HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY IOWA Being a General Survey of Dubuque County History, Including a History of the City of Dubuque and Special Account of Districts throughout the County, from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time WESTON ARTHUR GOODSPEED, LL. B. i > i ' Author of History KENNETH CORNELL GOODSPEED Author of Biography FACSIMILE SIGNATUKH OF JUUHK DUBDQUH GOODSPEED HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION CHICAGO PREFACE AN examination of this volume by subscribers will reveal that a vast extent of original research for material has been made in newspaper files, public documents and private rec ords of various kinds. The object has been to compress into the pages, even at the partial expense of finished literary style, interesting and valuable data concerning the county so far as space would allow. In addition, though the subscription list is small, the number of pages has been extended over two hundred beyond what was contemplated at the outset, in order still further to save from permanent loss thousands of interesting items usually over looked or disregarded by local historians. Thus a permanent foun dation for a future perfect historical work, which can be elaborated and improved by subsequent writers, has been laid. Generally, statistical tables have been avoided and a narrative form has been adopted. The book necessarily contains errors, though it is believed they will be found comparatively few. The publishers stand ready, as is their custom, to correct all such by a special errata sheet to be sent to subscribers to be pasted in the books. As a whole we feel confident that subscribers will appreciate this fine volume. The Publishers. TABLE OF CONTENTS HISTORY CHAPTER PAJE Geology, Lead and Zinc Mining, etc 17 Dubuque 'a Settlement, the Indians, etc 31 City of Dubuque, 1788 to 1849 46 City of Dubuque, 1850 to 1859 88 City of Dubuque, 1860 to 1869 131 City of Dubuque, 1870 to 1911 167 Boating, Biver Commerce, etc 204 Eailway Projects 240 Military Eecord 251 Politics 324 County Affairs 391 Practice of Medicine, Dentistry, etc 421 Protestants s 431 Bench and Bar 447 Townships, Settlement, etc 467 Catholics 871 Education 903 Miscellaneous Events 935 BIOGRAPHY PAGE A Abeln, Prank G 818 Adams, Shubael P 773 Aitchison, Albert Wallace 783 Aitchison, William C, Jr 811 Allen, Leonard P 699 Allison, James Emerson 797 Altman, Franc W 647 Andres, Claus 679 Arendt, Charles F. 699 Armstrong, David 593 Armstrong, David W 823 Armstrong, James 592 B Baird, William 537 Baldwin, Charles Dunn 530 Baldwin, Isaac W 529 Barker, W. T 455 Barmeier, Harry 752 Barry, Eev. Michael 852 Baumann, Eev. Father John S. . 515 PAGE Beatty, James W 512 Beaubiiies, The 501 Beck, Guido 651 Becker, August 619 Beiler, Frank A 644 Benton, Charles 572 Benton, Curtis D 568 Berg, Christopher H 704 Beringer, John F 771 Bevan, James W 533 Bigelow, Dr. Isaac S 861 Bisenius, Nicholas John 695 Blocklinger, Dr. Albert Herman 755 Blocklinger, Benjamin Franklin 684 Board, Charles L 812 Bockensted, Anton 737 Boeckensted, Frank 741 Boldt, Gustav H 703 Bonson, Eichard 643 Bonson, Hon. Eobert 650 Brede, John F 710 Brede, Louis H 749 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Briggs, Thomas G 551 Briggs, Thomas Howard 552 Brinkman, Herman 693 Broell, John C 582 Brouillard, Henry 784 Brownson, Dr. Orestes A 752 Brueckner, Edward 604 Brummer, John W 647 Brunkow, Ferdinand W 837 Buckley, Henry L 85ti Buechele, John Paul 777 Buechele, Theodore E., Sr 777 BuHinger, Francis Xavier 864 Bunker, Horace F 847 Burdt, Frederick C 846 Burlage, Simon, Sr 620 Burns, John F 502 Byrne, John M. 861 C Campbell, Edmond H 791 Carey, Eugene C 793 Carey, Eev. Michael H 851 Carkeek, Thomas T 708 Carney, Frank 501 Chesterman, Caleb C 606 Christman, Charles 630 Christman, Mrs. Christiana 857 Clancy, Mathew C 843 Clark, Alfred L 845 Clark, Eev. Arthur M 514 Clarke, Dr. E. Lincoln 560 Clarke, Frederick M 565 Collis, George 691 Conlin, James L 535 Conlin, Thomas J 556 Connell, Charles W 566 Conzett, Arthur M 847 Cooley, Mrs. Clara Aldrich 762 Cooley, Hon. D. N 761 Cooper, Augustin A 499 Cox, Walter G.. 584 Craft, George W 538 Craft, William 689 CTawf ord, Hon. Phineas W 770 Crawford, Theophilus 656 D Dehner, Henry L 532 Dell, Charles H 824 Dement, Herman 676 Deming, Judson Keith. . ." 566 Denison, John D., Jr 728 Denlinger, Martain 807 Dersch, Francis H 701 Deyen, George B 822 Dickinson, George F 526 Doerr, Phillip 522 Doerrmann, Fred 686 Dorr, Col. Joseph B 532 Dreher, Joseph J 648 Drexler, Anton 735 Drexler, Frank L 820 PAGE Dubuque Academy of Music .... 742 Dubuque, Julien..l9, 31, 43, 46, 391 Duffy, James J 618 Dyer, Judge J. J 452, 453 Ede, David F. 678 Eighmey, Charles H 653 Elmer, Mrs. Phoebe 857 Ellwanger, Andrew 719 Ellwanger, John 631 Ellwanger, Otto 720 Emerson, J. Hannibal 661 Emerson, James M 657 Erschens, Peter F., Jr 639 Even, Peter 605 Evers, Henry 586 F Fagan, James 527 Faha, Frank 604 Fanning, James 664 Fanning, Timothy 664 Farrington, Earl J 834 Feigner, Emil 736 Fengler, Edwin A 520 Fengler, Leo M 521 Ferring, Anton W 841 Finn, John J 516 Fitzpatrick, Thomas J 623 Flick, Arthur E 524 Fober, Joseph L 702 Foulke, H. B 459 Frantzen, J. P 665 Freeman, L. P 814 Freking, Ferdinand 863 Friedman, Anton 694 Friedmann, George 711 Friedman, Jacob 713 Frith, Eugene E 737 Fromm, Dr. Lawrence 588 Frudden, Hon. A. F 652 Fuhrman, Edward 720 Fuhrmann, Frank P 774 G Ganfield, Henry 789 Ganfield, Samuel 788 Garrigan, Matthew. 816 Gebhard, John B 820 Gehon, Gen. Francis 251 Gehrig, Joseph 692 Gehrig, D. A 869 Gerken, Prof. George F 580 Gerken, Henry 580 Giegenrich, Albert 636 Glab, Adam 581 Glab, John 579 Glab, Nicholas 581 Glaser, August L 545 Goetzinger, Nicholas 641 Gorman? Very Eev. Daniel M., LL.D 664 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Gosden, Henry 789 Graffort, Thomas 665 Graham, William 744 Gregoire, Charles Hypolitte 501 Gregory, E. James 775 Guthrie, James E., M.D 663 H Haas, Hon. Daniel J 640 Ham, Mathias 799 Ham, Moses M 673 Hammel, August 771 Hamil, Andrew Preston 792 Hamil, Thomas A 783 Hamilton, Judge William W.... 665 Hammond, William A 528 Harkett, William A , 636 Harragan, Joseph F 717 Harrington, Cornelius Daniel. . . 578 Harris, Capt. D. S ,205, 218 Harris, James H 666 Hartmann, Anthony A 833 Hartmann, Leo. L 834 Haudenshield, Jacob 836 Hauer, Lorenz 626 Hawkins, Benjamin 718 Hawkins, Beuben 750 Hay, Eobert 621 Heald, Burton D 548 Healey, Mrs. Elizabeth 857 Healey, George W 662 Heeb, Anthony F 611 Heer, Fridolin Joseph, Sr 597 Heer, Eev. George W 650 Heery, William 814 Heffernan, Thomas Henry, M.D. 603 Hein, George L 540 Heim, John L. 655 Heisey, David J 719 Heitzman, William 668 Heles, John B 587 Hempstead, Gov. Stephen 497 Henderson, Col. D. B...377, 384, 386 Herod, Joseph -. . . 664 Herdmann, Thomas A 830 Heyne, Gustavus A 838 Higbee, Herbert G 510 Higgins, Eugene 803 Higgins, Warren 804 Hillyard, Lorenzo 0 610 Hinds, Franklin 639 Hirons, Harvey 551 Hodgdon, Gen. John 661 Hoefer, Adam J 576 Hoerr, Peter 671 Hoffman, Mathias M 724 Holmes, Dr. Harry Lowell 511 Hollnagel, Charles H 683 Holscher, Bernard, Sr 732 Honerbaum, Barnard 809 Horchem, B. J 781 Huelshoff, Bernard H 645 PAGE Huntoon, D. C 866 Hyde, Lucien E 517 J Jaeger, Frank M 753 Jackson, Dr. Edward E 605 Johnson, A. C 523 Jonas, Dan J 763 Jones, Gen. George Wl 865 Jones, Budolph 689 Jungk, Philip 825 K Kapp, John 572 Karrick, Capt. George 0 252 Kearney, Frank J 687 Kearney, William S 812 Keckevoet, John 831 Kehoe, John C 557 Kelly, Thomas 540 Kenline, Henry Charles 749 Kenneally, Daniel J 669 Kennedy, Michael 815 Kenter, Clemens 818 Kerper, Jacob 575 Kerper, John A 539 Kessler, Jacob 634 Kiene, Emil 559 Kiene, Henry 538 Kiene, Peter, Jr 501 Kiene, Peter, Sr 501 Kies, John L 777 Kif er, John H 805 Kingsley, Thomas 681 Kinsella, John A 677 Kirchen, John P., Sr 751 Klauer, Peter 617 Klauer, William H 834 Kleis, Charles E 507 Kluesner, John 765 Knapp, Dr. Horace G 505 Knight, William J 465 Knoll, Dr. Oscar A 800 Knowlton, Henry A 676 Koch, John Adam 705 Kohlmann, Henry W 527 Kolek, Bichard. 531 Kremer, George 716 Kretschmer, Prof. Charles G 627 Kretschmer, Frederick N 577 Kretschmer, Herbert C 576 Kuhn, Prof. Albert 799 Kumpf, Edward E 795 Kutsch, Frank P 844 Kutsch, Joseph P 504 L Lange, Dr. Frank X 582 Lange, Otto Fernando 734 Langel, Adolph 868 Lange!, John 869 Langworthy, Edward 507 Langworthy, Dr. Henry Glover. 658 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Langworthy, James L 513 Langworthy, James Lyon 696 Langworthy, Lucius H 498 Lattner, Samuel B 746 Leary, James 860 Leffert, Daniel 806 Leigh, Charles E 758 Leman, Adolph Warburg, M.Th. 738 Lemper, Henry P 730 Lenz, Nicholas Martin Phillip. 733 Levens, Capt. Thomas 532 Levi, James 588 Lighteap, Leonard L 702 Ljmbach, Joseph H 596 Linehan, Dr. Charles M 591 Linehan, Edmund A 860 Linehan, J. J 591 Linehan, Dr. Mathias D 633 Link, Jaines F 822 Loetscher, Christian 725 Loizeaux, Charles, E., M.D 603 Lorimier, Peter A 497 Lubck, Louis C 782 Luchrsmann, Dr. Bernard H . . . 596 Luchterhand, Fred L. M 709 Lusk, William H 523 Luther, William C 622 Lyon, Col. D. E 550 Lyons, Michael Edward 722 Lyon, George T 550 M MacHogan, William 819 Maguire, Daniel D 842 Maguire, John E., M.D 552 Maiers, Peter J 856 Manson, John W 525 Manson, Walter 632 Martin, William B 843 Martin, Moses H 546 Martin, Eobert 790 Massey, Frederick 1 695 Mason, Dr. Timothy 636 Mathes, Lee Dandrige 657 Mathiesen, Julius H 837 Matthews, Alphons 722 Matthews, Hon. Matthew C 794 McCollins, John J 713 McCraney, Thomas 646 MeEnany, Michael 835 McFadden, Prof. John A 729 McGee, George " 573 McGee, Isaac L 569 McNamara, C. B 766 MeNamara, John F 726 Menke, John W 864 Merkes, Thomas 707 Mescher, Henry J 817 Metealf , George 643 Meuser, Joseph A 542 Meyer, Joseph L 549 Mihm, John J 717 Moes, Dr. M. J 706 PAGE Moes, Mathias 707 Moloney, Lawrence 754 Monger, Shubael A 727 Monroe, Thomas M 455 Mueller, Dr. Emil F 594 Mueller, Henry 546 Mulgrew, Thomas J 851 Mulkern, Hon. M. B 453, 454 Mullany, John 1 624 Mullen, Eichard D 544 Muntz, Samuel E 774 Murphy, John Stanford 766 Murphy, William C 687 Murray, P. C 796 Myers, Dorrance Dixon, Sr 602 N Nabor, Bernard A 585 Newburgh, Joseph W 858 Newton, Eev. Isaac 571 Neyens, John 784 Nightingale, George L 517 Noel, John B 712 Norman, J. J. E 639 Norton, John W 829 Norton, Patrick 854 O Ovel, John G 583 O 'Neill, John 810 O'Neill, John H 456, 459 Oneill, William B 543 O'Malley, Eev. Peter 848 O 'Farrell, James 832 Otto, Prof. Eudolph Franz 719 Oberbroekling, Eev. Frederick William 671 Orvis, Eev. Gurney Mahan 648 Ott, Joseph John 660 P Palmer, William A 728 Pape, Eev. Frederick W 629 Perkins, Solon B 787 Pond, Dr. Alonson M 801 Plamondon, Isidore J.r Jr 555 Pitman, John A 564 Pottebaum, Henry 508 Patterson, Samuel 519 Pitschner, Charles 840 Palen, Dr. Charles 849 Preston, Gustavus V 828 Poole, Horace 697 Pf ersch, Philip C 633 Q Quinlan, Eobert W 859 Quigley, Patrick J ' 654 E Eankin, John 547 Sanson, Franklin Adelbert . '. ','. . ','. 571 Eath, George C 510 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Bedding, James E 560 Beinold, John F 680 Benier, Philip J 798 Beynolds, Joseph 238 Ehomberg, Alphons L 534 Bhomberg, Alphonse J 535 Ehomberg, Frank M 574 Ehomberg, Joseph Andrew 532 Bhomberg, Joseph H 574 Bhomberg, Titus E 536 Eider, Peter 615 Bittscher, John A 616 Roberts, Thomas C 458 Bobinson, Frederick C 634 Boche, Michael 674 Bodgers, Eobert W 802 Eoedell, Alfred T 868 Bose, George De Forest 616 Eoshek, John Jerome 867 Bowan, Joseph J., Jr 553 Byan, the Et. Eev. Boger 848 Buete, Theodore W 656 S Samuels, Ben M 635, 451 Sanner, John P 816 Sauer, Daniel 747 Sauser, J. P 613 Sauser, Michael H 685 Schaetzle, Joseph W 740 Schaul, Adolph 855 Schemmel, Theodore 736 Schemmel, Joseph 587 Schemmel, William 588 Scherr, Bernard C 613 Scherr, Franz 613 Schiek, Arthur D. 559 Sehollian, Alexander 672 Schmid, George, Jr 518 Schmid, George, Sr 517 Sehmitt, Paul J 521 Schroeder, Frank N 637 Sehrup, Nicholas J 592 Schrup, John 592 Sehrup, Dr. Joseph Henry 715 Schublin, August 828 Schulte, Bernard 756 Schulte, George G 757 Schulte, John J 757 Schultz, Daniel 786 Schunk, Henry A 746 Sehwind, Benjamin J. 619 Schwind, John W. 612 Schwinn, Phillip 669 Sebo, Nicholas 808 Segur, James F; 705 Seippel, Peter J. 667 Shaffer, Nicholas M, 541 Shiras, Hon. Oliver Perry 778 Simplot, Alexander 690 Singrin, William 827 Skemp, Charles P 612 Skemp, Charles W 608 PAGE Sleator, Col. David 665 Slocum, Prof. Perkins S 554 Smead, John S 556 Smith, Albert Hugo 614 Smith, George P 842 Smith, Prof. Harry B 721 Smith, Thomas 548 Spahn, Charles J 714 Speilman, Jacob 862 Spencer, John 688 Spensley, Harker Brent 849 Spoden, John N 764 Spoden, Peter 765 Staheli, Christopher E 852 Stam'pf er, Joseph Frederick .... 594 Stedman, Benjamin F 585 Steffens, Dr. Cornelius M 731 Steuck, Carl A '. 854 Stichler, George W 553 Strief , Samuel L 562 Stronck, Michael 626 Stronck, Peter 627 Stuber, John William 514 Sullivan, Timothy 750 Summerfield, Adolph G 682 Sumpman, Dr. Hubert Anton . . . 595 Sweeney, Dr. Eobert J 727 Swift, Samuel T 578 T Taylor, Stanley Morgan 607 Taylor, Thomas J.. 830 Tegeler, Henry 743 Tegler, Bernard 821 Tibbals, William E 698 Tingley, Patrick 643 Traub, Eugene! 735 Traufler, George 730 Traut, Paul 780 Tredway, Alfred 570 Tredway, Harry E 570 Trexler, Adolph M 567 Trombley, Eobert H 853 Tschudi, Fred 709 Tucker, Edward 809 II Utt, Anna M 824 Utt, John B 824 Urbach, Abe 670 Urbach, Milton 670 V Van Horn, Charles 590 Van Vors, Jason F 839 Voelker, Christian Anthon 638 Von Der Heide, John Henry... 733 Vorwald, Henry 624 Vorwald, John and Annie 609 W Walker, Marshall M 563 Waller, John B 629 ro TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Walsh, James M 589 Walter, John B 748 Walton, Charles Wesley. ....... 658 Waples, Peter 517 Weaver, Gassoway S 503 Webb, Capt. N. F 204 Weigel, Frederick 758 Wieland, Dr. Frank W 678 Wieneke, August W 840 Williams, John B 615 Willner, Milton F 589 Willy, Ulrich 506 Wilberding, Henry .x 827 Wilson, Judge David S 452, 462 PAGE Wilson, Mrs. Frances P. (Stoke- ly) 498 Wilson, Judge T. S 453, 463 Wiltse, Gen. Henry A 660 Wise, Benjamin C 509 Wood, Fernando H 642 Wright, William Scott 682 Wunderlich, Henry J. 529 Wunderlich, Henry.. 529 Y Young, Eobert 700 Z Zumhoff, William 683 ILLUSTRATIONS Name Facing page Allison, William B 369 Asylum 113 Beck, Guido 651 Birdseye View of Dubuque 257 Boldt, G. H 703 Christman, Mrs. Christiana 857 Cooley, Hon. D. N 761 Cooley, Mrs. Clara Aldrich , 762 Cooper, A. A 499 Cooper, Mrs. A. A 500 Country Club 129 Dubuque, 1846 , 65 Dubuque's Monument, Julien 177 Dubuque in Early Days 33 Dubuque Club 113 Dubuque Boat Yard t 161 Dubuque Views 471 Eagle Point 145 Eagle Point High Bridge 225 Ellwanger, John 631 Elmer, Mrs. Phoebe 857 Fitzpatrick, T. J 623 Frantzen, John P 665 Glab, John 579 Guthrie, Dr. J. B 663 Ham, M 799 Ham, M. M. 673 Healey, Mrs. Elizabeth 857 Heeb, A. F , 611 Heer, F. J 597. Henderson, Hon. David B ^ . . 385 Herod, J. 664 High and Eailroad Bridges 241 Hollnagel, Charles 683 TABLE OF CONTENTS n Name Facing page Hollnagel, Mrs. Charles 683 In and around Dubuque 193 Jones, Gen. George W. . .-. 49. Keane, Archbishop John Joseph 896 Kiene, Peter, Sr 50] Kiene, Peter 502 Klauer, Peter 617 Kleis, C. E 507 Kretschmer, Charles G 627 Linwood Cemetery 97 Matthews, Alphons 722 Matthews, M. C 794 Mazzuehelli, Fr. Samuel 871 Mouth of Catfish Creek .' 161 Mississippi Eiver View 225 Oldt, F. T 903 Pape, Eev. Frederick W 629 Park and Country Views 273 Patterson, Sam 519 Picturesque Dubuque. 289 Quigley, P. J 654 Ehomberg, F. M 574 Bockdale, Street Scenes, etc , 321 Eoman Catholic Church, DyersviUe 455 Euins of Old Mill 97 Schwind, Jacob 612 Smith, H. B 721 Steps to Cemetery Hill 257 St. Boniface Catholic Church 423 St. Joseph 's Sanitarium, Dubuque 390 The J. S. and W. W 209 Thole, Eev. A. J 629 Trexler, A. M 567 Trinity Catholic Church, Luxemburg 671 Waller, John E. -. 630 Y. W. C. A. Building 129 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY GEOLOGY, LEAD MINING, ETC. DUBUQUE COUNTY lies only partly within the driftless area of this region; this area extends down from the north along the Mississippi in varying widths to about seven miles below the city of Dubuque, where it runs to a point. It extends up the Catfish some ten or twelve miles and up the Little Maquoketa about twenty miles. This region is represented by the Pre-Cambrian system and the remainder of the county by the Ordovician system. The valley at Dubuque lies about 600 feet above the sea, and above the valley tower the bluffs a few hundred feet higher. The plain back of the bluffs is an important feature of the county. This plain is cut by abrupt ravines and valleys, the principal streams draining Dubuque county being Turkey, Big and Little Maquoketa and Tete des Mort rivers and Catfish creek. The Mississippi flows through a narrow valley bounded by steep bluffs or mounds. This narrow valley and high bluffs are exceptional. Between two long tributaries of one of the smaller streams the upland reaches out in a long, finger-like promontory; between two tributaries of the Mississippi there is instead a sharp canyon wall, as if there had existed promontories which later were truncated half or three- quarters of a mile back from the main stream. Thus the valley reverses the normal habit of rivers, becoming narrower here than farther up stream. Certain other streams show this same tendency in a less marked degree, and in addition Maquoketa river and Catfish creek now join the Mississippi through new valleys up stream, having deserted old open valleys having the normal down stream course usual for tributary valleys. These and other pecu liarities are unusual in the formation of water courses. "This region is one of unmetamorphosed, little disturbed, sedi mentary rocks of the Paleozoic age and there are no igneous rocks in it or recent ones near it. It has been at least once worn down by erosion to mature topographic development and afterward uplifted and is now being redissected. The rocks have a very gentle dip to 17 i8 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the southwest, superimposed on which are numerous shallow folds of local extent. Within the ore-bearing district only Ordovician and Silurian beds occur." The principal exposures of rock at Dubuque are the Galena formation. The Maquoketa shale and Niagara dolo mite are seen elsewhere in the county. The lead and zinc deposits lie within the well-known driftless area. o o /- ¦ ¦ ' ¦> w « hJ W -t-» a H '55 « r> U o >-> Mo < TO (/) ~r1 3 tn en .« ,~ !-. CD W Un 3 (j O " OoH CJWen Wwo -! .« o »— I o Q o H < o rt O O 10 o o o o ¦o ¦* IO00 LO t)- o M CD oCrtCD CD CD C CD « O.-t! ^ o 3 ¦52 '? 3 +j CD ¦s 3 N (JO tn "** rt3 a s 1-. w c s H i-c C/j CD >H -i-1 u co rt 3 3 a CO cS -a l-c O 3rt 'u £ rt u c .2JO a u I CD Ph The Pre-Cambrian rocks lie 1,000 to 1,500 feet below the sur face; they do not outcrop in Dubuque county. The Cambrian rocks are represented by about 1,000 feet of sandstone with minor por tions of shale and dolomite. The Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian rocks slope gently toward the southwest. The Ordovician rocks HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 19 are the only ones of importance in the mining operations of Dubuque county. Where this formation is fully developed it embraces ( 1 ). a dolomite at the base ; (2 ) a sandstone in the middle ; (3) a second dolomite. Above the latter lies the St. Peter sand stone ; then the Platteville limestone ; then the Galena dolomite, and then the Maquoketa shale. Above this are the quaternary deposits. Lead ore was discovered at Dubuque by the Indians as early as 1780, and about four years later Julien Dubuque, then at Prairie du Chien, was informed of the existence of that mineral at Dubuque by the Fox Indians. From 1788 to 1810 he worked these mines with hoe, shovel, crowbar and pick, but sank no shafts. He had a furnace at the mouth of Catfish creek and another at Eagle Point. In 1805 Lieutenant Pike learned that Dubuque mined from 20,000 to 40,000 pounds of lead annually. After his death the Indians burned Dubuque's house and fences and destroyed all traces of his mining operations so far as possible in order to keep out other white men. The Indians themselves continued to work the mines intermittently and sold the ore to traders who had furnaces on the islands in the river. In 1830 J. L. Langworthy and others, having previously obtained the con sent of the Indians and the Dubuque heirs, crossed the river and began work in the mines. The Eagle Point crevice, it is said, was located at this time. Troops drove out the miners and burned their cabins. Evidently the Durango diggings were worked before 1820, because Schoolcraft, who visited this locality in 1820, says they were known and called "Mine of Maquanquitons." "Very likely Dubuque himself worked these mines, because so far as known no others were permitted to do so. The ore in this locality is the common sulphuret of lead, with a broad foliated structure and high metallic luster. It occurs massive and dissemi nated in a reddish loam, resting upon limestone rock. It generally occurs in beds or veins which have no great width and run in a certain direction 300 to 400 yards. . . . The lead ore at these mines is now (1820) exclusively dug by the Fox Indians, and as usual among savage tribes the chief labor devolves upon women — also old and superannuated men ; they use hoe, shovel, pickax and crowbar. . . . When a quantity of ore has been gotten out it is carried in baskets by the women to the banks of the Mississippi and then ferried over in canoes to the island, where it is purchased by the traders at the rate of $2 for 120 pounds, payable in goods. The traders smelt the ore upon the island in furnaces. Formerly the Indians were in the habit of smelting the ore themselves, upon log heaps, by which a great portion was converted into what are called lead ashes and thus lost. Now the traders induce them to search about the sites of the ancient fires and carefully collect the lead ashes for which they receive $1 per bushel delivered at the island payable in merchandise." — (Schoolcraft.) 20 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY When the Blackhawk Purchase was made in 1832 the settlers again crowded into this county, but again they were forced to leave by the soldiers because the treaty had not been ratified. After June, 1833, they were no longer opposed. The first geological survey of this region was made by D. D. Owen in 1839. In 1846 the system of leasing mineral land by the government was abolished and much of the mining land was thrown into market. The early mining at Dubuque was for lead ores. Pockets of this ore are yet found and individual pockets sometimes contain over 500 to 1,000 tons. Since 1880 zinc carbonate or "dry bone" has been more extensively mined than galena or lead ore. Neither has been mined except above high water of the river. In 1898-00 mixed carbonate and sulphide of zinc were worked at the Alpine mine. At the same time several carloads of mixed blende-galena- marcasite ore were taken from the Pike's Peak mine just below water level by the Dubuque Lead Mining Company. The ore at Dubuque occurs almost entirely in crevices and openings and within the corporate limits of the city. It is also found at Durango and in Jefferson, Table Mound and Mosalem townships. The crevices are vertical and are nearly always found extending east and west and in the long, finger-like ridges reaching out toward the river. There are "top," "middle" and "third" openings. The first is worked at West Dubuque. The "middle" is forty to fifty feet farther down. The "third" is twenty-five to thirty feet below the "middle." The richest deposits have been found at the crevice crossings. There was no market for zinc ore previous to i860, in which year the La Salle smelter began operations ; later the ones at Mineral Point, Waukegan and Peru were built and buyers were sent here. The rise in the price of zinc ore in 1887 caused miners here to begin operations. John P. Sheldon, register of the Dubuque District previous to 1838, in his report to the General Land Office said : "The mining country on the west side of the Mississippi in the Wisconsin Terri tory was opened to the miners in June, 1833, under my superin tendence as sub-agent; the duties of which office I continued to perform until the month of September, 1834, during which time rent lead to the value of about $30,000 was collected. The regula tions were in all respects like those which had been in force on the east side of the river, and permits were given to those who had subscribed to them, to mine, to build cabins, to make gardens, and in several instances to enclose and cultivate fields and raise grain for their teams. The number of permits given I cannot recollect, but they were numerous, perhaps over a thousand. ... On the west side of the Mississippi lead ore has been discovered in the tract of country extending north and south about thirty-five miles and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 21 lying between the waters of Turkey and Big Maquoketa rivers. The main diggings, however, are adjacent to the Mississippi and near the towns of Dubuque and Peru." He further said that the mining lots embraced ten acres each, had been more or less dug up and cultivated, and now the claimants wanted the benefits of pre emption. "When the act of June 24, 1834, was passed, there were many valuable mining lots in the possession of miners who had a legal vested right in them, because they had complied with the terms required by the government ; and in law this right could not be invalidated unless it could be shown that the President had no right to suffer the lots to be occupied. In the eye of justice certainly the rights of the miners were sacred. These lots may be considered a species of grant, and if they be not so considered the act alluded to must be characterized -as improvident, unjust, and, in view of the previous laws and proceedings of the government in relation to the lead mines, illegal." The land office at Mineral Point was opened October 21, 1834. "It is necessary that provision be made for settling the claims of the miners (in Dubuque county on the west side of the Mississippi) simultaneously with those of the other settlers who may claim under the pre-emption law." In 1835 several very promising mineral leads were discovered near Durango. These discoveries caused many miners in this vicinity to flock to that locality and as a result thirty to forty houses were erected there, two general stores, five groceries, shops, etc., and the growth of the place seemed assured. But the mineral was soon exhausted and the miners went elsewhere. The four or five families that remained turned their attention to farming. — (Iowa News, quoting the Peoria (111.) Register, November 18, 1837.) In the neighborhood of Dubuque in November, 1836, there were five blast furnaces that smelted seventy pigs per week each. Of these the one owned by Mr. Hulett smelted 70,000 pounds per week ; a cupola furnace conducted by Mr. McKnight smelted about the same; the one owned by Mr. Lorimier at Rip Row smelted 60,000 pounds per week; several log furnaces smelted each week seventy pigs of seventy pounds each. Mr. O'Ferrall's furnace smelted 100,000 pounds per week; it was 70 x 33 feet and new. Although there were five sawmills and two grist mills in this vicinity, the bulk of the supplies of all sorts still came from the river. Morrison & Prentice bought and shipped mineral in 1836, paying about $23 per 1,000 pounds. "The Maquoketa mines situated in the neighborhood of Peru (a handsome village a few miles above us) we are glad to learn continue to yield large quantities of mineral." — (Visitor, May 11, 1836. ) At this date valuable leads were being discovered almost weekly by O'Farrall, Saucier & Morrison half a mile from Du buque; Taylor, Nix & Co., near Center Grove; another was on Rocky Mount Lot, three miles distant; Van Buren Diggings, five miles north, and many others. It was noted that many of the best 22 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY leads were found in east and west crevices and that the mineral often appeared in blocks. "A few months ago times were so good that many heretofore industrious miners had acquired a considerable quantity of the ready and seated themselves down to enjoy it as gentlemen of leisure, but the hard times and constant complaints of those around them have brought them to the conclusion that by industry is the most secure mode of obtaining a living and have accordingly taken up the pick and shovel and gone to work like good fellows. Mineral is now selling at $15 per thousand pounds and we understand the miners are beginning to draw it out in fine style." — (Iowa News, July 29, 1837.) "We are glad to perceive the fair prospects of better times in the lead mines. Mining operations are greatly increased and we under stand that many more lately (made discoveries likely to prove val uable. At the Snake Diggings the times are much better. Mineral is sold at about $18 per thousand pounds." — (Iowa News, August 19. 1837.) "We observe general activity in mining. All the smelting fur naces are actively engaged in making lead and large quantities of ore are being raised. Though money is very scarce and the pressure severe, the energy of our citizens remains unabated." — (Iowa News, August 26, 1837.) In August, 1836, a new and very valuable mine two miles north west of Dubuque was discovered by Mr. O'Mara. Mineral was found on Sleator's lot, Wootton's lot, Herd's lot, and in scores of other places, no record of which was kept. O'Ferrall & Cox, gen eral merchants, bought and shipped the mineral. Two men — Cole man and Carpenter — were killed near Dubuque in May, 1839, by the caving in of the mine where they were working. In August, 1837, Wilson & Wharton took out on the South Fork of Little Maquoketa 8,000 pounds of mineral in twenty-four hours. Chauncey Swan & Co. discovered near Dubuque in January, 1838, a valuable lead and raised over 10,000 pounds in a few days. In 1838, according to the Visitor, not less than six million pounds of lead were shipped from Dubuque. It was said in the Visitor that "men are as numerous here as blackberries in summer, but females are quite scarce. This fact is observable in the houses of worship where there are five males in attendance to one female. ... In this county females receive from $16 to $24 per month for house work and are glad to be had for that." In the autumn of 1836, when the first territorial election in Wisconsin was held, there were polled here 621 votes, "and the entire population could not have doubled those figures." In the spring of 1841 there were many new mineral discoveries; it was noted by the News that there was four times as much min eral raised then as at any time during the previous four years. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 23 New discoveries almost daily caused a sudden "boom" in this industry at this time. In February, 1840, lead was quoted in St. Louis at $4.37^/2 per hundred. In the spring of 1843 mining was very successful — had never been better. The hard times drove the miners and loafers to work and all made money. According to Lucius H. Langworthy, the amount of lead ex ported from the Dubuque mining district from 1833 to 1856 varied from 40,000,000 to 60,000,000 pounds annually. He said that this result was reached by "surface scratching" and "dry diggings" and that a greater profit would probably result from deep mining. — (Express and Herald, February 28, 1856.) If the average price during this period was $20 per thousand pounds, and it could not have been less, the annual receipts from this source varied from $800,000 to $1,200,000. In a large measure it was this mineral that enriched many of the first capitalists and laid the foundation for the prosperity of Dubuque from 1833 to 1857 and enabled the city to recover itself during the Civil war and ever since that period. The government had no authority to lease the Dubuque lead mines. The act of Congress did not apply to this locality. A government leasing agent came here in 1836, but did not do much. In 1842 another came, but before this date the citizens had staked off their claims — Langworthys, Waller, Bonson, Parker, Carter, Booth, Ewing and hosts of others. Two agents appeared under authority of John C. Spencer, Secretary of War, put up at a hotel and proposed to lease, and did lease, some of the mines discovered by the above claimants. They paid no attention to the rights of the claimants, but leased to whoever would pay the most. The result was disturbance and legal controversy. It was decided in the district court of the county that there existed no such right to lease the mines and so the' controversy ended. Richard Bonson suggested that the development of the mines added to the value of the lands and that therefore the damage to the government was nominal. This was shown at the trial. — (Herald, March 19, 1875.) In the spring of 1845 there were pending in the district court here at one time four suits against individuals for mining lead on government land. The people generally were indignant at the gov ernment and demanded that the mineral lands should be thrown into market. In the summer of 1849 there were seven smelting furnaces near Dubuque and it was estimated that they turned out a total of 30,000 pigs during that year. The price varied from $17 to $25 per thou sand pounds. In 1847 there were sent to market from Dubuque 140,000 pigs of lead and in 1848 there were shipped 30,000 pigs. These figures show how the amount of ore raised per annum varied. The most of these shipments, but not all, were mined near Dubuque. 24 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY At times as high as 3,000 men were thus employed, though usually not so many. From April 1 to July 28, 1857, West & Hopkins shipped 12,687 pigs of lead, the aggregate weight being 913,536 pounds. In October, 1850, the Thomas Levins lead two and a half miles northwest of the city, near Booth's cave, was struck and the crevice was penetrated for 300 yards; from 300,000 to 500,000 pounds of ore was in sight at one time. This mine became renowned, and is said to have yielded its owner $200,000. If mineral was worth $20 per thousand, this sum would represent about 10,000,000 pounds of ore raised. The shaft was 120 feet deep and horse power was used to raise the ore; there were caves and chambers below where the walls were lined with the mineral ; in one cave were 90,000 pounds ; small cars on rude tracks brought the ore to the shaft from a dis tance of several hundred feet. Other large leads at this date were owned by Nightingale, Burton, McNear, Karrick & Company, Fanning & Curran, Riley. The mining industry was very pros perous at this date and well repaid the land owners and the lessees. In July, 1852, mineral was worth $26 per thousand. In the spring of 1853 the price reached $40 per thousand. West & Shields bought large quantities at that figure. This was the highest price up to that date. George O. Karrick and John Richmond owned rich mines in 1853 ; there were a dozen others. In 1855 Hall and Whitney, geologists, surveyed this locality. Each spring, upon the opening of navigation, immense quantities of pigs were shipped to St. Louis by the first steamers. On March 10, 1858, West & Hopkins shipped at one time 14,000 pigs. Old lodes reworked yielded handsome profits. "The lead mines of Dubuque have long made it like her neighbor, Galena, well known. The country for fifty miles north and south and twenty miles east and west seems underlaid with lead ore. At times vast caverns are found, walled, ceiled and paved with crystal- ized lead, so rich that it shines like silver, and so pure as to yield 85 per cent merchantable lead. The revenue of our city from this source for some years back has increased from $500,000 to $900,000."— (E. &H., April 18, 1858.), In the spring of 1858, while working upon the foundation of a house at Caledonia and digging holes there for fence posts, work men threw out lead ore. Lodes as far back as thirty miles from the river were discovered. The Fountain Hill Diggings near Peru were very productive at this date. There was a great revival of the old interest and excitement. In May, 1858, the miners assembled at the court house and organ ized the Dubuque Miners' Association; it was a joint stock organiza tion and started with about 250 members. At this date many mines had been abandoned owing to water in the leads. There was no approved method of getting rid of this water. The Karrick lead HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 25 was 250 feet above high water in the river and yet water was very troublesome at the depth of 130 feet; pumping was too expensive. The association considered horizontal shafts in order to drain off the water. With the view of reopening the old mines the associa tion in May caused a complete survey of this locality to be made and recommended horizontal shafts just above high water mark. Early in the fall of 1858 C. D. Mullin struck a rich lode east of the Karrick diggings. At a depth of sixty feet he struck a sheet five feet high by two feet thick ; the prospect was estimated to be worth $30,000. At this time there was a distinct revival of the old mining spirit and enthusiasm. Rich and valuable new leads were struck on the bluffs back of Eagle Point in August, 1858. This ground had been prospected over and over again, but now large yields were uncovered. They were called "clay diggings" and were not considered so valuable as "rock diggings." Baxter & Company took out on Mr. Thedinga's land from May to August over 200,000 pounds of ore. Others with valuable discoveries were Michael Karrick, Matthias Ham', Starr, Karrick & Beckett, Horr & Brother, on whose grounds were twenty- five windlasses at work. Masses raised weighed 300, 400 and 600 pounds. Thousands of pounds lay in heaps at the top of the shafts. On September 1, 1858, the miners held a big celebration at Dubuque; they came with their old mud-covered suits, carts, picks, shovels, sledge hammers, etc., and enjoyed the day to the utmost. "Mining. — We hear of several new prospects being struck in our vicinity and learn that a large number of persons are profitably engaged in mining. This is the time for miners to reap a golden harvest. Mineral is nOw bringing $31 to $32 per thousand and in gold." — (Daily Ledger, September 14, 1858.) A reorganization of miners was effected in Dubuque during September, i860, for the purpose of arbitrating all minor differences among themselves. Connected with this association were Richard Bonson, John T. Everett, Joseph Herod, M. M. Hayden, W. G. Stewart, J. H. Bartlett, C. Childs, James Carr, B. J. O'Halloran, Charles Rose, S. Langworthy, Thomas Levins, Richard Waller, J. L. Langworthy, George Wilde, John Palmer, J. H. Emerson, Thomas Waters, R. O. Anderson, James Pratt, M. G. Karrick, William Carter, Allen Leathers, J. H. Hollingsworth, John King, James Thompson, H. L. Stout, P. A. Lorimier and others. They had a constitution, by-laws and officials and kept their affairs in order. A meeting of the miners was held October 2, on which occasion George O. Karrick served as chairman and speeches were delivered by himself, Solon Langworthy and others. Capt. M. M. Hayden offered resolutions to perpetuate the memory of Julien Dubuque; they were adopted by acclamation. Solon Langworthy, George W. Starr, George O. Karrick and T. McNear were appointed a committee to prepare a constitution for the society. 26 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY In the Dubuque lead district in i860 there were four smelting furnaces, as follows: Wild's, at the foot of Southern avenue; Watters & Bronson's, a mile west of Catfish Mills ; Brunskill & Watters', a short distance east of Center Grove, and Fern & Sim- son's, a mile or so west of W. G. Stewart's. All were located in ravines, as water was needed in the operation of smelting. Lead ore was composed of two parts or ingredients — lead and sulphur, about 84 per cent of the former and 16 per cent of the latter. Smelting was nothing more than a roasting process whereby the sulphur was consumed by the action of fire and the residue thor oughly washed of dirt, ashes, etc. "Since last November, or at the close of navigation, the Dubuque lead region has yielded 4,500,000 pounds of mineral. The average value of this has been $30.50 per 1,000 pounds, or a total of $122,500. The mining interests employ about 1,000 men." — (Herald, June, i860.), "John Owen has taken out of his new discovery since last Tuesday morning 60,000 pounds of mineral." — (Same.) Three miles from Dubuque was Pike's Peak, a mining center. The Julien Mining Company was doing a large business in February and March, i860. In one day they drew out 20,000 pounds of mineral. A new lead was struck a few miles south of Catfish creek, where some lumps weighed over 1,000 pounds. "The amount of mineral raised for the week ending June 30, i860, was about 250,000 pounds, and the amount smelted aggre gated close to 200,000 pounds. In this connection it may not be out of place to remark that from 5,000 to 10,000 men can find profitable employment in the Dubuque lead mines. The Dubuque lead region is contained within an irregular semicircle of not less than twenty miles in diameter. Only comparatively a small por tion of the ground has been 'proved,' and it is no unreasonable estimate to suppose that 5,000 miners would not exhaust the region in a period less than one hundred years." — (Herald, July 1, i860.) "Week before last there were smelted here over 200,000 pounds of lead. During the last week 201,600 pounds were smelted. The amount raised during the same time is a little in advance of that figure and will probably reach 250,000 pounds." — (Herald, June 24, i860.) An excursion of the "Chicago Academy of Sciences" to the Dubuque mining region was an event of October, i860. Several hundred came and were formally received and entertained by com mittees of citizens appointed for that purpose. Two Missouri miners — John Harrington and Peter Holman — struck it rich in an old place near Southern avenue close to Mr. Kcmpf's store and only twenty or thirty rods from the point of the bluff. They were at first laughed at, but they found mineral within two feet of the top. By November 12 they had sold 17,000 pounds HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 27' and had 5 .000 more out. Two hundred men were now prospecting in the mines in this vicinity. The war in Missouri drove here many lead miners, several of whom made big strikes. The melting of the deep snows and the heavy rains seriously interfered with mining in the spring of 1861, by flooding the mines and diggings. Near West Dubuque about 100 pound mass of iron ore was found in April, 1861. It was strongly magnetic. On March 22, 1861, George Wharton and Joseph Brunskill went down into Brunskill & Watters' diggings at West Dubuque to examine a cave that had just been struck. The cave was some 3,000 feet from the bottom of the shaft and was reached by a rough crevice. They soon lost their supply of candles and those within hands were soon burned up, leaving them in total darkness and unable to find their way. After a reasonable time their friends went after them, but they had spent the whole day there in great anxiety. In April, 1861, it was complained that the land owners near Dubuque charged too high a rent for their mineral lands — that it worked too great a hardship on miners, particularly on those who had bad luck — the bad luck and high rents combined to make the lot of many worse and worse. The argument was that "the true policy of the land owner was to be liberal with the miner, for the more inducements that were held out for the production of any article the more of that article will be produced. So with the mineral; the lower the rent the more will engage in mining." The mining association should have a system that would work and be fair in all cases. And owners should give a bonus for big finds to stimulate further discoveries. Owners should ask no rent for the first 100,000 pounds of mineral ore. The miners at their public meetings passed strong resolutions against the existing currency. The lead caves were one of the attractions of Dubuque for visitors. In' May, 1862, mineral was worth $37 per thousand pounds; by December it was $44. James Hughes built a shot tower in 1862 in one of the old mining shafts. Mr. Mallett at the Durango Diggings in 1862 made a rich strike and cleared up in less than six months over $25,000. The mineral raised within the city limits in 1862 was about 1,000,000 pounds, worth $40,000. Miners thoroughly ex plored the Maquoketa, Catteese and Catfish neighborhoods. On February 11, 1863, mineral was worth here $48 per thousand. By March 2 it had reached $53. In 1863 Judge Lovell and others raised 150,000 pounds of mineral at Pike's Peak, this county. In August, 1 861, the Dubuque Shot Manufacturing Company were making drop shot of all sizes. In August, 1863, mineral had fallen to $40 per thousand. Prof. James Dale Owen, son of Robert Dale Owen, geologist, exhibited specimens at the State Fair here in 1863. October 10, 1863, mineral was worth $52.50. Back of the city in 28 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY a mineral shaft ninety feet underground there were found in 1864 the molar teeth of a mammoth in a fair state of preservation. In March, 1864, mineral was worth here $71 in greenbacks per thousand pounds; on July 1, 1864, it was quoted at $84 in green backs; on July 15 it was $90; this was about the highest point it reached. As the reserved mineral lands of the county were now in market and had been for some time, opportunity for fortune making was not lacking. Several very valuable discoveries were made in 1865 — one on the south side of Dodge street ; another, the Wootton crevice, in which Chapman, Ratcliff, Bunting, Peacock and others were interested. By August, 1865, little mineral" was being raised; it was worth from $53 to $55 per thousand. In 1866 the old Burton mine was reworked; S. P. Smith and General Vandever were interested in this work; out of this shaft there had been taken formerly 5,000,000 pounds of mineral worth probably from $150,000 to $200,000. In six weeks in the fall of 1867 400,000 pounds were taken from the old Tom Kelly mines on the bluffs. Valuable new leads were found near Center Grove in 1868. The famous Coakley & Faulhopper lode was discovered two miles northeast of town in Langworthy Hollow in 1871. The miners held a festival in February, 1871, and a large attendance enjoyed the occasion. T. C. Roberts was the principal speaker. He said that for forty years about $250,000 worth of lead annually had been taken from the mines of the Dubuque district. The fol lowing is an extract from a poem read at this festival : "They're gone, they're gone to the unseen shore, Their life work is all well done, Brave Julien and Kelly and many more Have followed there one by one ; But why, brave knights of the giant will, Why not, ere you strike your tent, Of the Hmestone rock they did cut and drill Uprear them a monument?" The drybone ore from which zinc is made is found in the hills around Dubuque, in the old lead holes and near them, and for many years was mined more than the lead mineral itself. Late in the eighties George Perry, on the old Randall farm, took out consid erable drybone ore ; he had found several paying crevices. It was found to exist from the cap rock down to living water about sixty feet below. At the termination of one drift the crevice was about eight feet wide and completely filled with ore. J. F. Rebman about the same time discovered on the old Stout farm a number of heavy zinc deposits ; his crevice was about forty feet wide. From Rhom- berg hill to the Western brewery Trieb & Company and Trieb, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 29 Southwell & Brunskill discovered and worked valuable deposits; they were considered the most extensive zinc mines west of the river. Burt, McNulty & Cooper worked the "Ave Top" mine on Julien avenue near Nevada street ; it had turned out nearly 2,000,000 pounds of lead, but in the eighties was worked for zinc by Hird, Oatey & Watters, and paid. Mr. Goldthorpe mined a lot of drybone at Center and Fourteenth street. Many men and teams in the eighties were thus employed. It was thought that with a home reducing plant and full time worked the Dubuque drybone mines would yield from 100 to 200 tons per day. One mine in 1890 offered to contract to deliver twenty-five to fifty tons a day. In 1899 there was a revival of zinc mining in Dubuque county. Considerable was found near Buncombe — Rowley mine, mill and roaster; Northwestern mine and mill; Buncombe Hill mine and Big Dad mine. In nearly all the old lead mining districts drybone has been found, often in paying quantities. Among other rich strikes in the sixties was one in August, 1868, on the hill south of the French brewery, near Langworthy Hollow. Lead ore to the amount of 100,000 pounds had been taken out there many years before. In 1867 there was found in the old Kelly cabin $4,000 in gold; later a boy in kicking over a tin can at the cabin uncovered $1,800 in gold; search revealed $1,500 more in an old tea canister. These discoveries caused a thorough search to be made, but no more gold was found. The search, however, led to several discoveries of lead ore in the old Kelly mines. In 1875-6 Collins & Rooney shipped large quantities of lead ore, often from 3,000 to 5,000 pounds a day. Edwards & Luther's old mine, though eleven years old, seemed to grow better and better in 1876. The Dubuque Ore Concentrating Company was organized in 1892 with the following officers : John Babcock, president ; E. E. Jones, vice president; S. J. Southwell, secretary; Philip Pier, Sr., treasurer. By this date (1892) considerable drybone was being mined in this county, but as yet there was no reduction plant here. The above company laid plans to mine drybone, black jack and galena on an extensive scale; its plant was on Southern avenue. Early in 1893 the Dubuque Zinc Company, with a capital of $100,000, prepared to manufacture zinc from drybone on an exten sive scale. E. T. Goldthorpe, in 1891, operated one mine near Durango and three near Dubuque; in that year he shipped fifty carloads of ore, the freight charges on which were $1,600. In four years previous to 1892 he shipped over $100,000 worth of zinc and lead ore from this vicinity to Mineral Point for reduction. 30 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY It is related on unknown authority that some time after Du buque's death, an Indian fighter and pioneer, John T. Smith, took possession of the works and attempted to carry on mining and smelting, but received no encouragement, and soon encountered open opposition from the chief Pi-a-nos-ky, who, with a band of warriors, tore down his buildings and drove him and his com panions across the river. The Avenue Top Company in recent years; their mine in Du buque township yielded about $150,000 in lead ore, then $25 in dry bone, and later over $100,000 in blackjack. The old Rarrick mine yielded over $500,000 worth of lead ore ; Bartlett & Stewart raised about $150,000 worth; Levins, about $250,000; Burton, Jarrett & Glab, $200,000, and others. Many "bunches" were formed worth $10,000 to $20,000. The Stewart cave is about 900 feet long and in one place it is 100 feet wide. Sunflower cave at Kauffman ave nue is forty feet wide, 800 feet long and sixty feet high in places. West Dubuque has numerous other caves. In August, 1894, Kimball Goldthorpe discovered a rich lead of ore in West Dubuque. At the depth of 190 feet he found two solid sheets. In 1895, Meehan, at the depth of 130 feet, struck a valu able lead on Southern avenue. The Shearn mine was one of the richest ever struck here; during the summer of 1895 about 400,000 pounds of ore were raised. The Goldthorpe, Jones & Kimball mine, near the old Karrick diggings, was very valuable ; at one time 10,000 pounds were taken out daily. Three mines — Karrick's, Shearn's and Sloan's — have yielded a total of approximately 15,000,000 pounds. Cheney's, Levins', Horton's, Emery's and Bartlett's mines have been successful. In 1896 large quantities of "ore dust" were shipped from Durango; it was used for smelting purposes. J. W. Halpin & Company made a valuable strike in 1898; they took out 20,000 pounds of ore in a week in West Dubuque. The Pike's Peak and Alpine street mines were valuable. The Dubuque Ore Development Company was incorporated in 1905. Large beds of blackjack were found in 1906 at Pike's Peak. The Key West Mining Company had valuable mines in 1906; this year rich discoveries of ore were made on Southern avenue and on Cascade road. This year, also, the Avenue Top Mining Company found large quantities of pure resin jack. This company sold five carloads of zinc ore in January, 1908. In July the richest strike of blackjack yet made here was unearthed on the Miller farm, West Dubuque. The Harriman Company was organized in 1906. The Tri-State Mining Company is a recent organization. The Goose- born Mining made important discoveries on Grand View avenue. Other valuable discoveries are in progress, and the end of ore wealth is not in sight. DUBUQUE AND THE INDIANS. THE conveyance of the Fox Indians to Julien Dubuque in 1788 was as follows: "Copy of the council held by the Foxes, that is to say, of the branch of five villages, with the approbation of the rest of their people, explained to Mr. Quinantotaye, deputied by them, in their presence, and in the presence of us, the undersigned : that is to say, the Foxes permit Mr. Julien Dubuque, called by them the Little Cloud, to work at the mines as long as he shall please and to withdraw from it without specifying any term to him; moreover, that they sell and abandon to him all the coast and the contents of the mine discovered by the wife of Peosta, so that no white man or Indian shall make any pretension to it, without the consent of Mr. Julien Dubuque; and in case he shall find nothing within, he shall be free to search wherever he may think proper to do so, and to work peaceably without anyone hurting him or doing him any prejudice in his labors. Thus we chief and braves, by the voice of our villages, have agreed with Julien Dubuque, selling and delivering to him this day as above mentioned, in presence of the Frenchmen who attend us, who are witnesses to this writing. "At the Prairie du Chien, in full council, the 22d September, 1788." "Blondeau, Ala Austin (his X mark). Autaque. "Basil Teren (his X mark), T Blondeau D'Quirneau, \- Witnesses." Joseph Fontigny." j ! i" On the day this document was executed Dubuque is said to have delivered goods to the Indians in payment for the tract of land, which this writing purported to lease or convey; and a few days afterward, it was also said, the Indian chiefs, in the presence of Dubuque, allowed monuments to be erected at the mouths of Little Maquoketa and Tete des Morts rivers as boundaries of the tract along the river. The petition of Julien Dubuque to Governor Carondelet was as follows : "The most humble petitioner to your excellency, who is called Julien Dubuque, having formed a habitation upon the fron tiers of your government, in the midst of the savage tribes that 31 32 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY are the inhabitants of the country, has purchased a tract of land from these Indians, and the mines which it contains; and through his perseverance in surmounting all the obstacles arising as well from dangers as heavy expenses, has at length succeeded, after many troubles, in being the peaceful owner of a tract of land situated on the western bank of the Mississippi river, to which he has given the name of the 'Mines d'Espagne' (Mines of Spain or Spanish Mines), in honor of the government to which they belong. As the locality of the habitation is but a point and the different mines he works are sparsely spread, and at a distance of three leagues from each other, the most humble petitioner prays your excellency to be pleased to grant him the peaceful possession of the said land and mines ; that is from the upper hills of the small river Maquauquitois to the Mesquabynonques hills, which is about seven leagues upon the western bank of the Mississippi, by three leagues- in depth; which demand the petitioner hopes to obtain from your goodness. I pray the same goodness, which makes the happiness of so many subjects, to excuse my style and to be willing to accept of the pure simplicity of my heart for want of my eloquence. With all my power I beseech heaven to preserve you, and to pour all favors upon you, and I am and shall be all the days of my life, of your excellency the most humble, obedient and submissive subject." "J. Dubuque." "New Orleans, October 22, 1796. "Let information be given by the merchant Don Andrew Todd on the nature of this demand." "The Baron de Carondelet." The exact language of Andrew Todd was in part as follows: "I have to say that, as to the land for which he asks, nothing occurs to me why it should not be granted if you find it convenient; with the condition, nevertheless, that the grantee shall observe the pro visions of his majesty relating to the trade with the Indians; and that this be absolutely prohibited to him, unless he shall have consent in writing." The board of commissioners for ascertaining and adjusting land claims in the Territory of Louisiana sat at St. Louis, September 20, 1806; it was shown, and reported as follows: "Julien Dubuque and Auguste Chouteau claim a tract of one hundred and forty-eight thousand one hundred and seventy-six arpents of land situated on the river Mississippi at a place called the Spanish Mines, about four hundred and forty miles from St. Louis, forming in superficies an extent of about twenty-one leagues. They produce, first, a petition by the said Julien Dubuque to the Baron de Carondelet, praying for the peaceable possession of an extent of land of about seven leagues on the west side of the Missis- Il'+I HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 33 sippi, beginning at the heights of Mesquabynonques, being in front on said river about seven leagues by a depth of three leagues — the whole forming the said tract called the Spanish Mines; together with a reference by the Baron de Carondelet to one Andrew Todd, an Indian trader, of the above demand, under the date of the 22d of October, 1796, with the assent of said Andrew Todd to the granting of the same provided the said petitioner should not inter fere with his trade, the same dated 29th October, same year." The prayer of the petitioner was granted by Carondelet in the following language : "Concedido como se solicita baxo las restric- ciones que el comerciante Don Anstres Todd expresa en so informe, 10 Noviembre, 1796" (Granted as it is demanded, under the restric tions mentioned by the merchant Don Andrew Todd in his infor mation) . "I, the undersigned, William Henry Harrison, governor of the Territory of Indiana, and commissioner plenipotentiary of the United States for treating with the Indian tribes northwest of the Ohio, do hereby certify and declare that after the treaty which was made with the Sacs and Foxes at St. Louis on the 3d day of November, 1804, was drawn up and prepared for signing, I was shown a grant from the governor general of Louisiana to a certain Dubuque for a considerable quantity of land at some distance up the Mississippi and where the said Dubuque has for many years resided. Finding that this tract could be considered receded by the treaty as it then stood, the additional article was written and submitted to the Indians. They readily consented to it; and the undersigned informed them that the intention of it was to embrace particularly the claim of Dubuque, the validity of which they acknowledged. Given under my hand and seal at Vincennes, the 1st day of January, 1806." "William Henry Harrison." The principal objection to the claim was as follows, in the lan guage of Mr. Gallatin, then secretary of the treasury: "The prin cipal question made on this claim is one which, perhaps, in the whole history of Louisiana titles, is peculiar to itself. There is no fraud imputed; no want of authority to make the supposed grant; no uncertainty of its location. It is not challenged for want of being possessed in good faith; and no exception is taken to the capacity of the grantee. But conceding all these facts it is objected, that, on the face of the papers, in their purpose and meaning, no title of any sort in the land was intended or has been created; that the whole transaction was but to obtain a personal privilege, or usufruct, at will; and whatever of concession or stipulation there is, was but for a temporary personal protection and which has not been other wise validated as a title" (See Vol. 1, Laws United States, p. 562). An adverse report of the Senate committee in 1841-2 (Senate Docs., 34 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Vol. V, No. 341 ) "assumes essentially the same ground as Mr. Gallatin and regards the Indian contract as a personal privilege to Dubuque to work the mines; the governor's concession but an affirmance of this power; that the right was acquired without con sideration, and died with the person; that the Indians had no right to sell the lands, and that it was the policy of the Spanish govern ment not to sell its mines, etc." But the Senate committee found otherwise as follows : "That no precedent or example can be found of such grant of personal privilege in the use of lands being made up between the Indians and the Spanish government' in the whole history of the provincial administration in Florida and Louisiana; that the Spanish authori ties indulged the Indians with a power of sale to individual white men, subject to a ratification of title by the government authorities of the province; that such sales had already been confirmed by the boards of land commissioners, by Congress, and by the courts of the United States; that the article of sale to Dubuque by the Indians contained the following language : 'That they sell and abandon to him all the coast and the contents of the mine discovered by the wife of Peosta, so that no white man or Indian shall make any pretension to it, without the consent of the Sieur Julien Dubuque.' And the article further said that 'In case he shall find nothing within (the mine sold to him) he shall be free to search wherever it shall seem good to him, and to work peaceably without any hurting him, or doing him any prejudice in his labors.' "The committee readily acknowledge this part is but a personal permission. But it is a permit beyond the sale and conveyance, not purporting, as in the preceding, a sale and surrender of possession with a covenant of warranty against all pretensions of the white man or Indian; that this was intended to be a sale in fee so far as the Indians could make it; that Dubuque's application to Carondelet must have been in order to secure a confirmation of his title, because he already had held possession for over eight years." "What Todd understood to be the object of Dubuque's requete is too manifest to be disputed by any. Apprehending the motives of the petitioner to be apparent and palpable he in plain and simple brevity replied to the governor that 'As to the land for which he (Dubuque) asks nothing occurs to me why it should not be granted.' This information seems to have satisfied the governor; and hence the conclusion is irresistible — the governor understood Dubuque's requete as Todd did, viz. : a simple petition for a grant of the lands specified and which had been purchased of the Indians. The lead mines were an incident of the lands of so little importance at that time, that Todd never alludes to them." It was shown that on November 3, 1804, in a treaty made in St. Louis between the government and the Sac and Fox nations of Indians, "the general boundary line between the lands of the United HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 35 States and of the said Indian tribes shall be as follows, to-wit: Beginning at a point on the Missouri river opposite to the mouth of the Gasconade river; thence in a direct course so as to strike the river Jeffrion at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down the said Jeffrion to the Mississippi ; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and up the same to a point which shall be thirty-six miles in a direct line from the mouth of said river; thence by a direct line to the point where the Fox river (a branch of the Illinois) leaves the small lake called Sakeagan; thence down the Fox river to the Illinois river and down the same to the Mississippi." The Indians ceded to the United States all the lands included within the above described boundary. In this treaty the following language was used: "It is agreed that nothing in this treaty shall affect the claim of any individual or individuals who may have obtained grants of land from the Spanish government, and which are not included within the general boundary line laid down in this treaty, provided that such grants have at any time been made known to the said tribes and recognized by them." In a letter dated Vincennes, January 4, 18 16, and addressed to Auguste Chouteau at St. Louis, William Henry Harrison used the following language: "Enclosed you have the certificate on the subject of Dubuque's claim. I hope it will be sufficient for your purpose. I have no doubt of the validity of your claim and never had any." On October 20, 1804, Dubuque sold to August Chouteau, 72,324 arpents of said land for $10,848.60, the undivided half or moiety of which was afterward sold by the said Chouteau to John Mullanphy, and on September 20, 1806, they presented their title papers to the board of commissioners — Lucas, Penrose and Donaldson. Mr. Lucas dissented from the opinion of a majority of the board "upon the ground that it was not a perfect, but merely an inchoate and incomplete title." The Senate committee said : "In reviewing the decision of the board of 1806 in favor of the claim, the committee are satisfied their decision was right and just in its general result, but that the board erred in pronouncing it 'a complete Spanish title.' It is obviously but a concession of land without a natural or ascertained boundary. And for this reason a survey, the customary prerequisite, was wanting, preparatory to executing the grant in complete form. But the dissenting opinion of Mr. Lucas, for this reason, is manifestly against all legal and equitable principle applica ble to the case. And regarding the claim as reported by him to be 'an incipient or imperfect title,' it is, as such, equally with perfect titles, protected by the treaty ceding Louisiana, and therefore was entitled to his decision in its favor (Am. St. Papers, Public Lands, Vol. Ill, pp. 586-587). The memorial or petition of Pierre Chouteau, J. Ferdinand Ken- nett and others stated "That some time in the year 1774 Julien Dubuque, a mineralogist, emigrated to the Province of Louisiana 36 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY and settled among the Sac and Fox nation of Indians, on the Missis sippi, near the site of the present town of Dubuque." In the journal of his "voyage" to the sources of the Mississippi in the years 1805 and 1806, Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike speaks of Julien Dubuque. He commences by saying: "Sailed from my encamp ment near St. Louis, at 4 o'clock P. M., on Friday, the 9th of August, 1805, with one sergeant, two corporals and seventeen pri vates, in a keel boat, 70 feet long, provisioned for four months; water very rapid. * * * First September, Sunday — Embarked early; wind fair; arrived at the lead mines at 12 o'clock. * * * We were saluted with a field piece and received with every mark of attention by Monsieur Dubuque, the proprietor. There were no horses at the house and it was six miles to where the mines were worked; it was therefore impossible to make a report by actual inspection. I therefore proposed ten queries, on the answers to which my report was founded (see below). Dined with Mr. D., who informed me that the Sioux and Sauteurs (Chippewas) were as warmly engaged in opposition as ever; that not long since the former killed fifteen Sauteurs, also on the 10th of August Sauteurs killed ten Sioux at the entrance of the St. Peter's; and that a war party composed of the Sacs, Reynards and Puants (Winnebagoes) of two hundred warriors, had embarked on an expedition against the Sauteurs, but that they had heard that the chief having had an unfavorable dream, persuaded the party to return, and that I would meet them on my voyage. At this place I was introduced to a chief called the 'Raven of the Reynards.' He made a very flowery speech on the occasion, which I answered in a few words, accompanied by a small present. I had now given up all hopes of my two men (who had strayed away and become lost), and was about to embark, when a perogue arrived, in which they were, with a Mr. Blondeau and two Indians whom that gentleman had engaged above the rapids of Stony (Rock) river. The two soldiers had been six days without anything to eat except muscles (clams), when they met Mr. James Aird, by whose humanity and attention their strength and spirits were in a measure restored, and they were enabled to reach the Reynard village, where they met with Mr. B. The Indian chief furnished them with corn and shoes and showed his friendship by every possible attention. I immediately discharged the hire of the Indians and gave Mr. Blondeau a passage to the Prairie Des Chiens. Left the lead mines at 4 o'clock." Having concluded their trip to the headwaters of the Mississippi and been gone all winter, they returned down the river in the spring of 1906. On the 15th they passed through Lake Pepin. They arrived at Prairie Des Chiens on the 18th. Here Pike dined with Mr. Campbell in company with Messrs. Wilmot, Blakely, Wood, Rollet, Fisher, Frazer and Jearreau. "April 23, Wednesday — After closing my accounts, etc., at half HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 37 past 12 o'clock left the prairie; at the lower end of it was saluted by seventeen lodges of the Puants. Met a barge, by which I received a letter from my lady. Further on met one batteaux and one canoe of traders. Passed one trader's camp. Arrived at Mr. Dubuque's at 10 o'clock at night, found some traders encamped at the entrance with forty or fifty Indians ; obtained some information from Mr. D. and requested him to write me on certain points. After we had boiled our victuals, I divided my men into four watches and put off — wind ahead. QUERIES PROPOSED TO MR. DUBUQUE WITH HIS ANSWERS. 1. What is the date of your grant of the mines from the sav ages? Answer : The copy of the grant is in Mr. Soulard's office at St. Louis. 2. What is the date of the confirmation by the Spaniards? Answer : The same as to query first. 3. What is the extent of your grant? Answer: The same as above. 4. What is the extent of the mines ? Answer : Twenty-eight or twenty-seven leagues long and from one to three broad. 5. Lead made per annum? Answer: From 20,000 to 40,000 pounds. 6. Quantity of lead per cent of mineral ? Answer : Seventy-five per cent. 7. Quantity of lead in pigs? Answer: All he makes, as he neither manufactures bar, sheet-lead, nor shot. "Dubuque remained in the uninterrupted possession of the said land from the time of its purchase from the Indians in 1788 until his death, which occurred in the month of March, 1810, during the whole of which time he worked the mines and cultivated a portion of the land. He died in possession and was buried upon the land on a high bluff near the present town of Dubuque ; and so great was the veneration entertained for him by the Indians, that for many years after his death they kept a fire burning upon his grave and watched it by day and night. Pierre Chouteau, Jr., one of your petitioners, having been repeatedly urged by Dubuque to join him in business on the land aforesaid, left St. Louis in the spring of the year 1810 for the residence of Dubuque, where he intended to remain for some years at least. Upon his arrival he found that Dubuque had departed this life some few weeks before. Dubuque often spoke to the Indians of the expected arrival of his. friend, the said Chouteau, and a short time before his death enjoined it upon them, as your peti tioners are informed and believe, to receive and treat him as a friend. The chief of the said nation received the said Chouteau with every demonstration of respect and kindness, and informed him that it 38 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY was the request of Dubuque that he should take possession of his property and occupy his house. In compliance with that request the said chief gave to the said Chouteau the immediate possession of the home formerly occupied by Dubuque. He had frequent conversations with the chiefs of the said nation relative to the claim of Dubuque to the said tract of land and was informed by them that he (Dubuque) was entitled to the same. The said Chouteau did not remain all the time upon the said land after his arrival in 1810, but continued to do business there until the com mencement of the war of 1812, when he returned to St. Louis. After the death of Dubuque, August Chouteau qualified as his administrator and as such obtained an order from the probate court of St. Charles county, in the Territory of Missouri, to sell the interest of Dubuque in said lands for the payment of debts. The land was divided by the administrator into lots or parcels and sold under the order aforesaid, when John P. Cobanne, Pierre Chou teau, Jr., William Russell and others became the purchasers. "Shortly after the treaty between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States, concluded on the 21st of September, 1832 (by which the former ceded to the United States a large tract of country, within the limits of which the Dubuque tract of land now claimed is situated), your petitioners took possession of such land and pro ceeded to erect houses upon and occupy the same in like manner as lands claimed under similar titles have always been occupied and held in the country ceded by France to the United States and believed that they were under the protection of the law in so doing, and that the government of the United States would not disturb them until it was ascertained that their title was invalid, or at any rate, until some provision should be made for testing its validity. But so far from doing this the extraordinary spectacle was exhibited of an ejectment by military force under an order of the secretary of war." William Wirt, attorney general of the United States, expressed the opinion, February 14, 1825, concerning the removal by force of Mr. Henderson, one of the claimants under the Spanish title, "that it is not competent to the executive to remove him (Hender son) by force under the Act of March 3, 1807, 'to prevent settle ments being made on lands ceded to the United States until author ized by law.' " "By the treaty of September 21, 1832, the Indians sold to the United States only such land as was 'rightfully claimed by them,' for as they, at the treaty of November 3, 1804, did not only disclaim the ownership, but expressly recognize the Dubuque claim as a valid Spanish grant (the possession of which was then in Dubuque), the United States acquired no title to that tract of land by the treaty aforesaid. Your petitioners having taken possession of said land under and by virtue of a grant from the Spanish government, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 39 were not intruders upon the public lands and ought not to have been so regarded and treated by the secretary of war" (see Senate Documents, 29th Congress, 2d session, Vol III, No. 218).. Finally, the Senate committee "are fully satisfied that justice demands that the report of the board of commissioners aforesaid should be approved and that the title to the said tract of land should be confirmed by the United States to the said Julien Dubuque, his heirs, assignees, or legal representatives; and in con formity to these views they have reported a bill and recommended its passage." (March 3, 1847, see No. 218, Senate Documents, 29th Congress, 2d session, Vol. III). The Senate committee on public lands, on July 1, 1842, "thought it very obvious that the grant, permit, or concession, by whatever name it may be called of the Indians in council to Dubuque, was never intended by either of the parties to give any greater interest in the land or mines to Dubuque than a mere personal permit or privilege of working the mines as long as he pleased and of leaving them whenever he should think proper." They therefore concluded that the government preemption laws should apply to the Dubuque tract. In other words that settlers could preempt land there as on other land owned by the United States. (Senate Documents, Vol. V, 27th Congress, 2d session, No. 341.) The House of Representatives committee on public lands reported that they felt "assured that the Indians considered the privilege granted by them to Julien Dubuque as a personal privilege, from the fact that, as early as the year 1830, and previous to the cession by treaty of the land called the 'Black Hawk Purchase' to the United States (and which includes this tract of land) and while all of what is now comprised within the limits of the territory of Iowa belonged to the Indian tribes, divers persons crossed the Mississippi river and commenced mining upon this tract of land (the Dubuque claim) ; which occupancy was resisted and com plained of by the Indians, and upon proper representations being made the government sent a military force to expel such persons, which was accomplished; and said military force was then sta tioned at the place where now stands the town of Dubuque. After the making of the treaty of September 21, 1832 (the Black Hawk Purchase), and previous to the ratification thereof, the whites again crossed the river and commenced mining and making gardens in the vicinity of what is now the town of Dubuque. By the said treaty it was stipulated that the Indians were to retain possession of the lands so ceded until the 1st of June, 1833. To keep which stipulation inviolate the government again sent a military force to expel its citizens, which was as far as practicable effected; and that after the due ratification of the said treaty, to-wit: On the 1st day of June, 1833, said military force was withdrawn, and the 40 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY settlers were permitted, encouraged and invited by the government to occupy said tract of land under the government." (See H. R. Docs., 27th Congress, 2d session, No. 894.) Those who petitioned Congress regarding the Dubuque claim and title in 1835-6 were Elizabeth Mullanphy, Octavia Mullanphy, Ann Biddle, Mary Harney, William S. Harney, Bryan Mullanphy, James Clemens, Jr., Eliza Clemens, R. Graham, Catherine Graham, Charles Chambers, Jane M. Chambers, Cerre Chouteau (in her own right and as executrix of Auguste Chouteau, deceased), E. Chou teau, Henry Chouteau, Gabriel S. Chouteau, Aug'te P. Chouteau (by Pr. Chouteau, Jr., attorney in fact). They had been dispos sessed of their property under this claim and asked to be restored to the possession of their property until the title should be adjudicated. In 1842 the citizens who had settled upon the Dubuque claim petitioned Congress to the following effect : That they had settled there after June 6, 1833, and were therefore entitled to the privi leges granted by the preemption laws ; that the privilege of making proof and payment for their homes under such laws was denied them by the register and receiver at Dubuque on the ground that the tract was reserved from sale as shown by a letter from the commissioner of the general land office dated April 4, 1839. The House com mittee of Congress took the position "that the privilege given to Julien Dubuque by the Indian tribes was the mere personal privilege of hunting, mining, smelting, fishing, etc., within certain limits (twenty-one miles front upon the Mississippi river by nine miles in depth) and was not intended to convey to him any further right or privilege." The committee showed that the government had "not only on all proper occasions heretofore denied the validity of such claim, but has since purchased this same tract of land from the Indians by treaty dated September 21, 1832, at Rock Island, and given through its agents to the settlers written permission to reside on and occupy said tract of land and to work at the mines thereon, to erect houses for their protection and enclose gardens for the support of the settlers, they paying to the agents of the United States for the benefit of the United States, certain proportions of the amount of mineral raised or lead ore smelted by them." For these and other reasons the committee reported a bill in favor of the. relief prayed for by the petitioners. The Miners' Express of July 28, 1842, contained the report of the committee on public lands in the United States Senate, to whom was referred a bill extending the right of preemption to settlers, etc., on the Dubuque claim, denying the validity of the claim, which was accompanied by a bill providing that settlers might enter their lands as if no claim existed; that patents issued for lands so entered should be considered as a relinquishment of the title of the United States to the land; but, if, at any future time the claim should be declared valid by a proper tribunal and the patentee should be HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 41 lawfully ejected, the purchase money should be refunded to the patentee. Much land in the county was unentered previous to March, 1847, owing to the Dubuque claim, but at this date Congress removed the difficulty and the land was thrown into market. Iowa, in the language of the Indians, means "the beautiful land." What is now Dubuque county was seen first by white men in 1673 ; in that year Joliet and Marquette passed down the Mississippi and may have landed in this county. Joliet was sent out on an expedi tion to find the "great river" and a water route to the South Sea, as the Pacific ocean was then called, and Marquette was chosen to accompany him. The latter called the Mississippi "La Conception." Later La Salle called it "Colbert." In 1788 the Fox Indians pos sessed the soil, the lands of the Sacs being farther down the river. In 1836-7 Congress ordered the town of Dubuque surveyed and platted, but this act did not remove the claim of Dubuque's heirs and for many years the land was kept out of market on this account. In Congress a strong delegation worked persistently in favor of the Dubuque-Chouteau claim. "Afterward when the lands were ordered to be sold and the proclamation of sale duly made, and when Iowa was unrepresented in that body, the United States Senate passed a resolution request ing a withdrawal of the land from sale. This startled our people and Messrs. Hastings and Leffler, our representatives in Congress, were interviewed. They called upon the President and learned that the act of the Senate could not be disregarded; but they learned that if the House should pass a resolution ordering the sale, it would proceed. Mr. Hastings accordingly presented such a reso lution in the House, whereupon a Missouri member violently pro tested against it and raised such a commotion that when the vote was taken it was difficult to decide whether it was passed or not. The clerk thought it was lost and so entered it on his memorandum. At the adjournment Mr. Hastings (familiarly known as 'Old Red') went to him for a copy of the resolution. The clerk replied: T thought the resolution failed to pass.' He replied, 'No, sir, give me a certified copy to be handed to the President.' The clerk did so, the copy was presented to the President and the sale proceeded. This act of Mr. Hastings was one of more benefit to our city and county than any other single act in the history of our legislation. Had that sale not taken place at that time, it might never have taken olace, for the claim of Chouteau might have been confirmed by Congress and this confirmation would have depopulated the eastern half of this county, or if the sale had ever been made it would have been after years of delay, fraught with destruction to the prosperity of our city and county. After the public sale Mr. Chou teau brought a suit against Mr. P. Maloney, one of our worthy citizens, to test the validity of his title, and the decision before 42 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY referred to was made by the United States Supreme court. Another temporary incubus upon the prosperity of our city and county was the attempt to take the mineral leads from our early miners by pretended government agents, who claimed to have authority to lease these lands. Certain adventurers procured such appointments and granted to their own secret agents and tools, leases of rich lodes discovered after much labor and expense by such men as Richard and Robert Waller, the Langworthys, Antoine Loire and many others and these pretended agents asked the judge here for an injunction to prevent all working of our mines without a license from him. The judge decided that the law authorizing this leasing did not apply to Iowa, whereupon the secretary of war, Mr. Spencer, wrote to the judge to prepare himself for a removal from office for the reason that the law did apply to that part of Iowa which was east of the Mississippi. Daniel Webster hearing of this, called upon Mr. Spencer, gave him a short lesson in geography and the judge was not removed." — (Judge Thomas S. Wilson in Herald of September 4, 1883). Comparatively little is known of Dubuque during the twenty-one years' residence here. So far as known no portrait of him is in existence; all such are purely imaginary and should have no place in history. Neither is it known that he had an Indian wife. Elipha- let Price, an early settler near here, said that one of Dubuque's employes told him that Dubuque had no Indian wife. If he had one what became of her after his death? If there were any children what became of them? Would not the wife and children have claimed his estate here and elsewhere? Not the slightest trace of them has ever been found. — (See Judge T. S. Wilson in Herald, February 6, 1887). Peosta was a Fox chief and a warrior of the Kettle Chief's Tribe. The name Pesota usually bestowed upon Dubuque's alleged Indian wife, seems to be a distortion of Peosta. Dubuque and nine other Frenchmen, it is said, came here in 1788. It would be interesting to know who his white companions were, how long they remained, the terms upon which they worked for him, etc. Dubuque wrote his name as it is now written ; he did not use a capital B. In French the name is written Debuc. — (See Herald, January 8, 1866.) At his death Dubuque was concealed on the bluff where his monument now stands ; his body was placed in a cave. In 1823 when this cave was opened, Mr. Langworthy, who was present, said the skeleton was yet there with the hat still on the head or skull. — (Miners' Express, September 18, 1850). It is said that the Indians for many years kept a fire burning at the cave or grave. His Indian name was "La Petit Nuit." The Great Washington of the Foxes, Kettle Chief, was buried on the same mound. On the cross at the grave is the following inscription in French. "Julien Dubuque Mineure De La Mine D'Espagne, Moret Le 24 Marse, 1810; Agee 451^ anne."— (Translation: Julien HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 43 Dubuque, Miner of the Mines of Spain, died the 24th of March, 181 o, aged 45 years and 6 months). Dubuque was thus a young man when he came here — about twenty-four years old. Dubuque was a French Canadian born in the Province of Quebec, January 10, 1762, and was a mineralogist. At the age of twenty- two years he settled near Prairie du Chien and soon learned of the lead ore near the mouth of Catfish creek, where the Kettle Chief's village was located, containing about four hundred Indians. In 1788 he secured the right to work the mines. He opened stores, built smelting furnaces, bought furs, built houses and horse mills, opened gardens and farms, sold or traded goods and mined lead for market. From time to time he had Frenchmen to assist him and no doubt also Indian women and old men. He was doubtless good to the Indians, treated them fairly, taught them how to secure many comforts and become strong and it was no wonder they loved, respected and obeyed him. Twice a year he took a boat load of lead ore, furs and hides to St. Louis and returned with fresh goods, money and supplies of food, clothing and ammunition. The inscrip tion on his grave, or cross, says that he died March 24, 18 10, aged forty-five years and six months ; if so, he was born about September, 1764, instead of the date given above. A new impetus was given to the growth of Dubuque by the final settlement of the Dubuque claim. This settlement was practically made by Congress in 1846-7. The President by proclamation adver tised the lands for sale, whereupon the Senate presented a resolution asking for a postponement of the sale, but this was prevented by an Iowa member, who asked that there be no postponement unless upon petition of the settlers. This passed and was sanctioned by the President. Previous to 1846-7 all titles at Dubuque were con sidered uncertain. Many pioneers refused to settle here. All who settled prepared their affairs so as to meet the Dubuque claims in case his heirs won. Dubuque was thus crippled for years. In 1847 the growth was large as a consequence of the Congressional act of 1846-7. Over 150 buildings were erected in Dubuque from March 1, 1847, to December 1 ; a majority were brick. When the case of Chouteau vs. Maloney (the Dubuque claim case) was called in the Supreme court of the United States in December, 1853, every member of the Iowa delegation in Congress was present. The case was concluded in January, 1854. Judge Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, first addressed the Court and upheld the views of Albert Gallatin. He was followed by Mr. Carmack, who assailed the views of Gallatin and upheld the justice of the old Senate committee report. Piatt Smith spoke, as did Judge Wilson ; so did Attorney General Cushing. The whole Pierce administration favored the Iowa contention. Briefly the points made by Judge Wilson were as follows: 1. The Indians could not and did not sell the land, as it belonged to Spain. 2. Dubuque 44 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY had only peaceable possession and not full proprietorship. 3. The bounds were indefinite. 4. Carondelet only gave permission to work the mines, as his language was not such as was usually used in making land grants, and no process verbal nor order of survey accompanied his order. 