pastor for more than sixteen years in North Wrentham, and died in 1815, aged 65. He was succeeded by Mr. Field, who continued pastor about three years, and then resigned. Mr. Thatcher was his successor, and Avas ordained in 1823. In 1830, Mr. Thatcher and a part of the church seceded, and formed them selves into " a distinct and separate church." The Baptist meeting-house was built in 1767 ; the north meeting-house Avas completed in 1804. The first English inhabitant in Wrentham was one .Mr. Shears. In Mr. Bean's Century Sermon, preached in 1773, it is stated that the town Avas named Wrentham, because some of the first settlers were from a town of that name in England. The first English person born in the town was Mehitabel Shears, daughter of Sam uel Shears. The first person buried in the town Avas an infant son of John Ware, Feb. 10th, 1673. In Philip's war, after the inhabitants had left the town, the Indians burnt all the houses but two ; these were saved, it is stated, on account of persons having the small-pox in them, of which fact the Indians, by some means, became acquainted. After the Indian war was over, the following persons had their names affixed to an instrument engaging to return.Eleazer Metcalf, Eleazer Gay, Samuel Man, James Mosman, Robert Ware, Daniel Whright, John Ware, Joseph Kingsbury, William Mackneh, Samuel Fisher, Nathaniel Ware, Samuel Shears. Daniel Haws, John Payne, Cornelius Fisher, John Aldiss, Benjamin Rocket, Michael Willson, Wrentham is a pleasant village, consisting of about 40 or 50 dwelling-houses, a Congregational church, a bank, and an acade my. In the cut the church is seen on the left; the Wren tham Bank is the first building standing northward. Day's Academy, in this place, was incorporated in 1806. Population, 66 492 WRENTHAM. Western view of the central part of Wrentham. 2,817. Distance, 15 miles from Dedham, and 27 from Boston. The central part of North Wrentham is about 4 miles distant from the place represented in the engraving. There are 4 churches in the limits of the town, 3 Congregational and 1 Baptist. In 1837, there were 4 cotton mills, 2,252 spindles ; 315,000 yards of cotton goods manufactured ; value, $68,000 ; males employed, 50 ; females, 38. One woollen mill; cloth manufactured, 12,745 yards; value, $12,745^ Straw bonnets manufactured, 35,126 ; value, $77,815. Boots manufactured, 10,155 pairs; shoes, 150 pairs, valued at $18,675. Boots manufactured, 200; value, $8,000; hands employed, 13. The storm of the 23d of September, 1815, raged here with vio lence ; many buildings Avere damaged, some throAvn doAvn, and great injury was done to the forest trees. In Rev. Mr. Fisk's sermon, preached in 1823, he says : " One fact has been noticed, and it may be proper to mention it, Avhat the effect of this tempest was supposed to have on wells of Avater.* It is probable, how ever, that not the wind, but the earthquake, produced the change." " The wind blew Avith great violence from the south-east, from eight or nine o'clock in the morning until noon ; after that hour it began to subside." The following inscriptions are copied from the grave-yard in this place : In memory of the Rev. Mr. Joseph Bean, pastor of the Is' church in Wrentham, who died Feb. 12lh> 1784, in y° 66lh year of his age. Near half an age with every good man's praise, Among his floek y° shepherd passed his days. * The effect on the water which Mr. Fisk refers to is that the depth of water in some instances varied after this storm ; also that wells which had previously furnished soft water have ever since produced hard water. PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 493 The friend, y" comfort of y° sick & poor, Want never knocked unheeded at his door. Oft when his duty call'd disease and pain Strove to confine him, but they strove in vain. All mourn his death ; his virtues long they try'd They knew not how they lov'd him till he dy'd. In memory of Mr. Ebenezer Hawes, who departed this life April 19lh> 1812, in the 91" year of his age. Of no distemper, of no blast he dy'd, But fell like autumn fruit that mellow'd long,- E'er wonder'd at why he no sooner dropt ; Fate seem'd to wind him up for fourscore years, Yet restless ran he on ten winters more, Till, like a clock worn out with eating time, The wheels of weary life at last stood still. „, In memory of Mr. Benjamin Day, who died Feb. 26th, 1816, aged 90 years and 8- months. He was distinguished for industry; economy, justice, benevolence and piety. He was the principal benefactor to Day's Academy, and gave a fund for the support of the communion-table. His other deeds of charity were numerous ; while he has gone to his rest his usefulness continues. My dust lies here, my better part's above, And lives, so I, not Death, the Conqueror prove ;. What I possess secures me what's to come, My clay shall be refined and sent for home. Hie jacet corpus domini Ludovici Cormette armigeri Gallici exercitus Gallici nobi- lis. Ohiit octavo Martii 1788, suae aetatis quadragesimo sexto. [Here lies the body of Lewis Cornette, Esq., a nobleman of France, and an officer in the French army. He died on the 8th of March, 1788, in the 46th year of his age.], PLYMOUTH COUNTY. Plymouth County contains the oldest settlement in New Eng land, and was a separate colony till' the appointment of Sir Ednlund Andross as governor-general, in 1685. In this year, the colony was divided into three counties, Plymouth, Barnstable and Bristol. In 1692, it was permanently united with the colony of Massachusetts. There are no rivers of much importance in the county ; the prin cipal streams are North river, which Aoavs into Massachusetts bay, and several branches of Taunton river. There are no eleva tions of sufficient height to receive the name of mountains. The surface of the county is generally level, and though there is some fertile land, sandy and unproductive tracts prevail to a great ex tent, particularly in the southern part. This county has some foreign commerce ; but its shipping is principally engaged in the fishing business and coasting trade. Ship-building is a very im portant branch of business, there being more persons in this busi ness than in any other county in the state. The value of vessels built for five years preceding 1837 was $2,061,440; hands em ployed, 1,432. The manufacture of boots and shoes is carried on to a great extent. Iron ore is found to some extent. The follow ing is a list of the towns, Avhich are 21 in number. 494 A B I N G T O N . Abington, Hanover, Middleborough, Scituate, Bridgewater, Hanson, N. Bridgewater, Wareham, Carver, Hingham, Pembroke, W. Bridgewater. Duxbury, Hull, Plymouth, E. Bridgewater, Kingston, Plympton, Halifax, Marshfield, Rochester, In 1820, the population of this county was 38,136 ; in 1830, it was 42,993 ; in 1837, it was 46,253. ABINGTON. It is supposed that the first settlements in this toAvn commenced in 1668 or '9. The first grant made by the Plymouth colony within this town was to Mr. Nathaniel Souther, in 1654. In 1664, another grant was made to his heirs and to the heirs of Clement Briggs. After the year 1672, the heirs of Phineas Pratt had grants located here. In 1656, a tract, three miles square, from Accord pond southerly, above Scituate, was granted to Mr. Hatherly and others. In 1668, a tract two miles long by three fourths of a mile wide Avas sold by the colony to James Lovell, John Holbrook, and Andrew Ford, of Weymouth, for 231, above Mr. Hatherly's grant, and adjoining the colony line. Previous to 1660, Lieut. Peregrine White, of Marshfield, had a grant, which is described as being between two brooks, in the fork of them, the Indian names of which are given in the records, which proves them to be the Beaver brook and the one east of it ; by this fact is it ascertained that the Indian name of Abington Avas Manamooskeagin, a word which signifies " much or many beavers." The first minister of the first church was Rev. Samuel Brown, who was ordained in 1714 ; his successor Avas Ezekiel Dodge, Avho was ordained in 1750. Mr. Dodge was succeeded by Rev. Samuel Niles, who was ordained in 1771, and died in 1814. The next minister was Rev. Holland Weeks, who was installed here in 1815. In 1808, a number of the inhabitants of the south part of Abington, and of the east of BridgeAvater, Avere incorporated as the " Union Calvinistic Soci ety ;" the Rev. Daniel Thomas Avas ordained their pastor the same year. In 1813, " The Third Society in Abington " was incorpo rated, and Rev. Samuel W. Colbourn was installed pastor. Abington is perhaps the best grazing town in Plymouth county. It has generally a moist and strong soil, and the township is the elevated land between Massachusetts and Narragansett bays. The south-eastern section of the town is rather swampy as well as rocky. Hence the popular name, "Little Comfort," has been used for that region. In the north-eastern section is a long ridge of elevated pasture, of good soil, still called, from its original growth, "Beech Hill." There are large tack factories in this place ; and the value of shoes manufactured in this town has been estimated at $500,000 annually. There are 4 churches, 3 Congre- BRIDGEWATER. 495 gational, and 1 Baptist. Population, 3,057. Distance, 22 miles N. W. of Plymouth, 8 S. of Weymouth Landing, 18 north-easterly of Taunton, and 19 miles S. S. E. of Boston. In 1837, there were 98,081 pairs of boots and 526,208 pairs of shoes manufactured in this town, valued at $746,794 26; males employed, 847; females, 470. BRIDGEWATER. The ancient town of BridgeAvater Avas purchased of the Indians by Capt. Miles Standish and others, and formed then a part of Duxbury. " Ousamequin, sachem of the Contrie of Pocanauket," (as it is expressed in, the original deed,) " granted, &c. a tract of land usually called Saughtucket, extending in length and the breadth thereof as followeth, that is to say : from ye weare att Saughtuckett seven myles due east, and from said weare seven (miles) due west, and from said weare seven myles due north, and from said weare seven miles due south," &c. This deed was signed in 1649. Ousamequin, the sachem mentioned above, was the great sachem Massasoit, who adopted this name during the latter part of his life. The consideration for which the sachem granted the above land was as folloAvs : — " 7 Coats, a yd- and half in a coat, — 9 Hatchets, — 8 Howes, — 20 Knives, — 4 Moose Skins, — 10 yds- and half of Cotton." This contract is said to have been made and executed on a small rocky hill, anciently called Sachem's Rock, a little south of Whitman's mills in E. Bridgewater. The wear which they first established as their center was a little above the mills, near the ancient fording place. The ancient town of Bridgewater, which was incorporated in 1656, was very extensive, and embraced within its limits four townships, which noAV bear the same name. In 1790, before its division, it contained 9,754 inhabitants. The south parish of the ancient Bridgewater now constitutes the town of that name. It Avas incorporated as a second precinct in 1716, and the partition line was run easterly and westerly across the town, leaving much of the largest part on the northerly side, "regard then being had to the erection of other parishes in future." The first meeting house was built in 1717, and Rev. Benjamin Allen, their first pastor, was ordained the next year. His successor was John ShaAV, who was ordained in 1731, and died in 1791, in the 60th year of his ministry. Mr. Shaw's successor was Zedekiah San ger, D. D. BridgeAvater contains some of the best lands in Plymouth county. Taunton river, which washes the southern border of the town, is a stream of some importance ; vessels have been built upon it of 150 tons burthen, and floated down its current during high water in freshets. There are in the town large factories of anchors, nails,. machinery, cotton ginns, boots and shoes. Iron ore is found. 496 BRIDGE AVATER. Northern view of Bridgewater. The above shows the appearance of BridgeAvater, as it is seen on the elevated ground about one mile northward of the village, on the road from East Bridgewater. This is a pleasant village, having 3 churches (2 Congregational and 1 New Jerusalem) and an academy. Distance, 18 miles from Plymouth, 10 from Taun ton, and 27 from Boston. Population, 2,092. In 1837, there were manufactured 3,124 pairs of boots, and 53,800 pairs of shoes, the value of which was $57,317; males employed, 150; females, 56. There Avere 2 air and cupola furnaces ; 400 tons of iron castings made, valued at $30,000 ; two nail factories ; 1,000 tons of nails manufactured, value, $60,000 ; hands employed, 30. Two manu factories of cotton ginns ; value of ginns manufactured, $22,500 ; hands employed, 30; capital invested, $42,000. Two forges; 140 tons of bar iron and anchors manufactured ; A'alue, $17,000. One rolling and machine shop, which employed 60 hands ; there was also a tack manufactory, which employed 12 hands. The following inscriptions are copied from Alden' s Collection. Beneath are deposited the remains of Lieut. Josiiua Alden, who died 21 March, 1809, in the 80 year of his age. He led a sober and regular life, was a friend to peace and good order, a steady attendant on publick worship, and a valuable member of society. In his last will and testament, after some deductions, he bequeathed a tenth part of his property to the South Congregational society in Bridgewater, of which one hundred dollars were for the use of the church, of which he was a member, two hundred dollars for the encouragement of psalmody, and the remainder for the fund of said society. To perpetuate his memory, and to express the gratitude due to an example so worthy of imitation, it has been thought fit to erect this monument. Beneath are deposited the remains of the Hon. Nathan Mitchell, Esq., in whom prudence and economy, benevolence and piety, were happily and conspicuously united ; whose open disposition procured him confidence and esteem in private life, while his patriotism, integrity, and strong natural abilities, repeatedly advanced him by the suffrages of a virtuous people to a seat in government ; who in various capacities served his town and country with fidelity and honour ; and, through life, sustained the character of a devout, exemplary christian, an obliging neighbour, a kind husband, and tender parent. He died with the small-pox, 2 March, 1789, in the 60 year of his CARVER. 497 age, beloved and lamented. His widow and children, to record their gratitude and the virtues of the deceased, have erected this monument. Beneath are deposited the remains of Deacon Isaac Lazell, who departed this life 20 June, 1810, in the 54 year of his age, with a comfortable hope of future happiness, having a firm belief of the truth of the gospel ; and, during the days of his health, he was anxious to promote the improvement, interest, and happiness of society. To commemorate his virtues and express the gratitude of his relatives, they have erected this monument. Sacred to the memory of Rev. John Shaw, almost sixty years a faithful- pastor of the second church of Christ in this town, who departed this life on the twenty-ninth of April, 1791, aged 83 years. 0 man, greatly beloved ! thou shalt rest and stand in thy lot at the end of days. CARVER. Carver was incorporated in 1790 ; it Avas previously the second parish in Plympton, and derives its name from that of the first governor of Plymouth colony. It appears that as early as 1637, "Lakenham Farm," noAV in the limits of Carver, was granted to Mr. Jenny, of Plymouth, who was an assistant. In 1640, " Colebrook South Meadows " and " Lakenham West Meadows " were granted to divers persons. At this early period some scat tered cottages began to extend on the western precincts of the township of Plymouth, on the path to Namasket, and successively in 1650 and 1662. In 1664, South MeadoAvs were purchased from the natives. In the year 1700, settlements were extended, Avhen lands there sold at 2s. the acre. The south part of the territory was then called " Samson's country," from the sachem of it, for whom and his wife a reserve of 200 acres Avas made, 1705. Their privileges were " fishing in the brooks and ponds, to make tar and turpentine, and to hunt on any undivided lands ; to cut poles, and to get bark in undivided cedar-swamps, to make houses," - Northern view of the southern part of Wareham Village. ued at $55,880 ; hands employed, 56 ; 2 rolling mills ; iron manu factured, 1,238 tons ; value, $137,000 ; hands employed, 50. There were 2 cotton and 1 paper-mill. There is a rocky neck, of some elevation, at the mouth of the Narrows, which conceals the view of the bay from the village. "It was this neck which concealed the approach of a detachment of barges from the Superb and Nimrod, British vessels of war on this station, June 13, 1814, rendering the expedition as unperceived as it was unexpected. The destruction of burning was, one ship, one brig, (on the stocks,) and several schooners and sloops. The ship, being afterwards extinguished, suffered a partial loss, as did the brig and a cotton factory, into which a Congreve rocket was thrown, and also extinguished. The estimated loss was $40,000. The detachment consisted of 6 barges and 200 men, .which arrived in the morning, and departed in a few hours." 'Manomet is the name of a creek, or river, which runs through the town of Sand wich, into the upper part of Buzzard's Bay, formerly called Manomet Bay. Between this and Scusset Creek is the place which has been thought of, for more than a centu ry, as proper to be cut through by a canal, and thus form a communication between Barnstable and Buzzard's Bay. It is only six miles across. Manomet rivulet was visited as early as 1622, by Gov. Bradford, to procure corn. The stream was called, by the natives, Pimesepoese, a word signifying, in their language, " provision rivulet." In 1627, the Plymouth colonists, for the convenience of trade, built a small pinnace at Manomet, to which place they transported their goods. Having taken them up a creek within four or five miles, they carried them over land to the vessel, and thus avoided the dangerous navigation around Cape Cod. For the safety of their vessel and goods, they built a house, and kept some servants there, who planted corn, raised hogs, &c. In the time of the last war with Great Britain, this mode of transportation was revived again, and the inhabitants of Cape Cod found it convenient to resort to this place, to avoid the risk of capture by the enemy's cruisers along the coast. WEST BRIDGEWATER. The first settlement of the ancient Bridgewater commenced in this town in 1651. It was incorporated by its present name in 1822. At the commencement of the settlement, each settler had a WEST BRIDGEWATER. 531 house-lot of six acres on the town river, then called Nunketest, or Nunketetest ; this was also the name, at that time, of Nippenicket Pond, in the eastern part of the town, adjoining Raynham. The new settlement itself was sometimes called by this name, while the plantation received the more general name of Saughtucket. The house-lots were contiguous, and the settlement compact. The following are the names of some of the first permanent settlers : — Thomas Hayward, John Hayward, Nathaniel Willis, John Willis, William Basset, John Wash burn, John Washburn, Jr., Thomas Gannett, William Brett, John Cary, Samuel Tomp kins, Arthur' Harris, JohnFobes, Experience Mitchell, Solomon Leonardson, Mr. Keith and Samuel Edson. The orthography, as it respects the names of the early settlers, has, in many instances, considerably changed. John Hayward and his descendants, who originally omitted the y in their name, have finally changed it to Howard. Cary was sometimes written Carew, Lathrop, Laythorpe, &c. The Rev. James Keith was the first minister ordained in this town. This was in 1664, twelve years after thefirst settlement was made. It appears that they found it difficult to support a minister be fore this time. Mr. Keith was from Scotland, and was educated at Aberdeen. He came to Boston about 1662, and was introduced to the church at Bridgewater by Dr. Increase -Mather, whom he always considered his best friend and patron. The descendants of Mr. Keith are numerous. He died in 1719, aged seventy-six. He was succeeded by Rev. Daniel Perkins, who was ordained in 1721, and died in 1782 ; the next minister was Rev. John Reed, D. D., who was ordained as colleague with Mr. Perkins in 1780. West Bridgewater is a very level township of land, and the meadows, called " Hockamock meadows," produce large crops of hay of a superior kind. It lies 19 miles N. W. of Plymouth, 13 north-easterly of Taunton, and 24 southerly of Boston. Popula tion, 1,145. There are in the town 3 air and cupola furnaces, which, in 1837, made 430 tons of castings; value, $42,500 ; hands em ployed 31; 1 manufactory for shovels, spades, forks or hoes. In 1837 there were 2,518 pairs of boots and 27,890 pairs of shoes manufactured; value, $31,210; males employed, 43; females, 25. There are 3 churches ; 1 Unitarian, 1 Baptist, and 1 New Je rusalem. Population, 1,145. Bridgewater was the first interior settlement in the county of Plymouth, and many of the settlers were called to encounter the troubles and dangers of Indian warfare. During Philip's war they displayed great resolution and intrepidity. Surrounded by a savage foe, "they were strongly advised and solicited to desert their dwellings and repair down to the towns on the sea-side." They however resolutely kept their ground, and defended their settle ment, and encouraged and assisted other towns to do the same. They erected a stockade, or garrison, on the south side of the river, and also fortified many of their dwellings. On April 9th, 1676, being Sunday, the enemy burnt a house and barn, and rifled seve ral other houses in town ; but they soon fled, and could not be overtaken. On May 8th, about three hundred Indians, with Tis- paquin for their leader, made another assault on the east end of the town, on the south side of the river, and set fire to many of the houses, but " the inhabitants, issuing from their houses, fell upon them so resolutely that the enemy were repelled ; and a heavy shower of rain falling at the same time, the fires were soon extin guished. The attack was then renewed on the north side of the 71 532 SUFFOLK COUNTY. river, but the enemy were soon defeated, and the next morning entirely disappeared, after burning two houses and one barn. On this occasion 13 houses and 4 barns only were burnt, and but five of these were in the village ; the rest were on the borders of the settlement, and deserted at the time. There is a tradition that, ex cepting the garrison-houses, every house but one in the town was burnt. This was true, probably, of all the houses not in the vil lage. A few weeks previous to the death of Philip, the inhabitants of the town being alarmed at some appearance of the enemy, they immediately pressed Comfort Willis and Joseph Edson to go post to the governor, to give information. Capt. Church, with his company, was immediately sent to their assistance. About 20 men from Bridge- water, while on the road to meet Capt. Church, came upon the enemy, and fought them, and took seventeen alive, and also much plunder, without losing a man. They joined Capt. Church next day, and soon captured and killed 173 Indians. These pri soners were conveyed into the town pound at night,, and an Indian guard set over them. "They were well treated with victuals and drink, and had a merry night; and the prisoners laughed as loud as the soldiers, not having been so well treated for a long time." The next day Capt. Church arrived safe at Plymouth, with all the prisoners. Notwithstanding the many dangers of this war, and the great number of the Bridgewater people engaged in it, it is a remarkable circumstance that not one of the inhabitants was killed. The first person who fell in battle from this place was John Snell, who was killed in the old French war. The second was Capt. Jacob Allen, who was killed at the capture of Burgoyne. — 7th vol. 2d Series Coll. Mass. Hist. Soe. SUFFOLK COUNTY. Suffolk County was incorporated in 1643. At this period it comprehended all the territory now within the counties of Suf folk and Norfolk, together with the towns of Hingham and Hull, in Plymouth county. The county of Suffolk now comprehends only the city of Boston and the town of Chelsea, with the islands appertaining to each. Its greatest extent from the northern extremity of Chelsea to the Dorchester line- is about 11 miles, and from West Boston bridge to the outer harbor about 10 miles. In 1837, the population was 81,984. BOSTON. The Indian name of Boston was Shaivmut, which is supposed to have signified a spring of water. The first English name given to it was Trimountain, the literal signification of which is " three mountains;" for Boston was originally composed of three hills. These afterwards received the names of Copp's, Fort, and Beacon hills. On the last there were three distinct eminences, so elevated as to give this hill the appearance of a mountain when viewed from the low grounds of Charlestown. These eminences have been since called by the names of Mount Vernon, Beacon, and Pemberton hills. The modern name Tremont alludes to the same circumstance. BOSTON. 533 In 1630, the Plymouth colony, by the agency of the Earl of "Warwick and Sir Fer nando Gorges, obtained from the council for New England its last patent. Prepara tions having been made in the early part of this year, a fleet of fourteen sail, with men,. women, and children, arrived in Massachusetts bay, on the 6th of July. In this fleet came Governor "Winthrop, Deputy Governor Dudley, and several other gentlemen of wealth and distinction, together with about fifteen hundred other passengers. On the- arrival of the principal ships at Charlestown, the governor and several of the patentees, having viewed the bottom of the bay of Massachusetts, pitched down on the north side of Charles river, and took lodgings in the great house built there the preceding year. It appears to have been the intention of the governor and company to have settled at this place, but the prevalence of a mortal sickness, which they ascribed to the badness of the water, induced them to ramove. At this time the Rev. "Wm. Blackstone, an. Episcopal minister, rather of an eccentric character, located himself on the peninsula : of Shawmut, in a solitary manner, in a small cottage, which he built on the west side. Going over to Charlestownj he informed the governor of an excellent spring of water * at Shawmut, and invited him. over his side of the river. The principal gentlemen of the company, induced by this invitation, crossed the river, and finding it an eligible • place, began a settlement there, by the erection of small cottages. The place was named Boston in compliment to Eev. John Cotton, who was at that time a preacher in Boston, in Lincolnshire, England, who was expected over very soon to join the colony. The town records for the four first years from the settlement of Boston are ¦ lost, but the records of the first church have been preserved, and in them it is probable > the names of almost all the adult population at this time are inserted. The following,, is a fac simile of the governor and deputy governor's signatures. The following is an account of the first visit of the English at Plymouth to Boston harbor, in the words of one of the party : — "It seemed good to the company in general, that, though the Massachusetts (a tribe of Indians) had ' often threatened us, (as we were informed,) yet we should go amongst them, partly to see the country, partly to make peace with them, and partly to procure their truck. For these ends the governours chose ten men, fit for the purpose, and sent Tisquantum, and two other savages, to bring us to speech with the peo ple, and interpret for us. " [On the 18th of September, 1621, being Tuesday,] we set out about midnight, the tide then serving for us. We, supposing it to be nearer than it is, thought . to be there the next morning betimes ; but it proved well near twenty leagues from New Plymouth. We came into the bottom of the bay, but being late, we anchored, and lay in the shallop, not having seen any of the people. The next morning we put in for the shore. There we found many lobsters, that had been gathered together by the savages, which we made ready under a cliff, (Copp's hill, in Boston.) The captain sent two sentinels behind the cliff, to the land ward, to secure the shallop, and taking a guide with him, and four of our company, went to seek the inhabitants, where they met a woman coming for her lobsters ; they told her of them, and contented her for them. She told them where the people were. Tisquantum went to them ; the rest returned, having direction which way to bring the shallop to them. ' ' The sachem, or governour of this place, is called Obbatinewat, and, though he live in the bottom of the iSTassachuset Bay, yet he is under Massasoyt. He used us very kindly ; he told us he durst not remain in any settled place, for fear of the Tarentines ; also the squaw sachem or Massachusets queen was an enemy to him. "We told him of divers sachems that had acknowledged themselves to be King James his men, and if he also would submit himself we would be his safeguard from his enemies ; which he did, and went along with us to bring us to the squaw sachem. "Again we crossed the bay, which is very large and hath at least fifty islands in it, but the certain num ber is not known to the inhabitants. Night it was before we came to that side of the bay where this peo ple were, that night also we rid at anchor aboard the shallop. On the morrow we went ashore all but two men, and marched in arms up the country. Having gone three miles, we came to a place where corn had been newly-.gathered, a house pulled down, and the people gone. A mile from hence, Nanepas- hemet, their king, in his lifetime had lived. His house was not like others, but a scaffold was largely built, with poles and planks, some six foot from ground, and the'house upon that, being situated on the top, of a hill. " Not far from hence, in. a bottom, we came to a fort built by their deceased king, the manner thus : there were poles, some thirty or forty feet, long, stuck in the ground as thick as they could be set one by another, and 'with these they enclosed a ring some forty or fifty feet over. A trench breast high waa digged' on each side ; one way there was to go into it with a bridge. In the midst of this palisado stood tlie - frame of an house, wherein, being, dead, he lay buried. 534 BOSTON. " About a mile from hence we came to such another, but seated on the top of an hill ; here Nanepashe- met was killed, none dwelling in it since the time of his death. At this place we staid, and sent two savages to look the inhabitants, and lo inform them of our ends in coming, that they might not be fearful of us. Within a mile of this place they found the women of the place together, with their corn on heaps, whither we supposed them to be lied for fear of us, and the more, because in divers places they had newly pulled down their houses, and for haste in one place had left some of their corn, covered with a mat, and nobody with it. " With much fear they entertained us at first, but seeing our gentle carriage towards them, they took heart and entertained us in the best manner they could, b 'iling cod and such other things as they had-for us. At length, with much sending for, came one of their men, shaking and trembling for fear. But when he saw that we intended them no hurt, but came to truck, he promised us with his skins also. Of him we inquired'foi their queen ; but it seemed she was far from thence ; at least we could not see her. Here Tis quantum would have had us rilled the savage women, and taken their skins, and all such things as might be serviceable for us ; for (said he) they are a bad people, and have oft threatened you. But our answer was, were they never so bad, we would not wrong them, or give them any just occasion against us ; for their words, we little weighed them, but if they once attempted any thing against us, then we would deal far worse than he desired. Having well spent the day, we returned to the shallop, almost all the women accompanying us to the shore. We promised them to come again to them, and they us to keep their skins. " Within this bay the savages say there are two rivers ; the one whereof we saw, having a fan* entrance, but we had no time to discover it. Better harbours for shipping cannot be than here are. At the entrance of the bay are many rocks ; and in all likelihood good fishing ground. Many, yea, most of the islands have been inhabited, some being cleared from end to end, but the people are all dead or removed. Our victual growing scarce, the wind coming fair, and having a light moon, we set out at evening, and, through the goodness of God, came safely home before noon the day following, with a considerable quantity of beaver, and a good report of the place, wishing we had been seated there." About the year 1663, Boston was described in Johnson's " Won der-working Providence" in the following manner : — " Invironed it is with brinish flood, saving one small Istmog, which gives free access to the neighboring towns by land, on the south side, on the north- west and north-east. Two constant fairs are kept for daily trafique thereunto. The form of this town is like a heart, naturally situated for fortifications, having two hills on the frontier part thereof next the sea, the one well fortified on the superficies thereof, with store of great artillery well mounted ; the other hath a very strong battery built of whole timber, and filled with earth. At the descent of the hill, in the extreme poynt thereof, betwixt these two strong arms, lies a cove or bay, on which the chief part of this town is built, overtopped with a third hill ; all these, like overtopping towers, keep a constant watch to see the approach of foreign dangers, being furnished with a beacon and loud babbling guns, to give notice by their redoubled echo to all the sister towns. The chief edifice of thia city-like town is crowded on the sea-banks, and wharfed out with great labour and cost; the buildings beautiful and large, some fairly set forth with brick tile, stone arid slate, and orderly placed with semely streets, whose continual enlargement presageth some sumptuous city. But now behold the admirable acta of Christ, at this his people's landing ; the hideous thickets in this place were such that wolves and bears nursl up their young from the eyes of all beholders, in those very places where the streets are full of girls and boys, sporting up and down with continued concourse of people. Good store of snipping is here yearly built, and some very fair ones. This town is the very mart of the land ; Dutch, French, and PortugaUs come here to trafique." The city of Boston, the capital of Massachusetts and New Eng land, in its present limits is naturally divided into three sections, — Boston, South Boston, and East Boston. The peninsula on which Old Boston is built extends from Rox bury on the south to Winnesimet ferry on the north, and is nearly surrounded by the waters of Boston harbor on the east and Charles river on the north and west. Its length is nearly three miles, and its average breadth about one mile. It originally contained about 700 acres, but its territory has been greatly extended, by filling up around its borders. Its surface is quite uneven. It has numerous eminences, rising from 50 to 110 feet above the sea, affording admi rable sites for building, and giving it a striking appearance. It is in north Lat. 42° 21' 23", and west Lon. 71° 4' 9". It lies 163 miles S. S. W. from Augusta, Me.; 63 S. S. E. from Concord, N. H- 160 S. E. by S. from Montpelier, Vt.; 158 E. (19' S.) from Albany, N. Y.; 40 N. N. E. from Providence, R. I.; 97 E. N. E. from Hart ford, Ct.; 207 N. 3. by E. from New York, and 432 miles N. E. by E. from Washington. Avenues.— The peninsular situation of Boston requires many artificial avenues to and from the surrounding country. Until 1786, the "Neck," between Boston and Roxbury, one mile and 117 feet in length, was the only passage to it by land. On the ' BOSTON. 535 17th June, of that year, the Charles River Bridge, leading from Boston to Charlestown, was opened for travel. It was incorporated March 9, 1785. This bridge is 1,503 feet in length, 42 in breadth, and cost $50,000. Net revenue in 1834, $9,383. This bridge by its charter becomes state property in 1856. West Boston Bridge, leading to Cambridge, was opened on the 23d of November, 1793. It was incorporated March 9, 1792. Length of the bridge, 2,758 feet ; abut ment and causeway, 3,432 ; total length, 6,190 feet. Cost, $76,667. Net revenue in. 1834, $12,928. This bridge will become state property in 1879. South Boston Bridge, leading from Boston Neck to South Boston, was incorporated March 6, 1804, and opened for travel in July, 1805. Length, 1,550 feet ; width, 40. It cost the proprietors about $50,000. It is now city property, free. Canal Bridge, from Boston to Lechmere Point, in East Cambridge, was incorporated February 27, 1807, and opened for travel in August, 1809. Length, 2,796 feet ; width, 40. A lateral bridge extends from this to Prison Point, Charlestown. Length, 1,820 ; width, 35 feej. Net receipts in 1834, $3,173. This bridge will become state property in 1879. The Western Avenue, leading from Beacon street to Sewell's Point, in Brookline, was incorporatea June 14, 1814, and commenced in 1818. It was opened for travel July 2, 1821. This avenue is a substantial dam across Charles River bay, about a mile and a half in length, and from 60 to TOO feet in width. This dam encloses about 600 acres of flats, over which the tide formerly flowed from 7 to 10 feet. A partition dam divides this enclosure, and forms, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, a full and receiving basin ; thereby producing, at all times, a great hydraulic power. The cross dam also forms an excellent avenue from the main dam to Roxbury. Cost, about $700,000. Net receipts in 1834, $6,133. The proprietors of this avenue claim a per petual franchise. Boston Free Bridge, from Sea street to South Boston. Incorporated March 4, 1826 ; completed in 1828. Length, 500 ; width, 38 feet. Built by proprietors of lands in the vicinity. City property. Warren Bridge, leading to Charlestown. Length, 1,390 feet ; width, 44. Incorporated March 12, 1828, and opened on the December follow ing. It is now state property. The net receipts of this bridge in 1834 were $16,427. All the above avenues are lighted with lamps, when necessary, and make a beautiful appearance. Middlesex Canal passes in a northerly direction from Boston harbor, at Charlestown, through Medford, 5 miles from Boston, Woburn, 10, — Wilmington, 14, — to Lowell, at the locks and canals at that place, 27 miles. It was incorporated in 1789, and com pleted in 1808, at an expense of $828,000. Its breadth at the surface is 30 feet, at bottom 20, depth, 4 feet ; summit level, 104 feet above tide water, and 32 feet above the Merrimac at Lowell. This and other short canals on the Merrimac open a navi gable communication between Boston and Concord, N. H. This was the first enter prise of the kind attempted in the United States. The Boston and Providence Railroad was incorporated in 1831. The road commences on the south-west side of the Common, in Boston, crosses the Worcester railroad, passes through Roxbury, the eastern part of Dedham, and western part of Canton, Sharon, Foxborough, Attleborough, and Pawtucket, to Seekonk. and terminates at India bridge, which crosses the Pawtucket river to Providence. It is 41 miles in length, and cost $1,150,000. (For a notice of the Lowell and the Worcester railroads, see those places.) Boston Harbor extends across Light-House Channel and Broad Sound, from Point Alderton on Nantasket to Point Shirley in Chelsea, a distance, between the islands, of about 4 miles. It is safe, and of ample capacity for the largest navy. The most important part of this harbor is entered by a narrow pass, between two and three miles below the city, and is well protected by two powerful forts — Independence and Warren. The outer harbor, below these forts, will shortly be protected by a very powerful fortress now erecting on George's Island, at a great expense, by the govern ment of the United States. Boston harbor contains many islands of great beauty, and is the reservoir of the Mystic, Charles, Neponset, Manatiquot, and other rivers. Its borders are environed by the towns of Hull, Hingham, Weymouth, Braintree, Quincy, Dorchester, Roxbury, Brookline, Cambridge, Charlestown, and Chelsea; and the numerous small bays, coves, and inlets, indenting their shores, give great variety, and add much to the scenery of this delightful harbor. Owing to the almost insular situation of Boston, and its limited extent, its popula tion appears small. But it must be considered that the neighboring towns of Quincy, Dorchester, Milton, Roxbury, Brookline, Brighton, Watertown, Cambridge, Charles town, Medford, Maiden, and Chelsea, although not included in the city charter, are 536 BOSTON. component parts of the city, and are as much associated with it in all its commercial, manufacturing, literary, and social relations and feelings, as Greenwich, Manhattan- ville, and Harlem are with the city of New York, or Southwark and the Northern Liberties with Philadelphia. The population of Boston in 1700 was 7,000 ; 1722, 10,567 ; 1765, 15,520 ; 1790, 18,038 ; 1800, 24,937 ; 1810, 33,250 ; 1820, 43,298 ; 1830, 61,391 ; and in 1837, 80,325. Commerce. — The citizens of Boston have ever sustained a high rank for their com mercial enterprise. After whitening every sea with their canvass, and extending their commerce with all nations of the globe, they are now looking westward and northward, and constructing new and artificial channels, to enable them not only to compete with other Atlantic cities for the already immense commerce of the western world, but to intercept it on its passage down the St. Lawrence. The number of vessels entered at this port the year ending September 30, 1837, was 1,544; tonnage, 242,277 tons; crews, 11,503; cleared, 1,367; tonnage, 184,373 tons ; crews, 9,177. The registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage of this port, the same year, was 201,005 tons. A large amount of tonnage, owned at Boston, is re gistered at southern ports. Commercial Accommodations.— There is probably no place in the world better ac commodated for commercial operations than Boston. The whole length of the harbor on the east and north is lined with about" 200 docks and wharves. A few of them only can be noticed. India Wharf, at the foot of Fort Hill, was constructed in 1805. It extends into the harbor 980 feet, and is 246 to 280 feet in width. In the center is a range of 39 stores, 22 by 80, and 4 stories in height. Central Wharf, between India and Long wharves, was built in 1816. In the center are 54 warehouses, 23 by 50, 4 stories high. It is 1,379 feet in length, and 150 in width. Over a spacious hall in the center of this range of stores, is one of the best observatories in the United States. North of this is Long Wharf, at the foot of State street, commenced in 1710. This wharf extends into the harbor 1,800 feet, is 200 feet in width, and has 76 spacious warehouses. About the center of this wharf is a well of fresh water, 90 feet in depth. Passing the City wharf on the north, we come to Commercial Wharf, 1, 100 feet in length, and 160 in width. On the center of this wharf is a range of 34 granite ware houses, 25 by 60 feet, and are unequalled by any thing of the kind in the United States for convenience or grandeur. Cost, $500,000. On the west, and in front of this tier of wharves, which run into the harbor nearly parallel to each other, are India and Commercial streets, having the east end of Faneuil Hall Market nearly in the center. These streets are wide ; they serve as wharves, and their west sides are covered with large and convenient stores. It is contemplated to extend India street, on the south, to the Free bridge on Sea street ; and Commercial street, on the north, to Winnesimet ferry. The Marine Railways, established in 1826, at the north part of the city, afford great accommodations to those engaged in navigation. A new and splendid Custom-House is now erecting on India street, between Long and Central wharves. An Exchange, for the accommodation of merchants, and a new City Hall, are contemplated. Boston Common. — This is considered one of the most delightful promenades in the world. It comprises about 75 acres of land, of variegated surface, beautifully shaded by trees of various kinds, particularly in the malls or walks which surround it. Some of those trees were planted more than a, hundred years ago. The malls are wide, beveled, graveled, and smooth ; the waters of Charles river, and the romantic scenery beyond it, are in prospect. The whole is enclosed by an iron fence, on the outside of which are wide streets and beautiful buildings. The distance around the malls and common is about a mile. This plot of ground is so held by the city, that it can never be appropriated to any other than its present healthful and pleasing purposes. The foundation of a large and splendid Botanic Garden was laid in 1837, by the subscription of funds for that purpose. It is located on the city lands, on the west side of the Common. This will be a great ornament to the city, and an honor to the taste and judgment of its projectors. South Boston.— This part of Boston was set off from Dorchester, by legislative enactment, March the 6th, 1804. It is bounded south by Dorchester bay, and spreads about two miles on the south side of the harbor, above the forts. It contains about 600 acres, and is laid out into regular streets and squares. The surface of this part of Boston is exceedingly picturesque. In about the center of this tract, and about two miles from the City Hall, the memorable " Dorchester Heights " rear their heads BOSTON. 537 Northern view of part of South Boston. 130 feet above the sea, from which is presented a splendid view of Boston, its harbor, and the surrounding country. It is connected with Old Boston by two bridges. This part of Boston is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. The Washington House, (seen on the left, in the cut,) near the " Heights," is a noble building, having an exten sive prospect in almost every direction. The Houses of Industry, Correction, and Reformation are situated on a plot of , ground of about 60 acres on the margin of the harbor, and near the brow of the " Heights," in South Boston. " The House of Industry is a large stone building, ¦wholly devoted as a place of refuge for the poor, who are old, infirm, or otherwise unable to support themselves ; and as a workhouse for those who cannot, or will not, maintain themselves. This establishment is of the same character of that which stood on Park street many years ago, and which was removed to Barton's Point in 1800, where a beautiful building was erected for its accommodation, but which was sold, and the present house built in 1823. From the 7th of August, 1823, to June 2d, 1835, the number admitted to this house was 8,241. The number of admissions and re-admis sions in 1834 was 979, besides 32 births in the house. There remained in the house,' December 31, 1834, 610. ' 1,383 different individuals were inmates in 1834, for longer and shorter periods of time, (some of whom were out and in several times,) while only 237 have remained steadily in the house the whole year.' Of this number 600 were men, 404 women, 223 boys, and 153 girls. Of this number 71 men and 57 women were insane or idiotic, and. 8 idiot children. Of this number 268 were Bosto- nians, 274 were from other parts of the United States, and 841 were foreigners. It is observed by the superintendent, that ' there has been, for several years, a constant diminution of native Americans supported in the house, with more than a correspond ing increase of foreigners. A large proportion of these travel into the state by land, from the British Provinces, and from other states.' The number of foreigners ad mitted into this house in 10 years was 3,695. " House of Correction. This house is a few rods east of the House of Industry, and occupies at present only the easterly part of a large stone building. This is a county prison for convicts too young in vice to place in the state prison, but too old in vicious habits to require much less discipline. The commitments to this house are from the municipal and police courts. None exceed 8 years. The plan of the house, although at present limited in extent, is admirably fitted for its uses. It is on the plan of the Auburn prison, in the state of New York, which cannot well be described here. It is worthy of a visit from all classes of people, both good and bad ; it teaches solemn lessons ; and whilst we pity and deplore its convict inmates for their state of degra dation, we cannot but admire that order and discipline by which so large a number of men and women are kept in such quiet subjection. The number of white males at this house January 1st, 1834, was 160 ; white females, 85 ; colored males, 10 ; col ored females, 13 ; total, 268. Of this number 84 belonged to Massachusetts, 63 were from other states, and 121 were foreigners. On the first of January, 1835, there were at this hottse 178 white males, 74 white females, 14 colored males, and 20 colored 538 BOSTON. females ; total, 286. Of this number 153 were people of the United States, and 133 foreigners. " In the right wing of the latter building is the House of Reformation for Juvenile Offenders. The number is generally between 80 and 90. The above buildings are each 220 feet in length and 43 feet in width. A new building is erecting on the city land, south of these buildings, for a House of Reformation ; when it is completed, the House of Correction will occupy the whole of the present building. These houses are severally governed by boards of overseers." South-western view of East Boston. East Boston. — The above is a south-western view of part of East Boston, as seen from Lewis' wharf, East Boston ferryway. This section of the city, until recently, had been called Noddle's Island. It lies about 660 yards north-east from Old Boston, and about the same distance from Charlestown. It is divided from Chelsea by Chelsea Creek, 600 feet wide, over which is a bridge", and from which is an excellent road to the Salem turnpike. The Eastern railroad, to Salem, Newburyport, &c, commences at East Boston. The island contains about 660 acres of land, and a large body of flats. It was purchased by a company of enterprising gentlemen in 1832. They were incorporated in March, 1833, and the first house was commenced in October of the same year. A steamboat ferry is established between this place and Old Boston, starting from each side every ten minutes. The time occupied in crossing is about five minutes. A ferry is about being established between this island and Charles town. The surface of the island is pleasingly variegated, and affords delightful sites for dwelling-houses and gardens at moderate prices. This place is well located for manufactories of various kinds ; particularly for ship-building, and all those branches of mechanics connected with navigation. The Maverick Hotel, seen in the central part of the engraving, is a large and splen did building, occupying a commodious site. This house is named in honor of Samuel Maverick, who owned the island and resided there in 1630, and who is said to have made " some figure in the history of after times — a man of very loving and courteous behavior, and very ready to entertain strangers." Finances.— The public debt of the city of Boston on the first of May, 1837, was $1,497,200. The receipts, during the financial year, from the 30th of April, 1836, to 30th of April, 1837, was $926,350— the expenditures, $904,065. Besides the public property in public buildings, city and other wharves, &c. &c, both improved for city purposes and rented, the city has about 7,000,000 square feet of land on the Neck, ex- elusive of streets, public squares, aud malls, and a very large property in other lands in various parts of the city, which are rapidly increasing in value. The amount of this property cannot be stated, but it is known greatly to exceed the city debt, exclusive of that part which is wanted for the uses of the city. The following, respecting Boston, is copied entire from the " Statistical Tables," published by the state, 1837. BOSTON. 539 « Number of merino sheep, on the first of April, 178 ; number of pounds of merino wool raised in the year, 712 ; average weight of fleece, 4 lbs. ; value of wool, $356 ; capital invested, $534. Boots manufactured, 15,047 pairs ; shoes; 24,626 pairs ; value of boots and shoes, $102,641 ; males employed, 304; females, 55. (The Teturn also states, that there were manufactured, in various towns in the commonwealth, by the agents of persons residing in Boston, and exclusively on Boston capital, 50,604 pairs, of boots, and 952,640 pairs of shoes, employing 1,431 males and 583 females, amount ing in value to $957,289.) Value of leather curried, $228,000 ; hands employed, 50 ; capital invested, $60,000. Hat manufactories, 12 ; hats manufactured, 76,317 ; value of hats, $194,673 ; males employed, 95 ; females, 68. Air and cupola furnaces, 5 ; iron castings made, 4,000 tons ; value of same, $372,000 ; hands employed, 289 ; capital invested, $665,000. Axe manufactory, 1 ; axes manufactured, 6,000 ; value of axes, $7,500 ; hands employed, 8 ; capital invested, $2,000. Glass manufactories, 3 ; value of glass, $48,000; hands employed, 77; capital invested, $47,000. Chair and cabinet manufactories, 23 ; value of chairs and cabinet ware, $148,100 ; hands employed, 164. Comb manufactories, 4 ; value of combs, $41,000 ; males employed, 25 ; females, 16 ; capital invested in shell, horn and ivory, $121,000. Tin ware manufac tories, 37 ; value of tin ware, $112,032 ; hands employed, 116. Distilleries, 13 ; mo lasses distilled, 2,574,600 gallons, producing 2,317,140 gallons of spirit ; gross value of spirits, $926,856. Straw bonnets manufactured, 116,200 ; value of straw bonnets, $182,450 ; males employed, 19 ; females, 438. Vessels built in the five years preced ing April 1, 1837, 37 ; tonnage of the same, 8,612 ; value of same, $622,000 ; hands employed in building, 86 ; (number of vessels, built within the five years, in other towns, which ' received their papers ' at the Boston custom-house, 266 ; tonnage of the same, 59,670.) Vessels employed in the whale fishery, 5 ; tonnage of the same, 1,550 ; sperm oil imported in those vessels, 88,100 gallons ; whale oil, 68,169 gallons ; value of sperm oil, $70,619 ; value of whale oil, $25,604 ; hands employed, 125 ; capital invested, $155,000. Vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, 152; tonnage of same, 9,703 ; cod-fish caught, 127,250 quintals ; value thereof, $408,509 90 ; mackerel caught, 43,266 barrels ; value of same, $320,165 ; salt used in the cod and mackerel fishery, 142,567 bushels ; hands employed, 1,794 ; capital invested, $593,200. Manufactory of axletrees, 1 ; value of axletrees manufactured, $10,000 ; hands em ployed, 6; capital invested, $6,000. Brewery, 1; value of beer, $12,000; hands employed, 8 ; capital invested, $30,000. Manufactories of soap and candles,, 7 ; value of soap and candles, $93,000 ; hands employed, 29 ; capital invested, $125,000. 'Manufacture of sperm oil,' (refining,) 25 tons.