5. Carondelet had no authority to make such a sale or grant. 6. If Carondelet had such power, he could give only an inchoate and imperfect title — one that would avail nothing in a court of law. 7. There must be a compliance with Spanish law and there was not in this case, and therefore no sale was meant. 8. The land was acquired from France in 1803 and from the Indians in 1832; Congress had authorized the sale to the settlers, had recognized their preemption rights and had given them patents to their tracts of land; would the government now reverse all this, and exclude the thousands of settlers? Justice Wayne delivered the unanimous opinion of the Supreme court in favor of the settlers. On February 28, 1854, there, was received here a telegram that the Dubuque case had been decided in favor of Iowa. Immediately an impromptu celebration was held; the cannon was fired, bells were rung and all congratulated each other on the out come and the good news. Thus at last this vexatious case was settled forever. Dubuque county has little Indian history, because the tribes were removed before the arrival of the pioneers. The early settlers found the usual artificial mounds which doubtless were thrown up by the Indians and not by the Mound Builders proper. Several of these mounds stood originally where Dubuque's monument now stands. "One opened in Dubuque county disclosed a vault divided into three cells. In the center one were found eight skeletons sitting in a circle and in the center of the group was a drinking vessel made from a sea shell. The whole chamber was covered with logs preserved in cement." One mile northeast of DyersviUe, on section 29, township 89 north, range 2 west, were formerly a group of Indian mounds — nine in all, seven circular and two embankments. Originally the Dakota family of Indians possessed what is now Iowa. In this family were the Iowa, Omaha, Winnebago, Mascou- tin, Otoe, Sisseton and other tribes. Farther south were the Illinois, Fox, Chippewa, Attouays, Pottawattomie and other tribes of the great Algonquin family. In the fierce wars between the two fami lies the Sacs and Foxes gained possession of what is now Dubuque county and were found here by the first white men. Dubuque secured his grant from the Foxes, and lived with them until his death. A large Fox village of sixty to seventy bark and log dwell ings stood on the present site of Dubuque, and nearby in the valley were the Indian corn, bean and pumpkin fields. Before the whites came, the Sioux, it is related, were attacked on the bluff about two hundred yards below the mouth of Catfish creek, on the first bluff below the one on which stands Dubuque's monument, by a HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 45 large band of Sacs and Foxes. In the rush they endeavored to drive the mounted Sioux over the bluff. Many were forced over the steep bank and the Sioux were defeated in the end. As a proof of this battle the first settlers found at the bottom of the bluff, on the east side, many Indian skeletons, more or less disjointed, scattered around for a considerable distance. Bones of Indians and horses could be seen there as late as twenty or thirty years ago. During the fight, it is related, a Sioux leaped his horse down the north side, which was not so steep, and escaped, from that circumstance the bluff has been known as Horse Bluff. The date of this battle is not known, but was before August 19, 1825, at which date a treaty removed the Sioux permanently farther northward. The Horse Shoe Bluff there is named from the shape of the small valley. In 1832 the Sacs, Foxes and Winnebagoes ceded a large tract, including Dubuque county, to the United States government for the consideration of $20,000 per annum for thirty years; $50,000 to be paid to Indian traders; 6,000 bushels of corn, fifty barrels of flour ; thirty barrels of pork ; thirty-beef cattle, and twelve bushels of salt. Late in May, 1838, a few wandering and dissipated Winnebago Indians came down the river and camped on an island opposite the lower end of town. A night or two later a few roughs from Dubuque went there for dishonorable purposes and were resisted by the braves and squaws, during which a squaw was mortally wounded. She was buried by the people of Dubuque and the roughs were pursued and punished. Several were wounded in the struggle. One of the roughs escaped. Joseph Ducoste, who was charged with the murder of the squaw, Se-a-co, broke jail at Dubuque in June, 1838, and Sheriff Cummings offered a reward of $50 for his arrest. "Indians About. — A company of about forty Indians of the Pottawattomie tribe were encamped at Table Mound, near this city, during last week. We understand they were a little amusing to the people in that neighborhood. In a drunken frolic they had three of their horses killed. Those that visited the city were fine looking, well-dressed Indians." — (Miners' Express, June 6, 1849.) "We were amused at the antics of a party of Pottawattomie Indians who were allowed to ride backwards on the tender. They evidently thought it great sport as they whooped and hallooed until they rivaled the neigh of the iron steed. But the shriek of that animal evidently took them down some — or up rather, as one fellow jumped three feet into the air when the engineer let the whistle loose." — E. &H.,June4, 1855). CITY OF DUBUQUE 1788 TO 1849. SO FAR as known, Julien Dubuque and his French companions were the first white persons to reside permanently in what is now Dubuque county, Iowa. They came here probably in 1788 and began to work the lead mines, and Dubuque, at least, lived here more or less continuously until his death in 1810. After the latter date until 1827, it is not probable that any white persons resided permanently here, though doubtless, in spite of the fact that the Indian title was not extinguished and the Indians themselves were hostile to such advances, white explorers from the older Galena and Wisconsin districts, invaded cautiously this county with the ob ject of settlement when the lands should be secured by treaty and thrown into market. It is also known that white traders resided more or less permanently on the islands in front of Dubuque from 18 10 to 1830. The period from 1827 to 1832 has thus been called the period of exploration when white men on the east side of the Mississippi invaded the wilds west of the river to select homes with the view of early future settlement. This invasion was doubtless one of the sequences of the Indian treaties of 1804, 1818, 1824, etc., which forecast the speedy acquirement by the government of lands west of the river. Many who afterward became permanent resi dents of this county made explorations during this period; among them were James L. Langworthy, Lucius H. Langworthy, James McPeters, E. M. Wren, Samuel Scales, George W. Jones, Thomas McCraney, Anton Loire and others. A party of ladies and gentlemen from Galena celebrated the Fourth of July, 1828, at the mouth of Catfish creek, Dubuque county. This was probably the first time in what is now Iowa that the flag was raised and that day celebrated. In 1832 another party from Galena celebrated the same day at the same place. — (Herald, November 2, 1865.) George W. Jones came here to trade with the Indians as early as 1828; he then resided at Sinsinawa Mound. In order to convey his ox team and cart across the river, he lashed two canoes or other boats together and then put his whole outfit on board and all were ferried over by the Indians. He obtained lead and gave money and goods therefor. The Langworthys and a dozen other men who afterward became settlers here were thus engaged, several of them as early as 1827. Some times they dealt with the traders on the 46 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 47 islands and sometimes directly with the Indians. It is said that one or more of Dubuque's French companions resided here or on the islands until 1826. When the first explorers arrived they found a large village was still standing silent, solitary and deserted, at the mouth of Catfish creek. Every Indian had vanished. About seventy buildings, con structed with poles and the bark of trees, were all that remained. The council house, though rude, was large and contained a great number of furnaces where kettles had been placed to prepare the feasts of peace or war. On the inner surfaces of the bark of the council house were paintings of elks, buffaloes, bears, panthers and other animals. Even their sports, feasts and fights were thus repre sented. Here seemed to be a rude record of their history. The whole place was destroyed by fire in the summer of 1830 by some visitors in a spirit of vandalism, much to the regret of the first settlers. The treaty with the Sacs and Foxes by which what is now Dubuque county became open to settlement, was concluded Sep tember 2, 1832, and took effect in June, 1833. No sooner was it learned that the treaty had been concluded than miners, adventurers, explorers, families and homeseekers generally began to cross the river in order to secure first choice of permanent locations. This fact reaching the knowledge of the authorities caused orders to be issued to the soldiers at Prairie du Chien to remove all such per sons ; whereupon Lieutenants Gardonnier, Abercrombie, Wilson and Davis (the latter becoming afterwards President of the Southern Confederacy), came to what is now Dubuque and compelled the invaders to re-cross to the east side, though many went no farther than the islands in the middle of the river, where traders had sojourned for many years. Being fully convinced that the treaty would soon be confirmed, the settlers returned when the soldiers lost their vigilance or were withdrawn. The result was that a score or more of permanent settlers made their claims in Dubuque county late in 1832 and early in 1833. After the spring of 1833 the sol diers did not longer seriously molest the settlers here. Some score or more of the first settlers date their settlement here from 1832, because they came then and went away temporarily only because the soldiers compelled them to go. The chief object of the first settlers was to work the lead mines and incidentally to secure tracts of land advantageously situated. By the spring of 1834 the village contained 300 inhabitants — set tlers, miners and temporary residents. In the spring of 1833 the first log cabin was built near where Finn's old tavern afterward stood. During this year Milo H. Prentice became the first postmaster and the first sermons — Protestant and Catholic — were preached. In 1833 also Robert Read established a farm on what afterward became the W. G. Stewart place in Dubuque township. Hosea T. Camp, 48 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY whose daughter married John Palmer, brought the first family to reside here permanently in 1833. In June P. Weigel brought his family; three of the children are yet living in Dubuque. Rev. Erastus Kent, Presbyterian, of Galena, and Rev. Burton Randall, Methodist, held services here in 1833. The first raft of lumber was brought down the river by James H. and Ezekiel Lockwood in 1833. Mrs. Camp and Mrs. Susan F. Dean, later Mrs. Law rence, were the first women to come here for permanent residence — 1833- In May, 1833, Patrick Quigley arrived in Dubuque. The cabins or shanties were so few that for the first two or three months he was obliged to sleep out of doors more than half of the time. In August he moved into his own house, which had neither doors nor windows. The first flurry of snow late in autumn obliged him to enclose his quarters. He was the first justice of the peace in Dubuque and received his commission from Governor Horner of Michigan territory. The next year the first hotel was built — Bell Tavern — partly of logs — and stood a few rods north of where the Julien House is now located. The houses then were few, poor and huddled together. The growth of the place this year (1833) was rapid. In 1834 the town did not advance in population and appear ance as rapidly as it had in 1833. Many who had come here to mine, left, not meeting with success. Others were perhaps fright ened away by the cholera which appeared here. A Methodist chapel was built this year, and a Catholic cathedral of stone in 1835. The masons and carpenters who worked upon it charged $5 per day. Saloons were numerous and nearly everybody drank. In the summer of 1834 a public meeting was held and attempts were made to change the name of Dubuque to that of Washington. The former had been adopted by common consent and not by any formal act of the inhabitants or the authorities. However, it was not thought wise to change the name, as the place had already become widely known as Dubuque. In 1834, the Fourth of July was celebrated on Bee branch. Simon Clark was the orator and Clark and Lucius H. Langworthy sang the "Star Spangled Banner." On May 18, 1834, Rev. Burton Randall became regular pastor of the Methodist church which had been organized the year before; he preached in a log building which stood on the present site of the Julien House. The first church was a log structure, which stood where Washington Park now is. By act of June 28, 1834, Congress attached the Black Hawk Purchase to Michigan territory, and on September 8, 1834, the Legislature of Michigan territory formed the two counties — Des Moines and Dubuque. Thus, prior to 1834, Dubuque may be said to have had no law, but it was not altogether lawless. It was a typical mining town, with dram shops where armed men congregated to drink and fight. Although it is usual to attempt to make the village previous to 1834 appear intensely HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 49 wild and wicked, it was not so in reality, because the lawless were held in check by men like the Langworthys McCraney, John King, Milo H. Prentice and others, who united to secure good order and morals and were immensely aided by the first ministers and the first religious congregations. But moral suasion was supplemented by a set of orders or resolutions drawn up by John King and adopted by the citizens as a guide of law and order to serve until the usual courts could be set in operation. A young man named Wheeler was tarred and feathered in Dubuque in the spring of 1834. He had been engaged by the citi zens to take an insane person to his father in Illinois. Upon his return he was charged with having pocketed most of the subscription and with having left the insane man in destitution down the river. Wheeler declared he was innocent and asked his accusers to write to the father of the insane man; but they refused, tarred and feath ered and dumped him out of town. A little later the citizens received a letter from the father of the insane man requesting them to thank Mr. Wheeler for the care and attention given his son on the journey down the river. After that not a person who had preferred the charges against Wheeler or was concerned in his tarring escapade could be found. In order to get a fight it was only necessary to charge someone with participation in the outrage. — (Eliphalet Price in Herald, July 13, 1865.) "The population almost without exception was of the roughest sort, being composed mostly of miners, whose amusements con sisted in gambling and drunken frolics on the most villainous whisky. A miner would work until he had accumulated sufficient for a spree and until cleaned out at keeno or some other game he alternated between drunk and drunker — between drunk enough to howl and fight, or too drunk to do either. The standard of morality was infinitely low; the taking of life or any other species of crime was regarded less a wrong than a pastime. Acts of extreme law lessness, however, were rare, for there was a regular system of organization among the miners by which was administered a set of laws with inflexible impartiality. The streets such as they were presented different aspects than at present. Then a ragged Sac or Dacotah, blending in his presence the savage dignity of the red man and the unsteady evolutions of a modern top-heavy civilization and barbarity trying to affiliate. A half dozen miners — fierce in unkempt locks and ragged beards, eyes glaring and bloodshot, swaying with unsteady pace from shop to shop, going from bad whisky. to worse and varying the performance by an occasional fight." — (Early description of Dubuque, Herald, April 17, 1859.) During the winter of 1835-6 a small band of Sacs and Winne- bagoes encamped on an island in front of the town, killed one of their number — a large man — and left him, terribly mutilated, lying on the ice. It was thought he was killed for cruelty to his squaw. 50 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY This circumstance was narrated at a later day by Rev. H. W. Reed, who came to Dubuque in 1835. At that time he was the only Protestant minister in this region. His cabin stood eight or nine miles west of Dubuque and was built of round logs, with a single three-light window with oil paper for glass. The roof was so poor that during storms pans were used to catch the water running through. There his first child was born and there it died. On Sundays he traveled eight miles to the bluffs to preach to the miners at 9 o'clock ; then at 1 1 o'clock he preached in the village below the bluffs; at 3 o'clock at Peru, and in the evening again at Dubuque. At Peru there was no church building and on two occasions he preached in gambling rooms. He preached occasionally at Durango. Card playing was a favorite amusement — Sundays and week days. It was about 1836 that the local paper here advertised for a min ister — "One who can reason, preach, sing and enforce the fourth commandment." At the close of 1835 the population of Dubuque was estimated at 1,000. The people were then described by Lieut. A. M. Lee in his "Notes on Wisconsin" as exceedingly active and enterprising, carry ing on a brisk and lucrative mineral trade and supplying the miners with the necessaries and comforts of life. When the territory of Wisconsin was set off in July, 1836, it was thought that Dubuque, owing to its central location, might become the seat of government. Belmont and Madison competed with it for this honor and Belmont won. The final struggle between Madison and Dubuque was earnest and exciting. The speeches of the Dubuque members of the Legis lature were effective and eloquent. Patrick Quigley was one of them. He compared the founding of cities here with those in Europe and said, "They traversed the Caspian, the Black and the Mediterranean seas and founded their Constantinople, their Car thage and their Rome, not as gentlemen are attempting to raise Madison in a wilderness of swamps, but where there were good and commodious harbors and where commerce and population invited." The slowness of travel is shown by the following extract taken from the Visitor of October 19, 1836 : "A goodly number of the Visitors left Dubuque on the 14th of September for Chillicothe, Ohio, but after traveling as far as Indianapolis, Indiana, became worn out and being destitute of covering returned to Dubuque. We have again dressed them in a new livery, put them into an old worn-out, two- horse stage — (we like uniformity), and cautioned them to keep the driver from using them as a seat (which is the common practice), and they would probably see their friends in Chillicothe in time to receive their New Year's gift." In the autumn of 1836 a weekly mail was established between Dubuque and Fort Des Moines. Previous to that year no surveys had been made here, except by private citizens, who were aided by subscription. Among these private surveys was one by George W. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 51 Harrison, who laid off between twenty and thirty blocks in the central part of the city. In 1836 Gen. George W. Jones, congress man, secured a grant of the section, which then constituted the town. By this act public surveys were made and the town was laid off in lots and outlots, the proceeds of the latter to be devoted to the improvement of the former. In an oration, July 4, 1836, W. W. Coriell, in speaking of the struggle between Madison and Dubuque for the capital, said : "Only three years have elapsed since the white man came into possession of the country in which Dubuque is situated, and already, including the county of Des Moines, it is estimated that we number more than twelve thousand inhabitants on the west side of the Mississippi, being about one-half of the population of the whole country of Wisconsin. Our town and its immediate vicinity has doubtless a population of two thousand industrious and enterprising citizens as any to be found in the broad extent of the United States. Dubuque, from its commanding situation, being easy of access from any point, from the fertility of the soil and the vast mineral resources of the country in its vicinity, from the number of its population, being greater than that of any other town in the territory, may well aspire to be the capital." — (Visitor, July, 1836.) The first child born here was Susan Ann McCraney, who mar ried John S. Barnes. A Mrs. Butterfield, aged no years, died here about 1850. David Stiles, aged 106, died in 1871. George Cubbage taught school in 1833. Catholic services were held at the residence of Patrick Quigley late in 1833. A Mr. Fox died in 1833 — the first ; he was probably the first person buried in the old cemetery at Jackson square. Ira Williams, Warner Lewis and Patrick Quigley were the first justices — 1834 and 1835. On March 9, 1834, the first temperance meeting was held. In August, 1834, a meeting to sup press vice and to expel gamblers and other bad characters was held. In November, 1836, William A. Burt made the first county surveys; he was the inventor of the solar compass. The first brick house was built by Leroy Jackson in 1837. Alexander Levi was the first alien to receive naturalization papers — 1837. Saloons were closed for the first time on Sunday in August, 1835. George W. Jones made the first political speech in 1835. George Zollicoffer made the first wine from native grapes in 1834. In 1836 there were very few buildings north of Fifth street. At Locust and Sixth were two frame buildings which were torn down in 1873. At the corner of Fifth and Locust was the Visitor in a log house. Sixth street was once called Church because it led to the old log church at what is now Washington square. The original Athenaeum was built in 1840 by Emerson and Crider at Sixth and Main. Here the Express and later the Herald were issued; this was called "Democratic Corner." In 1846 it became the Key City hotel. In 1863 it was transformed into the Athenaeum by W. G. 52 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Stewart and the public hall therein became famous. Here the the atrical stars of the country appeared — Sallie St. Claire, Anna Bishop, Edwin Forrest, Lawrence Barrett, Edwin Adams, James E. Murdock, J. W. Wallack, Jr., Daniel Marble, J. B. Rice, Julia Dean, J. B. Booth, W. J. Florence, John Wilkes Booth, E. A. Sothern and others, and here appeared also, under the auspices of the Young Men's Association, Wendell Phillips, J. G. Holland, Horace Greeley, Victoria Woodhull, Anna E. Dickinson, Stephen A. Douglas, E. T. Youmans, B. F. Taylor, L. Agassiz, H. W. Beecher, the Hutchin- sons, Adelina Patti, Ole Bull, and others. On May n, 1836, the Dubuque Visitor, the first newspaper in Iowa, and the first west of the Mississippi and north of St. Louis, made its appearance in Dubuque. It was edited by John King, who was assisted in June by William C. Jones, and from the start by Andrew Keesecker. Its motto was, "Truth Our Guide — The Public Good Our Aim." It was issued at "Dubuque Lead Mines, Wisconsin Territory," and was printed by Mr. Jones on a Smith press which was afterward used on the early newspapers at Mineral Point, Wisconsin ; St. Paul, Minnesota, and Sioux Falls, Dakota. The Visitor was first located at Church and Main streets, the former being then a street between Fourth and Fifth. It was a two-story log building, 20x25 feet, erected in 1834 by Pascal Mallet for a residence. In October, 1836, King claimed nearly 1 ,000 subscribers for the Visitor. In about six months the office was removed to the east side of Main street, just above the Globe building. In 1837 the name was changed to Iowa News and the office was changed to the east side of Locust street near Fifth and there remained until discontinued about 1842. The material for the Visitor in 1836 was obtained at Cincinnati. Both Jones and Keesecker wrote articles for the Visitor. The latter set the first type in the territory ; he continued to set type in Dubuque until his death in 1870. King and Keesecker were Democrats, but Jones was a Whig. Later the latter went to New Orleans and finally to California, where he died in 1867. King was a Virginian and came to Dubuque in 1833, and from the start bore a prominent and useful part in the development of the city and county. He was justice of the peace in 1835, was postmaster about 1839; assisted Plumbe in promoting the first Pacific railway in 1836; was a mem ber of the city council from 1854 to 1866, and at his death in 1871 was paid great honor by an immense concourse of citizens. The old graveyard was laid out before the act of Congress was passed, which provided for a survey of the town of Dubuque in 1836. Before that date the citizens had taken possession of the tract, buried their dead there and placed around it a good fence. An act of Congress sanctioned the lots already surveyed, occupied and improved. "From 500 to 800 head of stock cattle might be advantageously HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 53 disposed of at this place." — (Visitor, May n, 1836.) "Artisans of almost every description are needed at Dubuque and would find immediate employment at good wages, particularly brickmakers and masons." — (Visitor, May 11, 1836.) Great improvements were made in 1836 and early in 1837 ; streets were straightened, cut down, leveled and drained. "Congress accordingly passed an act on July 2, 1836, giving the inhabitants of Dubuque and other towns in Wisconsin named in the act, pre-emption rights to the town lots occupied and improved by them, so that title by occupation and improvement will be per fectly good. . . . There is no Spanish or French grant to lands at or near Dubuque. The claim of the heirs of Dubuque and Chouteau is but a baseless fabric which was decided upon by Albert Gallatin when that gentleman was at the head of the Treasury Department and declared to have no validity. It appears from the papers in that case that Julien Dubuque was only a tenant at will of the Fox Indians by the permission of the governor of Louisiana and held by no tenure which ever could entitle his heirs or assigns to the fee simple. Dubuque died in 1810 and the country which he occupied was abandoned to the Foxes in 1812 and not again settled upon until the year 1832." — (Iowa News, June 17, 1837.) Early in 1836 the citizens were informed by George W. Jones, their delegate to Congress, that if they would prepare a petition to that effect he would cause the sale of the public lots in Dubuque and the expenditure of the proceeds upon the harbor. This petition was duly prepared and forwarded. Great complaint was made against the irregularities of the mail, which, according to contract, should have been conveyed three times a week between Galena, Dubuque and Peru, as shown by the following : "The mail that was due on Wednesday last came the next day and the carrier, fatigued with his extraordinary exertion, leaving his mail bag in town, took a small jaunt into the country by way of recreation and did not return until the next day; consequently our papers and letters were detained from Galena twenty-four hours. The mail was due again on Sunday, but the carrier being probably conscientiously opposed to traveling on that day, it did not come until brought by a steamboat passenger on Monday. The variety of tim.es in which the mail makes its trips is only equaled by the variety of means used in its conveyance. It comes on horseback, in wagons, big and little, in carriages, occasionally in stages, and not infre quently in order to have an easy trip, is retained at Galena for the arrival of a steamboat; and sometimes, to save trouble and expense, it waits till next time." — (Visitor, May 18, 1836.) Thomas Graffort kept the Washington hotel at Oak and Locust streets. At a citizens' meeting it was "Resolved, That the persons who first selected the present place of burial be a committee to lay 54 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY off and superintend the fencing of this piece of ground, viz. : James L. Langworthy, Thomas McCraney and Hosea T. Camp." John Ewing, Hosea T. Camp and James Smith were appointed to collect subscriptions to defray the expense. It was asked at this time, why not remove the graveyard to the bluffs back of town? Another meeting was held in July, 1836, to consider the proposition of "cut ting a canal through the isthmus." James L. Langworthy, Hiram Loomis and James Cox were appointed a committee to call for pro posals to cut a canal that should "connect the main slough with the bayou — sixty feet wide at the top, forty feet at the bottom, an average of six feet deep and 1,600 feet long. "The tide of emigration is pouring in upon us an immense number of families this spring. Every steamboat from below is crowded with passengers. We have had twenty-five different arrivals by sixteen different steamboats, as follows : Galenian — Captain Rogers ; Wisconsin, Du Buque, Olive Branch, Heroine, Banner — Captain Dickerson; Cavalier — Captain Patterson; Missouri, Fulton, Palmyra — Captain Cole; Warrior — Captain Gleim; Far West, Envoy, Frontier — Captain Harris ; Quincy — Captain Cameron, and others." — (Visitor, 1836.) The congressional act of July 2, 1836, for laying out Dubuque and Peru made the following requirements : That lots and streets previously laid out should be properly observed ; town lots to be not more than half an acre and outlots not over four acres each ; lots to be offered at public sale within six months; no town lot to be sold for less than $5 ; the lots to be divided into three classes according to relative value ; persons who had complied with the law as regards claims and improvements to have first chance to buy their lots ; no person could buy more than four acres unless he had made actual improvements thereon; "that a quantity of land of proper width on the river banks of the towns of Dubuque and Peru and running with the river the whole length of said towns shall be reserved from sale (as shall also the public squares) for public use and remain forever for public use as public highways and for other public uses." The grant at Dubuque embraced a section of land and the original survey was made by G. W. Harrison. In August, 1837, Thomas S. Wilson resigned as trustee and John Plumbe, Jr., became his suc cessor. Thomas C. Fassett was elected president of the board. The act of March 3, 1837, provided for the laying out of Dubuque and Peru by commissioners. The congressional act of July 2, 1836, provided for surveying the lots and streets of Fort Madison, Burlington, Bellevue, Dubuque, Peru and Mineral Point, and $3,000 was appropriated to cover the expense. On March 3, 1837, an amendatory act was passed by which three commissioners were appointed to hear all evidence under the claims made pursuant to the act of July 2, 1836. The act of March 3, 1839, provided that said commissioners should be paid HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 55 $6 per day for their services. The latter act made it the duty of the register and receivers to expose and sell the lots provided for by the act of July 2, 1836. The act further provided that the receivers should pay over any residue to the town authorities. The following- amounts were received by the receivers : Mr. McKnight received for lots sold in Dubuque $5,573.26; Dr. S. Langworthy, $1,200.90; Col. George McHenry, $34.70; Major Mobley, nothing. Of the receipts $3,000 went at once to the commissioners for surveying the towns mentioned in the act — six towns. The sum of $1,404 was applied to the survey of Dubuque, which sum was deemed too large — nearly one-half of the whole. Nearly complete settlements were made by 1847. The Fourth of July, 1836, was elaborately celebrated. Hiram Loomis was chairman and W. W. Coriell, secretary, of the meeting called to make arrangements. Ezekiel Lockwood was marshal of the day; D. Gillilan, assistant marshal; Rev. S. Mazzuchelli, chap lain; M. H. Prentice, reader of the Declaration; W. W. Coriell, orator; Dr. S. Langworthy was president of the day and Patrick Quigley, J. M. Harrison, Dr. Timothy Mason and W. C. Jones, vice presidents. Toasts were offered by Dr. Langworthy, Rev. Mazzuchelli, W. W. Coriell, Patrick Quigley, James McCabe, John King, Augustus Coriell, Leroy Jackson, J. M. Harrison, David Sleator, William Blake, M. H. Prentice, S. W. Masters, W. B. Green, William Cardiff, J. H. Swan, Eli Chittenden, A. Morgan, Charles Corkery, B. F. Davis of Peru, William Hutton, Ezekiel Lockwood, Michael Norton, E. G. Chittenden, W. Vance, Cyrus Harper, William Allen. H. W. Sanford, Davis Gillilan, William C. Jones, Peter Davis, W. W. Chapman, David Sleator, D. F. Blythe, T. C Fassett, Capt. Francis Gehon, John King and Warner Lewis. R. C. Bourne, P. A. Lorimier, Dr. F. Andross, P. Samuels, Hosea T. Camp, Edward White, John Ewing, L. Wheeler, John Loraine, Hiram Loomis, Thomas Fassett and others were also present. On November 30, 1836, the Miners' Bank of Dubuque was char tered with a capital of $200,000, the subscribers being Ezekiel Lock- wood, Francis Gehon, John King, William Myers, Lucius H. Lang worthy, E. M. Bissell, Robert D. Sherman, William W. Coriell and Simon Clark; they were authorized to sell the stock. In October, 1836, Dubuque contained about 1,200 population; it had three churches, two or three schools, fifty stores of all kinds, including shops; fifty-five dwellings, one warehouse built in 1836, and was spread over four principal streets and seven cross streets — approximately from First to Seventh and from Locust to Clay. The number of votes polled in October, 1836, was 621 in Dubuque village and over 1,000 in Dubuque county. The original survey of the village embraced thirty-five blocks which were subdivided into 220 town lots.. Among the business men in 1836 were D. Gillilan, dry goods ; F. K. O'Ferrall, real estate ; O'Ferrall & Cox, merchan- 56 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY dise ; A. Levi & Co., groceries and provisions ; John M. Davis, tailor ; Dubuque Tavern, Jeremiah Penix, proprietor; L. Bruly, boot and shoe maker; W. M. Baker & Co., liquors; E. Lockwood, merchan dise; Philip C. Morheiser, sign painter; William Myers, merchan dise; Emerson & Crider, merchandise; Timothy Mason & Co., drugs; Wheeler & Loomis, merchandise ; George S. Nightingale, merchan dise; Dr. R. Murray; C. H. Gratiot, merchandise; Fassitt & Sher man, merchandise; Quigley & Butterworth, groceries; Baptiste LaPage, confections ; Sleator & Swoker, merchandise ; John Regan & Co., merchandise; Gartrell & Dougherty, liquors, groceries, hard ware, etc. ; R. C. Bourne, groceries ; S. C. Parish, bakery, confec tionery; Swan, Webster & Co., merchandise; McClay & Bellows, merchandise ; F. B. Everett, merchandise ; John Amer, merchandise ; H. L. Massey & Co., merchandise. In November, 1836, a weekly mail between Dubuque and Des Moines was established. In 1836 Congress appropriated $40,000 for the improvement of the Mississippi above St. Louis. In 1836, so rapidly was the town growing and so improved were local condi tions and business, that the citizens organized as the Wisconsin Hotel Company and attempted to raise $20,000 by subscription for a mammoth brick hotel that should fittingly represent the importance of the place. The hotel was to be located on Main street on lots bought of Mr. Allen at a cost of $2,000. Loomis, Sleator and King were the committee to oversee all arrangements. In August of this year E. C. Dougherty kept New House hotel on Locust near the Catholic church. The rapid growth was checked in the fall of 1836, because the necessary building material could not be obtained. though the stress was partly relieved by the rafts of boards and shingles brought down from Wisconsin by Ezekiel Lockwood. In the fall of 1836 William Hale, of Peru, brought from Shawneetown, 111., a drove of about twenty milk cows which he quickly sold to the settlers at $27.50 per head. Chauncey Swan & Company operated a distillery on Catfish creek two miles southwest of Dubuque. David Sleator began work on a sawmill at Eagle Point late in 1836. Settlers were pouring into the new lands on the west side of the rivers. In 1836 about' fifty families from Phila delphia and a large colony from Ohio crossed and settled in the open country to the westward. "Dubuque's Mines" was the name of the postoffice. M. H. Prentice was continued as postmaster. In June, 1836, a meeting was called for the purpose of forming a library association. At this date a Mr. Turner lectured here on "Temperance." The Visitor said, "As heretofore we will be glad to receive also Sucker paper and N. Biddle." The editor was a Democrat and was making fun of the paper money of Illinois and of the national banks. Nicholas Biddle was at that date president of the national bank which was opposed by Presidents Jackson and Van Buren and all other Democrats. Already, in 1836, a canal to HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 57 connect the main shore of the river with the steamboat landing on the inner slough was discussed and projected. It was found neces sary to dig one-third of a mile and through the "isthmus." The step was deemed necessary for two principal reasons : 1 . Boats could come up to the business part of town; 2. a current would be formed through Lake Peosta and the canal and would drain the inner and other sloughs. The first election of trustees of the town of Dubuque was held April 1, 1837, and the following board was chosen: William Myers, Thomas S. Wilson, Charles Miller, Thomas C. Fassett and Timothy Fanning. Mr. Wilson was chosen president of the board ; Charles Corkery, clerk; Patrick Quigley, town treasurer; Philip C. Mor heiser, marshal and collector, and Ezekiel C. Dougherty, assessor. After the election the first regular business was the passage of the following resolutions : Resolved, That for the purpose of removing the obstructions from the slough of the river next to the town of Dubuque and for rendering it navigable for steamboats, that the president and trustees of said town borrow such sums of money as may be deemed neces sary to effect those objects, which money will be repaid as soon as a sufficient sum shall be in the town treasury. Resolved, That a committee be formed whose duty it shall be to carry into effect the objects embraced in the foregoing resolution, to employ men and to superintend the work, and whose further duty it shall be to change the course of the water from the ravine near Mr. Lorimier's house to a channel more direct towards the river. Messrs. Fanning, Miller and Fassett were appointed such com mittee and later made report that instructions had been carried out so far as the high water would permit. Regular ordinances for the government of the town were then passed at subsequent meetings — defining officers' duties; penalties for breaches of ordinances; regu lating the police ; to prevent running horses, etc. ; fines and forfeit ures ; authorizing citizens to furnish fire buckets and ladders and to form themselves into a fire company. At the meeting of May 6, 1837, the first steps to raise revenue by taxation were taken; ten days later the revenue ordinance was passed. Another early ordinance provided for the due observance of the Sabbath. Still others defined and marked the boundaries of the town, location of streets, etc. ; regulated wharves and steam boats ; gave Alexander Butterworth and George Strasser permission to keep a "butchering yard or slaughtering pen within the limits of the town," etc. Upon June 24, 1837, after further consideration, the trustees concluded to take no further action concerning the streets, in view of the fact that the commissioners appointed by the President of the United States to survey and lay off the town were then at work. On June 26 W. W. Chapman, lawyer, was employed for $50 to .58 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY attend the five cases of the town then pending. The assessment list returned by the assessor was found defective and a reassessment was ordered. Stephen Hempstead, attorney, specially employed for the purpose, gave his opinion that the board of trustees were author ized and empowered by the act of incorporation to hold courts and impose fines ; a day for such courts was thereupon set apart. Citi zens were notified regularly to work the streets. G. W. Harrison was the regular surveyor of the town; copies of his original plots were made. It was agreed that Charles Corkery should be paid $200 annually for his services as clerk of the board. On August 26, 1837, Mr. Wilson resigned from his position as trustee and hence as president of the board. Peter A. Lorimier was elected his suc cessor, but declined, and John Plumbe, Jr., was chosen and he accepted. Stephen Hempstead, for $200, agreed to attend to the legal business of the town for the remainder of the current year. In September a house to the rear of the store of John Regan & Company was rented for an office by the board ; they were to pay to George L. Nightingale, agent for Regan & Company, $5 per month for the house. On September 16, 1837, the board caused to be circulated hand bills calling for a mass meeting of the citizens on September 23 "for the purpose of expressing public opinion and obtaining information relative to the survey of all such lots and parcels of ground as were intended for public use in the town of Dubuque by the original surveys." In September, 1837, Fassitt & Sherman were repaid the $50 they had loaned the board in April ; and Gehon & Hendry were repaid $25 for a similar loan. An ordinance to regulate shows was passed October 7. In October steps to grade a portion of Main street were taken. Quigley & Butterworth and Patrick Finn were repaid sums loaned the board in April. On November 4 the treas urer reported on hand a balance of $36. As early as November 18, 1837, a conflict of certain streets with the graveyard was reported and considered. The county commissioners and the town board, both, were at work on the Lorimier Hollow road, a very important highway leading westwardly; the board also worked the Dirty Hollow road. "Dubuque is incorporated and though only laid out in 1833 now contains about 2,000 inhabitants. We have two stone and one wooden churches ; an excellent female school and another for boys ; several splendid brick houses; a bank which has never suspended specie payments; a double steam sawmill and a grist mill about to be attached; a printing press which issues weekly the Iowa News; about thirty stores; two public billiard rooms; two coffee houses; an extensive public reading room ; four hotels ; two brick yards, etc. The mail arrives tri-weekly at present, but will run daily from January 1 next. Steamboats we do not pretend to count ; they come and go constantly. Navigation is now in the finest order. Laborers HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 59 receive from $20 to $30 per month and found; mechanics receive from $2.50 to $3 per day; farmers receive for wheat $2 per bushel, corn $1, rye $1.50, oats 75 cents, potatoes 50 cents; beef is worth 6 to 7 cents a pound; sugar I2j4 cents, coffee 20 cents." — (Iowa News, December 9, 1837, John Plumbe, Jr.) The town actually contained about 1,100 inhabitants instead of 2,000. The Lafayette Circus Company, of New York, performed here several nights to large houses in 1837; a menagerie of wild animals was exhibited here, also, in 1837 ; and a fine collection of paintings. In July, 1837, T. Fanning & Co. opened the Jefferson House at Main and O'Connell streets. A weekly mail connecting Dubuque, Peru, Durango and Cassville was established in July, 1837. In June, 1837, a public sale of lots was advertised at Eagle Point by Thomas McCraney, Mathias Ham, F. K. O'Ferrall and John Foley. Engle, Booth & Co. began the construction of a steam sawmill in May, 1837. Previous to the summer of 1837 not a foot of land in Iowa west of the Mississippi had been sold, though there were about 14,000 squatters. On June 3, 1837, the Iowa News succeeded the Dubuque Visitor, with Coriell, King and Russell proprietors. Mr. Coriell had been connected with the Visitor. Early in 1837, when the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature refused to place on record the protests of the citizens of Dubuque against the establishment of the capital at Madison, the people here protested vigorously. In 1837 three fine brick houses were erected ; the Catholic cathe dral was completed; the Presbyterian church of stone was up two stories high and ready for the roof. Charles Corkery opened the Shakespeare coffee house, an institution afterward famous for its convivial meetings, parties, etc. He kept a file of newspapers from all parts of the country, to which guests were admitted. He also kept liquors to which guests were admitted — "cash up." The stand had formerly been occupied by Gehon & Hendry. "The Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, has just got into operation discounting liberally and paying specie. Can you say as much for any of your old and long established institutions?" — (John Plumbe, Jr., in Iowa News, November 18, 1837.) The Iowa News was suspended from October 14 to November 15, 1837, for want of paper. Richard Plumbe succeeded Thomas Graffort as proprietor of the Washington House. In 1837 O'Ferrall & Co. occupied their fine warehouse on the wharf. In August, 1837, flour was $12 to $15 a barrel; bacon 10 to 12 cents a pound; corn $1.50 per bushel; labor $20 to $25 per month. The steamboat arrivals and departures at Galena in 1837 were 717, according to the Saturday Evening Post, of Philadelphia, of January, 1838; the most of these boats touched at Dubuque. About the middle of February, 1.838, the mercury sank to 25 degrees below zero at Dubuque. A railway to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans and to connect the Mississippi and Lake Michigan was 6o HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY seriously considered in 1838. In the spring of 1838 Dubuque had three or four church organizations and two stone buildings; one bank — the only one west of the Mississippi; thirty stores; three hotels ; one theater, one lyceum ; two academies ; one reading-room ; one printing office ; one steam sawmill ; one grist mill building ; one coffee house ; several billiard halls ; several "elegant brick mansions" ; the lead mines were in full operation, new veins, lodes or leads being discovered weekly, though there was no scientific mining here yet. — (John Plumbe, Jr., in Iowa News, February 10, 1838.) On Jan uary 5, 1838, the Iowa Nezvs said it had received no mail for six days. The lyceum was organized December 27, 1837, at the house of James Langworthy. The Iowa News came within four votes out of twenty-four of getting the contract to print the territorial laws in 1837-8. An investigation, in January, 1838, of the acts of the commis sioners appointed to survey and lay off the town showed gross irregularities and unjust charges. They were entitled, it was shown, to thirteen days' pay and had drawn pay for three months. Other illegal acts were set forth in the records. The commissioners were Carver, Cubbage and Coriell. In April, 1838, the following men were elected trustees : Alex ander Butterworth, John McKenzie, John Plumbe, Jr., Benjamin Rupert and Philip C. Morheiser. Joseph T. Fales became clerk and B. F. Davis marshal. An ordinance to prevent steamboats from landing freight on the Sabbath was passed in April, 1838. This caused objections from a number of citizens, whereupon a public meeting to consider the repeal of the law was called. Mr. Hemp stead was employed as attorney of the board "at a fair compen sation." ' In June, 1838, the trustees conferred with the county commis sioners with reference to the selection of a quarter section of land for county purposes as per act of Congress. The president of the board was authorized to confer with the commissioner of the Gen eral Land Office with the "view of securing to Dubuque the benefits contemplated by the law of Congress authorizing the laying off said town." In August, 1838, William H. Turner stated in reference to his testimony concerning the United States commissioners to lay off Dubuque that the "answers are not recorded as they ought to have been and are extremely incorrect. Mr. Corkery, clerk, stated that the answers as reported were substantially as Mr. Turner had made them. In February, 1838, the citizens held a public meeting to devise ways and means to improve the mail service. A committee was appointed to petition Congress to afford additional mail facilities, as follows: 1. A tri-weekly, four-horse, post coach route from Dubuque to Milwaukee; 2. a weekly horse route to the center of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 61 Delaware county; 3. a weekly horse mail from Dubuque to the Cedar River settlement ; 4. an improvement of the mails between Dubuque and Chicago and between Dubuque and St. Louis. Judge Lockwood, J. T. Fales and John Plumbe, Jr., served as such com mittee. Early in 1838 the Iowa Thespian Association gave regular theatrical performances here in the Shakespeare House ; the "Glory of Columbus," by William Dunlap, was rendered by the young men of Dubuque to overflowing houses and the performance was re peated several times. Thomas C. Fassett, A. J. Anderson and George L. Nightingale were the committee on arrangements for the Thespians. In March, 1838, the citizens assembled at the Methodist church and organized a temperance society with Judge Lockwood president and John Plumbe, Jr., secretary, and decided on a basis of total abstinence. St. Patrick's day was duly celebrated at the Jef ferson hotel. In 1838 Dubuque was made the office of this land district. Thomas McKnight was receiver and Joseph Worthington register. In June, 1838, the town board called for a loan of $3,000. The sale of lands in this district was advertised to commence November 5, 1838. The commissioners appointed to lay out the town (William W. Coriell, George Cubbage and M. M. McCarver) gave notice in 1838 that they would sit in June to determine claims to pre-emption to town lots. These commissioners were later charged with gross irregularities if not downright dishonesty. They demanded an investigation and a committee of citizens found them blameless. "Changes in Dubuque. — We heard a gentleman remark the other day that he had resided in Dubuque about five years, during which time he had lived, first, under no government at all, then under Michigan, next under Wisconsin, and now under Iowa." — (Iowa News, July 14, 1838.) In June, 1838, large flocks of wild pigeons alighted on the build ings of Dubuque. On June 18, 1838, John King sold his interests in the News to Coriell and Russell. Richard Plumbe kept the Washington House in 1838. There was much complaint in 1838 over the fact that the butchers left offal and bones lying in the streets. The land office officials gave notice for claimants to come forward September 15, 1838, and prove their rights under the pre emption laws. Land sales during the first four days amounted to $30,000. Late in 1838 hunting parties from Dubuque killed buf faloes and elks on the headwaters of the Turkey and Maquoketa rivers. The commissioners appointed to settle pre-emption claims having failed to act, a mass meeting of the citizens was held at the court house April 30, 1838, to consider the situation. It was "resolved, that a committee be appointed to prepare a memorial to the commis sioner of the General Land Office setting forth the grounds for which the citizens of Dubuque desire the repeal of that part of the 62 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY amendatory law which empowers one set of commissioners to execute the provisions of the act of July, 1836, at the several towns therein mentioned and asking the appointment of a separate commis sion for Du Buque in order that every person entitled to a certificate of pre-emption may receive the same without delay ; that this meet ing view with much regret the arbitrary dismissal by one commis sioner of Mr. Vliet, whose survey of the town of Du Buque under the instructions of the surveyor general had given general satisfac tion to her citizens." Stephen Hempstead, J. Fanning and M. H. Prentice were appointed such committee. "Canal. — We are glad to see that two or three public spirited individuals have commenced this work upon their own responsi bility. The great advantages to be derived from this connection of the river with the bay are too apparent to all to require from us a word in commendation of this laudable undertaking." — (Iowa News, October 29, 1838.) Late in 1838 W. W. Coriell sold his interest in the News to John B. Russell, and Edwin Reeves joined the latter in conducting the paper. November 3, 4 and 5 Dubuque was crowded with settlers living to the westward, who came here to buy the homes they had pre-empted. In 1838 there were but ten persons or firms whose tax exceeded $10 each and their tax exceeded one-fourth of the whole tax of the year. In 1838 the aggregate tax levied was $534.37; in 1839, $740.62; in 1856, $90,000; in 1857, upwards of $102,000. — (Times, September 9, 1857.) For the year 1838 the total receipts of the town of Dubuque were $64 and total expenses $211.54%; balance against the town, $147.54%. The receipts were mostly fines and licenses. The largest item of expense was $150 for salaries. In 1838 among the business men were the following: Hempstead & Lorimier, grain and merchandise ; Paschal Mallet sold his grocery to M. Frichette; G. B. Morrison, flour and whisky; C Kaltenbach, jewelry; G. A. Shannon & Co., general store; Mattox & Markle, general store; Quigley & Butterworth, grocers; Scott & Taylor, merchandise ; Joseph McClay, flour, etc. ; Adam J. Anderson, wheel wright, plough-maker and sleigh-maker; O'Ferrall & Harbeson, general store; Emerson & Crider, grocers; E. Lockwood, general store ; Nicholas Carroll sold lime ; Gehon & Hendry, general store ; Timothy Mason, drugs; L. Longuemare & Bro., grocers. The Dubuque Lyceum was in operation early in 1838, with T. R. Lurton, president, and John Plumbe, Jr., secretary. In February, 1838, a select committee of the territorial legislature investigated the Miners' Bank. Ezekiel Lockwood was president of the bank and Thomas Martin cashier. The following statement was issued at this time: HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 63. ASSETS. Certificates for specie deposited in Detroit $ 40,000.00 Bills discounted 40,809.05 Due bills of exchange 1,450.00 Due from individuals 2,060.00 Contingent expenses 1,010.26 Suspense account 4,463.98 Real estate 950.00 Foreign bank notes 20,155.00 Items counted as cash 7>375-75 Specie on hand 1,318.02 Total $119,592.06 LIABILITIES. Capital stock paid in $100,000.00 Discount received 864.01 Profit and loss 1,113.00 Twelve months' notes in circulation 12,680.00 Notes on demand in circulation 1,350.00 Individual deposits 3085.05 Total $1 19,592.06 There had been a sharp crusade against the bank by Edward Langworthy and others. John Dillon, cashier, swore that the bank had on hand, November 21, 1837, $41,147 in specie; it had not yet suspended early in 1838. In 1837 it issued post notes. On December 5, 1838, the bank was found by the legislative committee to be solvent and comparatively sound. Its circulation was $10,990 ;: post notes still out, $5,035; individual deposits, $3,647.39; gold and silver on hand, $3,033; notes of other banks, $18,874; bills dis counted, $71,597.72; real estate, $4,206.11 ; capital stock, $100,000. The legislative committee was Warner Lewis, Hardin Nowlin and James Hall. At this time the bank advertised to redeem its post notes upon demand without regard to maturity. The theatrical company of Mackenzie and Jefferson rendered' several plays early in 1839 at the Shakespeare House, among them being "Honeymoon" and "How to Rule a Wife." Among the actors were Leicester, Germon, Warren, Sankey, Jefferson, Burke,. Wright and Stafford and Mesdames Ingersoll, Jefferson, Germon and Mackenzie. Germon sang "Lass o'Gowrie" and Burke danced the "Sailors' Hornpipe." The company rendered a farce called "The Waterman." Tickets, $1 ; children, 50 cents; performance commenced at 6:30 p. m. and concluded at 10 p. m. On January 28, 1839, it commenced to snow and continued for 64 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY two days, covering the ground to the depth of twelve to fourteen inches. This was the heaviest fall since the winter of 1830-1. It had been gloomy here before, but now all became merry. Parties, dances, sleigh rides and merriment took absorbing possession of all. "Sleigh bells are ringing; youngsters, old maids and even old bachelors are smiling ; beaux are courting, all are dancing, and de'il take the one that has not felt the comforts of the times," said the Iowa News of February 2, 1839. "The board of trustees of this place has held several meetings within the last ten days in order to set matters to rights prior to their retirement from the arduous duties of their office. This is right. If they have neglected for near a year to hold a meeting, letting the business for which they were elected go undone, they should before their term of office expires collect taxes sufficient to pay their salaried clerk at least. There has been but a small per cent upon the amount of taxes assessed as yet collected, leaving an amount due sufficient to put our streets in good order and repair the damage done to them in several parts of the town. This neglect comes hard upon many of our well-disposed citizens who have paid their taxes. Now when they utter a complaint against the board for its neglect of duty, they are answered that the taxes are not collected — the people won't pay." — (Iowa Nezvs, March 16, 1839.) The fact was that the citizens generally demurred to the payment of land and other property tax owing to the unsettled condition of their pre-emption rights and to the claims to all this soil by the heirs of Julien Dubuque. "The theatrical company of Messrs. Mackenzie and Jefferson has been performing in this place for the last ten days to respectable houses, giving general satisfaction." Othello, Charles II., Rob Roy McGregor, Richard III. were rendered to good houses. Leicester was the leading tragedian; Germon made a good villain, and Jef ferson could always bring roars of laughter. They left after eleven days' performance. The Iowa News was chosen by the legislature to print the session laws of 1838-9 and was required to give bond for $5,000. In preparing this bond the editor of the News came in conflict with W. B. Conway, secretary of the territory, whose arbitrary and dominating practices caused much vexation and anger. A citizen of Dubuque received a perpetual ferry privilege, investing him with the exclusive right at Dubuque. As trade improved he failed to improve on his rickety old house boat. This roused the ire of the citizens and he was deprived of his privileges by the United States District Court. Miss C. Morheiser opened an establishment for the ladies in April, 1839 — millinery and mantua making. In December, 1839, the Dubuque Lyceum met in the basement of the Presbyterian church ; A. Levi was secretary. In April, 1839, the following trustees were elected: Samuel D. fmtwmW & 1 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 65 Dixon, Edward Langworthy, Patrick Quigley, Lorin Wheeler and Thomas C. Fassett. Benjamin Rupert became clerk and George A. Shannon treasurer. In April, 1839, the board took action "to con sider the practicability of the citizens of Dubuque to commence a system of improvements the coming summer," and a committee was appointed to report on the best course to pursue. A resolution offered by Mr. Langworthy in April provided for the appointment of a permanent committee on finance one of whose duties was to learn at once if citizens who performed work for the town would be willing to receive as pay corporation certificates bearing interest at 8 per cent. At this time further inquiries were made by the board concerning the validity of titles in the town. Five hundred blank town orders were ordered printed May 15, 1839. Mr. Childs was paid $50 for a large copy of the original plat of the town. It was found best at this time to appoint a committee on claims. In June the basis for street grades was established at several points on the wharf. Estimates for grading and macadamizing certain streets were considered. In June, 1839, the board ordered the purchase of an engine then in the town, but the records do not show what the object of this action was. At this time the ferries stopped at McGeary's Landing. An embankment was ordered built from the lower landing to where Main street intersected Front street ; it was let out in several contracts by the yard and was paid for in town orders bearing 7 per cent interest. The base of the embankment was ordered made twenty-one feet wide and the top fifteen feet wide. In September, 1839, the trustees met in a back room of the building occupied by Nightingale & Dougherty. The center of the embankment being built at Front street was ordered located forty feet east of the west line of Main street. The contractors of the embankment were James Currin, John McMahon, John Blake, Hugh Tranor (Treanor) and John Chapman; they were each required to give bond for $100 and obligate themselves to complete the work by November 1, 1839. Several of the contractors backed out and were released and others were appointed. Contractors were paid forty-four cents per square yard. F. Guerin was one of the contractors. They were permitted to take dirt out of Third and other nearby streets. In October, 1839, an embankment was ordered as follows: From First street, on the east side of Main street, until it should intersect the embanknient leading to the lower landing. A committee was appointed to memorialize the legislature to the effect that the ferry privileges here were the property of the corporation of Dubuque. In order to continue Eighth street west ward the board bought a portion of the garden of Mr. Lorimier late in 1839. In November, 1839, the board borrowed $100 of the Miners' Bank of Dubuque. After November n, 1839, the trustees 66 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY met at the office of Dr. Timothy Mason, who had become a member of the board. On December 16, 1839, the proposed city charter was referred to a committee. It was duly considered by the board ten days later, amended and a copy forwarded to Edward Langworthy, member of the legislature. On February 10, 1840, an election on the city charter was ordered held at the court house on the first Monday in March, 1840. A. Butterworth, J. F. Fales and Leroy Jackson were appointed judges of election. On March 18, 1840, the board decided to memorialize Congress concerning the disposal of the proceeds of the sale of town lots. Timothy Mason prepared the memorial. On April 1, 1840, B. F." Davis was allowed a bill as per ordinance "informing on O'Mara, Hedges, Downs and LaPage for violation of the Sabbath." The vote on the city charter was polled in a house at the corner of Main and Third streets. E. M. Bissell, for with holding the "profiles" from the board, was ordered sued in trover in April, 1840. The trustees in April, 1840, were Quigley, Dixon, Mason, Wheeler, Farley and Miller. Benjamin Rupert became clerk. The board met in the store of Mr. Hawkins on Main street. Persons who were using the graveyard as a pasture were ordered to desist. The Iowa News of February 1, 1840, contained the following editorial : "Du Buque. — Never to our knowledge has our city been so well supplied with all the necessaries of life at this season of the year as at the present time. Flour which in the winter time was always held at the prodigious and extortionate price of $18 and even $20 a barrel can now be had readily at $7, $8 and $9 per barrel, and all other articles in the same proportion. It is true, money is scarce, but the great difference in the price of provisions is not owing to that circumstance. The soil is beginning to be extensively cultivated. In addition our citizens are occasionally treated with luxuries which our eastern brethren do not enjoy. Prairie chickens by the sled load are frequently peddled out through the streets at a bit apiece and venison is in abundance. The time is near at hand when we will no longer have to depend upon the lower country for our supplies of provisions. Indeed, that sort of speculation may be considered at an end already." Jordan's Ferry was opposite Dubuque. There stood a tavern, grocery, stable and there ferry privileges could be had. In 1840 there were a first class new horse boat, a flat, and skiffs. This property was offered for rent in February, 1840, by George W. Jones. "Upon a level we suppose the snow to be about ten inches deep, which, together with the others before it, makes a greater fall this winter than any one since the settlement of the country." — (Iowa Ncii petition the Secre tary of War for the survey of the port and harbor of the town of Dubuque. In November, 1840, there was pending a case entitled United States vs. President and Trustees of the Town of Dubuque. As a measure to prevent fires an examination of all stove pipes and chimneys in town was made in December, 1840. Hay scales were ordered bought in January, 1841. "Lately visiting Dubuque we found it progressing finely in build^ ings, mining and dry goods business; but the retail grocers (wet) wore long faces. A complete temperance reformation has been effected by the zeal of the Catholic clergy among its much abused Irish citizens in whose hands the glass has given place to implements of industry. Nor is the reformation confined to them alone — it has 70 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY spread throughout the community, embracing every class and every denomination. Almost every Irish Catholic has signed the pledge of total abstinence. In politics she is slumbering — not a movement save secret caucuses which are held weekly by the leaders of the party. This is no time for Democrats to be idle ; wake up to duty, Democrats." — ( Bloomington Herald, April 16, 1841.) "We are happy to perceive a spirit of energy in the movements of our new corporation which will before long remedy the evils under which our citizens have so long suffered. The work of straightening Eighth street and repairing the road through Lorimier Hollow, over which a considerable portion of the business of the town with the country in its rear is done, will not only be of great benefit to our trade, but will stop the rush of water which for the past two years has been ruining the property at the south end of Locust street. It is also in contemplation to commence the excava tion of the long-desired canal between the outer and inner sloughs as soon as the fall of water will permit. After this improvement is completed a current will be thrown into the inner slough which will render its waters sweet and healthy and enable steamboats to approach the wharves in ordinary stages of water. We have too long remained in a state of apathy in regard to the disadvantages suffered on account of the obstructions to our harbor and the conse quent injury to the health and business of this place. No towtn on the upper Mississippi has so many natural resources as Dubuque. It is only necessary to apply the enterprise of an industrious md vigorous population to insure a rapid advance to prosperity. After this canal is commenced all our citizens who feel interested ii its speedy completion will have an opportunity of affording ?uch assistance to the corporation as they may deem expedient either in teams or labor." — (Iowa News, May 29, 1841.) In 1841 the citizens petitioned Congress for a survey of Dubuque harbor with a view of improving navigation. In the spring of 1841 a bill for the final settlement of the Dubuque claim was introduced in the United States Senate. In March, 1841, the ladies of the Dubuque Benevolent Associa tion gave a public dinner and were patronized by almost everybody. The voluntary speakers were Patrick Quigley, Charles Corkery, G. C. Collins, Timothy Davis and Rev. J. Cretin. In tbi* spring of 1841 bills of the Miners' Bank to the amount of about $12,000 were deposited and as usual a certificate of deposit for specie was issued, but when the specie was demanded two days later it was announced that the bank had suspended. The first number of the Miners' Express was issued a! .out August 1, 1 84 1, by Thomas and Keesecker. Avery Thomas, of Dubuque, went to Cincinnati by boat and purchased the materials. The citi zens previously had urged the need of such a sheet here. No doubt proper encouragement and perhaps pecuniary assistat>ce were ex- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 71 tended. D. S. Wilson related that when it came to naming the paper many titles were proposed ; finally the Miners' Express was unani mously chosen. During its existence it was often called "The Thun derer," like the London Times, because it swayed at will the old democracy of this portion of the West. On March 1, 1841, the citizens of the town voted on the question of a charter and city government — fifty-eight votes for the charter and thirty-eight votes against it. This vote was an acceptance of the charter and an election of mayor and six aldermen was ordered held April 5, 1841. H. W. Sanford, Augustus Coriell and Dr. Timothy Mason were appointed judges of that election. The first city officers elected were C. H. Booth, mayor, and J. P. Farley, Charles Miller, E. Langworthy, W. W. Coriell, H. Simplot and T. Fanning, aldermen. Mr. Coriell was chosen president of the board. On May 3, 1841, Benjamin Rupert was elected city clerk ; B. F. Davis, marshal and collector ; E. C. Dougherty, assessor and street commissioner; William Lawther, treasurer, and Charles Miller, weigh-master. At this time there was considerable money in the land office here due the city from the sale of city lands ; it was decided to ask the Secretary of the Treasury to order this sum paid to the city of Dubuque. On May 26, 1841, it was determined by the board to begin at once the improvement of the harbor under the supervision of the street commissioner, who was directed to open a canal to connect the outer and inner sloughs at the best practical points. He was directed "to deepen the channel which now connects the slough at the lower landing with the inner slough and levee the same on the side next the town so as to make as good a steamboat landing as may be practicable." Mr. Farley voted against this ordinance. The board opened Eighth street and appointed a jury to assess the damage thereby to the property of Peter A. Lorimier; they found the damage to be $70. On May 31, 1841, the board ordered issued in the denominations of $1, $2, $3 and $5 blank orders to the amount of $2,000. Proposals for work on the canal were called foi in June, 1841 ; this work was paid for in city scrip. Another $1,000 was appropriated for canal work on June 21, 1841. Steps to deepen the mouth of the inner slough at the lower landing were taken in August, 1841. Another $1,000 for canal work was appropriated late in August, 1841. Previous to September 6, 184 1, there had been appropriated for the opening of this canal a total of $3,500; the canal to connect the outer and inner sloughs. The board on September 6, 1841, pledged the fund due the city from the land office from the sale of public lots for the payment of the above appropriation. The board investigated the accounts of the land office so far as the sale of city lots was concerned. A great many grocery (wet) licenses were issued about this time; the license was $100. 72 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Gen. James Wilson was appointed surveyor general for Iowa and Wisconsin in the fall of 1841. It was stated at the time though denied that he bought the printing plant of the Iowa News with the intention of establishing here a Whig newspaper. The Dubuque Insurance Company was organized in February, 1842, by Edward Langworthy, William Lawther, J. P. Farley. Charles D. Townsend, Timothy Davis, Patrick Quigley, Robert Waller and Henry Simplot. A mechanics' institute was incorpo rated a little while before this date. D. S. Wilson and A. Keesecker were editors of the Miners' Express. The winter of 1842-3 was unparalleled for its long continuance and exceptional severity. It began about the middle of November with snow after snow and severe cold. Aside from a dozen fair days late in January, it was snowing nearly all the time. Nine days in February, 1843, the mercury was below zero and of the first twenty-three days in March eleven were below zero. The river did not open until late in April and the ice was more than thirty inches thick. In 1842 the Miners' Bank, after suspension, changed owners and afterward was con trolled by the Gas Light Company of St. Louis, under which it resumed for a short time, but then suspended again. A bill was introduced in the legislature to repeal its charter, but this step roused the citizens of Dubuque who agreed to raise $50,000 in specie to strengthen the bank, providing the charter was not re pealed; whereupon the bill was defeated in the council though it passed the House. It was still the only bank in Iowa territory, and though the Democrats opposed it the Whigs fought hard to retain it. "The Miners' Bank of Dubuque a few weeks ago was selected by the brokers of St. Louis as their next victim. They refused its notes, decried them, and soon they were finding their way to the shaving shop at a discount. Two somebodys were sent up to Dubuque to examine its affairs, who returned and reported that she would resume specie payments on the first of July next. This story told, the brokers could pass her notes at par, which they had taken in at a great discount." — (Bloomington Herald, July 17, 1842.) "The Miners' Bank of Dubuque has, we are informed, gone to the , where we wish all banks could be sent. Give us the barrel and we know when we put our hands upon it that it is there and no mistake." — (Bloomington Herald, July 22, 1842.) In April, 1842, Samuel D. Dixon was elected mayor and John Thompson, J. P. Farley, James Fanning, Joseph Ogilby, A. Cline and Joseph T. Fales, aldermen. The council elected the other city officers. The water which came down Lorimier Hollow (Eighth street) in early flood times caused severe losses and was very troublesome. Much time was spent in examining the extravagant charges of the commissioners appointed originally to lay off Du buque. A ditch carried the water down Eighth street to the slough and had to be bridged at several places. The fire engine was ordered HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 73 transferred to a company of firemen formed about this time. The trustees of the Methodist Episcopal church agreed to sell the old meeting house to the city council for $100. John D. Bush and William B. Smith, who laid claim to lots on the public square, refused to vacate until they were paid $100 per lot each. The old fire engine on May 2, 1842, was turned over to the following enrolled fire company : John R. Harvey, Warren Emer son, D. McGouldrich, James M. Emerson, William H. Robbins, James V. Campton, David S. Wilson, A. Keesecker, Rufus Miller. Charles Miller, Samuel Dodge, R. C. Anderson, William Rebman, Jacob Evans, B. F. Davis, J. E. Whitcher, George W. Starr, William Young, James H. Warren, William Newman, C. Pelon, Timothy Smith and William W. Anderson. On May 9, 1842, the council prepared a memorial to Congress asking that body to donate to the city authorities the islands in the Mississippi river opposite the city ; the memorial was forwarded to Hon A. C. Dodge, delegate in Congress. "Orders have been received at the land office to suspend business until the new register shall arrive and be duly qualified. The conse quence of this will be detrimental to hundreds of settlers who have not yet proved up their pre-emptions under the act of 1840 and the time will expire in a month from this." — (Miners' Express, May 19, 1842.) The erection of a market house was first broached June 20, 1842, and again considered July n. The city procured considerable lum ber at Hale's mill. On July 12 Cline, Eales, Fanning and Ogilby voted in favor of a market house and Farley against it. A com mittee of three prepared plans and specifications for the building. The council, in October, 1842, inquired into the expediency of erect ing bridges across the sloughs, so that access to the main channel of the river could be secured. In December, 1842, the receiver of the land office here issued a statement as to the amount of money due the city, the number of lots yet to be sold, etc. In December the fire company petitioned for ladders and hooks which were made for them by Joseph Ogilby upon order of the council. In 1842 the Washingtonians and other temperance organizations had strong followings in Dubuque. In 1843-4 Congress appro priated $14,500 for the Dubuque harbor. In the fall of 1843 the trade of Dubuque was much larger than ever before ; grain and pork in enormous quantities came here in wagons from a hundred miles to the westward. Every business here felt the stimulus. In No vember, 1843, Prof. M. De Bonneville who- had taught French at Harvard University lectured here on animal magnetism. It was said he could stop a woman's tongue by merely shaking his finger at her. He organized a private class and it was declared humorously that all who had scolding wives became members. It was claimed that he performed several remarkable cures — deafness, lameness, etc. The first number of the Iowa Transcript was issued late in 74 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY May, 1843, hy H. H. Houghton, of the Galena Gazette. It claimed to be Democratic, but favored Clay for President. The Express favored Van Buren. Owing to ill health Mr. Houghton was forced to suspend the paper temporarily about August 1, 1843. The Miners' Express said February 17, 1843, that mercury a few days before stood in Dubuque at 40 degrees below zero. — (Bloomington Herald, February 24, 1843.) "We had a tremendous hail storm here on Tuesday evening last. It broke upwards of twenty panes of glass in the house in which our office is situated. Six of the hailstones weighed a pound." — (Miners' Express, May, 1843.) The famous "Bill Johnson" who had played the part of a villain in Maine and along the Canadian border came west to Buchanan county, Iowa, in 1843 and began similar tactics. He had spread. consternation along the entire Canadian border. It was alleged that the man of that name in the West was not the same person as the Maine buccaneer. The one in the West was finally lynched by a party of regulators, but his lynchers were sent to the penitentiary by the United States District Court sitting at Dubuque. The western "Bill Johnson" had a lovely daughter who attended the trial and riveted all eyes by her unusual feminine charms. Mr. Keesecker, of the Miners' Express, wrote of her in extravagant terms — "heavenly charms, deep blue eyes, matchless grace, piercing glances, queen-like dignity, soul-subduing countenance," etc., and was laughed at by the whole press of the West. He resented this interference and came near having a duel with John B. Russell, the editor of the Bloomington Herald. Apparently the only obstacle to the encounter was their disagreement as to the place of meeting. The blood curdling articles of the editors make good reading. The election of city officers in April, 1843, was held at B. Rupert's office ; Dr. T. Mason and Gen. F. Gehon were judges of the election. Wilson and Keesecker of the Miners' Express did the city printing for several years about this period. David & Crawford, attorneys, represented the city in the case of City of Dubuque vs. United States Commissioners. At the April election, 1843, James Fanning was chosen mayor, and Timothy Fanning, David Sleator, P. C. Morhiser, John H. Thedinga, F. K. O'Ferrall and Joseph Ogilby, aldermen. There , were bridges at Bluff, Locust, Iowa, Clay and other streets, for which lumber was obtained from Hale's mill. W. B. Smith was city clerk. An ordinance prohibiting the opening of saloons and stores on Sunday was lost in June, 1843 '< ayes — Fanning and Ogilby ; nays — Thedinga, Morhiser and Sleator. New bridges were built on Bluff, Main, Iowa, Clay, Locust and White streets and Lorimier Hollow. In June, 1843, citizens peti tioned for the erection of a market house. The city had great trouble to get its dues from the land office. It was necessary to dig drains from Bluff street to the slough across Locust, Main, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 75 Iowa, Clay and White streets on Eighth, Seventh and others. Lum ber from Sage's mill was used on city bridges. A suitable place for the fire engine was obtained in January, 1844. At this time the council resolved itself into a board of health for the suppression of smallpox. By May, 1844, the notes of the resuscitated Miners' bank were at par with specie. About April 1, 1844, H. H. Houghton sold the Transcript to Royal Cooper. The paper expired in September, 1845, at which date the materials were removed to Rock Island. In April, 1844, F. K. O'Ferrall was elected mayor, and Fanning, Thedinga, Blake, Rogers, Dwelle, Shields, aldermen. Grocery (wet) license was fixed at $100. The town lots remaining unsold in Dubuque were listed in 1844. A general examination of the public improvements going on here was ordered in April, 1844. Culverts on all the cross streets had to be built. Again on May 9, 1844, the council asked the receiver at the land office why the money due the city was not paid over. Eleventh street to the canal was opened in the spring of 1844. The ordinance closing groceries (wet) and stores on Sundays went into effect in May, 1844. Several mines were discovered in the forties on city property, which were leased for mining purposes. J. P. Farley was authorized to build a pow der magazine, and all persons who sold powder were required to deposit the same therein. The council met in a room owned by R. Cox in 1844-45. I" November, 1844, Farley & Bonson pre sented a bill of $206.85 f°r building a powder magazine. E. Lang worthy was asked to appear before the council in November, 1844, to report the amount of mineral due the city from the Third street mines. The city's share of this mineral was one-fourth and was worth $83.30 in specie. Immense sums in the aggregate were spent on street improvements. The survey of the harbor in detail was duly considered in December, 1844. Captain Barney, in charge of the government surveys of the .harbor, was consulted and assisted. The question of a market house was again considered in February, 1845. Levi and Simplot agreed to donate to the city ten feet front ing on their lots on Fifth street between Main and Iowa, providing the same should be used for a market-house. Steps to raise the means to erect the building were taken in February, 1845. James Wilson and E. Dwelle leased the city mines on Third street. In April, 1845, F. K. O'Ferrall was again chosen mayor, and Elisha Dwelle, Robert Rogers, Timothy Fanning, John H. The dinga, John G. Shields and John Blake, aldermen. Twenty feet on the south side of Fifth street between Main and Locust streets, owned by Charles Miller, was obtained for a market house. J. P. Farley improved and fenced the public square and was paid therefor $136.50. The Couler Hollow road was greatly improved in 1845, so also was Dodge street up Madden Hollow. Captain Barney gave the council the hydrographical map of the upper Mississippi in 76 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY April, 1845. The council considered the contemplated improve ments on the harbor. L. H. Langworthy having exchanged with the city important lots on the Couler, was required to furnish the city as a part of the compensation 10,000 good building brick. G. W. Starr was paid $5 "for fixing and hoisting the American flag on July 4, 1845." M. Hooper prepared specifications for the market house at this time. A stone wall sixty-four feet long and two and one-half feet thick was ordered built on the west side of Locust street between Second and Third. In July, 1845, Warner Lewis informed the council concerning instructions received at the land office in regard to the unsold town- lots and issued instructions as to what should be done to enter and pay for the same. December 1, 1845, was the day set to close the sale of such lots. "Cash or its equivalent in city scrip" was a term often used at this date in the payment of bills. It was necessary to build a bridge on the landing. Mr. Cook's plan for a market house was finally accepted. Sealed proposals for the building were called for. A cistern was ordered built in the market house — to hold 200 barrels of water. All slaughtering within the city limits was prohibited from September 1 to November 1, 1845. This order was in response to a petition to that effect. Todd & Humboldt offered to build the market house as per plans for $883. In January, 1845, A. Keesecker sold his interest in the Miners' Express to George Green, who had formerly been a member of the territorial council from Cedar, Linn and Jones counties. Through the exertions of Charles Corkery there was subscribed in Dubuque in 1845 $1,000 for a hospital; he also managed to secure the title to eight acres within the city limits for a site. In 1846 the ladies of Dubuque, among whom were Mrs. G. W. Jones and Mrs. J. P. Finley, gave a public supper by which to raise funds to buy a fire engine. They gave several others and by 1848 the fund amounted to $125.60, which the council endeavored to obtain, but without avail, unless they should furnish an equal amount. The sum was put in bank and continued to draw interest. In January, 1845, pursuant to act of Congress of December 26, 1844, Col. J. J. Abert and Capt. T. J. Cram, of the United States Topographical Corps, made the following report of the survey of Dubuque harbor. The chart of the survey of Dubuque harbor showed that the harbor was not in the main river, but in one of its collateral chan nels, of which there were several near Dubuque. In times of high and medium water boats of the largest class could enter the harbor, but during the usual low and the extreme low stages of the water boats of that class could not enter all the secondary channels leading to and from the harbor, owing to the shoaliness of the water. The shoals were the result of sand and mud deposits due to the currents and the islets. At a stage of four and one-half feet above extreme low stage the mean maximum velocity of the running prism of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 77 water in these channels was only .962 miles per hour, maintaining an average maximum depth of nine feet ; while the velocity in the main river in the contiguous reach was 1.5 miles per hour with an average maximum depth of fourteen feet. It was shown that there would be no difficulty in removing the existing shoals by the simple process of dredging so as to allow steamers of the largest class to enter the harbor at the lowest stages ; but the dredging would have to be repeated periodically. In the law making the appropriation for the harbor the following language was used : "For the improvement of the harbor at the town of Dubuque, Iowa, seven thousand five hundred dollars. Provided, Upon due examination and survey, under the direction of the secretary of war, it shall appear that a permanent improve ment can be accomplished and completed for this amount so as to admit the landing of-steamers of the largest class navigating the river at the town of Dubuque at all seasons of the year." It was stated that "the upper Mississippi rose in June and July, 1844, to an elevation of twelve feet two inches above its extreme low stage at Dubuque and did not subside to a stage admitting of taking the soundings until in October following, when it was down to a stage lower than the elevation of the June and July flood by seven feet eight inches. This is the stage to which the soundings recorded in the chart are all referred and which is four feet six inches above extreme low stage." Among the plans proposed for the improvement of the harbor were the following: 1 a. Dredge the bed of the main river near Eagle bluff for an extent of 1,000 feet; cost, $2,000. 2b. Excavate a steamboat canal from bank of main river from lower extremity to the head of Lake Peosta for 1,800 feet; cost, $12,690. 3c. Dredge present bed at head of Lake Peosta for an extent of 1,600 feet; cost, $2,371. 4d. Dredge bed of channel from near foot of Lake Peosta to head of existing artificial canal ; cost, $750. 5e. Deepen that canal, also the head of the natural basin just below as far down as the foot of Orange street — dredging 2,250 feet; cost, $5,087. 6f. Dredge head of natural channel from Langworthy's ware house down to Jones street, 1,600 feet; cost, $1,501. 7g. Dredge head and remove from natural channel from Jones street down along bluff into the main river, 7,000 feet ; cost, $9,240. 8h. Machines, superintendence and contingencies, $9,400. Total cost, $43,039. This plan carried out would give open navigation at the lowest water for the largest class of steamers then on the river from the main river near Eagle Bluff down to the main river below the town, four and three-quarters miles. 78 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY The second plan was not to use Lake Peosta at all, but to deepen the secondary channel just east of that lake about 1,200 feet, and then dredge. All of this would cost $34,181. The third plan was to improve the natural channel, abandon the existing canal and in lieu cut a new steamboat canal south from that channel into the basin; total cost, $31,857. The fourth plan was to improve natural channel, dig a deep feeder for the basin, open a steamboat canal from deep water in the basin to deep water in the secondary channel; dredge bed of the channel, and by dredging keep the channel free of deposits; cost, $25,042. The fifth plan contemplated constructing a deep feeder to supply the basin from the channel, a steamboat canal, dredging the bed of the channel, construction of a dam, etc. ; cost, $15,689. Plan six included a deep feeder, a steamboat canal, dredging the bed of channel, etc. ; cost, $10,277. Plan seven embraced a long canal straight through everything out to the main river, with dykes to protect its sides, a dam across lower end of basin, sluice-gates in the canal, etc. ; cost, $25,375. Plan eight contemplated a causeway from the town to the bank of the main river, where good landing would be found for all classes of boats at lowest stages ; cost, $64,875. Plan nine embraced a causeway that would be submerged and would cost $22,333. The total amount of money paid out by the corporation from April 1, 184.3, to March 31, 1844, was $1,491.61 ; total city indebt edness, including the above amount, $5,461.84. The total actual receipts were $1,434.65; and the total resources, including this amount, were $6,302.27. The total amount of money paid out by the corporation from April 1, 1844, to April 1, 1845, was $2,926.11. The corporation owed W. A. Trask $565.67 and interest for the fire engine which was bought in July, 1840. On March 31, 1845, there was yet owed for the powder magazine $206.85, and chy orders to the amount of $3,337.36 were outstanding. At the public land sale on March 27, 1843, there were sold 170 city lots for about $1,700. The total receipts of the city for the year ending March 31, 1845, were $2,662.55. This sum and the other resources due the city and the public property were estimated at $8,263.06. The council continued to have much trouble in getting the funds due it from the land office. Heavy grading on Main street was done in 1845. Clay street was ordered graded in November, 1845. In 1845 amendments to the city charter were discussed; a com mittee was appointed to make suggestions of changes. Saucier and Mattox were permitted to mine on Fifth street, they to pay one- fifth of the mineral found to the city. The council paid $20 for having the willows cut from the island opposite the canal made by HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 79 the government under the superintendence of Captain Barney. The assessed valuation of $600 on the library of Bishop Loras was reduced to $300 in January, 1846. It was ordered in January, 1846, that no city scrip should be issued for less than 75 cents on the dollar. On March 10, 1846, the citizens petitioned to have the city divided into wards. Accordingly the council immediately formed the fol lowing wards : First ward — All of the city lying south of Third street. Second ward — All of the city between Third and Eighth streets. Third ward — All of the city north of Eighth street. It was decided that two aldermen should be elected from each ward and a mayor from all the wards jointly. Todd & Humboldt were paid $135.61 for extra work on the market house. In April, 1846, in spite of their efforts to prevent it, the city fathers saw city scrip fall to 70 cents on the dollar. In April, 1846, F. K. O'Ferrall was re-elected mayor, and Hugh Treanor, Michael McNamara, W. H. Robbins, Mordecai Mobley, Amos Mat thews and Lewis L. Wood, aldermen. W. B. Smith was rechosen clerk. Mr. Trower was the first market master — chosen in April, 1846. John T. Cook was paid $10 for his plan for the market house, the same having been accepted. In April, 1846, the citizens petitioned to have the public square ornamented. A council room was prepared in the new market house in 1847. The rent of inside stalls in the market house was fixed at $15 per annum; choice stalls were offered publicly to the highest bidder. In May, 1846, C. J. Leist succeeded Mr. Trower as market master. All articles of produce or meat were required to be sold in the market house. A cannon was ordered for $25 for city use. Market hours were from 3 a. m. to 10 a. m. each day except Sunday — from May to October. Mr. Fulweiler's slaughter house was ordered removed from its then location, it having become a declared nuisance. The same of Mr. Straper's butchering establishment. Billiard license was fixed at $25. The beer license was $25. George L. Nightin gale became city clerk in 1846. The market receipts from May 12, 1846, to August 10, 1846, amounted to $36.25. The city advanced William Rebman $25, to be used in buying a cannon; but as he had not done so by August 24, 1846, he was ordered to refund that amount. J. P. Farley and Charles Corkery were paid $40 in August, 1846, for improvements on the public square. John D. Bush, owner of a slaughter house, was ordered to change his location in August, 1846. In September, 1846, the council appointed a committee to draft a new charter for the city of Dubuque, to be submitted to the Legis lature the coming winter. In 1844 Congress appropriated for the improvement of Dubuque harbor the sum of $7,500, and later $7,000 more was appropriated for the same purpose. In November, 1846, the work not progress- 80 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY ing as well as expected by the council, they called upon Captain Barney, superintendent in charge, for a report as to how much of the money had been spent, amount on hand, time yet required to com plete the work, etc. In December, 1846, the council caused to be enumerated all of the islands opposite the city for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a donation of the same to the city, previous to the public sale which was to take place in March, 1847. Such a petition was prepared by the city attorney. To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled: "We, the undersigned, the mayor and aldermen of the city of Dubuque, would most respectfully solicit your honorable bodies to enact a law donating to the city of Dubuque certain islands situate, lying and being opposite said city and between the city and the main channel of the Mississippi river; or otherwise, if your honorable bodies should deem it inexpedient to donate the same, to grant to the city the exclusive right and privilege of purchasing the same at the same rate that other lands of the United States are sold. We would most respectfully urge upon your consideration the following rea sons, as among numerous others, for our request: The situation and locality of the islands are such, that if they should fall into the hands of private individuals, the city of Dubuque would be almost entirely cut off from the main channel of the river, and subject the citizens to great inconvenience, and the most unconscionable exac tions from them on the part of private speculators. For the purpose of more fully exhibiting to you our peculiar situation and the dilemma the city would be placed in should the title to those islands happen to fall into hands other than the city, we have caused a map to be made and hereunto annexed, by which it will appear that what has been and is alleged by us is true; and by which it will also appear that we ask from you to grant the city only those lands which are absolutely necessary to its growth and commercial impor tance; in which also the whole nation as connected with the great- national thoroughfare — the Mississippi river — have a deep interest and must be materially benefited ; to grant to the city the following lands, to-wit : All of sections 19 and 30, township 89 north, range 3 east, and a fraction of section 25, township 89 north, range 2 east, as is more particularly marked and designated upon the map afore said, and must in our opinion most clearly manifest itself to the Con gress of the United States. We are fully impressed with the opinion and firm belief that after the national legislature has, in its liberality, granted us a tract of land upon which is located the city of Dubuque, they will still continue to exhibit their regard for our welfare, by granting us a boon which is so essential and necessary for its future prosperity and happiness and which cannot, at the present time, in any material way affect the previously vested rights of private indi- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 81 viduals. We would further most respectfully state to your honor able bodies, that unless Congress pass a law enabling the land before described to become the property of the city of Dubuque, the appro priations which have already been made by that body for the improvement of the harbor, a part of which has already been expended, will prove to be entirely useless, worthless and of no avail to the city. We would further represent that the lands above described are entirely unfitted for cultivation or habitation, and can only be useful to the city for commercial business, and for city pur poses, and that they would be valuable to the city alone and to none other, except for those who designed speculating upon the necessi ties of the city, and the rise of property in the neighborhood of a growing city. "F. K. O'Ferrall, mayor; William H. Robbins, L. L. Wood, M. McNamara, M. Mobley, Hugh Treanor, Amos Matthews, aldermen. Attest: George L. Nightingale, clerk. Dubuque, December 15, 1846." (Senate Documents No. 256, 29th Cong., 1st session.) The total amount of money paid out by the city for the fiscal year ending April 1, 1846, was $3,438.51; the total receipts were $3,432.15- In a communication to the Senate committee dated January 29, 1847, James H. Piper, acting commissioner of the general land office, stated that "there would not appear to be any preemption claim preferred for any of the islands in the Mississippi river opposite the city of Dubuque;" that "with regard to their probable value this office has no means of knowing;" and that "the bill enclosed by you gives authority for the entry of 'the islands in the Mississippi river opposite the said city' and then characterizes them by saying, 'which are fractions within sections 19 and 30, township 89 north, range 3 east; and in section 25, township 89 north, range 2 east;' while, from the diagram referred to, it will be seen that the above special designations include only parts of said islands, leaving out the following, viz. : Fractions in sections 17, 18, 20 and 31, township 89 north, range 3 east, amounting in the aggre gate to 73.13 acres." (Senate Docs., No. 109, 29th Cong., 2d session.), In 1847 George L. Nightingale was appointed public bidder at the sale of the mineral reserve. He performed his arduous and delicate duties to the satisfaction of all. In 1847 members of the Mechanics' Institute debated in the hall over Terry's saloon the question: "Resolved, That the Wilmot proviso is right and ought to be sustained by the American people." Late in 1847 the Dubuque Philharmonic Society gave a series of concerts at the Congregational church, rendering both secular and sacred music to large audiences. Captain Barney's work on the harbor was still in progress. Many new and fine residences were erected in 1846 and 1847 — notably by General Jones, Gilliam, Reed, 82 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Gildea, Rogers, Peacock and others. A Mr. Spencer gave exhibi tions of animal magnetism as it was then called. In 1847 George Green was editor and proprietor of the Miners' Express and Wil liam H. Merritt was associated with him as editor. In 1847 the Waples House was kept by H. Curtis; the Western hotel by W. S. Berry; George McHenry had formerly kept the Western hotel ; David Jones was architect and builder ; H. P. Leach kept school in the basement of the Methodist church. In 1847 many Dubuquers attended the immense river and harbor conven tion at Chicago. Early in 1847 A- P- Wood established a weekly newspaper called the Tribune. It was about this time that the first large steam flouring mills were put in operation here by Nadeau, Rogers & Co. Steps to organize three fire companies were taken in January, 1847; the old fire engine was found to be practically useless; fire ladders were ordered for the upper, lower and central sections. The Hibernian Benevolent Society was permitted to occupy the city hall. The Fulweiler slaughter house was ordered removed from the city limits in February, 1847; but evaded the order and remained. The islands in front of the city were reserved from public sale. By paying $50 the council obtained permission to use for fire purposes the well of Emerson Shields on Fourth street. Upon the payment of $100 Timothy Fanning was given exclusive ferry privileges in 1847-8. The grading of Bluff street from Dodge to Twelfth was ordered in May, 1847. A room for a calaboose was ordered rented and fitted up; it was ready in July. In August, 1847, the mayor was authorized to buy the islands in front of the city — -three of 85.47, 149.75 and 4.22 acres, respectively. In December, 1847, Martin L. Morris succeeded Chauncey Swan as proprietor of the Morris hotel. Before this date the Masons and Odd Fellows had strong organizations here. Doctor Reynolds lectured on "Astronomy" over Terry's saloon in December, 1847. "Variety — Wood, butter, cheese, lard, eggs, flour, potatoes, wheat, corn, chickens and pork will be taken in payment for the Express." — (Miners' Express, December 8, 1847.) Many bogus half dollars were in circulation here late in 1848; they were made near here. Late in 1848 Harrison Holt and A. Keesecker were proprietors of the Miners Express. William A. Adams was president of the Dubuque Debating Society late in 1848. The Dubuque Mutual Fire Insurance Company began operations in April, 1848, with C. H. Booth presi dent, and Mordecai Mobley secretary. The following merchants had immense stocks of goods in 1848 : S. M. Langworthy, Curtis & Waite, Murphy & Burke, P. & R. C. Waples (had in stock over $36,000 worth of goods), Waples & Zirkle, Goodrich & Bro., the Smiths and Emerson & Shields. The wholesale trade was very HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 83 large. Dan Rice, the famous Shakespearean jester, was hers, in June, 1848. Performances were given at the Waples House. Yankee Hill gave representations of down-east characters. The Express failed to make its appearance on time late in Janu ary, 1848, the reason being that someone entered the office on the Sunday night before, threw all matter into pi, except one form, which was almost entirely destroyed by blows from a hatchet. "The monster who would perpetrate this act would be guilty of the worst species of robbery, rapine and murder. Let those row dies who were engaged last Sunday evening in interrupting the service at the Methodist church by touching off trains of powder upon the fence mark well their future course," said the editor January 26, 1848. The questions of importance in the spring of 1848 were the improvement of Lorimier Hollow, the harbor being built by Captain Barney and his dredge-boat; regulation of the liquor trade, and removal of filth from the streets. R. Spaulding was a book seller, music dealer and generally a patron of art; his book store was the first in Dubuque. In May, 1848, W. H. Merritt withdrew from the Miners' Express and Wil liam Y. Lovell became sole proprietor of that sheet. Peter Waples kept the Waples House at Second and Main streets in the spring of 1848. R. Plumbe kept the City hotel. A semi-weekly of the Miners' Express, started March 29, 1848, was discontinued in December, 1848. In the spring of 1848 Dubuque demanded a free ferry across the river or a cessation of high ferry rates. As high as $1 had been charged in emergencies for ferriage. Early in 1848 R. Spaulding established and maintained a library of standard periodical literature, to which persons were admitted upon the pay ment of $3 per annum. In 1848 the Irish Shamrock Society and St. Raphael's Temperance Society united to celebrate St. Patrick's day. In March, 1848, James Pratt & Co., owners of the Dubuque Flouring Mills, called for 50,000 bushels of wheat and 4,000 flour barrels. A "Countryman" in the Miners' Express of February 23, 1848, asked why the road leading up Lorimier Hollow was not widened. He said that it was so narrow in places that two wagons could not pass each other, and further said : "Several serious accidents have recently occurred on this much-traveled, very crooked, pinched-up, starved out, narrow contracted, Lorimier-fenced-up, disreputable, dangerous, leg-breaking, skull-cracking, wagon-smashing, horse- killing, badly-located, poorly-worked, corporation neglected, tire some and hilly road." W. D. Wilson and Mr. O'Reilly were rival telegraph agents here in the spring of 1848, each trying to get the support of the citizens to extend his line to this city. Each claimed the right to the Morse patents. Shares in the lines were offered at 50. It was claimed that the Barnes and Zook register was superior to that of Morse. Whether the ferry privilege of Timothy Fanning was exclusive 84 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY under his charter, and what ferry rights were owned by Jones & Gregoire, were inquired into in May, 1848. The city attorney hav ing filed with the council his written opinion against the right of the city to establish a free ferry across the Mississippi, the council resolved that it was their "opinion that the city has the right to establish a ferry from this'and the opposite side of the river and that the charter of Mr. Fanning is not exclusive." In June, 1848, the council refused to appropriate $375 at the request of Captain Barney to assist him in work on the harbor. In July, 1848, the council offered a reward of $150 for the apprehension of the per sons "guilty of the outrage on the United States property employed in improving the harbor, and that a guard of twenty men be author ized for the protection of the same, provided they can be obtained free of expense." To drive out smallpox $365.75 was spent in July, 1848. In September, 1848, the first telegraph line was completed and opened to Peru, Illinois. The first messages were as follows: "Peru, September 15, 1848. The compliments of C. S. Oslere to the ladies of the Waples House by lightning; would be happy to receive a 'flash' from them. C. S. Oslere." The following answer was "flashed" back : "Dubuque, September 15, 1848. C. S. Oslere: The ladies of the Waples House thank Mr. Oslere for his burning communication; it warmed their cold hearts; they rejoice to know that they have a 'spark' in Peru. Ladies of Waples House." The California gold excitement struck Dubuque county in Decem ber, 1848. On December 30 a public meeting was held at the courthouse to form an organization of all who desired to go to the gold field. Mr. Morrison of Cascade was conspicuous in the Cali fornia exodus. Late in 1848 citizens demanded that the unfinished harbor be completed. The cholera at New Orleans in January, 1849, caused Dubuque to take extra precautions against the disease. W. Y. Lovell owned the Express for about six months, when it passed back to Holt and Keesecker late in 1848. On March 19, 1849, fourteen wagons bound for the gold field crossed the river here. Merritt, Mobley, Hammond, Gilliam, Alverson, Cox, Coriell and others left for California via the Isthmus of Panama. The California Society was organized, so great was the excitement. In the spring of 1849 the Northwest Demokrat was issued here by V. Hauf ; it was in the German language. The Galena and Dubuque Mining Company was an organization which, with fifty-three teams, crossed the plains to California in 1849. The snowfall of the winter of 1848-9 at Dubuque aggregated five feet one and one-half inches — the greatest on record. Many shade trees were planted in Dubuque in 1849; it was almost a "fad" at this time. The terrible roads leading west ward from Dubuque checked nearly all business with the back coun- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 85 try at muddy times. John King, postmaster for over ten years, resigned in April, 1849. The Alleghanians (minstrels) were here in May, 1849. By April 24, 1849, the Express said that over sixty citizens of Dubuque had gone to California. Week after week the streets were crowded with gold seekers. The Southwestern circus was here in July, 1849. In March, 1849, the public was given notice of the approaching charter election and of the fact that voters would be required to decide whether the city should borrow $7,000 for public improve ments, etc., and for establishing a free ferry. A mark on the Emerson & Waples building was established as a permanent basis for the regulation of street and building grades. In April, 1849, Warner Lewis became mayor. In May three causeways were ordered built on Bluff street at First, Second and Third streets. Drs. J. T. Boone, R. S. Lewis and G. W. Scott were the sanitary committee in 1849. The council bought fifty barrels of lime for distribution in view of the appearance of cholera here in 1849. Drs. Boone and Holt were constituted a board of health. A house for cholera patients was rented of B. Rupert for $4 a month. A house owned by T. Davis was also thus occupied. The council bought of Smith & Co. their interest in the powder maga zine for $425. John Stafford was permitted to mine on Third street, the city to receive one-fifth of the mineral raised. It was realized in June, 1849, that the plan for a Dubuque harbor, which seemed most likely to be best, was to build a levee out to the main channel and fill in the intermediate sloughs. Some plan that would improve existing conditions was deemed imperative. The Miners' Express of June 13, 1849, said : "Already the largest town west of the Mississippi and north of St. Louis, situated precisely at the point of latitude at which the railroads extending west from the towns upon the lakes must strike the river; surrounded by a country on all sides, almost illimitable in extent and inexhaustible in its agricultural and mineral resources — it requires no gift of pro phecy to foresee that Dubuque is destined to become and to remain the great commercial city of the Northwest." This was the spirit which animated the citizens at this period — Dubuque was to be the great city of the Northwest. It was realized that Galena aspired to this proud distinction, but her pretensions were belittled and denied. However, before even Dubuque could expect such great ness and grandeur, a suitable harbor would have to be built, all admitted. "The space between the present landing and the main channel of the river, when once filled up, will amply compensate for the expense to be incurred in executing the work." During the year 1849 over eighty brick buildings were erected in Dubuque, many of them large and costly. Main street was vastly improved — bumps were cut down, hollows filled and buildings of brick took the place of the old and faded wooden structures. New 86 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY stores were built by Powers, Bush, Mangold, Mason, Heeb, Lang worthy and the fine Globe buildings at Main and Fifth by Wilson & Smith. Judge J. J. Dyer, of the United States District court, had built an elegant mansion on Main street. The city contained twenty-two stores with stocks ranging from $10,000 to $80,000; one large wholesale hardware store; two drug stores; one book store; one boot and shoe store; two tinware manufactories; two auction and commission merchants ; three bakeries ; one large manufactory of confectionery ; seven master builders ; six plasterers ; seven mason bricklayers; four painters; two master stone masons; one marble worker ; two saddle and harness factories ; seven boot and shoe factories; nine tailor shops; three milliners and dressmakers; three jewelers and watchmakers; six cabinet and chair factories; five blacksmith shops; three carriage and wagon factories; two gun smiths; three cooper shops; five butcheries; one soap and candle factory; two livery stables; two large steam flouring mills; one steam saw mill ; three newspaper and job printing offices ; four weekly newspapers — two Whig and two Democratic, one of the latter in German ; eight or ten hotels ; eleven physicians ; seventeen lawyers; thirteen preachers; churches, one each of Episcopalian, Catholic, Methodist, Congregational, Christian, Baptist, German Congregational and German Methodist. The Roman Catholics had laid the foundation of their large cathedral, the cost being esti mated at over 100,000. The Episcopalians were finishing their Gothic church on Locust street. The Congregational church had been very much enlarged in 1849. The government offices here were those of surveyor general, where eight or ten clerks were employed at from $800 to $1,200 each per year, and with a patron age of from $50,000 to $75,000 annually; receiver and register; judge of the United States district court ; Masons, Odd Fellows and Sons of Temperance. Population, near 3,500. The first brick building was erected in 1836. In 1844 the place began to put on a stable appearance on the ruins of the miners' shanties. The city now wanted a harbor, railroads to the East, good roads to the West and other railroads to the western country. "One would suppose that the millers and merchants of Dubuque could afford to give as good a price for wheat as is given in the northern portion of the state. Such, however, appears not to be the fact. Also buyers at Bellevue have recently paid as high as 68 cents for wheat, while our millers and merchants have been paying for the best prime wheat 60 cents. We must not be blind to the effects of this state of things. If the merchants here will not buy the wheat and pork of the farmer at the best price they can afford to give, the farmer will very naturally go where he can do better, and there he will buy his groceries, clothing, etc." — (Miners' Express, December 12, 1849.) The total value of taxable property in Dubuque in June, 1849, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 87 was $675,000; at the maximum rate allowed by law this would yield a revenue of $10,125 ; a tax of 3% mills was levied for general city expenses. In September, 1849, a second California "fever" struck Dubuque. and many more departed. A sharp frost on August 30, 1849, wilted vines and vegetables. Valentine Glenat, prominent merchant and judge of probate here, died of cholera in the Rocky mountains while on his way to the gold fields. The harbor question engrossed much attention in 1849. This year the postoffice was removed to the Globe building at Main and Sixth streets. William H. Robbins was postmaster and Alexander Levi was his assistant. Late in 1849 Holt and Keesecker issued the Miners' Express; Wood issued the Tribune, and McCraney issued the Telegraph; the latter leaned toward the Whigs. Thomas McKnight succeeded Warner Lewis as register, and M. Mobley succeeded George McHenry as receiver under the change of national administration in 1849. Cholera on the steamer War Eagle in 1849 frightened the city. CITY OF DUBUQUE, 1850 TO 1859. IN January, 1850, Dubuque was without a fire department of any kind ; the loss of a few buildings caused people to think. "When a building takes fire here, as was the case with the Goodrich building, everyone runs toward the scene, anxious to assist in subduing the destructive ele ment; but what avails an unorganized set of rnen and boys without apparatus of any kind whatever — without an engine, buckets or hose." — (Express, January 16, 1850.) In January, 1850, Col. Samuel R. Curtis, whose plan was to build a levee not less than fifty feet wide on top from the city out to the main channel of the river, estimated the total cost at $29,648. It was thought at the time that this was the cheapest, most practical and most speedily built of any plan yet proposed. For the fiscal year ending April, 1850, the total receipts of the city were $6,034.81, and at this time the balance against the city was $2,484. Among the items of expense were $425 for a powder house; $168 to Emerson & Shields for lime to sprinkle in the streets and alleys to ward off the cholera, and $100 to Drs. Boone and Holt for their services as a board of health. In 1849-50 the Dubuque subscribers to the American Art Union of New York were Hon. George Green, Francis C. Smith, Timothy Mason, James Reid, Alfred L. Brown, Eustace H. Smith, A. D. Anderson, Harrison Holt, Thomas H. Benton, Jr., William J. Bar ney (2), Stephen G. Fenimore and R. Spaulding. Five prizes were drawn by the Dubuquers as follows : Painting, "Jephtha's Daugh ter," worth $350, F. S. Smith, who had recently died; painting, "Sunset," S. G. Fenimore; outline painting, W. J. Barney; medals, Timothy Mason and R. Spaulding. In February, 1850, Dubuque buyers paid more for wheat than was paid at any other point on the Mississippi — 75 cents. Daven port was paying 60 cents; Galena 60 cents; Bellevue 70 cents; Catfish Mills 72, cents. Early in 1850 Dubuque was connected by new mail routes with Iowa City, Bellevue, Andrew, Tipton, Delhi, Colesburg, Garnavillo and Muscatine. Major Mobley was connected with the Telegraph early in 1850 ; so was John B. Hogan. Mobley was a leading Whig, as also was George L. Nightingale ; they quarreled over government patronage. C. C. Hewitt, who had lived here many years, upon leaving for 88 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 89 California in 1850, was thanked by the council for his untiring and fearless efforts to suppress cholera in 1849. B. M. Samuels was city attorney in 1849-50. J. H. Emerson was elected mayor in April, 1850. In April the register informed the council that he was instructed "to allow the constituted authorities of the city to enter certain tracts in front of it," whereupon the steps to enter such tracts were at once taken. At this time an ordinance giving justices of the peace concurrent jurisdiction with the mayor was passed. The smallpox was here again in 1850, but was checked at once. The old powder house stood on Eighth street. In June, 1850, the council ordered a complete survey from Lorimier's fur nace up the inner slough, through the lake and across to Eagle Point, with a view of building a canal along the whole city front. Three members of the council and fifteen other citizens were placed in charge of this movement. They were E. Langworthy, L. D. Randall and H. V. Gildea, aldermen, and P. A. Lorimier, William Waples, M. McNamara, C. H. Booth, W. J. Barney, J. G. Shields, J. H. Thedinga, Peter Kiene, T. M. Craney, Mathias Ham, R. Plumbe, H. A. Wiltse, B. J. O'Halloran, H. S. Hethrington and Timothy Fanning. A steamboat channel sixty feet wide and four feet below low water was contemplated. Large quantities of fresh lime were scattered throughout the city in 1850 and all public places were cleansed. The powder house was ordered sold at public auc tion to the highest bidder in August, 1850. Four public cisterns were ordered built for protection against fires. An election was ordered in 1850 on the question of borrowing $20,000 for use on the steamboat channel from Lorimier's up to Eagle Point. Six fire ladders and four fire hooks were bought in November, 1850. A meeting of the citizens was held and a fire company was organized at this time. They called themselves the "Hook and Ladder Fire Company." The vote on the question of securing a loan of $20,000 for the proposed steamboat channel was — for the loan 315, against the loan 14. D. Murphy was granted the privilege of mining in the graveyard upon paying to the city one-fifth of the mineral raised. M. McNear was allowed the same privilege on Fifth street. A harbor tax was ordered levied to meet the $20,000 authorized for harbor improvement. Abel Hawley was the contractor for the steamboat channel. It was found necessary to buy for $10,000 a large dredge boat to be used on the proposed steamboat channel. In April, 1850, the citizens voted down the proposition to secure a loan of $10,000 for harbor improvement. Boats passed through Barney's cut to the wharf. "We announce the defeat of this meas ure as we do the death of a friend — briefly and sorrowfully. On the first day of April, a majority of the citizens of Dubuque decided that they would have no harbor unless someone would make it for them." — (Miners' Express, April 3, 1850.) The Western hotel was burned in April, 1850; the city was with- 90 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY out fire apparatus or fire organization. In April, 1850, the Dubuque Emigrating Association consisted of fifty-four men and twenty wagons bound for California. The organization occurred at Coun cil Bluffs. Pratt & Co. owned the Catfish Mills. Mr. Codding, the mesmerist, then called "biologist," was here in June, 1850, and astonished all by his performances. The famous Dubuque Nursery stood about two hundred yards north of the city limits and embraced four acres on which, in 1850, were 12,000 apple trees; the pro prietor was W. L. Johnson. Already much of the trade of the southwest was lost to Dubuque — the settlers going to Muscatine. The land office was reopened in October, 1850, with Mobley and McKnight in charge. "A Town Full — The city of Dubuque is literally filled. There has been a greater call for houses within the last two months than ever before known. Houses are being finished every day, but are all engaged long before they are complete. More are building, how ever; don't be discouraged." — (Miners' Express, October 23, 1850.) In 1850 H. S. Hetherington built four cisterns for the city and was paid $121.50. In November, 1850, corn was worth 20 to 25 cents, wheat 65 cents and live hogs $2.50 to $3. In November the livery stable of Lyman & Shomo was burned and nine horses out of sixteen perished. There were loud demands for a fire engine and fire organizations. The canal committee recommended in 1850 a steamboat channel from Lorimier furnace to Eagle Point through Lake Peosta and the sloughs ; the council ordered 600 copies of the report printed and distributed. The committee recommended a channel 100 feet wide and four feet below the low water standard of Captain Barney; total excavation to be 279,190 cubic yards; length of improvement, 24,220 feet; cost of dredge, $8,000; two flatboats, $300; channel to be extra wide in places to permit boats to pass each other; the channel to skirt closely the inner shore line of Dubuque ; distance by river from Lorimier furnace to Eagle Point, 25,800 feet; shortening of the line would cause a quicker cur rent ; stagnant water in the sloughs would be drained ; $20,000 must be raised to make this improvement, either by subscription or taxa tion ; completion of the canal would advance property at once 25 per cent. At this date the steamboat arrivals were about 200 annually. With a charge to each of only $5 for each landing the wharfage would amount to $1,000 yearly. "Shall our city three years hence be without a harbor and out of debt or shall we, by creating the debt, construct a harbor worth $250,000 the moment it is com pleted ? Without a harbor or any facilities to overcome the want of one, at an objectionable distance from the bank of the river and this bank separated from the main river by a series of sloughs often too shallow for steamboats, Dubuque has nevertheless derived her existence and growth from the navigation of the Mississippi. With these difficulties she has had constantly to struggle and by such HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 91 efforts she has attained to sufficient size and capital to command a harbor of unsurpassed excellence." — (Express, September 18, 1850; Report of the Harbor Committee.) The committee reported against a boat canal from the main channel across the sloughs and islands to the city shore proper — boats would have to go back after coming in. "The undersigned citizens of Dubuque and the adjoining counties most respectfully solicit and earnestly request our honorable mem bers of Congress to obtain of the War Department the establish ment of a military road, commencing at Dubuque and terminating at Fort Clark (Fort Dodge) on the Des Moines river: M. M. Hayden, J. H. Emerson, J. M. Marsh, George M. Henry, Henry S. Hetherington, William Donnellan, Peter Waples, Charles Bogy, L. D. Randall, J. Sprague, Charles Corkery, Timothy Fan ning, E. D. Turner, S. R. West, C. H. Booth, F. V. Goodrich, E. Langworthy, Owen Smith, I. E. Wootton, B. J. O'Halloran, Michael Nolan, Patrick Byrne, J. J. E. Norman, W. J. Sullivan, William Roche, Francis Mangold, J. L. Langworthy, A. H. Miller, Michael O'Brien, John Palmer, J. P. Farley, Jacob Christman, A. Linn and Dennis A. Mahony." The object of this petition was, by opening such a road, to secure to Dubuque the trade at Fort Clark and other points on the upper Des Moines river ; that Fort previously had obtained all its supplies from Keokuk, which was distant 280 miles; Dubuque was distant only 180 miles. J. J. Abert of the topographical engineers, said: "By the Nicollet map the distance from Dubuque to Fort Clark is about 180 miles, and the distance from Fort Clark to the mouth of the Des Moines about 300 miles. This last distance is represented as the usual traveled distance with supplies, making the difference between the routes — both are land routes — of about 120 miles, the route from Dubuque being that much shorter. This fact gives to the Dubuque route great advantages. The only difference deserving of notice is that to arrive at Dubuque, the Mississippi has to be ascended about 200 miles; but as this distance during the season when supplies are forwarded can be passed by steamboats, it reduces a comparison of the difference on this account between the routes to 200 miles of steamboat navigation and 120 miles of land carriage. This fact also gives to the Dubuque route great advantages. Under all circumstances, therefore, the Dubuque route is much to be pre ferred and the making of a road on this route would cost but little more than half for a road on the other route." In 185 1 the public square was ordered rented to the highest bidder; grocery (wet) license was fixed at $150, and beer license at $75 per annum in May, 185 1. Thomas S. Wilson was authorized to sell the city's $20,000 bonds in New York city. Proposals for furnishing a steam ferry to ply between Dubuque and the Illinois shore were called for in June, 1851. At this time 92 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY a proposition to build a suspension bridge across the Mississippi was received from A. G. Garver. The council considered building a plank road from Bluff street to the western boundary of the city in 1851. The proposition of S. L. Gregoire to furnish a steam ferry was accepted. The offer of T. Davis of ten acres and a house to be used as a hospital, at a cost of $625, was accepted by the council. In August, 185 1, the ferry rates were fixed as follows: Footman, 10 cents; man and horse, 25 cents; wagon and two horses or oxen, 75 cents; one horse and wagon, 50 cents; minors under 16 years, free; minors over 16, 5 cents; loose freight, 5 cents per 100 pounds; cattle, per head, 10 cents; each hog, sheep or calf, 3 cents. It was found necessary in August, 185 1, to borrow more money to con tinue the work on the harbor. The northern boundary of the city under the charter was ordered surveyed and marked. Early in Sep tember, the contract to dredge the steamboat channel was signed with Abel Hawley. More city bonds were ordered issued to meet the harbor improvement expenses. The new graveyard boundaries were defined in October, 1851. The sum of $15 each was ordered paid to the Dubuque delegates to the "Rapids Convention." The cholera was here again in 185 1. In December, 1851, the harbor bonds of $20,000 were cancelled and destroyed. In January, 1852, George W. Burton and others were granted the right to cut a canal through the island opposite First or Second street to intersect the channel through which steamboats were then admitted from the main river. The steam ferry boat of A. L. Gregoire was to be ready by April 15, 1852. George L. Dickinson kept a popular temperance hotel in 1851. Cook, Sargent & Co. had an exchange banking house and land agency at this time. The land office and many land companies and firms made this city the liveliest real estate center west of Chicago. "It must be apparent to every observing man that our fair city was never in a more flourishing condition. Strangers are constantly pouring into the city from every quarter seeking opportunities for investing capital. Property to the amount of thousands is changing hands; buildings going up in every direction; and new business firms opening on almost every square of Main street. * * * The health of the city was never better." — (Express.) In March, 1851, the Daily Tribune, A. P. Wood, editor, made its appearance, but after a year was discontinued, but was issued again about 1854 by Adams and Hackley. The Daily Miners' Express appeared first August 19, 1851, under William H. Merritt & Co. "Cholera — We understand there have been one or two cases of cholera in the city since our last issue. It behooves our citizens to give diligent attention to all such means for the prevention of the disease as have so frequently been recommended." — (Herald, July 14, 1851.) HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 93 In 185 1 new and better buildings in all directions were taking the place of the pioneer structures. Never before were there to be seen on the streets so many strangers looking for homes and business opportunities. So rapidly were buildings going up, materials ran out and artisans were lacking and thus operations were checked. During 185 1 the dredge boat did excellent work on the harbor, cutting through the island without trouble. Mexican war land warrants for 160 acres were worth here $170 in 1851. T. L. Rivers took daguerrotypes in September. A town clock was called for. J. D. Jennings was connected with the Express in August. "Dubuque is destined to be the Queen City of the Northwest, the opposition of interested parties and rival towns to the contrary notwithstanding," said the Express, September 5. At this date the city had about 4,100 population. It had two fine hotels and many others; two steam flour mills ; nine churches and two others going up ; one Mason, three Odd Fellows and one Temperance lodges; three fer ries — two in the city and one at Eagle Point ; one pottery yard ; one marble yard ; two railways approaching from the east ; a railway projected westward; many schools, etc. In 185 1 the city was liter ally deluged with showers of shinplasters — many of doubtful value and unknown parentage. Late in September, 1851, work was begun by Abel Hawley of Milwaukee to cut the channel from Lorimier's furnace to Eagle Point, one hundred feet wide and four feet deep at low water, for $24,300. Between Fifth and Sixth streets the channel was to be 200 feet wide. Late in 1851 the work was pushed rapidly; Hawley was paid by installments as the work progressed. B. J. O'Halloran, Caleb H. Booth, Henry A. Wiltse and Edward Langworthy were the committee of supervision. The work was to be completed in two years. "The part of said improvement along the surveyed por tion of the city is to be constructed so as to leave a levee at least one hundred feet wide between the lots fronting the water and the extreme outer edge of said improvement." The year 185 1 was wet and cold. High water prevailed the whole year. There were landed here in 1851 from steamboats 2,824 per sons. The numerous rains ruined crops and prevented mining. Dubuque exported 4,287 tons of merchandise and imported 24,663 tons. Work on the Dubuque and Sageville plank road was com menced in September, 185 1, under Joseph C. Jennings, engineer. The road was to be completed by April, 1852. In September, 1851, exchange on New York was 1% per cent, St. Louis 1 per cent, Chicago 1 per cent. The Dubuque and Maquoketa plank road was projected in 185 1, but languished ; it was the original intention to lay the planks as far as Table Mound before winter set in. The Express, Herald and Tribune were the dailies in 185 1. D. A. Mahony assisted Holt on the Herald; so did A. A. White and W. A. Adams. The Dubuque 94 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Athenaeum was established in 1851 under J. J. Dyer, president, and P. W. Crawford, secretary. The custom of the early settlers to enter and cut timber on gov ernment land for their own private gain had become so firmly grounded in 1852 that when they were taken into court by govern ment agents they became indignant and in January of that year held a large meeting at Dubuque to protest against any interference with such custom. A steady revenue was obtained from the sale of city lots ; this was a state of affairs not fully appreciated by the city fathers, in view of the lack of such revenues in other cities. In April, 1852, an appropriation of $20 was made to pay for an oyster supper to the city officers. At this time 300 forest trees for the public square were contracted for. At the suggestion of Charles Corkery the methods, or lack of methods, of keeping the city records were reorganized and improved. A temporary quarantine hospital was located a quarter of a mile south of Webb's old furnace below Dirty Hollow. Bogy's steam ferry boat was required to land only between Fourth and Fifth streets. Fanning's ferry landed at Sec ond and Fourth streets. The city calaboose was in the second story of the market house. The temporary quarantine hospital was opened about June 1, 1852, and cost $325; mattresses cost $8. It was agreed at this time that the government's plans for the harbor and the city's plan conflicted in several important particulars. In June, 1852, the city borrowed $10,000 and issued bonds for the loan; the sum was used in street and sewer improvements. The vote stood — For the loan 131, against it 46. There were found shallow places in Barney's cut ; they were deepened. Fanning com menced suit against Gregoire and Bogy, alleging they were inter fering with his ferry rights. The council had granted to Gregoire and Bogy ferry rights against the advice of the city attorney. James Jones was warden of the temporary hospital. L. H. Langworthy exchanged ten acres adjoining the hospital for a tract called "Grave yard" on the hill at the northern boundary. In 1852 the city becom ing delinquent in the payment of county tax on city lots, was ordered by County Judge Lovell to make payment or take the consequences. The $10,000 in city bonds sold for $10,438.89 in New York city; the city received net $10,188.89. "The improvements in Dubuque during the current year, includ ing dwelling, storehouses and offices, will not fall short of one hun dred." — (Daily Miners' Express, July 27, 1852.) "Why is it that property has advanced some 30 or 50 per cent within the last year in this city and that so many married men are flocking to the place, anxious to invest their means among us?" — (Daily Miners' Express, May 20, 1852.) "Never did a spring open in Dubuque with more flattering prospects of a healthy and lucrative trade. Our hotels are crowded beyond their capacity to accommodate; our merchants, builders and mechanics are active; our smelting mills and foun- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 95 dries, etc., are enjoying a season of the highest prosperity; our streets are crowded with immigrant wagons; ithe demand for dwellings and business houses is beyond the capacity of our prop erty holders to meet ; the best and fastest steam ferry boat on the Mississippi is actively engaged; the harbor improvement is pro gressing rapidly; and everywhere is seen growth and prosperity." — (Daily Miners' Express, April 9, 1852.) "Within a few months there has been established in this city a large foundry, rope works, soap and candle factory and steam saw mill, and there is now being erected an additional steam saw mill." — (Express, August 12, 1852.) A strong temperance movement swept the city early in the fifties ; the Maine liquor law was advocated by many. Steps to raise Locust street above high water from Fifth south to the city limits were taken in April, 1852. G. J. Adams was manager of the National theater at this time; his rendition of Macbeth was praised. Mr. Mobley's bank offered 6 per cent on all deposits of six months or longer. Mount Pleasant and Air Hill were located back on the bluffs. W. A. Jones sold his interest in the Express at this date. At this time the land agencies of W. J. Barney & Co., Clark & Bissell and Wiltse & Lovell did an enormous business. About July 1, 1852, Dennis A. Mahony bought Dr. Harrison Holt's inter est in the Herald; F. J. Stanton later secured this interest. Mr. Stanton's father lived at DyersviUe, where later Mr. Stanton con ducted the DyersviUe Mercury. The telegraph line which had long been suspended resumed operations in July, 1852 ; the company was the Illinois and Mississippi Telegraph Company, in which sev eral citizens of Dubuque held stock. Connected with the plank road were J. J. Dyer, J. P. Farley, Piatt Smith, L. Maloney and H. Thompson; three-inch oak plank were used and the cost was $3,175 per mile. The levee between Fourth and Fifth streets was com pleted in August. The council of 1852-3 deserved and received great credit for wide improvements to the city. Treasurer O'Halloran, in October, 1852, roused the ire of the council by making charges against them which reflected on their integrity; a committee was appointed to see what action if any should be taken. Several meetings were held and much difference of opinion was expressed. A draft of the council was refused payment by Mr. O'Halloran on a disputed point, whereupon he was fined $100 by the unanimous vote of the council. The draft was for $3,000, which called for 612 sovereigns at $4.90 each and $1.20 in change. But the treasurer had only offered to give for sovereigns $4.85 each, thereby causing a loss of $30.60 to the agent or the city. The treasurer the next day claimed that the market value of sovereigns in New York was only $4.85. Legal action resulted, Mr. Burt serving as counsel for the city and Mr. Clark as counsel for Mr. O'Halloran. Due charges were preferred against 96 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the latter, to which Judge Clark demurred on the ground of want of jurisdiction. The treasurer finally asked for a compromise on a proposition suggested by one of the aldermen and approved by the mayor. The council refused to accept the compromise offered. Mr. Jennings, also representing the treasurer, appealed to the coun cil not to pass the expelling resolution, declaring that action was taken "to save the treasurer harmless from loss in the receipt of currency." The mayor and Mr. Stout, alderman, opposed the resolution. Mr. Burt spoke at length for the city. The resolution removing him from office passed, Mr. Stput alone voting in the negative. Robert C. Waples, after a sharp contest in the council, was chosen treasurer to succeed Mr. O'Halloran. The latter was ordered to turn over all books, etc., belonging to the city and make final report. In 185 1 the city exports were 4,287 tons; in 1852 they were 13,284. The boat arrivals in 1851 were 351 and in 1852 were 417. A census of the city in February, 1852, showed over 5,000 inhabit ants; by January, 1853, the population was about 6,500. In 1852 about 100 new buildings of all kinds were erected, many of them were large brick structures. The new land districts of Chariton, Northern and Missouri river in 1852 took much business away from Dubuque. Sealed bids to raise all streets in the southern section above high water were called for in August. The capital of the Plank Road Company was raised from $8,000 to $25,000, but the road languished and failed to pay dividends. Permission to cut a channel through the outer island opposite Barney's cut was granted to a number of citizens. The lower part of Main street was paved in 1852. A new market place for the northern section was established between Eleventh and Twelfth streets on White; cost, $2,500. In the summer of 1852 cholera again made its appearance here. Private individuals claiming an extension of their lots into the public cemetery caused contention and bitterness in 1852 ; there was a strong demand for a new and better cemetery at once. A ten-acre tract bought of Timothy Davis in 1851 for a future cemetery was enclosed for hospital purposes. The old graveyard at what is now Jackson park was first laid out in 1833-34, and was fenced by subscription. In 1853 the new cemetery was first opened, lots were sold and improvements were made. People whose fences had protected in part the old cemetery now removed them, leaving the graves exposed to cattle and hogs. Early in 1853 the new territory brought within the city limits was attached to the old wards. In February, Colonel McHenry was sent East to buy a fire engine. A loan of $20,000 was desired to carry on the following improvements : To continue the present harbor work ; to extend the work on the levee ; to improve the main roads leading out of the city ; to secure grounds for public RUINS OF THE OLD MILL ,;.992 Delinquent tax of i860 35,494 In February, 1861, Col. Richard P. Morgan proposed a horse railroad and argued that as steam railroads had really taken trade away from Dubuque horse railroads could and would bring it back if extended as they should be. The Herald noted that previous to February 13, 1861, snow to the depth of nineteen inches had fallen and most of it still lay upon the ground either where it had fallen or in drifts. On the 13th and 14th fifteen inches more fell. In February, 1861, Adam Jaeger began here the distillation of alcohol and the manufacture of whisky on Bee Branch. On March 22, 1861, city scrip was quoted at 55 cents; school orders, 50 cents ; county warrants, 90 cents ; exchange on New York, 6 per cent premium selling ; gold, 6 per cent premium. E. C. David received the appointment as postmaster of Dubuque late in March, 1861. About the middle of March, 1861, the Herald began the issue of a bi-weekly in addition to its daily and weekly editions. It was issued as an experiment. Newman & Cooper and Cooper & Smith were large manufac turers of wagons and plows in 1861. The former were selling from five to ten wagons a week in March and the latter were turn ing out annually 1,000 plows. They also manufactured harrows and other agricultural implements. The banking houses here in March, 1861, were as follows : State Bank Branch, H. Markell & Co. ; J. L. Langworthy & Bros. ; Bab- bage & Co. ; Theo. Gelpcke & Co. The second mentioned were the successors to Markell, Darrow & Co., and the last mentioned were the successors to Gelpcke, Winslow & Co. 138 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Mike Blumenauer's school of gymnastics had a class of twenty- five men and about fifteen boys early in April, 1861. Gymnastics had been taught here before by Professor Schill. The Cincinnati Price Current said that Dubuque in 1860-61 packed 5,068 hogs, against 3,400 the year before. For the fiscal year 1860-61 the receipts were $55,249.05, and the expenses $36,484.76. Of the receipts above nearly $50,000 was delinquent or old school and special tax previous to i860. From the special interest tax of 1859 and the delinquent tax of the same year alone the receipts were $26,000. The largest items of expense were $8,665.90 inter est on coupon bonds and $9,425.30 for outstanding city bonds. The Dubuque Elevator Company during the winter of 1860-61 shipped large quantities of grain to Chicago. Many times it sent from 10,000 to 20,000 bushels at one date. In the spring of 1861 it was shown that in Dubuque few if any residences either of the rich or poor had water, gas or proper ventilation. Few if any bouses had been constructed with a view to ventilation. Many houses had no water in their yards, and not over a dozen in the city had water accommodations inside. This was, no doubt, owing to the absence of waterworks. Gas was a luxury scarcely to be afforded by the richest citizens and for the average and poor citi zens was quite out of the question. — (Herald, April 11, 1861.) The failure of Gelpcke & Co., May 6, 1861, caused great excite ment among the depositors and throughout the business circles of Dubuque. A large crowd collected at the bank. It became rumored that Theo. Gelpcke had left the city, taking all the gold with him, or else had secreted himself here. About fifty men accordingly gathered at his residence on Locust street with the intention of searching the premises. Upon learning that he was not at home the crowd, now about one hundred, moved down Main street, where they were addressed at the Washington House by William B. Allison, who stated that he, as assignee, was preparing a statement of the bank's condition. He said he had $5,000 of the bank's cash and that the amount due depositors was about $40,000, and notes soon due to the amount of about $12,000 more. He promised to do all he could for depositors. Rev. Mr. Dennis also addressed the crowd (now over 200) and advised moderation. He said on authority that 50 to 60 per cent of the bank's debts would be paid. The crowd slowly dispersed. In June the assignee paid 20 per cent ; total liabilities about $37,000. On May 15, 1861, New York exchange was 10 per cent pre mium selling, and American gold 15 per cent same; Chicago exchange was at par. The merchants assembled in mass meeting late in May, 1861, to devise means to get rid of the pest of depre ciated currency from which all suffered. F. V. Goodrich was chair man. The subject was fully considered, and protests against any HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 139 action were presented. At an adjourned meeting Patrick Quigley presided. The committee appointed at the previous meeting recom mended the E. K. Willard & Co. list of Chicago for Illinois bills. An 80 and 90 cent list was recommended for Wisconsin bills. They further recommended 35 cents for depreciated Illinois bills and 40 cents for depreciated Wisconsin bills. There was much difference of opinion as to what should be done, and all realized that any list adopted would need constant revision. The Eighteenth Annual Grand Communication of the Grand Lodge (Masonic) commenced at Dubuque, June 4, 1861, in Tur ner's hall. Thomas H. Benton, G. M. of Council Bluffs, was pres ent and in his official position. E. A. Guilbert, of Dubuque, was senior grand warden; J. S. Dennis, of Dubuque, grand chaplain; W. K. Hall, of Dubuque, A. G. T., and H. S. Jennings, of Dubuque, G. P. They passed resolutions regretting the death of Senator Douglas. On June 20, 1861, New York exchange was 10 per cent premium selling; American gold, 15 per cent premium selling; city scrip, 55 cents ; county warrants, 90 cents ; school orders, 50 cents ; Cen tral Improvement scrip, 10 cents; city short bonds, 50 cents; city coupon bonds, 30 cents. By the last of June, 1861, the walls of the custom house were up and ready for the roof — no more could be done yet. On July 21, 1861, the Herald came down to the new financial gold basis and quoted New York exchange at 2 per cent premium and American gold at % per cent premium. The Fourth of July, 1861, was celebrated here in grand style. Lincoln Clark was the principal orator. A chorus of eighteen singers rendered the national airs. Bands, parades and boat excursions were features. On Wednesday, July 29, 1861, the mercury reached 98 degrees in the shade; on the 30th, 98; on the 31st, 99, and on August 1, 91. There was much complaint because hogs were permitted to roam the streets. The city had plenty of laws, but the hogs would not mind them, humorously observed the Herald. In August, New York exchange was 2 per cent premium selling, American gold y2 per cent premium selling, city scrip 50 cents, county warrants 88 cents, school orders 50 cents. "In passing around town and seeing now and then an empty building once filled with goods or occupied four or five years ago by some man who soon ran his peculiar race of folly or extrava gance, we are reminded of the contrast between the flush times of 1856-57 and the dullness of 1861-62." — (Herald, August 10, 1861.) One of the most extensive branches of business here in 1861 and before was the lumber trade. Seven or eight firms were thus engaged with a large capital. In September, 1861, over 130,000 bushels of wheat were received here by railroad from the West. There were also received 5,000 140 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY barrels of flour. In one week 48,000 bushels of wheat were received. One of the best improvements of the city council in 1861 was the building of Southern avenue in its continuation over Cavanaugh hill; it cost over $200, but was considered well worth the money. Samuel McNutt succeeded J. B. Dorr in editorial charge of the Union. A new cable was successfully laid across the river from Dunleith to Dubuque, September 3, 1861. Furniture on a large scale was manufactured here in 1861, but it was a recent industry on so large a scale; only a few years before Dubuque had bought its furniture in the East. Herancourt began this business in 1846, and ten years later built a big factory and employed from twenty- five to forty men ; he made chairs, sofas, tables, desks, etc. Immense quantities of "stumptail currency" of Eastern institu tions were in circulation here and throughout the West in Novem ber, 1 86 1. Farmers were warned against it and advised to take nothing but gold and silver for their wheat, etc. Large quantities of wheat arrived here in November, 1861, and were handled by the Dubuque Elevator Company. The Elevator Company was shipping thirty to forty carloads of wheat per day — 12,000 to 14,000 bushels. The Elevator Company was now ready to store wheat for the winter. "Look Out for Bad Money — The farmers are beginning to 'smell a rat' about the State Bank paying out the 'promises to pay' of Tom, Dick and Harry's Eastern bank instead of the notes of the branches of the Iowa State Bank, the only bank paper that any farmer ought to take for his produce. A sensible German farmer slightly opened the eyes of one of the wheat dealers yesterday who offered him checks on the State bank. Said he, 'No. I must gold haben for my veat.' And he got the gold. If the wheat dealers are in the bank's interest in shoving off rags that in a few weeks or months may be like the Illinois or Wisconsin currency, paid out by the State bank and that hit the farmers, lead miners and everybody else six months ago, it is time for the farmers to understand it." — (Herald, November 16, 1861). In December, 1861, the Herald favored the recommendation of Secretary Chase concerning the establishment of National banks, because it believed they would drive out wildcat issues. Late in December Eastern banks began to suspend specie payments and trouble here was anticipated and in a measure forestalled. Samuel McNutt retired from the Union in December, 1861, and the daily ceased to be issued. Dubuque market, January 3, 1862. — Extra flour, $4.75; wheat, choice, 58 cents; eggs, 12% cents; oats, 12 to 14 cents; corn in ear, 15 to 17 cents; hay, timothy, $6; butter, 10 cents; potatoes, 35 to 40 cents; prairie chickens, $1.50 per dozen; quails, 65 to 70 cents per dozen; dressed pork, $2 to $2.50; dressed beef, $2.25 to $3.50 per HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 141 cwt. ; beef steaks, 6 to 7 cents a pound ; pork steaks, 5 to 6 cents a pound ; turkeys, 40 to 65 cents each. A Mr. K. bought flour at a mill and received in change a half dollar coin which he was later told was bogus. He returned, demanded good money, was refused and brought suit before Justice O'Meara. There were several witnesses and a long trial. Sud denly the court thought best to test the coin, whereupon a jeweler pronounced it genuine. It was suggested that the constable should pay the costs. Pat, an Irishman in the wood market here, described to the Herald reporter his girl in Ireland, as follows : "A fine, strappin' goil wus Mary as iver tied a shafe of corn or driv a lump of a pig to market. The divil a bit of harm was in her and she was as full of fun as an egg is of mate. She was as straight as a rush wid the complexion of the rose and peaches united in one." "Send Us Treasury Notes — We will take United States treasury notes for subscription to the Dubuque Herald in preference to any bank notes, whether of Iowa, Ohio or Indiana. Persons remitting us money will act accordingly." — (Herald, January 19, 1862.) The marshal began to sieze game under the game law in Janu ary, 1862. Bayard Taylor lectured here in January. Gen. Tom Thumb was here also. On January 31 all trains were stopped by a big snowstorm. A concert of 200 children under Mr. Wheeler was an interesting event of the winter of 1861-2. This concert was repeated several times by request — "Wheeler's Juvenile Con cert." Another feature was the immense shipment of wheat to Dunleith by teams. Pork Packing in Dubuque, Winter of 1861-62. Weight, Barrels Mess Firms. Hogs. Aver. Lard. Pork. F. Weigle 360 320 141 97 Strobel & Rath 800 290 226 tc 300 H. Brinkman & Co. . . . 825 299 253 187 Mr. Rosenburg 350 280 140 80 J. Hughes 930 290 250 tc 350 Richard O'Brien 300 310 45 tc 130 Brackett & Morse 4,750 280 1,200 bbls 2,200 Totals 8,315 2,048 3,305 3,344 In addition about 5,000 were shipped from here in bulk, and many live hogs were shipped during the winter. The old Express and Herald office was sold by the sheriff and bid in by H. Knowlton for $1,500, subject to a mortgage of $2,000 held by W. H. Merritt; the power press alone was worth the $1,500. 142 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY After much tribulation the council finally paid James Rowan for the market ground — $7,000 for the $10,000 owed him. On February 2, 1862, the mercury reached 28 and 30 degrees below zero on the bluffs. In February the price of pork was the lowest in years — $2.25 to $2.40 per cwt. In February it was rumored that the State bank branch here would soon suspend specie payments. Everybody welcomed the treasury note bill — it was expected to relieve the dis tressful local currency condition. Rouse & Williams operated iron works, built engines, etc. Many shooting matches were held in February. A grand musical service was held at the Julien theater, mainly by Dubuque musicians. It ended with a grand tableau and festival at St. John's Episcopal church, February 13. The new Iowa banking law made Iowa State bank notes and United States treasury notes receivable for taxes — the former only in case it did not suspend specie payments. Another immense snowfall late in February tied up hundreds of carloads of produce all over northern Iowa. Cooper & Smith in 1862 conducted a big plow and harrow factory here. Early in 1862 the Legislature refused to repeal the prohib itory liquor law, though strongly urged to do so by Dubuque and other river cities. Early in 1862 it was noted that the price of pork was governed largely by successes and reverses on the battle field. McNutt was editor of the Times in February, 1862. This law provided that on the affidavit of any person private houses might be searched for liquors and the right of a change of venue was cut off. "A greater outrage than this has never been attempted in the most despotic countries on earth," said the Herald. "Dubuque has never yet had the advantage of a prominent pork packing establishment and the want of it has been a serious loss to this city. Instead of packing every hog brought to this market for sale, the great bulk of the pork is shipped either on foot or in the carcass to Chicago or some other distant point. This city loses also by its failure to manufacture lard, lard oil, stearine, etc. Instead of grinding up all the wheat brought to this market this city is scarcely more than a station on an accommodation railroad route." — (Herald, February 19, 1862.) The bill of 1862, which aimed to stop the manufacture and sale of lager beer in Iowa, was vehemently denounced here by press and mass meetings. Dimes, quarters and half dollars of zinc were thick here in April. Nearly every business man had a few in reserve to work off on his neighbor. There was great complaint against the extortions of the Illinois Central Railway company in April, 1862 ; it was even found advantageous to ship to Chicago via Prairie du Chien. In June city scrip was down to 40 cents. Edward Everett lectured here on "History of the Origin and Character of the War;" he took the usual northern view and the Herald said, "Whatever Mr. Everett believes we do not believe." In June, 1862, City Treas- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 143 urer Guthrie announced the delinquent tax of 1857 at $13,272.87; interest on the same, $7,034.62. He announced that delinquents could pay in city scrip at 50 cents on the dollar. Immense quanti ties of wheat were conveyed to Dunleith by the ferry-boat and barges in June. The Herald said in July that McGregor was a better wheat market than Dubuque, owing to the lack of enterprise and concert here. Sometimes as high as 700 wagons loaded with wheat reached McGregor in a single day. It came from as far as 200 miles and lumber was cheaper there. The Fourth of July, 1862, was generally celebrated all over Dubuque county. At Dubuque the day was ushered in with a salute of cannon and with the peals of bells. Major Brodtbeck was chief marshal. Everybody joined the parade. Rev. A. A. E. Taylor was principal orator. Judge T. S. Wilson was president of the day. Resolved, by the council, That the holders of all bonds known by the name of short bonds, may have the ordinary evidence of claim, i. e., city orders or scrip, issued them for the same by returning them to the office of the auditor, who will cancel them and cause slips to be issued for the same, for the amount of the original at face named (less 10 per cent) and with 6 per cent interest thereon from the date of said bonds." Adopted July 3, 1862. Early in 1862 specie began wholly to disappear as it was steadily overreaching in value all paper issues. A number of business men made the attempt in July, 1862, to retire all small change then in circulation and have the banks substitute therefor their own change or scrip checks. H. Markell & Co. and Babbage & Co., bankers, issued scrip about July 15, 1862, as follows: Dubuque, July 15, 1862. Twenty-Five Cents Redeemable in United States or Iowa Currency in sums of One Dollar, at the Banking Houses of H. Markell & Co. and Babbage & Co. Jno. Ware, Jr., Teller. R. Scott, Teller. "We are very sorry to know that these bits of paper are to drive out what little silver change there is among us, but derive some con solation from the fact that it will not be a general system of plasters — the tradesmen and merchants refraining from going into the busi ness while the bankers are prosecuting it. Undoubtedly great incon venience is felt from the scarcity of change but the prevention is 144 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY worse than the cure. Good-bye little half dime and soporific quarter." — (Herald, July 17, 1862.) In July, 1862, A. Heeb shipped beer to Memphis, the river thereto having been opened by Union gunboats and troops. By July, 1862, the delinquent tax of 1858 was $29,822.33; interest, $12,527.97. In 1862 Rouse & Williams made iron columns for Dubuque and out side buildings ; Woodworth's new brick block contained them. Peo ple hoarded silver and passed as soon as possible all paper received. A new lot of city scrip was issued in August, 1862. The new frac tional currency of the government was anticipated in August with much confidence. A floating planing mill — an ingenious contriv ance — was here in August doing work at the levee. Prof. O. S. Fowler lectured on "Phrenology" in August. Owing to the enforced absence of Mr. Mahony in August, 1862, Stilson Hutchins became editor of the Herald. The Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows assembled here October 22, 1862. W. P. Allen, of Dubuque, was elected R. W. G. representative. In 1862-3 a new passenger depot for the Dubuque and Sioux City line was built. In October, 1862, county warrants were worth 80 cents on the dollar; school orders, 65 cents; city scrip, 40 cents; gold, 22 per cent premium selling. In October, Welch Edwards appeared here with his theatrical troupe. On September 30 and October 1, 2 and 3 the State Fair was held in Dubuque. The city and county made donations of money to secure this event. The city also at its own expense and that of the leading business men enclosed the grounds, cleared the track, erected the buildings. The local committee were Richard Bonson, E. R. Shankland, Judge King, Solon M. Langworthy, W. C. Chamberlain, H. S. Hetherington and Peter Melendy. The fair was a great success, much to the credit of Dubuque. "Awful. — Coal oil is up to 70 cents a gallon; potatoes to 50 cents a bushel; wood, $4 a cord; butter, 15 cents a pound; eggs, 12 cents a dozen ; shirting, 30 cents a yard ; cotton batting, 40 cents a pound, and the end is not yet." — (Herald, October 30, 1862.) Under the delinquency of 1858, 1859 and i860 a great deal of land all over the county, even in the city of Dubuque, was sold for taxes. Mr. Dorr, who held a mortgage on the Herald, foreclosed it and took possession of the office in November, 1862. Stilson Hutchins bought the office of the old Northwest and part of the office of the old Dubuque Times and prepared to issue the Dubuque Democratic Herald to take the place of the Herald of Mahony. By this time there was no gold nor silver in circulation; there were sufficient treasury notes for all ordinary purposes. The Dubuque skating club was organized in December. For many years skating had been the principal pastime during the winter months. A hog weigh ing 980 pounds came here from Monticello in December; it passed HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 145 on to Chicago. Ten acres of the cemetery were ordered laid off into lots and streets at this date. A committee of the council appointed to investigate the harbor question reported at the January session, 1863, that in a short time the harbor would be wholly unfit for landing purposes unless the formation of the sandbars could be prevented; that the bar was caused by the filling up of the inner slough at the Third street bridge; that the Third street bridge should be removed or extended in one span over the whole slough and that the right of the city to remove such bridge which had been built by the Central Improve ment Company was in doubt. On the 10th of September, 1853, the city of Dubuque executed to F. S. Jesup a deed of trust on the Central island to secure a large amount of indebtedness, say about $30,000. On October 24, 1856. the city also executed to W. W. Corcoran a mortgage on Central island, with other lands, to secure the payment of $100,000, payable at New York, May 1, 1876. The Jesup trust was not acknowl edged, so far as the records showed. On March 20, 1857, the city contracted with J. P. Farley and others known as the Central Island Improvement Company to convey the said island to said company in consideration that the company should assume the indebtedness of the city to Corcoran and Jesup. The company thus assumed such indebtedness and on October 19, 1859, the city executed a deed of Central island to the Central Improvement Company by which the city conveyed all the right it then had or might afterwards have in the island and the beds of sloughs with the right to fill or dredge the same. On March 3, i860, Congress granted to the city all the title of the state of Iowa to the sloughs and beds of sloughs within the said property. Whatever right this act conferred upon the city would thus inure to the benefit of the Improvement Company under the prior act. On March 14, 1859, in consideration of a release from the indebtedness before assumed, amounting without interest to $120,000, the company made a contract with the city by which the company reconveyed to the city every third lot of the lots into which the island was laid out. In this contract the company obligated itself to pave a levee on the main channel of the Missis sippi river along the entire front of the island and to have the work done by January 1, 1861 ; also to fill and grade Second and Fourth streets from, the east line of lots of the old town of Dubuque not less than forty feet wide with proper slopes for embankments and to have Second street finished by January 1, 1862, and Fourth street by January 1, 1863. These conditions were never fulfilled, nor the work of paving or grading the streets ever commenced. This con tract was never signed by the city, but the company claimed the contract to be valid, inasmuch as the company signed it and made the conveyance to the city of the said lots and the conveyance was afterward accepted by the city by resolution. By January 1, 1863, 146 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the incumbrances on the island were far beyond its then actual value. There was the indebtedness of $120,000 and interest for several years and a county tax of $6,447.31 from 1857 to 1861 inclusive. In addition there was the city tax due and unpaid. On January 1, 1863, the office of city auditor was declared vacant, that official having been absent for a long time and neglected his duties. On January 9 about 250 wagons of pork were here at one time. On another day 100 wagon loads of firewood were on the streets; wood was worth $4.50 and $5, much higher than usual. George Francis Train lectured here January 17 on "English Shams: American Realities." John G. Armstrong, of Dubuque, formed a business connection with him and took the road. The printers had a big festival on Franklin's birthday. During 1862 and much of 1863 there was a great scarcity of small change; small packages of postage stamps were used — 5, 10 and 25-cent packages. There was a great drouth in January, so that water haulers were employed to fill the city cisterns to be in readiness for fires. January, 1863, was very mild, so that ferry boats ran as regularly as in summer. In January live hogs were worth only $2.90 to $3.25 ; wheat, 95 cents to $1 ; beef cattle on the hoof, $1.75 to $2.25, and whisky was going up, notwithstanding the efforts of most men to put it down. The Democrats here called the fractional currency "Chase's shinplasters." Immense quantities of ice were put up in 1862-3, George Zumhoff alone storing 45,000 tons. Early in January, 1863, Dubuque was shut off for a week from the outside by the deep snow and intense cold. Many domestic animals throughout the county perished. About this time $50,000 was offered for Kelly's bluff, but the eccentric owner refused to sell. James Burt was president of the skating club. Treasury notes on March 2 were at a small premium on 'change, city short bonds were worth 45 cents ; county, warrants, 97% cents ; Iowa state warrants, 98 cents; quartermaster's vouchers, 90 cents. In February green backs were here in abundance and were accepted by all business houses and farmers. In February all prices began to advance in leaps and bounds. The Herald seemed to lose no opportunity to denounce the branch of the State Bank. Gold ran up to about $1.70 here, but soon fell to $1.45. Early in 1863 Professor Lascelles and his assistants gave their series of grand concerts at the Julien theater; parts of the performance were "Blue Beard," "The Ship on Fire," "The Spirit of the Storm," "St. Patrick's Day," etc. The press declared this to be the grandest musical event ever in Dubuque up to that date. "The Lascelles third concert was attended by a large audience, which testified almost breathlessly to the rare and beautiful music. Mrs. Lascelles possessed a soprano voice of rare sweetness and compass, and Miss Anna Lascelles cap tured the audience with her Yankee songs. Mr. Lascelles played HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 147 and sang with a power and sweetness never approached on a stage in Dubuque. A special committee, consisting of Aldermen Quigley, Mason and Matthews, found that the indebtedness of the city of Dubuque on March 1, 1863, was as follows: Outstanding coupon bonds $ 682,000.00 Interest due March 1, i860 76,253.36 Interest due March 1, 1863 204,600.00 Interest on short bonds, $97,000 22,050.00 Outstanding short bonds, March 1, 1863 48,800.00 City currency and scrip out 16,047.30 Due Rowan for central market 3,500.00 Due Harbor Company for repairs 3,951.61 Other debts and judgments 7,250.00 Total $1,064,452.27 The amount of bonds issued by the city for railroad purposes: Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company, $200,000; Dubuque & Western Railway Company, $250,000. The Gelpeke Company brought suit to recover interest on the railway bonds for over three years. The county was interested to the extent of $200,000, which it voted the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company. By the recent supreme court decision both city and county now had to pay up. This sad fact caused people to be despondent. War claims added to the crushing burden; yet in spite of all the city and county were prosperous owing to the flush of war. In March, 1863, the air was dark with countless myriads of wild pigeons on many days. There was a big strike on the newspapers late in March, 1863 ; half sheets were issued. In the end the union which demanded better wages was forced to give up the fight. In 1861-2 there were packed in Dubuque 8,315 hogs; in 1862-3, 13,285. In the latter year Burlington, Des Moines, Farmington, Fort Madison, Keokuk, Muscatine and Ottumwa packed more than Dubuque — a few three or four times as many. In 1863 the mail distributing office was removed from Dubuque, which act was believed to be due to the opposition to the war shown here. John Hodnett had been and was yet connected with the Herald. D. A. Mahony and Stilson Hutchins conducted in the Herald one of the ablest papers in the West ; they assailed the Lin coln administration with ability, vigor and severity. The council in May declared cottonwood trees a nuisance and ordered them cut from city lots, streets, etc. A. Schaefle conducted a book bindery here in 1863. Dubuque county warrants were at par June 8, 1863. A Sylvester's patent grain separator was the invention of a Dubuque 148 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY man. A dispute between the saloons and breweries was settled in May, 1863, by fixing $9 as the price of a barrel ; elsewhere the price was $10. On June 1, 1863, Assessor Kniest reported in Dubuque 2,719 dwellings; families, 1,600; males, 5,998; females, 6,628; total population, 12,626; voters, 2,409; colored population, 65. Dubuque real estate was assessed at $1,893,000; personalty, $867,434. In a horse race at Bee Town between Kitty Clyde and a Bee Town horse for a stated purse of $700 a side, distance 500 yards, the horse won by four and one-half feet; it was said that over $8,000 changed hands .as the result of the race; $100 green back bills were numerous. On June 1, 1863, the Times was enlarged to eight columns. About this time the Chicago Times was suppressed by order of the military authorities, but after a few days was permitted to continue. D. N. Cooley, agent, called for the federal tax in June and announced that it must be paid within ten days or a 10 per cent penalty would be added. The board of trade was again organized in June ; it issued for a while the Commercial Reporter. Every cistern in the city was dry in June ; water haulers did a big business — 15 to 20 cents below, and 25 to 35 cents per barrel above the bluffs. "A Game of Ball. — The Fourth ward recently challenged the Third ward to try a star game of baseball for the championship belt. An enormous set-to came off lately between the clubs of the several wards. ... A very exciting and astonishing game was played. The Third ward after two hours threw up the sponge and the Fourth ward were proclaimed victorious." — (Herald, June 9, 1863.) The "Up-town" club and the "Down-town" club were pitted against each other. In the former were Markell, Root, Cox, Blatchley, Bates, J. Ware, C. Ware, Donaha and Perigo, and in the latter W. Mills, N. Mills, Waples, Lewis, Bugh, Morgan, Pinto, Potter and Coyle. The "Up-town" won in July at the race track. They also played on the circus grounds near the Third ward school- house. Another club here at this time was the Key City. This was the first year that matched games were played. The old cemetery at Dubuque consisted of twenty acres, about one-half of which was laid out into lots. It was not well drained, because a circular tract in the middle was lower than the surround ings. It was thus thought best to secure another 20-acre tract lying immediately west and contiguous to the old yard. It was arranged that 70 per cent of the proceeds of the sale of lots should be paid to the owner of the land, and the other 30 per cent go to the treasury to be used in laying out the ground, fencing it, etc. To Alderman Kiene was due this successful plan of securing the new tract. Mr. Norris laid out the lots, etc. The cemetery thus laid out and expanded consisted of forty acres in a regular square, beautifully situated and commanding a view both of the Mississippi HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 149 and the city. The price of the lots was fixed at sums varying from $5 to $25 each. About four acres were set apart for a potter's field. The cemetery was named "Linwood" by the city council. In July, 1863, drovers began to drive large numbers of cattle across the river to Dunleith for shipment to Chicago. Immense herds of sheep passed through Dubuque, bound for farms to the westward. A hunting party in July killed over 100 woodcock on the upper river and another party returned from northern Iowa with over 300 prairie chickens. C. Brownson established a big tobacco factory here in July. At this time the following com manded the highest prices ever known here — timothy hay, $18 ; best prairie hay, $15; slough hay, $12. "Certain parties in town are figuring for the establishment of a national bank. If they succeed there will be two after the first of January next, as other parties have the same object in view." — (Herald, August 24, 1863.) Late in July, 1863, boats under necessary restrictions passed down the river to Vicksburg and New Orleans. Considerable beer was sent down by Dubuque brewers; no mails were permitted on the boats. In September, 1863, during the fair the streets were lighted with gas and the press asked to have it made permanent. Several fast horses were at the fair: Young Bashaw, Tom Hyer, Kitty Hunt, Grey Hawk Morgan, May Day, Abe Lincoln, etc. In October, 1863, Professor Steiner ascended in a balloon on Main street, between Seventh and Eighth; reached an altitude of 10,000 feet, passed southeastward down the river, was visible for forty minutes, and landed safely near Bellevue ; he used city gas to carry him aloft. A complete set of counterfeiters' tools was unearthed at White and Thirteenth streets in October; they doubt less belonged to a gang that was convicted in 1859 and sent to the penitentiary. Telegraph poles were erected in November; they were for the new line west to Cedar Falls, etc. A large grey eagle was shot near Dubuque ; it fell into the river and was secured. The new postoffice and custom-house was about half finished in No vember. The Brothers of New Milleray sold many fat hogs here and at DyersviUe — no such in November brought them $412. A panther appeared near Dubuque in the fall of 1863, and killed pigs, chickens, calves, tore a bull terrier to pieces, frightened women and children; it evaded hunters who went after it and left the neighbor hood ; it had been seen near Stewart's place. The southern part of Dubuque was called Dublin, the northern part Germany, and the center was called Babel. A carload of twelve fine elks passed through here in November, 1863, bound for the stock preserves of Victor Emanuel of Italy and brought $1,500 put down in New York; buffaloes and antelopes were also shipped thus later. "National Bank. — We learn that a national bank is to be started ISO HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY in this city after January next by parties who generally succeed in what they undertake." — (Herald, November 29, 1863.) On December 3, 1863, the telegraph line to Cedar Falls was finished. The freight blockade late in 1863 caused great loss to Dubuque business men. Mass meetings failed to improve matters. The old plan to drain the adjacent mines to secure pure water were again considered at this time. The year 1863 saw much improvement in the city, more in repairs and ornamentation than in new buildings. There were no vacant houses. Among the improvements were buildings by Emerson Shields & Co. (Peosta House), Bishop Smyth, General Hodgdon, Capt. J. W. Parker, Richard O'Brien, Custom House, Dr. E. L. Clark, engine house at Washington Park, Woodworth & Jaeger's brewery on Lake Peosta, round-house for the railway, Plenis & Beach's soap factory, etc. Late in 1863 Dubuque newspapers . received telegraphic dispatches several hours ahead of Chicago. The large panther was again seen in Stewart's grove late in December, 1863 ; several hunters went after it but it had left the neighborhood. On January 7, 1864, the first mail from the East for a week arrived ; there had fallen deep snows and the cold was intense. The coldest period since 1856 extended from December 29, 1863, to January 2, 1864. On the 29th it was 4 degrees below at 3 p. m., 10 below at dark, and 15 below at 10 p. m. ; on the 30th it was 29 below in the morning, 20 below at 3 p. m., and 15 below at dark; on the 31st it was 21 below in the morning, and below- all the rest of the day ; on January 1 it was near zero all day, but always below ; on the 2d it was 13 below at sunrise, 2 below at 2 p.m., and 6 below at 6 p. m. The 2d was the severest as a cutting wind blew almost a gale. The Gelpcke case against the city and county for $650,000 and interest at 10 per cent went to the supreme court of the United States. It was on the railroad bonds issued in the fifties by both city and county. The recent decisions in the Iowa courts had led the people to expect that the bonds would be declared unconstitu tional by the highest court. The case came up in January, 1864, and the supreme court of the United States held that the bonds were valid in the hands of bona fide purchasers. Several other cases of a similar nature were decided at this time — all mantaining the validity of such bonds. It was now seen that the city and the county of Dubuque would have to pay these bonds and accumulated interest; this caused much despondency and in a measure checked the growth of the city. City and county were thus large stock holders in the roads. Hose Company No. 1 disbanded January 8, 1864. The North American Fur Company advertised for $20,000 worth of furs. The first mail from the West in six days arrived January 5. Eighteen HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 151 tons of wild game passed through to Chicago in one lot. Sporting men held several cock fights here in January. Two large wolves were seen near the city. Horses were raced on Lake Peosta. Hogs packed in 1862-3 : Brackett & Morse 5,935 J. Hughes 1,600 H. Brinkman & Co 1,100 Mullally & Walsh 500 Quigley & Brown 500 Coates 600 Rosenberg 35° Strobel & Rath 1,000 W. Lawther 100 F. Weigle 700 Tutwiler 200 12,585 Hogs packed in 1863-4: Brackett & Morse 8,000 Curtiss & Parker 1,700 Strobel & Rath 1,000 F. Weigle & Co 700 H. Brinkman & Co 600 Coates & Roberts, Nagle & Co., Dunn, Flynn & Conway. . . . 