- Manufactory of whale oil, (refin- ing,) 1 ; value of oil refined, $135,000 ; hands employed, 16 ; capital invested, $100,000. Copper smitheries and brass foundries, 13 ; value of manufactures, $756,754 ; hands employed, 200 ; capital invested, $316,300. Piano-forte and organ manufactories, 7 ; number of piano-fortes manufactured, 1,033 ; organs, 11 ; value of pianos and organs, $302,700 ; hands employed, 220 ; capital invested, $163,500. Brush manufactories, 4 ; value of brushes, $93,000 ; males employed, 79 ; females, 59 ; capital invested, $38,000. Manufactories of gold and silver leaf, 5 ; value of gold and silver, $43,000 ; males employed, 22 ; females, 14 ; capital invested, $11,200. Manufactories of coaches, chaises and harnesses, 14 ; value of articles made, $128,805 ; hands employed, 149 ; capital invested, $82,200. Manufactories of refined sugar, 4 ; value of sugar refined, $976,454 ; hands employed, 92 ; capital invested, $303,653. Manufactories of jewelry, 3 ; value of jewelry, $63,000 ; hands employed, 36 ; capi tal invested, $91,000. Manufactory of chain cables, 1 ; value of cables, $60,000 ; hands employed, 20 ; capital invested, $75,000. Manufactories of silver ware, 5 ; value of ware, $165,100 ; hands employed, 52 ; capital invested, $20,050. Manufac tories of umbrellas, 10 ; value of umbrellas, $65,000 ; males employed, 37 ; females, 26 ; capital invested, $36,500. Manufactories of saddles, trunks and whips, 15 ; value of articles, $177,000 ;- males employed, 120 ; females, 17 ; capital invested, $83,000. Manufactories of granite, marble and other stone, 17 ; value of articles manufactured, $336,000; hands employed, 400: capital invested, $165,500. Manufactories of machinery, 16 ; value of machinery, $326,000 ; hands employed, 287 ; capital in vested, $183,775. Manufactories of blank books and stationery, 5 ; value of articles, $78,000 ; males employed, 43 ; females, 7 ; capital invested, $49,000. Manufactory of gas, 1 ; value of gas, $100,000 ; hands employed, 40 ; capital invested, $375,000. Manufactories of looking-glasses, 8; value of articles,. $147,500 ; hands employed, 42 ; capital invested, $55,600. Manufactories of lasts, 2 ; value of lasts, $40,000 ; hands employed, 29 ; capital invested, $18,000 ; lasts manufactured, 240,000. Manu factories of neck-stocks and suspenders, 8 ; value of these articles, $122,000 ; males employed, 21 ; females, 435 ; capital invested, $58,200. Type and stereotype foun dries, 4; value of types and stereotypes manufactured, $157,000; males employed 540 BOSTON. 185 ; females, 30 ; capital invested, $140,000. Manufactories of printed books, 4 ; value of printed books, $925,000 ; males employed, 500 ; females, 400 ; capital in vested, $850,000. Manufactories of clothing, 97; value Of clothing, $1,765,666; males employed, 542 ; females, 2,402 ; capital invested, $710,894." Banking and Insurance Companies — There are twenty-six banks, with a capitar of about 18 millions of dollars. The charters of these banks, as well as of all banking companies in the commonwealth, expire by limitation in 1851. The oldest bank in the commonwealth is the Massachusetts Bank, in Boston. It was incorporated in 1785. The Union Bank was incorporated in 1792 ; the Boston Bank in 1803. Most of the other banks in Boston are of a much more recent date. There are twenty-seven insurance companies in Boston, with a capital of $7,600,000, besides the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, with a capital of $500,000, and the Massachusetts Mutual Fire Insurance Company. The charters of these companies are subject to the control of the legislature. Schools and Institutions. — The first settlers of New England were exceedingly tenacious of their civil and religious rights, and they well knew that knowledge was an all-powerful engine to preserve those rights, and transmit them to their posterity. They therefore very early laid the foundation of those free schools, of wliich all the sons and daughters of New England are justly proud. Exclusive of Infant and Sab bath school scholars, about a quarter part of the population of Boston is kept at school throughout the year, at an annual expense of about $200,000. Boston is not only celebrated for its schools, but for its munificent donations in support of its institutions for moral, religious and literary purposes. Since the year 1800, not less than two millions of dollars have thus been appropriated by the citizens of Boston. The Massachusetts General Hospital was incorporated in 1811. It is divided into two departments, the Hospital in Boston, and the McLean Asylum at Charlestown, of which an account has been given. (See Charlestown.) The institution is under the management of a board of twelve trustees, and a board of five visiters. The funds of the institution, including the munificent donations of the late John McLean and Miss Mary Belknap, are about $120,000. In the hospital in Boston the number of patients received since its establishment, to June, 1835, was 5,658. The average number of sick in the house is about 45. The average cost to the institution for each patient, for five successive years, was $1,62 a week. Whilst no patient pays more than $3 a week, (except a few who have extra rooms and attendants,) nearly two thirds of the whole number are entirely free ; consequently, those who do not pay receive $4,62, and those who do pay receive $1,62 a week from the funds of this noble charity. ' New England Institution for the Education of the Blind. — This institution was incorporated in 1829 ; but little was accomplished until 1832, when Dr. Howe returned from Europe, accompanied by a blind teacher ; manifesting that zeal in the cause of the blind which had distinguished his philanthropic labors in another sphere, in a distant land. He opened a school with six blind young scholars. The pro gress of those children was so great, and the value of an institution of the kind so apparent, that legislatures and citizens generally became much interested. By public and private donations, particularly by the influence of ladies in several parts of New England, and by the munificent gift of a splendid building in Pearl street, by the Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, the institution has increased, both in reputation and funds, with unparalleled success. The scholars are instructed in all those branches common in other schools, and some of them in the higher branches of literature. Music is the study of all. Mechanical labors are taught and enjoyed by the pupils. Musical instruments of all kinds, and other implements, are provided for their convenience and use. A printing press is established, and several books have been printed in embossed letters, which are superior to any in Europe. It is exceedingly delightful to see these interesting youths, whose lives once seemed a dreary waste, and witnessing their improvement in acquiring useful knowledge, partaking of all those recreations natural and proper for their age, sex, and condition, and fining themselves for useful stations in society. The institution is managed by a board of trustees, and is patron ized by the governments of all the New England states. • E8Land Ear ¦f"^™™n/— Thk institution was commenced in Boston, by Drs. Jeffries and Eevnolds in 1824, from a conviction of its utility and importance, derived from what they had seen and known of ¦similar establishments in Europe. Those gentlemen conducted the establishment at their own expense for some time, during which large numbers received the most important benefits. In 1827 by the philan thropic exertions of those and other gentlemen, an act of incorporation was obtained, and some funds were raised. As early as 1828, 2,610 cases were treated at the infirmary, of which about five sixths were cured. Of these cases about one sixth were for diseases of the ear. Since that time the number of appli cants has increased annually ; and this institution, whose merits are not surpassed by any other in the citv has now a beautiful and commodious building in Bowdoin Square for the reception of patients rHEATERS.—The Boston T/ieater, on Federal and Franklin streets, was first opened February 3 1794 It was burnt February 2, 1798 ; u was rebuilt, and re-opened on the 29th of October, the same year. li is of brick, 152 feet long, 61 wide, and 40 high. This building is now denominated "The Odeort^' and is consecrated to the worship of God. A huge wooden build ng was erected on Tremont street And nnlnJ,? as the " Hay-market Theater" December 26, 1796. The citizens in iL neighbJS rSnf fearful "of to conflagration, caused its i demolition by subscription, and the block of elegant brick dwelling-houses near and north of Boylston street now occupy the spot. B "uu°ra '"*" The Tremont Theater, on Tremont street, is a very neat building, with a granite front, 135 feet by 79. It was commenced in July, and opened September 24. 1827 Cost, about $120,000. ' BOSTON. 541 The National Theater, at the junction of Portland and Traverse streets, near the Warren bridge, was constructed in 1831. This building was first used for equestrian performances. ' The Massachusetts Historical Society was incorporated in February, 1794. The ob ject of this society is to collect, preserve, and communicate materials for a complete history of this country, and accounts of all valuable efforts of human ingenuity and industry from the beginning of its settlement, &c. " The library consists principally of printed books and MSS. on American history, though by no means exclusively confined to it. It numbers near six thousand articles, many of which are precious. The most ancient MSS. are probably a fragment of the laws of Hoel Dha, in Welsh,. and a specimen, in a medical treatise, of the English language in the reign of Richard ll., with an illuminated missal, and a few similar productions. Then follow autograph. letters and treatises of several of the fathers of New England. A large collection of these, and of documents of a more recent date, had been made by Gov. Trumbull of Connecticut, and are now bound in 23 volumes folio, the property of this society." The publications of the society have consisted almost entirely of their " Collections." These now extend to two decades, and six volumes of a third. Among the collections. of the society are a number of ancient and modern paintings of distinguished persons. Among these is a portrait of the first Gov. Winslow, supposed to have been painted; by Vandyke. The Boston Atheneum originated in 1806, and has now become a most valuable and splendid library, with all desirable conveniences for literary pursuits. The number of' volumes is above 25,000. There is a. large collection of medals and pictures and statuary. A reading-room contains almost all the periodicals of the day, with the most valuable public newspapers and journals. The building was presented in part to the institution by the late Mr. James Perkins, a public-spirited and liberal merchant of the city. Subscribers to the Atheneum have privileges in proportion to. their subscriptions or interest in the property of the institution. A proprietor pays $300, and has a fight to 3 tickets of admission. A life subscriber pays $100 for his own benefits An annual subscriber has the privileges of the Atheneum for $10 per year. In the rear of the Atheneum is the Gallery- of Fine Arts, or Atheneum Hall. The building is of three stories, 60 feet long and 50 wide. The lower story is. divided into apartments for libraries and apparatus ; the second is a lecture-room that accommo dates 500 persons ; the third is an exhibition room, fitted purposely for the exhibition of paintings. The patronage which this institution has received is an honor to the citizens of Boston, and, with other examples of munificence, has acquired for the city the distinction of being the literary emporium of the western world. The following list of the churches in Boston, with the date of their organization, is taken from Dickinson's Boston Almanac, for 1839. CONGREGATIONAL. Chauncy place - - - • Second Church, Hanover st Old South, Washington st. Brattle street - - - - New North, Hanover st. - New South, Summer st. - Federal street - - - - Hollis street - - - - - West Church, Lynde st. - King's Chapel, Tremont st. Park street - - - , Hawes place, South Boston Union, Essex street 163216491669 t'69917141716 1730 1732 1736168618091822 1822 Phillip's, South Boston - Twelfth Cong. Chambers St. - - Purchase street Bowdoin street Greene street - - Pine street. Salem Church, Salem st. South Cong. Washington st. - - Mariner's, Fort Hill - - Marlboro' Chapel, Chapel place Franklin street (Odeon) • - - East Boston BAPTIST. First, Hanover street .... 1664 Second, Baldwin place 1743 Third, Charles street 1807 Fourth, Federal street - - - - 1827 Independent, Belknap street North, Hanover Avenue South Boston - - - 1823 182418261826 18261827 1827 18271828 18351836 180518351831 542 BOSTON. EPISCOPAL. Christ, Salem street Trinity, Summer street - St. Matthews, South Boston First, North Bennet street - Second, Bromfield street Colored, May street 172317341818 St. Paul's, Tremont street - - - 1820 Grace, Temple street 1829 Free, Common street 1836 METHODIST. 179218061826 Fourth, Church street Fifth, South Boston - Sixth, Blossom street 1834 1836 1837 UNIVERSALIST. First, Hanover street - Second, School street Central, Bulfinch street Fourth, South Boston 1830 - 1786 - 1816 Fifth, Warren street - . 1823 CATHOLIC. Churchof the Holy Cross, Franklin st.l 800 I St. Augustine's, South Boston St. Mary's, Endicot street - 1835 | St. Patrick's, Northampton street MISCELLANEOUS. 1836 1817 1836 Second Christian Society, Free Calv. Bapt. Tremont Row, Meth. Epis. Zion Church, Parkman's Mar ket, Cambridge street. Bethel, North Square - 1829 New Jerusalem, Phillip's place - 1817 Christian Society, Summer street, F. W. Baptist, Causeway street - 1836 Chapels of Ministers at large. Pitts street, Rev. Frederick T. Gray. I Butolph street, Warren street, Rev. Charles F. Barnard. I Suffolk street, Rev. John T. Sargent. - Milton street, Rev. George W. Elton. j Friend st. chap., Friend St., Wm. Howe Southern view of the State-house in Boston. The State-house is on an open square on Beacon street, fronting the malls and common. It is 173 feet in length and 61 in breadth, and its foundation is 110 feet above the level of the sea. Its size and elevation make it a very conspicuous object as Boston is ap proached. It was constructed at an expense of $133,333. On the area of the lower hall stands the beautiful statue of Washington, by Chantry. " Prom the top of the dome on this building, which is 52 feet in diameter and 230 feet above the level of the harbor, the whole city appears beneath, with all its crooked streets, its ex tended avenues, its splendid buildings, and the malls and common of 75' acres, crossed with romantic walks and shaded by centurian elms. On the north and west, the county of Middlesex presents BOSTON. 543 its numerous villas, and a rich array of agricultural taste and beauty. Here are viewed the hallowed walls of Harvard,, and the sacred field of Bunker. On the south, the county of Norfolk. appears with its granite hills and luxuriant vales, chequered with a thousand farm-houses and cottages and splendid, mansions. On the east, the city, with its lofty spires, the harbor, and the ocean, all conspire to render this the most enchanting scene west of the Bay of Naples."* Western view of Faneuil Hall. Faneuil Hall, of which the above is a representation, is three stories high, 100 feet by 80, and was the gift of Peter Faneuil, Esq. to the town, in 1742. The building was enlarged in 1806 to its present size. Before the new market was built, the lower part of it wa? used for meat stalls; it is now improved for stores. The Hall is 76 feet square, 28 high, and has deep galleries on three sides. It is adorned with superb paintings of patriots, warriors, and states men. A speech was pronounced in the hall on the Mth of March, 1763, by James Otis, Jr., Esq. He dedicated it to the cause of freedom, a cause in which he labored and suffered, and it has since received the appellation of The Cradle of Liberty. The following is an eastern view of Faneuil Hall Market, which is 535 feet in length, and 50 in breadth. The center part of the building, 74 feet by 55, projects two or three feet on the north and south, and rises 77 feet from the ground to a beautiful dome. The wings are two stories in height, and the lower floors are exclusively appropriated as a meat, fish, and vegetable market. The upper story is one vast hall, arranged to be divided into compartments for ware-rooms and large sales. This building was completed in 1827, and cost $150,000. * The author would here state that he is indebted principally for the present descrip tion of Boston to the New England Gazetteer, a valuable work, now on the eve of publication, by John Hayward, Esq. From the " Massachusetts Directory," another work of Mr. Hayward, much valuable information has been derived. 544 BOSTON, Side view of Quincy Market, Boston. The following is a view of probably the oldest building now stand ing in Boston. It is situated at the corner of Ann street and the open square adjoining Faneuil HaU ; and is chiefly remarkable for its age and antiquated form, showing what was considered ele gance of architecture a century and a half since. The timber used in its construction is principally oak, and where it has been kept dry is perfectly sound and very hard. The outside is covered with Ancient Building, built in 1680. Franklin House. plastering, or what is usually called rough-cast. The figures 1680 were impressed into the rough-cast to show the year of its erection, and are now legible. The building is 32 feet by 17, and two stories high. The tide- waters formerly flowed on the south and south-west sides of this building, but now so much land has been artificially made below it that it is now seventy rods to the near est water of the harbor. The cut on the right is a representation of the old Franklin House, in Milk street, which stood nearly op posite the south door of the Old South church. It is the house where the parents of Dr. Franklin resided for some time This house was burnt in 1810. The drawing was taken a short time previous. < In 1704, the first newspaper published in America appeared in BOSTON. 545 Boston. It was printed ori half a sheet of pot paper, with' a small- pica type, folio, and was entitled, "N. E. Numb. 1. The Boston News-Letter. Published by Authority. From Monday, April 17, to Monday, April 24, 1704." " The proprietor's name was John Campbell, a Scotchman, who was established here as a bookseller. The imprint is, ' Boston ; printed by B. Green. Sold by Nicho las Boone, at his Shop near the Old Meeting-House. ' Green was Campbell's printer, and Boone was for some weeks his publisher. " The first number contained the following prospectus : — < This News-Letter is to be continued Weekly ; and all Persons who have any Houses, Lands, Tenements, Farmes, Ships, Vessels, Goods, Wares, or Merchandizes, &c. to be sold or Lett ; or Servants Runaway ; or Goods Stoll or Lost, may have the same Inserted at a Reasonable Rate ; from Twelve Pence to Five Shillings, and not to exceed ; Who may agree with Nicho las Boone for the same at his shop, next door to Major Davis's, Apothecary, in Boston, near the old Meetinghouse. , " ' All Persons in Town and Country may have said News-Letter Weekly upon rea sonable tearms, agreeing with John Campbell, Post Master, for the same.' " City Hall, State Street. The above is an eastern view of the City Hall, and the build ings in the vicinity, at the head of State street. This building was erected in 1714. It was burnt in 1747, and the interior was built entirely new. It was formerly called the Town-House, and has been occupied by the provincial and state legislatures. Since the new state-house has been built it has been called the old state- house. In 1830, it received repairs and alterations which were to accommodate the post-ofiice, the public reading-room, or hall, and the city officers. It is 112 feet long, and 36 broad. The post- office is at the western end, which fronts Washington street. The western, or upper part of State street, is called the Exchange, a place of resort for mercantile men to meet and transact their money affairs. Here are most of the banks in the city. State street, for merly King street, has been the scene of many memorable events ; »f none more remarkable than the Boston Massacre, in 1770. 546 BOSTON. The presence of an insolent military force, sent over to overawe the inhabitants, was extremely irksome to a free people, and it could not be expected that harmony could long subsist between the inhabitants of Boston and the British troops. A slight affray took place between them on the 2d of March, 1770; but on the night of the fifth, the enmity of the parties burst forth in violence and blood. The following account of this event is taken from a History of Boston, by Caleb H. Snow, M. D., published in Boston, by Mr. Abel Bowen, in 1825. (This work is an octavo volume of 400 pages, embellished with engravings, and contains a full and interesting history of Boston from its origin to the present time.) " Tlie officers were apprehensive of difficulties, and were particularly active m their endeavors to get all their men into their barracks before night. Murray's Barracks, so called, where the 14th regiment was principally»quartered, were in Brattle street, in the buildings directly opposite the little alley which leads from tlie bottom of Market street. The 29th regiment was quartered in Water street and in Atkinson Btreet. As a measure of precaution, there was a sentinel stationed in the alley before mentioned, (then called Boylston 'a alley,) and this very circumstance led to the quarrel which terminated in the Boston Massacre. Three or four young men, who were disposed to go through the alley, about nine o'clock, observed the sen tinel brandishing his sword against the walls and striking fire for his own amusement. They offered to pass him and were challenged, but persisted in their attempt, and one of them received a slight wound on his head. The bustle of this rencontre drew together all those who were passing by, and fifteen or twenty persons thronged the alley, and thirty or forty more, gathered in Dock Square, were attempting to force their way to the barracks through Brattle street, (which was at that time so narrow that a* carriage could wilh difficulty pass.) Being foiled in this attempt, the party, which was continually increased by acces sions; gathered in Dock Square round a tall man with a red cloak and white wig, to whom they listened with close attention two or three minutes, and then gave three cheers and huzzaed for the main guard. " The main guard was regularly stationed near the head of State street, directly opposite the door on the south side of the town-house. To this place all the soldiers detached for guard duty were daily brought, and from thence marched to the particular posts assigned them. On this day the command of the guard had devolved on Capt. Thomas Preston, and Lieut. Basset under him. "As the party dispersed from Dock Square, some ran up Cornhill, others up Wilson's lane, others up Royal Exchange lane, (now Exchange street.) Those last found a single sentinel stationed before the door of the custom-house, which was the building now occupied by the Union Bank, and then made one corner of that lane, as the Royal Exchange tavern did the other. As the sentinel was approached, he retreated to the steps of the house, and alarmed the inmates by three or four powerful knocks at the door. Word was sent to Lieut. Basset that the sentinel was attacked by the town's people. He immediately sent a message to his captain, who instantly repaired to the guard-house, where Lieut. Basset informed him that he had just sent a serjeant and six men to assist the sentry at the custom-house. 'Well,5 said the captain, ' I will follow theni and see they do no mischief.' He overtook them before they reached the custom-house, where they joined the sentinel and formed a half circle round the steps. "By this time the bells were set to ringing, and people flocked from all quarters, supposing there was fire. The soldiers were soon surrounded ; many of" those nearest to them were armed with clubs and crowded close upon them ; those at a distance began to throw sticks of wood and snow-balls and pieces of ice at them, while from all sides they were challenged to Fire, fire if you dare ! At last they thought they heard the order given, and they did fire in succession from right to left. Two or three of the guns flashed, but the rest were fatal. Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, and James Caldwell were killed on the spot, Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr received mortal wounds, of which the former died the next morn ing, and Carr on the Wednesday of the next week. Several other persons we're more or less injured : the greater part, persons passing by chance or quiet spectators of the scene. The people instantly retreated, leaving the three unhappy men on the ground. All this transpired within 20 minutes from the time of Capt. Preston's joining the guard. "' On the people's assembling again,' says Capt. P., ( to take away the dead bodies, the soldiers, sup posing them coming to attack them, were making ready to fire again— vvhich I prevented by striking up their fire-locks with my hand. Immediately after, a townsman came and told me that 4 or 5000 people were assembled in the next street, and had sworn to take my life, with every man's with me ; on which I judged it unsafe to remain there any longer, and therefore sent the party and sentry to the main guard, where1 the street is narrow and short, then, telling them off intp street firings, divided and planted them at each end of the street to secure their rear, expecting an attack, as there was a constant cry of the inhabit ants, " To arms, to arms, turn out with your guns !" and the town drums beating to arms. I ordered my drum tn heat, to arms, and being soon after joined by the several companies of the 29th regiment, I formed them, as the guard, into street firings The Mth regiment also got under arms, but remained at their bar racks. I immediately sent a serjeant with a party to Col. Dalrymple, the commanding officer, to acquaint him with every particular. Several officers going to join their regiment were knocked clown by the mob one very much wmmrted and his sword taken from him. The lieutenant governor and Col. Carr soon after met at. the head of the 29th regiment, and agreed that tho regiment should retire to their barracks, and the people to their houses ; but I kept the piquet to strenmhen the euard. It was with »reat difficulty thatthe lieutenant governor prevailed on the people to be quiet and retire; at last they all we toff except about a hundred. This hundred was composed of some of the most distinguished inhabitants, who vol unteered lo form a citizens' guard "A justice's court was forthwith held, and Capt. Preston surrendered himself, and was committed to prison at three, the next morning ; the eight soldier* also were committed early in the forenoon "At eleven o'clock a town meeting was held. Various persons related to tho assembly what they had witnessed of the events of the preceding day. A committee of fifteen w;is appointed to wait on the lieu tenant governor and Col. Dalrymple, and express to them the sentiment of the town, that it was impos sible for tho soldiers and inhabitants to live in safety together, and thoir fervent prayer for the immediate removal of tlie former. The answer received to this application was not such as was wished; and in th BOSTON. 