1,200 13,200 Bought and shipped from Dubuque 25,800 Number barrels pork packed 3.5°° Number tierces, lard 1,300 Packed 1861-2 8,315 A produce dealer here early in 1864 estimated the following receipts by wagon in this city for 1863: Wheat, 250,000 bushels; oats, 50,000 bushels; flour, 25,000 barrels; dressed hogs, 20,000; pork, 5,000 barrels. — (Herald, January 26, 1864.) Thirty tons of prairie chickens passed on to Chicago ; the}' were worth $1.60 per dozen; they retailed here for 6 cents each. Tschirgi & Schwind doubled the capacity of their brewery in January, 1864. In February the Herald was enlarged to eight columns. On February 9, 1864, county warrants were 95 to 98 cents; city- scrip dull at 30 cents; treasury notes at % Per cent premium; national bank notes at a slight discount, because it could not be used in paying taxes; gold, $1.57; silver, $1.47; demand notes, $1.58; Chicago exchange at par; New York exchange, % of 1 per cent premium. 152 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Professor Agassiz delivered several lectures here on natural his tory in February. On March i, 1864, Mahony, Hutchins and Hodnett left the Herald permanently; Robb and Ham took their places as editors and managers. "I need not say with what mingled feelings of pleasure and pain I make the announcement — pleasure that I am no longer obliged to fight a profitless battle, pain that I thus become virtually separated from so many brave, consistent. self-sacrificing Democrats," said Mr. Hutchins. "We do not enter upon the undertaking without some reluctance and a full apprecia tion of the duties, difficulties and responsibilities which the position involves. We shall endeavor to make the Herald thoroughly Demo cratic in its principles and usages, dignified in its tone, candid in its opinions, reliable in its statements and particularly valuable for its news, always seeking the harmony and welfare of the party and the preservation of our free republican institutions," said the three new managers, Patrick Robb, F. M. Ziebach and M. M. Ham. Under the new editors the Herald was mild and agreeable to what it had been. "First National Bank. — We understand that a national bank is about to be started in this city in Molony's block where the State Bank formerly was. F. Hinds is to be president and H. M. King man, cashier." — (Herald, March 4, 1864.) In April, 1864, the local bankers, in mass meeting, agreed as had been done in Chicago to throw out all wild-cat issues after May 1 ; there were a few exceptions. The city was under Democratic rule in 1862 and under Republican rule in 1863. On March 31 wood was worth from $10 to $12 a cord — the highest price by far on record. At this date Congress appropriated $30,000 for the com pletion of the custom house. City scrip was 40 cents on the dollar in March. Early in 1864 the canal convention was an important event ; it passed resolutions favoring a canal to connect Lake Mich igan with the Mississippi. "Has the county a right to tax the city to secure a fund to be used in building bridges within the city limits ?" was the main question early in 1864. Plans to commence a negro school were prepared in June. J. K. Graves bought the interest of Charles Aldrich in the Times in June. "The First National Bank of this city opened today for business and issued its notes." — (Herald, June 20, 1864.) Franklin Hinds was president and H. M. Kingman cashier. The first quarterly report, issued July 4, 1864, was as follows : assets. United States bonds $128,150.00 Due from banks i,793-22 Circulation on hand 54,400.00 Loans and discounts 2,000.00 Specie and other lawful money 22,654.89 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 153 Furniture and fixtures paid 1,987.75 Exchange paid 37I-3l Total $211,357.17 LIABILITIES. Capital stock $100,000.00 Circulating notes received 90,000.00 Deposits 17,395.61 Due to banks 3,906.90 Other items 54-66 Total $211,357.17 For the month of July, 1864, Mr. Jaeger paid a government tax of $12,573 on his distillery product. In the summer of 1864 it was proposed to issue new bonds to take up the interest and floating- debt and thus reduce the city obligations to system and order with a view to future liquidation. "All that is now necessary to reduce the indebtedness within limits that can be readily met and liquidated is for the capitalists of the city to come forward and take the $180,000 or $200,000 in bonds which the Council proposes to issue and with which they can place our finances in a healthy and comparatively easy condition. These bonds bear 8 per cent interest and one-half of the city tax is pledged each year to payment of the interest, which is ample for that purpose." — (Herald, July 15, 1864.) This step was taken and the new bonds were issued August 8. On August 23, 1864, Mahony and Crane, trustees, deposited with Babbage & Co., bankers, $174,000 in railroad bonds and unmatured coupons. There were yet to be surrendered $26,000. "In natural advantages, enterprise and improvements Dubuque has no equal in the state. Other things being equal, these are suf ficiently attractive to insure her a leading and commanding position. But we are greatly and overwhelmingly in debt. Probably a million of dollars would not liquidate our liabilities at their face. This debt operates as an incumbrance in all property here or that comes here, and if our citizens are wise and consult their own interests they will not let matters rest in this condition any longer. Its principal creditors now propose a compromise by which the entire indebted ness of the city can be paid with less than $200,000. But to do this the requisite sum must soon be raised. This the Council proposes to do by issuing bonds bearing 8 per cent interest and payable to the amount of about $20,000 annually. The project is liberal, safe and feasible and must not fail. About $80,000 in bonds have thus far been subscribed for, while some of our heaviest capitalists have as yet hardly stretched forth a helping hand. . . . The city 154 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY taxes now amount to about $80,000 annually. One-half of this is pledged to the payment of the interest and maturing installments of these bonds. The current expenses of the city are now reduced to the greatest economy compatible with efficiency and will not increase. Here then will be an unconsumed tax of $30,000 coming into the treasury annually not needed for either the current expenses or the sums falling due on the bonds, and this amount could be applied at once to the redemption of bonds before maturity. We venture the opinion that when this arrangement is completed and the city debt, all but this $200,000, is lifted, the aggregate value of property in Dubuque will be increased in a sum greater than the amount of the bonds."— (Herald, August 7, 1864.) Nearly all bills except greenbacks had disappeared by August 10, 1864. City scrip sold at 60 cents in August. There was a great increase in crime at this date, due to an attempt to run the city without adequate police protection. In this emergency the marshal recommended an ordinance establishing a chain gang and his advice was accepted. "The wife of the market gardener residing at Eagle Point gave birth in August, 1864, to twins which had heads and necks resem bling snakes. In other respects they were normal. The physicians in attendance, it was said, let them bleed to death. A few months before this date her husband had frightened her by throwing a snake in her lap." — (Herald, August 21, 1864.) Later this event was confirmed by the Herald, and was published throughout the country. It was not generally known what became of the monsters. Several baseball clubs were organized in 1864, but they did not flourish as they had in 1863. Two were called Key City and Hawkeye. A committee of the city council in September, 1864, after due examination and deliberation, reported that in its opinion it had no authority to open a harbor on Third street as desired by officers of a packet company. The council thereupon passed a resolution instructing the harbor committee "to open a channel at the inter section of Third street with the slough leading into the inner harbor and to build a bridge across said channel with a draw of sufficient width to allow boats to pass up into the inner slough, thus giving steamboats access to the inner harbor and levee, affording a safe and convenient place for laying up steamboats and barges in winter and also furnishing a convenient place for building barges and doing all kinds of steamboat repairs ; that the committee be also instructed to take up the bridge which now crosses the inner slough at Third street and to fill up the channel under said bridge." On November 29, 1864, $11.76 was paid for fancy dressed hogs. On December 9 the price jumped to $13.50. Five days later they sold at $14.06. "Pork has reached such a high figure that it is a luxury. Landlords talk of striking it from the bill of fare and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 155 serving it only on important occasions. Who wouldn't be a hog?" — (Herald, December n, 1864.) The First National Bank's state ment of October 3 showed $208,837 in deposits; specie and legal tenders on hand, $117,414.22. It was thus in a healthy condition. In April, 1865, the German Savings Bank, with a capital of $150,000, opened at 57 Main street. Its president was J. H. Thedinga; cashier, William Fuchs. In 1864 Rhomberg & Co., distillers, operated sixteen fermenting tubs, each with a capacity of 300 barrels ; three high wine receivers of 200 barrels' capacity each, and could handle when working at its best 1,000 bushels of grain per day. This distillery was put in full operation late in 1864. Soon after the war the famous suit of the Government against J. H. Rhomberg & Co. for about $755,000 was instituted. The claim was that the Rhomberg company had manu factured some 9,000 or 10,000 barrels of whisky or distilled spirits upon which it had paid no revenue. The property of Mr. Rhomberg was finally seized, but every step was fought in the courts. Other seizures were made here by the government agents. The case finally came up in the United States Circuit Court at Des Moines and a judgment for $103,000 was secured against Mr. Rhomberg. Green B. Raum, commissioner of internal revenue, said there was no donbt as to the justness of the government's contention; but Mr. Rhom- berg's friends here declared their belief in his innocence and assisted him all in their power. The best legal talent obtainable was employed in the case. In the end, after many years, the case was compromised. Late in 1864 and early in 1865 the freight accommodations at Dubuque were so burdensome and extortionate that there was a general demand for a railroad bridge across the river. Numerous meetings were held, protests registered, and relief was demanded. The transfer system was robbery, it was declared. Numerous hold ups, burglaries and shootings at this time roused the city and caused the council to take steps to end the reign of terror at all hazards. Haas', Bissell's, Bradley's, Johnson's, Woodworth's, Scott's, Hodg- den's, Taylor's and other residences were burglarized. The council ordered removed by April 17, 1865, all bodies in the old cemetery outside of the fence. During the fiscal year 1864-5 the Gelpcke interest was settled; revenues were increased; the reign of terror was ended, and better transfer facilities were secured from the Illinois Central Railway Company. On January 19, 1865, Dubuque was lighted with gas from Iowa coal for the first time. At this time Woodworth & Jaeger planned an immense distillery. The new Merchants' National Bank stock was all subscribed late in January. F. H. W. Sheffield became president and R. A. Babbage cashier; it began business May 1. The branch bank here had a circulation of $283,837 and total resources of $859,465. Later this bank took steps to go out of 156 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY business and change to a national bank. Early in February the stock of the Second National Bank was subscribed and a charter was sought. At the celebration of Washington's birthday in 1865 the right hand of George Higley was so mutilated by a premature discharge of the cannon that it had to be amputated. The amount received by the city treasurer for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1865, from all sources was $50,208.53; total disbursements, $39,286.25. Of the expenses $9,894.59 was in old debts, principal of bonds and scrip redeemed. The total amount of old debt settled was $23,684.50. On June 10, 1865, the early settlers organized as the "Early Settlers Association." The first members were P. A. Lorimier, John Simplot, George W. Jones, Jesse M. Harrison, S. M. Lang worthy, A. McDaniel, Richard Bonson, J. R. Goodrich, N. V. Descelles, Mathew McNear, A. B. Harrison, B. F. Emerson, S. M. Lorimier, T. C. Roberts, A. Levi, T. S. Wilson, George O. Karrick, J. D. Graffort, Peter Waples, H. A. Wiltse, John King, J. H. Thedinga, Jacob Christman, M. McNamara, Joseph Ogilby, Nathan Simpson, J. H. Emerson, John Goldthorpe and C. H. Booth. This was the first list, but others were immediately added. Timothy Mason was elected president of the association, and P. A. Lorimier, Patrick Quigley, John King, Edward Langworthy and George W. Jones, vice presidents; J. H. Thedinga, treasurer, and C. Childs, secretary. Eliphalet Price, of Clayton county; Ezekiel Lockwood, of Washington, D. C, and Patrick Quigley, Thomas McKnight and C. Childs, of Dubuque, were elected honorary members. They passed suitable resolutions upon the death of Lucius H. Langworthy. — (Herald, June 13, 1865.) In June, 1865, J. Rich and G. T. Stewart became editors and managers of the Times, the former becoming editor-in-chief. About this time there were nearly 200 saloons in the city; the license was fixed at $15 every six months; as many did not pay up, suit was threatened. A rainstorm of unusual violence late in June did immense damage all over the county and several lives were lost; five bridges in Langworthy hollow alone were swept away. On July 4, 1865, eighteen baseball players of Dubuque went to Free- port, 111., to witness a game between the Empire club, of that city, and the Empire club, of St. Louis ; the latter won by a small margin; it was pronounced a great game. The leading club here in 1865 was the Julien; they had good grounds. In July, 1865, the Times was controlled by W. S. Peterson, E. M. Newcombe, G. H. Marsh, W. J. Gilbert and Philip Ryan. A large delegation went, over to Galena in August, 1865, to participate in the reception to General Grant. At the head of this movement were W. B. Allison, John Thompson, Henry A. Wiltse, H. L. Stout, George L. Mathews, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 157 O. P. Shiras and others. In August, 1865, city scrip was worth 70 cents and county warrants 90 cents. In 1865 the Julien baseball club consisted of two nines, which played several matched games. One of the games resulted as follows : Winning side 2 o 1 3 9 1 1 2 2 21 Losing side 023101122 12 Fly catches by winning side, 12; by losing side, 9; time of game, 2 hours and 1 5 minutes. The Herald said this was the best game ever played in the city, if not the best west of the Mississippi. It was the first time that there were full nine players on each side and full nine innings played. Gen. Henry Wiltse was umpire at the second game. In 1865 John D. Bush proposed the laying out of Grand avenue, commencing at Quigley lane opposite the brewery on Julien avenue and extending along the ridge road until its intersection with the Military road on the top of Whisky hill. A real mad dog ran through the streets on August 19. In the fall of 1865 the citizens and press declared that the real future prosperity of the city depended upon the wholesale interests and meetings were held to expand business in this direction. The city was growing rapidly. Late in September, 1865, the Empire baseball club, of St. Louis, came here and defeated the best Julien nine by a score of 35 to 29. Against the strong St. Louis team, Dubuque made a better showing than had been anticipated. On September 29 the Empires, of St. Louis, and the Empires, of Freeport, played a match game in Dubuque for the prize of a silver ball; the former won by a score of 12 to 5; S. J. Cox, of the Dubuque club, was umpire; the game lasted three and one-half hours. On the 29th the Dubuque gave a complimentary supper at the Tremont House to the St. Louis and Freeport clubs. The next day the Empires, of St. Louis, defeated the Juliens by 16 to 9. In the threatened injunction case of the city against the county to prevent the collection of bridge tax, the former agreed not to com mence such proceedings providing the county would allow a portion of the expense of building bridges within the city limits. The driving park, consisting of thirty acres, was up Couler avenue and had a half-mile track; it was opened in November, 1865. MEMBERS OF THE EARLY SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION. Alexander D. Anderson. A. Christman. John V. Brown. C. J. Cummings. A. L. Brown. N. V. Descelles. Richard Bonson. J. H. Emerson. 158 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY J. R. Goodrich. John Goldthorpe. Jesse M. Harrison. Jonathan Higgins. Henry Hunter. W. F. Jaeger. A. Keesecker. John Spencely. R. Spaulding. Genge Strasser. J. H. Thedinga. Richard Waller. T. S. Wilson. R. C. Waples. P. Williamson. C. H. Booth. John Bell. Thomas R. Brasier. Jacob Christman. William Crummer. Richard Cox. Mathew McNear. John Maclay. Elias McCants. Rudolph Nolte. James Pratt. Benjamin Rupert. Xavier Reinfred. Nathan Simpson. Alexander Simplot. Martin Shaffner. John King. S. M. Lorimier. Oscar A. Langworthy. A. Levi. Dr. R. S. Lewis. Timothy Mason. M. McNamara. William Myers. John W. Markle. John M. Moore. Christopher Pelan. John Palmer. T. C. Roberts. John Simplot. ' H. L. Stout. B. F. Davis. John R. Ewing. John D. Graffort. Joseph Glew. A. B. Harrison. S. Hempstead. George W. Jones. George O. Karrick. Peter Kiene. P. A. Lorimier. S. M. Langworthy. Edward Langworthy. Warner Lewis. C. J. Liest. A. McDaniel. John Simpson. James Slone. James W. Taylor. H. A. Wiltse. Peter Waples. I. E. Wootten. Jesse Yount. In November, 1865, so unclean had the streets become, the citizens turned out en masse, formed a brigade, and cleaned them. It was now realized that the railroad bridge should have been built in i860 and that the city during the war had paid large sums as unjust freight and transfer charges. Now, in earnest, the people demanded the bridge. It was called a "commercial necessity." Over 5,000 barrels of apples were stored here in November, 1865, for shipment to the back country during the winter. In 1865, for the first time, a regularly paid and disciplined police force was maintained. B. M. Harger and J. D. Langworthy represented the Dubuque baseball clubs at the baseball convention in Chicago late in 1865 ; the North western Baseball Association was formed at this time. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 159 The National State Bank succeeded the State Bank Branch in November, 1865 ; L. D. Randall was president. In December, 1865, Howard and McArthur contracted to supply the city with gas; fifty lamps were in use — twenty-three on Main street. The Dubuque Produce Exchange was formed before 1865. In January, 1866, the National Savings Bank was established with Franklin Hinds as president ; this institution was closely associated with the First National Bank. In December, 1865, the boiler in Jaeger's distillery exploded, wrecking the building and killing one and injuring several persons. William McLenan was elected presi dent of the Julien baseball club for 1866. At this time the council refused to appropriate $500 for the State Fair to be held here in the fall of 1866. Within a few days the citizens raised $3,421 to secure the fair for two years, prepare the grounds, etc. The city failed to get the fair in 1866. The city paid 70 cents on the dollar for its own scrip in February. The Mississippi Navigation Convention was held here in Febru ary, 1866, and assembled in the hall of the Produce Exchange. A large delegation from all upper river points was present, five states being represented. The Iowa legislature attended in a body. E. O. Stanard, of St. Louis, presided. The resolutions adopted demanded extensive improvements in the Mississippi, particularly at the rapids. The Dubuque Savings Institution was established in February, 1866, with $100,000 capital and George A. Blanchard, president, and R. A. Babbage, secretary and treasurer. The Young Men's Library was opened in Julien hall in February. The People's Savings Bank was opened in April, 1866, with John Thompson president and J. K. Graves treasurer. Henry A. Wiltse was chosen president of the Julien baseball club in 1866, vice McLenan resigned. D. A. Mahony, Stilson Hutchins and John Hodnett established the St. Louis Daily Times in June, 1866. Immense improvements on sewers and streets were made in 1866. A big Fenian demonstration occurred here July 4, 1866. In the summer of 1866 a baseball tournament was held at Rock- ford, 111. ; a golden ball and a gold-mounted bat were the prizes. Special prizes were offered to the best base runner, best thrower, most home runs, worst beaten club, etc. Ten clubs, including Julien, of Dubuque, were present. The latter's players were J. R. Clark, catcher; Cox, pitcher; J. Ware, short stop; Markell, first base; Langworthy, second base ; Donaha, third base ; C. Ware, left field ; Ballou, center field ; W. R. Clark, right field. The game with the Cream Citys, of Milwaukee, was as follows : Cream City 540061 142 23 Juben 142102140 15 The Dubuque Street Railroad Company, in July, 1866, petitioned 160 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the council to grant them the right to occupy the streets ; Graves, Stewart, Randall and others were back of this step. Water works for the city were proposed in July, 1866. It was declared that the old method of hauling water from the river must be abandoned and a new modern system installed. From the bluffs north of the city a large supply of pure water could be secured, it was announced. In July, 1866, a marine railway and boat yard was projected at Eagle Point; Captain Webb inaugurated the movement. At this date the Young Men's Library contained 4,000 volumes and had 300 regular subscribers. Many buildings were erected this summer. A. Heeb and others petitioned for a ferry at Eagle Point. The council committee reported against granting the use of the streets to a railway company until such step was clearly authorized by the legislature. The citizens demanded a large public park at this date. In August, 1866, the council authorized the Water Company to lay pipes in the city. John H. O'Neill, city attorney, rendered the opinion that the council had no right to grant the streets to a cor poration for street car purposes. Judge King expressed the opinion that the city already possessed that right. "Steam railroads already occupied the streets; why could not horse railways do likewise?" it was asked. In September, 1866, C. C. Frinke, of Chicago, and S. J. Cox, of Dubuque, played a billiard match here — 1,000 points. Cox was conceded 200 points and won by 42 points — cushion carom. In one week in September, 1866, there were sold at the market- house 143 hogs, twenty-seven steers and five cows. In October the fire companies demanded higher pay. The horse fair of November, 1866, was the best ever held here. The horse Kirkwood trotted a mile in 2:34%, which was very fast for that period. The wagon factory of A. A. Cooper was one of the largest industries here. He was now finishing 600 wagons a year ; they were used all over the West. By February, 1867, the town clock had cost $2,871.72. In March, 1866, the First National and National State banks were con solidated, the combined capital being $300,000 and surplus $60,000. R. E. Graves became president and W. H. Clark cashier. The council had trouble with City Attorney O'Neill and dismissed him, but later rescinded the order upon his agreement to behave himself. Gas in 1867 cost $5.50, although the ordinance of 1853 limited the price to $3.50. The Excelsior baseball club in 1867 consisted of two nines — married men and single men — who played numerous games with varied results. In the spring of 1867 the Dubuque and Dunleith Bridge was incorporated with a capital of $1,200,000, among the members being Piatt Smith, H. L. Stout and W. B. Allison. After much contro versy it was finally determined to submit to popular vote the ques tion of permitting the horse railway to occupy the streets. The result was as follows: For the railway, 2,185; against the railway, 127. O. P. Shiras became alderman in April, 1867. At this time DUBUQUE BOAT YARD. SHOWING THE "ALBATROSS," THE LARGEST STEEL BOAT EVER BUILT ON INLAND WATERS MOUTH OF CATFISH CREEK, NEAR JULIEN DUBUQUE'S TOMB HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY ifir the Times and Staats Zeitung became the official city papers. The Key City Flouring Mills exploded April 22, 1867, killing four per sons and wounding eight others; the mill was torn to atoms; the cause was "mill dust." On April 24 three distinct earthquake shocks were felt here; chairs were set rocking, window panes rattled, pic tures on the walls swayed and tilted, chandeliers swayed and plaster fell. People rushed from the buildings and many were nauseated. The shocks came like waves from north to south. The people demanded that the proposed railroad bridge should have a foot and wagon attachment. On June 21, 1867, Odd Fellows hall, in Facade block, was dedi cated. The Excelsior and Clipper baseball clubs played a match game June 27 and the former won — 55 to 17; J. A. Miller was umpire. In June, 1867, Julien township was constituted the sixth voting precinct. In July, 1867, the city was sued on the W. W. Corcoran loan — the principal being $100,000, with a large amount of interest past due. E. McCeney was city attorney in 1867. By August, 1867, Dubuque had subscribed $600,000 for the river bridge and at this time W. B. Allison became president of the com pany. The census of August, 1867, showed in the city a total popu lation of 21,133 whites and 89 colored. The number of voters was 3,487. There were six colleges and academies ; manufactures were valued at $3,194,350. A new fire engine costing $5,500 was received September 5 and put in the new rooms on Iowa street ; it was named the "J. K. Graves." Hawkeye Hose Company, No. 1, took possession of the new engine. In September, 1867, the Manchester Excelsiors and the Dubuque Excelsiors, after several months of bluster and bragging, played a matched game of baseball at Dubuque. The largest crowd ever assembled here for baseball gathered to witness the contest, many ladies being present; the game lasted three hours and resulted as follows : Dubuque Excelsiors. .. 20 221215113 47 Manchester Excelsiors. 75004025 2 - 25 In September, 1867, A. A. Cooper's wagon factory was destroyed by fire; within one month he rebuilt temporarily and continued operations about as large as ever. By ordinance of October, 1867, the Dubuque Street Railway Company and their successors were granted "the exclusive right and privilege to construct, operate and maintain over the streets of the city of Dubuque street railways for carrying passengers and freight for the term of twenty years." They were required to have at least two miles of track completed and in operation within one year. By act of July, 1883, additional rights and privileges were granted to the company and additional requirements were exacted from it. In 1 62 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY April, 1890, the right to operate an electric street railway was granted. Many provisions were added. In August, 1890, the company was granted the right to erect an electric light and power station within the city limits, and was limited to twenty-five years duration. Proper reservations were made by the city. By ordi nance of September, 1890, the company was permitted to lay and maintain a double track on certain streets. An ordinance of February, 1892, permitted the company to extend its lines to cer tain other streets. In August, 1891, the ordinance concerning an electric street railway was amended and additional rights were granted — one provision being that regular cars should be run to the main entrance of the Dubuque Driving Park. Additional rights were extended by the ordinance of July, 1897. The life of the com pany was extended thirty-three years from April 25, 1915, and it was required "to construct, create, establish and permanently main tain a park and pleasure resort on both sides of the Maquoketa river at Sageville," and to create and maintain therein a lake to be formed by damming up the waters of that river, the dam to be built about 100 feet west of Thompson's mill. The company was required to extend its lines to this park. Three years was the time fixed for the completion of the park and dam. The city reserved the right to purchase the entire plant of the street railway company and required half-fare tickets for working people during certain hours. Various other rights and extensions have been granted the company. In November, 1867, the sheriff sold at public auction many lots of the Harbor Company for non-payment of taxes; they were all bought back by the Harbor Company. Settlement of the city with Mrs. Porter was finally effected in November ; the original debt was $10,000. At this date Waterloo charged Dubuque with grain elevator frauds — five bushels on each car taken, a biased inspection, unlawful commissions, fictitious transfer rates, etc. ; the charge was laid by Dubuque to the Illinois Central railroad. In the fall of 1867 four church choirs united and under Professor Seager gave public concerts with great success, the benefits going to the Young Men's Christian Association. The first work on the' street railway was done late in November, 1867, near Heeb's brewery; the first section ended at Tivoli gardens, whence extensions could be run to Eagle Point and to the driving park. The stables were near Heeb's brewery; the company started with fifteen horses. Wharfage in November, 1867, amounted to $604.53. For years a steady revenue had been obtained from this source. The lumber dealers in 1867 were Knapp, Stout & Co., E. R. Lumbert & Co., George Edwards, Pelan & Randall, Dubuque Lumber Co., Mitchell & Kiene, J. M. Robison, Johnson & Bro., Ingram, Kennedy & Co., Clark & Scott, Gibbs & Parmenter, Solo mon Turck, W. H. & E. T. Allen, J. Scott & Co. and T. O. Sullivan. About 25,000,000 feet were landed here in 1867. In eleven months HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 163 18,033,668 feet were shipped, mostly westward over the Dubuque & Sioux City railroad. Dubuque in 1867 handled in bushels : Wheat, 4,246,561 ; oats, 826,482; corn, 86,000; barley, 41,499. H. Markell & Co.'s bank was closed forever January 6, 1868; assignment was made to H. L. Stout and T. C. Roberts, two of the heaviest creditors ; the liabilities were placed at $70,000. The cred itors held an excited meeting. The Library Lecture Course in 1867-8 embraced eight lectures of the following persons : Dr. Vinton, Dr. Holland, Dr. Hayes, Prof. Mason, Rev. J. C. Fletcher, Anna E. Dickinson, Prof. Youmans and E. P. Whipple. That of Anna E. Dickinson netted at the door $291.75 ; her house was worth $396.75 ; none of the others exceeded $100. Season tickets yielded $839.33. The wharfage in May, 1868, amounted to $963.92. The Herald statistician said in January, 1868, that during 1867 about one hun dred buildings had been built. The boiler of the Tschirgi & Schwind's brewery exploded in February, 1868, killing one person and severely injuring four others. Half a block on Main street between Sixth and Seventh was destroyed by fire in February, 1868, the loss being about $50,000. The hogs packed here in 1866-7 numbered 6,400; in 1867-8, 8,978. In March, 1868, the United States marshal sold at public auction the Central island property to Stout, Graves and others. All sales were subject to the Jesup mort gage of 1853 for $30,000. This sale was made by order of the court under the Corcoran claim which had grown from $100,000 in 1857. to $175,000 in March, 1868. The city receipts for the fiscal year 1867-8 were $60,327.35 and expenses $68,029.60; cash on hand April 1, 1868, $19,215.61. J. K. Graves, retiring mayor, was accused of irregularities by a council committee appointed to examine his accounts. In May, 1868, old city bonds were worth 20 cents and new city bonds 85 cents on the dollar. On May 27, 1868, Solon Langworthy rode on the first street railway trip in the city; he rode over 120 acres which were bought thirty-four years before for $500 and broke up in the spring of 1864. The tract extended from Tenth to Eighteenth streets and from Iowa to the river. It was afterward divided between the four Langworthy brothers. M. B. Mulkern was city attorney in 1868. The city complained in 1868 because, although it paid over one-half of the bridge tax, it received no benefit. The county replied that the city was benefited by the trade which came over the bridges to the city. Immense damage all over the county was done by a furious storm which occurred June 5, 1868. All the bridges on the Dubuque & Sioux City railroad were swept away. Damage to the amount of $10,000 was done in the city. Portions of skeletons were washed out on the streets from the old cemetery. Another storm, June 27, 1 64 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY was almost as damaging. On May 10, 185 1, there fell in Dubuque in about fifteen minutes 3.35 inches of rain. July 14, 1868, it was 102 degrees in the shade here. The J. K. Graves fire engine saved in one year all it had cost. A. A. Cooper's new wagon factory was dedicated in August, 1868, by over 300 couples who assembled to do honor to this first citizen of Dubuque. Sixteen sets at one time danced in the big hall. His employes thus showed their high regard for Mr. Cooper. City officials and bands were present. In 1868 Dubuque had seventeen dry goods houses, twenty-six groceries, four hardware stores, five drug stores, nine boot and shoe stores, fourteen clothiers, nineteen churches and free public schools worth $150,000. By September 17, 1868, the second span of the railroad bridge was up in place. Mathias Ham was called the father of the Eagle Point ferry, which started September 19, 1868. The fastest horses in the West were at the driving park in October, 1868. Bashaw Jr. trotted a mile in 2:26%. A red fox was caught within the city limits late in 1868. Under a recent act of the legislature the city voted late in 1868 on the question of compounding the city debt ; new bonds were to be issued to cover all the old indebtedness, which aggregated nearly $1,000,000. The overwhelming question at this date was the city debt. Mass meet ings with all shades of opinion were held. Many thought the city could secure a great reduction from creditors; a few wanted to repudiate ; but the great majority were willing to pay their honest obligations. The city had received the benefits of the money, mostly well spent, and should not now think of repudiation, was the better thought and conclusion. Judge Shiras had been sent to Des Moines to secure the passage of the law. The city under the new law could not issue more bonds than the sum of the old debt and interest. If the new bonds were not issued the city could borrow no more because its credit was gone with a vast debt hanging over it. The vote was finally postponed. A prize fight between John Bernard and Peter Toohey was fought at Menominee station December 12, 1868, and was attended by a large number of Dubuque sporting men. The stakes were $200 a side and the fight was won by Toohey on a foul. William Daily was referee. On December 14, 1868, the draw for the railroad bridge was swung into position for the first time. The first pas senger train crossed December 22. In 1868 there were erected in Dubuque about 1 50 buildings costing $800 or more each. The Iowa Institute of Science and Art was organized here early in 1869, and its rooms were in the Facade building. Dr. Asa Harr was president ; for many years he had been the observer here of the Smithsonian Institution. Rev. J. W. Hanson was secretary. Many citizens contributed valuable relics. In February the fire companies disbanded, but immediately reorganized. A committee of the council was sent East early in 1869 to com- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 165 promise matters with the city creditors. Turck and Thompson, both ex-mayors, were on the committee. A brick house on Dodge street, bought of J. J. E. Norman before 1868, was converted into a house of refuge. It was burned probably to get rid of a nuisance early in 1869. On April 17 many ladies of Dubuque met at the residence of Mrs. D. S. Wilson and organized a society the object of which was "to secure the development and enfranchisement of women." Mrs. D. S. Wilson was elected president ; Mrs. W, P. Large, vice presi dent; Mrs. Austin Adams, corresponding secretary; Mrs. J. L. McCreery, recording secretary. All Iowa women in sympathy with the objects were invited to join the society. The population of the city in May, 1869, was announced as 23,543. By ordinance of July, 1869, the council granted the Du buque Lumbermen and Manufacturers' Railroad Company permis sion with the right of way to construct and for fifteen years main tain a railroad track along certain streets and public places in the city. The ordinance was elaborate and contained many requirements and provisions. In June, 1869, at a special election to decide on compounding the debt, the vote stood : Yes, 228 ; no, 265. Thus the citizens decided against the issuance of new bonds to pay the old debt. Under contract with the council William Rebman graded down, leveled and planted with trees the old cemetery now called Jackson park; all bodies were removed. At a fight here between a Chicago dog and a Dubuque dog owned by Mr. Sutton the latter won in fifteen minutes. The total eclipse of the sun in August, 1869, was wit nessed by everybody here. Base ball was not thought much of in T869. At the suggestion of George W. Jones the council, in September, 1869, prepared a memorial to Congress to grant 640 acres at Peru for a public park. The horse fair in October, 1869, was larger and better than ever. Over forty fast horses were present. The Mer chants' Protective Union was organized in November, 1869. By the census of 1869 Dubuque city was shown to have a population of 17,969, 3,542 dwellings and 3,448 voters. In 1869 the fire depart ment consisted of two steam engines, three hose carts, one hose carriage, sixteen men, eight horses, 4,500 feet of rubber hose, two hand engines — Washington No. 1 and Protection No. 2 — an old hook and ladder truck and three or four ladders; public cisterns supplied water. In 1867 there were erected 121 buildings; in 1868, 135, and in 1869, 176. The largest improvements in 1869 were Ryan's packing house, $100,000; gas works, $16,000; Methodist church, $22,000; Second Presbyterian church, $50,000; Manson block, $23,000; Levi block, $12,000; Ogelsby block, $12,000; thirty buildings cost over $5,000 each. Late in 1869 a big meeting was held to consider the question of 166 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY discriminating tariffs. B. B. Richards was the principal speaker. About this time the mayor and aldermen were served with a man damus to levy a special tax to pay the recent Corcoran judgment of $76,716.05. This was for unpaid interest on the Corcoran loan. In 1869 and early in 1870 the council paid $117,500 of the city debt. The old cemetery occupied by the Catholics near the cathedral was adjudged the property of the city early in 1870; it had been patented to no one. CITY OF DUBUQUE, 1870 TO 1893. DURING the fiscal year 1869-70 city debt to the amount of $142,846.33 was paid. Edward Langworthy gratuitously surrendered to the city his claim of $9,750, making the total amount of debt settled $152,596.33. Of this amount $123,846.36 was settled for less than 27 cents on the dollar. This settlement was an extra good one, in view of the fact that the courts had already decided that the city debt was valid. This council deserves special credit, because many of the best men of the city, not wishing to take hold of the complicated and vexatious debt question, had refused to become candidates for aldermen. The city receipts for the year 1869-70 were $94,638.52, out of which the mayor and council managed to save to be applied on the debt the sum of $51,881. In January, 1870, bondsmen of City Treasurer Quigley paid $5,000 in past due interest coupons as a full settlement of his defalcation. The total city debt on March 1, 1870, was $882,745.42. The actual debt was not known, because it had not yet been learned which of the creditors would be willing to settle for less than 100 cents on the dollar. The city began in earnest early in 1870 to consider a system of water works; other cities were visited by the council committees and the various water systems were inspected; the Holly system was popular. Kiene and Jaeger were active in this movement. Early in 1870 the members of St. Raphael's, St. Mary's and St. Patrick's churches and of St. Raphael's Cemetery Association petitioned the council to surrender to them the cemetery on Third street in view of their right to the same under the claim of Patrick Quigley. After consideration the council stated that the title to the cemetery was in the city, but the graves would not be disturbed unless satisfactory to the Catholics. Miners endeavored to secure the right to dig under the cemetery for mineral. Andrew Keesecker, "Nestor of the Iowa press," died in Dubuque in April, 1870. He was born in Virginia in 181 o and in early life was a sailor, visiting many lands. He served in the Greek revolu tion of 1822-27. He early learned the printing business at Balti more and New Orleans. In 1832 or 1833 he came to the lead mines and was first connected with the Galenian under Dr. Phileo. He often composed his editorials at the case. In 1836 he joined Judge King in establishing the Dubuque Visitor, the first newspaper in Iowa, and set up "The Linwoods," a story, the first copy given out 167 1 68 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY in the state. He was the first pressman with an old Smith Cin cinnati press. In 1842 he was associated with D. S. Wilson in founding the Miners' Express. Ever afterward until his death he was connected with the. press of Dubuque. He had spent thirty- seven years in Dubuque. His wife was formerly Clara Roberg, of Dubuque. Suitable resolutions were passed by the printers and early settlers at his death. A change of city administration caused the city printing in 1870 to pass to the Times and the National Demokrat, thus rousing the ire of the Herald and F. A. Gniffke. Edwin Forrest appeared here in 1870 as Richelieu and other plays. In April, 1870, the council levied a special tax to pay off the Corcoran interest judgment of $76,716.05. A general system to improve cross streets was adopted at this time. Fourteenth street to the bluff was opened in 1870. On June 29, 1870, it was 102 degrees in the shade here. In 1870 authority to lay water pipes in the streets was granted; the city agreed to take 100 hydrants. Of the water company John Thomp son was president; the company had a capital of $300,000. The war between France and Germany stirred up the foreigners here from those countries. It was noted in the Herald August 18, 1870, that after a fire alarm had been sounded, it took from one-half to three-quarters of an hour before the engines were ready for work; the horses were kept out on the levee, far away from the engines. "It is sickening to hear the bell ring 'ding dong' for half an hour while valuable property is being destroyed." The Dubuque County Woman's Suffrage Association was in existence in 1870 and met regularly in Good Templars' hall. The old Lorimier house down the river was burned in 1870. In October, 1870, the total city debt was estimated at $1,095,077.89, of which $226,019.27 was in judgments and $38,357.28 in interest on judg ments. The population of the city in 1870 was 18,432, of which 12,071 were natives and 6,361 foreigners; there were 3,619 dwell ings and 3,506 families. In i860 the city population was 12.926. In October, 1870, the water company was disbanded — had made a failure. Almost immediately afterward another water company was organized, with Mr. Chamberlain among its officials. The Julien theater, built in 1856 by McKinley & Poor at a cost of $17,000, stood at Locust and Fifth. In 1858 the People's theater was built, but did not pay and was occupied as lawyers' offices. Later the Young Men's Association used it. In November, 1870, a prize fight between Mike O'Connor and J. C. Clark was fought across the river at Boat Yard Hollow. Clark was whipped in four rounds. It was charged by the press late in 1870 that a conspiracy existed to buy up the city debt from creditors at a great reduction and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 169 then force the city to pay par ; it was charged that the bondholders here were connected with this intrigue. Baseball flourished in 1870. The "Key City" was the name chosen. Charles Hathaway was president; N. A. Mills, secretary; H. M. Kingman, treasurer. The leading nine were Parker, Rob- ison, Gibbs, Seaman, A. Clark, Leach, Jaeger, Gregoire and How ard. Games were played on the old fair grounds. In August the Key Citys defeated the Baltics of Chicago, 39 to 23, but in a return game they lost, 18 to 4. They defeated the Excelsiors of Man chester, 18 to 8, but were defeated in the return game, 60 to 43. In September they defeated the Crescents of Galena, 44 to 24, and again 50 to 15. They were defeated by the Actives of Clinton, 26 to 18. They also defeated the Forest City club of Rockford by 79 to 1 ; they made thirty scores in the first inning. Late in 1870 they made a tour of the state and won nearly every game; they were almost up to the standard of professionals. The Excel siors were another club here. During 1870 business in Dubuque was unusually prosperous. There were sold here 2,500 sewing machines ; sales of sash, doors and blinds, $518,000; brewery products, $201,600; wagons, etc., $285,615; bricks, $125,000; engines, $220,000. Already the city was celebrated for its manufactures. Total fire loss was $274,250; insurance, $171,950. The thirteen lumber firms sold 60,564,056 feet of lumber. In a prize fight at Boat Yard Hollow, January 20, 1871, Mike O'Connor defeated E. St. Clair in twenty rounds. There was trouble over city bonds between the council and Mr. Thompson and others. It was at this date, at last, that the local bondholders united and demanded 100 cents on the dollar. The city refused temporarily to pay anything. It had become so firmly fixed in the minds of the city fathers that they could get a great reduction from creditors, that this action took them by surprise, dumfounded them, and they required time to collect their scattered senses. It was claimed that bondholders had bought the bonds at 25 cents on the dollar and now demanded 100 cents. Among the city bondholders here were P. A. Lorimier, Richard Bronson, J. T. Hancock, J. S. Randall, H. L. Stout, W. L. Bradley, R. A. Babbage, John Hodg- don, L. D. Randall & Co., Edward Langworthy, Alexander Levi and W. G. Stewart. These men in mass meeting announced their intentions to have 100 cents on the dollar. A resolution of Mr. Thompson was finally adopted by the mass meeting, viz. : To accept in lieu of -their city bonds new 6 per cent twenty-five year bonds on the same conditions granted to outside creditors. The council refused to accept, and ordered suit brought for the recovery of the Thompson bonds, which, it was alleged, had been fraudulently transferred. In January, 1871, the old Corcoran debt was merged into new 7 per cent twenty-five year bonds. East Dubuque was 170 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY between Fourteenth and Seventeenth streets. By the middle of February, 1871, the new water works company was in full opera tion, taking subscriptions and preparing plans. When their new hall in the Julien theater building was ready, the Masons held memorable ceremonies and festivities in February, 1871. On Feb ruary 14, 1871, Anna Dickinson lectured here on "Jeanne d'Arc." Her powerful appeals for the uplifting of women were not lost upon the packed house which heard her. During the Civil war the Herald had denounced her in scathing terms for favoring abolition ism and woman suffrage. Pork Packing in 1870-71. Ryan 30,000 Strobel 2,800 Walters & Co 2,700 Zumhoff 2,334 Brinkman 2,01 5 Rath 2,000 C. Schloth 1,500 F. Schloth 1,000 Total 44,349 Butchers and private parties cuts were not included ; fully 45,000 in all. The annual report of the Young Men's Library Association in March, 1871, showed 7,426 books on hand. They received from the Anna Dickinson lecture $258.25 ; but the expenses were $250.40. The expenses of the city for the fiscal year 1870-71 were $93,947.21, of which $37,332.38 was an old debt and interest; $16,007.49 on roads and bridges, $7,580.93, fire department; $3,329.80, poor relief; $10,785.18, officers' salaries. On March 13, 1871, Mike O'Connor and Danny Carr fought a prize fight near Dubuque for $500 a side, under London prize ring rules. Carr trained here. The packet Claudie Rogers conveyed the crowd for $2 each to the ground on the Wisconsin shore, a little above Eagle Point. The location was purposely kept secret until the last minute, and when the steamer started the river was alive with small boats of all descriptions loaded with men determined to see the "mill." Carr was the favorite at odds of 50 to 40 and later 2 to 1. Carr got the worst of it, but managed to win a draw. O'Connor surprised all by his gameness, wind and staying qualities. The Commercial National Bank was organized early in 1871 with ten original subscribers. The first officers were R. E. Graves, president ; H. L. Stout, vice president ; H. M. Kingman, cashier. W. J. Knight, mayor, was succeeded by James Burt in 1871; he was credited with having given the city an excellent administra- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 171 tion. In his valedictory he said (1) that the police force was under a man unfit for the place and had been removed; (2), the city treasurer was a defaulter; (3) the recorder used the name of the city without authority; (4) a definite method to settle the city debt had been adopted. The ordinary city expenses in 1869-70 were $36,167.87, and in 1870-71 were $38,572.79; all this was paid in two years and in addition $107,389.58 in city debt was paid at reduced rates, settling $231,505.19 claims against the city; also $198,047.11 of debt had been refunded in twenty-five year bonds, "making the aggregate between indebtedness paid by us and thus discharged and that funded as explained a total of $431,064.05, which cannot by any possibility trouble us," said Mr. Knight. As a recognition of his honesty the council unanimously passed the fol lowing resolution: "Resolved, That Mayor W. J. Knight alone has had the courage, the will and ability, in grasping with this vexed question of indebt edness and by his energy and untiring industry he has succeeded in the retirement of a large portion of our public debt, and his untiring energy and zeal for the public welfare in preservation of order by a faithful execution of laws entitle him to the lasting gratitude of the citizens of Dubuque." The spring of 1871 was unusually bright here; improved freight facilities on the railways; new waterworks; great development of wholesaling and manufacturing; and the adoption of a definite method to pay the city debt filled the hearts of all with anticipation and hope. Selah Chamberlain was president of the new water company. Mrs. Livermore lectured here in 1871. Her first lecture here was in 1861-62. She had been south with sanitary stores for the soldiers and upon her return was invited to relate her experiences. One earnest invitation came from Dubuque. She came here expect ing to meet about 200 ladies in a quiet hall. She reached the other side of the river when that stream was thick with running ice and the ferry had stopped for the winter. She tried to hire two men to bring her over in a skiff, but they at first demurred because the trip was dangerous, but they finally consented. She was astonished and frightened to learn that she was expected to lecture to a large audience in the Congregational church. She wavered and refused, but finally consented to go on. Governor Kirkwood was present. She said that for the first fifteen minutes she could see nothing and could hear only her own voice. She was so filled with her sub ject that she spoke over two hours, which seemed not over twenty minutes. She credited this event as her start as a lecturer. At the conclusion of her address she had $1,200 for the soldiers, with much more promised. In March, 1871, the water company agreed to have six miles of pipes laid in thirty days and the whole system in working order 172 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY in ninety days; their contract did not reach the bluffs. In May, 1871, T. S. Hinds, his wife Emma and son Robert were drowned while crossing the Maquoketa near Thompson's Mill. In the spring and summer of 1871 the council was served with mandamus to levy tax to pay judgments against the city. In a suit the city lost in its contention with the Central Island Company. Wash ington square was neglected and in very bad condition. On July 31, 1 87 1, the first water pipe in Iowa was laid between Main and Iowa on Seventh. Weston, the walker, was here in 1871. In August the German citizens planned a new opera house to cost $25,000. In October the grand encampment of Odd Fellows assembled here. The great fire at Chicago in October called out a big mass meet ing here; a thorough organization for relief was effected through out the whole county. Mayor Mason, of Chicago, wired here: "Can you send us some bread and cheese for 100,000 people?" The council appropriated $2,500 relief. By October 23 there had been shipped from Dubuque 471 boxes and barrels, mostly clothing and provisions. The new waterworks were fully completed in October, 1871, and tested; the capacity of the reservoir was 250,000 gallons; its height above low water was 129% feet. It was seen that a new reservoir would be necessary and one holding 2,000,000 gallons was planned. Early in November, 1871, the mayor and aldermen, who had failed to levy the tax ordered by mandamus, were sum moned to appear at Des Moines to answer for their neglect. In October, S. J. Arnot received judgment against the city for $86,379. About 80,000,000 feet of lumber of all kinds were handled here in 1871. An annual levy paid the Corcoran debt from 1871 to 1874, inclusive. Among the important improvements in 1871 were the following : (1) Railroad additions; (2) waterworks, eight miles of 8-, 10- and 12-inch mains; (3) Fourth street improvement costing $16,- 184.37; (4) numerous fine residences and commodious business blocks; (5) iron bridges over the inner slough, six spans of ninety- six feet each. It was about this time that steps to build a suitable monument to Julien Dubuque were taken; this had been talked of for many years, but nothing definite was done until this time. Funds were raised by subscription, but the monument was not yet erected. By March 1, 1872, there had been issued $163,889.97 of the new 6 per cent twenty-five year bonds in exchange for old bonds. When the council of 1871 began their duties mandamus suits to the amount of $175,000 and small judgments aggregating $100,000 more hung over them, the treasury was empty, but the citizens were not without confidence. The sharply defined differences between the bondholders and a large element of taxpayers was sufficient to check permanent improvements. But during the year 1871-72 all urgent demands were met and there was in the treasury at the close HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 173 $34,386.09. The town clock building collapsed in May, 1872, killing Emma, wife of Herman Ellwanger; the clock and tower had cost $3,000 ; the town clock movement was started by Dr. Asa Horr in 1864. He had found the longitude of Jackson square to be 6 degrees, 2 minutes and 39.38 seconds west; and the latitude 42 degrees and 30 minutes north. In 1872 the city secured the few re maining lots necessary to complete Jackson square. A violent storm on September 24 did $10,000 damage in Dubuque. In the fall of 1872 A. F. Jaeger succeeded Sol. Turck, resigned, as mayor. By the fall of 1872 there had been refunded of the old city debt $606,- 177.04 in new 6 percent twenty-five year bonds; of this $113,- 887.29 was refunded in four months, beginning late in May; there was yet owed to home creditors $90,000. The American Association for the Advancement of Science met here in August, 1872, in the Congregational church. Dr. Asa Grey, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, was elected chairman. Wil liam B. Allison welcomed the scientists; he was answered by Dr. Asa Grey. Prof. J. Lawrence Smith was elected president of the association. "The delta of the Mississippi" was considered in detail. George C. Dean was chairman of the finance committee that raised $2,297 to defray local expenses. In 1872 Graves and Rhomberg assumed charge of the street railway and under their management "it became useful and orna mental to the city instead of being a nuisance and a disgrace as it formerly was." The lumber sold here in 1872 was 51,707,195 feet. The new water reservoir, completed in the spring of 1873, was 230x56 feet; walls, 18 feet high; walls, 6 feet at the base and 3 feet at the top; capacity, 2,000,000 gallons; cost, $22,000. The epizootic, a horse disease, swept the city and county in 1872-73. The aggregate building in 1872 was about $800,000. The city spent in 1872 $13,270 for sidewalk construction. In 1873 the town clock cost $1,686.50; the bells were raised in the tower in March. In 1873 boys had several baseball clubs here — "Live Oaks," "Modocs," "Lone Stars" and "Actives." In May, 1873, Joe Jefferson rendered "Rip Van Winkle" at the Athenseum. In 1873 f°r the first time a signal station was established and regular meteorological reports were made here. In 1873 the school census showed 22,002 whites and 149 colored population in Dubuque. Grand View avenue was opened in 1873, after almost open war between land owners and the city authorities. Of about eighty residents on the proposed avenue, only five or six objected to the damage awarded by the appraisers. The failure of Jay Cooke & Co. in September, 1873, precipitated financial and business trouble here. About September 25 several Chicago banks suspended. Grain markets in Dubuque became demoralized; wheat declining 10 cents. On September 25 Dubuque 174 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY banks refused to discount all commercial paper except for small amounts. Wheat continued to drop here until it had fallen 25 cents. A meeting of the bankers was held on the 25th. Shall the banks here suspend? was the question discussed. The Merchants' National voted to suspend; the First National and the Commercial voted not to suspend. The next morning the Merchants' National closed its doors. A big crowd gathered, but no trouble occurred. All the banks sustained a heavy run. Gen. C H. Booth was appointed custodian of the Merchants' National. At its last state ment it had shown larger deposits than any other bank here — $298,239.49. An examination showed an enormous deficiency — $329,000. F. W. H. Sheffield and R. A. Babbage were short this amount; the formed turned over his property and made good but the latter left the city and country. Their private property was sold at auction — buggies, sleighs, harness, blankets, horses, etc. Many business men lost heavily, and some failures resulted. In less than a week the other banks began to discount again on a small scale. In December, 1873, there was organized an association for the encouragement of manufacturers, among the members being Lang worthy, Ryder, Stout, Burt, Howard, Amsden, Christman, Robin son, Kingman and others. Several meetings were held and great enthulsiasm was shown. The city receipts for the fiscal year 1872-73 were $217,976.95 and the expenses $205,782.80. In 1873-4 the receipts were $229,968.06 and the expenses $216,850.05. In the latter year the street expenses were $16,109.46. Late in 1873 a wagon bridge was talked of. In January, 1874, M. S. Robinson, president of the Manufactur ers' Association, visited many Eastern cities in order to secure manufacturing concerns for Dubuque and to see if a wagon bridge. could be financed. A large meeting assembled to hear from him upon his return; he recommended a donation of land to desirable manufacturers who should come here and announced that a wagon bridge could be financed in the East. In 1873 there was collected in the Dubuque revenue district $365,890.20. In February, 1874, there was held here a grand reunion of old settlers. Suits against the city in 1873-74 aggregated $185,000. A big temperance crusade was started here in March, 1874; the liquor people united in oppo sition and demanded the license system. The crusaders demanded the enforcement of the existing prohibitory law. In 1873 the liquor trade here was about $500,000; should this be abolished Dubuque finances would receive a deadly blow, it was stated. Many of the best citizens resolved to back the liquor interests in their fight for existence under a license system. Immense meetings were held by both sides. The crusade did not succeed because it attacked liquor selling and not intemperance. It assumed that it was a crime to use intoxicating liquors. The law had the right to punish men for HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 175 becoming drunk, but not for drinking. Liquors were seized and numerous suits resulted. The Dubuque Art Gallery opened in June, 1874, with R. E. Graves president; over one hundred good paintings were exhibited at the commencement. In 1874 the ball and chain gang could be seen on the Dubuque streets. In August, 1874, the Dubuque Cen tral Improvement Company sued the city for $550,000. To obtain its land the company in 1857 had assumed the Corcoran and Jesup debts of about $200,000; later the city took back this debt providing the company would make certain specified improvements. A pontoon bridge was considered in 1874. The Harbor Com pany filled the slough at Jones and Iowa streets in 1874; W. G. Stewart superintended this work. The old Globe building, built in 1848, was torn down in August, 1874. The new Driving park up the Couler was opened in August ; the stalls sold for $1,160. A new city charter was demanded at a large citizens' meeting, December 29, 1874; a reduction of taxes and new manufactures was demanded ; too much money was spent on fancy streets, said Chair man D. A. Wilson. A similar meeting had been held in Novem ber. A. A. Cooper and D. A. Mahony were the principal speakers ; the latter attacked the city, which was defended by Mr. Cooper. It was realized that taxation could not be reduced much if the city debt and the current expenses were to be paid. It was a mistake to abuse the council, because they were simply trying to meet neces sary expenses. Undeserved charges of dishonesty were hurled against the city by Mahony and others. "Can any council do bet ter?" was asked. Late in 1874 the city was paying at the rate, of about $6,000 a year for its water, and now began to consider buy ing the waterworks, but the big tax prevented. During 1874 a large amount of filling on the river front was done. There was talk of a union railway passenger station. During 1874 there were many improvements. Railway branches were extended ; the Driving park was opened ; sloughs on the front were filled; two new schoolhouses were built; $23,000 was spent on streets; $700,000 was spent on buildings of all kinds; a new engine house was built at Locust and Fourth streets, etc. The fire- fighting apparatus consisted of the "J. K. Graves" and "Sol. Turck" engines, the hook and ladder truck and the Fifth ward hose com pany. D. A. Mahony was editor of the Telegraph in 1874-75 ; he succeeded Michael Brady. In 1874 assessors began to pursue tax dodgers in earnest for almost the first time. In 1874-75 they col lected $187,494 in delinquent tax. Engineers reported against a pontoon bridge. In 1875 the People's Savings Bank merged with the First Na tional. The total city receipts in 1874-75 were $228,845 and the total expenses $207,810; the current expenses were $71,327.84. The police force was reorganized in June, 1875. A furious storm 176 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY did $15,000 damage to Dubuque September 9, 1875; Seventeenth street was badly damaged. In June, W. B. Allison became presi dent of the Dubuque & Dunleith Bridge Company. The original Linwood cemetery, twenty acres, was bought of Langworthy & "Davis; in 1875 nineteen acres more were purchased of Mr. Levi and added. What were known as the Gelpcke bonds had been compromised with Jesup & Co. long before this time at the rate, it was alleged, of 25 cents on the dollar, and were secured by local speculators who expected to raise the price and thus clear up a large sum of money. It was charged that agents of the council sent East to accomplish this result in the interests of the city, proved false to the trust and secured about $276,000 city bonds for about $69,000 for local speculators (among whom were two ex-mayors of Dubuque) who immediately raised the price of the bonds to par and in the end managed to obtain therefor at about par new 6 per cent twenty- five year bonds. Several of the so-called best men of the city were charged with this offense. A number of bitter controversies grew out of this transaction. In October, 1875, the citizens voted on the question of turning Linwood cemetery over to a private association, as follows: For sale, 697; against sale, 308. At the big exposition and fair in October, 1875, the receipts were $34,187.13; expenses the same less $476.96 on hand. The grounds were bought of Stout and Peabody for $5,000, but in the end with all improvements cost $33,894.48. This fair was really a credit to the city. In 1875 the Dubuque liquor dealers petitioned the Legislature to abandon prohibition and adopt license in its place. In November, 1875, the Dubuque County Bank was organized, with W. G. Stewart president; A. Lumback, vice president ; E. A. Lull, cashier ; capital, $50,000. The Central Island case embraced the following points : ( 1 ) The city sold the company island property ; (2) the company gave the city its bonds for the property; (3) the individual members of the com pany indorsed the bonds; (4) the city put its guaranty on the back of the bonds; (5) the bonds were sold to outsiders; (6) no interest was paid on the bonds; (7) the company became insolvent, but its individual members were rich; (8) these individuals, to save them selves, bought up the bonds at about 25 cents on the dollar; (9) the city had warranted the title to the company; (10) Jesup & Co., who held a prior mortgage on this island property, foreclosed the same and the property was sold to H. L. Stout, who secured a deed. The island company now contended that the city was bound to take care of the mortgage, because the title had been warranted and therefore now sued the city for $33,000. This amount the city finally agreed to pay, partly because in doing so it could secure a with drawal of the suit for $550,000. In the suit on the guaranty the JULIEN DUBUQUE'S MONUMENT HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 177 Supreme court decided that the city had no power to make the guaranty and therefore the decision was in its favor. A large prairie wolf and a full-sized catamount were killed near Dubuque late in 1875. Late in 1875 a temperance crusade secured 400 signers to the pledge. In December, 1875, the total debt of the city was as follows: Seven per cent bonds $1 53,539-45 Six per cent bonds 649,099.10 Ten per cent bonds 25,000.00 Total $827,638.55 Or the same as follows: Twenty-five year bonds $802,638.55 Three, four and five year bonds. . . . 25,000.00 Total $827,638.55 The Hyde Clark" baseball club of 1875 played good ball. Water loo defeated them in September by 10 to 7. The leading nine were Sullivan, Dalrymple, Spoor, Colford, Byrne, Cooney, Bissell, Robi- son and Clark. Dubuque was prosperous in 1875. Among the improvements were Connolly's carriage factory ; Armstrong's same ; Wunderlich's same; Young's same; Duddy's wireworks; Gleed's brewery; Carr, Austin & Co.'s planing mill; Schmidt's brewery; Peabody block, Eagle block, Finley block and several fine private residences. The number of business blocks built was twenty-eight; dwellings and other buildings, 181. Street improvement cost $13,020; school- houses and grounds, $14,000; city hall and engine house improve ments, $2,490. In the livery business alone Dubuque had $129,715 invested. The bricks made numbered 8,400,000; in this industry were Knapp, Graham, O'Neill, Taltz, Platz, Keim and Ham. In January, 1876, the board of trade was reorganized, with H. S. Hetherington president. Many suits against the city for accidents to individuals were commenced in 1875-76. Senator Allison introduced a bill in Congress in 1876 giving Washington square to the county for courthouse purposes. Many here opposed this bill, because the county could afford to buy it. "Never has there been a more positive damage to the interests of the city of Dubuque than those gatherings known as public meetings. The city would have been better off in that it would today have had a debt less by half a million than it now has. These meetings have created more ill feeling and bad temper among citi zens than most other causes combined. During the flush times of ^56-57 they recommended and voted away hundred of thousands 178 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY of dollars of city bonds in aid of railroads, few of which were ever built. After the crash of 1858 and when it was found impossible to pay interest on the bonds, the public meetings were just as unani mous that the debt should be repudiated. The Supreme court of the state had made a decision that the bonds were not good; the city charter alleged that no tax of more than 1 per cent could be levied; so the public meetings told the creditors to whistle and hooted at anybody who believed the city would have to pay. After the war, when our whole city debt could have been compromised on an average of 20 to 25 cents on the dollar, the public meetings said not a cent on the dollar. Had public meetings then said what they should have said, our indebtedness now would be no more than $250,000 instead of $800,000. Who does, not remember the wagon bridge meetings in 1868 that gave rise to so much angry contro versy and bad blood? — the Third street cemetery meetings; the home creditor meetings in 1869 and 1870; the reform meetings of 1873, and the small results from them. A year ago there was a taxpayers' meeting at which it was seriously proposed to organize a combined resistance to tax paying. On Monday we had a public meeting to see about the celebration of the Fourth of July, which was just about on a par with all the rest." — (Herald, February 3, 1876.) The Second National bank was organized late in 1875, with W. L. Bradley, president ; W. P. Large, vice president ; G. V. Smock, cashier; capital, $100,000. The citizens here generally opposed the pending bill for the repeal of the railway tariff. This sentiment caused the Illinois Central Railway to make threats which were resented by the citizens. The city receipts from all sources in 1875-76 were $207,631.70; expenses, $196,896.93; from saloon licenses, $8,196.40 was received. The suit of William Hentrager against Bishop Hennessy was conspicuous at this date; the Bishop won in the end. In March, 1876, the Board of Trade gave a public banquet to Graves, O'Donnell and Lyon, Dubuque members of the Legislature, for their efforts at Des Moines to retain the railroad tariff. In 1875 Myers, Tice & Co. paid the government $77,188.20 tobacco revenue. A thorough survey for a new sewer system was made early in 1876. At this time there was a general demand that the street railway system should be extended to the bluffs. There were in use at this date 148 city public lamps. A terrible storm early in July, 1876, practically destroyed Rock dale and caused the loss of several lives. The Gleason, Knapp and Bradbury children and others were drowned. The original mill there was built in 1834-5 ; it was first a log structure, but in a year or two a small frame took its place ; it was built by David and Wil liam Hutton; this is said to have been the first grist mill in Iowa. For many years it was known as the "Catfish Mill." Later under Pratt & Manson it was called "Rockdale Mills." In the forties its HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 179 capacity was fifty barrels a day, but in the fifties it was increased to 250 barrels a day. For many years it had a monopoly of the miners' trade. In 1876 there were three distilleries here with a capital of $100,- 000 — J. Wimmer, John Glab and I. Beekman. Four wholesale houses did an annual business of 700,000; 138 saloons paid city license; total saloon capital, $100,000; retail liquor dealers sold here annually $150,000 worth of product. Notwithstanding the hard times and the strikes and political and financial upheavals, the year 1876 was fairly prosperous in Du buque. Over $300,000 was spent in building; the Ingram, Kennedy & Day saw mill cost $30,000; poorhouse, $13,500; Linwood ceme tery, $10,000; Fair Association, $20,000, and the churches and railway spent large sums. In September, 1877, the Dubuque Charity Hospital was duly incorporated. In September the bar in front of the city was removed by dredge boats. The shot tower northwest of the city burned in 1877. In 1877, though the aggregate amount spent in Dubuque for buildings fell off somewhat from former years, advancement, how ever, was in that and other respects on a large and permanent scale. Linwood cemetery was improved about $17,381; Illinois Central, $28,000; opera house by Eighmey & Waller, $25,000; St. Patrick's church, $25,000; Episcopal church, $30,000; Dubuque shot tower, $3,000 ; poorhouse, $2,000 ; waterworks, $7,000 ; sanitarium by Dr. E. A. Guilbert, $1,600; harbor improvements, $12,000; school buildings, $5,000; Key City hotel, by J. N. Hill, $13,000; Dubuque and Dunleith bridge, $4,000; Alexander Young's dwelling, $20,000; Richard Bonson's dwelling, $15,000; Hill street railway and build ings, $25,000; W. J. Knight, on dwelling, $10,000; C. C. D. & M. railway, $100,000; on streets, alleys and highways, $53,766; parks, pagodas, etc., $3,000; sidewalks, $15,000. All told on buildings, streets, walks, industries, etc., $1,005,917. Over $700,000 of this was spent within the city limits. The completion and success of the hill or bluff railway was pointed to with pride. Not a business house had failed during this eventful year of strikes, turmoil and financial disaster. Not a bank here experienced serious trouble, though elsewhere scores went down, never to rise again. The law of 1878 authorized cities to build bridges over the Mis sissippi or to allow them to be built ; Mr. O'Donnell introduced the bill. The Dubuque Ladies' Literary Association held its second anniversary meeting in January, 1878. An immense temperance movement was conducted here early this year. A special commit tee of the Board of Trade appointed to investigate, reported that a large saving annually could be made from present city receipts: The annual interest on the city debt was about $60,000, the city debt being $829,118 late in 1877. In 1877-78 the city spent on 180 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY streets $43,578-17; this was declared by many to be too much; but others deemed it necessary. Mrs. Livermore lectured to the temper ance people in February, 1878; during the crusade over 500 took the pledge; this was a remarkable fight. On January 13 the artesian well in Linwood cemetery was down 1,040 feet; the water came up to within forty-nine feet of the surface. Electricity in city light ing was demanded in March. The Herald thought three lights would be sufficient to illuminate the whole city. Dubuque wanted railroads taxed, because this meant about $20,000 annual revenue to the city. The stock restraining ordi nance was enforced more generally. There was a small reduction in police and fire expenses. Eagle Point and Windsor avenues were improved. Secret sessions of the council as a committee of the whole were generally condemned. Dubuque tax dodgers were relentlessly pursued. In June, 1878, the Dubuque Harbor Company decided to go out of business — sell all of its property in September; it had large hold ings, including about 5,000 feet frontage on Main street south, and several blocks covered with buildings. There were sold 1,678 lots, which were bought by Cooley, Stout, Bonson, Bush, Shields, Wal ler, Staples, Langworthy and others ; the two days' sale brought over $100,000. There were 130 saloon licenses out in 1878. Mayor Burch said in his valedictory : "Our street expenses have been much more than any of us intended they should be during the past year, but it appeared to be necessary in order to give our laboring men employment. At least such a course was advised by some of our large tax payers during the time some of the Eastern cities were infested with rioters and our own city overrun with tramps and many of our laboring men out of employment." In July, 1878, Rev. Dewitt C. Talmage lectured here on the "Bright Side of Things," in the Congregational church. In August the artesian well at Linwood was abandoned at a depth of 1,667 feet; water came within twenty-six feet of the surface. The low water mark in the river here was 610 feet above the sea level and the surface of the hill was 197 feet above low water mark. The Fair here in 1878 was one of the best and most successful ever held in the West; as high as 15,000 people were present on the third day. Rarus, the famous trotter, tried to beat 2 :20, but made only 2:20%. Lulu trotted a mile in 2:20%. The total receipts were $23,963.24, and expenses about the same; the total assets of the Fair Association were $29,097.21. The boiler of the Dubuque Planing Mill exploded in September, killing one person and injuring several others. A Dubuque book, the Waverly Dictionary, was issued by May Rogers in September. In September, 1878, greenbacks were at par with gold in this city. The Rockdale mills were destroyed by fire late in December, 1878; it was caused by an explosion of gas generated by the mid- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 181 dlings purifier used. The year 1878 gave continued prosperity to Dubuque; over $700,000 was spent on improvements of all kinds; the largest sums were spent by the Diamond Jo line, Bush, Hosford, Young, Robinson, Ryan the packer, Bishop Hennessy, Simplot, cracker factory, the railways, street extension. The banks paid out gold freely on January 1, 1879. The baseball club was thoroughly organized early in 1878. The leading players were O'Rourke, pitcher; Comiskey, catcher; Brady, second base; Burns, left field; Colford, third base; Byrne, center field; Sullivan, shortstop; Cooney, first base; Phalen, right field. Two Chicago players were hired to drill the club. It was one of the best clubs in the West and was considered semi-professional. The Milwaukee club beat it twice, 6 to o and 15 to 4. Davenport beat it 6 to 4 in thirteen innings. It divided victories with the Oaklands, was defeated by Peoria, 12 to 1 ; defeated Davenport, 2 to o; defeated Nashua, 20 to 1 and 13 to 5; defeated Galena, 9 to 2; but was defeated, by Peoria again, 3 to 1 ; divided victories with Rockford, 9 to 4 and 9 to 13. In the Peoria club were nine professionals; in the Dubuque club were three professionals and six home boys. The club played twenty-one games. Sullivan was best batter and fielder; then came Dolan, Brady and Comiskey. They were called Red Stockings, and were backed by R. H. Graves, H. E. Tredway, B. H. Trumbull, T. P. Sullivan, C. D. Ham, C. T. Hancock, C. M. Peaslee, T. G. Lewis and others. There were several business failures in 1878-79. Congress in 1878 gave Dubuque authority to build a pontoon bridge over the river. In January, 1879, George W. Jones and his wife, who was formerly Josephine 'Gregoire, celebrated their golden wedding; great honor was shown the distinguished couple at the Lorimier House. M. M. Ham addressed the couple and General Jones replied. In 1878 the phonograph was exhibited here for the first time. Croxie, a Dubuque mare trained by J. H. Lawson, won large sums in the trotting races of this year ; she was in the 2 129 class. A fire alarm telegraph was installed in 1878. In the spring of 1879 Dun leith changed its name to East Dubuque. Heating the city from a common center was considered in 1879. The year 1879 was very prosperous here. The trade in dry goods, boots and shoes, clothing, groceries, hats and caps, hardware, cigars, leather, notions, horse collars, shirts, overalls, etc., was almost double that in 1878. Among the largest expenditures were St. Joseph's Mercy Hospital, Farley, Loetscher & Co., oat meal factory, Steam Supply Company, Dia mond Jo line, Farley residence, Norwegian Plow Factory ; the rail ways ; city improvements. ' In December, 1879, General Grant was here as the guest of John Thompson. A large procession escorted him to the residence of Mr. Thompson. Governor and Mrs. Gear were present at the recep tion given to 700 guests ; the whole city was decorated in honor of 182 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the event and the schools were dismissed. General Vandever wel comed the distinguished guest to the city. General Grant replied as follows : "General — I thank the citizens of Dubuque and yourself for the kind welcome which you have extended to me. I shall not attempt to make any remarks further than to say that I most heartily thank you. After an absence of two and a half years I have returned to our country, appreciating it more highly than ever." "General Grant extended his white-gloved hand to all who were presented to him and the best looking ladies he greeted with an osculatory salutation, which perhaps he would have declined had Mrs. Grant been present. But some of the ladies thought him so stoically sweet that they could not resist being kissed by an ex- President and a general." — (Herald, December 2, 1879.) The Dubuque baseball club in 1879 was even better than it had been in 1878; they were called "Red Stockings," as in 1878, and were backed by wealthy men here. They were members of the Northwestern league of four clubs : Davenport, Rockford, Omaha and Dubuque. Early in the year the players were Thomas Sullivan, catcher; Lawrence P. Reis, pitcher; W. B. Lapham, first base; Thomas J. Loftus, captain and left field; John Gleason, third base; William Gleason, shortstop ; Charles Comiskey, second base ; Charles Radburne, right field and pitcher; William Taylor, center field. They beat the Rockfords 8 to o in May. Later they beat Chicago 1 to o in a famous game. They were very successful. Late in 1879 Wendell Phillips lectured here on "Daniel O'Con- nell." A large audience heard this wonderful piece of oratory. O'Connell was declared to have been the greatest orator since Demosthenes — greater than Webster, Clay or Calhoun. The Irish patriots and orators, Parnell and Dillon, came here in February, 1880; they were met at McGregor by a special committee sent to receive them — J. K. Graves, F. T. Walker, Fred O'Donnell and G. B. Busch. As the train appeared a salute was fired at Eagle Point by Hayden's battery. They were received with great cere mony and escorted to the Julien House. That evening at the opera house they were welcomed by a packed room and by a speech from Mr. Graves. Parnell's address was especially pleasing. The total receipts were $743.10; net, $637.50. The total receipts in 1879-80 were $196,128.46; expenses, $192,- 290.61. On March 1, 1880, the total bonded debt was $790,434.21. In April, 1880, there were in the Young Men's Library 10,029 books. General Grant was here again in May, 1880, to see a few friends; the visit was informal; his wife 'accompanied him. The wholesale business in 1879 was larger than ever before. The lum ber trade aggregated $5,000,000; groceries, $2,500,000; hardware, $2,000,000, and dry goods, boots and shoes and crockery reached $1,000,000 each; the total trade was approximately $16,000,000. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 183 City improvements aggregated $600,000. Among the largest items were Eagle Point boatways, St. Francis' convent, St. Joseph's acad emy, Novelty Iron Works, Ryan, packer, Linseed Oil Works, Mc Donald's pump works, Peabody's residence, Andrew & Tredway block, Brown's block, Globe building, Milwaukee & St. Paul shops, Chamberlain's Plow Works, street improvements, etc. In 1879 there were made here by six breweries 25,639 barrels of beer; in 1880 there were made 39,553 barrels. In February, 1880, the deep est snow in twenty years blocked every transportation line. In April, 1880, the Chicago baseball club defeated the Dubuque club in four games, as follows: 27 to o, 10 to 1, 22 to 2, 9 to 4; later the Cleveland's defeated the Dubuques 5 to 1 ; the Dubuque's beat the St. Louis Reds 4 to 1. The total receipts in 1880-81 were $244,477.52. The steam motor on the hill failed to work during the cold weather in 1880-81 : the council in a fit of indignation declared it a nuisance and revoked the charter of the company. At a meeting of the citizens indigna tion at this procedure was expressed ; the road was declared to be a great public improvement and worth continuance. In April, 1881, the new mayor, Mr. Linehan, declared that the most important considerations for the coming year were ( 1 ) manu facturing enterprises; (2) a wagon bridge over the river; (3) an inner or ice harbor; (4) water reservoir for fires on the bluffs; (5) good men for office holders; (6) the collection of all taxes possible; (7) equalization of assessments ; (8) economy in expenses ; (9) good streets and avenues; (10) floating debt must be paid; (11) public health must be maintained. In May the first electric light company was formed; among its incorporators were Glover, Booth, Cooper, Hinds, Hancock, Ryan and Tredway; $12,000 was subscribed in a few days. In June the council was petitioned to change the fair ground into a park. A union slaughter house was proposed. In 1880 and 1881 consider able grain was shipped from the upper Mississippi to Liverpool — to New Orleans in barges, then out in ocean steamers. The Dubuque Cattle Company was incorporated in July. On August 1, 1881, the bonded debt was $781,785.27; floating debt, $79,470.13; total debt, $861,255.40. In December, 1881, Governor Hempstead moved to Memphis to live with his son; two years later he died. Among the large expenditures in 1881 were those by Iowa Iron Works, Carr, Ryder & Wheeler, Dubuque Building and Loan Asso ciation, Dubuque and East Dubuque bridge, Cabinet Makers' Asso ciation, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul shops, city streets and buildings and St. John's Episcopal church, Diamond Jo line, Illinois Central, etc. In December, 1881, Hon. T. P. O'Connor, Irish envoy, spoke in the opera house to an audience that filled every seat. About this time it was shown as a finality that Babbage was short $267,000 1 84 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY and Sheffield $62,000 in the Merchants' National bank crash of a few years before. Dubuque was very prosperous in 1881 ; among the largest investments were by the Iowa & Minnesota Telegraph Company, Dubuque & St. Louis Packet Company, and J. P. Farley Manufacturing Company; Elevator Safety Gate Company. Early in 1882 the Dubuque Opera Company was organized to prepare and present "Martha" and "Bohemian Girl." A strong anti-prohibition club was here in 1882; its object was to defeat the proposed amendment to the prohibitory law of Iowa which would amount to the practical confiscation of the property of saloon keep ers. In March, 1882, the bonded debt was $774,625.27 and the float ing debt $67,466.16. The electric company began to use the Brush electric light. Governor St. John of Kansas spoke here in the Tabernacle on "Prohibition," in June. On the question of amend ing the prohibitory law the vote in Dubuque stood 1,223 f°r the amendment; 6,283 against the amendment; the amendment was carried in the state by a large majority. In August, 1882, Congress appropriated $20,000 for an ice harbor here. In September, 1882, the Industrial and Art Association was opened by Mr. Allison at city hall; it was the grandest industrial display ever held in the state. In December, 1882, the Novelty Iron Works were lighted for the first time by electricity. The roller skating craze had Dubuque in its relentless grasp in 1882. Among the big expendi tures in 1882 were those by John Bell, A. A. Cooper, Cathedral chapel, C. N. Clark, Paper Mill, White Lead and Paint Works, Oat Meal Mills, Diamond Jo line, Telephone Company, Iron and Brass Works, Novelty Iron Works, Iowa Iron Works, Iowa Coffin Company, Buggy Top factory, etc. The June races in 1882 were popular and successful. The Iowa State Horticultural Society met here in January, 1883. At this time the Supreme court declared the prohibitory amendment recently adopted to be unconstitutional. In 1882-83 the floating debt was increased to $77,131.44; the total cash received was $229,981.70. The Emma Abbott Opera Com pany was here in March, 1883. The floating debt was commenced by a subsidy to the Milwaukee railway, and it seemed impossible to stop it after it was fully started. By ordinance of September, 1883, the United States Electric Light and Power Company was granted the right to erect poles, wires and other fixtures in the streets, alleys and public parks of the city for illuminating and other purposes for twenty years. Suitable regulations accompanied the ordinance. An ordinance of March, 1883, gave the Dubuque Butchers' Asso ciation the right to erect a general slaughter house within the city limits at East Dubuque and imposed specific conditions of cleanli ness, sanitation, etc. The famous orchestra of Theodore Thomas opened here in April. General Siegel called Dubuque "the Heidelberg of America." HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 185 Thomas W. Keene, tragedian, was here in May. Double street railway tracks were built this year for the first time. On May 15 there were in the Young Men's Library 15,200 bound books. An artesian well at White and Sixth street, 804 feet deep, flowed 150 gallons a minute late in June, 1883. Beecher lectured here July 27 on "The Reign of the Common People." On August 13, Mrs. W. B. Allison while temporarily insane drowned herself in the river. Bayless College celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary in October, 1883. The Home for the Friendless reported $7,551.04 in loans and cash on hand in October, 1883. Its object was "to provide for homeless and destitute women and children;" seventy- five were cared for in 1883. Among the improvements in 1883 were the following : New schoolhouse, St. Raphael's school, Brad ley's brick warehouse, Booth's front fillings, Bentley's grain ele vator, Academy of Visitation, ice harbor, St. Joseph's Academy, Sisters of Visitation, academy, city improvements ($153,000), streets and engine houses, railways, lumber companies and many expensive residences. On December 31, 1883, the Dubuque Traveling Men's Associa tion was organized. M. R. Dewstoe was chosen president; L. M. Langstaff, secretary and treasurer; the association started with a goodly membership, which has steadily increased to the present. Late in 1883 John L. Sullivan, Slade, McCoy, Taylor, Gillespie and other sporting men gave a sparring exhibition at the opera house. In November, 1883, a hunting party consisting of Frederick Jenkel, Emil Jenkel, Frederick Jenkel, Jr., and Richard T. Hartig were drowned in the river just above the city ; several of the bodies were not recovered for three or four months. The Dubuque National bank opened its doors in April, 1884, with a capital of $100,000, and with B. B. Richards, president ; W. J. Knight, vice president ; James Harragan, cashier. The Iowa Trust and Savings Bank began operations in February, 1884, with a capital of $50,000 paid up;. G. L. Torbert was president, F. D. Stout vice president, and J. E. Allison cashier. A bill in the Legislature to repeal the law exempt ing school and church property from taxation encountered strenuous opposition here in March, 1884; the churches memorialized the Legislature to defeat the bill. Bishop Hennessy delivered a power ful address against the bill on March 23. In 1883-84 the fire depart ment was fully established on a paid and permanent basis ; the police- system was reorganized; the project of funding the floating debt was defeated; gas, electric light and street car ordinances were passed; the city was already the manufacturing center of this sec tion, but more concerns should be secured ; the Dubuque & North western, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Chicago & North- Western Railways were approaching connection with Dubuque ; and slight reductions were made in the city debt. Also lots were filled, railways extended, the useless motor was stopped on the hill, a new 186 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY engine house was built, a new system of sewerage was considered, new streets were opened, and the Stocking claim was settled. In 1883 there were half a dozen baseball clubs; one was called "Blue Stockings"; they defeated the Galena Greys 17 to 5 and the Clintons 6 to 4, and the St. Louis club 7 to 4, but in a return game were defeated by the latter 9 to 5 ; they were defeated by the Port Hurons in two games 15 to o and 9 to o. In August, 1883, the council granted to John Reugamer, John Trexler, J. P. Schroeder, John Klein, Frank Schroeder and George Fengler, for a period of twenty-five years, free license and full right to operate a ferry to be known as "Eagle Point Ferry," from a place near Eagle Point, at Division street, across the river to the Wisconsin shore. The necessary safeguards were required. Madame Modjeska was here in May; she was the guest of Edward W. Duncan and wife; she received Dubuque ladies. In May five persons were killed in the explosion at the planing mill of Carr, Ryder & Wheeler. On July 3, 1884, the new prohibition law went into effect; saloons here did business about as usual, though apprehensively. The Personal Liberty Society held regular meetings to consider the situation. Informers were led to under stand that they would get into serious trouble if they interfered. Secret anti-prohibition meetings were held; J. P. Farley was one of the leaders of the movement for the enforcement of the law. Seven acres of lumber were burned in September. Late in 1884 the Fourth street elevator was built. On September 19 all Dubuque was shaken by an earthquake ; it was particularly observed in high buildings. The old Carter and Cheney farms, three miles from Dubuque, were bought by Mr. Stout and converted into a fine, fast stock farm that soon became famous; twenty to thirty fine horses were there at all times except during the racing season; a half mile track was there and trainers constantly at work. The Dubuque baseball club in 1884 had the following leading players: Ahern, first; Crawford, second; Brown, third; Morgan, catcher ; Lear, pitcher ; Burns, shortstop ; Keas, left ; Taylor, center, and McCarten, right. The Dubuque Natatorium, containing 100,- 000 gallons, was opened in August at 1033 Main street; it was very popular from the start. Dubuque's trade for 1884 was very large and satisfactory: Gro ceries and provisions, $1,500,000; dry goods and notions, $1,500,- 000; hardware, $1,000,000; grain, etc., $1,650,000; William Ryan & Sons, packing, $2,125,000 (this was the largest single industry here). The jobbing trade was estimated at $12,000,000. Among the improvements were those by Bishop Hennessy, Ryan, fire engine house, Waples block, new schoolhouse, St. Joseph's Academy com pleted, Lorimier House improved, Eagle Point ferry, street railway extension, Dubuque Bridge Company, Booth's improvements, city HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 187 improvements, Linwood cemetery, etc. In 1884 there were in use here twenty-six arc lights; they were not satisfactory under all circumstances; incandescent lights were demanded. The Dubuque Electric Light and Power Company, organized in 1883, expired in 1884. Madame Janauschek was here in January, 1885. Horses were raced on Lake Peosta in January. In this month the Fourth street hill elevator carried over 7,000 passengers ; at first there was only one carriage; J. K. Graves was connected with this service. Street expenses in 1884-85 were $16,831. The contemplated sewer system was estimated to cost $39,985.72. Several business failures occurred early in 1885. In February, George R. Wendling lectured here on "Is Death the End of All?" There was great sport at the roller skating rinks. In the fall of 1885 Dubuque had 130 manu facturing establishments; 86 jobbers, 5,261 employes, horsepower 4,464. Among the really large advances here were Central market, water power, steam supply, Mercy hospital, custom house, opera, public library, fine art gallery, art and science institute, twenty-four churches, hill elevator, forty-five miles of paved streets, etc. In August, 1885, Edward Langworthy and wife celebrated their golden wedding; she was formerly Pauline Reeder. In the spring of 1885 the city bonded debt was $777,084.74. The city expenses in 1884-85 were $173,367.66; the floating debt was $66,787; total debt of city, $843,871.74. In March the Supreme court decided in favor of the constitutionality of the prohibitory law. In the spring of 1885 the city considered (1) how to pay the enormous debt; (2) how to economize; (3) to reduce street expense and float ing debt; (4) must cease borrowing; (5) new railways were desir able; (6) manufacturing must still further be increased ; (7) an iron bridge was needed at Eagle Point, etc. There were forty liquor cases in the federal court in September, brought by the Citizens' League. The special delivery mail service was adopted here Octo ber 1, 1885, for the first time. Previous to 1885 the year 1882 was the most prosperous here since 1856. In January, 1886, there were put up here 46,700 tons of ice; the packers alone put up 12,200 tons; the leading packers were William Ryan, George Rath, Strobel & Son, and Zumhoff & Son. In Janu ary three kinds of crossings were considered for the river : ( 1 ) A pontoon bridge; (2) planks on the existing railroad bridge; (3) a free ferry summer and winter by cable line. In 1885-86 the fire department cost $15,811.51; police, $15,102.30; gas, $11,241.68; street, $23,706.14; total city debt, $827,887.28. A fine arts gallery was opened in March, 1886; forty-two artists and amateurs were represented; 10 cents admission was charged. In June there were 12,396 bound volumes in the Young Men's Library. 1 88 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Pork Packing in Dubuque. 1882-83 97,500 1884-85 90,000 1883-84 121,000 1885-86 108,500 Summer Packing Additional. 1882 15,000 1884 22,557 1883 15,500 In August, 1886, the Dubuque Pontoon Bridge Company was authorized to construct and maintain a bridge suitable for the cross ing of vehicles, horsemen and animals and for the ordinary public uses and purposes of a highway bridge from at or near Pine street in Dubuque across the Mississippi to the town of East Dubuque, in Illinois. It was to be located below and as near as practicable to the railway bridge and the draw was to be of such dimensions and character as should be approved by the secretary of war, or if built without a draw it should be high enough at the right place to permit the free passage at all stages of water of craft navigating the Mis sissippi. To assist the company in the construction of this bridge, the city appropriated $25,000, to be paid in two installments, and released it conditionally from taxation. The total cost was about $133,000. The city reserved the right to take possession and control of the bridge by paying annually to the company 8 per cent on the total cost less that paid by the city. The mayor was to be ex-officio a member of the board of directors. The toll was fixed by the coun cil, December 14, 1887. An immense firemen's tournament was held here in June, 1886. Clinton, Galena, Webster City, Chariton, Fort Dodge, DyersviUe, Cedar Rapids, Maquoketa, Independence, Marshalltown and other cities were represented. It was held at the race track; it was the largest and best tournament ever held in Iowa. Dubuque oat meal mill burned in July. In 1886 the idea of a pontoon bridge was abandoned and a high bridge became very popular; this was after the city had passed an ordinance appropriating $25,000 for a pon toon bridge. The Finleys having left to the city a large bequest for a hospital upon certain conditions ; the citizens took steps to comply with such conditions. The old Finley homestead on Julien avenue was finally devoted to this use; the bequest was about $80,000. Under the Clark liquor law sharp action against the saloons here was taken in the summer of 1886. At this time work on the new sewerage system was commenced. In August, 1886, the construc tion of the high bridge was awarded to Horace E. Horton, of Roch ester, Minnesota, at $122,994; his was the lowest bid by over $20,- 000; the bridge was to be completed by May 1, 1887. This sum included the iron approach on the east side. It was called a "high level wagon bridge." Barnum's big show was here in September. The North American Telegraph Company was granted the right HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 189 to erect poles on certain streets. In September the newly organized Commercial Club had a membership of 140; they planned to build a $15,000 club house. At this time an engine and two cars plunged through the draw into the river. On August 31, 1886. three dis tinct earthquake shocks of twenty-five seconds' duration were felt here. The city donated $25,000 toward the high bridge and the citizens raised the balance by subscription; by the middle of October about $75,000 was subscribed. Important improvements in 1886 were: Academy of Visitation, Bell's store, Bradley's warehouses, Consolidated Tank Line house, Diamond Jo yards, high level bridge, etc. It was noted in the spring of 1887, that real estate values had taken a sudden "boom." In March, 1887, the boundaries of the Second, Third and Fourth wards were changed and enlarged from the surplus growth of the Fifth ward. In the spring of 1887 the railways did an enormous amount of filling on the river front. In 1886-87 the hogs packed were 117,000. There was a great lack of dwellings and business rooms. The total debt March 1, 1887, was $833,542.85, of which $761,234.80 was bonded. On March 23, 1887, the first shipment of iron for the high bridge arrived. The water company was given the right in March, 1887, to put in pump ing works at the Lorimier House artesian well and from it to fur nish the hill its supply of water; this well was 1,050 feet deep and flowed 180 gallons to the minute. The entire police force was dis charged in May and immediately reorganized. The Dubuque Job bers and Manufacturers' Union was strong and doing good work in 1887. The Eleventh Street Elevator Company was incorporated in July. In 1887 there was demanded improvement of the city gas; con struction of the high bridge approach; continuance on the sewerage system ; a police patrol ; better results from the street commission er's office ; abolishment of the contract system, etc. By the middle of July, 1887, the fourth span of the high bridge was in place. The United States Express Company established an office here. In August it was noted that twenty-four trains arrived and departed daily. On August 10 the river was the lowest it had been since 1864. The year 1887 was very prosperous. The following made impor tant improvements: (1) Northwestern Railway; (2) high bridge; (3) new sewerage system ; (4) Southwestern Railway ; (5) Fourth street elevator; (6) Eleventh street elevator; (7) street car to Eagle Point; (8) filling sloughs with land; (9) filling freight yards; (10) filling by lumber yards; (11) ice harbor; (12) new Illinois Central passenger station; (13) waterworks on the bluff; (14) police patrol; (15) electric fire alarm; (16) new warehouses; (17) new wholesale houses; (18) new manufactures; (19) hundreds of new dwellings; (20) proposed electric street railway. 190 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Notwithstanding its great debt the city did not flinch from such proposed expenses as $250,000 to the Dubuque & Northwestern Railway; $130,000 for the new sewerage system; $125,000 for the high bridge; and $150,000 to the Southwestern Railway. On Sep tember 19, 1887, a terrible railway accident near Eagle Point caused the loss of four or five lives and the injury of about a dozen others. On September 30 the city voted as follows : For the sewerage sys tem, 317; against the sewerage system, 1,341. In 1887 there was strong talk of holding in 1888 a centennial celebration of the settle ment here of Julian Dubuque in 1788. Early in November the high bridge was joined from shore to shore ; a celebration for the opening was planned. On November 25 teams began to cross the high bridge ; two carriages containing bridge and city officials made the first trip. On the 29th the event was celebrated; an immense procession passed through the streets and over the bridge; there were floats, banners, mottoes, bands and societies in line, all escorted by the Governor's Greys and accompanied by bands and drum corps. Every business in the city was represented in the line. This was one of the most notable celebrations ever held in Dubuque. The main portion of the bridge is 2,000 feet in length and the East Dubuque approach 800 feet ; the roadway is eighteen feet wide, with a foot path on each side. J. K. Graves was president of the day. O'Neill, McDonald, Lyon and others delivered addresses ; a dispatch from Senator Allison was read. In 1886 the assessed valuation of the city was $15,021,390, and the revenue $177,095.60; in 1887 the assessed valuation was $18,- 143,114, and the revenue $196,656.19. The saloon cases were in the courts in 1887; when injunctions were served against them they usually filed supersedeas bonds and continued operations. City expenses in 1887 were $264,275.41, and receipts $228,351.94. The Commercial National Bank closed its doors March 20, 1888; the majority of the directors were men of wealth. There was due depositors $444,059. E. P. Welles, of Clinton, was appointed receiver. The total liabilities were $518,310. The Iowa Iron Works owed the bank $145,000. Certain members of the bank had withdrawn large sums. The receiver charged violations of the law by the bank officials and on that ground asked for the forfeiture of its charter; he also charged that false statements had been made. In the end the bank paid about 70' cents on the dollar. All the trade and labor organizations united in an immense mass meeting July 23, 1888; it was a general movement for publicity and relief ; a permanent union of labor was effected, with James White president, T. J. Donahue secretary, and C. B. Keesecker treasurer. Booth and Barrett, actors, were here in April, 1888. Judge Lenehan ordered forty-seven permanent injunctions against saloon keepers in August. The sewer project having been revived, bids were called for and the contract was awarded to J. C. Murray at $21,767 in Sep- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 191 tember. The butchers entered strong protests at this time against the encroachments of Armour's "embalmed beef" upon their alleged preserves ; the butchers and drovers' union passed resolutions against the Armour products. Plans to celebrate on a large scale the Dubuque centennial were prepared early in 1888. The Wycoff Commercial school was in operation this year. The grand lodge of the Knights of Pythias assembled here in October. An electric street car line on Eighth street was proposed at this date. Work on the new sewer rapidly progressed late in 1888. There were ninety-nine indictments against saloon keepers late this year. Among the improvements of 1888 were the following: Catholic church at Sherrill's Mount, Diamond Jo yards, Iowa Iron Works, Linehan Ferry Company, Morrison Bros., Novelty Works, Sacred Heart church, private investments by Byrne, Bradley, Booth and Cooper, city street improvements, Waller's building, the railways, filling in front, etc. The Key City Electric Street Railway Company, with a capital of $100,000, began business late in 1888 by securing the right of way; it planned to follow the old hill motor route. The city demanded its share of the bridge fund from the county in January, 1889. The new Julien House was built by stock subscriptions in 1889; the old house was torn down early in the year. A railway wreck near the fair grounds in July killed one and injured several. Work on a new Grand Opera house was commenced early in 1889. A street railway line down Seventh or Eighth to connect with the high bridge was planned in 1889. The grand lodge of the Legion of Honor met here in March. The total city debt March 1, 1889, was $834,777.64. Over thirty societies took part in the Washington centennial celebration this year; over 3,000 outsiders were present. One of the largest processions ever on the streets paraded in grand style. Colonel Lyon was the principal speaker at Schuetzen park. Fred O'Donnell addressed the Irish-American club. Services in all the churches were held. By ordinance approved in August, 1882, the Western Telephone Company was granted permission to erect upon the public streets and alleys posts or poles, string wires thereon and operate and use a telephone exchange. Complete regulations were set forth. An ordinance of September, 1886, gave the North American Telegraph Company the right to erect poles, string wires and maintain a tele graph system in certain specified streets. The act of July, 1887, permitted the Eleventh Street Elevator Company to construct and maintain a street railway on Eleventh street from Bluff street to Highland place. The act of January, 1900, permitted that company to operate its railroad by electricity. The ordinance of April, 1899, granted the Standard Telephone Company the right to erect and maintain its telephone system in Dubuque. This ordinance was long and covered all features of practical operation. In July, 1893,. 192 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the Fenelon Place Elevator Company was granted the right to oper ate a public elevator at Fourth and Fenelon streets. The ordinance of March, 1889, granted permission and authority to David H. Ogden and his successors to construct, maintain and operate a single track electric street railway with all the necessary accessories on certain designated streets, prescribed the mode of operation and fixed the term at twenty years. An ordinance of November, 1889, gave William L. Allen and Thomas O. Swiney the right to maintain and operate an electric •street railway upon certain streets and public places of the city. They were also authorized in December to erect an electric light and power station under certain provisions. In September, 1897, the Star Electric Company, successor to the United States Electric Light and Power Company, was granted extensions and continua tions of duties and powers. A furious storm July 2, 1889, did about $15,000 damage in the city. In August the Dubuque Street Railway Company was granted the right to use electricity, steam power, etc., and to go outside the city limits ; its capital was increased to $250,000. Efforts to secure the Industrial Home for the Blind were made in 1889. War between two electric light companies and two electric street railway systems was waged here in 1889-90. At the close of 1889 there were in the city 205 manufactures; hands in the same, 6,992 ; jobbing houses, 96 ; hands in the same, 1,967; traveling men from Dubuque, 313; horsepower in the fac tories, 10,890. Important improvements were Cooper's new resi dence, butchers' association, driving park, Packing & Provision Company, linseed oil works, Diamond Jo line, the railways' immense improvements, Electric Company, opera-house, Standard Lumber Company, Wartburg Seminary, Julien House, Hansen & Linehan, Lesure's mill, etc. The year witnessed great advances. It was duly noted in 1890 that in 1896 $201,926.63 of the old debt would become due; also $356,956.55 in 1897, $107,161.43 in 1899, and $26,500 in 1904, and that now (1890) there was only $42,000 in the city treasury. On March 1, 1890, the bonded debt was $728,279.47 and the floating debt $104,519.19. The city receipts in 1889-90 were $329,350.87, and the expenses $331,783.13. The revenue from saloons was $18,158.50. "On the 14th of last month the council adopted an ordinance giving the Rhomberg line the additional privileges for which it asked and carefully guarded public rights, imposing upon the com pany the usual and ordinary restrictions and which were imposed upon the Dubuque Electric Railway, Light and Power Company, familiarly known as the Allen & Sweeney line, and these privileges the Dubuque Street Railway Company refused to accept because of the restrictions referred to. We must not ignore public rights to accommodate an individual and we cannot afford to retard the IN AND AROUND DUBUQUE HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 193 growth of a city to swell the coffers of private corporations. There exists no reason, so far as I am able to comprehend, why we should give advantage to one railway company over a competing line." — (Mayor Stewart, April 10, 1890.) The new Julien House was opened in July, 1890. In August the new opera house on Eighth street was opened. Comment was caused in 1890 by the resignation of several officials of the German Savings Bank. Keno F., a Dubuque horse, won the first purse of $5,000 at the races in Rochester, N. Y., in August; his time was 2:19 in the trotting race; the horse won other big prizes. In October fifty arc lights were turned on the streets. The Iowa Trust and Savings Bank began business in 1890. A meat inspector began to condemn carcasses in 1890. Among the improvements in 1890 were those by the electric companies, Julien House, St. Joseph's convent, streets of Dubuque, new court house commenced, opera house, German orphan asylum, Turner hall, driving park, Academy of the Visitation, the railways, bucket factory, Finley hospital, gas company, board of trade building, Hodge brass foun dry, Powers' store, oil mill elevator and several fine residences. The Citizens' State Bank was established in 1890; by July, 1892, its deposits were $306,828.88. Late in 1890 the street car line was completed to the old Stewart farm; cars began to run to the new park there in April. The new fire steamer "R. W. Stewart" arrived early in 1891. On March 1, 1891, the bonded debt was $730,602.50 and the floating debt $124,120.46; the total receipts were $356,806.53; the expenses were the same less $39,438.52 on hand ; the saloon license amounted to $19,510.65. The council at this time insisted on direct water pressure and better service from the water company. In March, 1891, Julia Ward Howe lectured on "Is Polite Society Polite ?" The city now for almost the first time took steps to secure in all cases compensation for street and other public franchises. In April the mayor's salary was raised from $600 to $1,500; there were earnest objections to this advance. New paving for Main street was considered. At the opera house in June Evan Lewis threw J. C. Comstock, a local wrestler, in three straight falls with ease. Robert W. Stewart, mayor, resigned in June. There was war in the council. The Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows met here in October. The Key City Insurance Company began business about this date. The council after due deliberation decided on brick for the paving of Main street. Paving bonds to pay the expense were to be issued. The liquor interests were called "River Rats of the Rum Counties" by the prohibition orators. On March 1, 1892, the bonded debt was $857,708.89; it was increased in 189 1-2 owing to the enormous expense on the streets — $70,000 about. Atkinson and Oloff, of Rock Island, were awarded the contract to pave Main street with brick at $57,323 ; there were 194 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY to be 28,000 square yards covered and 7,000 feet of new curbing laid. The Dubuque Malting Company secured leases on four breweries (Heeb's, Glab's, Schmidt's and Schwind's) in 1892 and organized with Nicholas Glab, president ; Paul Traut, vice president ; A. F. Heeb, secretary and treasurer, and Titus Schmidt, superin tendent; its capital was $150,000. Should the city buy the water works or let them pass to a syndicate ? was asked in 1892. In July, 1892, an humane society was organized here. The Labor Day celebration in 1892 was immense and imposing. John R. Sovereign, labor leader, was the principal orator ; 6,000 people gathered at the shooting park. The city assessment in 1892 was $19,770,395. In September the twenty-ninth annual conclave Knights Templar assembled here ; their parade was a brilliant scene. A large delega tion left in October to participate in the opening of the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The Nutwood Park Company planned a mile race course in October. The state rifle contest was held here at this date. The Young Men's Christian Association planned a home on Eighth street. - In 1892 the number of city arc lights was increased to 200. An offer of C. H. White to accept for the city bondholders about $700,000 of 5 per cent thirty year bonds in exchange for the 6 and 7 per cent city bonds soon to become due, all at par, was rejected by the council in November, 1892. Dubuque grew rapidly in manufactures and other industries in 1892. Among the improvements were the following: Irving school, Adams foundry, water company, Central Union Telegraph Com pany, pressed brick, basket factory, Diamond Jo yards, stamping and enameling, malting, court house, brass works, Forester's fac tory, Finley hospital, Hotel Paris, Odd Fellows' Temple, Ryan packer, Mother House, Sisters of Charity, United States Electric Light & Power Company, etc. The new engine house cost $35,000. The Star Electric Company bought out the United States Electric Company late in 1892. The city receipts in 1892-3 were as follows : Taxes $246,500.90 Licenses 27>53I-25 Improvement bonds I55>500-00 Bridge bonds 15,000.00 Rents, etc 74,512-10 On hand March 1, 1892 28,734.86 Total $548,001.11 On March 1, 1893, the bonded debt was $723,925.52 and the floating debt $137,523.45; outstanding improvement bonded debt, $161,500. The baseball club in 1887 was not as strong as it had been in former years; it played several matched games; the players were HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 195 Rose, Lear, Loftus, Dean, Burns, Brown, N. Elligan, F. Elligan, Conner s and Coffey; they played La Crosse, Oskaloosa, Webster City, Independence, Rock Island, Rockford and other clubs; the receipts of the club in 1887 were $6,314 and expenses $6,077.77. In 1888 the Interstate League embraced the following cities: Dubuque, Rockford, Davenport, Peoria, Bloomington, Decatur, Danville and Crawfordsville. In July, 1888, the club, not meeting with satisfactory support, disbanded and the players joined other clubs. In 1889 the players were Valkert, center; Gandalfo, left; Coffey, right ; Ahern, first ; Burns, second ; Lear, short ; King, third ; Duane, catcher; Keas, pitcher. They played the Chicagos here in October to 1,000 people and were defeated 9 to 5. In 1890 the league embraced Dubuque, Ottumwa, Monmouth, Ottawa, Cedar Rapids, Aurora, Joliet and Sterling. The claim of George W. Jones against the government "for funds advanced in the transmission by special messenger of reports of a revolution in progress in Bogota when he was United States minister" was allowed by Congress in 1893, largely through the influence of Senators Allison and Sherman. In 1893 the Dubuque Light and Traction Company was formed to succeed the Dubuque Electric Railway, Light and Power Company; G. K. Wheeler was president. In May, 1893, the Fourth street elevator was destroyed by fire. The corner store of Odd Fellows' building was laid in April, 1893; Mr. Langworthy was the orator. General Booth's new sand pump barge was formally christened "Mound Builder" by Fannie Couch. Notwithstanding the immense debt about to fall due and the vast and expensive improvements in progress, the credit of the city was good in 1893. Mayor Saunders said in his valedictory in 1893 : "I also wish and hope that the incoming council will at an early day get used to that double issue of political life, namely: Petitions signed by prominent citizens for the opening of streets, etc., that would be a very large expense to the city and then in less than three months afterward the 'prominent' citizens shout their lungs weak for reform." The city assessment in 1893 was $20,232,049. Gen. William Vandever died in July, 1893. The Young Men's Library had about 14,000 volumes and 475 members at this time. On August 16, 1893, the First National Bank closed its doors. This was caused by its inability to realize as promptly as expected on collateral and by the enormous amounts recently paid out — over $543,°°° in about three months. Examjiner McHugh said the bank could and would open in a few days. The depositors signed an agreement to accept for their balances certificates of deposit bear ing 4 per cent interest and payable in four equal installments three months apart, beginning January 1, 1894. This gave the bank time 196 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY to realize on its assets. Mr. Eckles permitted the bank to resume business August 30. At no time had the bank lost the utmost con fidence of the people. In January, 1894, prize fighting here was stopped by Mayor Daugherty. In January the Masons celebrated on a grand scale the fiftieth anniversary of their organization in Iowa. M. M. Ham became postmaster this year. The newspapers and citizens observed with much resentment the increase of the city's floating debt, as follows, omitting cents, on March 1 of each year : 1888 $ 68,672 1889 88,950 1890 104,519 1891 124,120 1892 133,783 1893 147,523 1894 244,134 1895 245,766 1896 220,988 1897 278,588 1898 350,470 The old debt on March 1, 1894, was $708,291.68, which, added to the floating debt, gave a total indebtedness of $952,526.27. This year the police force consisted of thirty-six men. Efforts to get rid of the smoke nuisance were taken. It was planned to refund the bonds falling due in 1896 with 4 per cent gold bonds, based on an assessed city valuation of $20,800,000. The repeal of special city charters such as the one under which Dubuque operated was considered in 1894. At this time Mr. Jaeger was president of the Dubuque Personal Liberty Association. There were 210 saloons here. In the spring of 1894 Gen. George W. Jones, then ninety years old, was honored by the State Leg islature with a request to pay that body a visit at Des Moines. The Governor's Greys and a large body of citizens escorted him to the capital city, where he was received like a king or conqueror. About this tin* Henry L. Stout donated his residence property at Iowa and Ninth streets to the Young Men's Christian Association, to be converted into a gymnasium. The Bank and Insurance Building was the pride of the whole city. Ten thousand people attended the reception when it was thrown open for inspection. Jesse P. Far ley died here in 1894. He came here in 1833 and became very prominent and wealthy. A pest house was established on a flatboat in 1894. The Dubuque & Wisconsin Bridge Company was organized this year to build a bridge over the Mississippi at Eagle Point. An embalming school was opened here in June. A $500,000 lumber fire in June was the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 197 heaviest this city had ever suffered. All the employes of the city street railways struck in June and July, 1904. There were many acts of violence. Mr. Jaeger and Mr. Hancock, two old settlers, died this year. The first white child born in Dubuque, Susan Ann McCraney, born January 10, 1833, died in 1894. She married John D. Byrnes. Many fast horses were at Nutwood in September. A mile was paced in 2 : 10%. A free bridge was broached in 1894. The year 1894 was a prosperous one for Dubuque. There were started the Catholic Mother House, to cost $300,000 ; the Bank and Insurance Building, to cost $350,000; the Dubuque Malting Com pany's brewery, to cost $450,000; a high school building, to cost $75,000; a new Methodist church, to cost $40,000, and other large improvements. In 1895 Thomas Loftus was elected president of the Eastern Iowa Baseball League, composed of the Dubuque, Waterloo, Clin ton, Marshalltown, Burlington, Davenport, Cedar Rapids and Galesburg clubs. The Stout Auditorium opened on Ninth street in February. In 1895 the St. Valentine Herald, issued by the Dorothea Dix Circle, was a unique issue. It netted about $1,000 to the circle. How much the Herald lost was not stated. There were a score or more of valuable contributions to the columns. The issue consisted of twenty-six pages and many illustrations. Gen. O. O. Howard was a guest of honor here in April. The bicycle parade in April was a striking affair. Robert G. Ingersoll lectured here in 1894 on "Shakespeare" and again in 1895 on "The Bible." The attendance was large and the newspaper comments kind and complimentary. In 1895 all the saloons were listed under the mulct law. Judge Husted was largely instrumental in forcing the execution of the law. The baseball season of 1895 began May 10, lasted four months and comprised 120 games. There were about seventy-five fast horses at Nutwood in June. On October 31, 1895, several dis tinct earthquake shocks of about thirty seconds' duration each oc curred here. The city donated $25,000 to the Eagle Point bridge approach. The monument to Dubuque was again considered late in 1895. In a few months his remains were buried in a stone sarcophagus at the old grave by the Old Settlers' Association. The Dubuque Monument Association was busy securing funds. The Dubuque Ladies' Literary Association, which was organ ized in 1876, celebrated its twentieth anniversary in January, 1896. Mrs. D. N. Cooley, Mrs. B. W. Poor, Mrs. Harger, Mrs. McArthur, Mrs. Solomon Smith and other early presidents were present. In 1896 the city complained that while it had nearly 40,000 of the 60,000 population of the county, it had only one of the seven mem bers of the county board, a manifest unfairness. In December, 1896, $356,000 old city bonds were refunded in new twenty-year 4 per cent bonds. They were refunded at about par. On March 198 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY I, 1897, the total bonded and floating debt was $970,184.01. The bonded debt was $691,595.16. Early in 1897 a Mr. Slimmer, of Waverly, Iowa, offered to donate $50,000 to Finley Hospital providing the citizens would raise as much more, which was done in a few weeks, Henry L. Stout alone donating $25,000. In August, 1897, the. Iowa Institute of Science and Art was organized. The total city debt on March 1, 1898, was $1,042,065.68; the bonded debt proper was $691,595.16, and the floating debt proper was $350,470.52. Prior to 1898 the Iowa Iron Works constructed over 100 different vessels, the most of them with iron or steel hulls. Joseph S. Morgan was postmaster at Dubuque in 1898. He was connected with the Globe-Journal and the Times about this date. The city expenses in 1896 were $338,846.65; in 1897, $456>I J7-87- At this timie the city had built or was building a num ber of high, strong stone walls to hold the bluffs here and there. In January, 1898, Dubuque had thirteen public school buildings and had in all seventeen buildings used for schools. There were enrolled 5,756 children and 125 teachers. There were 20,000 books of all kinds in the Public Library. There were also eighteen Catholic parochial schools, with 2,470 scholars enrolled. In 1897 there were sent out from Dubuque about 300 traveling salesmen for the wholesale houses here. It was about 1898 that the Council and citizens concluded it was time for the city to own the water works, as it had a right under the provisions of the franchise. It was at first thought by the city fathers that about $150,000 would be a fair compensation for the works, but the water company did not agree and said they did not want to sell. The city prepared to enforce the transfer and experts were called to make estimates of the value of the plant. One placed the value at $664,076 and another at $799,767.75. This opened the eyes of the Council. The water company's experts placed the value from $664,076 to $815,000. The city's experts averaged $475,000. It was now seen that a much larger sum than anticipated would have to be paid for the plant. Later city estimates were as low as $313,755. The city's expert finally said $449,243, and a nonpartisan expert said $549,958. It was then thought best to leave the whole matter of the transfer to Judge Shiras as arbitrator, but he was unable to act. At length the price was fixed at $545,000. But the city debt was already over a million dollars, and would the people stand this additional burden? it was asked. Men and women voted on the question, "Shall the city buy the water works?" with the following result: Women, for the pur chase, 275; against the purchase, 33; men, for the purchase, 3,133; against the purchase, 459. So it carried and the plant was bought for $545,000. Trustees were placed in charge of the works. Bonds were prepared and a sinking fund provided. Four per cent bonds HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 199 were offered, but there were at first no bids, though local capitalists had previously held forth alluring promises. All capitalists seemed afraid until the Supreme Court should affirm the legality of the issue. Local banks bid par with a premium, provided the legality of the issue should be affirmed. After some sparring local concerns and individuals took all the bonds at par, but were allowed 4% per cent, a mortgage on the plant and a definite and rigid funding tax. Since that date to the present the bonds have been regularly re deemed as they fell due — $20,000 at a time. In 1899 the Eighth street motor line was offered for sale at pub lic auction. The population of Dubuque in 1890 was 30,311; in 1900 it was 36,297. The racing at Nutwood Park in 1898 was excellent. The wells at Eagle Point for the city water supply sta tion were two in number and 1,308 and 1,310 feet deep, respectively. Another just built was 1,437 feet deep. Four trained nurses were in Finley Hospital in January, 1900. About this time F. D. Stout gave Nutwood Park to the city upon condition it should be kept in good condition. There were seventy-two acres, valued at $36,000. Dubuque & Wisconsin High Bridge Company took its first steps about this date. The races at Nutwood Park in 1899 were very fast — pace, 2:05/4; trot, 2:10%. Twenty thousand people were present the best day and 10,000 on another day. Idolita won the Futurity. This stake, called the "Horse Review Futurity," was worth $20,000. Others were $5,000, $3,000 and $2,000. There were boxing con tests here at the same time — Joe Choynski, Clarence Forbes, Tommy Ryan, Jack Moffatt and others. The sports ended with a street carnival in October. Miss Maud Atkinson was queen. It was about 1899 that the first Monday newspapers began to make their appearance here. In January, 1900, the Eleventh street elevator began to be oper ated by electricity. The actual net revenue of the city for the fiscal year 1899- 1900 was $367,000. A steam road roller was bought in 1900. In March, 1900, $200,000 of the old Hayes bonds were re funded. Ten new cells were built in the calaboose under the City Hall. The vote on the library tax of % mih was : Yes, men, 2,061 ; yes, women, 1,027; total, yes, 3,088; no, men, 694; no, women, 38; total, no, 732. The bridge at Eagle Point was commenced in the fall of 1900. The Dubuque Enterprise was established in October, 1901, with John Inghram and W. J. Glynn in charge. Smallpox appeared in Dubuque in January, 1901, and it required considerable time to be driven out. In August, 1901, there were refunded $120,000 in old bonds, and a little later $15,400. The city gave $25,000 to cover the expense of building the west ap proach to the Eagle Point bridge. This bridge was ready in 1902. A new steam roller, street harrow and rutter plow cost $3,550. 200 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY The water tower, northwest of Linwood Cemetery, cost about $600 and had a capacity of about 500 barrels. The city used Finley Hospital and paid expenses. Grand View avenue engine house was built at a cost of $6,000. The year 1902 was a record-breaker for the wholesale jobbers and manufacturers of Dubuque. M. M. Ham, who had so long edited the Herald, died Christmas night, 1902. Night schools were established in 1903. The Tri-State Fair held its first meeting in 1903. In 1903 the comptroller of the currency named Dubuque as a reserve city for the deposits of the smaller banks. In the spring of 1903 Dubuque had nearly fifty private gasolene launches. The street car employes struck in 1903, and rough men from outside were secured to take their places. Considerable ill feeling and riot ing occurred. Armory hall was leased to the Governor's Greys in 1904, but they soon surrendered the lease. In January, 1904, Prof. F. T. Oldt served as chairman of the committee on phonetic spell ing at the State Teachers' Convention in Des Moines. He intro duced resolutions, which were adopted, endorsing the simplified spelling of such words as thoro, thru, demogog, thorofare, etc. In 1904 Nutwood Park was improved to the amount of $7,890. The Union Electric Company gave the fair association the use of the park without charge. In 1904 over $1,000,000 was spent in improvements here of all kinds. The city subscribed as individuals $151,000 for the Dubuque, Iowa & Wisconsin Railroad. A new engine house was built at Rhomberg and Reed avenues. Patrol wagons were in use. The art division of the Woman's Club peti tioned to have the surroundings of the Eleventh street elevator beautified. It was at this time or before that the Dubuque Boat & Boiler Works grew out of the Iowa Iron Works. The Iowa Social ist suspended publication in 1904. In 1904 the German Bank be came the German Savings Bank. In 1905 it became clear that something was wrong with the water works management and an investigation was soon ordered. Charges were finally lodged against the trustees, who were asked to resign, and did so finally. The books were in bad condition and a large debt for supplies of all kinds, particularly coal, was disclosed. In the end this debt reached $49,000, was bonded and was added to the city's regular bonded debt. This is considered one of the worst instances of official malfeasance in the history of the city. A number of residents of Dubuque have distinguished themselves in the flowery fields of authorship. Marion Hurd (McNeely) has written poems and, with Mrs. Stokely, collaborated "Miss Billy" and collaborated others with Jean Wilson. Mrs. Mary Bingham Wilson has written interesting poems, and Mr. Herman Ficke magazine articles. Mrs. Eunice Gibbs has written two books — "One Thousand Smiles" and "The Cats' Convention." Harold Wallis has written a volume of poems entitled "Youth." Miss. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 201 Marie Gannon is the author of several attractive poems ; so is Miss Louise Harragan. Herr Laubengeiger has a book of German verses, and Mr. Walsh is the author of "Mirage of Many." Mrs. Edith Keeley Stokely's poems are sweet and beautiful, as will be seen from the following verse : "The greenest grass, the sweetest flowers, grew at Aunt Polly's door, The finest apples, miles around, Aunt Polly's orchard bore. Aunt Polly's cows were sleek and fat, her chicks a wondrous size, And Jabez Smith, the hired man, was witty, great and wise. I used to go with Jabe at night, with clinking pails to milk, Sometimes he let me feed the colts and rub their coats of silk. And the moon that rose in those days, just behind the cattle bars, Was twice as large as now, with twice as many stars." A juvenile court was instituted here in 1905. In December, 1905, Mr. Oehler, of DyersviUe, sued the Smith-Morgan Printing Company for $20,000 damages for libel. In 1905 the races at the Tri-State Fair were unusually fast. Twenty-one thousand persons were present one day and 20,000 were present "Dubuque Day." The J. R., a new steamer, was launched at Eagle Point in the spring of 1905. The Iowa Dairy Company and Commercial Club were active at this date. The gunboat Dubuque, previously launched, was yet in service. The city assessment in 1905 was $23,832,460. A dynamite bomb was feloniously exploded, shattering the entrance to the Dubuque Club house, August, 1906. In 1906 the Eagle Point Bridge Company spent $21,000 for a new span. Several dynamite bombs were exploded late in 1906. One wrecked a watchman's shanty in the Illinois Central yards. A reward of $300 was offered for the miscreant. Lawther's candy factory burned down in Sep tember, 1906, entailing a loss of about $150,000. Work on the Albatross, a steamer costing about $80,000, was commenced in 1906. At the Tri-State Fair in 1906 Dan Patch lowered the track record 5% seconds. The Dubuque Baseball Club ended the season of 1906 in fourth place. By January 24, 1906, the citizens had sub scribed $125,000 to the Dubuque, Iowa & Wisconsin Railroad. In January, 1906, the Dubuque Woman's Club celebrated its thirtieth anniversary. Slot machines were banished from the city in 1906. Speaker D. B. Henderson died here February 25, 1906. In March 500 voters petitioned to divide the Fifth ward. A bomb was hurled in the Casino in June. It was about 1907 that Dubuque became a member of the League of Iowa Municipalities, a body organized to promote civic purity. The eight banks of Dubuque had over $10,- 000,000 resources. In 1907 the Bertillion system for the identifica tion of criminals was adopted. The city appropriation in 1907-8 was $266,650. Nearly a million and a half dollars were spent here 202 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY in 1907 for all sorts of improvements. It was a very prosperous year until the panic arrived. The banks here, as soon as the action in Chicago was known, met and resolved to pay out on deposits not to exceed $100 per day, and no time deposits were to be paid until the full time had expired. This act was approved by the leading business men. A valuable tract of land along the north side of the ice harbor was granted to the Boat & Boiler Company. In 1907 the Illinois & Western Railway was granted the use of certain streets and alleys for railway purposes. The city appropria tion for 1908 was $285,256. The Dubuque Woman's Club asked for a room for the Juvenile Court. In 1907 funds for the Young Woman's Christian Building were subscribed and the structure was commenced. In March, 1907, a mass meeting against illegal saloons was held at the opera house. Archbishop Keane was the principal speaker. The saloons were violating the Sunday and night closing ordinance. The Law and Order League began numerous legal proceedings against them. Arthur McArthur confessed to having embezzled water works funds. He was superintendent and was sentenced to four years in the penitentiary. The Union Electric Company was a merger of the previous companies here. The Dubuque Booster Club was much in evidence in 1907. The Eagles held a brilliant carnival in July. Bad saloons were steadily eliminated. At the Tri-State Fair in August Dan Patch trotted a mile in 1 :oo% ; several watches said as low as 1 :58. Dubuque Baseball Club was having a hard time to retain its place in the Three-I League. For the first time in history not a saloon was open in Dubuque on Christmas day, 1907. The city secured Eagle Point Park at a cost of about $18,000 in 1908. Paderewski was here in January, 1908. The Home Comers' organization was conspicuous this year. A $100,000 pack ing plant offered to come here upon certain conditions. Thomas Loftus was president of the Three-I Baseball League in 1898. At this time the Union Electric Company added twenty acres to Union Park. The Iowa Bankers' Association met in Dubuque on May 5, 1908. It was a notable gathering. The Old Settlers added three acres to the park at Dubuque's Grave. In October, 1908, Bayless Business College held its golden jubilee anniversary. An excellent exhibition of art works was opened to the public at the Carnegie- Stout Library, under the auspices of the. Woman's Club, late in 1908. At the Tri-State Fair in 1908 Minor Heir trotted a mile in 2:02%. Immense crowds attended the fair and races. The citizens indulged in pleasing dreams of a Greater Dubuque in 1909-11. The Moon liquor bill became a law this year. It lim ited the number of saloons to one in every 1,000 population. On April 4, 1909, the Union Electric Company turned its lights on in Union Park. A delegation of Dubuque's business men was sent to Des Moines in 1909 to appear before the senatorial committee to HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 203 protest against the resubmission of prohibition to the vote of the people as a constitutional amendment. Free text books in the schools were voted down here this year. On July 4, 1909, the law prohibiting the sale of cigarettes went into effect. In the spring of 1909 two distinct earthquake shocks were felt at Dubuque. The water works were declared taxable. Vast crowds assembled at the Tri-State Fair. During the fair 2.91 inches of rain fell in one hour. Many fine buildings were erected in 1909. Dubuque branch of Armour & Co. planned to erect a building to cost $40,000. The new Princess Theater was opened in September. There was a 30,000 paid attendance at the baseball games here in 1909. A site for a bathing house on the river front near the harbor was granted in 1909. The Dubuque Memorial Association applied for the privilege of building a hall in one of the parks. The city appro priation for 1909-10 was $207,522; for 1910-11 it was $305,- 578.26, and for 1911-12 it was $297,529. To the Young Woman's Christian Building subscription Peter Kiene, John V. Rider, B. W. Lacy and J. T. Adams gave $500 each in 1910. On March 1, 191 1, the total city debt was as follows : General bonded debt $ 734,282.00 Water works bonds 324,000.00 Floating debt 224,522.74 Total $1,282,804.74 The Dubuque Clearing House Association was organized April 16, 1891, and consisted of eight members: First National, Second National, Dubuque National, Dubuque County, Iowa Trust & Sav ings, German Trust & Savings, German, and Citizens' State. The meetings were held at the office of the Dubuque National. The first officers were : P. J. Lee, president ; E. W. Duncan, vice-presi dent; James Harragan, manager. The clearings from May, 1894, to May, 1895, were $12,469,000. In 1910 they were about $50,- 000,000. The present officers are: P. J. Lee, president; B. F. Blocklinger, vice-president; James Harragan, manager. BOATING, RIVER COMMERCE ETC. STEAMBOATING on the Western rivers ante-dated the arrival of permanent settlers. Particularly was this the case at Du buque. In 181 1 the first steamboat was built for the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; by 1838 there were in existence on those streams 638 steamers, besides about 6,000 flatboats and keelboats. Before 1832 many steamers came up to Galena and Prairie du Chien; of course, as there was no Dubuque yet, only an Indian en campment called "Little Fox Village," the most of the boats did not touch here, though no doubt a few did to load the lead mined by the Indians and carry their furs and hides to market. As a matter of fact, nearly all the first settlers who did not come across the country from Illinois and Wisconsin, came here by steamboat. By 1834 the steamboats on Western waters numbered 234. In 1832 Capt. N. F. Webb commanded the Tippecanoe and vis ited all up-river ports, including what is now Dubuque. His home was at New Albany, Indiana. He became well and favorably known to all persons along the upper Mississippi. At different times he commanded the Flora, Fannie Harris, Ocean Wave, Itasca, Milwaukee, and the government boat Montana. In 1850 he moved to Galena. He was finally so injured in an accident on the United States dredgeboat Montana that his death resulted a few days later. At every port along the river and on every steamer, flags were hung at half-mast. His death occurred at St. Paul. In 1834, at the time O'Connor was hung in Dubuque, Capt. Har ris, with the steamer Jo Daviess, brought here a large crowd from Galena to witness the execution. This boat went up the Wisconsin river as far as Fort Winnebago in 1834. Many steamers sailed the Upper Mississippi in 1836, and among those that touched at Dubuque were the Dubuque, Captain Atchi son; Wisconsin, Captain O'Flaherty; Missouri Fulton, Captain Smith ; Heroine, Captain Tomlin ; Olive Branch, Captain Strother. "The new and splendid steamboat Missouri Fulton arrived at this port on Friday last with 225 passengers on board and 250 tons of freight. The Missouri Fulton made her last trip from Galena to St. Louis in thirty-five hours, being the quickest trip ever made between those ports." — Visitor, May 11, 1836. The Frontier arrived here May 16, 1836, having returned from a trip up Rock river as far as Dixon's Ferry with an "eighty ton keel." The Gipsy, Adventure, Captain Lafferty; Galenean, Captain 204 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 205 Plasterage; St. Peters, Captain Throckmorton; Missouri Fulton, Captain Perin ; Smelter, Captain Harris. In August, 1836, the Missouri Fulton arrived, having made the trip from St. Louis to Dubuque in 78 hours, with a detention of 30 hours on the way, thus with an actual running time up stream of 48 hours. She carried 325 cabin and 100 deck passengers and 250 tons of freight. This was the quickest trip on record thus far. Late in 1836 Captain Briggs commanded the Olive Branch and Captain Van Houten the Adventure. J. Parsons operated a ferry across the river ten miles above Dubuque, opposite the old Snake Diggings. Authority was given to Mathias Ham and Horace Smead to operate a ferry at Eagle Point, where there was a place called Ham's Landing; it was on the southeast quarter of section 20. The Waller smelting furnace stood at Rockdale in 1836. Capt. D. S. Harris died in 1893, being a resident of Galena. In 1823 he came to Galena on the steamer Col. Bumford and found the place a rude mining camp. He engaged in the steamboat trade. He and his brother built the first steamer constructed at Galena — on the river bottom near the mouth of Hughlett's branch, and called her Jo Daviess. In 1834 Captain Harris took her to St. Louis with a cargo of lead and sold both cargo and boat. The next year the two brothers built the Frontier at Cincinnati. They next built the "Smelter," which ran between Cincinnati and Galena in 1836 and 1837, the round trip occupying twenty-one days. He afterward built the Relief in 1838, the War Eagle in 1839, the Pizarro in 1840, the Pre-emption and Otter in 1842, and the New St. Paul in 1843. In the twenty-eight years of his river experience he built or was interested in nearly one hundred steamers. His last trip was in the Grey Eagle, which struck the Rock Island bridge in 1861 and went down. In 1833 he married Susan M. Lang worthy, daughter of Dr. Stephen Langworthy. His second wife was Sarah Coates. He left ten children, two or three residing in Dubuque county. In the spring of 1837 the horse ferry-boat used here to convey across the river passengers, teams, live stock, etc., was struck by a steamer and sunk; this loss necessitated the use for a while of a flatboat, propelled by oars. At this date the ferry right was owned by General Jones and was estimated to be worth $25,000; the toll for one adult was 25 cents. The Pavillion, Captain Lafferty, ran from Dubuque to St. Peters in May, 1837. The ferry at Eagle Point was in operation in May. In June the new steamer Burling ton, Captain Throckmorton, touched here on its way up to St. Peters. Mrs. Hamilton, widow of Alexander Hamilton, the great statesman who was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr, was a passen ger. In June and again in July, 1837, the river was from fifteen to eighteen feet above low mater mark. In July, 1837, the Irene passed down from St. Peters, having on 206 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY board three companies of United States troops bound for Jefferson barracks, Missouri. At this time about 400 Indians were gathered at Fort Snelling to meet the United Statets commissioner, Governor Dodge. A treaty was on the tapis. By ordinance, 1837, there was a port physician whose duty it was to board every steamboat or other vessel coming from any port known to be infected with any disease and examine the passengers and crew previous to their landing. All such persons were to be prevented from landing. On August 15, 1837, a few miles below Bloomington, on the upper Mississippi river, the steamer Dubuque burst one of its flues and scalded to death sixteen persons and dangerously scalded many others, several of whom afterwards died. The captain of the boat was Smoker. The steamer Dubuque about September 19, 1837, ran on a snag just above Hannibal, Missouri, tore a large hole in her hull and sank quickly in twelve feet of water. The principal cargo was groceries and flour. The boat was a total loss. The distance by river from St. Louis to Dubuque was reck oned at 475 miles. Many steamers touched here in the fall of 1837 and many passengers were landed, bound mostly for the interior. There was a small snow squall about November 20, 1837, but aside from that the weather had been fine up to December 2, 1837. The river was open, but business had largely suspended, owing to fear of sudden changes to winter. The steamboat Gipsy arrived here on December 8, 1837. She had tried to go up Fever river to Galena, but ice prevented. The river had risen a foot in twenty-four hours ; considerable floating ice in the Mississippi. The steamers Gipsy and Smelter visited Dubuque many times in 1837-8 ; they brought up many passengers and immense quanti ties of freight. Usually just before navigation closed, store sup plies for the winter were brought up in astonishing quantities; the same rush occurred each spring to market at St. Louis and other points down the river the products of the upper country. The new steamer Demoine, Captain Cole, arrived from below on March 23, 1838; she was "very handsome" and drew only twenty-two inches. In 1838 the Gipsy was commanded by Captain Gray'; Bee, by Captain Burnham ; Cygnet ; Brazil, by Capt. Orrin Smith. The Knickerbocker, Capt. Van Houten, arrived here for the first time May 4, 1838; she had fifty berths in the gentlemen's cabin, all in staterooms, and handsomely furnished. In 1838 for the first time the steamboats began to carry the mail regularly to all up-river ports as far as Prairie du Chien. This was an important step, because previously all mail came to up- river points by stage and horseback across Illinois and Wisconsin. The steamboat Gipsy, Captain Gray, ascended Rock river to the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 207 mouth of the Pecatonica in May, 1838. Dixon's Ferry had been reached by the Frontier in the spring of 1837. The steamer Brazil ran up to St. Peter's in June, 1838, with a large passenger and freight list; notice of this trip was given in advance by the News: "Fast Travelling. — A gentleman of this place arrived yesterday morning (June 8, 1838) on the Rolla, having come up from New Orleans in ten days less seven hours, including twenty-seven hours spent in St. Louis. This is the quickest trip ever made on the Mississippi. He came on board the steamer St. Louis as far as St. Louis." (Iowa News, June 9, 1838.) "The steamer Brazil, Captain Smith, passed this place on Tuesday evening last on a trip of pleasure to the Falls of St. Anthony — that far-famed place for the resort of fashion — laden with beauty and all the other little et ceteras. The sound of the music and tripping of the light fantastic toe, together with the splendor of the boat, made us envy a trip — but we don't go." (Iowa News, June 16, 1838.) The steamboat Wisconsin, in 1838, went from the Fort Win nebago portage in Wisconsin, about 200 miles from Prairie du Chien, down to St. Louis. At the time the Wisconsin was at Fort Winnebago the water was flowing from Fox river of Green bay across into the Wisconsin river. During 1838 on the upper Mississippi the following accidents to boats occurred: Ariel, struck a rock, sank, raised; Des Moines, snagged, raised; Irene, snagged, lost; Indian, snagged, raised; Quincy, damaged, repaired ; Science, snagged, lost. ( Statement of Henry G. Carson, pilot.) The Mississippi river, late in July, 1838, was very high — about ten feet above low water mark — higher than it had been since last year. It rose over a foot in twenty- four hours. In December, 1838, an act of the Iowa territorial legislature authorized Timothy Fanning to operate a ferry at Dubuque for twenty years. He was required to land at any required part of the river front of the town; to keep ample boats and facilities, and two years later was to put on a steam ferryboat and a suffi cient number of flatboats. The river at Dubuque was wholly clear of ice by March 16, 1839, and in a good stage for navigation. The Demoine left March 16 for St. Louis, loaded with lead. "Boats are now plying rapidly between this place and St. Louis. The Pavilion, Ariel, Rhine, Hero and Rio have departed since our last. The Brazil will be here this morning." — (Iowa News, March 16, 1839.) The river traffic was very brisk and large in 1838 and 1839. Large numbers of settlers and live stock, and quantities of house hold goods, arrived by every steamer and passed into the interior. 208 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Their presence created the demand for store goods and the towns and villages grew prosperous. "The Mississippi continues open with but little ice running. The steamboat Rapids ascended as far as Rock Island on Tuesday morning last, but fearing cold weather, returned. Last night snow fell to the depth of about four inches."— (Iowa News, December 14, 1839.) "Pleasure excursions to the Falls of St. Anthony — the Ha-ha- wat-e-pa (laughing waters)' of the Sioux — are becoming quite fashionable this season. The fast, beautiful and popular steam boat Brazil touched at Dubuque on her way up, with a large com pany of ladies and gentlemen in high spirits on Monday evening." — (Iowa News, July 23, 1840.) In January, 1840, George W. Jones was authorized to keep a ferry on the Mississippi at Dubuque for twenty years ; he was not to conflict with ferry charter of Timothy Fanning and was per mitted to use either horses or steam. In July, 1840, Congress appropriated $1,000 for the survey of a steamboat landing at Dubuque. "The Mississippi has been rapidly rising for the last four or five days, which has made a temporary suspension of the works on the canal in our harbor necessary." — (Iowa News, June 26, 1841.) In 1843, Thomas McCraney and James Churchman operated a ferry at the upper end of Dubuque. In 1841-43, the following boats, among others, were engaged in trade on the upper Mississippi ; their tonnage follows : Agnes, 92 ; Amaranth, 200; Chippewa, 102; Galena, 115; General Brooke, 120; Illinois, 120; Indian Queen, 115; lone, 140; Iowa, 112; Jasper, 98; Malta, 130; Mermaid, 160; Nauvoo, 125; New Brazil, 200; Ohio, 130; Osage, 140; Osprey, 105; Otter, 95; Potosi, 115; Rapids, 115; Sarah Ann, 135; St. Louis Oak, 115; and eleven transient boats with an aggregate tonnage of 1,300. In 1841 these boats made 143 trips, carried freight worth $124,000, and passengers to the amount of $73,400 fares. (See Sen. Doc. No. 242, 28th Cong., 12th session, Vol. IV.) The Jasper was commanded by Captain Roberts and was de signed for up-river trade, having small draught. In 1842 numer ous meetings along the river were held for the purpose of securing an improvement of navigation. In 1843, the principal boats touch ing here were : New Brazil, Iowa, Osprey, Potosi, Ohio, Rapids, General Brooke, St. Louis Oak, Galena, Sarah Ann, Amaranth, Leander and Osage. In 1845 the War Eagle, Lynx, Osprey, Falcon, St. Louis Oak, Mermaid and St. Croix were active. In September, 1845, the Archer, Captain Gilman, was a new steamer with a good trade. Others were the Atlas, Captain Reilly; Prairie Bird, Tempest (new), Confidence, Mendota, War Eagle, WEBPBJs tlm'tii" THE J. S. THE W. W. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 209 Time and Tide, St. Anthony, Captain Montford; Iron City, Ber- trand, Fortune, Red Wing, Monona. Early in 1846 the St. An thony and the War Eagle were sunk, but were soon raised and refitted. In 1847 the Bon Accord was commanded by H. Bersie, the Cora by Captain Throckmorton, and the Lynx by Capt. John Atchison. Captain Barney's annual report, made September 5, 1847, showed $2,291 unexpended. Afterward the dredge boat's operations for two months amounted to $890 ; agent for six months, $600 ; ex pense to Washington, $200; additional, $1,690, leaving about $600 on hand May 10, 1848. Thus the $14,500 appropriated for the .harbor was nearly gone and the harbor "presented more formida ble obstructions to the passage of steamboats than it did before the present improvements were commenced." — (Miners' Express, May 10, 1848.) In 1848 the steamer St. Peters was owned here by P. and R. C. Waples; she ran regularly to St. Louis and was one of the Dubuque and Potosi Packet Line. W. S. Grims was master. An other regular packet boat was the Dubuque, Edward H. Beebe, master. The Pearl was commanded by Capt. A. Montgomery. By December 15, 1848, there was fine sleighing here and teams crossed the river on the ice. The Eliza Stewart was commanded by Capt. William Edds. Galena offered a free ferry (Young & Whiteside), to all per sons crossing there from Iowa to trade, and during April, 1848, the following were thus ferried free : Two-horse teams, 272 ; one- horse teams, 22; cattle and horses, 198; persons, 739. The cir cumstance was used as an argument for a free ferry to Dubuque. In 1849 there were Highland Mary, St. Peters, War Eagle, Capt. Robert A. Reilly; Dubuque passengers went by the latter boat to St. Louis to buy goods in March. The Senator, Anthony Wayne and Cora, Captain Gorman, were active in 1849. In April, 1849, George W. Jones arrived from Washington, D. C, by the steamer Dr. Franklin, having come from that city in fourteen days. In April, 1849, the steamer Josiah Lawrence reached Galena with 450 passengers and thirty cases of cholera on board; eleven of them proved fatal. All boats from New Orleans brought up cases of cholera. That disease bjoke out at Galena and Dubuque became alarmed. Lime was scattered over streets and alleys; everybody was ordered to "clean up." Many steamers in a bunch were burned during a sudden and destructive fire at St. Louis in May, 1849; among them were the Prairie State, St. Peters, Alex. Hamilton, Dubuque, Ed. Bates and others known at Dubuque. Early in June the Anthony Wayne brought here two cases of cholera, but the patients died the same night. On October 3, 1849, a delegation from Dubuque attended the Rapids Improvement Convention at 210 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Davenport. The Dubuque was here again in October, having been repaired; her upper works only had been burned at St. Louis. The Anthony Wayne was the first arrival from below, March 8, 1850. The Excelsior, Captain Ward, was here a few days later ; also the Lamartine, Capt. J. M. Marsh. Dubuque began to grow rapidly this year and the river traffic was very brisk. On April 24, 1850, the river was the highest ever known here at this season of the year. During the forties and fifties it was customary for the steamers of different lines or independent to race both up and down. These races were always exciting and often danger ous. Bets were freely made and gambling was open and for high stakes on the boats. ' Early in June, 1850, the Nominee and Dr. Franklin had an exciting and hotly contested race of several days' duration along the upper Mississippi. Racing was generally con demned, but did not prevent its occurrence and repetition. Pre vious to about 1850 the term "upper Mississippi" was applied to all above the Rapids near the mouth of the Des Moines river, but after that date it was usually confined to the river about St. An thony's Falls. The location of a permanent boat landing at Du buque caused a bitter conflict of private interests. In 1 85 1, at a meeting of river men, a line of steamers with head quarters at Dubuque, was projected; J. H. Emerson, B. J. O'Hal loran, Captain Estes, Piatt Smith, T. S. Wilson, G. R. West, C. W. Cutter aHd M. Mobley were prominent in this organization. At this date the ferryboats were operated by Timothy Fanning, S. L. Gre goire and Charles Bogy. More lumber and log rafts than ever began to come down from the Wisconsin and Black rivers. Large quanti ties were used here and sold to the back country. Dubuque was gi owing as never before. Men began to make rafting their sole busi ness; it required the highest skill to take a raft of 2,000,000 feet of logs successfully down the river to St. Louis, dodging all the islands, sharp heads, bridges and rapids: a raftsman who could do it commanded the highest wages. In November, 185 1, the council leased "such right as it might have" to the ferry privileges here to Mr. Gregoire for six years, in consideration that he should pay $100 annually and furnish a steam ferryboat. This step was taken against the expostulations of Mr. Fanning, whose period had not expired, because he had failed to provide a steam ferry as provided in his charter. In 185 1 there were 353 arrivals and 352 departures of steamboats. By January, 1852, there had been subscribed for stock in the new packet line 242 shares of stock. Bogy's steam ferryboat was in full operation in April, 1852. Early in June, 185 1, the fine steamer Di Vernon passed Du buque with a large excursion party for St. Anthony's Falls. A group of Dubuquers joined the merry-makers. The boats at Du buque in June and July, 185 1, were: Franklin No. 2, Captain Har- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 211 ris; Wisconsin, Captain Griffith; Planter; Minnesota, Captain Smith; Nominee, Captain Smith; Enterprise, Captain Humber- stone ; Excelsior, Captain Ward ; Robert Fulton, Captain Philips ; Oneonta, Captain Tuppy. A new dredge boat for Abel Hawley, harbor contractor, was launched in the summer of 1851. Among the steamers in 1851 were: Uncle Toby, Capt. V. R. Rout, of the Dubuque and St. Paul Line; Lamartine, Nominee, Dr. Franklin Nos. 1 and 2, En terprise, Martha No. 2, Bon Accord, Minnesota, Wisconsin, G. W. Sparhawk, from Wheeling, Virginia; Oneonta, Captain Tuppy; Tiger, Capt. J. P. Anderson; Emperor, Captain Hopkins. Thus far the steamers used on the upper Mississippi were small and more or less rude affairs, though spoken of as "elegant," "handsome," etc. In March, 1852, the business men here sent an agent to St. Louis to secure from one or more of the boat lines steamers of a higher, heavier and more refined grade, suitable to the improved order of affairs. Dubuque grew very rapidly in 1852 ; thousands of homeseekers and capitalists landed from the steamers. In April, 1852, Timothy Fanning building here a steam ferryboat, the newspapers observed that there was no reason why Dubuque should not become a boat-building center. Gregoire's new steam ferryboat was called the Utah; it ran every hour from the lower ferry landing. The St. Paul, a fine new packet, was active in 1852. "Bogy's splendid new steam ferryboat is doing the most rush ing business of the season. She is puffing and blowing all the time. She is a perfect godsend to California emigrants. If the number of wagons that she brings across in a day had to abide the tardiness of the old-fashioned horseboat, they would not reach this side in a week." — (Daily Miners' Express, April 24, 1852.) The St. Paul, a new and very fast steamer, was saluted by artil lery upon its arrival here early in 1852 ; she made the round trip from Galena to St. Paul in two days and sixteen hours, landing en route twenty-one times. In June, 1852, the dredgeboat, which had cost $8,000, was sold to T. Levens for $1,000. Ben Campbell was a new steamer. Dr. Franklin and Nominee were regular United States mail steamers in 1852. In August, upon the request of Mr. Adams, a boat yard was located at the foot of Dodge street for five years; there any boat could be constructed. The J. W. McKee was a mail steamer of the Keokuk Packet Line; the La martine, Captain Harlow, belonged to the St. Louis and St. Peters Packet Company, and the Excelsior, Captain Ward, belonged to the St. Louis, Galena, Dubuque and St. Peters Packet Company. Bogy's ferryboat landed at Second street. In March, 1853, Dr. Franklin No. 2 took away at one load over 4,000 pigs of lead. The spring of 1853 saw the largest arrival of boats ever witnessed here. As high as ten or a dozen were here 212 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY at one time — Ben Campbell, Excelsior, Nominee, Asia, Lamartine, Martha No. 2, Enterprise, Swamp Fox, West Newton, Emperor, Wisconsin, Canada, Adelia, Pearl, Minnehaha, Golden Era. The old floating dock was sold in August. Later in 1 853 the Golden Era struck a snag near Hannibal, Missouri, and sank quickly to the boiler deck. She was soon raised. In December, Charles Gregoire was given a ten years' extension of his ferry contract. In 1853 the United States Supreme Court decided that rafts on navigable rivers were not subject to salvage ; this decision settled a matter that had troubled river men for years. "The steam ferry Utah made an unsuccessful effort last even ing to reach the levee. The ice in the inner slough was too firm for her to force her way through it." — (Express, March 11, 1854.) In 1854 there was a daily line past Dubuque to St. Paul, with the following steamers: New St. Paul, Captain Bissell; George W. Sparhawk, Captain Greene; Ben Campbell, Captain Matson; York State, Captain Griffith; Golden Era, Captain Bersie; Lady Franklin, Captain Morehouse. Late in 1853 Thomas H. Benton, Jr., Lucius H. Langworthy and George Greene were sent as dele gates to the river improvement convention at Memphis. Every steamer bound up the river was loaded to the guards with emi grants and their belongings. Numerous rafts arrived here in May and June, 1854. Other boats in 1854 were Shenandoah, Royal Arch, Minnesota Belle, Caleb Cope, Globe, May C, Gossamer, Lamartine, New St. Paul, Arabic, Admiral, Hindoo, Henrietta, Sparhawk, Galena, Golden Era, Grand Prairie, Excelsior, Fugitive Slave, Gray Cloud, Lady Franklin, War Eagle, Flag of Pittsburg, Greek Slave, Nominee, Blackhawk, etc. A line of boats connecting Dubuque and St. Paul had been de sired for several years ; late in 1854, efforts to establish such a line were made. In 1854 Dubuque was made a port of entry and was annexed to the port of New Orleans. In August, 1854, William H. Merritt was appointed surveyor of the port of Dubuque. Late in 1854, Messrs. Mobley, Barney, Benton, O'Halloran and Hall were appointed a citizens' committee to solicit stock subscriptions to a St. Paul steamboat line. The steamboat Blackhawk about November 1, 1854, began to make regular trips between Dubuque and Galena twice a day to connect with the railway trains. The boat drew SO little water that it could navigate Fever river. A team and wagon loaded with stone broke through the ice in January, 1855; all except the driver was lost. In April, 1855, Lillie & McDonald asked for ship yards on the island; granted, just below the Barney Cut. At this date Galena owned eight or ten fine steamers; Dubuque owned two or three. Why? it was asked. There was plenty of talk about such a line, but business men would not invest. The Illinois Central Railway, the Galena HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 213 Packet Company and the ferry companies seemed united at this date to force Dubuque to pay exorbitant rates of transportation. In April, 1855, the City Belle, Galena, Kentucky, Navigator, York State, Berlin, Gical and Hamburg were here at the same time. The spring travel and trade were enormous. Dubuque had almost doubled in population in two years. At this time Galena was so envious of Dubuque's wonderful growth that it did all it could to injure the latter. The Galena Packet Company assisted Galena, finally refusing to allow its boats to touch at Dubuque. This step at last roused Dubuque. A. P. Champlin was master of the Navigator. Time and Tide was commanded by Capt. Louis Rob erts, and the Reveille by Capt. J. W. Markle. In November, 1855, the steamer A. F. Gregoire connected both evening and morning with the mail arriving at Dunleith. It waited thirty minutes in case the mails were late ; after that the mail was brought over in yawlboats at any hour of the day or night. "We learn by the Excelsior, which returned yesterday from her last trip up the river, that a boat cannot pass through Lake Pepin on account of the ice. She first encountered ice below La Crosse on the 2 1 st, and was obliged to leave her barge and part of her freight at that place and then proceeded to Winona, where the rest of her cargo was discharged. The Adelia reached Reed's Landing on the same night and also returned yesterday. The Cumberland Valley lies at Winona. The Dubuque and Kate Cassel are still up the river. The Galena packets are laid up and probably no boats will attempt an up-river trip after this week." — (Express and Herald, November 24, 1855.) "The steamer Endeavor left Dubuque last evening for La Crosse and will probably be the last boat up the river this season. The usual high price for freight and passage for the last trips has been charged by the boats for some days, as high as $15 to La Crosse and $1 per hundred for freight." — (Express and Herald, Novem ber^, 1855.) "The pleasant weather is extending the time of up-river navi gation later in the season than usual. The Kate Cassel returned yesterday from Reed's Landing and reports the head of Lake Pepin closed by ice. The Ben Coursin also returned yesterday from Winona. Two boats are expected from below — the Hen rietta and the Emma Harron. Two boats also leave today for La Crosse." — (Express and Herald, December 6, 1855.) The Lang- worthys sold the ferryboat Queen City for $6,000 in December, 1855. They designed putting on a new and better boat. "The steamers Ben Coursin, Kate Cassel and Excelsior have laid up here for the season, as navigation is now considered closed."— (Express and Herald, December 12, 1855.) "The river is full of running ice and the sloughs are frozen over, so that the boys have commenced their winter sport of skating." — (Same.) 214 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Among the steamboats of 1855 were the Dan Convers, Colonel Morgan, Audubon, Falls City, Fannie Harris, Latobe and Cone- wago. In 1856 the Dubuque, Minnesota & Wisconsin Packet Com pany, with Mr. Farley as president, was in operation. They bought the steamer Golden State for $14,000; it was a side-wheeler of 277 tons. The Dubuque Packet Company was fully organized and at work in March, 1856. It had bought several new boats— Excel sior, Captain Kingman; Fanny Harris, Captain Worden; Kate Cassel, Captain Harlow ; Golden State. The organization of this company was due to the hostility of Galena and the Galena Packet Company. The Galena Packet Company operated the following boats: War Eagle, Captain Harris; Golden Era, Captain Parker; Royal Arch, Captain Smith; Galena, Capt. K. Lodwick; Northern Belle, P. Lodwick; Schambra, Captain Gabbert; Greek Slave, Captain Gaul; Lady Franklin, Captain Lucas; Ocean Wave, Captain Gleim;. Tishomingo was a very fast boat of the Winona Packet Line. Waples Cut was entirely dry in August, 1856; no boats could reach the inner levee. By this time the ferryboat Utah, which was large enough three years before, had become too small, and was removed to Hastings and Point Douglas. The steamer "Lady Franklin," Captain Lucas, was injured and sank in the river in October, 1856. Several passengers were drowned and the captain was severely censured for his conduct. — (Express and Herald, October 29, 1856.) After the river had been very low for some time, the news that it was rapidly rising above was always cheering and heralded widecast. Winter set in early in 1856-7 and many up-river merchants did not receive the stocks ordered and expected. "Although every exertion has been made by the Illinois Central Railroad and the forwarding merchants of Dubuque and Dunleith, yet they have been utterly unable to send forward goods as fast as they arrived, notwithstanding the steamboat tonnage has been very large. The Galena Packet Line, the Dubuque Packet Line and a large num ber of independent boats have all been overtaxed and compelled to refuse a large amount of freight. The season is now so far ad vanced that packet boats do not consider it safe to sign bills of lading only to a short distance up, and the independent boats, as fast as they come down, are drawing off and going to more sunny climes. — (Express and Herald, November 19, 1856.) The steamer Tishomingo had great difficulty in escaping her creditors and much of the time in 1856 remained tied up at various ports. The steamer A. G. Mason became frozen in the ice six miles above Hastings in November. The Kate Cassel arrived here November 18 and reported ice gorges above. Navigation was about closed. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 215 The Galena, Dubuque, Dunleith & Minnesota Packet Company, in 1856, owned the following boats plying between Galena and St. Paul : War Eagle, Capt. D. S. Harris ; Galena, Capt. Kennedy Lodwick; Northern Belle, Capt. Preston Lodwick; Golden Era, Capt. J. W. Parker; Lady Franklin, Capt. M. E. Lucas; Ocean Wave, Capt. E. H. Gleim; City of Belle, Capt. A. T. Champlin; Granite State, Capt. J. Y. Hurd ; Alhambra, Capt. W. H. Gabbert ; and also the following running between Galena and Rock Island : Royal Arch, Capt. J. J. Smith, and Greek Slave, Capt. C. Goll. Early in December, 1856, the Kate Cassel by an extra effort went up to Hastings with an enormous load of freight for the upper country. Log of the steamer Flora: "Left Dunleith the 2 1st with nearly 400 passengers and a heavy freight; met Golden State below Guttenburg ; Envoy passed down ; met Northern Belle the 22d; met Fannie Harris at Coon Slough; met Kate Cassel .below La Crosse, evening 22d ; met Gossamer at La Crosse ; snowed all night ; met Alhambra below Winona ; fine sleighing here ; met Falls City below Fountain City ; got aground on Beef Slough and remained there Sunday night ; went through Lake Pepin the 24th ; reached Red Wing at 1 1 p. m. ; snowing like great guns ; reached Hastings morning of 25th; river gorged with ice for seven miles above and weather cold ; left Hastings Tuesday ; met Resolute Wednesday morning below Beef Slough; Progress there and could not get over; she returned to Winona and discharged her cargo; met J. Traber at Winona and Ben Coursin below La Crosse." * * * "The Flora brought down 250 passengers and went into winter quarters at the upper landing, Dubuque." — (Express and Herald, December 3, 1856.) The Key City, a new packet, Capt. Jones Worden, was put on in 1857. The Golden State, Hamburg, James Lyon, Mansfield, Cumberland Valley, Brazil, Adelia, Sam Young, Falls City were here early in 1857. Freight rates in the spring of 1857 were as follows : Dubuque to McGregor and Prairie du Chien, 20 cents per hundred; Lan sing, 22 cents; La Crosse, 25 cents; Dacotah and Trempeauleau, 26 cents; Reed's Landing, 30 cents; Red Wing, 31 cents; Pres- cott and Hastings, 33 cents; St. Paul, 35 cents. The following was the list of a daily line of packets from Du buque to St. Paul for the season of 1857: Gray Eagle, Capt. Smith Harris; Key City, Capt. Jones Worden; War Eagle, Capt. A. T. Kingman; Golden State, Capt. Samuel R. Harlow; Golden Era, Capt. John Scott; Fanny Harris, Capt. Robert Anderson. Lake Pepin was still covered with ice by April 22, 1857, hut it was then rotting fast. The steamer Itasca, called "a floating pal ace," arrived here April 21, 1857. It belonged to the Prairie du Chien and St. Paul line. It was 220 feet long and had capacity for 500 tons of freight. Its captain was David Whitten. The 216 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY first steamboats to pass through Lake Pepin for a number of years were as follows: Otter, Captain Harris, April 6, 1844. Otter, Captain Harris, April 5, 1845. Lynx, Captain Atchison, March 21, 1846. Cora, Captain Throckmorton, April 7, 1847. Highland Mary, Captain Atchison, April 10, 1848. Nominee, Captain Smith, April 4, 1851. Nominee, Captain Smith, April 16, 1852. West Newton, Captain Harris, April 11, 1853. Nominee, Captain Blakely, April 8, 1854. War Eagle, Captain Harris, April 17, 1855. Lady Franklin, Captain Lucas, April 18, 1856. The War Eagle carried up the river two and one-half tons of mail late in April, 1857. Mr. Hills, agent of the Minnesota Packet Company, reported that prior to May 6, 1857, he had dis patched up the river 4,000 tons of freight, largely to St. Paul. It was learned here, upon the arrival of the steamer Audubon from Reed's Landing, that eighteen boats were then in Lake Pepin, contending with the ice. The Galena first forced her way twelve miles and then went ashore. The War Eagle was damaged in the same attempt. The Falls City was aground with four feet of water in her hold. Seventeen boats were at Reed's Landing when the Audubon left. A prize of $3,000 had been offered for the first boat to reach St. Paul and $300 to the pilot bringing her in. The excitement at Reed's Landing was intense. The hotels there were crowded. "As soon as we entered Lake Pepin we began to see the wrecks of the steamboats. The first lay about a mile below North Pepin, sunk above the guards. Two others were near, one apparently broken in two and the other inclined on the beach. Two other boats were seen farther up, hemmed in with ice. Another near was inclined on the beach. The boats said to be sunk were: Fanny Harris, Fire Canoe, Cremona, Steel and Falls City. We met Min nesota Belle and Itasca coming down." — (Cor. Express and Her ald, May 13, 1857.) According to a passenger, the Northern Light, when it arrived at St. Paul, May 4, 1857, found eighteen steamboats lying beside each other diagonally with the line of the levee. Minute guns were fired from a cannon lashed to the capstan. "The boat was made fast to the sterns of several steamers, and the passengers reached shore by crossing over the decks of some of the other boats." The Northern Light was 240 feet long and was com manded by Captain Lodwick. She could carry nearly 1,000 tons of freight. The other boats at St. Paul were: Messenger, Orb, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 217 Golden State, Equator, Key Stone, Sam Young, Saracen, Mans field, Ocean Wave, Red Wing, Golden Era, Minnesota, Kate French, Connewago, Time and Tide, Hamburg, Wave, Excelsior, W. L. Ewing. So great had been the trouble for the boats to get through Lake Pepin, the press of St. Paul agitated the construction and use of an iceboat to open that body of water every spring. It would cost about $20,000 and require $5,000 annually to keep it up. The Galena and War Eagle were the first boats to pass through Lake Pepin and reach St. Paul. The real struggle was between the Galena, War Eagle, Golden State and Montauk. All got through about 7 o'clock p. m. on Thursday. "Here a race ensued in which Captain Laughton of the Galena came off No. 1, passing the Golden State at Bullards and the Eagle above Red Wing. The latter maintained her position within a few lengths until a lamenta ble accident occurred just above Hastings, throwing her behind. The boat checked up to rescue a deck hand who had fallen over board, but could not find him. This gave the Galena eighteen minutes the start, by which she beat the Eagle to the St. Paul levee." On Lake Pepin were the Areola, broken in two; the Courier with hull under water and dangerously careened ; the St. Croix had been raised unhurt— by May 13, 1857. On May 10, 1857, the river was the highest it had been since 185 1 ; the levee was covered with water; houses filled, lumber afloat, and the Seventh street embankment top nearly reached. At this time the gas company received in one load 20,000 bushels of coal from Pittsburg. About July 1, the new steam ferryboat Peosta was put at wrork. The steamer Rosalie sank near the mouth of Waples Cut in June with a valuable cargo. The Galena, Dunleith and Minnesota Packet Company having become arbitrary, exacting and unaccommodating, the press of Du buque and St. Paul called it sharply to task in July, 1857. "They treat the public in the most contemptuous manner, swindle the commercial and traveling community, and are independent and insolent in all things and at all times, when they have the power," said the Express and Herald of July 15, 1857. The boiler of the old steamer Dubuque exploded August 18, 1857, eleven miles below Muscatine, causing the loss of twenty- two lives, all deck passengers. The sight of the scalded and man gled passengers was heartrending, said observers; assistance was furnished from Muscatine. In October the Ben Coursin was struck and sunk by the Key City, above La Crosse, and about seven lives were lost, three of them being women. The Henry Clay was in service in 1857. In 1858 the Minnesota Transportation Company, a new steam boat line, was in operation ; John Loraine was president ; the Fred Lorenz and Adelia were two of their boats. The Fulton City 218 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Company ran a daily line from Fulton City to St. Paul. The Winona Packet Line was a combination of several St. Louis and St. Paul packet companies and had a tri-weekly line. Forty boats were advertised to leave St. Louis March 30, 1858. Among the boats were Key City, Metropolitan, Henry Clay, Sucker State, Can ada, Sam Young, Northern Belle, Milwaukee, Hawkeye State, Ga lena, Northern Light, Ocean Wave, Dew Drop, Kate Cassel, Lake City, Alhambra, James Lyon, Lucie May, Pembina, Sultan, Flora, Resolute, Courier, Aunt Letty, Pembina, Envoy, Gray Eagle, Chip pewa Falls, Conewago, Tishomingo, Eolian, etc. The old Areola hull was used as a float. In 1858, Capt. D. S. Harris was credited by Governor Sibley, of Minnesota, with having been the pioneer navigator by steam of about all the tributaries of the Mississippi above the Des Moines Rapids; he was declared to have been the first to find the head of navigation on the Iowa, Maquoketa and Minnesota rivers. — ¦ (Express and Herald, April 2, 1858.) The St. Louis and St. Paul Union Line owned the following boats in 1858: Pembina, Captain Griffith; Canada, Captain Ward; Henry Clay, Captain Campbell; Metropolitan, Captain Rhodes; Minnesota Belle, Captain Hill ; W. L. Ewing, Captain Green ; Den mark, Captain Gray — all sidewheel and fine steamers. The ferryboat Gregoire, Captain Bogy, was in service in 1858; also the steam ferryboat Peosta. The Dubuque and Dunleith Ferry Company began operations about 1846; by 1858 the company claimed to have lost $8,273 ; this was denied and argued in the newspapers. The Union Packet Line, in 1858, owned the following boats, which ran regularly between St. Louis and St. Paul: Pembina, Capt. Thomas H. Griffith; Minnesota Belle, Capt. Thomas B. Hill; W. L. Ewing, Capt. Montroville Green; Canada, Capt. James Ward; Metropolitan, Capt. Thomas B. Rhodes; Denmark, Capt. Richard C. Gray. They left Dubuque for St. Paul every Monday, Wednesday and Friday and for St. Louis every Tuesday, Thurs day and Saturday. The fine packet Galena was totally burned at the landing in Red Wing, June 30, 1858. The passengers landed, but the freight was destroyed. In August there was a hotly contested race from Dubuque to St. Paul between the steamers War Eagle and the Itasca. _ The former won by a small margin; time, 24 hours and 40 minutes, with 23 landings and 35 cords of wood taken aboard. Large quan tities of flour, grain and store supplies and large numbers of emi grants and excursionists passed constantly on the river. Immense rafts passed down almost daily. By the middle of March, 1859, river traffic was in full operation. Chippewa, Dew Drop, Pembina, Minnesota Belle, Aunt Letty, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 219 W. L. Ewing, Cedar Rapids, Fred Lorenz, Adelia, Canada, W. L. Nelson, General Pike, St. Louis, Golden Era, E. A. Ogden, Key City and War Eagle were here early. The latter was the first to leave on the schedule of the new steamboat express line. Lake Pepin was still closed March 25. The ferry began running here March 5. In March, 1859, the Dubuque and Dunleith Ferry Company was required to run their boats thereafter from the foot of Third street instead of from the foot of Jones street. Charles Gregoire was president of the ferry company. The levee was loaded with all kinds of freight waiting shipment in March, 1859 — lead, pork, beef, flour, merchandise, grain, etc. Captain Worden of the Key City, in April, 1859, literally forced his way through the almost impassable ice barriers of Lake Pepin. The passengers passed resolutions praising his courage and skill. In trying to force its way through the ice, the Aeolian was cut so badly that she was sunk in thirty feet of water and four pas sengers were drowned. The Metropolitan rescued the others. The loss was $10,000. "The Key City came down last night with colors flying, having come direct from St. Paul. The Key City was the first boat through Lake Pepin. Hereafter boats will run regularly and our merchants here will be able to fill their up-river orders." — (Express and Herald, April 23, 1859.) The Northern Packet Line owned and operated the following sidewheel steamers: Pembina, Captain Griffith; Minnesota Belle, Captain Hill; Denmark, Captain Gray; Henry Clay, Captain; Stephenson; Canada, Captain Ward; Wm. L. Ewing, Captain Green; Metropolitan, Captain Rhodes; Northerner, Captain Al- vord; Lucie May, Captain Rhodes; Dew Drop, Captain Parker; Lake City, Captain Blake; Chippewa, Captain Crapeta. Early in May, 1859, the Mississippi rose seventeen inches in twenty- four hours. By May 9 it was within forty inches of being as high as it ever was at Dubuque — 1827. It was now within twenty-two inches as high as it was in 185 1. The lower end of Sixth street from the bridge to the outer levee was entirely under water. Twenty teams were put at work on the outer levee. Many buildings and lumber yards were under water and the levees were in a dangerous condition. In the next twenty-four hours it rose eight inches more and at this time large numbers of men and teams were at work on all the levees, yards and streets. "The river is still rising at the rate of eight inches in twenty- four hours. It is now running across the foot of First street, near Northrup & Ryder's warehouse. The various improvements still keep ahead of the water and have no fear, unless a high wind arises, of their ability to protect the works. The great freshet from the north has not yet arrived." — (Express and Herald, May 12, 1859.) 