547 afternoon, seven of the first committee (viz. John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Wm. Molineux, Wm. Phillips, Joseph Warren, Joshua Henshaw, and Samuel Pemberton) were again deputed with the foUowing message : 'It is the unanimous opinion of this meeting, that the reply made to a vote of the' inhabitants presented his honor this morning is by no means satisfactory ; and that nothing less will satisfy them than a total and immediate removal of the troops.' Samuel Adams acted as 'chairman of this delegation,' and dis charged its duties with an ability commensurate to the occasion. Col. Dalrymple was by the side of Hutchinson, who, at the head of the council, received them. He at first denied that he had power to grant the request. Adams plainly, in few words, proved to him that he had the power by the charter. Hutchinson then consulted with Dalrymple in a whisper, the result of which was, a repetition of the offer to remove one of the regiments, fne Mth, which had had no part in the massacre. At that critical moment Adams showed the most admirable presence of mind. Seeming not to represent, but to personify, the universal feeling, he stretched forth his arm, as if it were upheld by the strength of thousands and with. unhesitating promptness and dignified firmness replied, ' If 'the lieutenant governor, or Col. Dalrymple. or both together, have authority to remove one regiment, they have authority to remove two; and nothing short of the total evacuation of the town, by all the regular troops, will satisfy the public mind or preserve t/ie peace of the province.' The officers, civil and military, were in reality abashed, before this plain committee of a democratic assembly. They knew the imminent danger that impended; the very air was filled with the breathings of compressed indignation. They shrunk, fortunately shrunk, from all the arrogance which they had hitherto maintained. Their reliance on a standing army faltered before the undaunted, irresistible resolution of free unarmed citizens. " Hutchinson consulted the council, and they gave him their unqualified advice, that the troops should be sent out of the town. Tlie commanding officer then pledged his word of honor that the demand of the town should be complied with, as soon as practicable ; and both regiments were removed to the castle in less than fourteen days. " The funeral solemnities, which took place on Thursday, the 8th, brought together the greatest concourse that probably had ever assembled in America on one occasion. Attucks, who was a friendless mulatto, and Caldwell, who also was a stranger, wore borne from Faneuil Hall; Maverick, who was about 17 years old, from his mother's house in Union street, and Gray from his brother's in Royal Exchange lane. The four hearses formed a junction in King street, and thence -the procession marched, in columns of six deep, through the main street to the middle burial-ground, where the four victims were deposited in one grave." The following, respecting the " Boston Tea-party" is taken from the account given in Snow's History of Boston. 1 On the first of December, Capt. James Bruce, in the ship Eleanor, arrived with another portion of the tea. On the 3d he was ordered to attend the next day on a committee of the people in Faneuil Hall, where he was commanded, by Samuel Adams and Jonathan Williams, assembled with John Rowe, John Hancock, Wm. Phillips, and John Pitts, Esqrs., and a great number of others, not to land any of the said tea, but to proceed to Griffin's wharf and there discharge the re^t of his cargo. Capt. Hez. Coffin arrived in the brig Beaver near the same time, and was ordered to pursue the same course. " It being perceived that Mr. Rotch rather lingered in his preparations to return the Dartmouth to Lon don, and the twenty days being nearly expired, after which the collector might seize the ship and cargo, Mr. R. was summoned before the committee, anil stated to them that it would prove his entire ruin if he should comply with the resolutions of the 29th and 30th of November, and therefore he should not do it. A meeting of the people was assembled at the Old South on Tuesday P. M., Dec. 1 kh, when Mr. R. appeared, and was enjoined forthwith to demand a clearance. It was ascertained that one could not be obtained till the next day, and therefore the meeting was adjourned to Thursday, at the same place. " On Thursday, there was the fulle-t meeting ever known ; 2000 men, at least, were present from the country. Samuel Phillips Savage, Esq., of Weston, was appointed moderator. Mr. Rotch reported that the collector would not give him a clearance. He was then ordered upon his peril to get his ship ready for sea this day, enter a protest immediately against the custom-house, and proceed directly to the governor, (then at Milton, 7 miles distant,) and demand a pass for his ship to go by the castle. An adjournment to 3 P. M. then took place. At three having met, they waited very patiently till five o'clock, when, finding that Mr. Rotch did not return, they began to be very uneasy, called for a dissolution of tha meeting, and finally obtained a vote for it. But the more judicious, fearing what would be the conse quences, begged for a reconsideration of that vote, ( for this reason, that they ought to do every thing in their power to send the tea back, according to their resolves.' This touched the pride of the assembly, and they agreed to remain together one hour. "This interval was improved by Josiah Quincy, jr., to apprize his fellow-citizens of the importance of the crisis, and direct theiT attention to the probable "results of this controversy. He succeeded in holding them in attentive silence till Mr. Rotch's return, at three quarters past five o'clock. The answer which he brought from the governor was, ' that, for the honor of the laws, and from duty towards the king, he could not grant the permit, until the vessel was regularly cleared.' A violent commotion immediately ensued. A person who was in the gallery, disguised after the manner of the Indians, shouted at this junc ture the cry of war; it was answered by about thirty persons, disguised in like manner, at the door. Ihe meeting was dissolved in the twinkling of an eye. The multitude rushed to Griffin's wharf. Ihe dis guised Indians went on board the ships laden with the tea. In less than 2 hours, 240 chests and 100 half chests were staved and emptied into the dock. The affair was conducted without any tumult; no damage was done to the vessels or to any other effects whatever. " This was executed in the presence of several ships of war lying in the harbor, and almost under the guns of the castle, where there was a large body of troops at the command of the commissioners. We are Left to conjecture for the reasons why no opposition was made to this bold adventure. The names of the men who dared to engage in it have never been made public. Three or lour of them are yet living. They had the honor of a part in the act which brought the king and parliament to a decision that America must be subdued by force of arms." After the battle of Bunker Hill, Boston was closely besieged by the American troops. No provision of any kind, for man or beast, was allowed to enter ; and the troops and inhabitants experienced much suffering : and while in this state the small-pox broke out, 73 548 BOSTON. and added to the general distress. The following account of the evacuation of the town is taken from Snow's History of Boston. " Genebal Washington had taken command of the American forces, July 2d, and Gen. Gage had resigned the British to Gen. Howe, and sailed for England about the first of October. As the winter approached, the scarcity of fuel began to be sensibly felt. The old north meeting-house and above 100 other large wooden buildings were taken down and distributed for firewood. Some of the wharves also at the north end were broken up for the same purpose. The British officers found little to amuse them, except the occasional performance of a farce, in Faneuil Hall, where they themselves were the actors. Their soldiers had enjoyed a single day of mirth, in which they were employed in felling Liberty Tree and cutting it up for fuel. A squadron of cavalry, attached to the army, occasionally exhibited feats of horsemanship in that sanctuary of freedom, the Old South church, which was transformed into a riding-school. Hol- lis-street, Brattle-street, the West, and the First Baptist meeting-houses were occupied as hospitals or barracks for the troops. " Both parties were dissatisfied with so inactive a service. Washington ' had been some time contemplating an attack on Boston, as soon as he could be justified in attempting the execution of so bold a design. About the middle of February, 1776, the severe cold setting in, and the ice becoming sufficiently firm to bear the troops, he was disposed to make the attempt ; but a council of war, summoned on the occasion, being almost unanimous against the measure, he reluctantly abandoned it. " ' The effective regular force of the Americans now amounted to upwards of four teen thousand men ; in addition to which the commander-in-chief called out about six thousand of the militia of Massachusetts. With these troops he determined to take possession of the heights of Dorchester, whence it would be in his power greatly to annoy the ships in the harbor and the soldiers in the town. By taking this position, from which the enemy would inevitably attempt to drive him, he expected to bring on a general action, during which he intended to cross over from Cambridge side with four thousand chosen men, and attack the town of Boston. To conceal his design, and to divert the attention of the garrison, a heavy bombardment of the town and lines of the enemy was begun on the evening of the 2d of March, and repeated the two succeeding nights. On the night of the 4th, immediately after the firing began, a con siderable detachment, under the command of Gen. Thomas, passing from Boxbury, took silent possession of Dorchester heights. The ground was almost impenetrably hard, but the night was mild, and by laboring with great diligence their works were so far advanced by morning as to cover them in a great measure from the shot of the enemy. When the British after day-break discovered these works, which were mag nified to the view by a hazy atmosphere, nothing could exceed their astonishment. No alternative now remained, but to abandon the town, or to dislodge the provincials. General Howe, with his usual spirit, chose the latter part of the alternative, and took measures for the embarkation, on that very evening, of five regiments, with the li°ht infantry and grenadiers, on the important but most hazardous service. The transports fell down in the evening towards the castle, with the troops, amounting to about two thousand men ; but a tremendous storm at night rendered the execution of the design absolutely impracticable. A council of war was called the next morning, and agreed to evacuate the town as soon as possible. A fortnight elapsed before that measure was enected. Meanwhile the Americans strengthened and extended their works - and on the morning of the seventeenth of March the British discovered a breast-work! that had been thrown up in the night at Nook's Hill, on Dorchester peninsula, which per fectly commanded Boston Neck and the south part of the town. Delay was no longer atta^JUZf *?" morTS, the king's troops, with those Americans who wire attached to the royal cause began to embark ; and before ten all of them were under ™tr* tl w rear„e™barked, General Washington marched triumphantly into Boston, where he was joyfully received, as a deliverer.' " j*»iuu, BoSTb^S Vi^ V'' a ^^"er and writer, was a native of ¦Boston, born I eb 12, 1663. He was distinguished for his early piety, and was ordain ed colleague with his father, in 1684. He was a man of unequalled industrv vast teaming, and expansive benevolence, also distinguished for his cnKy.^ffilS want of judgment. No person in America had so large a library or had read so many books or retained so much of what he had read. BSo preciouTdfd he conside? S^He in'KS'SSf' °f TTSSTary l6ngth' he ™> " OTer ^ study dX « short, lie understood Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Spanish, and Iroquois, ana wrote in CHELSEA. 549 them all. By his diary, it appears that in one year he kept sixty fasts and twenty vigils, and published fourteen books, besides discharging the duties of his pastoral office. His publications amount in number to three hundred and eighty-two. His great work was his Magnalia Christi Americana, or ecclesiastical history of New Eng land, from its founding to the year 1698. His style abounds With puerilities, puns, and ' strange conceits, and he makes a great display of learning. In his Magnalia he has saved numerous and important facts from oblivion. In the work are contained bio graphical accounts of many of the first principal settlers. He died in 1728. f*^*- f^ct^fcA ^We^) Fac simile of ^ hand. f—Pf ~p., writing of Cotton Mather ; v iiiS*tr / copied from a manuscript iruUb». letter- "Benjamin Franklin, LL. D., was born in Boston, Jan. 17th, 1706, and served an apprenticeship to the printing business. He showed a philosophic mind from his ear liest years, and by the continual exercise of his genius prepared himself for those great discoveries in science which have associated his name with that of Newton, and for those political reflections which have placed him by the side of a Solon and a Lycurgus. Soon after his removal from Boston to Philadelphia, in concert with other young men, he established a small club, in which various subjects were discussed. This society has been the source of the most useful establishments in Pennsylvania calculated to promote the cause of science, the mechanic arts, and the improvement of the human understanding. In 1757, Franklin was sent an agent by his country to England ; in the year 1766, he was called to the bar of the house of commons, and underwent that famous interrogatory, which has raised his name in the political world. He was a member of the first congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; he was sent to France, where he effected important services to his country." His liistory is too well known to need an extended notice in this work. He died at Philadelphia,. April 17th, 1790. Cofhrn CHELSEA. The ancient Indian name of Chelsea was Winnisemit. It was formerly a part of the town of Boston, and was called Romney Marsh; it was incorporated as a distinct town in 1738. The prin cipal part of the town is broken into small hills. One eminence,. called Powder-horn Hill, is said to be 220 feet high ; it stands in the south quarter of the town, about four miles from Boston. The north-westerly strip (extending from the source of Chelsea creek. three and a half miles) is mostly covered with woods. On the sea shore and the borders of the creeks there are extensive and valua ble salt marshes, from which large quantities of hay are yearly obtained. The following is a representation of the United States Marine Hos pital, three miles from Boston. This building is constructed of stone, and was erected in 1827, for the accommodation of sick and disabled seamen. The hospital is under the immediate care of the collector of the ports of Boston and Charlestown. A physician- arid surgeon are appointed by the president of the United States. All the other officers are appointed by the collector, who is agent for the institution. The average number of patients yearly, for 22 years preceding 1835, was 417. The most important branch of 550 WORCESTER COUNTY. United States Marine Hospital, Chelsea. manufacturing business in the town is the making of bricks ; the value of bricks manufactured in 1837 was $24,831 ; hands em ployed, 46. Population, 1,659. WORCESTER COUNTY. This county was incorporated in 1731, and was the tenth coun ty formed in the state. This is the largest county in Massachusetts. Its territory is larger than the whole state of Rhode Island, and its population greater than that of the state of Delaware. The county crosses the state, from New Hampshire on the north to Connec ticut and Rhode Island on the south. It is sixty miles in length from north to south, and thirty-seven in width, from east to west. The surface of this county is rather undulating than very hilly. The soil is generally strong, and produces all kinds of grain, grasses, fruits, ° ye Sates ' aud be ye m «P. ye everlasting doors : and the King of glory shall come in, &c. ' " After sermon was ended we presented unto them John Moqua, a pious and sober person there present, for their minister, which they thankfully accepted. Then their teacher named and set and rehearsed a suitable psalm, which being sung, and a con clusion with prayer they were exhorted, both the teacher to be diligent aAd faithful, and to take care of the flock, whereof the Holy Ghost had made him overseer, and the people also to give obedience and subjection to him in the Lord." FITCHBURG. 565 FITCHBURG. This town was originally a part of the town of Lunenburg, and wholly included in the grant made to the proprietors of Turkey Hill. It was incorporated a town in 1764. A part of Fitchburg, to the north, was cut off in the year 1767, to aid in forming the town of Ashby. ' What the Indian name given to this territory was, is not known ; but the first name applied to it by white men was Turkey Hills, so called on account of the great number of wild turkeys which frequented the place for their favorite food of chesnuts and acorns there abounding. When the order or grant of the general court passed, in 1719, there was but one family residing in the territory of Turkey Hills. The head of this family was Samuel Page, universally designated by the honorable title of " old Governor Page." When the general court's committee (as they were- styled) first visited the place, in Dec. 1719, in the performance of their duty, they found Governor Page, whose faithful sub jects were composed of. his wife Martha and . several promising children, oocupying a comfortable habitation on the southerly side of Clark's Hill, a few rods to the rear of the barn belonging to the farm of Micah Marshall. It is directly opposite to the -prin cipal grave-yard, little more than one mile in a south-easterly direction from the meet ing-house. Old Governor Page exercised not a little taste in the selection of his place of abode. He had, however, no title to the land which he was cultivating, for it was then public domain, and belonged to his majesty's province of the Massachusetts Bay. David Page was undoubtedly among the earliest, perhaps the first, of the settlers in Fitchburg. The birth of his eldest child is dated Oct., 1735. Some of the aged peo ple of this town think that the first settlement was on the place now owned by James L. Haynes, and that the occupant was sometimes called Governor Page. Others say that David Page lived there, but from how early a period they cannot tell. As to the residence of old Governor Page near the center of Lunenburg, there can be but little doubt ; for the land on which the first pound was built was purchased of him, and the governor himself was elevated to the office of pound-keeper. The house occupied by one Page, near James L. Haynes', was "garrisoned," that is, sticks of timber, hewn on two sides to the thickness of six inches, were firmly driven into the ground so near together as to touch. They extended around the house at the distance of about ten feet from it. Port-holes were made through this of. sufficient dimensions to allcw the. fire of musketry. The condition of the highways, in the early history of the town, can hardly he ima gined at the present time. For the most part they were merely " bridle paths," wind ing through the woods, over one hill after another, increasing the distance double to what it is at the present time. Wheel carriages had not then been introduced. Tra velling was performed on horseback. In order that people might not lose their direc tion, trees were marked on one side of the path. A few roads, which would soon prove the destruction of one of our modern carriages, were laid out at an early season near to the center of the town ; but in that part of the town which is now Fitchburg there was nothing of the kind till, in 1743, a committee was chosen " to lay out and mark a way to the west line of the town, in order to answer the request of the Hon. Thomas Berry, Esq. in behalf of Ipswich Canada, (Winchendon,) and to accommodate Dorches ter Canada, (Ashburnham,) and the new towns above us." The two most important roads, which led from this part of the town to the center, were the one by David Page's, (J. L. Haynes',) and corresponding nearly with what is now denominated the old road, and the one by. David Goodridge's, who lived in the place now occupied by W. Bemis, near the brick factory, at South Fitchburg. What little communication there was be tween Lunenburg and "the new towns above," was principally made through the road by David Page's, already mentioned. This road, probably, passed the village of Fitchburg, nearly in the same place with the present travelled way. It then wound up the hill, by Enoch Caldwell's, over flat rock, through the land lately owned by Sylva nus Lapham, and thence to what was then Lunenburg west line, and into Dorchester Canada. John Scott had been for a long time desirous of a more direct route to ,l,he center of Lunenburg ; but the town would not accede to his wishes. He accordingly procured a court's committee, who laid the present Scott road, " to the great satisfaft*- 566 FITCHBURG. tion of Mr John Scott," as the records say. This road passed from the middle of Lu- nenbur" by the log house where John Battles, Jr., now lives ; then by Ebenezer Bridge's where Deacon Jaquitt now resides, and then by Scott's own house, and so en to the road before mentioned. This Scott road was for some years quite a celebrated thoroughfare, and used to be called Crown Point road. David Goodndge. at quite an early period, commenced on his farm at South Fitchburg. His house was near to the spot now occupied by William Bemis. In the year 1745 or 6, one Amos KimbaU, and his cousin Ephraim, moved from Bradford into this town. The house occupied by- Samuel Hale was built by Amos, and the house on the Stony farm was built by Eph raim Soon after their settlement they built a grist-mill, with one run of stones, on the ulace where the stone factory now stands. The dam was only about forty feet in length, made of a log laid across the river, having spoihngs driven in above it. For several years previous to the incorporation of the town, says, Mr. Torrey * the inhabitants of the westerly part of Lunenburg began tp have shrewd suspicions that they were able to walk alone— that they were sufficient in knowledge and numbers to manage their own ati'airs— and that it was an unnecessary burden upon them to be compelled to travel the distance of five or ten miles to attend divine service, and transact the ordinary business of town affairs. It will be seen, upon an inspection of the case, that there was a pretty good foundation for these opinions. Bv an examination of the records, it will be seen that a very fair proportion of those who were selected to manage the most important allkirs of the town, was taken from among those afterwards belonging to Fitchbur* It oiHit furthermore, to he considered that a ride of ten miles then was quite a different affiur from t riSe of thai' distance now. Of tho roads at that period mention has already been made. They were lmt littl- better than cow-paths. When this town was incorporated, there were no wheel carnages here of a higher rank than ox carts. Any vehicle of lighter construction would have soon gone to destruction oyer suchroads Journeys wore then'made on horseback, or on foot. A spruce young gentleman, in treating the mistress of his affections to a ride, or the sober-minded husband, in carrying the partner of his life to churcli brings the sure-paced animal to the horse-block, and mounts, the lady places herself on the pillion to-hind him. The horse starts off on a walk— the greatest speed at which it would be considered safe W drive him, through roads so rough. They thus pursue their journey, winding along up one hill and then another Tho horse leaps over the smaller streams, for fear of wetting his feet, and wades boldly through tho larger ones, even to endangering the feet of his riders. Now the gentleman dismounts "to let down thebaw and then proceeds along,"dodeing under the boughs, twigs, and limbs of trees. He must start very early, or arrive at his journey's end very late. It is, therefore, not to be wondered at, that the early nmumtv o. .™ ........ ...~,.~.. -.... ~..0 — 0 — j . . . - - havin" been obtained, a committee, consisting of Messrs. John Fitch, Amos Kimball, Samuel Hunt, Eph raim Whitney, and Jonathan Wood, was chosen to procure the act of incorporation ; which was obtained in Feb. 1764. At this time the whole number of inhabitants did not exceed 250. The following individuals and their families composed the population of Fitchburg at the time it was incorporated : Ephraim Kimball, Solomon Steward, Samuel Poole, Kendall Boutelle, Nehemiah Fuller, Ephraim Osborne, Hezekiah Hodgkins, Isaac Gibson,f Wm. Chadwick, Nicholas Danforth, Ephraim Whitney, Wm. Henderson, Jonathan Wood, Samuel Hodgkins, Samuel Pierce, Phineas Steward, James Poole, Francis Fullam, James Leach, Abraham Smith, Charles Willard, Isaiah Witt, Thomas Gerry, Joseph Spaflbrd, Timothy Bancroft, Samuel Hunt, David Goodridge, Samuel Walker, William Steward, Robert Wares, Silas Snow, Edward Scott, Ebenezer Bridge, Ezra Whitney, Reuben Gibson, John White, Jesse French, Samuel Hunt, Thomas Dutton, Timothy Parker, Jonathan Holt, Phineas Goodell, Amos Kimball. * The author is almost entirely indebted for the history of this town to the History of the Town of Fitchburg, by Mr. Rufus E. Torrey, a pamphlet of upwards of 100 oc tavo pages, printed and published at Fitchburg, in 1836. f'The personal prowess of these Gibsons was quite proverbial. On one occasion Isaac Gibson, in his rambles on Pearl hill, found a bear's cub, which he immediately seized as his legitimate prize. The mother of the cub came to the rescue of her offspring. Gibson retreated, and the bear attacked him in the rear, to the manifest detriment of his pantaloons. This finally compelled him to face his unwelcome antagonist, and they cloaed in a more than fraternal embrace. ' Gibson, being the more skilful wrestler of the two, ' threw' Bruin, and they came to the ground together. Without relinquishing the hug, both man and beast now rolled over each other to a considerable distance down the hiU, receiving sundry bruises by the way. When they reached the bottom, both were willing to relinquish the contest without any further ex perience of each other's prowess. It was a draw garne, the bear losing her cub and. Gibson bis panta,- .topng." — Torrey'a History. FITCHBURG 567 Southern view of Fitchburg. The above is a southern view in the central part of Fitchburg. The village, which is large and flourishing, lies in a narrow valley on the north-eastern bank of a branch of the Nashua river. There are 8 mercantile and 2 book stores, a printing-office, where a newspaper is published, two large hotels, a bank, " The Fitchburg Bank," which was incorporated in 1832, with a capital of $100,000. This place is 24 miles from Worcester, 30 from Lowell, and 47 from Boston. The general surface of the town is extremely un even, consisting almost entirely of hills, some of which are very abrupt, and of considerable magnitude. Rollstone, a hill lying immediately south-west of the village, rises abruptly 300 feet above the bed of the stream which flows at its base ; and there are other summits which rise still higher. The soil when properly subdued produces heavy crops, and abounds with excellent pasturage lands. Population, 2,662. There are 5 churches, 2 Congregational, (1 of which is Unitarian,) 2 Baptist, and 1 Methodist. In 1837, there were 4 cotton mills, 3,880 spindles; 699,700 yards of cotton goods were manufactured ; value, $62,700 ; males employed, 27 ; females, 62 ; there were 3 woollen mills, 10 sets of machinery ; 294,500 yards of cloth were manufactured ; value, $274,500 ; males em ployed, 88 ; females, 64. Two paper-mills ; 175 tons of stock were manufactured ; value of paper, $20,000 ; two scythe manufacto ries; 31,200 scythes were manufactured ; value, $23,000. The first church in Fitchburg was formed in 1764, and Rev. John Payson was or dained pastor. Rev. Samuel Worcester, his successor, was ordained in 1797, and con tinued here about five years, when he resigned, and was installed pastor of a church in Salem. Dr. Worcester entered zealously into the cause of missions. He died at Brai- nerd, a missionary station among the Cherokees, June 7th, 1821. The successor of Dr. Worcester was Rev. Titus T. Barton, who was installed pastor in 1804 ; he was succeeded by Rev. William Bascom, in 1805. Rev. William Eaton, the next minister, was ordained in 1815. Rev. Rufus A.Putnam, the successor of Mr. Eaton, was or dained in 1824, and was succeeded by Rev. John A. Albro, who was installed in 1832. Rev. Joshua Emery, the next pastor, was ordained in 1835. Rev. Calvin Lincoln was 568 GRAFTON. ordained pastor of the Second Society in 1824. The Village Baptist society was formed in 1831 ; their meeting-house was built in 1833. Rev. Appleton Morse, Rev. John W. McDonald, and Rev. O. L. Lovell, have been the ministers of this society. The Methodist society was formed in 1834 ; Rev. Joel Knight was their first minister. " The first Baptist society of Fitchburg and Ashby" was incorporated in 1810. They have a kind of meeting-house in the north part of the town. GARDNER. This town was taken from Westminster, Templeton, Winchen- don, and Ashburnham, a corner from each. It was incorporated and made a distinct town in 1785, and named Gardner, to perpet uate the memory of Col. Thomas Gardner, of Cambridge, who fell in the battle of. Bunker Hill. The church was gathered here in 1786, and the Rev. John Osgood was ordained pastor in 1791. He died in 1821, and was the pastor, teacher, and physician for his people nearly 30 years. Rev. Sumner Lincoln, his successor, was ordained in 1824. Rev. Jonathan Farr was ordained over the Uni tarian society in 1829, and was succeeded by Rev. Curtis Cutler in 1833. The surface of this town is uneven, abounding in small hills and valleys, and though the land is somewhat rocky, it is strong and fertile. It is peculiarly adapted to grass and pasturage, being naturally moist, and abounding in springs and rivulets. The largest stream is Otter river, which flows into Miller's river in Winchendon. There are two ponds in this town, which have small streams running from them. Upon the various water-courses is considerable good meadow-land. There are 3 churches, 2 Con gregational and 1 Baptist. Population, 1,276. Distance, 20 miles from Worcester, and 54 from Boston. In 1S37, there were 25 manufactories of chairs and cabinet ware ; the value of articles manufactured was $109,064 ; hands employed, 350. There were 60,450 palm-leaf hats manufactured ; value, $8,125. GRAFTON. This town is composed of a tract of land, 4 miles square, which was reserved for the Indians when the town of Sutton was granted for settlement. It was called by the Indians Has-sa-na-mis-co, and was known by that name till it was incorporated by the gene ral court, in 1735, and named Grafton. As the Indians diminished, the white people became proprietors, in 1728, of the soil by purchase, for the consideration of £2,500, and the grant was made on condition "that they should provide preaching and schooling, and seats in the meeting-house for the remaining Indians." The general court, from the first, appointed a committee of three to superintend and take care of the Indian property, both personal and real But this committee have little or nothing to do at present, as the Indians are nearly gone. " In 1765, there were 14 Indians in town. This number gradually diminished, but it was not till about the year 1825 that the last of the Nipmucks ceased to exist. Thev GRAFTON. 569 received the yearly income from their funds in the month of May, at which time thay usually had a joyous holiday. Blankets, psalters, and psalm-books were distributed among them, as well as money. In 1830, there were 14 of a muted Indian and negro race, which yet hold some of the Indian lands, and receive the benefits of the small remaining fund." The Congregational church was formed in this town, in 1731, of which Rev. Solomon Prentice was ordained first pastor. He was dismissed in 1747, and was succeeded by Rev. Aaron Hutch inson, ordained in 1750. He continued with the people till 1772, when he was dismissed. Rev. Daniel Grosvenor was ordained the next pastor, in 1774. By reason of ill health, he was dis missed in 1788. Rev. John Miles, the next pastor, was ordained in 1796, and was succeeded by Rev. Moses E. Searle, in 1826 ; Rev. John Wilde, the next minister, was ordained in 1832. South-eastern view of the central part of Grafton. The above engraving shows the appearance of Grafton, as it is seen about half a mile distant, on the Providence road. The vil lage stands on a commanding eminence, with an extensive pros pect to the westward. The spire seen on the left is that of the Congregational (Orthodox) church ; the next is the Baptist ; that on the right is the Unitarian. The surface of this town is hilly and uneven, and in general rocky ; but the soil is good and pro ductive. The Blackstone river and canal pass through the south west corner of the town, and one of the principal tributary streams to that river flows" through the west part of Grafton, and by a fall of more than 50 feet supplies unfailing water-power to extensive works for the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods. There are 5 churches, 2 Congregational, 2 Baptist, and 1 Methodist. Population, 2,910. Distance from Worcester, 8 miles, and 36 from Boston. In 1837, there were 5 cotton mills, 14,054 spindles ; 2,053,320 yards of cotton goods were manufactured ; value, $278,014 ; males employed, 134 ; females, 226 ; one woollen mill, 4 sets of machinery; 70,000 yards of cloth were manufactured; value, $120,000; males employed, 34; females, 25. There were 570 GRAFTON. 18,672 pairs of boots, 671,538 pairs of shoes, manufactured; value, $614,141; males employed, 906; females, 486. The following account is taken from Mr. Brigham' s Centennial Address, delivered April 29, 1835. " This town is a portion of a large territory, formerly called the Nipmuck country. The limits of this country were not very well defined, but probably included all the south ern part of the county of Worcester, a few of the adjoining towns in the state of Con necticut, and westward to the Connecticut river. Like most of New England when first visited by the English, its population was very sparse. It had been wasted away by pestilence, or by the fatal incursions of the fierce and warlike Maquas. Its inhabit ants possessed a milder and less warlike character than most of the neighboring tribes, and were accordingly brought into subjection to them. What was the nature of this subjection, or in what relation they stood to these tribes, it is now difficult to state with much accuracy. It is known, however, that they paid them tribute ; and perhaps this, in time of peace, was the only acknowledgment of servitude required. The first mention made of this country is by Gov. Winthrop, who, with a number of others, made an excursion up Charles river in January, 11332. After they had gone up about fifteen miles, he says they ascended a very high rock, ' where they might see all over Neipnett, and a very high hill due west.' No white man probably ever set foot on its soil till the autumn of 1635, when it was traversed by a company of English, consist ing of sixty persons, who, thinking themselves straitened for land about Massachusetts bay, had determined thus early to emigrate to the more fertile banks of the Connecti cut. What portion of the Nipmuck country they crossed, is not known ; but as their destined point was at Wethersfield, is it improbable that they crossed this town, and that here, two hundred years ago, that small company of emigrants, under the broad canopy of heaven, invoked the blessing of God on their arduous enterprise ? " No other notice la taken of the Nipmucks or their country, until the benevolent project of converting the Indians to Christianity was undertaken. This was in 1646. Strong hopes were then entertained of ita success. Among those Who were willing to devote their time, wealth, and talents to this cause, none were more conspicuous than John Eliot, known in his own day as the apostle to the Indians. He commenced his benevolent labors among the Indians at Natick, with whom the Nipmucks had a frieadly and constant intercourse, and by that means they were probably first induced to attend his preaching. In an account of his success, written to the corporation of London, in 1649, he says, ' that a Nipnet sachem hath submit ted himself to the Lord, and much desires one of our chief ones to live with him and those that are with him.' In another account, written in 1651, he says, 'there is a great country lying between Connectacott and the Massachusetts, called Nipnet, where there be many Indians dispersed, many of whom have sent to our Indians, desiring that some may be sent unto them to teach them lo pray to God.' Soon after this, Eliot probably came to this town; for, in 1654, he had met with such success, that the general court, on his petition, set it apart for the use of the Indians. The design of this was, as appears from Eliot's petition, to prevent any conflicting claims between the English and Indians, and to preserve to the latter the quiet and undisturbed enjoyment of lands which they and their fathers had held from time immemorial, but over which the state claimed jurisdiction. From that time, for a number of years, Eliot frequenUy visited this town, and made such progress in his benevolent labors, that, in 1671, he formed an Indian church here, the second of the kind in Massachusetts. "No Indian town gave stronger assurances of success than this, at that time. Has- sanamesitt, as it was then called, had become the central point of civilization and Christianity to the whole Nipmuck country. A school was here established, where the Bible was read and studied in the Indian language. Young men were there educated and sent into the neighboring towns to preach the gospel. A regular government was created, and the forms of law strictly observed. The population of the town was small, yet, by reason of their constant intercourse with their neighbors, a large number of the natives enjoyed the benefits of this school, and before the year 1674, seven new towns of 'praying Indians,' as they were termed, were formed in this neighborhood, most of which were furnished with teachers from this place. The chief ruler of the whole Nipmuck country, Wattascompanum, had his residence here, and from this place issued his orders and decrees to his subjects. A writer of that day calls him ' a grave and pious man, and, from some examples given of the exercise of his authority, there is no doubt that he administered his government with efficiency, if not with liberality. "In 1674, Eliot with another devoted friend to the Indians, Major Daniel Gookin, again visited all the praying Indus' of the Nipmuck country, the latter of whom wrote an account of them. Ho describes MHmXSmTh™ f^terpai-ticulanly than Hubbard, who called it 'a place up into to woods beyond Medfleld and Mendon.' Gookin says, ' the name, Hass.mameMii, signified a nlace of small stones It lieth about thirty-eight miles from Boston, west-southerly, and is about two mil™ eastward of Nip mc "river and near unto the old road way to Connecticut. It hath not abovo twelve families ; and so Ccordin" to our computa tion about sixty souls ; but is capable to receive some hundreds, as gene ally he oSviK '£' If ?S pleaS,e God tJ,mi;ltlp'-r them- The OXFORD. 693 from Boston. In 1837, there was 1 satinet mill ; 20,000 palm-leaf hats and 1,300 straw bonnets were manufactured, valued at $7,486. OXFORD. This town was a grant made by the government, in 1682, to Joseph Dudley, Esq., governor, to William Stoughton, Esq., lieut. governor of Massachusetts, to Major Robert Thomson, Messrs. Cox and Blackwell, and associates. It was styled " a tract of land lying in the Nipnet or Nipmuc country," (the Indian name of which was Mauchaug.) The grant expressed 8 square miles, but according to the survey and boundaries it comprehended 12 miles in length from east to west, and about 9 in width, comprehending the whole of Charlton and a part of Dudley and of Ward. It was surveyed by Mr. Gore of Roxbury, and a return thereof being made to the general court, they accepted the same, and on the 16th of May, 1683, they granted the plantation and gave it the name of Oxford. The original proprietors of Oxford, in the year 1686, took on to the grant 30 families of French Protestants, who were driven out of France in consequence of the repeal of the edict of Nantz by Louis XIV., in the year 1684. - According to a MS. delineation of the town of Oxford, it was laid out in lots in the names of the original proprietors. Between eleven and twelve thou sand acres at the east end were " severed, granted, and set apart for a village, called Oxford, for the said families." Some of these people were from Rochelle, in France, or vicinity. They had with them a French Protestant minister, Mr. Daniel Bondett. They built a meeting-house, (which stood near the road leading to Norwich, Conn.) and near this was their burying-ground. They built two forts for defence against the Indians, one of which was near their meeting-house, at the foot of Mayo's hill ; the other, the larger fort, stood on the summit of the hill. A well in each of the forts is to be seen, though they are both nearly filled up. These settlers set up a grist and a malt mill, and planted vineyards and orchards, the remains of which are yet to be seen. They acquired the right of representation in the provincial legislature. Of this fact the public records preserve the evidence ; for, in the year 1693, an act was passed em powering Oxford to send a representative to the general court. The French plantation can be clearly traced down to the year 1696, at which time it was broken up by an incursion of the Indians. It appears they killed a Mr. John Evans, and John Johnson and three of his children. Mrs. Johnson was saved by her brother, Mr. Andrew Sigourney, sen., who, hearing the report of the guns, ran to the house and pulled her out of the back door, (with a child in her arms,) and took her over French river, which they waded through, and fled towards Woodstock, Conn., where there was a garrison. The Indians killed the children, dashing them against the jambs of the fireplace. Mr. Johnson, having been to Woodstock, returned as the Indians were massacring his family, and was shot down at his own door. Upon the dispersion of the French set tlers from Oxford, it appears that most of them went to Boston. It is believed that, after the fear of the Indians had subsided, a few families returned to Oxford, but most of these went back again to Boston, in about 19 years from the time of their first settlement of Oxford, about the time of the erection of the first French church in Boston, in 1704-5. Among the French Protestants who emigrated to Boston and lived for a time in Oxford, were Montel, Jacques Dupen, Capt. Jermon, Peter Cante, Bereau Caeini, Elie Dupeu, Ober Jermon, Jean Maillet, Andre Segourne, Jean Maillet, ant., Peter Canton, Jean Jeanson, Mr. Germaine, Jean Beaudoin, Boudinot, and Benja min Faneuil.* * Other settlements of French Protestants were made in different places in America, (principally in New York, Virginia, and Carolina.) Some of the descendants of these people have rendered distinguished services to our country. Of the nine presidents of the old congress, who conducted the United States through the revolutionary war, three were descendants of French refugees who had emigrated to America in conse quence of the revocation of the edict of Nantz. These were Henry Laurens of South Carolina, John Jay of New York, and Elias Boudinot of New Jersey. 594 OXFORD. Site of the French Fort on Maya's Hill, Oxford, Mass. The above shows the situation (as viewed from the south-east) of the principal fort of the French Protestants, which they erected as a defence against the Indians on Mayo's Hill. The pile of stones seen near the center of the engraving, by which a person is standing, shows the precise spot of the cellar of the fort or fortified house. Mr. Samuel Mayo, on whose farm this interesting rehc is situated, has shown a laudable spirit in preserving the remains of the fort from being obliterated. The well (which is filled up, ex cept a small depression,) was situated at the feet of the person standing by the stone wall. On the left of the engraving, about four rods south of the cellar of the fort, is seen a grape vine which was originally planted by the Huguenots. They had another fort to the westward of this, on the first elevation, seen beyond the re mains of the fort. It is probable the church and burying-ground were near this place. In the distance is seen, to the north-west, the village of Oxford, about one mile and a fourth in a direct line. This village contains about 40 houses, 2 churches, and a bank. French river is seen flowing to the eastward of the village. When standing on the site of the fort, the observer has a commanding prospect, especially to the westward. Wachusett mountain is seen rising in the distance far to the north-west. The following is an extract from a poetical tribute to the memory of the Huguenots of Oxford, by Mrs. L. H. Sigourney : Track'd by the vengeful native ; yet to rear Their temple to the Eternal Sire, and pay Unfetter'd homage to his name with joy, Though on their hymn of praise the desert howl'd. The savage arrows scath'd them, and dark clouds Involv'd their infant Zion; yet they bore Toil and affliction with unwavering eye, Fix'd on the heavens, and firm in hope sublime Sank to their last repose. — Full many a son Among the noblest of our land looks back Through time's long vista, and exulting claims These as their siros." At the abdication of the Huguenots, the lands of the township reverted to the pro prietors, who, on the 8th of July, 1713, granted them to others for a settlement, on condition that their number should amount to 30 families at least. The requisite nun> ' On visiting a vine planted by the Huguenots, at the ruins of the French Fort at Oxford. Not by rash, thoughtless hands, Who sacrifice to Bacchus, pouring forth Libations at his altar, with wild songs Hailing his maddened orgies, wert thou borne To western climes — but with the suffering band Of pious Huguenots didst cross the wave, When they essay'd to plant salvation's vine In the drear wilderness. Pensive they mark'd The everlasting forest's gloomy shade, The uncultured vale, the snow invested heath, P A X T 0 N . 695 ber of associates was obtained. The town was incorporated in 1713: about a year i)!r a„°flf from tne date "f the grant a distribution was made by lot to the 30 families. Ihe tallowing is the list of persons as they drew their lots : Daniel Eliot, Jr., William Hudson, Joshua Whitney, Nath'l Chamberlin, tphraim Town, Benjamin Nealand, Joseph Rocket, Jonathan Tillotson, bamuel Hagbourn, Jos. Chamberlin, Jr., Ebenezer Larned, Oliver Coller, Benoni Twichell, Daniel Eliot, Sen., Joseph Chamberlin, John Chandler, Jr., Isaac Larned, Abiel Lamb, Thomas Hunkins, Benj. Chamberlin, Joshua Chandler, Thomas Gleason, Edmund Taylor, Abram Skinner, Ebenezer Humphrey,John Town, Eben'r Chamberlin, Israel Town. Daniel Pearson, John Coller, The town of Oxford is not very hilly or uneven. In the cen ter is a large plain, of a mile and a half in length and about a mile in width, which is nearly all under cultivation. Near the north end of this plain stands the Congregational meeting-house, and about, a mile south of this the meeting-house of the Universalists. The village is mostly built on one long street, running nearly north and south. From the plain the land rises on all sides, but not very high. French river, passing through this town, affords it a fine water power. There are extensive cotton and woollen manufac tories. Oxford Bank has a capital of $100,000. Distance, 10 miles from Worcester, and 45 from Boston. Population, 2,047. In 1837 there were 4 cotton mills ; cotton spindles, 6,226 ; cotton goods manufactured, 653,500 yards ; value, $92,685 ; males em ployed, 66 ; females, 67. There were 5 woollen mills, 12$ sets of machinery; cloth manufactured, 184,820 yards ; value, $371,915 ; males employed, 122 ; females, 78. There were 4,165 pairs of boots and 33,522 pairs of shoes manufactured ; value, $36,794 ; males employed, 66; females, 45. The first church was gathered in this town January 18, 1721, and the Rev. John Campbell (a native of Scotland) was ordained their pastor in March the same year. He died in 1761, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Bowman, who was installed in 1764. Mr. Bowman lived in great harmony with the people until 1775, when the war occasioned differences among them, which led a number to profess themselves Quakers, and then they " declared themselves to be of the sect called Universalists." These difficulties led to the dismission of Mr. Bowman in 1782. The following ministers have succeeded Mr. Bowman : Elias Dudley in 1791, Josiah Moulton in 1805, David Batcheller in 1816, Ebenezer Newhall in 1823, Loren Robbins in 1832, and Horatio Bardwell in 1836. The resettlement of the town at first proceeded slowly from fear of the natives, but it is not known, except what has been related, that any person in Oxford was killed by them. Concerning the Indians, Hutchinson gives the following incident : " On the 6th of August, 1774, four Indians came upon a small house in Oxford, which was built under a hill. They made a breach in the roof, and as one of them was attempting to enter he received a shot in his belly from a courageous woman, the only person in the house, who had two muskets and two pistols charged, and was pre pared for all four, but they thought fit to retreat, carrying off the dead or wounded man. It is a pity the name of this heroine has not been preserved, that it might be handed down to latest posterity." PAXTON. The principal part of this town originally belonged to Rutland and Leicester, the line between which towns formerly passed a little north of where Paxton meeting-house now stands. It was incor- 596 PETEKSHAM. porated as a district by an act of the general court, by the name of Paxton, in 1765. The first settlements were made within its limits a few years after the settlement of Rutland and Leicester, which was about 1720. It is certain that before 1745 there were several families in the place, and some considerable improvements made Among the early settlers were Josiah Livermore and his brother, Jason Livermore, and Abijah Bemis, from Weston. Near them were also William Thomson and one or two of his sons. The settlement of the town was never interrupted by Indian depre dations, or by any other calamity, but gradually progressed till all the land was taken up. It is believed that this town was never constituted such by any direct legislative act ; it,r however, assumed full town privileges some time in the year 1776, when Mr. Abraham Smith was sent representative to the general court. At the first meeting after the organization of the district, holden on the first of April, 1765, a vote passed to build a meeting-house, which was accordingly erected the same year. Rev. Silas Biglow was ordained their first pastor, October 21, 1767. He con tinued but little more than two years in the office, being removed by death, Nov. 16, 1769, and was succeeded the next year by Rev. Alexander Thayer. The next minis ter was Rev. John Foster, who was ordained in 1785 ; his successor was Rev. Daniel Grosvenor, who was installed in 1794. The next pastor, Rev. Gaius Conant, was ordained in 1808, and was succeeded in 1832 by Rev. Moses Winch. Mr. Winch was .¦-.ucceeded by Rev. James D. Farnsworth, in 1835. Central part of Paxton. The above is a southern view of the Congregational church in the central part of Paxton. This town is hilly, consisting of large swells of land, which on their summits are so levelled as to appear like plains, the acclivity in many instances being so slight and gradual as hardly to be perceived for a considerable extent on their tops. The two highest hills in the town are Turkey Hill and Asnebumskit Hill. From the top of the last-mentioned hill, in a clear day, the prospect is very extensive and delightful. Popu lation, 619. Distance, 7 miles from Worcester, and 47 from Boston. In 1837, there were manufactured in this town 24,200 pairs of boots ; value, $48,430 ; males employed, 53, females, 9. PETERSHAM. This was an original grant made by the general court, in 1732r to John Bennet, Jeremiah Purley, and others, as a compensation PETERSHAM 597 for services done by them in the Indian wars, under Capt. John White, of Lancaster. Some time after the grant, the proprietors Southern view of Petersham. purchased the soil of the Indians, for a satisfactory consideration, and took of them a deed. It had been a residence of the Indians, and was called by them Nich-e-waug, which name it bore until it was incorporated a town, in 1754. The chief seat of the Indians appears to have been in the south part of the town, near Nichewaug Hill, whereon, as in some other parts of the town, they had planted fields of Indian corn, the traces of which were remaining when the English began a settlement there. The first settlers experienced many hardships and difficulties. In the infancy of the settlement, in 1744, a French war broke out, and the Indians, being always in the interest of the French, became hostile, and began to commit depredations in various parts of the land, which occasioned the few inhabitants great fear, and obliged them for their safety to fortify a number of houses in different parts of the town, into each of which a number of families moved, and soldiers were stationed there as a guard to the inhabitants and to reconnoiter the country. The church was gathered in this place, and the first pastor, Rev. Aaron Whitney, was ordained, in 1738. He died in 1779, in the 41st year of his ministry, and the. next year was succeeded by Rev. Solomon Reed. The next pastor, Rev. Festus Fos- . ter, was ordained in 1802 ; his successor %vas Rev. Luther Wilson, who was installed in 1819. The next pastor, Rev. George R. Noyes, was installed in 1834. Rev. Wil liam Wolcott was ordained pastor of the second church in 1830 ; he was succeeded by Rev. Caleb B. Tracy, in 1834. The cut is a southern view in the central part of Petersham, showing the public buildings, &c. The natural situation of the town is very beautiful ; it is elevated, but not hilly or uneven. The center of the town lies upon the highest land in it, which is a lar°-e, long, flat hill, upon the highest part of which runs the prin cipal 'street from north to south, and for upwards of three miles in length affords a most commanding prospect, not only of the whole town, but of the towns adjoining. The soil is rich and fertile, and the land bears all kinds of grain, but it is most natural to grass and pasturage. This town is watered by Swift river, on which are some manufactories of iron. Here are 3 churches, 2 Congrega tional and 1 Baptist. Population, 1,731. Distance, 29 miles from 59§ PHILL1PST0N. Worcester, and 62 from Boston. In 1837, there were manufactured in this town 130,525 palm-leaf hats ; value, $25,495. There is 1 woollen mill. PHILLIPSTON. This town was chiefly taken from Templeton, and was set off as a separate parish in 1774, and in 1786 was incorporated a town, and named Gerry, in honor of Elbridge Gerry, a vice-president of the United States ; " but on account of the disapprobation of his measures when governor of Massachusetts, and especially a law for districting the state for the choice of senators, which was highly obnoxious to a majority of the town, they petitioned to the court, and the name was changed to Phillipston, in 1812." The organ ization of a church was retarded on account of the revolutionary war. However, in 1785, one was gathered, under the direction of the ecclesiastical council, and in 1788 Rev. Ebenezer Tucker was ordained pastor. He was succeeded, in 1800, by Rev. Ezekiel Bascom ; the next minister, Rev. Joseph Chickering, was installed in 1822, and was succeeded by Rev. Alexander Lovell, in 1835. This town is uneven, consisting of hills and valleys, but the soil is productive. Two miles west of the meeting-house is situated a very fertile hill, large in extent, called Prospect Hill. There is an eminence on this hill, which overlooks all the highlands for many miles around. Upon it are many excellent farms. About a mile east of the center is situated a large and fine pond. There are 3 churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Universalist, and 1 Methodist. Population, 887. Distance, 30 miles from Worcester, and 58 from Boston. In 1837, there was one cotton mill, 1,512 spindles; 165,000 yards of cotton goods manufactured ; value, $15,000 ; one woollen mill ; 11,500 yards of cloth manufactured ; value, $25,000. Palm-leaf hats manufactured, 65,500 ; value, $15,600. PRINCETON. This township was partly taken from Rutland, and partly made up of some lands in the neighborhood which belonged to the state. It was incorporated in 1771, and named Princeton, in honor of Rev. Thomas Prince, pastor of the Old South church in Boston, and a large proprietor of this tract of land. At the time of its incorporation there were about 20 families in the place. The inhabitants erected a meeting-house in 1762, and in 1764 the church was embodied ; and after a number of unsuccessful attempts to settle a minister, Rev. Timothy Fuller was ordained, in 1767. He was dismissed in 1776, and the church was destitute of a pastor till 1780, when Rev. Thomas Crafts was ordained. In consequence of ill health, he was dismissed in 1791. Rev. Joseph Russell, the next pastor, was ordained 1796, and was succeeded by Rev. James Murdock, D. D., in 1802. Rev. Samuel Clarke succeeded Dr. Murdock in 1817. Rev. Alonzo Phillips was ordained the pastor of the second church in 1820, and was succeeded by Rev. Elijah Demond in 1836. PRINCETON. 