220 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY "The river is still coming up, having risen about seven inches in the last twenty-four hours. Last evening it was flowing over Jones street in a dozen places. First street at its junction with the lower improvement is covered to the depth of eighteen inches. Flatboats pass across the outer levee at the foot of Seventh street." — (Ex press and Herald, May 13, 1859.) "The water yesterday made a clean break through the outer levee at the foot of Sixth street. It has reached the top of the Seventh street improvement and further work there is abandoned. Flatboats are engaged in hauling stones to stop the break in the central improvement levee. Lumber yards at the foot of Seventh street are busy saving their lumber. The water sweeps through the bridge at the foot of Third street with tremendous power and reaches nearly to the woodwork. It also sweeps over Jones street. The Dubuque & Pacific track is rendered impassable to the bridge below the depot. The cars come only to Rockdale. The rise is not so great now." — (Express and Herald, May 14, 1859.) There were here about this time the Northerner, City Belle, Golden Era, Minnesota Belle, Pembina, Key City, Conewago, Canada, Forest Queen, Grey Eagle, Denmark, Henry Clay, La Crosse, Northern Light, W. L. Ewing, Wave, St. Lawrence, Fred Lorenz and Time and Tide. All the boats carried immense loads of freight and passengers. About 4,000 pigs of lead were shipped weekly; also about 100,000 feet of lumber. "The river has risen some three inches since our last, although at present it is nearly at a standstill. Jones street is covered nearly its entire length, and reaching the lower levee on foot is next to an impossibility." — (Express and Herald, May 15, 1859.) On May 15, 1859, the Fred Lorenz, when near Eagle Point, burst her connecting pipe. Several persons were severely scalded. The boat was towed to the foot of Third street. During the flood of May, 1859, people were taxed 5 cents and io cents to be taken from the Jones, street levee to the ferry land ing. "If our improvement companies find it desirable to erect islands in the Mississippi river, they at least ought to furnish citi zens with some means of getting to them."— (Express and Herald, May 19, 1859.) "The water has fallen about five inches since yes terday morning. It will probably reach its proper level forty-eight hours hence."— (Express and Herald, May 19, 1859.) "The river has fallen about six inches in the last twenty-four hours."— (Ex press and Herald, May 20, 1859.) By May 31 the river was down to its proper level, though alarming reports of a higher rise than ever came from upstream. "A very large raft yesterday got into the slough above Seventh, street. It came very near being broken up, but several hours of hard labor got it out comparatively un harmed."— (Express and Herald, May 20, 1859.) . By June 6, 1859, the river had risen so high that it was within HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 221 six inches of being as high as it had been a week or two before. It had risen eighteen inches in the last twenty-four hours. At St. Paul it was reported as high as it ever was and at Red Wing had reached the highest point ever known. By the 8th it was within three inches of the mark of two weeks before. By June 9 it was three inches higher than before. By June 10 it was six inches higher than in May. "Seventh street, the entire outer levee of the Seventh Street and Central Improvement Companies is overflowed ; so are First street continued and Dodge street. Third street con tinued is now the only street leading to the outer levee that is not overflowed and impassable. The river is still going up rapidly." — (Express and Herald, June 11, 1859.) "The river rose three inches yesterday and is now within half a foot of the warehouses on the lower levee." — (Express and Herald, June 12.) On the 13th it rose two inches higher. It came to a stand at 9 p. m., June 13, and soon thereafter began to fall. In i860, among the early boats here were : Ocean Wave, Cap tain Webb; Denmark, Captain Robison; Hawkeye State, Captain Gray; Sucker State, Captain Rhodes; Harmonia, Captain Hub bard; Northern Belle, Captain Hurd; Minnesota Belle, Captain Keach; Itasca, Captain Whitten; Laclede, Captain Goodell; Grey Eagle, Captain Harris; Northern Light, Captain Harris; Peosta, Captain Levens; Canada, Captain Parker; Henry Clay, Captain Stephenson; Shenango, Captain French; Pembina, Captain Hill. A small party of luxurious sportsmen here, not liking to row their boats up and down the river while hunting, built, in the spring of i860, a little steamboat, about sixteen feet long and three and one-half feet wide, rigged with a little one-horsepower portable engine set to drive paddlewheels with eight-inch buckets and a diam eter of thirty inches. With this they could go up bayous, sloughs, etc., and come back without hard work. In i860 there was sharp rivalry among the various boat lines and often thereby much inconvenience was occasioned passengers and shippers. The Frank Steele, in coming down Coon slough, April 10, i860, came in contact with a tree and got both smokestacks and her pilot house swept clean from the deck, injuring the pilot slightly. In the spring of i860, the Illinois Central Railroad Company, or its individual members, put on a line of packets on the upper Missis sippi, under the name Dubuque, Dunleith & Minnesota Packet Line. So great was the river traffic on April 25, i860, that eleven ves sels arrived and ten departed. The Lake City, a railroad packet, was here April 26, and the Key West, a boat of the Independent Railroad Line, was here a day or two later. A barge laden with lead, in tow of the Key City, going down, struck a snag and sank. There was much complaint here in i860 that the packet lines of steamers from St. Louis to St. Paul and from Galena, Dubuque 222 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY and Dunleith to St. Paul were disposed to create a monopoly in the carrying trade upon the Mississippi river by driving off every other boat. Numerous acts cited showed that this was the appar ent object of those lines. It was condemned vigorously by the press, and particularly by G. R. West & Son, wholesalers of Dubuque. Late in May, i860, the Minnesota Packet Company's steamers began to carry a daily river mail between Dubuque and St. Paul. "The steamer Metropolitan ran into the railroad bridge at Galena, June 26, and tore off a portion of her guards and otherwise injured herself. This is her third accident lately. Recently she ran down a man in a small boat and caused his death, and two weeks ago she disabled the Northern Belle." — (Herald, June 27, i860.) "We have found it to be a duty we owe to Dubuque, to the mer chants of this city and to ourselves to cease giving to the Northern Line of steamboats that attention which their course to this city and to its mercantile interests have forfeited. Dubuque and her business interests have submitted too long and too tamely if not too servilely to the outrages inflicted upon her business by persons and companies who have taken advantage of the adversity to which this city has been subjected to inflict upon her, if possible, a lasting, permanent injury. For our part we do not feel like suffering such treatment as this Northern line of boats seem disposed to inflict upon this city with impunity." — (Herald, July 14, i860.) The river was so low in September that few boats ran and they carried very light loads ; no lead was shipped from Dubuque during this stage. The War Eagle, Henry Clay, Northern Belle and a few others did a small business. At St. Paul river business was livelier. There the Minnesota Packet Company was trying to force out of business the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad & Packet Line. The fare from La Crosse to Chicago was reduced to $4.75 via Dunleith and Prairie du Chien. The Minnesota Packet Company thus carried passengers for nothing in order to injure its rival. In fact, it reduced the fare from St. Paul to Chicago to $1 about September 20, i860, but the next day raised it to $4.75. On the levee at Dubuque were 2,300 pigs of lead, 1,000 sacks of wheat, etc., waiting for a better boating stage. The river closed up suddenly on November 22, i860, with snow and extreme cold. Boats were caught where they happened to be. The Key City, Milwaukee and Metropolitan here; the Northern Belle at Le Claire; the Ocean Wave and La Crosse were caught in the ice and grounded on Sycamore Chain; the Golden Era was forced ashore east of Dubuque ; the War Eagle, after exciting ex periences, laid up at McGregor ; the Fanny Harris was safe at Pres- cott; the Favorite and Frank Steele were at La Crosse. Late in November the ferry was again running. The Herald became so incensed at the actions of the Northern HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 223 Packet Line in the summer of i860 that it afterward refused to publish its usual news of the river and boats. It was declared in March, 1861, that Dubuque needed three things : ( 1 ) A drydock for the repair of steamboats and other river craft; (2) an ice harbor where steamboats could stay during win ters; (3) the removal of the bar in front of the lower levee and inner slough. The nearest place where boats could be docked and repaired was Le Claire. It was shown that at slight expense Lake Peosta could be made into an ice harbor. In 1 86 1 the Northern line of packets had the following boats and captains : Haweye State, R. C. Gray ; Sucker State, T. B. Rhodes ; Canada, J. W. Parker; Pembina, J. B. Hill; Metropolitan, T. B. Buford ; Henry Clay, C. B. Goll ; Denmark, J. J. Robinson ; W. L. Ewing, J. H. Rhodes ; Northerner, P. A. Alf ord ; Fred Loring, M. Green. William Wellington was the line's agent and clerk at Du buque. On March 2 the ice here moved twenty-five or thirty feet. Crossing on foot was dangerous. The ferry boat prepared to start March 3. "Things begin to look business-like on the levee. Wellington has got the wharf boat out of the slough and placed it in front of the levee in its proper place. The Ferry Company has also got its wharf boat in its place. There is a large quantity of lead await ing shipment." — (Herald, March 16, 1861.) On April 11, 1861, Mr. O. Chamberlain, agent, shipped on the Key City over one thousand packages of wheat, flour, corn meal, beans, etc., for Kansas. This was the contribution of Dubuque and other towns back in the interior to the sufferers in that new State. The packages went down to Hannibal, thence by rail to Kansas. "The rivalry between the boats for several years past in the effort "to make the first landing at St. Paul is stimulated by the favor of free wharfage for the season to the successful boat. Captain Harris has, in the period named, made the first landing six times." — ¦ (Herald, April 6, 1861.) The Metropolitan, Canada, W. J. Clay, Connewago, Rocket, Northern Light, Pembina, Key City, Sucker State, Golden Era, Ocean Wave, Emma, Bill Henderson, War Eagle, Henry Clay, La Crosse, Northerner, Winona, Milwaukee, J. Bell, Luzerne were here from April 9 to 14. The levee on April 10 awoke and was soon alive with boats, there being no less than five large ones there at a time loading and unloading. Steamers now left regularly for St. Paul. The river was rising, freight plenty and business brisk. The boats and captains of the Galena, Dunleith, Dubuque and Minnesota Packet Company for 1861 were as follows: War Eagle, C. L. Stephenson ; Golden Era, W. H. Gabbert ; Itasca, J. Y. Hurd ; Milwaukee, J. Cochrane ; Northern Belle, W. H. Laughton ; Ocean Wave, N. F. Webb; Keokuk, E. V. Holcomb; North Light, 224 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY John B. Davis; Grey Eagle, D. S. Harris; Key City, Jones Worden- Fanny Harris, W. L. Faucette; Alhambra, Ben Howard; Flora,' J. W. Campbell. The first four were a daily line between Duluth and St. Paul; the next three were on the daily line between La Crosse and St. Paul : the next three were on the Northern line from St. Louis to St. Paul; and the last three were on the freight line from Dunleith to St. Paul. The river continued to rise rapidly on April 19 — seven inches in twenty- four _ hours. The Fanny Harris arrived here from a trip up the Minnesota river, where she went after government troops. Her cabin and all the woodwork were badly damaged by the winds, storms and soldiers. She laid up for repairs. The river still continued to rise on April 24. The water was running oyer Jones street and several others. The lumber yards were piling loose boards and making property as secure as possible. The Grey Eagle struck the Rock Island bridge and sank in five minutes in May; several lives were lost, among them being Mrs. Weaver and child, of DyersviUe. "Fastest Trip on Record. — The Northern Line packet Sucker State left St. Louis on the 16th of May at 5 :30 P. M. and arrived at St. Paul on the 20th of May at 3:30; time from St. Louis to St. Paul, three days and twenty-two hours, doing all her regular business ; also going in to Galena, discharged in the up-trip 309 tons of freight and had 425 passengers. Left St. Paul on the 20th at 5 :30 P. M., discharged on down-trip at different points 1,000 sacks of wheat, and arrived at St. Louis on Thursday, the 23d, making the round trip in seven days and two hours." — (Herald, May 28, 1861.) "The Hawkeye State made the run from St. Louis to this city (Dubuque) in forty-eight hours and thirty-eight minutes, made thirty-three regular landings and laid one and a half hours at Dav enport. This is the quickest trip on record and shows that she is a hard boat to beat. The river never was in better boating condi tion than it has been this spring." — (Herald, June 12, 1861.) In August Daniel Hewitt launched a repaired flat-boat at Third street. It was claimed that the Sucker State was the fastest boat on the Upper Mississippi. At all times sandbars in the river were the terror of all pilots and masters. The Key City struck and badly damaged the ferry boat A. L. Gregoire; the Peosta took its place. In the spring of 1862 deck hands of the Minnesota Packet Com pany, who were then receiving $25 per month, struck for $40 per month; this line ran daily boats between Dubuque and St. Paul. The Northern Packet Line had five boats: Northerner, Hawkeye, Sucker State, Canada and W. L. Ewing; it was tri-weekly. In the St. Louis and St. Paul Line were the Pembina, Denmark, Metro politan, which ran tri-weekly between St. Louis and Dubuque, and THE MISSISSIPPI LOOKING SOUTH FROM BELOW DUBUQUE SHOWING JULIEN DUBUQUE'S MONUMENT EAGLE POINT HIGH BRIDGE HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 225 ie Bill Henderson, Fred Lorenz and others, which ran daily be- reen Dubuque and Davenport. "The light of other days can be seen by going down to the foot of ourth street, where the wharf boat is moored, and see the ferry Dat going through the Barney Cut to Dunleith, as of yore." — Herald, May 2, 1862.) In 1862 the names of the boats and captain were Pembina, Hill; far Eagle, Webb; Alhambra, Wellington; Canada, Parker; Mil- aukee, Holcomb; Pearl, Hale; Itasca, Hurd; Bill Henderson, bodes; Key City, Worden; Hawkeye State, Gray; Northerner, dford; Keokuk, Hatcher. In May the flood was only ten inches iwer than the rise of 1859; boats ran across the islands and levees ) the foot of the principal streets. A race between the Key City nd the Keokuk in June, 1862, was won by the latter in fast time. here was sharp rivalry between the lines of the Minnesota Packet bmpany, the Northern Packet Company and the Davidson Packet bmpany at this date. Business was very brisk here on the river 1 1862 ; low water was the only hindrance. The Denmark struck snag and sank near Keokuk in November. The ferry boats ran almost continuously in January, 1863 ; large umbers of cattle and hogs were taken over and shipped to Chicago. 'ebruary was very cold. When the ice left the river each year a reat crowd usually gathered to witness the event. In February ie ferry boats ran through channels cut in the ice. The sandbar 1 front was a great hindrance to navigation ; many boats struck it nd often grounded; strong demands for its removal were made. Captain Spencer J. Ball, an old river captain, was employed by ie government to pick out vessels for the expedition against Vicks- urg. He was authorized to draft into service all boats of two undred feet and under. He selected the Ocean Wave as one in larch, 1863, and eight more were under inspection. It looked to uppers as if they would have to use the railroads. The Bill Hen- erson had been in the government service, but was released at this me, though soon taken again. The Allamakee, Eolian, Chippewa alls and Frank Steele were seized up the river for the use of the overnment. The Bill Henderson took down the river one hundred and fifty ackages of sanitary stores for different Iowa regiments April 9, 863. The government had taken so many boats that almost any- ling that would float was put in commission in 1863. In the summer of 1863 it was claimed that the Key City was the astest boat on the river; she had a ten-pounder on board which book the city when fired. A huge ice-boat, 132x21 feet took nmense quantities of ice to St. Louis. The new Davenport looked ke the Canada and Hawkeye and was a fine boat — 203 x 34 feet. twas owned by Mullally. The Henry Clay was burned before ricksburg. The ferry boat was thoroughly repaired at La Crosse 226 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY in 1862-3. The Favorite passed down in April with 292 Indians on board — taken from the Indian war in Minnesota. The North erner passed up the river May 3, 1863, towing a barge laden with negroes from the South on their way to a home in the North. Thomas McLean, a river man and a Dubuquer, received May 6, 1863, $1,050 for piloting a raft from the foot of Lake Pepin to St. Louis in less than three weeks. The little steamer Ad Hine ran the blockade at Vicksburg; she was well known here; she drew only sixteen inches of water. "The bottom of the river is rising as usual and becoming more visible daily ; some people call it low water." A lumber raft con taining one million feet came partly from Stillwater on its way to St. Louis in charge of Pilot Jack Parker; water low; but his skill was equal to it. In 1863 an independent line of steamers was established here; they began with one boat, the U. S. Grant, Cap tain Gray, and later owned the Pearl, Captain Hale, and seven barges. Late in 1863 the Minnesota Packet Line sold all its steamers to the stockholders of the Illinois Central Railway, as follows: Key City, Worden ; Milwaukee, Holcomb ; Itasca, Webb ; Ocean Wave, Laughton; War Eagle, Mitchell; Northern Light, Gabbert; Clara Ames, Ewing; Flora, Wilcox; Franz Siegel, and the Durand; in all fifteen steamers and twenty-seven barges were sold for $150,000. The Milwaukee, a large side-wheeler, reached St. Paul October 26th; the first boat to reach that city since June. She was wel comed as if navigation had just opened. The War Eagle, Ocean Wave, Franz Siegel, Durand and Pearl passed the winter of 1863-4 here "in the slough." Late in 1863 the Northwestern Packet Company was organized with John Lawler as president ; W. E. Wellington was its Dubuque agent. The ferry boat Gregoire was sold late in 1863 for over forty thousand dollars, presumably to the Illinois Central Railway control. The Northern Packet Company elected the following officers late in January, 1864: T. B. Rhodes, president; T. H. Griffith, secretary. Their vessels were the Davenport, Hawkeye State, Sucker State, Northerner, Canada, Pembina, Muscatine, Burlington and Savannah. The Ad Hines was sunk in the Arkan sas river near Pine Bluff early in 1864. The steamers here early in 1864 were Canada, Itasca, Pearl, James Means, Sucker State, War Eagle, Northern Light, Musca tine, Davenport, Key City, Keokuk, Hawkeye State, Chippewa Falls, Cutter, Pembina. Boats came annually from Pittsburg laden with glassware, crockery, hardware and oil. In April, 1864, the Chippewa Falls and Cutter passed down on their way to Idaho via the Missouri river ; others were to follow later. They belonged to "Captain Davidson's line." They belonged to what was known as the Idaho Packet Line, the headquarters of which were at La HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 227 Crosse; the cabin passage to Fort Benton was $150, with eighty pounds of baggage free. The boats and captains of the Northwestern Packet Company in the spring of 1864 were: Northern Light, Gabbert; Milwaukee, Holcomb; Key City, Laughton; Itasca, Webb; War Eagle, Mitchell; Ocean Wave, Sheets; Flora, Wilcox; Pearl, A. Haile; Lansing, K. C. Cooley. The Mrs. Partington was remodeled and repaired for jobbing trade up and down the Upper Mississippi. The wreck of the Grey Eagle at Rock Island was removed for $1,000. Charles Chever, a steamer drawing only sixteen inches of water, went from St. Louis to St. Paul in August, 1864, when the water was extremely low. The Emma Boyd was another light draught boat for the St. Paul trade. Stephen Dolson, who had served for many years as pilot on the ferry across the river at Dubuque, was succeeded by Orville West in August, 1864. The following boats were here undergoing repairs early in August, 1864: Itasca, Pearl, Ocean Wave, Flora, Mrs. Parting ton, Grey Eagle, Northern Light and Joe Gales. A little steamer, St. Paul, was put in commission in August, 1864. The river by August 5, 1864, was at its lowest point — the lowest on record. Large quantities of freight were heaped on the levee. Water in the river was so scarce that it was humorously said that its use even to soften whisky was forbidden. The movement of boats was very uncertain and irregular. T. B. Rhodes, president of the Northern Packet Company, bought the entire interest and stock of the Rapids Packet Company, the latter owning the New Boston, City of Keithsburg and Jennie Whipple. The Pembina, with a crew one-half negroes, was boarded here by roughs who objected to the colored hands and attacked them with clubs, etc. The ship's officers resisted with iron bars and drove the gang away; five were arrested and three sent to jail; they were "levee loungers." Many rafts came down in 1864 — often five hundred thousand to seven hundred thousand feet. As early as the latter part of May boats quit running to St. Paul, owing to low water. By August 13, 1864, the river at Dubuque was lower than it was ever known before. The sandbars were covered with weeds and grass. "The up-river papers say that boats have frequently to blow the whistle to drive cattle out of the channel to allow them to pass. The oldest inhabitant, always reliable, does not remember a season when the water was so low." — (Herald, August 27, 1864.) "The river is no better than formerly. She is confined to her bed, and won't be up for some time. Her complaint is the pre vailing one in the North and all her cry has been, 'Water, more water!'"— (Herald, September 15, 1864.) 228 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY The Dubuque harbor was a terror to boatmen, owing to the sand bars. The packet lines threatened to quit stopping at Dubuque unless this state of affairs was remedied. It required as much skill to pass these bars as to pass the Rock Island bridge, which likewise was for many years the hobgoblin of boatmen. The business of boat building and repairing was steadily increas ing. In September, 1864, a new barge was under construction on the island above the levee and several barges were being repaired and caulked. The steamer Mrs. Partington, a light draught tow-boat of the Western Packet Company, burst her boiler near La Crosse and the boat was torn in pieces. One man was killed and every other man on the boat was injured. She had been known as the Durand and was valued at $5,000. Early in 1865 it seemed that the Illinois Central Railway con trolled both the transfer and the ferry companies. Among the boats and masters prominent here in 1865 were: Petrel, Jolly; Burlington, Rhodes; James Means, Wood; Milwaukee, Holcomb; Itasca, Webb ; Key City, Laughton ; Northern Light, Gabbert ; War Eagle, Mitchell; Hawkeye .State; Lansing; Davenport; Canada; Benton; Ryder; Ocean Wave; Northern Belle, West; Keokuk, Moulton; McClellan, Hatcher; Savannah, Hurd. Daniel Hewitt launched two new barges from the lower levee in May, 1865; they were of 300-ton burden each. They were built for the North western Packet Company and cost about four thousand dollars each. The steamers Victor and Savannah passed up in June with the Thirtieth Illinois Cavalry bound for the Indian country via St. Paul. One of the new barges was christened Ed Sawyer in honor of the "cashier of the packet company, a worthy gentleman who has made numerous friends here. Like her namesake, she is square built, good looking and will carry all she can hold." The other was named for D. P. Norford, an accountant of the company. "He is the well-known ex-dealer in drugs and soothing syrups and never tires of being asked questions in his business capacity." A sale of forty- four United States steamboats and seven tugs, part of the Mississippi squadron, occurred at Mound City, Illinois, August 17, 1865. Among them was the old Peosta, formerly a ferry boat here. The first vessels on the Mississippi were the bark canoes of the savages ; then came the dugouts and flat-boats ; then the sailing ves sels ; then the stern-wheel steamers, and now in 1865 were the ele gant side-wheel packets averaging about eight miles an hour, soon to run exclusively for passengers or for freight, with many heavily- laden barges. The Milwaukee was a model side-wheel packet and the Ocean Wave a model freighter in 1865. An immense river business was done this vear. Immense quantities of grain passed down. "Dubuque has reason to be proud of the North- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 229 western Packet Company, which by liberal management has placed its boats ahead of all upper river competition." — (Cor. Herald, October 19, 1865.) Late in 1865 the Northwestern Packet Company offered for sale the steamers Milwaukee, Northern Light, Itasca, War Eagle, Key City, Ocean Wave, Flora, Diamond Jo, Damsel, Julia and Lansing. D. W. Hewitt launched a large barge here in April, 1866 ; it cost four thousand five hundred dollars and had a capacity for eighteen thousand bushels, of grain. On Monday, April 30, 1866, the river was but a few inches below the freshet of 1859, and was over twenty-one feet above low-water mark. The lower part of the city was under water ; lumber yards were all afloat. The water was over the sidewalk on the outer levee ; boats shoved^ their gangplanks into the warehouses ; wild boats were thick. Tradition says that the greatest rise was in 1828. The flood of 1859 raised the river to 21^2 feet above low- water mark — highest anyone living had ever seen it here. The Northern Light was covered with ice in April, 1866, while working her way through Coon slough near Brownsville and sank in five minutes up to the hurricane deck. Nothing was saved ; the loss was about twenty-five thousand dollars. Lake Pepin was open about April 20, 1866, and the Sucker State was the first boat through. The Northwestern Packet Company spent annually in Dubuque about two hundred thousand dollars; its taxes here in 1865 amounted to $6,981.40. Previous to 1850 flat-boats did much of the up-river traffic. The first important change was made in about 1853-4 by the organization of the Minnesota Packet Company at Galena. It started with a single steamer, but finally owned nine teen, among which were Itasca, Nominee, Alhambra, Galena, War Eagle, Golden Era and Ocean Wave. In 1856 the Dubuque & St. Paul Line, with J. P. Farley as president, was established as a competitor, and a little later the Prairie du Chien Line engaged in the up-river trade. Finally they were all consolidated under a long name with George A. Blanchard secretary and William E. Well ington agent. Soon thereafter Captain W. F. Davidson bought the stern-wheel steamer Jacob Trabor, began a good business, added other boats and soon was a formidable rival of the consolidated company, under the name La Crosse & Minnesota Packet Com pany. Mr. Wellington bought a small steamer and commenced business between Dubuque and Winona; was soon joined by Mr. Blanchard ; they secured more boats and ere long had managed to buy enough stock to control the election of officers of the consoli dated company. This accomplished, they reorganized the com pany November 19, 1863, under the name North-Western Packet Company. John Lawler, of Prairie du Chien, became president; W. E. Wellington, of Dubuque, superintendent, and George Blanch- 230 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY ard, of Dubuque, secretary and treasurer. This company, with headquarters in Dubuque, added to its craft until by March, 1866, it had ten first-class steamers and thirty-six barges varying in ca pacity from five thousand to twenty thousand bushels of grain. During the winter of 1865-6 the company spent one hundred thou sand dollars in constructing barges. The capital of this company in boats was about five hundred thousand dollars. In May, 1866, a new company — the North-Western Union Packet Company- bought all the property of the La Crosse & Minnesota Steam Packet Company and the Northwestern Packet Company. Its officers were William F. Davidson, St. Paul, president; John Lawler, Prairie du Chien, manager ; George A. Blanchard, Dubuque, secre tary; William Rhodes, St. Paul, treasurer; W. E. Wellington, Dubuque, and P. S. Davidson, La Crosse, superintendents. The new company started with thirty steamboats and seventy-three barges. The invested capital of the company was announced as one million five hundred thousand dollars. The shipping capacity was the moving of one million bushels of grain every five days. The barges alone had a capacity of three hundred and twenty-five thou sand bushels. The company's side-wheel boats were Phil. Sheri dan, Milwaukee, City of St. Paul, Itasca, Ocean Wave, Northern Belle, Key City, Keokuk, War Eagle and Favorite; and its stern- wheel steamers were Addie Johnston, Damsel, Annie Johnston, Diamond Jo, Jennie Baldwin, Julia, G. H. Wilson, Flora, Clara Hine, Hudson, Mankato, Chippewa Falls, Mollie Mohler, Stella Whipple, Ariel, G. H. Gray, Albany, Cutter, H. S. Allen and St. Cloud. The headquarters of the company were established in Dubuque. Early in 1867 W. F. Davidson was president of the North- Western Union Packet Company, and John Lawler was president of the Northwestern Packet Company. Both did a large business. The City Council authorized the construction of the submarine railway at Eagle Point at this time. A drydock was strongly talked of. The president of the Northern Line Packet Company was Thomas B. Rhodes ; its steamers and masters were : Dubuque, Barker; Sucker State, Hight; Hawkeye State, Worden; Burling ton, Greene ; Muscatine, Jenks ; Canada, McGowan ; Pembina, Gon- ger ; Petrel, Isherwood ; Dan Hine, Patton. A fine stand of colors was formally presented to the new steamer Dubuque in the spring of 1867; its captain was J. W. Parker. A great crowd assembled at the landing to witness the event. Mayor Graves presented the colors in a fitting speech, to which brief response was made by Captain Parker and, at his request, by John H. O'Neill. The boat was presented with a magnificent pair of elk horns procured at St. Paul. The old practice of attaching and tying up a vessel with a legal writ for a small sum was abrogated by the legislatures ot HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 231 the various states. Mathias Ham was president of the new ferry company at Eagle Point at this time. In 1867 the Phil. Sheridan was the fastest boat on the river. Rafting by moonlight was declared to be one of the most enjoyable experiences of river life. Daniel McLean was one of the best and most successful raftsmen on the river. In a race of three rafts down from Lake Pepin in 1867 he won and was paid one hundred dollars for the victory. In July, 1867, the Phil. Sheridan ran from St. Louis to Dubuque in forty hours and fifty-five minutes — quickest trip on record. The government was making great im provements on the Mississippi Rapids at this date. Large quanti ties of wheat were sent by barges to New Orleans and thence by vessel to Liverpool, in 1867-8; C. H. Merry, who had opened this line, was tendered a fine supper as a token of appreciation and honor by his fellow-citizens. In 1868 the new ferry boat Dunleith, which cost forty thousand dollars, was put in service; it trans ported railway cars and trains across the river, and in a way was a wonder. The Ocean Wave burned to the water's edge near Lake Pepin in 1868. Pilots struck for a raise of wages from $75 to $150 per month. P. J. Smith, T. W. Burns, O. L. West, H. L. Beedle, William J. Dolson, N. E. Tibbals, W. R. Tibbals, A. J. Harris, Stephen Dol- son, T. G. Drenning, George Scott, Jerm Snow, Augustus Noble, C. Looney, Pat. Gainor, Joseph Wilcox, Joseph Gardapie were well- known pilots in 1868. The Union company became known as the "White Collar Line," there being strenuous rivalry between it and the Northern Line. The latter had the following boats and masters in 1869 : Minne apolis, F. B. Rhodes; Dubuque, J. B. Rhodes; Minnesota, T. B. Hill; Davenport, B. A. Cooper; Muscatine, G. W. Jenks, Sucker State, William P. Hight; Hawkeye State, J. Worden; Canada, M. Green; Savannah, R. F. Isherwood; City of Keithsburg, J. W. Campbell ; New Boston, Robert Melville. In 1869 the Northwestern Packet Line had the following boats and masters : Tom Jasper, Frank Burnett ; Phil, Sheridan, A. M. Hutchinson; Milwaukee, E. V. Holcombe; City of St. Paul, Thos. Davidson ; Mattie McPike, Moses Hall ; Key City, Judd West ; War Eagle, Thos. Cushing; Addie Johnson, Sam Painter; Jennie Bald win, Charles Leuserbox; Keokuk, Isaac H. Moulton. It was said in 1869 that W. E. Wellington had arrived here fourteen years before with only 15 cents to his name; now in 1869 he was reputed to be worth one hundred thousand dollars, all made in the river and boat trade. In 1869 the two companies, Northern and North- Western Union, divided the river trade in order to prevent loss by too sharp competition ; both ran boats from St. Louis to St. Paul. In April the Mohawk took down five barges loaded with over one hundred thousand bushels of wheat. At this time wheat was 232 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY quoted in Chicago at $1.03^2 and in New Orleans at $1.25. In a race riot on the steamer Dubuque in July, 1869, above Davenport nine men were killed. There was a People's Line late in 1869; also the Merchants' Star Line; the People's began business with three boats. In 1870 Rouse & Dean began to build here their famous iron- bulled steamers; the first was a tug, for a Wisconsin firm; it was 96 feet long by 19 broad and a depth of 3 feet. It was called the Clyde and was launched in August; it was the first of its kind built on the Upper Mississippi. There was very high water here in April, 1870; it rose 21 feet 10 inches above the low water of 1864; the high water of 1859 had been 21 feet 6 inches above the same mark. Steps to secure a sectional dock were taken in August by Messrs. Wellington, Hewitt, Cooley, Peabody and others. The tug-boat Hyde Clark was built here and launched late in April, 1870, at the foot of Seventh street; it was sixty feet long and fourteen feet wide. In June, 1870, the Eagle Point ferry ran every hour. On April 30, 1870, the Dubuque Rowing Club was organized with about one hundred members and with a capital of two thousand five hundred dollars ; its president was Gen. William Hyde Clark. The club started with one barge, two gigs, three skiffs, and a boathouse 60 x 20 feet; the captain was Alfred Hobbs. June 4 was "red letter day" for the club; it was the first public rowing exhibition. The rowers were (i) G. Stephens, (2) M. S. Connyngham, (3) James Stout, (4) Alfred Hobbs (stroke), and A. H. Gibbs, coxswain. Later the club owned the barge Desoto, two four-oared gigs, two four-oared skiffs and one captain's cutter — Vixen. The fourteen-oared barge Desoto was launched June 25, 1870; it was built by Daniel Hewitt and was forty feet long, five feet wide; it had fourteen oars, double banked man-of-war fashioned. The new marine ways were sunk in the river early in 1871 by Rouse & Dean; twenty-two men accomplished the work success fully. Later, when in use, it was declared to be the best on the river. In 1871 the White Collar Line and the Northern Line agreed on a schedule of prices for the up-river trade; cut rates and war were thus forestalled. There was a race in August between the gigs Zephyr and Ironsides, distance three miles, ending at the wharf-boat; a great crowd gathered to witness the event; the Zephyr won by two lengths; the winners rowed through at thirty- five strokes. What was called the Dubuque Short Line (Dubuque to St. Paul) had the following boats and masters in 1871 : Mil waukee, Laughton; City of St. Paul, Cushing; Minnesota, Smith; Sucker State, Wood. In 1872 the White Collar and Northern lines dissolved their rate agreement and prepared to cut prices to secure the trade. In 1871 another iron steamer was built by Rouse & Dean. They also built HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 233 another in 1872; it was 135 feet long, 25 feet wide and 4 feet deep. In 1873 the Diamond Jo packets became conspicuous in the river trade; their first boats and masters' were Tidal Wave, Mitchell; Arkansas, Wilcox; Diamond Jo, Isherwood; Ida Fulton, Killeen, and Imperial. Early in 1873 the Diamond Jo line was in great favor, because they had good schedules and were not so crowded. Knapp, Stout & Co. won a case in court involving their right to land rafts on their own property without having to pay wharfage to the city. Early in 1873 the White Collar and the Northern lines were merged into one company with a capital of seven hundred thousand dollars and with John A. McCune president and W. F. Davidson superintendent — Keokuk Northern Line. The Diamond Jo Line was given concessions of land, etc., provided they would establish their headquarters here. In 1875 Johnson & Kalke prepared to build three boats in Du buque. The Keokuk Northern Line waged war on all cities that charged wharfage; the courts had recently decided against the right of cities to make such charges. Johnson & Kalke built a new steam ferry boat at their Eagle Point works in 1876; it was 100 feet long, 25 feet broad and 4 feet deep; it could carry eighteen teams at once and make a trip in five minutes. The old White Col lar Line began suit against the city to recover wharfage under the recent decisions of the courts. The new Keokuk Northern Line was formed from the three companies : North-Western Union, Northern and Keokuk, with an aggregate capital of seven hundred thousand dollars. The wharfage cases were decided against the boat companies. The new ferry boat Key City was in operation in May, 1876. In 1877 Congress appropriated fifteen thousand dollars for the removal of the sandbar in front of the city. The bar was dredged away to the depth of six feet at low water. Many wing dams were being built along the river. In October, 1877, one of the dredge boat's in the harbor scooped up an old musket from the river bottom, on which was stamped the date "1812." It proved to be the property of William Carus, of Wisconsin, who, while engaged in scouting duty at the close of the Blackhawk war, became engaged in a hand-to-hand encounter with Indians, all in boats, and in the struggle the gun fell overboard. In October, 1877, an immense convention at St. Paul urged the appropriation of a sufficient sum by Congress to open the rapids of the Mississippi and to effect other needed improvements; two mil lion dollars was asked for these purposes. The Emma and Key City were the ferry boats in 1877-8. In 1878 there passed through the drawbridge 3,139 steamboats, 884 barges, 176 wood flats, 498 log rafts, 159 lumber rafts, 37 tie rafts. There passed down the river 459,000,000 feet of lumber. In 1878 the Diamond Jo Company located permanently at Eagle Point and was granted valuable privileges; Joseph Reynolds was 234 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the owner. J. A. Johnston had charge of the yards at first ; seventy- eight men were employed in January, 1880. In 1878 the company spent here about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The establishment of an ice harbor at Dubuque was for the pur pose of providing a shelter for boats during the winters. Waples Cut had been used for many years for that purpose; it was now proposed to dredge out this cut and enlarge it, all of which was expected to cost about forty thousand dollars. The necessary per mission was secured from Congress. On June 19, 1880, the water in the river was only fourteen inches below the high water of 1870; on the 21st it rose over the mark of 1870; on the 23d it had reached a stage of 22 feet 7]/2 inches above low-water mark, or about gy2 inches over the 1870 mark. Many persons were driven from their homes and were per mitted to sleep in the City Hall. The Illinois Central tracks were nearly two feet under water. Nearly all land on the river front had disappeared and the buildings and lumber piles there were sur rounded by the angry waters. On Jones street the water extended up to Locust ; all South Main was under water ; it covered the floor of the Illinois Central depot ; it was two feet deep on Iowa and Third and Fourth. All houses on White at Fourth and Fifth were filled with water; it extended up White to Sixth; Couler avenue was completely flooded, all at Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth being under the rushing flood. All high-water records were thus broken — height 22 feet 8 inches. In 1880 the Diamond Jo Company built another large steamer — the Mary Morton, Capt. John Killeen; the boat cost about forty thousand dollars and was throughout a product of Dubuque; Joseph Reynolds superintended the construction. He had previously built here the Libbie Conger and the Josephine. At her trial trip many Dubuquers were on board to testify their appreciation of the work of the Diamond Jo Company. Resolutions thanking the company and Superintendent Reynolds for their efforts and success were passed. At this date, June, 1880, the Diamond Jo Company had six steamers in service and was a popular line. At this time and before boats wintered here at the Eagle Point ways and in "the slough" at Waples Cut. In the fall of 1880 the Keokuk Northern Line successfully passed through serious financial troubles. In November Mrs. F. D. Chouteau and Miss Amanda Gregoire, sis ters, were drowned in front of the city; their bodies were not recov ered for several days. In January, 1881, Capt. W. J. Do! son, an old river man, died here; he was born in 1820 and learned boating when a boy; he lived in Dubuque after 1846, and was related to Capt. Thomas Levens, another prominent river man. Under the reorganization of the Keokuk Northern Line early in 188 1 Henry Lourey became its president, vice Davidson, released. In February, 1881, there HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 235 were at work in the Diamond Jo yards at Eagle Point about seventy- five men. The company put in condition the Stillwater, Mark Bradley and J. W. Mills, built several large coal barges and were at work on two new steamboats for Clinton and Rock Island owners. So great was the jam of ice at the bridge April 11, explosives were employed to dislodge it. Mr. Dickey was superintendent at the Diamond Jo yards in 1 880-1. In the spring of 1881 the Dubuque & St. Louis Packet Company was organized, with headquarters in Dubuque, and with B. E. Linehan as one of its principal members. The St. Louis & St. Paul Packet Line was called for short "the Saints Line." At the trustees' sale of the boats of the Keokuk Northern Line the following steamers were sold: War Eagle, Northwest, Belle of La Crosse, Alex. Mitchell, Rob Roy, Minneap olis, Clinton and Redwing; also several barges. In May, 1881, the river reached the stage of 16 feet 6 inches; again on October 24 it reached a stage of 21 feet 2 inches, or only 18 inches below the high water of 1880 — 22 feet 8 inches. A small iron steamer was built and launched by the Iowa Iron Works late in 1881. Thus far the Diamond Jo Company had built four steamboats, one new hull and four large barges. In 1882 it built the raft-boat W. J. Young, Jr., for a Clinton company. This was the ninth steamer built here by the Diamond Jo Company in three years. The W. J. Young, Jr., was 140 by 28 by 4^ and cost twenty-five thousand dollars. In 1882 the Iowa Iron Works began to build for steamers what was called the "featherwing wheel," which entered the water straight and left it straight; it was first put in the Vixen and proved a success. The Diamond Jo Line had in service the Josie, Libbie, Conger, Mary Morton, Josephine and Pittsburg. The "Saints Line" had in service the White Eagle, War Eagle, Arkansas, Keokuk, Minneapolis, Centennial, Alex. Mitchell, Grand Pacific and Alex. Kendall. In the spring of 1882 the ice harbor was talked of in earnest; the government was expected to appropriate thirty thousand dollars for that purpose ; it was necessary to buy considerable land adjoin ing the Waples Cut from Mr. Stout before work could be com menced. It took considerable time to secure the desired land from Booth and Stout, who had made valuable improvements on the tract wanted. In June it was decided to use thirteen thousand dollars left over from the old harbor appropriation and secure a new one of twenty thousand dollars, all for the ice harbor. In 1880 Major Mackenzie surveyed the various sites for an ice harbor and reported the most desirable at Dubuque. Waples Cut, enlarged, was chosen, and the engineers showed that the cost would be about forty thousand dollars; in 1882 Congress appropriated twenty thousand dollars to start the work; the plan was to dredge down six feet below low-water mark and provide room for twenty 236 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY steamers and fifty barges. In 1883 the Diamond Jo yards suffered a fire loss of about fifteen thousand dollars. In 1884 W. F. Davidson was president of the "Saints Line." Many boats came to the Diamond Jo yards for repairs. Their vessels Pittsburg, Sidney, Mary Morton and Libbie Conger ran from St. Louis to St. Paul, but the Josephine plied between Du buque, Davenport and Rock Island only. In 1884 Congress appro priated another twenty thousand dollars for the ice harbor. In 1884 the Iowa Iron Works built in the ice harbor the iron tug-boat Ida Patton; she was 77 x 14x5^ and cost about nine thousand dollars. Four boats for the government were under contract here in 1884. This year a company with a capital of one hundred thou sand dollars was formed to make important improvements at and near Eagle Point. They cut a canal 350 feet long and 40 feet wide through the island opposite Eagle Point and constructed piling to the mainland at Smeed's bottom. They had docks and a ferry boat in operation. It was called the Eagle Point, Dubuque & Grant County Ferry; the boat was built by the Diamond Jo Company. The ice harbor was not yet completed, but late in 1885 work was again commenced. The Diamond Jo boats and masters in 1885 were as follows: Pittsburg, Killeen; Mary Morton, Boland; Sidney, Best; Libbie Conger, Corbett; Josephine, Congar; Josie, Sweeney. So great was the demand for quick river transit the Diamond Jo Company prepared to construct fast passenger boats to ply from St. Louis to St. Paul — all of steel and to be built here ; many steel barges were projected. Six steel hull steamers were planned at once. The design was to separate the passenger and freight traffic. By July, 1885, the ice harbor was practically completed. The J. K. Graves, an iron hull rafter, was built in the ice harbor in 1885. The Van Sant & Musser Transportation Company built a large rafter here early in 1886; it was called Musser and was 137 feet long. The Diamond Jo Company built the upper part and the Iowa Iron Works the iron and steel part. At this date the princi pal river business was the towing of log and lumber rafts ; the usual size of the rafts was about five hundred feet long and two hundred and fifty feet wide ; Thomas Dolson was captain. Joseph Reynolds was president and general manager and E. M. Dickey superinten dent of the Diamond To Line ; this line built a barge with a double steel hull in 1886. The sudden movement of all the ice in the river about March 18, 1886, was witnessed by thousands of persons. At this date there were about eighty steamers engaged in the upper Mississippi trade, exclusive of the Diamond Jo and "Saints" lines. The following boats were owned at Dubuque : Helen Mar, Louis ville, Menominee and B. E. Linehan, by Knapp, Stout & Co.; A. Reiling, by the Standard Lumber Company; Nellie, by Specht Bros. ; Jim Watson, by Hamsen & Linehan. Forty-eight business HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 237 firms along the river owned the above eighty boats. Previous to the spring of 1886 the Iowa Iron Works had confined its boat work principally to iron hulls, but at that date it established a gen eral shipbuilding department. The Campbell was the transfer packet in 1887; it was in opera tion in March. In August, 1887, J. K. Graves was president of the boat club. In January, 1888, the Upper Mississippi River Con vention assembled here and took strong action in favor of large river improvements ; the visitors were banqueted at the Lorimier House. Owing to the construction of light draft boats rafting was continued all summer in 1888, regardless of low water. The Linehan Transportation Company brought its large steamer here for repairs; its capacity was twenty cars and was bought in the South. The Linehan Ferry Company was active in 1888. The Dubuque Boating Association owned five boats this year ; sev eral regattas were held; Captain Hobbs was usually the referee. In January, 1889, the St. Louis, St. Paul & Minneapolis Packet Company was organized. RAFTER CAPTAINS FOR 189O. Ezra Chace, J. H. Laycock, A. M. Short, J. A. Wooders, Orrin Smith, Vol. Bigelow, Gary Denberg, Derwin Dorrance, S. B. Winthrop, Thomas Peel, William McCaffrey, O. J. Newcomb, Asa Woodward, J. M. Newcomb, Joseph Buisson, C. Buisson, W. S. Mitchell, A. Roque, Thomas Dolson, Al. Hollingshead, James Follmer, George Carpenter, H. B. Bresee, Dan Davisson, James Hugunin, George Reed, Phil. Shackel, James Coleman, C. C. Car penter, C. B. Romahn, John Hugunin, J. G. Moore, John Hoy, John Lancaster, R. H. Tromley, Henry Fuller, L. A. Day, M. M. Looney, Joseph Young, I. H. Wasson, William Davis, William York, D. F. Dorrance, J. M. Turner, A. P. Lambert, J. W. Rambo, W. A. Kratka, E. D. Dixon, J. N. Long, Henry Walker, N. B. Lucas, R. M. Cassidy, R. S. Owens, William Dobler, William Anderlee, W. R. Slocum, John O'Connor, J. H. Short, George Tromley, Jr., Charles White, W. H. Whistler, Henry Slocum, Walter Blair, Ira Fuller, George Rutherford, Thomas Hoy, Joseph Dooley, J. H. Milliron, John Monroe, Robert Dodds, Cyrus King, George Brasser, Paul Kerz. The rafters Clyde, Jennie Hays, St. Croix and Nellie were owned at Dubuque. By 1890 Dubuque had become a great center for the construc tion of steel hulls. The Ferdinand Herold, which was launched late in July, 1890, was the twenty-second iron and steel craft sent out by the Iowa Iron Works; the Clyde was the first, in 1870. In July, 1890, the office of the United States steamboat inspector was removed to Dubuque. Early in 1891 the Laclede Packet Company was organized at Burlington. C. H. Pitsch was manager of the St. Louis, St. Paul 238 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY & Minneapolis Packet Company at this time ; its packets were few ; its most active boats were rafters. Diamond Jo Reynolds died at Prescott, Arizona, early in 1891 ; his fortune was estimated at from one million dollars to twenty million dollars. He was the owner of the Diamond Jo Line and was interested in immense deals else where. Scores of stories were current as to his diamonds, and one reporter placed in the newspaper an immense diamond in his shirt front ; none of these stories were true. He had adopted the mark which was placed on all shipments handled by him; and his name Joseph was the origin of the name Diamond Jo. In 1891 the Iowa Iron Works built for the government the tor pedo boat Dubuque at a cost of $113,500; it was 150 feet long, 14 wide and 6 high ; it was modeled after the Cushing. The contract provided that if the boat could make more than twenty-eight knots per hour the contractors were to receive a bonus of fifty-six thou sand dollars. The snag-boat James B. McPherson was built by this company in 1891 ; it was 175 feet long and one of the finest vessels ever constructed here. It was launched on August 8, Senator Allison being present and speaking. William Hopkins superintended the construction. In January, 1892, the Diamond Jo Line of steamers was granted the right to occupy and use a certain part of the public levee and to erect and maintain thereon a warehouse and office. This ordi nance was vetoed by the Mayor and was passed over his veto. The Mayor's veto was based upon the opinion that the city did not receive for this franchise just compensation. The Pilots' Transportation Company endeavored to do river business in 1892 on credit and failed. Many citizens in 1892 wanted the government to deed to the city the bed of Lake Peosta. In 1893 General Booth's new sand pump barge was christened Mound Builder by Miss Fannie Cozech; it was built by the Iowa Iron Works and was 112 feet long. In 1893 the torpedo boat Ericsson was built here. At this date the Diamond Jo officers were E. M. Dickey, president; John Killeen, vice-president; F. A. Bill, secretary and treasurer. The largest raft of lumber that ever passed down the river in barges was towed by the steamer Dolphin in April, 1893 ; there were seven barges, containing 2,270,000 feet of lumber, 760,000 lath, and to this was added here the hull of the old steamer Osborne and 200,000 feet more of lumber. It passed down at the rate of about seven miles an hour. The St. Louis, St. Paul and Minneapolis Packet Company had several boats here early in the nineties ; their boat St. Paul passed to the Diamond Jo Company. The Windom (revenue cutter) was being built here in 1893-94. In spite of all, the old river men could not help noticing the great decadence in river traffic from thirty and forty years before. Short- run packets were resorted to in 1893-94 to meet new conditions. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 239 The cut of 30 per cent in railroad freight rates was a severe blow to river men, but the Diamond Jo Company seemed to do well. Small draft and short line boats were greatly in evidence ; St. Paul, Pittsburg, Sidney, Mary Morton and Gem City were their boats. The Ericsson torpedo boat was launched here by the Iowa Iron Works in May, 1894; Miss Carrie Kiene christened the vessel; 20,000 people witnessed the launching. This boat went down the Mississippi and saw service in the Spanish-American war. It was defective in several important particulars, but in the end did good service. In August, 1894, the river here was the lowest in thirteen years. In December of this year the Upper Mississippi Pilots' Asso ciation assembled here. Early in 1895 three new torpedo boats were called for; the Iowa State Iron Works bid for each $137,000, but others were a little lower. In April, 1895, the Windom torpedo boat was nearly ready here. Jay Morton was president of the Dia mond Jo Line. The new steamer Dubuque arrived from St. Louis in April, 1897. By 1898 the Iowa Iron Works had built or partly built over one hundred boats. In 1898 this company launched two large iron hulls in the ice harbor. One was a transfer boat, 303 feet long, and was No. 43 of its class built here ; seven other boats were under construction at the time. About this time the Iowa Iron Works pay roll was about $11,000 per month; in fourteen months ending June, 1899, that company paid out over $400,000 for labor and material; it had about 230 men on the pay roll. The Acme Packet Company ran packets and other boats about this time. Capt. Thomas Parker and his six sons, all river men, were known to everybody. Captain Winans and Captain Streckfus ran boats of- their own. The Dubuque Boat and Boiler Company began business about 1906-07; it built two dredge boats in 1907. Early in 1907 it began on the giant transfer boat Albatros, and in June it sailed down to Vicksburg. Other boats have been built recently, among them the B. F. Yocum, now being finished. Capt. Steve Dolson, a well-known river man, died in 1909. The river business is not what it used to be. RAILWAY PROJECTS. TO AN early citizen of Dubuque, John Plumbe, Jr., is given the credit of taking the first steps to build a railroad from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi and on to the Pacific ocean. As early as 1836 he commenced the preliminaries for the con struction of such a line. Two years later he drew up a petition for the establishment of this line, which was numerously signed and for warded to Congress bearing the date April, 1838. It began as fol lows : "The connection of Lake Michigan with the Mississippi river, at or near the Borough of Dubuque, by means of a railroad to be located upon the most eligible ground within the territory is a sub ject of such importance, etc. * * * The entire length of the Lake Michigan and Dubuque railroad would be only about one hundred and fifty miles * * * Within little more than eight months of last year (1837) the total number of steamboat arrivals and departures at the port of Dubuque amounted to no less than 717." General Jones, who was then in Congress, secured an appropriation to defray the expense of locating the first division of the road. It should be said that in 1849 Mr. Plumbe, at his own expense, discovered and inspected a practical route through the South Pass for a railroad to the Pacific coast, being the first to accomplish this task. — (Times, July 10, 1857.) Asa Whitney was one of the foremost in the struggle for a Pacific railroad. It is true that Mr. Plumbe not only projected the line, prepared the petition and secured the Congressional appropriation, but in person and at his own cost began the inspection, if not the survey, of the line from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. He did not relinquish his efforts, and in 1847 proposed a grant of land from the government to aid the project ; the proposal contained the fol lowing points : ( 1 ) The grant to consist of alternate sections of land; (2) the stock to be $10 a share; (3) at the time of subscrip tion 50 cents to be paid on each share; (4) the railroad to be man aged by a board of directors; (5) the government to enjoy forever the free use of the road; (6) editors, ministers, missionaries, etc., to ride free. The citizens of Dubuque, in 1838-9, warmly favored this pro posed Lake Michigan and Mississippi railroad, which was projected westward from Milwaukee, presumably to the Mississippi at Du buque. A bill for a survey of this road was defeated in the Iowa Territorial Legislature on the ground that it was outside of the 240 HIGH BRIDGE AND R. R. BRIDGE HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 241 territory. It was further presented that such a road should not be designed for Dubuque county alone, but for the whole territory; and as Dubuque county and town were the only parts to be benefited the bill should not pass. By act of December 7, 1836, the Belmont & Dubuque Railroad Company was incorporated and two of the commissioners were John Foley and Francis K. O'Ferrall, of Dubuque county. In February, 1837, books for subscriptions to the stock of this road were opened in this city. The subscriptions were under the man agement of the commissions appointed by the act. During the latter part of 1838 the route between Milwaukee and Dubuque was surveyed. At this date also a survey was made of the Chicago & Galena Railroad. Milwaukee was anxious to secure the railway westward to Du buque for the double purpose of keeping Chicago out of northern and central Iowa and of winning that, promising field for herself. Chicago had the same double end in view. In the end Chicago won by building the Chicago & Galena Union Railway. Numer ous other lines connecting the lake and the Mississippi were pro posed during the early forties ; one was to connect Madison, Wis consin, with the Mississippi at Dubuque. In October, 1847, at a big railway mass meeting here Gen. James Wilson spoke at length favoring the proposed connection of Milwaukee and Dubuque by rail. On May 20, 1848, a large railroad convention was held here, Theophilus Crawford serving as chairman. Resolutions favor ing the railroads and the subscription of stock were passed. What was called the "Railroad Committee of Dubuque County" was organized early in 1848 by the election of Peter A. Lorimier, Mayor, president, and Patrick Quigley secretary. The committee announced itself ready to receive reports from the several commit tees appointed in accordance with the resolutions of the railroad convention held at Iowa City January 17, 1848. On the State Railroad Committee appointed at the railroad con vention held in Iowa City in January, 1848, were Peter A. Lori mier and Lucius Langworthy, of Dubuque county; Thomas H. Benton, Jr., of Dubuque county, served as president of the con vention. The people of the State were in earnest regarding rail roads. The one now proposed was to extend from Keokuk to Dubuque. At a large railroad meeting held in Dubuque in March, 1848, to consider connecting Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, Col. C. H. Booth served as chairman and W. H. Merritt and A. P. Wood as secretaries. The objects of the meeting were explained by General Jones and L. H. Langworthy. A committee of seven was appointed to draft resolutions — L. H. Langworthy, G. W. Jones, Lincoln Clark, W. Y. Lovell, E. Fitzpatrick, Charles Miller and N. Nadeau. The resolutions warmly favored the construction of 242 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY a railroad from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi at Jordan's Ferry, opposite Dubuque. Steps to prepare a memorial to Congress were taken. The committee to memorialize Congress were L. H Lang worthy, W. W. Coriell, George W. Jones, Lincoln Clark, W. Y Lovell, T. S. Wilson and Timothy Mason. In 1848-9 Congress passed an act donating alternate sections of land to the Dubuque & Keokuk Railway; this was the first Dubuque county land thus granted. Dubuque was particularly anxious for rail connection with Lake Michigan, because during the thirties and forties business men here were at the mercy of St. Louis, there being no competition. It became known here that combinations to keep up the prices at up-river points existed at St. Louis, and that the boat lines were in collusion with St. Louis to extort large reve nues from Dubuque and other up-river points. Thus during the late forties numerous railway projects were considered by large and enthusiastic mass meetings and conventions. In February, 1849, the citizens gathered at the courthouse to listen to a railway project described by William B. Ogden, of Chicago. "Will the citizens not try to effect a communication with the East by means of a railroad and thus have an outlet for their in creasing productions? There is nothing to hinder if we will agree. The Chicago & Dubuque Railroad will afford the quickest means of communication with the East. But we have no time to lose. Our merchants, men of property and citizens generally, must ex hibit a better public spirit before they can accomplish anything. Let us begin with our harbor. What is its condition? Is it a place where any sensible man would make it the terminus of a railroad ? We believe Dubuque great, but we must convince others also. We must provide an accessible and commodious landing. Keokuk, Burlington, Bloomington, Rock Island and even Bellevue have done more for a practical landing than Dubuque. To what is this to be ascribed? I say positively to a want of that unanimity which is so characteristic of us. If the City Council can't make this improvement out of the islands, or under the power granted in the present charter, let us have a new one, with power to levy a certain tax to construct this harbor and to do it when it best suits with reference to the best interests of all." — (Iowa, in Miners' Express, December 5, 1849.) "The whole country— North, South, East, and West— cities, towns, hamlets, and villages, are crying out 'Railroads! Let us have railroads!!' This cry is approaching us from all directions, while here we are in Dubuque as unconcerned as if 'Whiskey Hill' and 'Dirty Hollow' were ever to be the only thoroughfares from and to Dubuque. Our neighbors of Galena are making arrange ments to go and meet the Chicago road ; Milwaukee and her sister towns are engaged in a vigorous effort to connect themselves to the Mississippi a few miles above us; while here we are asleep in HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 243 a kind of dreamy-drowsy-stupid lethargy. We should make im mediate provision to unite ourselves to the Chicago and Galena road at the latter place. The company is under no obligation to come to Dubuque. When in the future the road is extended to the Mississippi where is the guaranty that Dubuque will be the point reached?" — (Miners' Express, December 12, 1849.) The Miners' Express, in 1850, had so much to say on the subject of railroads and there were so many rumors and projects afloat that it established a "Railroad Department." In January, 1850, the plan was considered to connect Dubuque with the Red River of the North and to make Dubuque the focus of all lines of the North west. About this time a railroad westward from Dubuque pass ing through Cascade had been proposed, and at a railroad meeting in the latter village Bell, Banghart, Langworthy, Eaton and Dillon delivered addresses. Lovell and Langworthy were agents of the Dubuque & Keokuk line. In 1850-1 the Chicago & Galena Union Railway and the Illinois Central Railway were under course of construction and it was seen here that one or both of them would eventually reach Dubuque. The people here were asked to take stock in both roads, but refused unless they would be constructed to this point. In August, 1852, Galena prohibited the passage through that city of the Illinois Central Railway and took this step to prevent that road from building on to Dubuque, hoping to become the western terminus of that road and thus the business focus of the North west. This step forced the Illinois Central to pass around Galena on its way to Dubuque or Dunleith. At a mass meeting of the citizens September 22, 1852, the proposition of taking one hundred thousand dollar stock in the Milwaukee, Janesville & Mississippi Railroad was considered ; eight thousand dollars was subscribed on the spot. In a few weeks this city voted in favor of this stock, only nine votes being polled against it. When it was announced in June, 1852, that the Chicago & Galena Union Railroad would be finished to Galena in eighteen months great excitement and rejoicing ensued. In May, 1853, one hundred and fifty citizens petitioned the Council to take one hundred thousand dollars stock in the Dubuque & Pacific Railway. The Miners' Express opposed the loan, but not violently. The question was submitted to the voters and carried by 466 to 79. The vote in the whole county on two hundred thousand dollars subscription was 954 for and 717 again. New Wine, Concord, Jefferson, Peru, Iowa, Mosalem, White Water, Liberty, Prairie Creek, Cascade and Dodge town ships returned majorities against the subscription. The over whelming vote in Julien township in favor of the project, 666 for to 160 against, carried the question. Work on the road was soon commenced. Colonel Mason was chief engineer here, J. P. Farley was president, F. S. Jesup treasurer and Piatt Smith attorney. In 244 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the summer of 1853 Dunleith (now East Dubuque) was laid out, as the Illinois Central was fast approaching. The Milwaukee road, though voted stock, was not built. By Stepember, 1854, cars began to run from Galena to Chicago, the fare being $5.25 ; the fare from Dubuque was $6.25 "To the President and Directors of the Dubuque & Pacific Rail road : Perceiving that some of our citizens think so much of our useless island and seem disposed to want a much larger price for it than it is worth, I will offer you free of charge twenty acres of land for your depot grounds and a sufficient quantity of it shall be on the river to accommodate the business of your road. The land is situated at my furnace, where the largest class of steamboats can land at all stages of water, and a part of said land is within the present city limits. Hoping you will give this your favorable consideration, Yours respectfully, P. A. Lorimier, December 1, 1853." This offer seemed to bring the citizens to their senses. In October, 1853, President Nelson Dewey, of the Southern Wisconsin road, came here and asked the Council to aid his line with fifty thousand dollars. On this question the Council voted as follows: For the grant — Burt, Heeb and Langworthy; against the grant — Samuels, McNamara, Wilde and O'Hare. On the question to grant ten acres of land to the Dubuque & Pacific road for depot purposes the vote stood in 1854 : For, 677, and against, 285. In September, 1855, the city voted on taking an additional one hundred thousand dollars stock in the Dubuque & Pacific road — for, 1,011 ; against, 109. In January, 1855, the city voted as follows on the question of taking one hundred and fifty thousand dollars stock in the Mississippi & Milwaukee road: For, 574; against, 135. This was the same road, with name changed, that stock had been voted for in 1853. At this time many objected to any stock subscription to the last-named road, declaring that the outlet to Chicago was sufficient and that Dubuque should now help build the roads leading westward in order to open new fields to Dubuque. "The city has already pledged its credit for one hundred thousand dollars to the Southern Wisconsin road ; one hundred thousand to the Dubuque & Pacific road. Individuals in the city are pledged to the latter for one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The county is pledged to the same for two hundred thousand dollars, and the bonds of the city are already in the market for thirty thou sand dollars. This makes five hundred and eighty thousand dol lars. Add to this one hundred and fifty thousand dollars voted on the 2d inst. and we have the handsome little sum of seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Truly, we are a progressive people. — (Express and Herald, January 4, 1855.) In July, 1855, R. B. Mason & Co. contracted to build thirty miles of the Dubuque & Pacific road next to Dubuque. On June HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 245 11, 1855, a party of about twenty ladies and gentlemen of Dubuque was carried from Dunleith to Galena on the construction train. This was a special arrangement and may be said to have been the first passengers to go over that part of the road ; seats were placed on the gravel cars and the run was made in about forty minutes. "A train of passenger cars arrived on Saturday night (June g, 1855) about twelve o'clock at Dunleith. This is the first train through and it ushers in a new era for the prosperity, business, wealth and growth of Dubuque and the adjacent country." — (Express and Herald, June 13, 1855.) On the question of granting the north half of Middle Island to the Dubuque & Pacific Railroad, in September, 1855, the city voted 130 in favor of the grant and 614 against it. The completion of the Illinois Central to Dunleith was the occasion of an immense celebration here. Many visitors were present — a number from Chicago. The citizens had subscribed a sum to cover expenses, but the costs ran $402 over that sum. "We must say that if we, the people of Dubuque, are so stupid or so niggardly of our present wealth or so lazy that we will not push out our railroads to the West and Northwest immediately, why, then, if we are left behind in the path of advancement we can blame nobody but ourselves. Dubuque has got to wake up and go to work at once to secure the trade and business of the country west or she will be not only tributary to others herself but an unim portant secondary point. We have the start now, let us keep it. Railroads have made Chicago what she is and will make Dubuque." — (Express and Herald, June 25, 1855.) In the summer of 1855, when the Illinois Central Railroad was completed to Dunleith, this city held a big celebration of the event. On the question of taking two hundred and fifty thousand dol lars stock in the Dubuque & Northwestern Railroad the county voted: For the subscription, 2,166; against the subscription, 1,010. On October 3, 1856, steam was raised in the engine "Dubuque" for the first time ; this was the first engine in Dubuque ; it required considerable care and skill to bring this engine across on the ferry and to load and unload it. The Tete des Mortes branch of the Dubuque & Pacific road was considered in 1855-6 and early in 1857 was being constructed. By January 1, 1857, the Dubuque & Pa cific road was completed to within five miles of DyersviUe. By proclamation of Mayor Wilson December 13, 1856, was set as the date of the special election to decide whether the city should borrow five hundred thousand dollars for railroad purposes. The election was duly held with the following results: For the loan, 1,456; against the loan, 4; rejected by canvassers, 1 ; majority for the loan, 1,451. "We congratulate the people upon the result of the ballot yesterday. It has settled the railroad policy of Du- 246 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY buque to have a system of railroads reaching to the Southwest and the Northwest." — (Express and Herald, December 17, 1856.) All Dubuque was urged to assist all Northwest, Southwest, Du buque & Bellevue and Turkey River Valley railroads. "These roads will do more to build up Dubuque than all other means com bined. Before Dubuque will be, next to Chicago, the great city of the West, the lines of roadroad in course of construction and those recently projected must be pushed on towards completion." — (Ex press and Herald, January 28, 1857.) The Dubuque Southwestern Railroad was let to contractors in January, 1857, and was thirty-one miles long — four between Du buque and the junction with the Dubuque & Pacific and the balance between Farley and Anamosa. The road was let at twenty-five thousand dollars a mile. The newspapers at this time indulged in pleasing dreams as to the future of Dubuque. Several made it the center of the railroads of the West — that is, west of Chicago. In January, 1857, the following officers of the Dubuque, St. Paul & St. Peters Railroad were elected: F. E. Bissell, president; J. W. Taylor, treasurer; B. M. Samuels, attorney; H. E. Fellowes, secretary ; James Langworthy, Gen. John Hodgdon, Governeur Mor ris, W. J. Barney, G. L. Nightingale, Gen. W. Lewis, Hon. G. W. Jones, directors. By a handbill dated February 23, 1857, the citizens of Cascade called a railroad meeting to be held in that town March 7 "to secure the location of the Great Northwestern Railroad on the route from Galena to this place." George W. Trumbull was chairman of the citizens' committee which called the meeting. By special act of Legislature approved January 28, 1857, the city of Dubuque was authorized to subscribe for two hundred and fifty thousand dollars stock of the Dubuque, St. Peters and St. Paul Railroad and to issue bonds for that purpose. The vote here, March 31, 1857, as to whether the city should lend her credit by issuing bonds to the amount of five hundred thousand dollars additional to aid the Dubuque, St. Peters &_St. Paul Railroad, resulted as follows: For the loan, 1,129; against the loan, 94; illegal, 5; total vote, 1,228. By May 20, 1857, work had been commenced by the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad Company along Lake Peosta, near Eighteenth street. "The first shipment from the interior on the Dubuque & Pacific road was brought in on Thursday from DyersviUe. It consisted of a con signment to West & Hopkins of 450 barrels of flour for shipment. — (Express and Herald, May 20, 1857.) . Mayor Wilson, Edward Langworthy and F. Herron, in June, 1857, were successful in negotiating this city's railroad bonds in New York City, where thev had been sent for that purpose, the building of the Dubuque Western Railroad in 1857 led to the rapid growth of Farley Junction. Many buildings were soon in process HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 247 of construction. The Illinois Central and the Dubuque & Pacific railroads secured in the summer of 1857 a large site for a station and depot at Jones and Iowa streets, extending through to Dodge. The two roads pledged themselves to build a union depot that would cost one hundred thousand dollars. A fine railroad bridge across the river was also planned. In consequence land near that spot advanced fifty percent within a few days. Dubuque expected by the Northwest Railroad to cut off and capture nearly all the trade of southern Minnesota by running to the rear of McGregor's Landing, La Crescent, Winona, Reed's Landing and Hastings, and draw off much of the trade of St. An thony, Minneapolis and St. Paul, the Pacific road would bring here the trade of all northern Iowa and the Southwestern road to Ana- mosa on the Iowa Central Line would bring central Iowa trade here, cutting off Sabula and Lyons. — (Express and Herald, April 22, 1857.) "Look Out for the Locomotive. — The trains on the Dubuque & Pacific road commence tomorrow to make regular trips to Dyers viUe." — (Express and Herald, April 22, 1857.) "Brought Over. — The Dubuque & Pacific road has had brought over and placed upon the track their two passenger cars. On Monday they will bring over their new locomotive 'Black Hawk,' then 'look out for squalls.' " — (Express and Herald, April 29, 1857.) The Dubuque Western Railroad and the Dubuque, St. Peters & St. Paul Railroad occupied joint depot grounds and were upon the main channel of the Mississippi and centrally located. The first mentioned road leased the line of the Dubuque & Pacific company as far as Farley Junction, from which point it passed south westward to Anamosa, its object being to strike the Iowa coal fields. This road could not go via Cascade owing to the heavy grades. "The contract cost of the first thirty miles from Dubuque to DyersviUe is $1,100,000, which is $36,666 per mile; this in cludes building, rolling stock, etc., except fencing and ballasting." — (Express and Herald, November 4, 1857.) The Dubuque Western Railroad had two locomotives named "Lonsdale" and "Columbiana." The former went into a slough, but was raised. Previous to October, 1858, the citizens of Du buque voted loans for railroad purposes as follows : Dubuque & Pacific $ 200,000 Dubuque Western 250,000 Turkey River Valley 200,000 Dubuque & St. Peters 750,000 Dubuque & Bellevue 100,000 Southern Wisconsin 150,000 Total $1 ,650,000 248 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Up to that time there had been issued only $200,000 for the Dubuque & Pacific and $250,000 for the Dubuque Western. It was now proposed, owing to the hard times, to issue no more of the bonds and the question of further issues was laid over to a subsequent date in the City Council. In March, 1857, the Council of Dubuque was petitioned to lend the Dubuque, St. Peters & St. Paul Railroad $500,000 more, making in all $750,000. The press at this time demanded that the railroad company should now "show its hand" before expecting this large addition to its subscriptions. It was demanded that the route of the road should be made known. "The city has dealt even magnanimously with the proposed road already, having given it, or is ready to give it, $250,000, and now its directors ask a half million more. The city is rich, to be sure; she has sold a large amount of real estate recently, and has a large amount more to sell, and she may be able to give a half million to the first applicant; but we submit whether she ought not to know how and where it is to be put." — (Express and Herald, March 11, 1857.) As a matter of fact the company proposed to start from DyersviUe instead of from Dubuque. On and after May 16, 1859, regular trains were run on the Dubuque & Western Railway. They left Farley Junction every morning at 9:30. The trains ran as far as Sand Spring, where stages received passengers who were bound farther westward. The trains at Farley Junction connected with those on the Dubuque & Pacific. Both the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Rail ways practiced extortion on the shippers at Dubuque, and the river freight and packet companies and concerns did even worse. It was shown in March, 1859, that a saving of about 30 cents per hundred could be gained by shipping via Milwaukee. "It is well known that freight from Chicago to Dunleith has been kept at much higher rates than at any other points on the Mississippi; the consequence is that Davenport, Fulton City and McGregor have had a great advantage over Dubuque." — (Express and Herald Cor., March 23, 1859.) Over one hundred of the leading business men of Dubuque petitioned the Illinois Central Railroad early in April, 1862, to cancel the new order concerning freight carriage between Dubuque and Dunleith, and asked that they be allowed to deliver and re ceive their own freight at Dunleith. The order objected to was as follows : "In future the rates from Dunleith to Chicago will be the same as from Dubuque : On grain, 23 cents per 100 pounds ; on flour, 45 cents per barrel; and all freight will be transferred from Dubuque by our regular transfer agent at above rates." In 1867 the Illinois Central and the Dubuque & Sioux City rail ways were united and a railway bridge at Dubuque was planned. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 249 At this date the Sioux City line had ninety-nine miles in opera tion and the Southwestern forty-four miles. In 1868 great efforts to secure lines that would compete with the Illinois Central were made. In the summer the tunnel through the bluff at Dunleith was being cut and 300 men were at work on the railroad bridge. Right of way upon reasonable terms was given at all times to railway companies that made the right showing and meant busi ness. In March, 1870, Dubuque undertook the task of raising $200,- 000 private subscription for the Dubuque & Minnesota Railway, which promised a very much desired communication with the upper country; by March 19 $150,100 had been subscribed. A passenger station was located at White and Fifth streets. Work on the above railway was pushed in 1871 ; Guttenburg was the first large town it reached above Dubuque. The first passenger car for that line arrived at Dubuque about September 1 3 ; also twenty-five new box cars. October 9, 1871, the first regular pas senger train ran up this line. A large excursion from Dubuque ran to Lansing May 8, 1872; this was the opening to that city. In 1872 the machine shops at Eagle Point were built. In 1872 the Chicago, Clinton & Dubuque road was opened to Clinton; a big excursion celebrated the event. The pivot in the drawbridge broke in 1874, but another was secured from Pittsburg in a hurry. The Dubuque, Cascade & Western road was talked of late in the seven ties. The railway tariff law was repealed by the legislature in • March, 1878. By November 4 cars ran through to Zwingle on the Cascade & Bellevue road. In 1880 the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Company bought out the Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque & Minnesota line. In the eighties, on the question of retaining the Milwaukee shops by a donation of $35,000, the city voted — for retention, 1,704; against retention, 54. The Dubuque & North western was planned in 1882-3. This road was assisted by $160,- 000 or more on a 5 per cent tax; it was called Chicago, Burling ton & Northern in 1884; this line connected the whole Burlington system with Dubuque. This line paid General Booth $55,000 for a depot site, etc., from the Third street bridge to the river front. In March, 1886, DyersviUe voted a 5 per cent tax to aid this line. The Dubuque & Northwestern and the Minnesota & Northwestern cqnsolidated late in 1886. Dubuque assisted the Chicago, Milwau kee & St. Paul line with $60,000 in 1886. The ordinance of October, 1870, granted the Dubuque & Minne sota Railway Company the right of way through the city, and made careful provisions for all probable contingencies. The ordi nance of February, 1871, gave the Dubuque, Bellevue & Mississippi Railway Company the same rights. The ordinance of March, 1 88 1, granted the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Com pany the same right. The ordinances of March, 1884, and Juner 250 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 1885, gave the Dubuque & Northwestern Railway Company the same privileges. The ordinance of February, 1886, granted the Chicago, Burlington & Northern Railway Company right of way through the city. The latter was given additional rights by ordi nance October, 1890. The ordinance of December, 1884, gave the Illinois Central Railroad Company similar rights and privi leges; other ordinances extended its rights and subjected it to further duties and accommodations. Ordinances were passed in April, 1878, and January, 1883, granting C. H. Booth and H. L Stout and Ingram, Kennedy & Day the right to lay railway tracks along certain streets. In 1888 the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad was projected to pass through Monmouth, Canton, Garryowen, Maquoketa to Dubuque. It was shown here that $150,000 could be raised for this road. In 1887 the talked of removal of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul shops from Dubuque caused considerable excitement, a great deal of inquiry and many angry articles in the newspapers. Late in 1895 the plan to connect Dubuque with the Chicago & North-Western Railroad was favorably and enthusiastically con sidered here. A company was organized in Dubuque with that object in view — to connect this city with Toledo and therefore with the whole North-Western system. A large meeting, held in Dubuque in December, 1895, to consider the subject, passed resolu tions advocating a tax levy under the law of 1892 to raise the neces sary funds. A pledge of $20,000 was necessary at once; this was promptly given. It was shown that the whole amount needed, about $150,000, could be raised here at once by private subscription. A meeting held in February opposed any new railway tax. Already Dubuque had four great trunk lines— Illinois Central, Great West ern, Burlington & Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. The effort for the new line was made mainly by those business men here who were boosting Dubuque's trade and commerce. The Clinton, Dubuque & North-Western Railway was projected in 1900. Offers of help were freely made here. Dubuque wanted more railways and was willing to pay for them. In 1904 the citizens here quickly subscribed $151,000 for the Dubuque, Iowa & Wisconsin Railway. This movement seems to have been abandoned because in 1906 the citizens subscribed in two weeks' time $125,000 for the same road. In 1907 the Illinois & Western Railway was allowed to use the streets and alleys tor rail way purposes. MILITARY AFFAIRS. SOLDIERS who had served in the Revolution may have been among the first settlers of Dubuque county; and it is certain that volunteers of the War of 1812 and of the Blackhawk con flict located here. In December, 1836, Peter H. Engle was given the rank of colonel by the Wisconsin territorial authorities and was appointed aid to the colonel of the militia. In 1837 Col. W. W. Chapman resigned his position as colonel of the Fourth Wisconsin regiment of militia. In the fall of 1837, Col. William S. Hamilton was commander of the First brigade of militia of the counties of Iowa, Dubuque, Des Moines and Crawford. General order No. 1 by Gov. Robert Lucas, commander-in-chief of the militia of Iowa territory, divided the territory into three divisions. In the Third division the counties of Dubuque, Clay ton, Fayette and attached territory were constituted the Second brigade, and to Dubuque county was assigned the First regiment of this brigade and division. Peter Hill and John King, of Du buque, were appointed aides-de-camp to the commander-in-chief. Warner Lewis, of Dubuque, was appointed major-general in com mand of the Third division, and Francis Gehon was appointed brigadier-general in command of the Second brigade. Gen. Fran cis Gehon died in Dubuque, April 2, 1849. He was born in Ten nessee in 1797 and grew up in Kentucky and Illinois. He engaged in merchandising at Helena, Arkansas, and Dodgeville, Wiscon sin. He commanded a company during the Blackhawk war. In about 1833 he came to Dubuque county and in 1836 was ap pointed United States marshal and was reappointed until 1841. In 1842 he was elected to the Iowa territorial legislature. In 1846 he was tendered the command of a company of dragoons for the Mexican war, but was compelled to decline on account of ill health. He was able and honest ; he was a Baptist. A small squad of men from this county served in the "Missouri War" of 1839; they went down the river and joined companies at Burlington or Keokuk. Timothy Mason and George Wilson, the latter being a brother of Judge Thomas S. Wilson, were edu cated at West Point. Dubuque, Delaware and Buchanan counties were constituted the Fourth regiment of the territorial militia in January, 1838. Paul Cain was colonel of the Wisconsin militia Fourth regiment. He commanded captains to parade their com- 251 252 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY panies June 23, 1838. Accordingly Capt. William Allen called out the First company at Dubuque. Capt. George O. Karrick died here in July, 1869. He was edu cated at West Point and soon afterward became first mate on the steamer Mandan on the Mississippi river. He came to the Du buque mining regions in 1836 and soon became owner of Jordan's ferry, becoming also mail contractor, hotel keeper, etc. In 1845 he became a clerk in the surveyor-general's office. He was con nected with many of the industrial enterprises of early times. He was elected captain of the only company raised in Dubuque county for the Mexican war. His training at West Point fitted him for this position. R. O. Anderson was first lieutenant. They raised a company of sixty-five volunteers, drilled constantly for two months, and were then informed that their services were not needed, whereupon the company was disbanded. • He thus ob tained his title of captain. He was a classmate of Capt. Joshua Barney, government engineer to improve the Dubuque harbor in 1843-4. In May, 1846, Dubuque was called upon by Governor Clarke, of Iowa, for a company for the Mexican war, and accordingly sixty-five volunteers were promptly raised by George O. Karrick, R. O. Anderson, John Parker, George McHenry and others. They drilled and fitted themselves for service, but were not called out by the authorities. Over a full regiment was raised in Iowa by June 25, 1846, as follows: Des Moines county, two companies; Lee, two companies; Van Buren, two companies; Muscatine, one company; Louisa, one company; Washington, one company; Du buque, one company; Johnson, one company; Linn, one company; Jefferson, one company ; total, thirteen companies. This regiment, ' as such, was not called into the service. About June 25, 1846, a full company under Captain Wright left Galena for the front and in it were a few volunteers from Dubuque county. Iowa sent only one company to the Mexican war, numbering 113 men, rank and file ; they reached the front May 25 and in less than one year were reduced by disease and death to thirty-six men. They were called the "Iowa Dragoons." Capt. James H. Morgan was their commander. , In 1847, Capt. John Parker enlisted a few recruits here for the war, and at the same time Capt. John R. Bennett, of Bloomington, also called for recruits here. Late in 1847 Thomas H. Benton, Jr., was captain of the Dubuque Guards. "It was a fine company, but too few in numbers. It was uniformed and met regularly at its armory to drill," said the Express. John O Mara of this county, served in the Mexican war as a member of the lexas Riflemen; he fought at Monterey and in the battles before the City of Mexico; he died here of ill health in 1848. In 1848 strong efforts to secure bounty and extra pay for the Mexican war veterans HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 253 were made; David S. Wilson and others here kept blank papers and proved up claims and discharges. The Dubuque City Guards were organized in July, 185 1 ; but as yet they had no uniforms. They were finally fully uniformed and paraded in full dress for the first time March 17, 1854, under Capt. M. M. Hayden; it was said that they were all Irish except the captain; Governor Hempstead reviewed the company. They were called upon late in 1854 to check strolling and marauding Indian bands in the Northwest. General Shields had general com mand of the company during this movement; when called upon there were only about twenty men in the company, but enough to make sixty were promptly raised. They quit business, drilled, hired teams, but were not required to leave the city, though they were at great expense. Later they presented claims for pay, which were scaled down by the legislature and finally allowed. In 1856 the Union Guards were organized with Peter A. Lori mier captain ; the City Guards were in existence at this time ; thus Dubuque had two companies which appeared at nearly all public functions out of doors. They participated in the celebration of the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1855, and were out in full strength; the occasion ended with a supper at the Julien House. A small company, of which Judge Hempstead was captain, was organized in February, 1858. This company, reorganized, became the "Governor's Greys," named in honor of Governor Hempstead. They were presented with a beautiful flag in 1859 by the ladies of Dubuque, Miss Sallie Lewis making the presentation speech, and Capt. J. M. Robison replying; this flag was taken to the field in 1861 and led and inspired the company at the battle of Wilson's Creek. In November, 1858, the City Guards tendered their serv ices to the state to assist in punishing the Indians guilty of the Spirit Lake massacre, but they were not needed. In August, 1859, there were four military companies here: City Guards, Capt. M. M. Hayden ; Governor's Greys, Capt. J. M. Robinson; Washington Guards, Capt. H. H. Heath, and Jackson Guards, Capt. S. D. Brodtbeck ; the latter company had just been formed. Captain Brodtbeck had seen service in the Swedish army. The Washington Guards was first organized in May, 1859. In February, i860, the Greys received from the state sixty rifled muskets and the necessary accoutrements. In March, i860, Cap tain Brodtbeck was appointed major of the Third battalion of Iowa militia by Governor Kirkwood. "The, Governor's Greys were out on parade yesterday in their new white accoutrements. We will defy any city in the West to turn out a better looking military company or a 'whiter' lot of boys than our own G. G.'s. 'Tis true they are composed of the very pink of our finest young men, still there is not a tinge of the cod- 254 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY fish in the composition of one of them."— (Herald April 10 i860.) ' ' R. G. Herron soon succeeded H. H. Heath as captain of the Washington Guards, and was re-elected in May, i860. The Greys were reorganized in April, 1859; in July they numbered thirty- three. In August and September, i860, the Dubuque light artil lery company was organized; thirty-two citizens signed the call for the meeting that organized this company. In September, i860, the officers of the Dubuque regiment of militia were as follows: J. F. Bates, colonel; F. B. Wilke, lieutenant-colonel; N. G. Will iams, major; George W. Waldron, adjutant. In October this was announced to be the only organized militia regiment in the state; they began to meet regularly and drill in November. In October a company called the "Douglas Rangers" was organized, its captain being Newton Mills. Captain Gottschalk commanded the Jackson Guards in November. A company called the "Blues" was organ ized at DyersviUe at this date. On January 11, 1 861, the First regiment of Iowa militia, Colonel Bates commanding, fired 200 guns from the heights above the town with two pieces of artillery in honor of Major Anderson. The colonel with his entire staff was out, and the Washington Guards, Governor's Greys and Jackson Guards were represented by their officers. Each company planted its flag on the height. "The demonstration was received with lively satisfaction by all the citizens — Democrats, Republicans and all classes, irrespective of political affiliations. Hurrah for Major Anderson ! and hurrah for the First regiment of Iowa militia!" — (Herald, January 12, 1861.) There were here in January, 1861 : Washington Guards, Governor's Greys, Jackson Guards, Turner Rifles, Dubuque Light Horse and City Guards. Of these the City Guards were nearly defunct ; the Light Horse were unequipped ; the Turner Rifles were an independent organi zation; so that there were really only three companies here that could be depended upon for military service. Neither of these turned out more than an average of about thirty men each — in all about ninety men, or one full company. "A certain number of our companies should be broken up, for the reason that they are weak and inefficient for all military ends and purposes. Their members attend drills when it suits their convenience — act as best suits their convenience when they do attend, and disgrace them selves and everybody else when on parade." — (Herald, January 23, 1861.), On January 14, 1861, the Governor's Greys passed a resolution tendering their services to the state or the government for the suppression of the rebellion; this was probably the first actual tender of men in the state. The Herald, in issue after issue, having both intimated and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 255 stated what the Republicans ought to do, was answered by the Times of January 21, 1861 : "We hope our Disunion neighbor of the Herald will not permit himself to suffer much mental torture in his solicitude for the Republicans of Iowa. On reflection it will occur to him that they have heretofore not only managed to get along rather comfortably without his fostering care, but in spite of his bitterest warfare. They are in condition to do the same thing for a good while to come. The Herald says there are tens of thousands of Republicans in Iowa who favor the adop tion of the Crittenden proposition. Does that paper know what it is talking about?" The Herald replied at length, saying among ther things: "We hereby reiterate the belief that there are tens of thousands of Republicans in Iowa who would save this Union if the adoption of the Crittenden proposition would do it ; we trust we do but simple justice to the patriotism of a portion of the Republican party. The Times knows we are not Disunionists. We favor a settlement of the difficulties between the North and South on terms fair and honorable to both." — (Herald, January 23, 1 861.) On February 26, 1861, twenty sets of sabers and Colt's pistols arrived here for Captain Dillon, of the Horse Guards. A great carnival of three days' duration was held here at the anniversary of Washington's birthday, 1861. The two companies, Greys and Guards, paraded in splendid style and the famous Germania band was present at all functions. The event closed with a grand ball at City Hall. "All the captains in Dubuque have received letters from Adjutant-General Bowen requiring them to report their con dition." — (Herald, February 3, 1861.) In February, 1861, Capt. M. M. Hayden applied to Governor Kirkwood for a piece of ord nance in exchange for the arms in its possession, but was answered that there was no authority to make such an exchange. Captain Hayden had previously sent a portion of his muskets to the Dyers viUe Blues. The Herald took the position in January and February, 1861, that the South was acting under the Constitution and should not be coerced. It said: "It is to be hoped that there will be no conflict between Fort Sumter and the South Carolinians; for if a con flict ensues and blood be shed and lives lost, it will not be in the power of the federal government to restrain the fanaticism of the North from indulging itself in the commission of such acts of hos tility against the South as it has long sought for a pretext to justify it in doing. The South commits the greatest folly in giving its northern enemies a justification for the course which will un doubtedly be taken by the North, should the South become the aggressor as apprehended." — (Herald, February 1, 1861.) The Herald could see no hope for the Union in President Lin coln's inaugural. "The President's inaugural address pronounces- 256 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the dissolution of the Union, and it will be heard ominously as its death knell," it said. A call signed by about ioo citizens appeared about the middle of January, 1861, for a meeting of "all persons who are impressed with the imminent perils of dissolution now threatening the Union and are willing in a spirit of conciliation and compromise to agree to an adjustment of the questions which now unhappily distract the country, upon the basis of the Crittenden Compromise proposi tions." The date of the meeting was set at 7 p. m. on January 18. This Union meeting assembled at the court house, and War ner Lewis was called to the chair and William W. Mills made secretary. A committee of five was appointed to draft resolu tions — T. M. Monroe, Dr. James C. Lay, Thomas Faherty, James H. Williams and J. H. Emerson. While they were consulting the secretary read the Crittenden resolutions and the meeting was addressed in a strong Union appeal by John D. Jennings. The resolutions declared that the people were unalterably attached to the Union; that there was no natural conflict between the two sections; and that the Crittenden Compromise or some other prac tical proposition based upon a like spirit of material concession should be adopted. After debate the resolutions were unani mously adopted. Among the speakers were Thomas M. Monroe, Dr. T. O. Edwards, L. H. Langworthy, George McHenry, M. B. Mulkern and others. The meeting adjourned after appointing a committee to prepare a memorial and procure signatures and for ward the same to Congress praying for the passage of the Crit tenden resolutions or others of the same spirit. "The agitation and exciting news of the last few days, contra dictory as it is, is nevertheless evidence enough of the intention of the administration to carry out the principles of the 'irrepressi ble conflict,' come of it what will. Civil war, of course, will be the result."— (Herald, April 9, 1861.) "War has probably been commenced between the North and the South, consequent upon the persistency of the administration to hold Fort Sumter and to carry into effect the doctrine of the 'irrepressible conflict.' We have but little heart today for comment. In a day or two at farthest we shall probably have the result of the conflict in Charles ton harbor. We anticipate it will be a bloody one — destructive of life and property, and the beginning of a revolution which will end in the destruction of the government and of course of the Union."— (Herald, April 10, 1861.) The Herald argued that while in the abstract the government had a right to reinforce Fort Sumter, other circumstances overshadowed such right and a dif ferent course should be taken — remedial measures should be adopted. "A parental government would have tried remedial measures first before resorting to the exercise of its vengeance; but the BIRDSEYE VIEW OF DUBUQUE STEPS TO CEMETERY HILL HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 257 government as administered by Mr. Lincoln seems to know of but one course to pursue, and that is to provoke a conflict between the government and its disaffected people, for the purpose of coerc ing them to obey its own behests and to submit to the infliction of intolerable grievances from a fanatical faction which have ob tained control of the government." — (Herald, April 10, 1861.) "What deep lethargy has fallen on the American people? The government is tumbling into ruins. The nation is on the verge of a plunge into civil war. Imbecility of rulers at the federal capi tal is governed by a military dictator. Hostile fleets and armies are dispatched to begin hostilities upon our brethren of the South, when that act shall become the death knell of the Union. Men of all parties can be found who deprecate the hostile operations of the military dictator at Washington. Let us all who are opposed to the code of coercion meet in one vast. body in Dubuque and protest with our loudest voice against civil war and the military terrorism inaugurated at Wasihngton. Our motto should be, 'No fraternal bloodshed — no civil war; but peace and conciliation.'" --(America, in Herald, April 11, 1861.) On Saturday, April 13, came the telegraphic news that Fort Sumter had been attacked by the South Carolinians. Much excite ment was kindled in Dubuque. The Herald said: "The govern ment, as we have said already, possesses the undoubted right to chastise rebellious people even unto death, but is it always the best policy to exercise this right? The precipitation of the country into civil war brings upon us all the solemn duty of rallying our physical energies and mental powers in the sacred cause of our country. Nothing will do now, it seems, but to goad our erring and, if it must be so, rebellious brethren of the South into the commission of such acts of violence as must be repelled and chastised. Nothing will do with the administration but to irri tate their already excited temper; nothing will satisfy the fanatics of the North but a provocation to civil war, in which they may accomplish their darling object — that which they have long hoped for, that for which they have toiled for many years — the incite ment of the slaves to insurrection against their masters, and as lliey hope the consequent emancipation of those slaves, the abolition of slavery and the ruin and subjugation of the South to the political thraldom of northern fanaticism." — (Herald, April 13, 1S61.) ,V The call for volunteers by President Lincoln met the approval of all Republicans here and also that of many Democrats, particularly of the Herald, which had recommended that course some time before, though in a modified way. There was much excitement, which induced the Herald to say : "Some have suffered themselves to be carried away by this excitement so far as to indulge in ex pressions, the result of emotions which are well calculated to pro- 258 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY duce disastrous consequences even away here far distant from the scene of conflict. This is not the time for men to give way to their passions; this not the time to indulge in harshness of ex pression, nor in the language of provocation, nor crimination and recrimination." — (Herald, April 16, 1861.), "People gathered in groups at the street corners and around the printing offices to hear and discuss the news, and in some instances the discussion was carried on in a spirit very illy calculated to allay the excitement which was on the point of explosion into violence for some time." — (Same.) In all the churches on Sunday the pastors endeavored to quiet the people. Rev. Father Donelan in the morning of Sunday, April 14, 1 86 1, and Rev. Father Durnin in the evening, at the Cathedral, referred in an impressive manner to the unfortunate condition of the country. The former was almost overpowered by his emotions, and many of his congregation were affected to tears as he pictured the horrors of a fratricidal war. A public meeting was called by hand bills on Monday evening, April 15, at the corner of Main and Eighth street, for the purpose of securing an expression of opinion in favor of supporting the government against the secession movement. A large crowd gath ered and were addressed by L. H. Langworthy, O. P. Shiras, H. T. Utley, T. M. Monroe and William Mills. The following resolutions offered by C. P. Redmond were adopted : Whereas, A portion of the people living under the government of the United States have seen fit to set at naught the authority of the national government, to take possession of the public and other property not rightfully in their possession, and have opposed by arms the legally constituted authority, and have by unmis takable acts declared an aggressive war against qur beloved insti tutions, therefore, Resolved, That the people of Dubuque, as good citizens of the United States should and do, regret with sincere feelings the rash ness which has driven our southern brethren into arms against the government and the terrible necessity of civil war which has thus been forced upon us. Resolved, That as good citizens it is our solemn and unavoid able duty to sustain and uphold the government and the execution of its laws and the vindication of its authority. Resolved, That we will give our devoted attachment, our un wavering confidence and our unconditional support to the govern ment of the United States. Resolved, That our hearts are still loyal to the great principle of constitutional liberty and free government upon which the wisdom of our forefathers erected the temple of the Constitution under the shade of which we have enjoyed so many and so great blessings, and that the ruthless hands and traitorous hearts that HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 259 would destroy this beautiful temple merit from us the severest reprobation and the most undaunted opposition. Resolved, That if we cannot have union we will preserve liberty and the Constitution. After the adoption of the resolutions the meeting continued to grow in size and loyalty. Speeches were made by D. N. Cooley, Ben M. Samuels, F. W. Palmer, D. S. Wilson, S. P. Adams and James Burt. The stars and stripes were displayed from Root's gallery and during the speaking any remarks not in harmony with the resolutions, and there were a number, were interrupted by pungent questions and hisses. "Dr. C. B. Smith said he knew there was a small squad of secessionists here, 'but,' said he, 'their leader, thank God, is not a native of the soil and if he had his deserts he would be swinging from the nearest lamp post.' So intense was the sympathy of the audience with the patriotic utterances of the speaker that at the con clusion of one of his sentences they could not restrain a marked dem onstration of applause." — (Times, April 16, 1861.) "The Times yesterday contained not less than three articles hav ing for their object the incitement of violence towards this office and the editor of this paper. If the destruction of the property of this office and the hanging to a lamp post of ourselves, as the Rev. Dr. Billings Smith amiably and charitably as became his calling of minister of the gospel would have done, should be the only consequence of the efforts of the Times, Dr. Smith and others to create a riot and destroy life and property in this com munity, it might not be so serious an affair. But there are other property and other lives besides ours." — (Herald, April 17, 1861.) On April 17 the Washington Guards formally offered their . services to the governor. Mr. Vandever had already tendered the Greys. Upon the fall of Fort Sumter the Herald displayed a large spread eagle, which the Times construed as showing the joy of that paper at the surrender of the fort to the rebels. "It is rumored that the Herald has lost over two hundred sub scribers within the last forty-eight hours, on account of the spirit shown and position taken in relation to our troubles with the re belling states. Never has there been such an exhibition of feeling towards any paper in this city before as there was to our con temporary yesterday and the day before. We are sorry to see this, as it is better to have the Herald running here alone, as the organ of Democracy, than to have some good paper started that would represent the sentiments of the young Democrats." — (Times, April 16, 1861.) "The foregoing appeared in the local columns of the Times yesterday. It implies what is false when it intimates that this paper has ever uttered other than Union sentiments, and we dare 260 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the Times to show the contrary by word or act. Whatever feeling may have been manifested toward this office and towards us personally is the result of the malignant partisanship of which the Times is the echo, the organ and the advocate." — (Herald, April 17, 1861.) V No sooner had the citizens here recovered their equilibrium than they began effective operations. The Governor's Greys and Jackson Guards quickly recruited to the maximum for each com pany. The Herald continued to find fault with the administra tion and deal in moral and constitutional platitudes and was sup ported by a large following throughout the county. "Jackson Guards. — We understood last night that the Jackson Guards company was nearly full. This city will probably offer three companies, and as but two can be accepted, it will be a strife among them as to which shall go." — (Herald, April 19, 1861.) "Washington Guards. — This company is filling up rapidly with recruits. Last night a meeting was held, at which quite a number were enrolled. The company meets tonight for drill and to re ceive recruits. Parties who joined the company last evening are requested to meet for drill tonight." — (Herald, April 19, 1861.) "The Sinews of War. — The State Bank of Dubuque has made a tender of a loan to Governor Kirkwood to aid in putting the Iowa regiments in the field, in compliance with the requisition of the president. This branch of the bank offers all the money that may be needed for this purpose." — (Herald, April 19, 1861.) "The Stars and Stripes waved from many a building yesterday. There was one suspended across the street from the Herald office, also from the Times office and numerous other places — Iowa Staats Zeitung, Tremont House, Julien House, G. R. West's warehouse and from many stores and saloons. Flags are on the rise." — (Herald, April 19, 1861.) On April 19 the Governor's Greys passed a formal resolution holding themselves in readiness to obey a requisition from Gov ernor Kirkwood. They at once opened a recruiting office for the purpose of raising their number to the required limits. It was proposed to hold a public meeting for the purpose of forming a home guard that under all circumstances would support the flag and the Constitution. It was also proposed to raise a subscription to care for the families of volunteers in their absence. On April 19, 1861, Col. J. F. Bates addressed the following order to Capt. R. G. Llerron, of the Washington Guards, Lieut. W. H. Clark, Governor's Greys, and Capt. F. Gottschalk, Jackson Guards : "Sir : A requisition having been made by Governor Kirk wood for two or more companies from this section to form a part of the regiment required of this state by the President, you are hereby ordered to fill up your company to seventy-eight men and be prepared to march at a moment's warning at the call of the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 261 proper authority. The companies of the First regiment in this section, the Governor's Greys, Washington Guards and Jackson Guards, will, unless otherwise ordered by the governor, meet at Davenport, the place of general rendezvous, with other companies of the state, by the 20th of May, but are liable to be called into service at any moment. When the companies composing the regi ment meet at the rendezvous, they will elect their regimental offi cers. You are hereby ordered to open the armory of your com pany for the purpose of receiving recruits and appoint a recruiting officer to be daily in attendance. The companies will act upon all applications and none but able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 45 will be accepted. Drills are hereby ordered for every night in each company until further order. When your company is full you will report to me without delay." William Vandever was appointed an aid to Governor Kirkwood. The war absorbed all other topics at this time. Eight young men arrived by rail on April 20 to enlist in companies here; six were from the college of Hopkinton, Delaware county, and were named Westlake, Morgan, Webb, Hussey, Spears and Metsler. By the evening of April 20 the three recruiting offices were in full blast. The Greys had then sixty-eight names enrolled, the Wash ington Guards about sixty-five and the Jackson Guards over sixty. The Washington Guards had an offer of six men and a drummer from Epworth. A large Union meeting was held at the Julien Theater April 20. Colonel McHenry called the meeting to order. Mayor Stout was elected chairman and C. Childs secretary. The following vice- presidents were chosen: Colonel McHenry, W. A. Jordan, P. A. Lorimier, F. V. Goodrich, T. Davis, L. Clark, Z. Streeter, J. P. Colter, J. C. Cummings, Benjamin Rupert and W. B. Allison. Judge Clark was called out and delivered an eloquent speech on the necessity of maintaining the Constitution. Other speakers were McHenry, Vandever, Trumbull, Adams and Ross. The object of the meeting was to organize a home guard, which was done, and the following officers were elected, their duties under the resolu tions adopted being to receive and disburse funds for the benefit of families of volunteers : H. L. Stout, president ; W. A. Jordan and F. V. Goodrich, vice-presidents ; J. K. Graves, treasurer ; Will iam W. Mills, secretary; H. W. Pettit, corresponding secretary. Subscriptions to the amount of nearly $1,200 were received. Many men came from all parts of Dubuque county and from adjoining counties, hoping to get into the companies organizing here. One man from Jackson county walked twenty-five miles without stopping and was accepted by the Greys. The companies were almost constantly on the drill. The volunteers were mostly young men, twenty-one years or under. There was a misunderstanding as to the duties and character of 262 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the home guard — whether it should be an organization to care for families of volunteers or a body of militia ready to take the field if necessary. Later it was shown that the home guard was a different organization from the one that had been formed. The one formed was a volunteer fund board. The committee to organ ize the home guard was Samuel Ross, S. D. Brodtbeck and L. W. Jackson. The volunteer fund board put everything in systematic and working order with investigations and regular reports. Still many of the wealthiest citizens apparently took no interest in the proceedings. On April 20 the boats from St. Louis had on board several hun dred free negroes who had been notified to leave St. Louis. A few of them landed at Dubuque. Boats were required to show their colors at all landings and all flung out the Stars and Stripes. Several boats reported seeing the secession flag flying at Hannibal and other Missouri ports. Several members of the Washington Guards appeared before the volunteer fund board on April 22 and stated that they were not prepared for immediate service unless they were assured that their families would be taken care of in their absence. The follow ing guaranty was immediately given: "We, the undersigned com mittee appointed by the Union meeting held on Saturday evening, the 20th of April, 1861, for the purpose of providing funds for the support of the families of such of our citizens as may vol unteer in the service of their country, hereby pledge ourselves to see that the purpose for which we were appointed is fully carried out and that the families of all such are fully supported during the absence of such volunteers." (Signed by) H. L. Stout, J. K. Graves, M. Allison, G. F. Matthews, A. H. Mills, J. C. Chapline, T. Faherty ; W. W. Mills, secretary. On April 23 the Governor's Greys and Jackson Guards left for the rendezvous at Davenport. The Greys headed by the Ger- mania band marched from their armory about 3 p. m. and waited a short time below Sixth street for the Jackson Guards. Both companies as they passed along the streets were surrounded by hundreds of friends, who were shaking their hands and bidding them good-bye. At the levee the only open space left by the flood was crowded with men, women and children, sorrowing and at the same time rejoicing at the departure of the volunteers. The troops were soon on board the Alhambra, but the crowd still lin gered, cheering and bidding them perhaps a last farewell. Amid the firing of cannon, the waving of hands and handkerchiefs and shouts of "God bless you !" and "Good-bye," the boat steamed out into the river and started for Davenport. Many tears were shed, for it was realized that some of the boys would never return. Not a few of the young soldiers themselves wiped away tears as they passed along the streets or turned to look for the last time on the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 263 friends and city they loved so well. One had left a young bride, another an aged mother, others wives and children, and all left behind loved ones. There were many full hearts and tearful eyes that memorable day. The United States marshal notified the Illinois Central Railroad Company on the 23d to receive no more freight for ports below Cairo, Illinois. Samuel Osborne, orderly sergeant of the Greys, was left behind under orders to bring to Davenport, April 27, fourteen additional volunteers. Five printers were with the first two companies sent off. When the first two companies departed, Bishop Smyth dismissed his school and with his own hands hoisted the Stars and Stripes form the portico of his home. The schoolboys went to the levee to see the companies depart. The Stars and Stripes were raised on the new custom house by W. W. Martin, the contractor, on April 25. By April 26 the roll of the Washington Guards was about complete. Then Capt. M. M. Hayden began to reorganize the old City Guards, the oldest mili tary company in the city. He required only sixty-five men to com plete the roll. A field piece was to constitute a part of the arms of this company. The committee on home guards recommended the organization of seven companies, as follows : Colonel Heath and Lieutenant Lenehan, one company ; Colonel Ross and Lieutenant Conger, one company; Major Brodtbeck and Lieutenant West, one company; Captain Doolittle and Lieutenant Grosvenor, one company ; Colonel McHenry and Capt. G. O. Karrick, one company; Captain Rubel and Doctor Blumenauer, one company. It was announced that all men capable of bearing arms must be enrolled in one of the companies. At this time there were in the city only about eighty stands of arms, and it was recommended that they should be kept here for emergencies. It was recommended that Colonel Bates should act as field marshal of Dubuque county. It was further recommended that the citizens refrain from angry debate. "The ship of state is on fire! Let us with one hand and one voice, shoulder to shoulder and side by side, extinguish the flames, return it to its original grandeur and nail to its highest mast the Star Spangled Banner," said the committee. Concerning this report and these singular recommendations the Herald said: "It places the whole city under military discipline, military regime, military training, military everything, including military despotism in prospective. This sort of work has gone on long enough, and it is time it were ended. Any number of citizens can organize a home guard for the protection of life and property, preservation of the peace, or as a contingent force for future or emergency service. This will be the Republican or Democratic way of doing things and not the despotic as suggested by the com- 264 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY mittee, with all due deference to them." — (Herald, April 27, 1861.) Governor Kirkwood late in April took dinner in Davenport with the Greys and Guards at their quarters. He called the Greys a "bully company." The men were drilled daily many hours and were very proficient. Their numbers had been increased. They were without uniforms and camp equipment. At the request of Governor Kirkwood citizens of Dubuque interested themselves and the ladies finally organized and began the task of supplying this want. The permanent officers of the ladies' society were: Mrs. J. W. Taylor, president; Mrs. H. L. Stout, vice-president; Mrs. J. L. Langworthy, chairman; Mrs. A. Gillespie, secretary. Large quantities of blankets, socks, handkerchiefs, underclothing, etc., were contributed by the society. All sewing machines in the city were put at this service. The Ladies' Volunteer Labor Society met daily at 9 a. m. and adjourned at 5 p. m. Over 100 ladies were thus occupied on April 30 — all at work on the soldiers' uniforms and other clothing. Smith & Wellington and Mr. Becker cut out the clothing and superintended the making. They were paid by the government. The ladies' work was their volunteer offering. The Volunteer Fund Board reported they had appropriated $8 per week for three families. Col. George McHenry planned to raise a company of Zouaves. When he and Capt. G. O. Karrick appeared on the streets, April 29, in Zouave uniforms, they were surrounded by an admiring and witty crowd. At the Julien House they called for recruits. The Stars and Stripes were formally hoisted early at Cascade on a tall pole. The following night someone hauled down the flag and raised a dead owl in its place and cut the rope off forty feet from the ground. By May 7, 186 1, there had been subscribed in Dubuque in aid of soldiers' families nearly $6,000. Powerful and patriotic sermons were delivered in all the churches of Dubuque during April and May, 1861. Particularly were the sermons of Bishop Smyth, Mr. Holbrook, Mr. Smith and others strong and loyal. The former visited the two companies at Davenport and addressed them from the standpoints both of religion and of patriotic duty. The ladies to the number of 150 were quartered in Globe Hall to make the uniforms. On May 5 the Greys and Guards at Davenport dropped down the river to Keokuk, where all the First regiment was sent about the same time. By May 8 the uniforms of the Jackson Guards were ready to be forwarded to Keokuk, and by the 9th those of the Greys were ready. Mrs. A. Gillespie, secretary of the ladies' society, composed HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 265, about this time the following two stanzas intended as an addition to the "Star Spangled Banner" : "Rise Sons of the West! In your valor arise! 'Tis Freedom that summons your legions to glory ; Ring out the glad shout to the echoing skies And through the wide land send the heart-stirring story. "To the combat we fly, for the struggle is nigh, And for God and our country we conquer or die ; That the Star Spangled Banner forever may wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave." D. S. Smith, of DyersviUe, said that Captain Moreland, of the DyersviUe Blues, had orders from Colonel Bates to hold the guns then at DyersviUe which had been sent there by Captain Hayden. 1 A Union meeting was held at the schoolhouse at Center Grove May 25, 1 86 1, on which occasion a flag was raised on a high pole and speeches were made by J. B. Bothwell, E. D. Palmer and George W. Goldthorpe. The flag raised was prepared by young. ladies named Waters, Scott, Palmer, Lackey and others. After being raised the flag was lowered and draped in mourning for Colonel Ellsworth. The uniforms of the first two Dubuque companies cost $1,939.04;: transportation to Davenport, $337; shoes and stockings, $300. In the first mentioned sum was $208.35 f°r 200 woolen shirts; $40- for undershirts, and $13.70 for telegrams, etc., in all $261.05,. which deducted from the first amount left $1,677.99 as the actual cost of 205 uniforms. The citizens of Peosta and Centralia met at the former place and resolved to formally raise the Stars and Stripes in both towns. Simeon W. Clark was chairman of the occasion and J. W. Miller secretary. "There are rumors that several citizens of Dubuque, some time- absent, and who* are known or were supposed to be in the service or interests of the Confederate army, have been arrested as spies at Cairo. The rumors are not sufficiently tangible to warrant the giving of names or the reported circumstances." — (Herald, May 25, 1861.) The following officers were elected for the Washington Guards May 25, 1861: R. G. Herron, captain; D. J. O'Neill, first lieu tenant; P. W. Crawford, second lieutenant. It was announced that the company had been accepted for the Third Iowa infantry.. "Another occasion of deep interest to the patriots of Dubuque occurred last evening — the departure of three companies of vol unteers. Captain Smith's company from Cedar Falls, Captain. Trumbull's company from Butler county and the Washington! 2bb HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Guards, one of the beloved companies of Dubuque, have left for Keokuk — the rendezvous of the three Iowa regiments. The pres ence of 600 volunteers one day and of 300 or 400 for a longer time, had tended to increase the military ardor of our people and attracted thousands of our citizens to witness the departure of the third company of Dubuque volunteers. An hour before sunset the volunteers were assembled in order in Washington Square, where they were eloquently addressed by Thomas Rogers, Rev. Mr. Collier, Captain Trumbull and Lieutenant Sessions, after which the companies marched in handsome style to the levee, ac companied by a large concourse of citizens, many of them ladies. Several thousand then slowly wended their way homeward after seeing the brave volunteers embark. There were partings of old friends ; young friendships and affections seemed to grow stronger on the day of leaving and a thousand fond and tender associations arose incident to such an occasion. Capt. R. G. Herron and his Washington Guards swell the number to 300 of the volunteers Avho have been organized and drilled here." — (Herald, June 7, 1861.) The Iowa legislature was called together May 15, 1861. An attempt here to proscribe business men on account of political opinions was disapproved by leaders of all parties and fashions. About the middle of May, 1861, Col. J. F. Bates, who was a grad uate of West Point, was elected colonel of the First Iowa regi ment. The Washington Guards were accepted about May 21. The German citizens gave an entertainment for the benefit of the Jack son Guards. William H. Merritt, who became lieutenant-colonel of the First Iowa, was a graduate of West Point; so was Capt. W. W. Barnes. The Herald opposed the Iowa war loan bill, which called for $800,000. There were here early in June, 1861, about 600 volunteers; three of the companies had come from up the river. About the middle of June there were here the partly filled companies of Captain Ross, Captain Markell, Captain Hayden, and a company of Zouaves made up from the fire companies. About this time the two Iowa regiments at Keokuk dropped down the river to Hannibal to be in readiness for General Lyon at St. Louis. In June Governor Kirkwood ordered the cannon here to be sent to Keokuk. During the summer of 1861 the Volunteer Fund Board continued to assist the families of volunteers. The volunteers under Captain Heath were called Kirkwood Zouaves in June. . On July 12, 1861, an article signed "Patriot" appeared in the Times, from which the following are extracts : "To the Law-Ahd- ing Citizens of Dubuque.— It is well known to you that there is a paper published in our midst that is devoted entirely, both in its editorials and selected matter, to the cause of those who are en deavoring to overthrow our government and our liberties. This HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 267 paper, while it professes to be in favor of the Union and denies being in favor of secession, yet boldly advocates a recognition of the Southern Confederacy and opposes 'forcing a government upon people which they do not desire,' thus giving the lie to its pro fessions of Union, a paper which is notoriously in the hands of a few persons of 'gentle southern blood,' who boldly sympathize with the South and rejoice over any temporary success she may achieve and who have repeatedly declared their intention of re turning to her soil to take arms against our government. * * * It is well known that this paper is exerting quite a widespread and seditious influence upon its readers and waxing bolder every day. * * * Would it not be well for the patriots of this city to assemble jn mass meeting in a quiet and orderly manner to express our indignation and abhorrence of the sentiments of this paper and its supporters, to declare that such are not the senti ments of this community in general, to withdraw our support from it, both in subscription and in advertising, and to counsel as to those means which may be rightly used to rid us of the reproach and injury its existence brings upon us? That it is our solemn duty, while our sons and brothers have gone forth to fight the enemy abroad, to guard against the same enemy at home in what ever form he may appear — must be evident to every thoughtful mind. But let 'all things be done decently and in order.' Let us then meet at some appropriate time and place, not as partisans, but as American citizens, and discuss our duty in this respect, to our selves and the community. That this is a duty now devolving upon us is freely admitted by many influential citizens with whom longer patience has ceased to be a virtue." In answering this communication the Herald of July 13, 1861, said : "For the last three months it has been the earnest, constant and unceasing effort of the Dubuque Times to create and excite a mob spirit in this city to the commission of violence against the editor of the Herald and property of this establishment. Although the evidence against the Times has always been palpable and un doubted, it never had the boldness to avow its real wishes till yesterday, when it gave place in its columns to the publication of what purports to be a communication. The object of that article is too apparent to be doubted. It is nothing more nor less than to destroy this establishment by mob violence." The Herald ex pressed the belief that the real reasons for this hostility were its course toward the State bank and toward a swindling transaction in Dubuque which had brought the mercantile credit of local busi ness men into disgrace in eastern cities. Such persons, it was al leged, desired the suppression of the Herald, which opposed their course and schemes. The Herald further said: "Notwithstand ing the efforts of the malignant partisans whose headquarters is at the Times office and whose mouthpiece that incendiary and 268 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY scurrilous sheet has become, the riot which was designed to come off and which was no doubt planned in every respect but its actual performance, did hot occur last night, thanks to the good sense of the gallant volunteers who were expected and designed to be made the disgraceful instruments of a violation of the law which they have enlisted to keep up arms to enforce and uphold." Four companies for the Fourth Regiment were here July 12 and were on their way to join their regiment at Burlington. They marched through town to Washington Square and made speeches. They were the men who were expected to wreck the Herald office. Colonel Sanders came to Dubuque early in August, 1861, as aid of Governor Kirkwood for the purpose of making arrangements for the establishment here of Camp Union for the reception of two volunteer regiments. The place selected was at the upper end of the bottom land adjoining Lake Peosta and on an elevation of thirty to forty feet above it. The soil was sandy, slightly roll ing, covered with sod and well adapted for the purpose. A narrow grove extended along the bank of the lake and at its upper end extended across the whole bottom to the bluff near the residence of Mathias Ham. Here the volunteers could have good water, bathing in summer and ice in winter. The buildings constructed were 20x60 feet and arranged so as to accommodate 100 men each. The first troops to enter the camp were the company of Captain Carpenter from Anamosa, which had previously quar tered in the various hotels, etc. Col. W. B. Allison, aid of the governor, had full authority to complete the arrangements for the camp. George L. Torbert was commissary. Mr. Holland was contractor for building the barracks. In July recruits for the Twelfth or Vandever's regiment were called for. Captain Thomas thus recruited. Lieutenant Heath was securing recruits for a cavalry regiment. The Hawkeye State took away six companies from Dubuque, those from Lansing, Delhi, Independence, Chickasaw, Benton and one other. When the news of the battle of Bull Run reached here in July a Federal victory was reported ; when the truth became known all became much dejected — even the Herald. A sword was presented by the printers to Capt. V. J. David. On July 26, Colonel Heath's detachment of cavalry left for Burlington; there were nearly 100 men and about fifty horses; a large crowd gathered to see them depart. News of the battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, in Au gust roused the city. Colonel Vandever was authorized to raise a regiment in the Second congressional district. Captain Coon re cruited here in August. Col. W. B. Allison issued urgent calls for volunteers in August. Captain Washington began to recruit volunteers for the Twelfth U. S. infantry at this time. On August 22 Captain Hayden's artillery company numbered sixty-eight men. Coon's cavalry company left August 17; a large crowd saw them HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 269 depart by boat; when half a mile down the river their cheers from the hurricane deck could still be heard. The First regiment was mustered out August 20 and the Dubuque company was received with much pride, enthusiasm and affection. Main street from Second to Tenth was gaily decorated. Bands, soldiers and inhabitants to the number of five thousand received the brave boys at the levee and escorted them to Washington Square; each soldier was handed a wreath by one of a committee of little girls. Mr. Wullweber addressed them in German and Mr. Shiras in English and welcomed them home. Several of the boys who were sick or wounded, among the latter Captain Gottschalk, rode in carriages. On the stand was a banner with the legend, "In Memory of McHenry, Rhomberg, Goennel and Jaeggi." The Herald said, "All day and until late at night groups of ten to one hundred or more were gathered in the streets surrounding some soldier and listening to the history of his adventures in the war. It was indeed the proudest day Dubuque ever knew and thrice honored and thrice welcome be the brave volunteers who gave Dubuque the occasion for such a day." In 1861 cannon were successfully cast in Dubuque. By August 25 seven of the ten barrack buildings at Camp Union were com pleted; three companies were there at this date. On August 26 Colonel Allison called for the loan of blankets for the volunteers at Camp Union. Wounded soldiers began to arrive in August. By August 28 there were about six hundred volunteers in Dubuque and at Camp Union. By this time the camp was under perfect military discipline under Colonel Allison. Late in August Captain Washington sent from here a dozen recruits for the Thirteenth United States Regiment. Liquors were forbidden sold in or near Camp Union. F. B. Wilke, of the Herald, corresponded from the field. The company of Captain Thomas was about ready late in August. Dr. McCluer was surgeon at Camp Union. Major Brodtbeck was a drillmaster at the camp. Colonel Allison bought two hundred blankets for the Camp Union boys about September 1. The citizens were proud of Captain Hayden's artillery company. The six companies here in September attended the fair up the Couler. Col. William Vandever was present on horseback. The County Board, in September, ordered a full record spread on its records of Companies H and I of the First Iowa. _In September the circulation of the Dubuque Herald was inter dicted at St. Louis ; the editor charged this act to political enemies. In August, 1 86 1, Lieutenant King recruited here twenty-two men for the regular army. An immense excursion from the back coun ties came here to see the volunteers about September 1. Captain Washington became mustering officer for Camp Union. Captain Hayden's company was mustered September 3. About this time five hundred dollars was raised by subscription for a monument to 270 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the soldiers. D. A. Mahony, editor of the Herald, accused Presi dent Lincoln of subverting the Constitution and establishing a military despotism. The talk of a draft in September caused ex citement among the aliens who had long masqueraded as full-fledged citizens; they began to move in the direction of Canada. Lieu tenant Howard, in September, recruited men for the engineer regiment. By September 14, 1861, there had been expended by the volun teer fund board about one thousand eight hundred dollars on nearly sixty families. Of these there were about twenty-five families which had no other means of subsistence. Dubuque, Iowa, Sept. 14, 1861. D. A. Mahony, Esq., Dubuque, Iowa : Dear Sir. — I have seen in the newspapers of the State and heard through other sources that the loyalty of yourself and others asso ciated with you has been doubted, and that your influence has been adverse to enlistments in the regular army and in the volunteer service. I therefore ask whether I understand your position cor rectly — that you are ready to devote your energies to put down rebellion — to sustain the Union and put forth your best efforts to aid me in raising a regiment from this State to go forth in defense of a country whose flag is the emblem of freedom and the defender of the oppressed of every clime. It is not my desire to enter into personal feuds or private quarrels and I care nothing about the past (either personal or political preferences). I only ask that all shall now rally in defense of liberty and law. I request a free and frank expression of your sentiments. Yours truly, N. B. Baker, Adj. Gen. of Iowa. To this communication Mr. Mahony replied at length, from which the following is an extract: "I reply to your enquiry re specting my position by saying that my services are at your com mand as the representative of the government to aid in raising a regiment from this State or in any other way that they may be best employed to put down rebellion, to sustain the Union, to defend the country and to make the American flag respected whether abroad or at home." — (Herald, September 17, 1861.) An immense war meeting was held here September 16, 1861, on the occasion of the visit of Adjt. Gen. Baker. It was held at the courthouse and was very enthusiastic. The principal speakers were General Baker, J. L. Harvey and C. J. Rogers. Col. William Vandever commanded the Ninth Iowa Regiment here at Camp Union. A new impetus was given to recruiting by the order to raise an additional regiment. Mechanics, farmers, miners, etc., were to be found at the recruiting offices, it was noted. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 271 Dubuque, Iowa, Sept. 16, 1861. Rt. Rev. Bishop Smyth, Dubuque, Iowa: Dear Sir. — I am fully aware of the loyal and patriotic sentiments which animate your bosom in this trying hour of our nation's. history. I am also aware of your repugnance to interfere with matters not connected with the duties of your holy office. I know,. however, that a- public expression of your sentiments would have a decided influence on public opinion in favor of the cause of the Union, which is the cause of liberty and law, justice and humanity. With great respect and esteem, Yours truly, N. B. Baker, Adjt. Gen. of Iowa. Dubuque, Sept. 17. Hon. Sir and Dear Friend. — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed favor of the 16th inst. and agree with you in saying that the cause of the Union is the cause of law, of order, and of justice. You are aware that I ever avoid all matters of a political nature, as foreign to my sacred duties, yet in this present hour of trial, when the honor and happiness of our nation are at stake, when some prejudiced minds may construe my silence into a disrespect for you whose friendship I highly prize, or into a criminal opposition to our National Government, the Government of the United States, the only one to which I owe fealty, it may not be departing too far from my usual course to say that my feel ings and sentiments are for the Union, and though peace is now the darling object of my ambition, yet I would not consent to pur chase peace at the sacrifice of principle. With the deepest respect, Yours most sincerely, Clement Smyth, Bishop of Dubuque. To N. B. Baker, Adjt. Gen., etc., Clinton, Iowa. i John O'Neill, J. J. Lambert and James O'Grady were commis sioned to raise a company here for the proposed Irish regiment. Adjutant General Baker visited Camp Union September 14. A number of citizens who had subscribed to the relief fund for soldiers' families neglected and finally refused to pay anything. Late in September the Canada and Denmark carried southward Colonel Vandever's regiment of about one thousand volunteers. Abram Levins raised recruits for the Twelfth regulars. Col. J. F. Bates was received here with great ceremony and honor early ire October, 1861. Capt. M. M. Hayden was presented with a fine horse fully caparisoned. "Colonel Allison is justly entitled to the praise of being the most energetic and popular officer in this part of the State."— (Herald, October 26, 1861.) In October Lincoln Clark and Bishop Smyth were appointed members of the Sanitary Com mission. S. D. Brodtbeck became Major of the Twelfth Regi ment. Late in 1861 the Soldiers' Aid Society cared for the sick .272 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY soldiers at Camp Union and sent large quantities of supplies to the fields; Mrs. Solon M. Langworthy was president and Mrs. Large secretary. In November about seventy-five dollars per week was paid to twenty-five families of soldiers. In November, 1861, Lieutenant McMahon called for volunteers for the sharpshooters' brigade. Sham fights were held at Camp Union in November. At this time the Times announced that it now favored "no union with slaveholders." This statement kin dled the wrath of the Herald. "Almost daily the Herald is making pretentions to loyalty and patriotism, but in words only." — (Times, November 15, 1861.) The Herald of November 17, 1861, said, "We are for the old Union, the Constitutional Union, the legal Union, the Union Wash ington and his compatriots gave us, and not such a bastard Union as the Abolitionists have conceived and now attempt to palm off upon the country. Are you a Union man, reader? and if so, is it for the Union as it was formed by our forefathers or for the Union as Abolitionists would have it?" On- November 26 the Twelfth Regiment left on the steamers Canada and Henry Clay. The Seventh Iowa lost heavily at Bel mont, The County Board appropriated one thousand dollars for the relief of soldiers' families. The board of relief prepared for active work during the approaching cold weather. During the holiday season of 1861-2 the Ladies' Soldiers' Aid Society held a large, successful and very profitable fair; they de served and received great praise for this notable event. "It Means Something. — Several prominent citizens of this county, including an ex-Governor of this State, have within the last day or two voluntarily appeared before Colonel Bates and requested him to administer to them an oath to support the Constitution of the United States. Union sentiment must be on the increase in our community." — (Herald, January 12, 1862.) Messrs. Merritt, Newcomb and Doyle raised the Light Guards, sixty strong, which left here in January, 1862. J. B. Dorr became quartermaster of the Twelfth Regiment. Early in January, 1862, the relief fund board announced that it was out of funds; they had paid out $2,699.08, about two thousand dollars in cash and the balance in clothing, groceries, etc.; they had assisted 116 sol diers' families. H. L. Stout was president of the board and M. Allison secretary. Lieutenant Wright called for recruits for the Second Iowa Cavalry in February, 1862. "Our country is still drifting from bad to worse. Congress is doing nothing to better its condition. Day after day the people have been told that the backbone of the rebellion was broken and that the seceded States would soon be brought back to the Union, but the rebellion grows stronger and the seceded States appear to be going farther off than ever. Why is this? Is not Union, a PARK AND COUNTRY VIEWS HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 273 political Union such as the people of the United States once had, desirable any longer? Of course it is, but the Abolitionists have rendered such a Union hopeless by their insane course. * * * The great mistake of the present day, the great political error which the people of the North have committed, is to attempt to control social institutions which have their foundation in the cus toms and interests of the South by government interference." — (Herald, February 5, 1862.) "It appears that the Captain Jones taken prisoner at Fort Henry is G. R. G. Jones of this city, son of General Jones, now in Fort Lafayette. We doubt if even Captain Jones' family knew whether he was in the rebel army and they are probably as much surprised to hear of his capture as if anything else unforeseen and unexpected had befallen him." — (Herald, February 9, 1862.) "It is rumored that a committee visited the editor of the Times day before yesterday for the purpose of intimating the necessity of pitching into the Herald and that the result of the intimidation of this committee was the article in the Times yesterday. The Times under the new regime was to be an independent patriotic paper, but henceforth, we presume, it is to reflect the sentiments and feel ings of Dubuque Abolitionists, the meanest, most contemptible, hypocritical, canting set of fanatics the whole country contains." — (Herald, February 12, 1862.) The capture of Fort Henry in February followed almost imme diately by the capture of Fort Donelson, fired the patriotism and military spirit of this county as nothing had done thus far. "Yesterday morning the city was agitated by the rumor that a great battle had been fought at Fort Donelson and that the Federal army had met with disaster. Soon after, and while the people , were still in suspense and anxiety, news came that Fort Donelson was in possession of the Federal troops with fifteen thousand Rebels taken prisoner, including Generals Johnson, Buckner, Pillow and Floyd. The news at first was doubtful, but was soon confirmed." —(Herald, February 18, 1862.) The Herald urged that now was the time, after the government had secured such prestige by force of arms, to secure peace upon the terms of the original Union. A meeting in Table Mound township passed the following: "Resolved, That we consider Abolitionism as preached in the pul pit, spread broadcast amongst the people by the infamous Abolition press, harped upon in Congress and in the Legislature of the Free States, as the most disastrous, mischievous and suicidal doctrine ever promulgated among the people since the formation of the government. We believe it to be the primary cause of secession, for if we had no Abolitionists we would have no secession. "Resolved, That we believe D. A. Mahony to be an unflinching constitutional Democrat who has for the past year stood with a bold front in the face of public opinion, fanaticism and partisan 274 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY feeling combined, threatened by suppression and the fury of mob violence stirred up by a false view of patriotism; he has triumphed over his most inveterate enemies. "Resolved, That we view with alarm the introduction in this country of the Star Chamber proceedings by William H. Seward, by which he dares to cause citizens to be confined and imprisoned during his will and pleasure." The last referred to General Jones' imprisonment in Fort Lafayette. All the resolutions were in a similar strain and were probably prepared in the Herald office. At a big mass meeting in Centralia on February 15 Russell Evans was chairman and E. M. Bartholow secretary. John Strohl explained the object of the meeting. Mr. Brown also delivered an address. The meeting adopted resolutions similar to those passed at the Table Mound township, only they were more severe. One was "that we deeply sympathize with the afflicted family and large circle of friends of our most worthy citizen and statesman, Gen. George W. Jones, who is now, as we verily believe, the innocent victim of the tyrant and usurper and imprisoned without due process of law." The Herald rejoiced greatly over Halleck's Order No. 37, reaf firming and reinforcing Order No. 3, not to interfere with the negroes or free them ; the paper was in ecstasies over this order. "General Jones arrived home last night from his illegal and arbitrary incarceration at Fort Lafayette. A spontaneous greet ing of his personal friends and of those who have a proper sense of the violation of the Constitution committed in his person and in others who were incarcerated with him, will take place at his residence this afternoon. Thus will Higher Lawism (Seward) be rebuked by the freemen of Dubuque." — (Herald, February 28, 1862.) At the Jones reception loyal officials were near to observe all that occurred. "Hydrophobia. — The Abolitionists of the city were terribly mad yesterday to think that Secretary Stanton had released Gen. George W. Jones from that American Bastile, Fort Lafayette. They cursed the Administration from the President down to the White House gardener and frothed at the mouth like a lot of mad dogs. Poor fellows, how we pity them." — (Herald, March 1, 1862.) Early in 1862 Lieutenant Dewey left the city with sixty-nine recruits for the Twelfth United States Regiment, then at Fort Hamilton, New York. Lieutenant Newbury remained to recruit others. The Second, Third, Seventh, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thir teenth and Fourteenth Iowa regiments were at Fort Donelson. The Second lost close to two hundred killed and wounded in that battle ; the Seventh did heroic service there. 'The news yesterday of the possession by the Federal troops of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 275 the Rebel stronghold, Manassas, spread like wildfire through the city and immediately, as if by magic, the stars and stripes were flung to the breeze from nearly every house and public building in the city. One patriotic overzealous individual who, like Job's warhorse, snuffs the battle from afar, went through the street with his hat in his hand shouting, 'We've got 'em, we've got' em !' " — (Herald, March 12, 1862.) "For the purpose of aiding and abetting the rebels in their open treason the Dubuque Herald and kindred organs resort to the decep tive cry that it is an Abolition war originating at the North and not at the South. This is a treasonable fraud which should deceive no honest patriot." — (Times, March 6, 1862.) "How many times has Samuel McNutt called us a traitor; how many times has he called us a Secessionist ; how many times has he alleged that we were in collusion with Jeff Davis, that we re ceived money from Richmond to favor the Rebel cause? If we took the heart's blood of the villain who has thus belied us it would be a poor satisfaction for the injuries he has attempted to inflict upon us. McNutt came here, hired, but not yet paid, to belie calumniate, traduce, slander and libel the editor of this paper. He has done his work faithfully and expects his reward from those who brought him here, in the city treasurership of Dubuque." — (Herald, April 1, 1862.) "Democrats. — Do not forget that Jacob Swivel, the Abolition candidate for marshal, is the same Marshal Swivel who, when a mob roared through our streets and endangered our property and our persons, was quietly with his hands in his pockets looking on when stones flew through the windows of our fellow-citizens and when respectable men were knocked down and abused because they were Democrats." — (National Demokrat, April 5, 1862.) "When the peace of this city was violated last summer by a mob and when private residences and public business places of citizens were stoned and citizens themselves threatened with personal vio lence, Marshal Swivel looked on complacently."— (Herald, April 6, 1862.) Several wounded soldiers of Pea Ridge, Fort Donelson and other western fields began to arrive here in March, 1862. Bodies of dead soldiers also arrived and were buried with much ceremony. The Herald continued to denounce almost every act of President Lincoln's administration. Hayden's battery participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and lost heavily, but fought gallantly. The Herald called Wendell Phillips a traitor and rejoiced when he was mobbed at Cincinnati in the spring of 1862. President Lincoln was denounced for having received Mr. Phillips. Returning sol diers were cared for at the Peosta Home. At the request of Gov ernor Kirkwood, H. L. Stout spent one thousand eight hundred dollars for the care of soldiers passing through Dubuque; he was 276 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY later reimbursed for the outlay. The Germania band, which had been to the front at Springfield, Missouri, returned in April. Lieut. Col. F. J. Herron and his brother, Capt. R. G. Herron, arrived here in April; the former was wounded at Pea Ridge. Of the immense meeting held at Julien theatre early in April, 1862, to celebrate the victory at Pittsburg Landing, the Herald said it was employed to abuse the successful party in this county. The City Council passed the following on April 10 : "Resolved, That we hail with joy the glorious tidings from our victorious armies as indicating a speedy and certain overthrow of secession and its sympathizers in the North as well as in the South. "Resolved, That Lieut. Col. Frank J. Herron and his associates in arms from Dubuque at the battle of Pea Ridge, will be remem bered with pride by its loyal citizens, when those who have gone from among us to aid in rebellion will be forgotten or only known with infamy as traitors to their country." Any suggestion to free and arm the blacks to assist the Federal forces encountered the severest denunciations of the Herald and its supporters. The Ad Hines brought up twenty sick and wounded soldiers from Pittsburg Landing late in April. It was April 14 or 15 before any detailed and reliable news concerning Iowa regi ments at Pittsburg Landing was received here ; the horrors of that bloody battle, the heroic conduct of the surprised Federal troops and the grief over loved ones killed and wounded then, were almost overpowering to the good people of Dubuque. Early in 1862 D. A. Mahony was the real leader of the secession Democracy of Iowa. "The war as waged by the Abolitionists is for the evident pur pose of bringing the white and black races to a social, personal and political equality and not for the preservation of the Union nor for the maintenance of the Constitution. The theme of the speeches in Congress and the burden of the arguments of Abolitionists in that body is the negro, not the Union." — (Editorial, Herald, April 30, 1862.) "The telegraphic dispatches of yesterday brought the mortifying intelligence that it was known at the capital that there was a secret league of secessionists in this city who were intending to resist the collection of the Federal tax. The leaders are known and the eye of the authorities is upon them. Doubtless this is no idle surmise or idle rumor, but the result of actual knowledge. * * * And this is not all. Yesterday private dispatches were received from the seat of government that there was a prospect that the Pacific Railroad would be so located that it would not connect with any tributary to Dubuque simply because it is such a secession hole. So Iowa, the most loyal State in the Union, has become a plague spot." — ( Times, May 8, 1 862. ) United States Deputy Marshal Captain Conger began to investi gate the allegations that a disloyal society was in existence in this HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 277 county, organized, it was declared, to resist the collection of the government tax. Certain citizens here, or persons elsewhere, having informed the government that there was a secret disloyal organization for resistance to the collection of government tax, the Herald demanded an investigation and denounced the accusation, so far as it was concerned, as false and malicious. From the New York Tribune's correspondence the following was an extract: "It is known here (at Washington, D. C) that a secret organization exists at Du buque, Iowa, to resist the collection of Federal taxes. The ring leaders in this movement are known to the government and its eye is upon them." — (Herald, May 8, 1862.) "Dubuque as a recruiting station has been the most productive of any city in the United States. Over five hundred men have been enlisted here for the regular service." — (Dubuque Times, May 8, 1862.) "What on earth has happened to the Times to make this admission? A hundred times or more during the past year the Times has tried to make it appear that Dubuque and vicinity was so disloyal as to withhold recruits for the war." — (Herald, May 9, 1862.) "It is equally notorious that the only other attempt at riot or of a serious disturbance of the peace for years was the attempt last summer of an abolition and Republican mob instigated by the Dubuque Times, an Abolition-Republican paper, to destroy the Herald printing establishment. The other was when the same mobs attacked and in two or three instances broke in the houses and business places of peaceably disposed citizens whose only offense was that they were Democrats in politics." — (Herald, May 9, 1862.) In the spring of 1862 P. H. Conger became deputy United States marshal here. In April two hundred Rebel prisoners passed up on the steamer Evansville, but were not landed at Dubuque. "We stated and now repeat the opinion that if the government finds that it cannot suppress the rebellion without abolishing slavery the Constitution gives the right and imposes the duty to remove it." — (Times, May 20, 1862.) General Hunter's proclamation freeing the negroes in his depart ment was denounced by the Herald, which declared that if Presi dent Lincoln would annul it the Herald would support the Lincoln Administration. To the Herald and all Southerners residing here the mere suggestion of interference with slavery was sufficient to kindk the severest denunciation ; they hated Abolitionism with an intensity almost unaccountable at the present time; the negro was regarded as an animal, nothing more. "What have the fanatics of Dubuque and of Iowa to say now to the course of the Herald? Step by step, act by act, the course of this paper has been sustained by the Administration itself. The rebuke of Sewardism embodied in Secretary Stanton's executive 278 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Order No. 1, together with the recent discomfiture of the Rebels (capture of Forts Henry and Donelson) has brought on a crisis in the war and now comes the turning point which will result in the demoralization of the Rebels, the discomfiture of Abolitionism, the restoration of the Union and the establishment of peace on a lasting and irrevocable foundation. Secretary Stanton's order of amnesty is the most important event of the war." — (Herald, Feb ruary 20, 1862.) Stanton's order released all political prisoners. The above article is given to show how utterly mistaken the Herald was on the nature of the order and the intentions of the South and the Administration. In May, 1862, Lieutenant Colonel Herron was promoted to a brigadier general. On May 26 Lieutenant Dewey left here with seventy- four recruits for the Twelfth United States Regiment. So many soldiers passed through Dubuque, needing assistance, it was determined in May to provide a soldiers' hospital. Captain Case recruited volunteers here for the Nineteenth Regiment in June. As Memphis was captured about this time, steamers began to go down to that city. On June 4 Lieutenant Newberry left with thirty-five volunteers for the Twelfth United States Regiment. The battles in Virginia attracted much attention at this time. The Times openly accused Mahony, General Jones, Samuels, Lewis Jennings, Quigley and others with being secessionists and traitors; the Herald answered with its usual directness, sarcasm and dis loyalty. On June 11, 1862, Capt. L. E. Yorke assumed the duties of military commander of Dubuque and vicinity. He proceeded to put his district in good order by seeing that soldiers were properly mustered in or out; leaves of absence properly signed; pay of soldiers attended to; soldiers absent without leave told to report; paroled Union soldiers were considered on leave of absence until exchanged, etc. "It is taken for granted by a large portion of the people of the northern States that the Rebellion of the South is primarily and almost exclusively caused and carried on by slaveholders, and the conclusion is formed with very specious reasoning that as slave holders caused this rebellion the property in slaves should therefore be destroyed. We deny both the premise and the conclusion. Slaveholders did not cause the rebellion, but those who determined to abolish slavery did by personal interference with the institution, so called, of slavery and by the influence which those Abolitionists acquired over the northern State governments and over the Federal government. That is what caused the rebellion and not the slave holders."— (Herald, June 17, 1862.) On July 2, 1862, a bogus dispatch that Richmond had fallen and fifty thousand Rebel soldiers captured caused a large spontaneous celebration here; flags were flung out, cannon fired, bells rung, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 279 stores closed and business suspended. At the Fourth of July cele bration Judge T. S. Wilson proposed three cheers for "the old flag and the old Constitution" ; also "three cheers for McClellan." Rev. Taylor proposed "three cheers for the Union as it is, and will be." More troops being called for, the Herald asked : "Why? Because Abolitionism has diverted the object of the war, for a restoration of the government, to an emancipation raid, disgusting good men and preventing them from joining in the work. If drafting is resorted to we may look for lively times and great physical disabilities prevalent." — (Herald, July 10, 1862.) The following is a list of persons subject to military duty in Dubuque county in July, 1862, made out and returned to the adju tant general as provided by law: Julien township, 1,904; Wash ington, 127; Prairie Creek, 140; White Water, 200; Cascade, 152; Mosalem, 122; Table Mound, 167; Vernon, 160; Taylor, 159; Dodge, 103; Center, 161; Iowa, 106; New Wine, 288; Peru, 107; Jefferson, 206; Concord, 163; Liberty, 156; total, 4,421. "This war can never, no, never, in our opinion, be brought to a satisfactory close by means of war." — (Herald, July 12, 1862.) In July, under the new call, another regiment was to be raised in this congressional district. At this time the Herald was saying and doing much to discourage enlistments. The government bounty of one hundred dollars was now in force. The confiscation bill was denounced by the Herald. By July, 1862, nearly three hundred volunteers had been secured here for the Twelfth United States Regiment. This is an important fact not to be overlooked. In less than three weeks in June and July Captain Case enlisted a full company of ninety-nine men. Vallandingham's theories were extolled by the Herald which published his speeches in full. "Our readers will remember that we had a military company here some time ago composed of blood and thunder patriots, better known as Shoddies, and that one evening one of the most innocent and earnest of them proposed that the company tender their services to the government, and that the probabilities of their being accepted were so strong that the entire company disbanded, quaking in their boots from the alarm occasioned by the dangers they had escaped." —(Herald, July 18, 1862.) "The arrival in this city of several cases, amounting, it is said, to a thousand stand of arms and a quantity of ammunition, fixed as well as loose, has afforded the malignants an opportunity to found upon this circumstance the most alarming rumors and to create a feverish anxiety if not an intense excitement in the public mind. Die government can ill afford to have public opinion excited against it at this time, and therefore it becomes it to discountenance the malicious partisanship which alarms the public mind with fears for the security of persons who are alleged to be inimical to the govern ment by their political adversaries. This is no time to permit or 280 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY encourage trifling with personal rights either of liberty or of prop erty, for a word unfitly spoken, or an act needlessly or heedlessly committed, might plunge this whole State, if not the whole North west, into the horrors of civil war. He who becomes the means of producing such a state of things is, we need not say, the worst as well as the most dangerous enemy of his country and of his race. Let the government act openly and trustfully with the people and permit no one to make it appear otherwise than it should do in its relations to any individual, and a world of trouble will be pre vented; but if it should subject itself to this guidance of the fa natics hereaway, it will inevitably find itself involved in a conflict which might prove to become irresistible. We kindly, calmly but firmly, warn our rulers and those who have become the minions of power that thrift may follow fawning, to beware of their course in relation to the rights of the people. There is no need of a con flict between the government and the people in the exercise of their respective rights ; neither should infringe upon or violate the rights of the other. To do so at this time by either government or people might result in the worst possible consequences." — (Herald, July 3L 1862.) "The fairest way to raise troops is by drafting. There are in this city at least a hundred partisan leaders who are urging every Democrat they meet to go to war, but not one of whom volunteers himself to go. It is amusing to see our Stouts, Langworthys, Alli sons, Adamses and other leading Republicans running to and fro urging their poorer neighbors to go to war. If they will not, let them take their chances at the time of drafting." — (Herald, July 30, 1862.) Late in July, 1862, the Chicago Journal and other journals of the West called upon the government to suppress the Herald and thrust its editors into "a safe military prison or to furnish them with a pass to the Southern Confederacy." "Its sedition is open and shameless." — "A falsehood," replied the Herald. "It does all in its power to discourage enlistments and to dampen the ardor of the people." — "That is a lie," said the Herald. "We are pretty reliably informed that a number of young men left this city Monday morning to escape the consequences of a draft and that more are intending to go in a day or two. We have heard both Democratic and Republican names spoken of in this connection. * * * It is the duty of every man to stop and meet it like a man. * * * We implore every man to remain where he is and meet the issues. There should be no fear of an unfair draft. We will not insult the authorities by premising that such an infamy will be undertaken, but if it should be, the place to meet it is here. A draft to be binding on any of us must be fair, above suspicion and legal in every particular." — (Herald, August 5, 1862.) "Another 300,000! — It will be seen by the news from Washing- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 281 ton that a call for three hundred thousand more men has been issued by the Secretary of War in addition to the three hundred thousand required by a recent proclamation. This news spread consternation through this city yesterday and set even fanatics to reflecting upon the state of the country and its probable fate." — (Herald, August 6, 1862.) "Recruiting officers flaunt their flags from almost every block in the city." — (Herald, August 6, 1862.) In July draft evaders again became alarmed and prepared to leave for Canada. A printer named Lambert enlisted men for a typo-battalion at Chicago. The Herald assumed that drafting would be partial, one-sided and of Democrats only. Much help was given to soldiers' families. "Every cord of wood given to soldiers' families was recorded above," it was paragraphed. When the Irish regiment was first talked of Mahony signified his willing ness to assist, but when it was decided that he should not become its colonel his ardor cooled. Lieutenant Flint recruited for the Twenty-first Regiment in July and August. Under the new call "Dubuque was the only backward county in the State and has done nothing as yet toward filling her quota, offering bounties, or kin dling a patriotic fire." — (Herald, August 5", 1862.) On August 4 the Ladies' Volunteer Aid Society sent a large box of hospital stores to Keokuk by the steamer Canada. Shubael P. Adams was an unflinching Union man. Sam Osborn, William Coates, A. Y. McDonald and C. Hill, the first two of whom had served with the First Regiment, were authorized to raise volunteers in August. Captain Horton enlisted fifty sharpshooters by August 11. By this time the city and county were alive with meetings to secure volunteers. "Various and discouraging will be the difficulties in the way of successfully drafting the required number of men in this part of the country for war purposes. The severe ailments, hereditary, chronic and otherwise which now afflict such large numbers of our community is frightful to think of. Men supposed to be in the prime of manhood have within ten days fallen into the 'sere and yellow leaf with amazing rapidity and in astonishing quantities. Old crutches have been scoured up and are now about ready for action. Some men are lame, blind, have springhalt, spasms, consumption, heaves and much general debility ; others are troubled with a sort of insanity which induces them to imitate gophers and ground moles, by burrowing in mineral holes. The doctors and apothecaries are absolutely overrun with applications for advice and medicines. * * * The report that those persons who have gone to Canada will be delivered up by the British government to ours, may prove true; if so, these late emigrants to that country will be in a beautiful fix."