599 View of the central part of Princeton. The above is a south-west view of the Congregational church and some other buildings in the central part of Princeton, which is very elevated and commands an extensive prospect. The spire of the ancient church is seen rising in the extreme distance. The surface of this town is hilly, but has a good soil. It is watered by numerous springs and rivulets, and a branch of the Nashua river, which begins at the foot of Wachusett Hill. There are several places in the town where springs issue and the waters divide, running some into Merrimac, some into Connecticut river. Distant view of Wachusett Mountain. Wachusett Mountain lies in the north-west part of the township, and is the highest land in the state east of the Green Mountain range. It is a little more than 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, and rises, without any very steep ascent, about 1,900 feet higher than fhe surrounding country. The sides of the mountain are generally covered with wood, which gradually dwindles in size towards the top, till it becomes mere shrubbery, and on the summit vegetation almost entirely ceases. Wachusett gives to the spectator upon its summit a view of the country from 30 to 50 miles on every side. The principal rivers and ponds of the county, and many of the towns and villages, are presented very distinctly to the naked eye. This place is much frequented in the 600 EOYALSTON. summer months. Part of Wachusett Pond lies in this town, and part in Westminster, the dividing line passing through it. In the south-west part of the town is Q,uinepoxet Pond, some part of which falls within the limits of Holden. There are 4 churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Universalist, and 1 Baptist. Population, 1,267. Distance, 15 miles from Worcester, and 45 from Boston. In 1837 there were 50,000 pairs of shoes manufactured; value, $20,000; there were 75,000 palm-leaf hats manufactured; value, $9,500. ROYALSTON This town was granted by the general court, in 1752, to the Hon. Messrs. Hubbard, Erving, Royal, Otis, and others. The grant was known by the name of Royalshire, until its incorporation in 1765, when it was called Royalston, in compliment to the late Col. Isaac Royal, one of the original proprietors. Before the last French war, some who intended to settle at the place began to work upon their lands, but the breaking out of the war put a stop thereto. Towards the close of that war, some people began to work there again, and in 1762 several families moved into the place, the first of which came in June. Its progress in improvement was very rapid, for in less than three years from that time it was incorporated with distinct town privileges. In 1766 a Congregational church was organized in the town, and in 1768 Rev. Joseph Lee was or dained their pastor. Mr. Lee continued an able and faithful pastor more than 50 years. His successor, Rev. Ebenezer Perkins, was ordained in 1819. Among the first settlers there, were about 10 Baptist families. Their first teacher was Rev. Elisha Rice, who continued but a short time. He was succeeded by Rev. Whitman Jacobs, installed in 1770. The land in this town consists generally of hills and valleys, and the soil is excellent, being suitable for tillage or grazing. It is watered by Miller's river and its tributary waters, upon which is much good meadow. Several small streams, one of which has upon it a perpendicular fall of 20 feet, and descends 100 feet in 40 rods, unite and form Tully river, which pours into Miller's river a great quantity of water. These various streams afford a number of good mill sites. Population, 1,629. Distance, 34 miles from Worcester, and 70 from Boston. Inil837 there were two "woollen mills, 6 sets of ma chinery ; 72,000 yards of cloth were manufactured ; value, 172,000 ; males employed, 34; females, 34; there were 129,000 palm-leaf hats manufactured; value, $16,225; three manufactories of chairs and cabinet ware ; value of articles manufactured, $15,041; hands employed, 17 ; there were 11 saw-mills ; value of lumber, $18,165 : hands em ployed, 22. RUTLAND This town was purchased of the Indians, in 1686, for £23 of the currency of that time, and a deed executed to Henry Willard, Jo seph Rowlandson, Joseph Foster, Benjamin Willard, and Cyprian Stevens, by Wanapapan and Walipunit, of Natick, and others, In dian proprietors. The general name of this tract was Naquag. This deed was recorded, but nothing-further was done with the purchase for 26 years. In 1713, upon petition of the proprietors, it was confirmed to them by the general court conditionally, that within 7 years' time 60 families should be settled upon it. The con- RUTLAND. 601 ditions of the grant being fulfilled, the town was incorporated by the legislature, at their May session, in 1722. The Rev. Joseph Willard was chosen unanimously by the inhabitants to be their minister, but, as events took place, was never settled with them. The church was gathered in November, 1727, and at the same time Rev. Thomas Frink was ordained their first pastor. He was dismissed in 1740, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Buckminster in 1742. He preached to the people 50 years, and died 1792. In about 8 months he was succeeded by Rev. Hezekiah Goodrich. Mr. Good rich died in 1812, and was succeeded by Rev. Luke B. Foster, in 1813. The next pas tor, Rev. Josiah. Clarke, was ordained in 1818. Public Buildings in the central part of Rutland. The above is a south-western view of the Congregational church, town-house, and hotel, in the central part of Rutland. These buildings are situated on a very elevated situation, having a com manding prospect in almost every direction. This town is situated on the height of land between the sea and Connecticut river, and is hilly and very uneven. It has no large stream, but is watered by a branch of Ware river, which affords power for several mills. This is a good grazing township, and the inhabitants export considerable beef, butter, and cheese. There is fine fishing at Mustapaug and Long ponds. About half a mile east of the meeting-house is a spring, the waters of which soon divide ; part runs to the Merrimac and part to Connecticut river. Popu lation, 1,265. Distance, 12 miles from Worcester) and 51 from Bos ton. In 1837 there was 1 woollen mill, which manufactured 26,000 yards of clbth ; value, $15,080 ; there were 10,304 pairs of boots, and 5,950 pairs of shoes manufactured ; value, $23,369 ; males em ployed, 37; females, 13. The following account of the disturb ances from the Indians is from Whitney's History of Worcester County : " We have said the settlers, in 1721, invited the Rev. Joseph Willard to settle with them, which invitation he accepted. This Mr. Willard had been ordained a minister of Sunderland, in the county of Hampshire, but continued a very little time with them 'before he was dismissed. After he had accepted the invitation to settle with the people of Rutland, he met with many and great discouragements, and particularly by reason of the fears and dangers arising from the Indians ; so that an appointment of his instal lation was deferred. However, at length a day was fixed upon for his solemn separa tion to the work of the ministry in that place, in the fall of the year 1723 ; but he lived not to see the day, being cut off by the enemy, as shall be now related. As Deacon Joseph Stevens and four of his sons were making hay in a meadow, at Rutland, a little north of the place where the meeting-house now stands, August 14th, 1723, they were 602 SHREWSBURY. surprised by five Indians. The father escaped in the bushes ; two of his sons were then and there slain ; the other two, (Phineas the eldest, and Isaac the youngest,) were made prisoners. Two of the five Indians waylaid a Mr. Davis and son, who that after noon weremaking hay in a meadow not far off, but, weary of waiting, they were return ing to the others, and met Mr. Willard in their way, who was armed. One of the Indians' guns missed fire, the others did no execution. Mr. Willard returned the fire, and wounded one of them, it is said mortally ; the other closed in with Mr. Willard, but he would have been more than a match for him, had not the other three come to his assistance ; and it was some considerable time before they killed Mr; Willard. This account Phineas Stevens gave upon his return from captivity, who was a spectator ot some part of the tragedy. The Indians having killed and scalped Mr. Willard, and taken some of his clothes, went off to Canada, with the two captives above named. They were redeemed in about a year. Phineas Stevens was a famous warrior, a cap tain, and a principal man in building up and defending the then young plantation No. 4, now Charlestown, in New Hampshire state. Isaac Stevens lived at Rutland. They have both been dead many years. On the 3d of August, 1724, the Indians came again upon Rutland, killed three persons, wounded one, and made another prisoner. This is as I find it related in Governor Hutchinson's history. Others speak of but two killed; but the names of the killed, wounded, or prisoner, cannot now be ascertained. This was the last mischief done at Rutland by the Indians, so far as we can learn." SHREWSBURY. This township was granted to certain persons in 1717, most of whom belonged to Marlborough, and was originally larger than at present. It began to be settled the same year by a few people from Marlborough ; but the settlement did not progress as rapidly as some other towns in its vicinity. Indeed, at that time people, not deem ing it a good tract of land, passed through and took up their resi dence elsewhere. Such progress was, however, made, in the course of ten years, that application was made to the general court to be invested with full town privileges. This petition was granted, and the town incorporated in 1727. The town originally included most of what is now Boylston, most of West Boylston, and a portion of Sterling, Westborough, and Grafton. It is a remarkable fact that the name of Indian, as is stated, does not occur on the records of the town. They had, some years before, retired to a distance too great to alarm the first settlers. The first church was gathered in this town on the 4th of December, 1723. Rev. Job Cushing was settled as their pastor on the same occasion. He died in 1760, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Sumner, D. D., who was ordained in 1762. The next minis ter, Rev. Samuel B. IngersoU, was settled in 1820, and died the same year. He was succeeded, in 1821, by Rev. Edwards Whipple. Rev. George Allen, the next pastor, was settled in 1823. The first meeting-house was erected in 1721. The cost of the building was defrayed by a tax of £5 on each proprietor, which amounted to the sum of £210. After a lapse of about 40 years, the society voted, in October, 1764, to build a new meeting-house, 60 feet in length and 45 in width. The Baptist society in this town was formed in 1812, and their meeting-house built in 1813, at the cost of about $450. Mr. Elias McGregory was their first settled minister, ordained June 17, 1818. The Restoration society was formed April, 1820, and was incorporated in 1824. The following is a southern view of the Congregational church, which, with the principal part of the village, stands on a commanding elevation. Distance, 6 miles from Worcester, and 36 from Boston. Population, 1,507. This is principally an agricultural town. In 1837 there were 93,101 pairs of shoes manufactured; value, $88,993; males employed, 140; females, 109; value of clothing; manufac tured, $60,000. This town presents to the eye an uneven surface, variegated with SHREWSBURY. 603 Southern view nf the Congregational Church, Shrewsbury. hills and valleys. A range of highland, extending from north to south, passes through the middle of the town. The numerous swells and tracts of rolling land, which are most of them in good cultivation, are to be seen in all directions from the middle of the town, and give a pleasing variety to the landscape. The town is well watered by springs and rivulets, though there are no large rivers in the town. Long pond, called by the natives Quinsigamond, lying in this town by the line of Worcester, is a beautiful piece of Avater. It lies in the form of a crescent, nearly four miles long as it runs, and from 100 rods to near a mile in width. The water is, in general, of considerable depth ; in some places it has been found to be 90 feet deep. There are twelve islands in this pond, of vari ous sizes. Stratton's Island, which contains 150 acres under culti vation, has several families living upon it. Some of the other islands are more or less cultivated. This pond is the principal feeder of Blackstone canal. In the south-west part of the town is a large meadow, which contains excellent peat. The folloAving account of a fire which took place in the infancy of the settlement is from the Boston News Letter of Aug. 15, 1723 : " Boston, August 15th, 1723. "An exact account of the awful burning of Capt. John Reyes's house, with five per sons in it, at Shrewsbury, in the night between the 7th and 8th of this inst., taken from a letter of the Rev. Mr. Breck of Marlborough, and from the mouth of Mr. Ebenezer Bragg of the same, formerly of Ipswich, the only person of those who lodged in the house who, by a distinguishing providence, escaped the flames. "Capt. Reyes was building an house about nine or ten feet off his old one. It was almost finished. And Mr. Bragg aforesaid, the carpenter, with his brother Abiel, of 17 years of age, and William Oaks of 18, his apprentices, were working about it. Capt. Keyes, with his wife and four daughters, lodged in the old one ; and the three carpen ters, with three sons of the Captain's, viz. Solomon of twenty, John of thirteen, and Ste phen of six years of age, lay in the new. On the Wednesday night, going to bed, they took a. more than ordinary care of the fire, being excited thereto by the saying; of one, He would not have the house burnt for an hundred pounds ; and the reply of another, He would not for two hundred. Upon wliich, they carefully raked away the chips lying near it and stayed till the rest were almost burnt out ; and then they went all six together into three beds in one of the chambers ; and were very cheerly and merry at their going to bed, which was about ten of the clock. " But about midnight Mr. Bragg was awaked with a notion of the house being on fire, and a multitude calling to quench it ; with which he got1 up, saw nothing, heard no voice, but could hardly fetch any breath, through the stifling smoke ; concluded the house was on fire, perceived somebody stirring, against whom he hit two or three times *604 SOUTHBOKOUOH. in the dark : And not being able to speak, or to breathe any longer, and striking hi* forehead against the chimney, he thought of the window and happily found it. When he gained it, he tarried a minute, holding it fast with one hand, and reaching out the other, in hopes of meeting with some or other to save them, till the smoke and fire came so thick and scorching upon him, he could endure no longer ; and hearing no noise in the chamber, only, as he thought, a faint groan or two, he was forced to jump out, and, the window being small, head foremost ; though he supposes, by God's good providence, he turned before he came to the ground. As Mr. Bragg was just got up again, Capt. Keyes, being awaked in the old house, was coming to this side of the new, and met him. But the flame immediately burst out of the windows, and the house was quickly alloo a .light fire No noise was heard of the other five who perished ; and it is very ques tionable whether more than one of them moved out of their beds. The old house waa also burnt, and almost every thing in it ; but the people were saved, through the great goodness of God. But a most dreadful sight it was in the morning, to see the 5 bodies frying in the fire, among the timbers fallen down in the cellar, till towards the evening, ¦when the few almost consumed fragments, without heads or limbs, were gathered, put into one coffin, and buried. Psalm Ixvi. 3, Say unto God, How terrible art thou in thy ¦works ! James iv. 15th, Ye know not what shall be on the morrow. Luke xii. 40th, Be ye therefore ready." Thus far the newspaper. "The Capt. Keyes above named was afterwards the well-known and much esteemed Major John Keyes, who died in Shrewsbury, not many years since, in a very advanced age. The new house which was burnt stood on the great road, about three quarters of a mile eastward from the present meeting-house ; and upon the same spot a large ¦dwelling-house now stands." The. following is the inscription on the monument of Gen. Ward, in the grave-yard back of the church, represented in the engraving: Sacred to the memory of the Honorable Artemas Ward, Esqr., who was born in Shrewsbury, Nov. 1727, graduated at Harvard College 1748. Being furnished with natural and acquired abilities for public and im portant trusts, in 1751 he was commissioned a Justice of the Peace ; in 1762 he was appointed a Justice of 'the Court of Common Pleas in this county ; in 1776 was made president of the said court. His firm attach ment to the rights of man induced him to take an active part in the cause of America, and when the con troversy with Great Britain waa about to be decided by the sword, he consented to take the command of the American army, and continued in command during a most critical period of the contest. In 1779 he waa appointed a member of Congress, and by the free suffrages of his fellow-citizens waa repeatedly elected a member under the Federal Government, and continued in elevated public stations until age and bodily in firmity constrained him to retire. Such was the firmness of his mind that he was swayed neither by the applause or censures of man, but appeared ever to act under a sense of duty and accountability to God. In every public station he acquitted himself with dignity, ability, and integrity, and his memory will long be iprecious with the friends of liberty and religion. He died Oct. 28, 1809, in the 73d year of his age. SOUTHBOROUGH. This town was taken from the ancient town of Marlborough, and derived its name from the circumstance of its lying about south from that toAvn. It was incorporated by the general court in 1727. The first church was embodied here in 1730, and the Rev. Nathan Stone ordained the first pastor. He remained with the people till* his death, in 1781, after which the church was destitute of a settled minister till 1791, when Rev. Samuel Sumner was ordained. The next pastor, Rev. Jeroboam Parker, was ordained in 1799, and was succeeded by Rev. John D. Sweet. Rev. Walter Follet was or dained pastor of the second church in 1832. This church was organized in 1831. There is a Baptist church in the town. Popu lation, 1,113. Distance, 15 miles from Worcester, and 30 from Bos ton. The surface of this town is moderately uneven, and the soil productive. It is watered by a number of small streams and brooks. In 1837, there was a small woollen mill in the town: there were manufactured 170 pairs of boots and 39,312 pairs of shoes ; value, $31,560; males employed, 80; females, 75. There were 5,500 ¦straw bonnets manufactured ; value, $9,000. SPENCER. 605 SOUTHBRIDGE. Southbridge was originally a part of Sturbridge, Charlton, and Dudley. It was incorporated as a town in 1814. The first church was organized here in 1801, and Rev. Jason Park was ordained the first pastor in 1816. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry J. Lamb, who was ordained in 1833. His successor, Rev. Eber Carpenter, was installed in 1835. There are 3 churches, 1 Congregational, I Baptist, and 1 Methodist. South-eastern view of the central part of Southbridge.. The above is a south-eastern view in this flourishing village,, which consists of about 40 or 50 dwelling-houses, besides other buildings. The Baptist church is seen on the right ; the South- bridge Bank, Hotel, &c., on the left. The township is watered by the Quinnebaug, which passes centrally through the town. Popu lation 1 740. Distance, 20 miles from Worcester, and 60 from Boston, 'in 1837 there were 3 cotton mills, 6,844 spindles; 1,139,160 yards of cotton goods were manufactured; value, $95,900; males employed, 83 ; females, 89; one woollen mill, 4 sets of machinery; 50 000 yards of cloth were manufactured ; value, $150,000 ; malea employed 75 ; females, 50 ; boots manufactured, 590 pairs ; shoes,. 15,475 ; value, $15,712 ; males employed, 17 ; females, 14. In 1801 the inhabitants of the south-eastern section of Sturbridge (now Southbridge,) ninety in number, were, upon their petition, incorporated into a Poll Parish. These 90 persons, with their families, formed rather a distinct community for many years, and.. the place of their residence was generally known by the name of Honest Town. SPENCER. The whole of this town was included in the original grant of Leicester It was made a parish in the year 1744, by the name of the West Parish of Leicester, and was incorporated a town in 1753, bv the name of Spencer. The church was organized here in 1744, and Rev Joshua Eaton was ordained their pastor the same year. He continued with the people till his death, in 1772, and was suc ceeded the next year, by Rev. Joseph Pope. The next miniflteh 606 STERLING. was Rev. Stephen Crosby, who was settled in 1819. Mr. Crosby was succeeded by Rev. Levi Packard, in 1826. 1 <-i~: — IB South-west view of Spencer. The above engraving shows the appearance of the central part of Spencer, as it is entered from the westward, upon the road to Brookfield. The Congregational church is seen on the right, on the elevated ground in the distance. The Universalist church is the building with a tower, standing in the compact part of the village, which consists of about 40 dwelling-houses. This town is elevated, and is said to be 950 feet above the tide waters in Boston harbor. The surface is rough and uneven, but the soil is very fertile. It is watered by many streams, which run through the different parts ; but none of them are of much size. Seven-Mile river is the largest. There are 3 churches, 1 Congre gational, 1 Baptist, and 1 Universalist. Population, 2,085. Dis tance, 11 miles from Worcester, and 51 from Boston. In 1837 there were 2 woollen mills, 4 sets of machinery ; 34,000 yards of cloth were manufactured : value of woollen goods, $87,000 ; males em ployed, 31; females, 23; there were 52,091 pairs of boots and 2,940 pairs of shoes manufactured ; value, $106,496 ; males employed, 162; females, 28; four wire-drawing mills; 19 tons of wire manu factured; value, $10,480; ten hands employed; there were 2 powder mills ; 162,500 lbs. of powder were manufactured ; value, $14,500; there were 29,600 palm-leaf hats manufactured; value, $7,000 STERLING. This was for many years the second parish in Lancaster, and was usually called Chockset. It was made a separate parish in the year 1743, and remained united with Lancaster until April 25, 1781; when it was incorporated by an act of the legislature, and leceived its present name in compliment to Lord Sterling, of New Jersey, who served as a general in the American army in the revo lutionary war. The first inhabitants established themselves in this town as early as 1720. Gamaliel Beaman was the first inhabitant, and was immediately followed by Samuel Sawyer, STURBRIDGE. 607 Benjamin Haughton, David Osgood, and Jonathan Osgood. They wer.e all natives of Lancaster old parish, and of families who had long resided there. Their houses were all within short distances of each other, lying north-westerly of the meeting-house. The first meeting-house was built in 1742. The church was gathered Dec. 19, 1744, and Eev. John Mellen was ordained their minister the same day. The second meeting house was erected in 1799, on the site of the old one. It was dedicated on the first Sunday of the year 1800. The successor of Mr. Mellen was Rev. Reuben Holcomb, who was ordained m 1779 ; he was succeeded by Rev. Lemuel Capen, who was ordain ed in 1815. Rev. Peter Osgood, the next minister, was settled in 1819. The surface of this town is hilly and uneven, but there is very little broken or waste land in it. The soil is fertile, producing in rich abundance, to repay the husbandman for its cultivation. The land is naturally moist, and by the help of the rivulets the water may be turned over the sides of most of the hills. There is but one river in this town, called Still river, from the placid motion of it's waters. In the central part of the town there is an uncom monly beautiful little village, consisting of 2 churches and about 20 dwelling-houses. Population, 1.650. Distance, 11 miles from Worcester, and 40 from Boston. In 1837, there were 24 manufac tories of chairs and cabinet ware ; the value of chairs and cabinet ware was $53,228 ; ' hands employed, 80. There were 22,500 palm-leaf hats manufactured; value, $7,200; value of scythe snaiths manufactured, $5,000. STURBRIDGE The land of this town was originally granted, in 1729, to seve ral petitioners of Medfield, and many of the first settlers were from that town, and hence the place was called New Medfield, until its incorporation in 1738, when it received the name of Sturbridge. The following, respecting the first settlers, is from Rev. Joseph S. Clark's Historical Sketch of Sturbridge, published in 1838 : " Henry Fiske, one of the original proprietors, and his brother Daniel, pitched their tent near the top of the hill which has ever since borne their name. They had been at work for some time without knowing which way they must look for their nearest neighbor, or whether indeed they had a neighbor nearer than one of the adjacent towns. At length on a clear afternoon they heard the sound of an axe far off in a southerly direction, and went in pursuit of it. The individual whose solitary axe they heard had also been attracted by the sound of theirs, and was advancing towards them on the same errand.. They came in sight of one another, on opposite aides of the Quinebaug river. By felling two trees into the stream, one from each bank, a bridge was constructed on which they were able to meet and exchange salutations. The unknown man of the axe was found to be James Denison, one of the proprietors, who, in the absence of a better home, had taken lodgings in a cave, which is still to be seen not far from Westvill. In that lonely den he continued his abode, it is said, till a neighboring wolf, who probably had a prior claim to the premises, signified a wish to take possession, when Mr. Denison peaceably withdrew and built him a house of his own. " For some time after the work of clearing the forest had been undertaken, no one had ventured to spend the winter in a place so desolate and distant from the track of man. The proprietors, or whomsoever they employed, usually came in the spring, and reUirned to their respective towns in the autumn. Joseph Smith, with no other companion than his faithful dog, was the first who encountered the rigors of winter in Stur bridge. Alexander Selkirk was not more secluded from human society on the island of Juan Fernandez, than Mr. Smith was in this place during four months, having neither seen nor heard from a human being in all that time. The cellar which protected his frugal store from the froata of that dreary winter may still be seen on the farm of Jabez Harding, Esq., not far from an aged pear-tree, which Mr. Smith is said to have planted soon after he came." The proprietors built a meeting-house, which was consecrated, in 1733, by Rev. Jo seph Baxter, of Medfield. In 1736 the Rev. Caleb Rice was ordained pastor. About 1747 a number of his church, conceiving they had received new light,, different from the rest of the people, separated from him. Mr. Rice died in 1759. He was succeeded by Rev. Joshua Paine, who was ordained in 1761. Rev. Otis Lane, the next minister, was ordained in 1801, and was succeeded by Rev. Alvan Bond, in .1819. Rev. Joseph S. Clark succeeded Mr. Bond in 1831. The persons who separated from Mr. Rice's 60S STURBRIDGE. church formed themselves into a Baptist church about 1750. The first meeting-house of this society' was built on Fisk's Hill, in 1784. Rev. William Ewing was their first minister. Rev. Jordan Dodge was ordained their pastor in 1784, and was dismissed in 1788. The next minister, Rev. Zenas L. Leonard, was ordained in 1796. His succes sor, Rev. Addison Parker, was installed in 1833. Rev. Isaac Merriam and Rev. O.O. Stearns have been the succeeding pastors. The central village lies in a valley between two hills, which are about two miles apart. The soil in this valley is fertile. The vil lage consists of about 30 dwelling-houses, a Congregational and Baptist church. The engraving shows the appearance of the vil lage as it appears when seen from the north-east, upon the Charlton road. Population, 2,004. Distance, 18 miles from Worcester, and 58 from Boston. The Quinebaug has its source in this town ; it originates from near Lead-mine pond, takes a circuitous course into Union, Holland, Brimfield, and back into Sturbridge. Upon this stream are considerable tracts of interval and meadow lands. There are a number ,of ponds in this town, near one of which, called Lead- mine pond, a number of adventurers from Europe, many years since, dug deep for ore, a considerable quantity of which they car ried with them to England. They never, however, returned. _*< w&L ~~i-4 'fy.t.i.'.jstlf.- -¦. /'.?«•,¦ "-.-'.;;, :.--:,f. >-;.;., :-.!? j«iv" i"^* -": ¦'. 'VV ¦"¦-^".- ¦"..¦ v "-: •'''- -v ^#-rq|;^Sferf ^3S^ - - ,3w-f-^W^^M l/jew o/ tin, central village, in Sturbridge. In 1837 there were 6 cotton mills, 8,664 spindles ; S29,749 yards of cotton goods were manufactured; value, $117,134; males em ployed, 71 ; females, 117; there were manufactured 2.220 pairs of boots, and 12,660 pairs of shoes; value, $18,306 40; males em ployed, 35; females, 15; value of pocket rifles manufactured, $20,275 ; hands employed, 36. In the southern part of the township is an extensive tract of broken land, called Breakneck, near which the Breakneck pond in Union, Conn., takes its rise. A ledge of rocks in this tract extends about a mile which, in some places, is 100 feet perpendicular. This ledge has been a great place for rattlesnakes It is stated that an old lady, the wife of an extensive farmer by the name of Howard, living in this vicinity after her dairy business was done in the morning, in the Month of May, used to go out and kill rattlesnakes'; and that she had been known to have killed as many as 16 in one morning. These snakes some years aim were made considerable use of for medicinal purposes ; the oil as a remedy for the quinsy and sprains the skin for rheumatism and head-aches : and the gall was also used in medicinal preparations. Thev were worth from about 60 to 75 cents per head, and it was for the profit of the business that it was followed bv the old lady. The only instance known of any person being bit here by a rattlesnake was that of a lad— his father filled his mouth with tobacco juice ancf sucked out the poison, so that the effects of the bite were scarcely perceptible. Black snakes, upwards of nine feet in length, have been killed in the Breakneck SUTTON. 609 SUTTON. This town was originally purchased by a number of persons of John Wampus, a sachem, and his company of Indians, who claim ed it, and was confirmed to the purchasers by the general court in 1704. It was formed into a township and called Sutton by an act of the legislature in 1715. The settling of the town was retard ed for some time by reason of the wars with the Indians. In the year 1716, three families were seated in the place, and spent the succeeding winter there, which was that of the great snow. This snow fell on some of the last days of February, (0. S.) and came so deep that it wholly covered over the hut in which one of the families lived. The man being from home, the family would probably have suffered much, had not an Indian, who knew the circumstances, come to their relief. He found the cottage only by the hole which the smoke from the fireplace had made through the snow. In September, 1717, the first child was born in the town, named Abigail Marsh, daughter of Mr. Benjamin Marsh. Congregational Church, Sutton. The above is a western view of the Congregational church in Sutton, which is situated on an elevated hill, commanding an ex tensive prospect in various directions. At present there are but few houses in the immediate vicinity of the church. This is a pleasant town, and extensively engaged in manufac turing. It is watered by the Blackstone river, and the Blackstone canal passes on the northern border. The township is generally hilly, though of good soil. It contains soap-stone, and excellent granite for building. In the town are 2 Congregational meeting houses 2 Baptist, and 1 Episcopal. Population, 2,457. Distance, 10 miles from Worcester, and 44 from Boston. Wilkinsonville, a small manufacturing village, containing an Episcopal church, is on Blackstone river, on the northern border of the town. In 1837 there were in the limits of the town 4 cotton mills, 7,356 spindles; 1 301 727 yards of cotton goods were manufactured ; value, $125 572 - males employed, 94 ; females, 100 ; 2 woollen mills, 4 sets of machinery ; 82,000 yards of cloth were manufactured ; value $110,000 ; males employed, 40 ; females, 24. There were 2 000 dozen of shuttles manufactured; value, $10,000; hands em- 610 TEMPLETON. ployed, 12. Boots manufactured, 9,314 pairs; shoes,' 51,968 pairs; value, $55,656; males employed, 103; females, 99. Spindles manufactured, 30,000 ; value, $5,000. Value of scythes manufac tured, $3,350. The first church in Sutton was organized in the fall of 1720, and Rev. John McKinstry ordained their pastor. He was a native of Scotland, and was there edu cated. He was dismissed in 1728, and was succeeded the next year by Rev. David Hall, D. D., who, after a life of usefulness, died 1789. He was succeeded by Rev. Ed mund Mills, in 1790. The next pastor, Rev. John Maltby, was ordained in 1826. His successor, Rev. Hiram Tracy, was ordained in 1835. The second parish in Sutton was incorporated by the legislature in 1743. Rev. James Wilman was their first pas tor, ordained in 1747. The first Baptist society in the town was formed in 1785, and Rev. Benjamin Marsh was ordained their elder. Of the Baptist society in the south east part of the town, Elder Wm. Bachelder was the first pastor, ordained in 1792. TEMPLETON. This town was an original grant to certain persons who did ser vice in King Philip's war, or to their heirs, and was known by the North view of Templeton, (central part.) name of Narragansett No. 6 until its incorporation, in 1762, when the name of Templeton was given to it. The first meeting of the proprietors of this tract was held at Concord, in 1733. Its settlement was greatly retarded through danger from the Indians, but after the close of the French wars inhabitants moved in and the settlement rapidly improved. The first church was gathered here in 1755, and Rev. Daniel Pond was ordained pastor. He was dismissed in 1759, and succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Sparhawk in 1761. The next minister, Rev. Charles Wellington, was ordained in 1807. Rev. Lemuel P. Bates was installed pastor of the second church in 1833. He was succeeded bv Rev. Lewis Sabin in 1837. J This is a pleasant town, of uneven surface, but contains much good land. It is watered by branches of Miller's and Chicopee rivers, and has many excellent mill-sites. The engraving above is a north view in the village of Templeton, which consists of 2 churches and about 30 dwelling-houses. The Unitarian church is seen on the right, the Orthodox on tho, left. Distance, 24 miles from Worcester, 30 from Greenfield, 10 from Royalston, 8 from Athol, and 58 from Boston. Population, 1,690. In 1837 there UPTON 611 was 1 woollen mill, 2 sets of machinery; 30,000 yards of cloth were manufactured ; value, $30,000; males employed, 15; females, 15. ihere were 8,530 pairs of boots and 9,280 pairs of shoes manufactured; value, $22,327; palm-leaf hats manufactured, 117,304; value, $22,108. There were 9 manufactories for chairs and cabinet ware; value, $12,586; hands employed, 22. There was 1 manufactory for tin ware, 1 for shovels, spades, forks or hoes, f^™ air and cuPola fumace. Eleven saw-mills ; lumber sawed, 1,986,000 feet ; value, $16,040. UPTON. This town is not an original grant, but was taken from Mendon, Sutton^ and Hopkinton. It was incorporated by the general court in 1735. The first church was formed in this town soon after its Southern view of the central part of Upton. incorporation, and Rev. Thomas Weld ordained their pastor. He remained a few years with the people, when he was dismissed, and succeeded by Rev. Elisha Fish, (from Stonington, Conn.,) ordained in 1751. He died in 1795. The next and the present pastor, Rev. Benjamin Wood, was ordained in 1796. The society of Baptists originated about 1750, and the next year Rev. Abraham Bloss was ordained their teaching elder. This town presents a varied surface, changing from smooth to rough, and from hilly to more level ground. The soil is generally good, and is pretty well watered. A small stream, known by the name of West river, passes through the west part of the town, and flows into the Blackstone in the lower part of Uxbridge. The village consists of about 50 dwelling-houses, and a Congregational church, which is represented in the engraving. Population, 1,451. Distance, 14 miles S. E. of Worcester, and 35 from Boston. In 1837 there was 1 woollen mill ; 2 sets of ma chinery ; 31,200 yards of cloth were manufactured ; value, $15,600; boots manufactured, 3,500 pairs; shoes, 117,699 pairs; value, $107,796 84 ; males employed, 156 ; females, 81 ; there were 14,000 straw bonnets manufactured; value, $35,110. 81 612 UXBRIDGE . UXBRIDGE. This town is composed of what was formerly the western part of Mendon. It was set off and incorporated by an act of the gene ral court in June, 1727, and then received its present name. The Indian name was Wacantuck. It was larger at first than at present, as the north part, in 1772, was set off and made a distinct town, by the name of Northbridge. Southern view of the central part of Uxbridge. A church was gathered here in 1731, (under the direction of Rev. Joseph Dorr, of Mendon,) of which Rev. Nathan Webb was ordained pastor. He continued with the people 41 years, till his death, in 1772, and was succeeded by Rev. Hezekiah Chapman, ordained in 1774. He was dismissed in 1781, and in 1783 Rev. Josiah Spaulding suc ceeded, who, continuing but about 4 years, was succeeded bv Rev. Samuel Judson, who was ordained in 1792. Rev. Samuel Clarke was installed pastor of the parish church in 1833. Rev. David A. Grosvenor, the pastor of the second church, was settled in 1832. There is a Friends' church in this town. The above is a southern view of the central part of Uxbridge, taken from the residence of Rev. Mr. Grosvenor. The Unitarian church, a gothic structure, appears in the central part; the other Congregational church is seen on the left. Some of the buildings in Rogerson's village, nearly two miles from the center, are discerned in the extreme distance. Population, 2,246. Distance, 18 miles from Worcester, and 38 from Boston. This is a very pleasant and flourishing town ; the center is level and has a light soil ; the surrounding hills are moist, and better adapted to grazing and orchards. There are in the town a quarry of stone, easily wrought and highly valuable, and an iron mine, from which much ore has been taken. Uxbridge enjoys important advantages in being situated, for nearly its whole length, on the Blackstone river and canal, as well as from the water power of - West and Mumford rivers, which here join the Blackstone. In 1837 there were 3 cotton mills; 11,000 spindles; 936,000 yards of cotton goods were manufactured ; value, $168,000; males employed, 130- females, 250 ; five woollen mills ; 13 sets of machinery • 295 00O WARREN. 613 yards of satinet were manufactured ; value, $186,000 ; males em ployed, 62 ; females, 66. ' WARREN. This town was taken partly from Brookfield, and partly from Brimfield and Palmer, in Hampden county. It was incorpo rated in 1741, by the name of Western. In 1834 its name was changed to that of Warren, in memory of Gen. Warren who fell at Bunker Hill. The Congregational church was formed here in 1743, and the next year Rev. Isaac Jones was ordained their first pastor. He died in 1784, and was succeeded i East view of Warren, (central part.) by Rev. Stephen Baxter, who was ordained in 1791. The suc ceeding ministers have been Sylvester Burt, settled in 1806- Munson C. Gaylord, in 1816 ; Oren Catlin, in 1829 ; Charles Pitch,' in 1832; and George Trask, in 1836. Warren is situated at the south-west angle of the county. The land, though rather rough, is productive. The river Quaboag, from Brookfield, enters this town from the north-east, and, passing through it, goes out at the west angle, and falls into the Chicopee river. Coy's hill, in the north part of this town, affords abundance of granite, being here valuable for building stone. At the foot of the hill, near the river, iron' ore is found, and a mineral spring has been discovered, which has some visitants. The accompanying view shows the appear ance of the central part of the town as seen from the schoolhouse, on the Brookfield road. The Congregational church is seen on the right ; the Universalist is the building seen in the distance with a tower. The railroad from Worcester to Springfield passes a few rods south of the hotel seen on the left of the engraving. There are at present in the town 1 cotton, 2 woollen, and 1 scythe factories. Population, 1,196. Distance, 24 miles westerly from Worcester, and 64 from Boston. In 1837, there were 45,000 palm-leaf hats manufactured; value, $5,850. Value of woollen goods manufac tured, $51,300 ; value of cotton goods, $8,000. 614 WESTBOROUGH. WEBSTER. This town was set off from Dudley and Oxford, and incorpo rated in 1832. It was named after the Hon. Daniel Webster. The surface of the town is rather rough, and the soil is not as good as that of the adjoining towns. The outlet of Char-gogg-a-gogg- man-chogg-a-gogg, a large pond in this town, three miles in length, affords fine water privileges. The engraving shows a north-east- North-east view Webster. ern view of the central and principal village in Webster, as it is entered upon the Boston road. One of the Slater cotton mills is seen on the left. Mr. Slater, who, it is stated, first introduced the cotton manufacturing business into this country, lived the latter part of his, life in this village ; his house is seen in the central part of the engraving, having 4 chimneys. The Methodist church and the center school-house, each with a spire, are seen in the back ground. The Baptist church is still farther westward. Popula tion, 1,210. Distance, 16 miles from Worcester, and 50 from Bos ton. In 1837, there were 3 cotton mills ; 6,088 spindles ; 1,155,535 yards of cotton goods were manufactured ; value, $103,427 ; males employed, 62; females, 101. There were 2 woollen mills, 6 sets of machinery ; 60,000 yards of cloth were manufactured ; value, $180,000; males employed, • 50 ; females, 45. One thread mill; 42,000 lbs. of thread were manufactured ; value, $26,000 ; males employed, 11 ; females, 19. WESTBOROUGH. This town was taken from Marlborough, and lying the whole length of that town on the west side at the time of its incorporation, in Nov. 1717, it was called Westborough. This part of Marlbo rough being a frontier, having no town between it and Brookfield on the west, about 40 miles distant, the settlement did not progress very rapidly. Several families, however, before 1700 were settled near where the Congregational meeting-house stands, of which were Messrs. Thomas and Edmund Rice's. The church was WESTBOROUGH. 615 Mr. Whitney's House, Westborough. gathered here in 1724, and Rev. Ebenezer Parkman was ordained their pastor ; his successor, Rev. John Robinson, was ordained in 1789. The next minister, Rev. Elisha Rockwood, was ordained in 1808. Rev. Hosea Hildreth was installed pastor of the parish church in 1834 ; his successors were Rev. Barnabas Phinney, in stalled in 1836, and Rev. Charles B. Kittredge, in 1837. There is a "pleasant and well-built village in the central part of the town, consisting of about 50 dwelling-houses, a Congregational and Bap tist church. The Boston and Worcester railroad passes through the center. The lands rise about a mile distant on the east, south, and west. The soil is good, and the township is well watered by Concord and Sudbury rivers. Population, 1,612. Distance, 12 miles from Worcester, and 32 from Boston. In 1837, there were manufactured 20,092 pairs of boots and 120,656 pairs of shoes ; Value, $148,774 40 ; males employed, 360 ; females, 214. The above is a south-eastern view of the house in which Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin, was born, Dec. 8, 1765; it is now occupied by his brother, Mr. Benjamin Whitney, and is about two miles westward of the central village, on a cross road. His mechanical genius discovered itself at an early age. The small building seen standing by the house was his work-shop, where he manufactured various articles. His name is still to be seen cut on the door with his penknife. He graduated at Yale college, and soon after went into the state of Georgia ; while here he invented the cotton gin, which is worth millions of dollars an nually to the southern states. -Before this invention, one person could clean from the seeds but one pound of cotton daily • with the aid of this machine a single person can in one day clean a, thousand Bounds with ease Judge Johnson, of South Carolina, declared that by means of this invention " thei- lands were trebled in value." For this invention Mr. Whitney obtained a patent but like many other benefactors of the public, was plundered of the benefits of his invention. Mr. Whitney, by turning his attention to the manufacture of fire arms for the United States, was enabled to realize a comfortable independence. The village which he built up two miles from New Haven, Con., for his workmen, is called Whitneyville. Mr. Whitney died in New Haven, Jan. 8, 1825. 616 WEST BOYLSTON. WEST BOYLSTON. This town was settled as early as 1720, by several families from Marlborough, being then included in the grant of land called Shrewsbury. Among the first settlers were Benjamin Hinds, Isaac Temple, Edward Goodale, William Whitney, John Bixby, and William Holt. The town was incorporated in 1808. Vale of West Boylston. In 1796, the present town was incorporated a separate parish. In the same year a Congregational church was gathered, consisting of 32 members. Rev. William Nash, the first minister, was ordained on the 11th of Oct., 1797. His successor, Rev. John Boardman, was ordained in 1821 ; the next minister was installed in 1834. Rev. Philemon Russell, pastor of the Unitarian society, was ordained in 1834. In 1813, a so ciety of Baptists was formed in the town. In 1818, they built a meeting-house. The next year the church was organized, of about 50 members, who had been dismissed from the church in Holden. In 1821, they had constant preaching by Rev. Nicholas Branch. The first settlers of the town built a stockade fort, of square logs, for defence, on the land now owned by Mr. John Temple. This fort stood till about 1790; the only inti mations of any hostilities against it were a few bullets lodged in the timbers. A few traces of the aborigines are sometimes discovered. In the south part of the town is a beautiful and romantic spot, called Pleasant Valley. At some remote period it was the location of a small pond. The engraving shows the appearance of this spot as it is seen from the north. At this point, immediately north, and separated from the valley by a bar or ridge of land, is a depression of a number of feet lower than the vale, which is, perhaps, 10 or 12 rods in length, and in its formation resembles the bowl of a spoon. This place is about one mile southerly of the principal village of West Boylston. The following notice of this beautiful little spot, with the accompanying lines, are taken from the American Traveller of July 14, 1826 : " On leaving the road you enter a grove of oaks and maples, between two declivities, and continuing down this, avenue that winds along through the shrub-oaks, at once opens to the view a plain of 3 or 4 acres of an oval form, surrounded on every side, except the narrow pass by which you enter, by high and almost per pendicular banks, whose sides are covered by the birch and shrub-oak, and whose tops are surmounted by trees of the largest sizo. The plain is more level and smooth than art could make it ; no remains of ancient trees, no stone, not even a stray branch of the neighboring grove near the scene. A fine short grass covers tho whole area, and presents to the eye an enchanting- fairy green. The stillness of death reiens, undis turbed by the noise of the World. It is a place for contemplation, where man can turn his thoughts home tn his own breast and meditate on the follies of the world, or where he can upturn them to Him the supreme A rchitect of nature. ^ winchenbon. 617 " Sweet vale of West Boylston ! how calm a retreat from the sorrows and cares of this cold world of woe; « j? tnlck-covered banks, where the wild flowrets meet, And thy serpentine paths where the evergreens grow. Oh, here the war trumpet shall never be heard, Here the banners of foemen shall ne'er be unfurFd ; At the tramp of the war-horse, thy paths shall be barred, And peace with her wand bid him back to the world. Thy carpet so green, >neath the blue sky outspread, hhall never be soil'd by the foot of dishonor— »e i f ch,ldren of nature by truth shall be led, And fear not the intrusions of care or of sorrow. Be this the retreat of the votaries of love, For the friends of the heart— be it piety's fane, Where their vows and their prayers shall ascend— and above Shall be heard, and Heaven grant that they be heard not in vain. Oh, here have I roam'd with the friend of my heart, When the last rays of sunshine were gilding the spot— And the thoughts of that hour they shall never depart, And the friends that were there shall ne'er be forgot." In 1837, there were in this town 7 cotton mills ; 8,036 spindles ; 1,502,000 yards of cotton goods were manufactured ; value, $151,450; males employed, 89; females, 168. Population, 1,330. Distance, 7 miles from Worcester, and 42 from Boston. WESTMINSTER. This town, with others, was granted by the general court to the soldiers who did service in the Narragansett or King Philip's war, or to their heirs. It was styled Narragansett No 2. until its incor poration in 1769, when it was named Westminster. The proprie tors of this town were chiefly inhabitants of Cambridge, Charles town, Watertown, Weston, Sudbury, Newton, Medford, Maiden, and Reading. The first person who settled on the grant was Capt. Fairbanks Moor, who moved therewith his family in March, 1737. In June following, Dea. Joseph Holden moved his family into the place. These two families contained 15 persons. It being an exposed plantation, settlers moved in but slowly. The proprietors erected a meeting house in 1739. The Congregational church was formed, and Rev. Elisha Marsh ordained pastor, in 1742. He was dismissed in 1757, and the town had no minister from that time till 1765, when the Rev. Asaph Rice was settled. Previously Mr. Rice had been a missionary among the Indians. The next pastor, Rey. Cyrus Mann, was settled in 1815. This town being exposed to Indian assaults, the general court, in 1743, granted £400 to fortify the place, with which ten forts were erected, and soldiers sta tioned there for the defence^ of the plantation. In 1746, some of the people of the place were put under pay as a town scout. But although the people suffered many trials and hardships, it is believed that no person belonging to the town was ever cut off by the enemy. This town is situated on the range of highlands which separate thd waters of the Connecticut and Merrimac. The soil of the township is fertile, containing good grazing lands. There are three churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Universalist, and one Baptist. Population, 1,640. Distance, 26 miles from Worcester, and 50 from Boston. In 1837, there were 14 manufactories of chairs and cabinet ware ; value of articles manufac tured, $26,350 ; hands employed, 38. There were 8,400 straw bonnets manufactured ; value, $15,675. WINCHENDON. This town was granted by the general court; in 1735, to 60 per sons, all of whom, excepting 8, belonged to Ipswich, in Essex 61$ WORCESTER. county. It was called "Ipswich Canada" till its incorporation, in 1764, by the name of Winchendon, because most of the grantees were soldiers or the heirs of soldiers who had served in an expedi tion to Canada in 1690. By the year 1752, ten families were fixed down here. But the settlement was retard ed by what is usually called the last French war. Most of the settlers left the place ; those who remained were obliged to keep in garrisons. The proprietors set up the first meeting-house, 45 feet by 35, in the spring of 1762. The church was organized, and Rev. Daniel Stimpson ordained their pastor, in December of the same year. He died in 1768, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Brown, who was ordained in 1769. Rev. Levi Pilsbury, the next pastor, was ordained in 1801 ; he was succeeded by Rev. Eber Clark, who was installed in 1820. Rev. Daniel 0. Morton was installed the next pastor in 1836. This town is rocky and moderately uneven, but the soil is deep and good. Manomo- nack Pond, lying partly in this town and partly in New Hampshire, is the head source of Miller's river. Several branches of the stream meet here, and the town enjoys valu able water privileges. There are 3 churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, and 1 Meth odist. Population, 1,802. Distance, 33 miles from Worcester, and 60 from Boston. In 1837, there was 1 cotton mill, 4,000 spindles ; 1,000,000 yards of cotton goods manu factured ; males employed, 25 ; females, 125 ; one woollen mill, 3 sets of machinery ; 55,000 yards of cloth were manufactured; value, $53,000 ; males employed, 25; fe males, 25. WORCESTER. Worcester was incorporated in 1684, but in consequence of Indian hostilities the first town meeting was not held till 1722. This part of the country was called by the Indians Quinsigamond, that being the name of a large pond on the eastern border of the town. The central situation of this town both in regard to the county and state, the fertility of its soil and that of the sur rounding country, and the industry, intelligence, and wealth of the inhabitants, justly entitle it to the honor of being called the chief town of the "Heart of the Commonwealth." In October, 1668, a township of land of rather more than eight miles square, bounded easterly by Quinsigamond pond, was granted by the general court to Daniel Gookin, Daniel Henchman, Thomas Prentice, and their associates. On account of the Indian war prevailing about this period, the immediate settlement of the place was prevented. In 1685, the Indians appearing friendly, the persons named above, together with John Wing, George Danson, Peter Goulding, Dickery Sargeant, Isaac Bull, and Jacob Leon ard, ventured to begin the plantation. It appears, however, that there were six or seven houses erected here in 1675, but, on account of King Philip's war, which then raged, they were soon deserted. The natives who inhabited Quinsigamond were of the Nipmuc tribe. The principal settlement of these Indians in Worcester was on a hill in the south part of the town, extending into Ward, called by them Pakachoag, now known as Bogachoag. Wig wam hill, on the eastern shore of Quinsigamond, was probably a favorite residence for them, on account of the fish and wild game in the vicinity. These Indians were visited by Mr. Elliot, the " Indian apostle," and Mr. Gookin, in 1674 ; at this time they had made considerable advances in civilization, and some of them professed Chris tianity. In 1675, Pakachoag was visited by King Philip, who by his artifices and threats induced most of the Indians to take up arms against the whites. After the return of the whites to Worcester in 1685, the settlement of the place went on prosperously till 1701, when the Indians again began to attack the frontier towns, and Worcester was again depopulated. After all the other planters had fled, Dickerv Sargeant, with his family, determined to remain and brave the dangers from the Indian foe. He remained unmolested till 1703 or 1704. The following particulars of his death are preserved. When the Indians surrounded his house, Sargeant seized his gun to defend himself; as he was retreating to the stair-way, he was shot down by the savages. Upon this they rushed into the house and completed the work of death by their tomahawks, and tore off his scalp. They seized his wife and five children, and commenced a rapid retreat westward. Mrs. Sargeant, overcome with grief and fatigue. mmm liiiJfef§ ^M| Drawn by J. "W. Barber— Engraved by J. Downes, Worcester. MAIN STREET IN WORCESTER, MASS. The above is a view taken at the south-western entrance of the Main street in Worcester. The old South Church and the Town- House appear on the right. A number of private residences are seen on the left. Main street is seen extending in the distance to the northward. WORCESTER. 619 impeded their progress. As they were ascending the Tataesset or Tatnicft hills, a chief stepped out of the file, and, while pretending to be looking for game, came up behind Mrs. Sargeant in an unsuspected moment, and deprived his sinking captive of lue at a single blow. The children were carried into Canada, where they remained a long time before they were restored to their friends. Two of the children, Daniel and Mary, preferred remaining with their captors, and adopted the habits and manners of the Indians. In 1709, Elisha Ward, who was sent on an express from Marlborough to Hadley, having stopped to examine his deserted farm, was killed. Peace being concluded with the Indians, Mr. Jonas Rice, with his family, on the 21st of October, 1713, moved into Worcester, and were the only inhabitants of the town until the spring of 1715. The first white male child born in Worcester was Adonijah Rice, who was bom Nov. 7, 1714. His father built his house on Sagatabseot hill, and his farm included some of the lands once cultivated by Sargeant. In 1715, a conside rable number of persons joined the settlement ; in 1718 their number was augmented by emigrants from Ireland, principally of Scotch descent. The first labor of the in habitants was to erect a garrison-house, on the west side of the Leicester road, not far from the old south church. Another log fortress was built near the head of the street called Columbian avenue ; a third was on the Connecticut road, north of Lincoln square. A regular block-house was placed north of Adams square, where a long iron. cannon was afterwards mounted to give alarm of coming danger. During the French war, this gun was removed to the green near the meeting-house. On the commence ment of the Revolution, it was posted west of the court-house. On the news of the march of the British to Lexington, its voice aroused the people to arms. Meetings for religious worship were first held at the house of Gershom Rice. A building was soon erected for religious worship on Green street, north of the union of Franklin street, where the inhabitants met, until a spacious meeting-house was reared on the site of the old south church, in 1719,. According to the evidence furnished by the proprietary records, there were in Worcester, in 1718, fifty-eight dwelling-houses. " Tradition says they were humble edifices, principally of logs, one story high, with ample stone chimneys. Some were furnished with windows of diamond glass, where the resources of the proprietor afforded the means for procuring such luxury ; the light was admitted in many through the dim transparency of oiled paper." Rev. Andrew Gardner, the first minister, was ordained in 1719. He was succeeded by Rev. Isaac Burr, in 1725. The next pastor was Rev. Thaddeus Maccarty, who was installed in 1747. Rev. Samuel Austin, D. D., his successor, was installed in 1790. Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, the next minister, was settled in 1816, and was suc ceeded in 1821 by Rev. Aretius B. Hull. Mr. Hull was succeeded by Rev. Rodney A. Miller, in 1827. Rev. Aaron Bancroft, D. D., was ordained pastor of the Second church in 1786. He was born in 1755, and is the oldest clergyman in the county. Rev. Alonzo Hill was ordained colleague pastor in 1827. Rev. Loammi I. Hoadley was ordained pastor of the Calvinist church in 1823. He was succeeded by Rev. John S. C. Abbott in 1830, and by Rev. David Peabody in 1835. Rev. Jona. E. Woodbridge was installed pastor of the Union church in 1836. The first Baptist society was formed in 1812. Elder William Bentley was the first minister. He was succeeded by Rev. Jonathan Going in 1815. The next pastor, Rev. Frederick A. Willard, was settled in 1832. The Catholic society was formed in 1834, the Methodist Episcopal in 1834, the Protestant Episcopal in 1835, and the Union society in 1836. Worcester is the shire town of the county, being situated 40 miles westward from Boston, 40 N. N. W. from Providence, about 50 from Northampton, 60 miles E. N. E. from Hartford, and 394 from Washington. Latitude 42° 16' 9" W., longitude from Lon don 71° 49'. The township is about six miles square. The surface is undulating, swelling into hills of moderate acclivity, gentle slopes, and rounded outlines. The soil is fertile, and is in a high state of cultivation, affording many beautiful prospects on which the eye delights to linger. The population of the town is 7,117. The principal village of Worcester is built chiefly upon one street, extending a mile from north to south, and is situated in a valley opening to the south, and is surrounded by hills of moderate ele vation on almost every side. It is one of the finest and most con siderable inland villages in the New England states. 620 WORCESTER. View at the north entrance to the village of Worcester. The above is a view of the north entrance to the village of Wor cester, taken from the old Boston road. The first building seen in the center is the court-house. The next is the Unitarian church, and the spire on the left is that of the Central church. The build- ding on an elevation on the right is the. mansion-house of Stephen Salisbury, Esq. The large warehouses and stores, crowded with every variety of goods, the superior style and appearance of the public and private buildings, the passing of travellers and others in the streets, give this place the appearance and activity of a city. There are in the limits of the village 7 houses for public worship, 4 Congregational, (one of which is Unitarian,) 1 Baptist, 1 Catho lic, and 1 Methodist. There are 4 banks, the Worcester, the Central, the Quinsigamond, and Citizens' Banks, whose united capitals amount to $900,000. There are 2 Mutual Fire Insurance Com panies, a Lyceum, formed Nov. 4th, 1829, 5 printing-offices, from which are issued 5 newspapers. Among the public buildings are a Court-House, the County House of Correction, the Hall of the Antiquarian Society, and the State Lunatic Hospital. It may be truly stated that few towns in this country "exhibit so uniform an appearance of taste, or contain so great a proportion of good build ings, and so small a proportion of those that are indifferent, as Worcester." The following is a representation of the Hall of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester. The central part of the building was erected in 1819 and 1820, and dedicated on the 24th of Au gust of the latter year. This part of the building is 46 feet long, and 36 wide. Wings were extended in 1832, each 28 feet long and 21 wide. The whole building is of brick. The central part, and the land on which the building stands, is the donation of the late Isaiah Thomas, LL. D. The society was organized in 1812; and its officers annually chosen on its anniversary meeting, on the 23d of October, the day on which Columbus discovered America. The object of this institution is the collection and preservation of American antiquities. It was also the intention of Mr. Thomas, WORCESTER. 621 Western view of the Antiquarian Hall. the munificent patron of the society, that its library should embrace as perfect a collection of American literature as possible. To assist in attaining this object, he presented the society between four and five thousand volumes of books, among which are many valuable works illustrating the history of the country, as well as many rare and interesting specimens of early printing. The library of the society now contains about 12,000 volumes, and is increasing. Visiters can have easy access to it, and it is open to those who have occa sion to use the books. As it is national in its objects, this institution bids fair to have the largest, as well as the most valuable, collection of books and manuscripts in this country. Isaiah Thomas, the gentleman to whom this institution is so deeply indebted, was born in Boston, January 19th, 1749. At the age of less than six years he was bound apprentice to a Mr. Fowle, who carried on the printing business in a small way in Bos ton. Having purchased the printing materials of Mr. Fowle, Mr. Thomas issued a newspaper on March 7th, 1771, called the « Massachusetts Spy." The revolutionary contest was then impending, and Mr. Thomas being a warm friend of American freedom, his paper became the favorite champion of the rights of the people. Such a course rendered Mr. Thomas obnoxious to the royal officers of the government. He was put on the list of the proscribed, and was threatened with personal violence. Having been solicited by the whigs of Worcester to establish a newspaper m that place he privately had his types and press conveyed thither, and the Spy made its appearance in this place May 3, 1775, after a suspension of three weeks After the revolutionary war, Mr. Thomas, uniting the employments of printer, publisher, and bookseller, the manufacture of paper and binding, he was able to accomplish a great amount of business At one period he had under his personal direction, and that of his nartners sixteen presses in constant motion. In 1802 Mr. Thomas relinquished a p osperour business m his son. He, however, did not remain idle. In 1810, his « Historv of Printing" in two octavo volumes, was published, evincing great research and fidelity of narrative, and is a standard work of the kind. In 1814 he received the honorarv degree of Master of Arts from Dartmouth college-that of Doctor of Laws frorineS college, in 1818. He was president of the Antiquarian Society from ts&untoion until Ids decease, April 4, 1831, at the age of 82 years. T?™ Hospital "This monument of the charity of the state is situated on a beautiful eminence eastward of the town. The buildings of the west front, ~J J Mn 1 831 consist of a center, 76 feet long, 40 feet wide, and four stories high, Z^t\r!t 22 feet forward of the wings, which extend to the north and south ninety feet ZlTnn\he (rout aid 100 feet in !he rear, are 36 feet wide, and three stories high. Tto aVraSementwas adopted so as to secure free communication with the central structure Occupied by the superintendent, steward, attendants, and domestics, and to 622 WORCESTER. Western view of the State Lunatic Hospital. permit the ventilation and lighting of the long halls reaching through the wings. The ranges of apartments for the insane, 8 feet by 10, have each a window, with the upper sash of cast-iron and lower sash of wood, both glazed ; on the exterior of the wooden sash is a false sash of iron, corresponding in its appearance and dimensions, but firmly set into the frame, giving the reality of a grate without its gloomy aspect. In 1835, a building 134 feet in length and 34 feet in width was attached to the southern extremity of the hospital, of equal height, and extending eastward at right angles with the front ; in 1836, another edifice of the same magnitude was placed at the north end. Three sides of a great square are now enclosed by these immense structures of brick. Pro vision is made for the diffusion of heat, the circulation of air, the supply of water ; and the most judicious regulations promote the health and comfort of the inmates. " In this hospital, those are placed under restraint by public authority who are so furiously mad that their liberty would endanger the safety of the community. To feel its value, one must have heard the chained maniacs howling in the dungeons of the common gaols, in frantic excitement and hopeless misery, and seen the quiet of the great establishment where the insane receive every alleviation of their mental diseases which fit accommodations, remedial treatment, and high skill can bestow. The insti tution has been under the superintendence of Dr. Samuel B. Woodward since its commencement. Its statistics are fully detailed in the reports annually made by the trustees to the legislature." A number of the streams which form the head waters of Black stone river meet in this town, and furnish a considerable water power. The Blackstone Canal extends from Worcester to Provi dence, a distance of about 45 miles. It is 18 feet wide at the bot tom, 36 at the top of the banks. It is built alternately on both sides of the Blackstone river, and passes nearly all the great manu facturing establishments in the valley of the Blackstone. The first boat which passed through the whole extent arrived at the upper basin Oct. 7, 1828. The expense of the work was about 750,000 dollars; of this amount more than half a million of dollars was paid by the citizens of Rhode Island. The canal has been more useful to the public than to the owners; the amount of transporta tion, however, has increased. "The Boston and Worcester Railroad was incorporated June 23, 1831. The road, extending 44 miles eastward, is laid with a single track of edge rails, on cast-iron chairs, resting on wooden sleepers, bedded in trenches filled with stones. The cost of construction has been $1,500,000, including land, labor, cars, engines, and buildings. WORCESTER. 623 Passenger cars go in each direction three times daily during the warm months, and twice in the cold season, except on Sundays. The time is from. 24 to 3 hours, includ- lng4to 0ps at ten Places > the fare has been $1 50, but in the autumn of 1836 was raised to $ 2. The freight of merchandise from Boston to Worcester, by the ton, is $3 50 ; from Worcester to Boston, $3. A branch railroad is soon to be laid to Millbury. About a mile from the depot on Main street, the road passes through a deep cutting of the slate rock, about 30 feet in its greatest depth, and extending about 30 rods. The strata are almost perpendicular, and were removed from their beds by a laborious process of blasting." J * "The Norwich and Worcester Railroad Company was incorporated March 26, 1833. A charter had been previously obtained in Connecticut, for the route within her jurisdiction, at the May session, 1832. By an act of this commonwealth, April 10, and of that state, May, 1836, the two companies were united. From Norwich to Worcester is 58 miles; to Boston, 102. The work of construction is now advancing. The capital stock is $1,500,000." "The Western Railroad Corporation was established March 15, 1833, for the purpose of building a railroad from the western termination of the Boston and Wor cester railroad to Connecticut river in Springfield, and thence across the stream to the western boundary of the state, where it will connect with railroads in progress, one to Albany, one to Troy, and one to Hudson. The stock of $3,000,000 has been subscrib ed, two thirds by individuals, and one third by the state, and a portion of the road located." During the first movements of the Revolution, Worcester was the central point whence the animating influences in favor of Ameri can freedom were diffused over the surrounding country. In March, 1775, the company of minute men in this place were directed to train half a day in each week. This company had met almost daily for months, and, under the instruction of Capt. Bigelow, they attained great proficiency in military science. " Their services were soon to be required for the defence of the country. Before noon on the 19th of April, an express came to the town, shouting, as he passed through the street at full speed, ' To arms ! to arms ! the war is begun !' His white horse, bloody with spurring and dripping with sweat, fell exhausted by the church. Another was instantly procured, and the tidings went on. The passage of the messenger of war, . mounted on his white steed, and gathering the population to battle, made vivid im pression on memory. The tradition of his appearance is preserved in many of our villages. In the animated description of the aged, it seems like the representation of death on the pale horse careering through the land with his terrific summons to the grave. The bell rang out the alarm, cannon were fired, and messengers sent to every part of the town to collect the soldiery. As the news spread, the implements of hus bandry were thrown by in the field, and the citizens left their homes with no longer delay than to seize their arms. In a short time, the minute men were paraded on the green, under Capt. Timothy Bigelow ; after fervent prayer by the Rev. Mr. Maccarty, they took up the line of march. They were soon followed by as many of the train bands as could be gathered, under Capt. Benjamin Flagg. On that day, 110 men marched from the town of Worcester for Concord. Intelligence of the retreat of the enemy met them after they advanced, and they turned towards Boston. When Capt. Bigelow reached the ancient Howe tavern, in Sudbury, he halted to rest his men. Capt. Benjamin Flagg, who had commenced his march an hour or two later, came up, and insisting on pushing forward without loss of time, both officers moved on to Cam bridge." On Saturday, July 14, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was received at Worcester. It was first publicly read by Isaiah Thomas from the porch of the old south meeting-house to the as sembled crowd. On Sunday, after divine service, it was read in the church. On the Monday following, the event which separated the colonies from the mother country was celebrated With formal solemnities. 624 WORCESTER. The following occurrences took place in Worcester during the insurrectionary period called " Shays5 Rebellion." The following account is taken from the History of Worcester, by William Lin coln, Esq. 3 an octavo volume containing 384 pages, published at Worcester, in 1837, by Messrs. Moses D. Philips & Co. This work is one of great research, is most ably written, and full of interesting details, and the author of this work is deeply indebted to it for the foregoing account of Worcester. " Although warning of danger had been given, confiding in the loyalty of the people, their love of order, and respect for the laws, the officers of government had made no preparations to support the court, to be held in "Worcester, in September, 1786. On Monday night, of the first week in that month, a body of eighty armed men, under Capt. Adam Wheeler of Hubbardston, entered the town, and took possession of the court-house. Early the next morning, their numbers were augmented to nearly one hundred, and as many more collected without fire-arms. The judges of the common pleas had assembled at the house of the Hon. Joseph Allen. At the usual hour, with the justices of the sessions and the members of the bar, attended by the clerk and sheriff, they moved towards the court-house. Chief Justice Artemas Ward, a general of the Revolution, united intrepid firmness with prudent moderation. His resolute and manly bear ing on that day of difficulty and embarrassment sustained the dignity of the office he bore, and commanded the respect even of his opponents. On him devolved the responsibility of an occasion affecting deeply the future peace of the community ; and it was supported well and ably. " On the verge of the crowd thronging the hill, a sentinel was pacing on his round, who challenged the procession aa it approached his post. Gen. Ward sternly ordered the soldier, formerly a subaltern of his own particular regiment, to recover his levelled musket. The man, awed by the voice he had been accus tomed to obey, instantly complied, and presented his piece in military salute to his old commander. The court, having received the honors of war from him who was planted to oppose their advance, went on. The multitude, receding to the right and left, made way in sullen silence, till the judicial ofiicers reached the court-house. On the steps was stationed a file of men with fixed bayonets ; on the front stood Captain Wheeler, with his drawn sword. The crier was directed to open the doors, and permitted to throw them back, displaying a party of infantry with their guns levelled, as if ready to fire. Judge Ward then advanced, and the bayonets were turned against his breast. He demanded, repeatedly, who commanded the people ¦there ; by what authority, and for what purpose, they had met in hostile array. Wheeler at length replied. After disclaiming the rank of leader, he stated, that they had come to relieve the distresses of the country, by preventing the sittings of courts until they could obtain redress of grievances. The chief justice an swered, that he would satisfy them their complaints were without just foundation. He was told, by Capt, Smith of Barre, that any communication he had to make must be reduced to writing. Judge Ward indig nantly refused to do this ; he said he ' did not value their bayonets ; they might plunge them to his heart ; but while that heart beat he would do his duty : when opposed to it, his life was of little consequence : if they would take away their bayonets and give him some position where he could be heard by his fellow- Pepperell, 1 33 1,571 Goshen, -3 105 55( i Reading, 1 13 2,193 Granby, -5 80 971 Sherburne, -6 18 995 Greenwich, -5 70 824 Shirley, -6 32 957 Hadley, 1 90 i,8ie South Reading 1 10 1,517 Hatfield, -5 95 932 Stoneham, -6 10 1,017 Middlefield, 1 115 1,715 Stow, 1 24 1,230 Northampton, 2 91 3,750 Sudbury, 1 19 1,422 Norwich, -4 108 750 Tewksbury, -6 19 906 Pelham, -6 80 956 Townsend, 1 38 1,892 Plainfield, -5 110 905 Tyngsborough, -5 29 870 Prescott, -4 74 780 Waltham, 1 10 2,504 South Hadley, 1 88 1,458 Watertown, 1 6 1,810 Southampton, -7 97 1,159 Wayland, -5 16 998 Ware, 1 67 1,880 W. Cambridge, 1 6 1,363 Westhampton, -4 100 759 Westford, 1 25 1,436 Williamsburg, 1 103 1,308 Weston, -6 14 1,092 Worthington, -7 110 1,198 Wilmington, Woburn, -5 14 859 1 10 2,990 23 towns, 30,886 Middlesex. 46 towns, 106,635 Acton, -7 21 1,121 Nantucket. Ashby, 1 42 1,246 Nantucket, 4 100 9,051 Bedford, -5 15 929 Billerica, 1 18 1,632 Norfolk Boxborough, -2 25 426 Bellingham, -6 28 1,055 Brighton, 1 5 1,425 Braintree, 1 10 2,168 Burlington, -3 13 510 Brookline, -7 5 1,265 Cambridge, 3 3 8,409 Canton, 1 15 1,995 Carlisle, -3 18 556 Cohasset, 1 20 1,470 Charlestown, 5 1 11,483 Dedham, 1 10 3,291 Chelmsford, 1 25 1,697 Dorchester, 2 4 4,875 Concord, 1 16 1,784 Dover, -3 14 520 Dracut, 1 27 2,188 Foxborough, 1 24 1,298 Dunstable, -3 37 603 Franklin, 1 27 1,717 Framingham, 1 21 3,034 Medfield, -5 17 883 Groton, 1 34 2,136 Medway, 1 20 2,043 Holliston, 1 24 1,782 Milton, 1 7 1,822 Hopkinton, 1 30 2,245 Needham, 1 12 1,488 Lexington, 1 10 1,642 Cluincy, I 8 3,486 Lincoln, -4 16 686 Randolph, 1 15 3,213 Littleton, -5 26 937 itoxbury, 3 3 9,089 Lowell, 9 25 20,816 Sharon, -6 18 1,076 Maiden, 1 4 2,514 Stoughton, 1 17 2,142 census OF MASSACHUSETTS. 631 Walpole, 1 20 1,491 Dudley, 1 60 1,352 Weymouth, 2 10 3,735 Fitchburg, 1 47 2,604 Wrentham, 1 20 'lymouth. 1 19 2,01£ Gardner, , 1 Grafton, 1 Hard wick, 1 Harvard, ] Holden, 1 54 566430 48 1,260 22 towns, I Abington, 53,040 3,214 2,940 1,789 1,579 1,874 Bridgewater, 1 27 2,131 Hubbardston, 1 53 1,784 Carver, -6 38 995 Lancaster, 1 35 2,019 Duxbury, 1 29 2,798 Leicester, 1 46 1,707 E. Bridgewater, 1 25 1,950 Leominster, 1 41 2,069 Halifax, -5 28 734 Lunenburg, 1. 40 1,272 Hanover, 1 20 1,488 Mendon, 1 34 3,524 Hanson, -6 24 1,040 Milford, 1 23 1,772 Hingham, 1 14 3,567 Millbury, 1 42 2,163 Hull, -1 22 231 New Braintree, -4 58 752 Kingston, 1 33 1,440 Northborough, 1 32 1,248 Marshfield, 1 25 1,760 Northbridge, 1 35 1,448 Middleborough, 2 34 5,085 N. Brookfield, 1 58 1,485 N. Bridgewater ,1 20 2,616 Oakham, -6 56 1,038 Pembroke, 1 27 1,258 Oxford, 1 45 1,742 Plymouth, 2 35 5,281 Paxton, -4 47 671 Plympton, -5 32 834 Petersham, 1 62 1,775 Rochester, 2 50 3,875 Phillipston, -5 58 918 Scituate, 2 28 8,886 Princeton, 1 45 1,348 Wareham, 1 50 2,002 Royalston, 1 70 1,667 W. Bridgewatei ,1 24 1,201 Rutland, 1 Shrewsbury, 1 Southborough, -7 51 1,260 21 towns, 47,386 36 30 1,4811,145 Suffolk. Southbridge, 1 60 2,031 Boston, 35 93,470 Spencer, 1 51 1,604 Chelsea, 1 4 2,390 Sterling, 1 40 1,647 2 towns, 95,860 Sturbridge, 1 Sutton, 1 58 44 2,005 2,370 Worcester. Templeton, 1 58 1,776 Ashburnham, 1 50 1,652 Upton, 1 35 1,406 Athol, 1 70 1,589 Uxbridge, 1 38 2,004 Auburn, -3 45 649 Warren, 1 64 1,290 Barre, - 1 60 2,751 Webster, 1 50 1,403 Berlin, -4 30 763 Westborough, 1 32 1.655 Bolton, -7 30 1,186 West Boylston, 1 46 1,187 Boylston, -5 45 797 Westminster, 1 50 1,645 Brookfield, 1 58 2,472 Winchendon, 1 60 1,754 Charlton, 1 53 2,117 Worcester, 3 40 7,497 Dana, -4 70 691 Douglas, 1 47 1,618 55 towns, 95,305 632 CENSUS RECAPITULATION. No. towns Counties. 13 Barnstable, 30 Berkshire, 19 Bristol, 3 Duke's, 28 Essex, 26 Franklin, 18 Hampden, OF MASSACHUSETTS. Population 32,240 41,754 60,177 3,958 95,017 28,829 37,357 23 Hampshire, 30,886 46 Middlesex, 106,635 1 Nantucket, 9,051 22 Norfolk, 53,040 21 Plymouth, 47,386 2 Suffolk, 95,860 55 Worcester, 95,305 307 towns. 14 counties. 737,495 3 9002 00592 7000 TO4*^#. ft*. \S~~f k».: « a !«*» $fc *r » *>