— -(Herald, August 10, 1862.) "Recruiting. — This city is all ablaze with recruiting. There are some fifteen recruiting offices already and more are in contempla- 282 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY tion. General Harrison has some sixty names on his roll. The general takes the right way to secure recruits. He is not like most of those who address war meetings and who make buncombe speeches." — (Herald, August 12, 1862.) "Troops are arriving by nearly every boat and train which, with those eight hundred Enfield rifles brought over yesterday from Dunleith, give the city a war-like appearance. All day long and half the night the roll of drums and the shrieking fife salute the ear. Captain Horr arrived from Epworth yesterday with a squad of recruits which will make, with these he has already recruited, a very respectable company." — (Herald, August 13, 1862.) On Thursday, August 13, 1862, at about 3:30 A. M., Mr. Ma hony was roused at his residence by loud knocking, and peering from an upper window, saw several armed men at the door and others near. Thinking that a mob had come to attack him, he gave a loud shout to rouse the neighbors and withdrew his head. Deputy Marshal P. H. Conger then came forward and told him that he was there to arrest him and for him to come down and open the door. Mr. Mahony at once complied. He was immediately marched to the steamer Bill Henderson at the levee. He was treated courteously and permitted to see his friends. The arrest caused considerable excitement on the streets and much satisfaction to his enemies in all parts of the State when the news became gen erally known. He was arrested under a late general order of the War Department. On Board Steamer Bill Henderson at Dubuque, April 14, 1862. To the People of the State of Iowa : Readers of the Herald and fellow-citizens of Iowa. — I have been arrested this morning by an arbitrary order from the War Depart ment, on what grounds I know not, except it be for the expression of my sentiments through the Dubuque Herald, sentiments which, as true as God lives, I believe to be loyal to the Constitution of my country. I have only to commend my wife and children to your care and protection. Your friend and fellow-citizen, D. A. Mahony. Stilson Hutchins, of the Herald staff, said, "The principles which the Herald enunciated and supported, it does not shrink from now. Neither does Mr. Mahony. That he is loyal to the Constitution and the laws we believe as heartily as we believe that we exist. There is no probability of the suppression of this paper; we have that assurance from the proper authorities." — (Herald, August 15, 1862.) "For Congress. — The feeling in favor of Mr. Mahony for Con gress has been excited rather than depressed by his arrest, and we HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 283 may now look upon his nomination as a foregone conclusion. * * * We hope, perhaps without reason, for his speedy acquittal just so soon as it shall be known that his arrest has been brought about by malice and not on account of any violation of law." — (Herald, August 15, 1862.) "Volunteers. — We visited such of the recruiting offices in this city yesterday as we could find occupied for the purpose of ascer taining the number of men at each, and our investigations resulted as follows: Messrs. Osborn and Swivel had about 100 men; Gen eral Harrison, about 80 ; Captain Horton, about 80 ; Leonard Horr, 75 ; Captain Greaves, about 50 ; Messrs. Dixon and Mills, about 35 ; and probably among all other officers, 50 more — in all, probably 450 men. Besides these, a considerable number have joined the regulars." — (Herald, August 17, 1862.) "Mr. Mahony is still stopping at the Burtis House under official charge. He was to have gone to Iowa City yesterday, but differ ent arrangements were made ; General Baker went out in the morn ing and it is thought that he and the Governor will be in tonight." — (Davenport News, August 16, 1862.) "Excitement. — Nothing is so well calculated to make things move in a lively manner as excitement, unless it be a little more excite ment. Our streets are full of people, one-half military, one-half want to be, and the rest entertaining desires of the same kind. Martial music is heard in every direction, including up and down; flags are fluttering gaily in the breeze and patriotic excitement reigns supreme. The question of drafting has wholly been ab sorbed in the greater matter of military arrests. The number of good citizens of our city reported under arrest yesterday was truly enormous, many of whom remain ignorant even this morning of the perilous predicaments in which rumor placed them." — (Herald, August 19, 1862.) On Sunday evening August 17, 1862, John Strohl, a farmer residing near Centralia, Dubuque county, was arrested at his resi dence shortly after his return from church by Deputy Marshal Conger and Lieutenant Duffy. Rumor said he had organized a company of his neighbors and armed them for the purpose of resisting the collection of the war tax; that he opposed drafting; that he was preparing to rescue Mr. Mahony, and that he discour aged enlistments. All this was denied. Mr. Strohl was brought to Dubuque and permitted to stop at the house of a friend on his own parole. He was treated with great courtesy and was per mitted to go home upon his promise to report again at Dubuque at a stated time when called upon to do so. Volunteers raised by Osborne and Swivel were united : also those raised by Horr and Harrison. Captain Dixon called for recruits for Herron's Rifles. At this time the camp here was called Frank lin. Numerous war meetings were held throughout the county. 284 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY August 15 was fixed as the day for the draft, but the date was postponed. Captain Harrison's company left about August 16, 1862. By August 18 the barracks at Camp Franklin (old Camp Union) were nearly completed. Meetings to raise volunteers for the Irish regiment were held throughout the county, but progress was slow; there seemed to be a prejudice against the regiment. Captain Horr's company was complete about August 18. For a time, in order to stop, if possible, the exodus to escape the draft, persons crossing the river were required to secure a pass from Marshal Conger. As fast as the companies were ready they went to Camp Franklin to drill and become accustomed to camp life. Henry O'Connor and John O'Neill were talked of for colonel of the Irish regument. In a letter to the Herald of August 21, Mr. Mahony merely and generally reaffirmed his former views. On August 19, 1862, the county board "Resolved, That the sum of fifty dollars be appropriated by this board to be paid in county warrants to each and every volunteer who may enlist hereafter, and until September 1 next, in the service of the United States as a volunteer soldier to the credit of Dubuque county, the said sum to be paid in such manner as the board may prescribe. And this board pledges itself to ratify and carry out at its next regular session this resolution in letter and spirit. Cort, Kitler and Ma- comber were the only members of the county board to vote against the above resolution. The Times declared that the result of the arrest of Mahony and others was the passage of the above resolution and the great improvement in recruiting. Storr and Karrick recruited men in August. By August 22 the Twenty-first Regi ment (Herron's) was nearly completed. About August 20 Gov ernor Kirkwood appointed the following draft officers for this locality : John L. Harvey, commissioner ; C. J. Cummings, enroll ing officer ; Dr. Lewis, surgeon. "Recruiting. — We learn that so rapidly have recruits been raised that there are now in this congressional district more than the num ber required to fill our proportion of the first three hundred thou sand men called for, and there is every indication that our entire quota of the six hundred thousand will be ready by the 1st of Sep tember, volunteering thereby obviating the necessity of drafting."—- (Herald, August 20, 1862.) "Negro-Mania on the Brain.— This horrible disease has broken out in our midst and promises to assume every type from the mildest to the most dangerous and incurable form," said the Herald of August 29, 1862. A Herald carrier tried to circulate that paper in Camp Franklin, but was kicked out of the camp by Company B of Clayton county. D. A. Mahony was taken to Washington, D. C, and confined in the old capitol prison. The appearance of enrolling officers all over the county caused much excitement late in August; no serious opposition was offered except in two or three instances. Horr's, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 285 Harrison's and Swivel's companies were in the Twenty-first Regi ment. The Indian trouble in Minnesota engrossed attention in the fall of 1862. By August 28 there were five full companies quartered at hotels and boarding houses, waiting for the next call. Dr. Lewis was besieged for exemption permits. Lieutenant Duffy took away fifteen recruits for the Thirteenth United States Regi ment late in August. About this time Governor Kirkwood wrote John O'Neill that he would approve an order from the War Depart ment authorizing the latter to raise an Irish regiment. It was at this time also that a petition asking for an emancipation proclama tion as a military necessity was circulated here and numerously signed. Rev. Mr. Holbrook called in person upon President Lincoln late in August and urged him to seize the present opportunity to declare the slaves of Rebels free. The Herald ridiculed the movement, asking how the government could make them free when the south ern States were in possession of the Rebels. J. B. Dorr raised recruits for the Twenty-first Regiment. Lieutenant Dewey secured more recruits for the regular service. Late in August it was announced that two more regiments would be recruited at Dubuque — Twenty-seventh and Thirty-second. "We think if a little time be given for volunteering that not only will our entire quota be full but that the Irish regiment will be organized. Let us have an opportunity by all means, and we will see what can be done." — (Herald, August 30, 1862.) Late in August David S. Wilson was commissioned major of the Irish regiment to be raised. At this time the government bounty was $104 and the county bounty $50. The total exempts August 31 were as follows: Physical disability, 366; aliens, 267; under and over age, 103; firemen, 88; ferrymen, etc., 15; total, 837. The following was the report of the enrolling officer Septem ber 1, 1862: September, 1862. Militia. First Ward 647 Second Ward 469 Third Ward 628 Fourth Ward 722 Fifth Ward 482 Julien Twp 314. Total 3262 Mosalem 168 Iowa 165 Taylor 281 Prairie Creek 160 Concord 188 olunteers Regular Three for war. army. months 65 39 4 65 4 24 77 10 3i 121 8 10 58 2 19 64 3 4So 66 88 3 4 11 1 , . 79 . . . . 17 2 , . 38 . . 286 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY New Wine 354 59 5 z Dodge 148 20 4 Jefferson 312 53 1 Vernon 213 33 White Water 216 34 Washington 201 23 10 1 Liberty 263 13 . . 2 Cascade 215 36 9 Table Mound 197 37 Peru 165 20 4 Center 237 27 1 Total 6745 953 107 92 In September Conday, Duffy and O'Brien recruited for the Irish regiment. The Iowa Army Sanitary Commission had a branch here in September. The Herald said the progressive steps of Abo litionism were emancipation, confiscation, extermination and damna tion. By September 2 the Twenty-seventh Regiment was full. Large sums of money were paid out for bounty. V. J. Williams became colonel of the Twenty-seventh ; he had fought at Wilson's Creek. The pass system to catch "skedaddlers" from the draft was enforced again at the levee early in September ; but the exodus continued at night in yawls. In September, 1862, the county board refused to make an appropriation for the support of soldiers' fam ilies. An immense emancipation meeting early in September, called by Rev. Holbrook and others, was largely attended and very urgent and enthusiastic. Bailey, Langworthy, Bissell and Cram prepared a petition to President Lincoln to free the slaves. D. S. Wilson became colonel of the Sixth Iowa Cavalry. County bounty fifty- dollar warrants were worth about forty-five dollars. On Septem ber 16 the Twenty-first Regiment left Dubuque in a drenching rain; thousands gathered to see them depart. The Irish regiment was called the Forty-second; George M. O'Brien became its colonel. On September 16 Governor Kirkwood announced there would be no general draft. A mass meeting of men opposed to emancipa tion was held about the middle of September. Mr. Mahony,_ it was announced, was obliged to wait until a military commission had been appointed to try his case. W. B. Allison, in a public speech, called Mahony a traitor, whereupon the Herald lampooned Allison. George W. Beaubien made saddles, bridles, spurs, etc., for the troops. By September 20, 1862, Dubuque had furnished the following volunteers: First Iowa, two companies under Captains Herron and Gottschalk; Third, one company under Capt. R. G. Herron; Ninth, a company under Captain Thomas and Hayden's Battery of one hundred and forty men ; Twelfth, two companies under Cap- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 287 tains Plater and Vanduzee ; Curtis' Horse, two companies recruited here; First or Second Cavalry, one company under Captain Coon; Sixteenth, two companies under Captains Ruhl and Newcomb;. Twenty-first, four companies under Captains Greaves, Swivel, Horr and Harrison. Captain David raised about seventy men for the Twenty-first Iowa Battery. Regular army : two companies secured by Lieutenant King, one company by Lieutenant Newberry, one company by Lieutenant Dewey, two companies by Captain Wash ington, one company by Captain York; Captain Woodman was now raising another company. Not all of the above companies came from Dubuque county; particularly those for the 'regular army came from all parts of this congressional district. Mark Smith made clothing for the soldiers. W. H. Peabody bought horses for the army. Late in September three regiments partly completed were at Camp Franklin. Markell and Williams raised sharpshooters in September and October. Trouble between Colonel Brush and the Thirty-eighth Regiment caused Governor Kirkwood to put Lieutenant Colonel Hughes in command in October. By October 5 Sixth Cavalry had six full companies. The Twenty- seventh Regiment was ordered to Spirit Lake in October to hold the Sioux in check; they received 750 muskets, 120 Enfield rifles, and 87,000 rounds of ammunition. Four companies left for St. Paul to reinforce General Pope; the others followed a few days later; all went by the steamers Northern Light, Itasca and Flora. "The time has come when we can no longer shut our eyes and hope for better things at the hands of the dominant party. This war is to be waged for partisan purposes. To save the Union is not a part of their design, but to divide and destroy it is their aim. This war, which we are told by Abolitionists, is being conducted to put down the rebellion, is in reality to further their mad schemes of negro emancipation and negro equality." — (Herald, October 8, 1862.) On October 26 Governor Kirkwood was here and reviewed the soldiers at Camp Franklin; he called on Bishop Smyth. On this date the Herald said that Lieutenant Dewey was the most success ful recruiting officer ever here; within one year he secured about five hundred volunteers for the Regular Army, usually in small squads. A row at Camp Franklin resulted in the death of one sol dier and the wounding of several others. The Silver Greys, eighty- four men, under Captain West, left for Davenport October 17; they were all over forty-five years. The citizens here did not properly care for the volunteers at Camp Franklin ; many complaints arose ; ate in October about eighty were sick, mostly with measles and light fevers ; a few of the worst cases were sent to private houses ; several deaths occurred. Peter Kiene, Jr., was wounded at Corinth, captured, taken to Vicksburg, and finally paroled ; he was warmly- welcomed upon his arrival home, his death having been reported. 288 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY By November 4 the Thirty-eighth Regiment was full, but over coats and arms were yet to come. The removal of McClellan in November was declared to be a great mistake by the Herald. It was proposed by the Times to ascertain the property of Rebels here and confiscate the same. Mr. Mahony was discharged by the War Department about November 12, 1862; his friends gave him a rousing reception upon his return to Dubuque ; he was met at the ferry and welcomed in a speech by Ben. M. Samuels ; bonfires were lighted on the bluffs, buildings were decorated, and he was carried on the shoulders of enthusiastic admirers; at First street men took the places of the horses and drew his carriage up Main street and on others around to his residence on Bluff street. At the stand in Washington Square he was welcomed by Judge Wilson. 'Samuels and O'Neill. Mr. Mahony replied and stated that he would advo cate the same policy he had formerly supported. When the Ma hony procession passed the Times office all lights were extinguished and sepulchral groans came from the darkness. At the reception the Times employes and others spiked the cannon and hid the bar rels of tar intended for the illumination. "The captains of two of the companies of the Thirty-eighth Regi ment, which left town Monday, ordered their companies to halt in front of the Herald office and give three groans, which they did. Many of these men are those who have been guilty of acts of rowdyism and vandalism lately. They can never forgive us for the exposure of their cowardice." — (Herald, November 18, 1862.) "The Herald of Sunday published a most preposterous account of what it terms 'a brilliant ovation' given to D. A. Mahony in this city last Saturday evening on his return from prison. No one who was in the city then and saw what occurred could read its stilted description without laughing at its absurd falsehoods." — (Times, November 18, 1862.) "The Democrats of Dubuque county, like Democrats everywhere, who have contended for the 'Constitution as it is and the Union as it was,' have been called traitors because they favored the suppres sion of the rebellion by legal and constitutional means. The charge of treason is now applied to men who seek to uphold laws. They who apply the name traitor boast that it has been their effort for sixteen years to destroy this government. To this school belong the leaders of the Abolition party in Iowa and to this class belong the men who in darkness and secrecy caused your arrest. The news of your arrest struck the people with astonishment. What was the specific charge? Where were the affidavits? Did anyone ever know who made the affidavits? I never did, except as a vague rumor." — (Judge Wilson in welcoming speech.) "I am come back, fellow-citizens, more than ever devoted to the principles for the advocacy of which I was incarcerated. I am come back resolved to adhere to them and advocate them. I told PICTURESQUE DUBUQUE HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 289 them at Washington that they should hear from me and they said they expected to. In due time they shall." — (Mahony in his reply to welcoming speech. ) "The reception speech was delivered by Judge Wilson. As he embraced this occasion for throwing off the mask which he wore before the election, and by which many loyal voters were induced to vote for him, we shall notice it further." — (Times, November 18, 1862.) Again in November, 1862, was draft threatened; the return of Mahony and the disloyal speeches of such men as Judge Wilson threw a damper on enlistments. Late in November, 1862, the Times demanded the suppression of the Herald upon the following grounds : 1. That it was preparing for a practical demonstration of treason; 2, that it would induce Democratic party followers to rise in mob resistance to the draft and the war tax; 3, that if allowed to continue it would bring about the same state of things witnessed in Pennsylvania and Wis consin. The Herald denied all this charge. The report of the hospital at Camp Franklin from September 18 to November 30, 1862, showed that the whole number admitted was 193; returned to duty, 163; furloughed convalescent, 7; dis charged, 1 ; died, 8 ; remaining in the hospital, 24. Typhoid, bil ious and lung fevers prevailed. Men of the Twenty-first, Twenty- seventh, Thirty-second and Thirty-eighth regiments suffered most. In December Mr. Mahony addressed a four-column article to President Lincoln, giving his views on the conduct of the war; it failed to convince the Administration that it should change its policy. The Thirty-eighth Regiment, Colonel Hughes, left for the front December 1 5 ; they made a fine appearance as they marched through the streets. One of the barracks at Camp Franklin burned in December; part of the Forty-second Regiment saved the others. Late in December the Silver Greys were on furlough. The Forty- second and the Irish regiment were consolidated; O'Brien of the latter became lieutenant colonel. General Vandever was here for the holidays and was serenaded. The Ladies' Aid Society gave the soldiers at Camp Franklin a splendid dinner on Christmas, 1862 ; turkeys, pies, cakes, fruit galore. "Another Compliment. — Two companies of the Thirty-eighth marched by our office in good style yesterday and, while passing, their band (a good one, by the way) played Dixie in a very credit able manner. At the expense of being called a Secesh, Butternut, Copperhead or Dimmycrat, we must solemnly avow that we know of no tune when properly played that so soothes our savage breast as does Dixie, and we don't care who knows it — except the U. S. marshal."— (Herald, December 13, 1862.) "We believe that he (Lincoln) has violated the most solemn of all oaths over and over again. We believe that for the purpose of 290 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY giving liberty to the slave he has enthralled the freemen and while life lasts and our present convictions are retained, we will oppose him and counsel opposition to the bitter end. What right has he to play the usurper over men as free as he ? What right has he to burden the country with an ever-eating, never-satisfying debt? What right has he to destroy the nation as he has and then proceed to render it forever abject as he does. The people who submit to the insolent fanaticism which dictated this last act (emancipation proc lamation) are and deserve to be enslaved to the class which Abra ham Lincoln self -sufficiently declares free. If they possessed a tithe of the spirit which animated Rome when Catiline was expelled from its walls, or of their own immediate ancestry who went to war for an act which seemed to encroach upon their liberties, they would hurl him into the Potomac, Cabinet, Congress and all." — (Herald, January 3, 1863.) On January 6 Mahony spoke of Lin coln as "a brainless tyrant, a perjured public servant, a blundering partisan, a buffoon President." The Herald continually misunderstood and misconstrued the ob jects of the war, if its statements are to be believed. At all times it insisted that the object was to free the slaves and establish a despotism, that "save the Union" was a mere pretext; that the freed slaves would be poured on the North to the ruin of free white labor; that the freed slaves would be used by the Federal officers to aid them in stealing the cotton of the South. The fact or the northern view seems never to have entered Mr. Mahony's head, or else he was playing the cards for the Secessionists living in this county. He said "emancipation and re-Union are incompatible objects of the war; he who is for emancipation must be for dis union, for emancipation is dis-Union with the South. As the South can never be conquered the war should stop." He resumed connection with the Herald January 1, 1863, and said: "I shall continue to advocate the application of constitutional principles to the administration of the government, not only with a fervor unabated by my temporary subjection to arbitrary power but with a zeal stimulated with a zealous regard for American liberty, by the experience which I have acquired, by how easy it is to subvert the best government of nations and to subject millions of freemen to the outrages of a military despotism. The Dubuque Times of yesterday announces, probably by au thority, that Governor Kirkwood has decided not to enforce the draft. The results elsewhere attending this 'vindication of gov ernment authority' have not been so encouraging as to enamor his excellency with the system, and so we go free. The 'exempt brigade' can burn up their tickets of physical debility and inability; they are not wanted. The war is getting to be a little unpopular and the draft unhealthy."— (Herald, January 8, 1863.) Seventeen privates of the defunct Irish regiment applied for HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 291 release from further military duty and asked for writs of habeas corpus to Judge Hempstead, which were granted. As they had been mustered into the service of the United States government, they were remanded back by Captain Byrnes to the service for three years or during the war. The barracks at Camp Franklin were sold at auction for $1,564 in January, 1863. Believing from the start that the war was waged for the purpose of destroying slavery, Mahony said, January 10: "We have therefore given it no countenance, contributed to ward it no support." The Forty-second (Irish regiment) and the Forty-third were merged into the Seventh cavalry regiment early in 1863. "Has not the proclamation of emancipation discouraged enlist ments? has it not demoralized the army? has it not united the South to a man? has it not disaffected the border states? Is it not the crowning act of Lincoln's folly?" — (Herald, January 18, 1863.) "Camp Franklin is now desolate, not a solitary soldier inhabit ing a single barrack. The governor says that no more troops will be rendezvoused in Dubuque, so notoriously secessional is the character of its leading citizens. The governor does us proud by clearing us of all charges of Abolitionism." — (Herald, January 16, 1863.) Referring to Vallandingham's disloyal speech, Mr. Mahony said, January 20, 1863 : "It is bold, logical, direct and positive. The peo ple think with him and were he prepared to lead would act with him at the word. We must and will have speedy peace." This meant, if anything, open and armed revolt against the administration. "Train's Lecture Last Evening. — Globe Hall was well filled last evening to listen to the lying renegade from Massachusetts. Rebel sympathizers were there — men who have sons in the rebel army were there — men who pray daily that our armies may be over thrown (the only prayers they ever make) were there — and all of them applauded to the echo his infamous lies and treason. Ah, well, let the poor fool lie and talk. If it were not for the sweet pleasure it gives the Tories here we wouldn't care a fig for the effect of last night's lecture." — (Times, January 20, 1863.) In January, 1863, the Chicago Tribune called Mahony "the Dubuque traitor; the spawn of a felon's cell." The Herald ridi culed the appointment of Herron to a major-generalship and said : "His appointment is a suggestive commentary on the poverty- stricken military ability which characterizes the Federal army." Children of loyal parents sang during recess at the public schools ' John Brown," which act was objected to by disloyal parents. "The record we have labored to make up is one of opposition to the war — not a factious but a frank and conscientious opposition. We did not believe that war could restore the Union of these states," said the Herald of February 18, 1863. 292 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY The Times declared on February 20, 1863, that the administra tion had just as much right to suppress a paper which was opposed to it as it had to spike a cannon of the enemy. The Herald asked the citizens if they were willing to submit to such extinguishment of the rights of free press. The Herald and all disloyalists were so outspoken in February that the Times and the Union men planned to secure here a branch of the Loyal League. Such a company was organized at Cascade early in 1863. "In view of the disloyal and treasonable conspiracy against the government of the United States, for its overthrow by its enemies, and which is evidently fast developing itself throughout the North west, we whose names are hereunto subscribed do agree and form ourselves into a company or association to be called the "Cascade National Union Guard," to co-operate with like associations in this state, for the protection of life, liberty and the Union, to hold in check disloyal organizations, or any armed resistance to the laws, and at all times to be under the control of the state of Iowa, to organize, meet and drill after the manner of the state militia." Dr. W. H. Francis was sponsor of this company. It was armed and commanded by ex-soldiers. "Our citizens do not know that in our county a secret society has begun to ramify— that in our city it has its adherents and that William L. Bradley is one of its instruments. They do not know that an S. B. society has been started here under Abolition auspices in Chicago and is rapidly spreading over the country. They think that when we warn the people of the danger we are fools or alarm ists and fearful of our own shadow. We tell our readers that there is danger in the very air and that this administration and its minions, unable to conquer and devastate the South, are de termined to conquer and subjugate the honest Union loving, patriotic masses of the North. Abolitionism is bent on ^mischief. Do our readers want further proof? They shall have it."— (Her ald, February 24, 1863.) A spy of the Herald reported that one night he saw Bissell, Conger, Allison, Blocklinger, David, Shiras, Adams and others steal out one by one from a secret meeting in old Turner Hall. "What did it mean?" was asked. The branch of the Loyal League was thus organized in this city and supplied with arms by the authorities. This fact angered the disloyalists. The Herald ad vised caution and said : "We must be cautious in bringing them within the operation of the laws, that we do no wrong; we must meet them at the ballot box." This movement checked for a time much of the disloyalty here. The Herald said the objects , of his society were to establish a military despotism It was a this tune that the Herald and its friends began to be milder in their attacks on the administration and less rabid in their strictures on the war. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY my^ Abolitionism was taken into the school elections and caused much bitterness. "We are glad that the proprietor and editor of the Times does not misunderstand our position. That office is safe just so long as is the Herald office undisturbed. We are assured by Mr. Stew art that we are in no danger from mob violence. That is sufficient. There will be no conflict between ourselves or our friends and the friends of that establishment so long as our rights are respected." — (Herald, February 25, 1863.) "There is danger in this society and it should be met. The South is not subjugated and cannot be, but the North is to be brought under the yoke. We believe if the people could be aroused from their lethargy they would fling off the brood which hover around and defile the sources of power." — (Same.) On March 11, 1863, a large delegation of Republicans from farther west in the state assembled here at the office of W. B. Allison. The Herald took fright and declared "those midnight gatherings of a lawless confraternity have no worthy object for a stimulus. They are held to plot against the liberties of their polit ical opponents and unless we awaken in time to an appreciation of our danger we shall find ourselves subjected to the merciless tyranny of an organized mob. The S. B.'s of Fayette county claim as the object of their existence the destruction of 'an organ ized conspiracy in Dubuque to revolutionize the government.' These men have no knowledge of such an organization, for there is none. They are making this the pretext for their organization simply that they may be allowed to proceed without interference. The society in this city meets almost nightly. Whether it is yet in possession of arms we do not know ; we are informed, however, that it is. But preparations will not injure anybody and may prove invaluable. We therefore advise a public meeting of the Democracy called under the auspices of the Democratic club to con sider the steps proper to be taken for the formation of an open day organization to defend ourselves against midnight conspirators and would-be assassins." — (Herald, March 14, 1863.) Early in 1861 Lieutenant Sessions, of Cedar Falls, in a speech at the public park in Dubuque, called the Herald a secession sheet and declared that the office ought to be mobbed. For this the Herald denounced him through the Iozva State Journal as a cow ard for advising such an attack on a defenseless newspaper office. On March 8, 1863, two years after the above event, the editor of the Herald (local editor probably Armstrong or Hutchins) stopped at a hotel in Cedar Falls and while there was approached by Lieu tenant Sessions, who demanded an explanation of the article in the Journal. Not receiving a satisfactory explanation, he proceeded with his fists to take revenge then and there. He struck the editor several times in the face, bringing the blood, and a crowd rushed 294 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY in, shouting "Give it to him; he is a Secessionist." The editor was pretty thoroughly cowed and was severely beaten to the evident delight of the shouting crowd that had hastily gathered. About the same time a squad of soldiers at Waterloo took an agent there of the Dubuque Herald and ducked him repeatedly in the river to show their distaste for that newspaper and for the alleged dis loyalty of the agent. About this time there arose all over Iowa and the Northwest a general demand from all persons actively and earnestly engaged in putting down the rebellion that the course in opposition to the prosecution of the war should cease in Dubuque, city and county. The Herald, though still outspoken and apparently defiant, began to modify its tones of severity and instead of howling as before vented its wrath and hate in ominous growls. On March 18, 1863, the Herald passed from the control of Stil son Hutchins to that of Patrick Robb, Esq. Mr. Hutchins and Mr. Mahony took charge of the Philadelphia Journal. At this time (early in 1863) there were several deserters in this county and they were shielded by their relatives and neigh bors. When the officers approached, warnings were sounded. Lieu tenant Downey called for recruits for the Seventh regiment, where upon the Herald of March 4 said: "The business of obtaining recruits is, however, 'played out' here just at present; so we think Lieutenant Downey will not be troubled with a very large muster roll for some time to come." This open and manifest opposition to enlistments was not lost upon the Times and the Union leaders. The Herald, with Mahony, Hutchins and Armstrong, was the strongest secession sheet in the state, if not in the West. All three possessed unusual ability. Hutchins made a fortune of several million dollars by 191 1. Mr. Mahony published a book in April, 1863, entitled "Prisoners of State," in which he related his experiences while confined in the old capitol prison at Washington. The Copperheads here cut out the heads of, Liberty on the copper cents, made pins of them and openly wore them — copper head. At an open meeting of the Union League at Julien Theater on March 21, H. H. Heath, D. E. Lyon, John O'Meara and G. Grosvenor delivered speeches. It was at this time that many Democrats began to disapprove of the severe course of the Herald and its supporters and sided with those who favored a continuance of the war. The Herald received a setback which was probably the cause of the reorganization of its editorial staff. Lieutenant-Colonel O'Brien sent seventy recruits to the Seventh cavalry late in March. "It has been very hard to impress upon a certain class of the community a true conception of the designs of the party in power. Plainly and unequivocally, readers of the Herald, its members are determined either upon your subjugation or a revolution. What HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 295 else do you think that their midnight meetings betoken ? For what other purpose are they being provided with arms ? Now from the lips of the governor we have the admission that such is a fact. This was done, he said, 'because secret organizations of disloyal men had banded together to inaugurate rebellion and civil war in the state. If the citizens now refuse to heed our warning, abso lutely refuse to place themselves in a position of safety, they must not reproach us when they pay the penalty of their apathy. We say to them, organize everywhere, organize in every school dis7 trict, no matter how few or many. We have done our duty. We have placed before the people a knowledge of the dangers which beset and threaten them." — (Herald, April 12, 1863.) J. B. Dorr, Jesse Clement, Edward Langworthy, E. R. Shank- land, H. Knowlton, Thomas Gilliam, D. Leonard, F. Hinds and Colonel O'Brien and others went to Waterloo April 15, 1863, to attend the formation of a Grand Union League of the state of Iowa. In April, 1863, the editors of the Herald, at the request of several subscribers, ordered from New York eight Colt's revolvers which were to be sent by the American Express. Upon their arrival here they were detained by J. B. Henion, collector of the port of Dubuque, who apprised Mr. Hutchins, of the Herald, of what he had done. The box was marked "current funds," and Mr. Hutch ins was refused possession by order of the collector. Mr. Hutchins wrote a formal note demanding to know the reasons for the de tention, and was answered that such was the order from the gov ernment, and the act containing such authority was cited and lan guage quoted — "until further orders no powder of any description and no arms, large or small, will be permitted to pass into the state of Iowa * * * except such as are moving under military authority." The Herald accordingly said: "The arms were kept from our possession by virtue of no law, but in express contra vention of law and, without employing force, we were and are powerless. * * * The game is too transparent to win — too bold to deceive any sensible man. Its purpose is to put the Demo cratic party at the mercy of armed Union Leagues. We saw at Fairfield on Monday forty armed Union Leaguers drilling on the public square. What does it portend ? We are no alarmist. Noth ing do we so much fear and desire to avoid as war at home. We cannot stand still and be bound hand and foot. We will not! Our only defense is to provide against outrage, and that we will provide against it these men may be sure. Upon them will be the responsibility of the assault; but when it comes, when we are reduced to the alternative of the conflict or subjection, we shall not hesitate in the choice. We can get arms in spite of them. We advise all to provide for their security without delay, and in 2Q6 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the fear of God, but not of man, we warn these conspirators tt cease their wicked efforts."— (Herald, April 26, 1863.) According to Mahony the four acts of despotism were: 1, Tax bill ; 2, conscription bill ; 3, finance bill ; 4, indemnity bill. Late in April, 1863, the provost marshal at St. Genevieve, Mis souri, issued an order suppressing the Dubuque Herald a't that point. The order of General Hascall broke the hearts of the Herald editors. They called it the "last act of the tragedy." All disloyal newspapers were to be suppressed. The order said: "All newspapers and public speakers that counsel or encourage resist ance to the conscription act, or any other law of Congress passed as a war measure, or that endeavor to bring the war policy of the government into disrepute, will be considered as having violated the order above alluded to and treated accordingly." The Herald said : "If this order of Hascall's means anything it means that we are now at his mercy. Because we take the risk of the action does it render it less dangerous? We do talk to see if we cannot arouse the people to action, in order that they may not be shot down like dogs or driven like cattle." The "death of civil liberty" was the arrest of Vallandingham and his sentence to be sent .South, said the Herald savagely and bitterly. "We might as well speak plainly respecting this affair and let the consequences which follow plain speaking follow this. That the administration have the power to punish recusants we are well aware and we refrain from saying a great many things we are impelled to say because we do not wish to invite its attention or the exercise of its arbitrary power. But there are times, how ever, when to fail to speak is criminal, and this is one of them. A crime has been committed against the most vital right of the poor and the rich, the humble and exalted — the right to think, to speak, to live. When this thing is consummated thenjalainly before the American people does Abraham Lincoln stand — the murderer of the nation. The plea of military or governmental necessity is a flimsy screen which will command no respect. No necessity can justify the monstrous outrage." — (Herald, May 15, 1863.) "The Herald sustains the government, the Times does not. The administration subverts the government, and the Times approves of the subversion. The Herald makes a wide distinction between the administration and the government — as wide as the difference between Abraham Lincoln and the Constitution of the United States. The Herald supports the Constitution against the despot ism and tyranny of Abraham Lincoln. The Times supports Abra ham Lincoln against the Constitution. The Herald opposes all treason to the Constitution and all traitors, Abraham Lincoln in cluded, as well as Jefferson Davis. The Times advocates and sus tains the treason of Abraham Lincoln and condemns only that of Tefferson Davis."— (Herald, June 2, 1863.) HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 297 In May, 1863, John Hodnett, who was connected with the Her ald, while at a private house in Cedar Falls, was waited upon by Lieutenant Sessions and a crowd of his friends and told to leave town in ten minutes or suffer the consequences, and that if he returned he would be tarred and feathered. He was fol lowed across the river by a howling mob and remained there all night and in the morning went to Independence. S. P. Adams became provost marshal in May. Marshal Conger collected the government revenue here. In May, 1863, Bishop Smyth dis approved of all secret societies and his remarks went the round of the press. The enrollment for the draft was commenced June 1, 1863. The Ladies' Aid Society gave a strawberry festival at the Lori mier House, June 11, 1863, for the benefit of sick and wounded soldiers. There were urgent appeals at this time from the fields and hospitals. The net proceeds were $412.20; the Herald said, "The soldiers will probably never see a dollar of it." "The conscription act, as will be seen by telegraphic dispatches, has caused an insurrection in the city of New York. This was no more than was expected and anticipated. The popular belief is that besides being unconstitutional, the conscription act is unjust in its discriminations. It is also regarded with disfavor by the large portion of the citizens, who do not believe that the war is waged for but against this Union. How can anyone who in his heart believes that the war is only widening the breach between the North and South give his services to fight in this war? If there were no question about the objects of the war there would be no more need of conscription to raise an army now than there was when it was supposed that the war was for the Union." — (Herald, July 14, 1863.) The Federal successes in July greatly encouraged Union senti ment here and cast a damper on the outspoken opposition of the Copperheads. The victories were duly celebrated by a large crowd at Washington Square. The river was soon to be opened to New Orleans, it was said. Two men arrested in Clayton county under the conscription act and brought here to be confined were released on a writ of habeas corpus by Judge Hempstead. The men then sued the sheriff for kidnapping them, but nothing came of this suit. "Thus at the outset of the contest under the conscription act have the rights of the people been vindicated in Dubuque from the attempt of provost marshals, a deputy United States marshal, the sheriff of Dubuque county and leading members of the S. B. Society to trample under foot the power given by the people to maintain the laws inviolate. * * * Was it not a brave act of Marshal Conger, assisted by a crowd of S. B.'s, to march these shackled victims of arbitrary power through the streets of Du- 298 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY buque on a Sunday afternoon. * * * We congratulate this community that the majesty of the law is still respected in the city of Dubuque and that there are some judicial officers left who have the courage to enforce the laws even against United States officers." — (Herald, July 21, 1.863.) The Times denounced the action of the county court in the conscription cases and Governor Kirkwood directed the adjutant- general to call out volunteer companies to aid the provost marshals and serve as a posse comitatus, or bands of loyal citizens to do the same. Generally over the state the act of Judge Hempstead was declared to be an outrage and a direct affront to the draft and state authorities. "The governor of Iowa has directed the adjutant-general of the state to issue an order which, if carried into practical effect, will result in producing civil war. * * * We have no words which will adequately express our condemnation of this order from Gov ernor Kirkwood. * * * The governor invites his partisan friends to take up arms ostensibly to aid in the enforcement of ' the laws — for the purpose of overawing Democrats and preventing them from exercising their political rights. There can be no doubt whatever that a secret understanding existed between the gov ernor and the organizations known as Union Leagues to furnish those organizations with public arms and to pay them for services they might render as partisans in support of the administration. We call the attention of the people to the infamous designs of the order, and we undertake to tell those partisans who are expected to comply with it that civil war will be the result should this order of Governor Kirkwood be carried into practical effect." — (Herald, July 23, 1863.) "The Parade of Armed Union Leaguers. — The offensive exhi bition of about fifty Union Leaguers, Thursday, armed with gov ernment muskets, has created no small amount of talk and indigna tion. The reports are rife — reports, too, spread by themselves, that in joining this organization they are released from the opera tions of the draft by pledging themselves to the service at home against the Democracy. If the madmen at the head of affairs do not consider the feeling of opposition to the draft already of sufficient magnitude, they are1 taking the very steps to augment it. People do not look upon the impudent display of a force ostensibly for their own subjection with much charity or complacency. That it is not equal to the design matters nothing. While we may not fear the fifty or sixty members of the Union League, who paraded the streets on Thursday with their govern ment muskets, bayonetted and shotted, it does not follow that they are (not) viewed with contempt. The intention is plain. It is asserted that all the members of this company are by their so associating exempted from the draft; and it is also asserted that HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 299 still another company is being raised for the same purpose. If this be so the provost marshal is aware of it and the people should demand that his knowledge be made public." — (Herald, August 8, 1863.) They paraded on the special Thanksgiving day proclaimed by the President. In July several associations were formed to provide against the draft : one was for each member to put up $50, which was to serve as a fund to hire a substitute for any member of the association who might be drafted. Pope Pius IX in a letter to Archbishop Hughes, of New York, urged the latter to use his influence, per sonal and episcopal, to put an end to the war in America. Mr. Mahony withdrew permanently from the Herald in August, 1863, and Stilson Hutchins assumed editorial management. The Union Leaguers at Cascade were mostly Irish Orangemen and English men. About August 25, 1863, the enrollment was completed, it was announced; the rolls were open to inspection. Those of the first class in Dubuque county numbered 3,117. Frank McLain, a farmer residing on the North Cascade road, seven miles from Dubuque, was arrested as a deserter, brought to town, put aboard the James Means and sent down to Davenport. He had deserted, it was said, from the Thirty-seventh Wisconsin regiment two years before. About 8 o'clock August 12, 1863, two officers, D. E. Lyon and Marshal Hungerford, tried to arrest Wendel and Adam Jacobi, brothers, at their home in Peru township on the charge of deser tion and other offenses. They were resisted, whereupon in the struggle the former was shot and mortally wounded and the latter was seriously wounded. A third brother assisted, but was not harmed. The coroner returned a verdict that he came to his death by being shot with a pistol in the hands of an unknown person wilfully. The Herald said: "No cause was given for such ex traordinary proceedings and the act can only be characterized as it is by the jury, a most wilful murder. This horrible affair added to the harsh manner in which young McLain was treated lately has stirred up a feeling in the community which is fast becoming determined. Certainly, , if something is not done to bring the offenders to justice there is cause for alarm and independent action. It will never do to let this affair settle into a result of military necessity." "The Jacobi Investigation. — We learn that the grand jury failed to find a bill against Lyon and Hungerford for the Jacobi affair. Dubuque will not see such a jury for many a year hereafter. As the evidence is to be published, we make no further comment." — (Herald, August 20, 1863. ) Governor Kirkwood at the big Union meeting, August 26, 1863, in his speech said : "I have been represented as saying that I was arming the Union Leagues throughout the state and some are 300 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY base enough to declare, and there are fools who believe, that it is for the purpose of influencing the election. It is for another pur pose — to keep down mobs, to sustain the laws and assist the provost marshals in the execution of the draft. I warn you people of Dubuque to see to it that the Keokuk county mob is not re peated here, for if I come up here on the same errand that took me to Keokuk county, I will bring no blank cartridges, but I will put down the mob and put my heel upon it and keep it there even if it causes the blood of everyone to flow concerned in it." In answer to this statement the Herald of August 27, 1863, said : "We are glad that he was exhibited from the platform, because a few men, unaware of the reckless character of the person who is entrusted with the enforcement of the laws of the state, have come to know him as he is. * * * The governor of Iowa is one of that class of persons who can safely be trusted to do just what he says he will not do. Nor do we think that his bravery exceeds his honesty or his cleanliness. * * * When did he see that the laws were executed? How did he answer when Mr. Mahony called on him as an officer to give him the protection of the state laws? * * * No man who is a man fears you, though you were thrice governor. This people have learned that they have nothing honest to expect from you, but your bluster does not in timidate them." Governor Kirkwood again addressed a large audience at the public square on September 16. So great was the feeling among the Copperheads here against him he was guarded by two companies of Union Leaguers — one of this city and one from Epworth. The Herald said : "We condole with Governor Kirkwood — mob advo cate that he is and Copperhead that we are. * * * He need not have been alarmed, however; no injury was contemplated to his person. It might have been an act of wisdom to cover the stand with one hundred muskets in the hands of sworn Loyal Leaguers as he did last night, but he would have fared as well had he not been fortified. He is a played-out card. He has bullied and badgered Democrats until they despise him as they would a rep tile. The official robes which cover him and which would hide an ordinary amount of meanness fail to protect him. Viewed as a man he challenges no sentiment of respect ; viewed as governor of the state, he arouses nothing but contempt. Why should we choose soft words or seek for golden metaphors when we speak of a governor who bids his partisan supporters assault their Polltical opponents and promises immunity for their crimes? * * He to be treated with respect! Rather place in the hands of every honest man a whip of scorpions to lash the scoundrel naked through the world."— (Herald, September 17, 1863.) "He (Governor Kirkwood) delivered himself of his usual bravado about the draft, told what he was going to do if any re- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 301 sistance were offered, and generally deported himself as would be expected of a filthy, low-lived creature accidentally elevated to power. There isn't a humble laborer in Dubuque who by hard toil bridges over his week's indebtedness by his week's income that has not more honor, more decency, more respect for his word, more sense of obligation to his oath, and who is not better fitted for governor of Iowa than Samuel J. Kirkwood. * * * There does not live a man in Iowa so rich in lucre and with such an utter poverty of character as the blustering, sweltering and doubtless cowardly governor of Iowa. He is a pitiful partisan without a redeeming trait." — (Herald, October 3, 1863.) In September, 1863, the Herald favored the organization here of a lodge of the Knights of the Golden Circle to oppose the action of the Union Leagues ; but Bishop Smyth opposed this step by ad vising all Irish-Catholics not to join the proposed organization. At this time there was great suffering here among the families of soldiers. The following resolution introduced by Mr. Cort was passed by the county board : Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to examine into the propriety of this board making the necessary provisions by the issuing of bonds or otherwise by the county for the payment of $300, either in whole or in part, for the relief of such persons who are not able to pay the amount re quired by the conscription act if drafted." Carried, 14 to 4. A large sum for their relief was raised by a gymnastic parade of 100 ladies and gentlemen under the auspices of the Ladies' Aid Society; it was held at City Hall; 25 cents was the price of ad mission and a large crowd attended. "The Dubuque Times says that the resolution of the county board of supervisors to exempt poor men from the draft is a weak scheme to make the county pay their exemption fee for them. That is just what the board meant to do and no poor man who knows his interest will fail to support the board at the polls. Mr. Knoll, Mr. Cort and Mr. O'Brien, who are running on the Democratic ticket, voted for it, while Mr. Miller and Mr. Bonson, who voted against it, are running on the Republican ticket. Every man in Dubuque county who votes the Republican ticket votes for the draft and against the exempting of drafted men by a tax. Every man who votes the Democratic ticket votes for the conscription to be paid by property and not by blood. Now, which ticket will the poor man vote? Which ticket should he vote?" — (Herald, Octo ber 11, 1863.) In September, 1863, Dr. N. B. Mathews, of Peosta, was captain of a Union League company or lodge. The Ladies' Soldiers' Aid Society netted at the State Fair here in September $503.90. The Herald denounced and derided the colored regiment that was at this time being formed in Iowa. The old ferry-boat Peosta be- 302 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY came Gunboat 36 in 1863. A home for soldiers was established in the fall of 1863 at a meeting held in the Congregational church, of which George L. Mathews was chairman and D. N. Cooley secretary. Doctor Guilbert, from a committee previously appointed, reported a plan, which was adopted. The board of control were Mrs. D. N. Cooley, Mrs. Solon Langworthy, Mrs. J. W. Robinson, Mrs. F. W. H. Sheffield, Mrs. L. D. McKenzie, Mr. J. H. Thedinga. Mr. H. L. Stout, George L. Mathews and L. A. Thomas. Mrs. Hancock was one of the vice-presidents of the Woman's State Sanitary Society. A large quantity of supplies was sent to the Chicago Sanitary Fair. His friends here presented Colonel Dorr with a fine horse. The west storeroom of the Tremont House was converted into the Soldiers' Home; the hotel furnished the meals, which were paid for by the society. When D. A. Mahony under took to lecture to the Teachers' Institute at Epworth in October, opposition was encountered and he was informed by a strong dele gation that he was not wanted. The society asked the county board for $200 down and $100 per month for the soldiers and their fami lies. Mr. Bonson, of the board, moved that $190 be paid at once and $90 a month thereafter as requested ; on this motion the vote stood as follows: Yeas — Bonson, Hetherington, Metcalf and Miller; nays — Bucknam, Cort, Donovan, Duggan, Heber, Kile, Macomber, McAleer, McCarron, Moore, O'Brien, Squires, Sweeney, Wilder and chairman. Later the amount was fixed at $100. "This the board has been compelled to refuse, because if the county should once commence giving aid to associations formed for the dispensation of charity, there would be no end to the ap plications made to them. They have therefore wisely abstained from making special appropriations, but at the same time have given the superintendent of the county poor additional instructions for relieving the wants of those in need wherever such cases are found, and the charity will be dispensed to soldiers as freely as to others."— (Her a Id, October 23, 1863.) "Whereas, The board of supervisors of Dubuque county at their last session were respectfully solicited to make an appropriation of money for the use and benefit of the Soldiers' Home in this city, by a petition signed by the officers of such association, which peti tion clearly stated the objects and aims of the enterprise, and "Whereas, This board with only four dissenting votes refused all aid, except upon the conditions that it be expended in the sup port of paupers and under the direction of the county officers having in charge this dutv, thus compelling our sick, suffering ana destitute soldiers to receive such aid as common paupers, or De denied it entirely; now, therefore, believing as we do that this action of the board of supervisors is ungenerous, ungrateful aofl unjust and justly merits the scorn and contempt of all patriotic men and also demonstrates more clearly than language can the real HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 303 intentions of the board, which we believe to have been the proscrip tion of our patriot soldiers who have suffered and endured so much to transmit to us the inheritance bought by the blood of our fathers, that we take this opportunity to tender to all our soldiers our warmest gratitude for what they have done and are doing to crush this wicked rebellion and make the flag of our country honored and respected at home and abroad, and we pledge them our constant aid and sympathy in sickness and health, and we also pledge them that the Soldiers' Home in this city shall fur nish all reasonable comfort to those sick, suffering and destitute soldiers as long as there is one dollar in the treasury subject to our control ; therefore, "Resolved, That an order be drawn on the city expense fund for $100 for the support of the Soldiers' Home in this city and that the same be delivered to the mayor of this city, who is the president of said board, to be used in such manner as in his judg ment may become necessary." These resolutions of the city council of Dubuque were de nounced by Aldermen Mulkern, Quigley and Kiene, the former of whom moved that all the preamble be struck out. Those voting yea were Christman, Kiene, Mulkern, Quigley and Treanor ; nays — Cummings, Mathews, Russ, Schmidt and Stout. There being a lie, Mayor Thedinga voted so that the whole series was adopted. "The Hypocrites. — The Copperhead farmers of this county, who bring their grain and other products here to sell, heap the foulest abuse on the administration and all connected with it, as only ignorance can abuse that which it doesn't understand. When they receive their pay they won't take anything but the "Dirty Greenbacks," as they call them, to carry home. This a fair "sample of the shameless hypocrisy of the party which controls the politics of the county." — (Times, October 30, 1863.) "About two thousand hard-fisted, hard-working honest men who helped to make Dubuque just what she is and without whom her merchants could not live a month, who clog her granaries with grain and her markets with produce, are the subjects of this petty slanderer's abuse. The very life and trade of Dubuque city is thus attempted to be rendered contemptible and driven from her. We ask the merchants of Dubuque what they think of it. We know some of them whose advertisements appear in the Times regularly, who depend entirely on this 'ignorant class' of 'shame less hypocrites' for their trade." — (Herald, October 31, 1863.) Late in October J. H. Scanlan called for volunteers to serve on government gunboats. The Teachers' Institute at Epworth re solved that the government should be supported in its efforts to crush the rebellion. Dr. E. A. Guilbert was prominent among the Union Leaguers; he became colonel of the Tenth cavalry. The Methodist and Presbyterian congregations at Epworth refused to 304 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY permit Mr. Mahony to speak in their churches; he addressed the citizens in the Christian church. Stephen Hempstead had two sons in the Confederate army. About November the officials pre pared the following statement of the number of troops furnished by Dubuque county, as follows : Second regiment, 187 ; Third, 71 ; Fifth, 2; Ninth, 67; Twelfth, 78; Fourteenth, 1; Sixteenth, 79; Eighteenth, 3 ; Twenty-first, 484; Twenty-sixth, 1 ; Twenty-seventh, 7 ; Thirty-second, 1 ; Thirty-seventh, 83 ; Thirty-eighth, 8 ; Fifty- first, 1; First cavalry, 81; Second, 24; Fourth, 6; Fifth, 109; Sixth, 77; Eleventh Pennsylvania, 6; regular army, estimated, 500; total infantry, 1,063; cavalry, 303 ; artillery, 80; regulars, 500; grand total, 1,946. "There has probably no paper suffered so much for its bold ness, its independence, as the Herald. For daring to be free we have paid all the penalties which proscription, intolerance and unreason could suggest or inflict. We have been ceaselessly fol lowed by enemies; our patrons have been threatened and cajoled, to induce them, if possible, to withdraw all pecuniary assistance or support. In many places persons who would gladly take and read the Herald have been the victims of an organized persecution until they are glad, for their own peace, to discontinue its coming. Merchants in this city and Chicago have withdrawn their adver tising favors until we could name them by scores. In some towns in Iowa we have large amounts due us, which it is impossible to collect, because whoever attempts their collection is most certain to be set upon by some bully or mob. Despite all this the Herald has lived. We need, however, the assistance of every man of whose opinions we are the exponents." — (Herald, November 17, 1863.) Late in October a splendid reception was given to General Her ron by the loyal citizens regardless of party. William B. Allison was president of the occasion. D. N. Cooley delivered the address of welcome. J. M. Harrison was marshal. He was received with imposing ceremony. Under the new call 1,754 men were required from this congressional district. Twelve lots in Linwood cemetery were set apart for the soldiers. Prior to November 15 thirty soldiers were assisted at the Home. In November it was claimed that there were in Dubuque county seven branches of the Union League, with a membership of about 2,000; of these about 1,000 were in the city of Dubuque. An enrollment of November, 1863, showed that 443 men were required from this county under the late call. On November 29 the Union Leaguers paraded the streets; halted in front of Bishop Smyth's residence and when he came out gave him three cheers ; presented arms when he delivered them a short, loyal and eloquent speech, ending with the statement that his elec tion as an honorary member of the League was the highest military honor he had ever received. "Whereas, It is rumored and appears to be a fact that there HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 305 are recruiting officers in this county of Dubuque enlisting persons in this county for the military service of the United States to be placed to the credit of other counties in Iowa; and that it is the design to leave in this county the families of such recruited and enlisted persons to be supported by and at the expense of the county of Dubuque ; and ( "Whereas, It appears that families and parts of families of persons . enlisted from other counties in Iowa come or are sent here at the expense of this county ; and "Whereas, It appears to this board that Dubuque county is sufficiently burdened with its own poor, with the destitute families of soldiers who have enlisted or may hereafter enlist, and to its credit ; be it therefore and it is hereby "Resolved, That the superintendent of the poor and of the poorhouse be directed to give the aid and relief provided by this board for the families of soldiers to such families of soldiers only as have enlisted for this county and are placed in its quota of vol unteers or conscripts." Adopted January 8, 1864. The county board, which had voted in favor of the desired aid for the Soldiers' Home, voted another $100 in its favor for No vember; Mulkern and Quigley voted against it. Captain O'Neill recruited here in December. During 1863 Mr. Kyne, superintend ent of the poor, assisted 113 soldiers' families; they were given provisions in summer and provisions and wood in winter. The draft, it was announced, would take place January 5, 1864. At the November election, 1873, Mr. Mahony was chosen county sheriff. Of the 122 persons who were put in jail in 1863 thirty were deserters. By January 14 there were here 225 recruits under the recent calls. The provost marshal's office was the liveliest place in town, but the recruits came forward slowly. When the Ladies' Aid Society, in January, 1864, proposed a sanitary fair here, like the one held in Chicago, the Herald objected unless help were furnished to all county poor alike ; for this and other reasons the plans were abandoned; but the ladies continued their regular relief work. Many recruits passed through Dubuque at this time, bound for the front. The large call for volunteers in January, 1864, staggered Du buque county, which was already behind in raising its quota. The case of Gen. George W. Jones against Secretary Seward was argued in the United States Supreme Court in February. The majority of the citizens objected to negro children in the public schools. The draft was postponed to March 10. By February 1 the recruits required from this county under the former calls were 435; there had been raised fifty. The county enrollment was 4,932. In March serious trouble between the soldiers of the Ninth regiment and the Copperheads here was narrowly averted. 306 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY They threatened to destroy the Herald office, made hostile dem onstrations, but were finally dissuaded from such intentions largely through the influence of Adams, Conger, McSweeney and others One man was arrested, but George W Cummins went his bail and in the end he was released. Many old soldiers returned singly and m groups during the summer of 1864 on veteran furlough and were royally welcomed. In March the plan to hold a sanitary fair was revived and the movement progressed rapidly. The draft was again postponed to April 1. Nearly all of the churches had their own soldiers aid societies in 1863-4. In April Governor Stone called for 100-day men. It had been decided to hold the sanitary fair beginning May 24,' but it was finally postponed to June 21. It had progressed to 'such large dimensions that it was seen about June ist that the City Hall and Turner Hall would be wholly inadequate; whereupon it was proposed to enclose all of Washington Square and hold the fair there. Great efforts to fill the quota were made early in 1864; a dozen officers were recruiting at the same time in April and May. By May 12 the Governor's Greys had sixty-seven men for the 100-day service; they filled their ranks and left about May 17. The Union Guards were filled the same time and also departed. About half a dozen lawyers enlisted at this time. H. Markell was captain of the Greys and Dr. E. A. Guilbert captain of the Guards. News of the battle of the Wilderness caused much excitement here ; all admired the way General Grant hung to the conflict. M. B. Mulkern was United States commissioner for this district. The county Democracy in June, 1864, opposed the prose cution of the war. Actively connected with the Sanitary Fair were the following ladies: Booth, Langworthy, Stout, Williams, Mackenzie, Markell, Robinson, Cooley, Clement, Dorr, Horr, Mobley, Vandever, Feni more, Davis, Fellows, Tredway, Cummings, Scott, Wemott, Wood- worth, Edsall, Gilman, Whitaker, Burden, Shiras, Holmes, Faherty, McBride, O'Brien, Hayden, Cornwell, Shankland, Wilson, Hill and many others. Among the men most active were H. A. Wiltse, the president ; F. E. Bissell, George L. Mathews, Austin Adams, 0. P. Shiras, William B. Allison, J. K. Graves, H. W. Sanford, William Westphall, J. T. Hancock, Richard Bonson, William Larrabee and Mr. Wood. In June Messrs, Wiltse and Wood raised in the East $5,000 for the fair. Mrs. Booth and Mrs. Bissell collected a thou sand dollars in a single day. Every institution and industry in the city and many throughout the county and state contributed to the success of the fair. Long excursion trains brought immense crowds from abroad ; even the postoffice had a fair department. The whole state had become interested and valuable contributions came from scores of counties. All the available halls in the city were called into use. The display was immense and magnificent. The elabo- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 307 rate decorations clothed the whole city in flowers, evergreens and holiday attire generally ; floral hall in the courtroom was made beautiful in the extreme. Even the steamers on the river were decorated. Boats, theaters, races, concerts, societies, organizations, officials, artists, stores, manufactories, relics, lectures, boat contests, lotteries, auctions, prizes, contributed valuable gifts and donations and everywhere were emblazoned banners rich with loyal phrases and mottoes, such as, "We Welcome You," "Our Hearts Are With Our Soldiers," "Buy and Help Our Brave Boys," "Grant and the Army Forever," etc. The season ticket cost $2 and single admis sion 50 cents. Over 10,000 donated articles were disposed of at auction ; the fair was extended well into the second week. In fact it was many months before the last articles were disposed of. By the middle of November the net proceeds amounted to over $86,000. This sum exceeded the proceeds of the Chicago fair of 1864. It was called "Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair" ; sixty-one counties of Iowa made donations varying from a few hundred dollars to as high as over $7,000. Clayton county made the largest donations next to Dubuque county; Mitchell county the largest in propor tion to wealth, and Kossuth county the largest in proportion to population. Over $25,000 worth of hospital stores was turned over to the United States sanitary commission. All conflicting interests were united in the one grand object of assisting the sol diers. The results reflect the highest credit on the citizens of this city, county and state, and should stand forever in history as a monument to the generous impulses of all the people. No. in No. re- No. added Total first Total maining since No. sub- Dubuque County, enroll- dropped subject first enroll- ject to July, 1864 — ment. from list, to draft. ment. draft. Julien 274 62 212 91 303 First ward 445 63 382 89 471 Second ward 317 149 168 147 315 Third ward 629 87 542 76 608 Fourth ward 674 224 450 167 617 Fifth ward 391 80 311 166 477 Je™ 134 32 102 24 123 Jefferson 159 35 124 21 145 Concord 136 22 114 26 140 LTlberty 179 38 141 56 210 New Wine 251 67 184 43 227 J°wa in 24 87 9 96 Center 172 70 102 36 138 ?odp i°7 37 7o 27 97 ^V™ 156 33 123 26 149 Cascade 148 24 124 41 165 308 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY White Water 160 51 109 23 132 Vernon 202 43 159 13 iy2 Table Mound 162 97 65 36 101 Mosalem 124 22 102 29 131 Prairie Creek 178 103 75 51 126 Washington 226 152 74 32 106 Totals 5,335 1,515 3,820 1,229 5,049 In July, 1864, Governor Stone ordered that all militia of the state should be organized into companies. In August Shubael P. Adams was provost marshal; J. H. Powers, draft commissioner; Allen Phillips, surgeon. Substitute brokers did a large business in 1864; all sorts of schemes were practiced. It was stated on August 17 that persons here had offered as high as $300 for one- year substitutes, but could find none at that figure. The Herald stated that William B. Allison secured a substitute for $150. It was said August 29 that $500 had just been paid here for a sub stitute. The following was the quota, credits and deficits of Dubuque county from February, 1864, to August 15, 1864: August, 1864— Quota. Credit. Deficit. Julien township 102 64 38 First ward 162 101 61 Second ward 112 78 34 Third ward 220 152 68 Fourth ward 232 171 61 Fifth ward 150 II8 32 Peru 46 24 22 Jefferson 55 3° l7 Concord 48 35 *3 New Wine 86 58 28 Iowa 38 20 18 Center 56 3» 8 Dodge 36 26 10 Taylor 54 4j » Cascade 55 37 f Whitewater 53 29 ^ Vernon 68 43 25 Table Mound 49 33 Mosalem - f f % Prairie Creek 5° & Washington 63 44 J9 Liberty 68 33 _j» Total 1,855 J'2S° 6°5 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 309 "The Draft. — Tomorrow is the day appointed for as shameful an outrage as was ever perpetrated upon a free people in any age or in any clime. It is the day appointed by Lincoln for a draft of men with whom to prosecute a partisan war for partisan purposes — a war not for the restoration of the Union but, as the President him self declares, to compel an abandonment of slavery — a war that is -liable to be turned at any time against the freemen of the North. We have not the least doubt that many of these conscripts who are now to be torn from their homes will be employed sooner or later in a warfare upon their neighbors and friends at home; if not, why all this preparation by the Administration for war at the North?" — (Herald, September 1, 1864.) "Some of them (wives of soldiers) were melted to tears as they told their sufferings, of want and famine, staring their families in the face. Their husbands are in the army and many of them have received no pay in seven months and consequently can send no means home for the support of their families. Their wants were relieved by Mr. Kyne, who is authorized to grant their request in cases where want is known to exist." — (Herald, September 16, 1864.) Under the new State militia law the Germans of Dubuque organ ized a company in September, 1864, with Frederick Gottschalk as captain; they called themselves German National Guards. The 100-day men returned in September. Mr. Adams notified the county that the draft would commence in this district on the 22d of September, ' and that on that day the first drawings would be commenced in Julien township outside of the city; 23 were to be drafted in that township and 23 more for alternates. The enroll ment in this township was 265 ; a boy named Monroe Amsden was blindfolded and required to draw the names one at a time from the wheel or box; the first slip drawn bore the name. Michael Carney. Further drafting was temporarily stopped at the request of many citizens until the county board should meet to act on the question of bounty. At the draft meeting in the court house September 23, 1864, the largest crowd ever convened in the county assembled to hear the report of Messrs. Mahony and Bates, who had been previously ap pointed to investigate. Mr. Mahony explained that the object was to adopt proper measures for the relief of such persons as were subject to draft, and then asked whether the citizens were in favor of voting a tax to be borne equally by all, or of each man drafted to hire his own substitute or go. He stated that he and Colonel Bates had seen a majority of the county supervisors and had learned that they would, on October i, meet and take steps to relieve the county from the consequences of the draft. Colonel Bates stated to the meeting that it seemed that the people of the county were willing to subscribe a sufficient amount of money to 310 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY procure substitutes if volunteers were not forthcoming Upon re quest Provost Marshal Adams attended the meeting and explained the situation and stated what his duty was. The following resolu tions were thereupon adopted : Resolved, That this meeting take measures to have committees appointed in each ward and township in the county to solicit sub scriptions to raise a fund to be added to the proposed bounty to be offered by the County of Dubuque to fill the quota of this county, the fund received in each ward and township to be used in favor of volunteers for each ward or township. Resolved, That the board of supervisors of Dubuque County be requested to take such action as they may think proper to relieve the people of the. county from the pending draft. The necessary committees were thereupon appointed. Franklin Hinds was asked to serve as chairman of this meeting, but declined on the ground that he did not understand the nature of the as semblage. Patrick Quigley served as chairman, and J. J. E. Nor man as secretary. On September 23 the draft was carried to Delaware county. In this county it was postponed until the county board could meet and act. The number of men required from Dubuque City on Septem ber 23, 1864, was as follows: First ward 28, Second 16, Third 33, Fourth 11, Fifth 16. "We regret exceedingly that the Times in its Monday's issue should indulge in an extremely partisan view of the movement now on foot to fill the quota of this county without a draft. It opposes the whole proceeding and expresses the hope that loyal men will give the whole movement 'a wide berth,' and calls upon provost marshals 'to let the draft go on.' Inasmuch as the movement re ferred to is the effort to fill our quota by volunteers, the above would seem very much like discouraging enlistments. It is hardly necessary to refer to the fact that a wide difference of opinion exists between Democrats and Republicans as to the propriety and justice, and even legality, of a draft. The former, if in power, would avert a draft altogether, while the latter have considered one necessary and enacted a law for that purpose. But no matter what our opinions are as to the merits or demerits of that law, it must be obeyed. Dubuque county is called upon for 300 men to fill her quota. If they are not furnished voluntarily they will be taken by draft. If the draft occurs many families will be left destitute, in which case the county would be called on for support. Which step, then, should the county take— offer the bounty or pre pare to care for the families?"— (Herald, September 27, 1864.) Every ward in Dubuque and many precincts throughout the county, independent of any act that the county board might take, raised large sums to secure recruits or substitutes. When it was realized that the draft would now surely take place in all portions HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 311 of the county unless the quota was raised at once, the citizens began work in earnest. The county board met about October 1 and fully considered the subject. As it was apparent that a great majority of the citizens favored a county bounty, they finally passed resolu tions appropriating $125,000 for that purpose. County coupon warrants bearing 6 per cent interest, payable in ten years or sooner, were to be issued ; and not exceeding $400 was to be paid for any recruit. The fund was to be applied to substitutes previously se cured under the pending call. A committee of five was appointed to carry the order into effect. They were Arthur McCann, Dennis O'Brien, Theophilus Crawford, F. M. Knoll and John Rugamer. The following was one of the preambles of the resolutions of the county board appropriating the $125,000: "Whereas, If such draft be permitted to take place, there is reason to believe that the peace of the county would be disturbed, its prosperity impaired, its business in the various walks of life suspended, and the better portion of its able-bodied population driven into exile to avoid compulsory conscription ; therefore," etc. Many exciting incidents occurred in all parts of the county, growing out of the efforts to escape the draft. Bounty jumpers kindled the wrath of the people; prices of substitutes ran up to $600 or more. In Concord township one of the recruits, after receiving the bounty, escaped from the guards, but was pursued by thirteen citizens armed with pistols, who conveyed him to Du buque and delivered him to the marshal ; he escaped again, where upon the aforesaid thirteen citizens cast lots to see which of them should go in his place. There was much excitement, not unmixed with ludicrous incidents, for several months. There was great rejoicing as township after township and ward after ward raised its quota. "Recruits are urged to enlist for three years, and we are told that all in excess of the present quota will be credited on the next draft. Another draft will surely come if Abraham Lincoln is re-elected, and still others, each succeeding one more cruel and remorseless than the last, until the last man shall be taken. Who will vote for an administration so bloody in its policy and pur poses?"— (Herald, October, 7, 1864.) "A negro from one of the interior towns presented himself at the provost marshal's office as a volunteer to fill the quota of his town, and was also authorized and furnished with the means to buy enough men to fill the quota. He flourished among the white brokers and was a formidable rival, bidding up in a spirited man ner. He got one white man for $700 and would pay the price for several more, but he happened to open negotiations with a Copper head, who gave him a blow over the peeper and the darky left for home soon after with a black eye and has not been seen since. He is several degrees above those ranting, howling Abolitionists 312 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY who blow war all the time but never enlist themselves. He is going to the front along 'wid the white folks.' "—(Herald, Octo ber 15, 1864.) Nearly all the townships took the county bounty warrants at par. Jefferson and Taylor townships were drafted October 6. By October 8 the First and Third wards of Dubuque were the only ones behind. On October 9 Cascade, Concord and Iowa townships were drafted. The Third ward cleared itself by October 10; it raised thirty-five men in two weeks. Dodge township was an nounced free from the draft October 11, Liberty cleared itself October 12. The First ward was clear the 12th, paying $550 for its last man. Mahony and Bates did more to free the county from the draft than any other men. They led the movement which induced the county board to offer the bounty. Substitute brokers did a "land office business"; one boasted that he had cleared $2,000 in two months. A broker furnished six men in a lump, who were secured by Taylor township. The draft occurred in White Water township. Iowa township cleared itself October 22. Prior to November 19, 1864, there had been paid out in county bounty warrants $115,800. This sum had been divided among the several wards and townships of the city and county and to persons who had hired substitutes, in part as follows : First ward $10,000 Second ward 5>6°° Third ward H,ooo Fourth ward 4,ooo Fifth ward 4,ooo Julien 2400 New Wine 6,400 Prairie Creek 5,200 Vernon 7,6oo Table Mound 4,400 Peru • 5,20° Liberty 7.6oo Dodge I'000 Washington I'4°° Iowa . 4,ooo Center 4'4°° White Water 5,6oo Mosalem ['. . .ifioo ?sfde ::::::.... 2,400 J*ylor 1,200 Jeffers°,n . 2,800 Concord o00 Special HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 313 There was still due townships and individuals the sum of $13,- 250, making $129,050 in all, or $4,050 over the amount appro priated by the board in October. There was a supplemental draft in one or more of the townships in November. Sherman's march to the sea and the Federal suc cesses late in 1864 were fully appreciated here. "No draft" was announced early in January, 1865, to the great relief of the whole county. Even as late as Eebruary, 1865, the Herald clung to its idea of peace on the basis of the old Union. Dr. E. A. Guilbert succeeded Dr. Phillips as examining surgeon. The old Herald died at this time, though the new one found fault with every step of the administration. On January 6 the city council "Resolved, That hereafter payment made to soldiers' families from the relief fund in Dubuque county shall be paid in money instead of orders on designated stores in the city of Dubuque, if demanded by them." The question of additional bounty was considered in January, in view of the new quota and fresh calls for recruits. The Herald had an exasperating way of noticing with great display all im portant events solely of interest to the South and of studiously ignoring occurrences of interest to the North. During 1864 forty- seven deserters were put in jail in Dubuque. Substitute brokers again were prominent in January, 1865. As high as $700 was paid by several individuals. The county board adopted the follow ing resolution on January 4 : Whereas, The county of Dubuque has given a large bounty to those persons who have joined the army of the United States during the fall of 1864 and thereby liberally provided for the families of said persons ; therefore be it "Resolved That the families of such soldiers who have received the county bounty, or in whose favor the warrants of the county have been issued, are not entitled to nor shall they receive the sup port of the county, the same as other soldiers' families, and that the resolution passed by this board at its last regular session au thorizing the members of this board to recommend the aforesaid soldiers' families to the superintendent for support be and is hereby rescinded. "Babylon Has Fallen. — Richmond, the capital of the Confed eracy, has fallen. The news was first received by a dispatch from Lincoln, and afterward confirmed by Stanton, when all doubts were removed, as the event had long been expected. Signs of rejoicing and hilarity began to manifest themselves throughout the city, when flags were displayed and crowds of men thronged the newspaper offices to learn the truth of the report. The Germania band paraded Main street during the afternoon playing inspiring airs and was followed by a crowd. The Key City battery fired a salute from Washington Square without meeting with any acci- 314 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY dent. The whole city was glad to know that the end draweth nigh, for all are more or less tired of the war, and the sooner it is ended the better it will be for all parties. With the Federal vic tories and the city election the town was in a blaze of excitement last evening."— (Herald, April 4, 1865.) "We have to record in this issue two great victories, one of Dubuque and the other of Richmond and both of large importance. Richmond has at last fallen; after withstanding a siege of three full years it has at last succumbed and Federal troops are now stationed on its streets and Federal tents cover the Shocpoe Hills. This was the last stronghold of the rebels— the last standpoint of the Confederacy — and with its capture goes out not perhaps their last hope but certainly their greatest. It is a blow from which we do not believe they can ever recover, and indeed, if they are ever able to again rally a large army, they will disappoint us. Still it is presuming too much to believe that the war is virtually at an end, for it is not so ; there will be a good deal of fighting yet and many severe struggles before they yield." — (Herald, April 4, 1865.) The news of Lee's surrender was received a little before 10 o'clock p. m. Sunday, April 9, 1865, and immediately an impromptu celebration was held. An enthusiastic crowd, headed by the Ger mania band, paraded the streets and called the people from their beds ; bulletins conveyed the glad tidings. Bishop Smyth, who was called out, rejoiced at the prospect of speedy peace. Mayor Thomp son gave permission to ring all the bells in the city. Other leading citizens were called out, made glad speeches, and far into the next day the rejoicing continued; bonfires and patriotic songs closed the celebration. But the next day the excitement and rejoicing continued with little diminution ; nearly all business was suspended, the people preferring to meet, congratulate and make merry. An immense procession paraded the streets at 2 p. m., with banners, mottoes and war reminders, amid the fire of artillery from the bluff; speeches of joy and gladness were delivered in halls and churches to cheering, happy-faced crowds. The Herald asked President Lincoln to give the South all the rights it had before the war. "Our faith, however, in Mr. Lincoln doing this we must acknowl edge is small. If he rises from politics to statesmanship he will disappoint the precedents he has set. If he can disentangle himself from the radical destructives who have governed and owned him since he has been in power, he will do much more than we antici pate from him. It is almost as morally certain that he will bring in the odious and everlasting nigger question as that the sun will rise tomorrow; he will prove himself, we fear, insteadof a wise and judicious statesman, nothing but a groveling Abolitionist, sac rificing the interests of a great and mighty nation and of millions HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 315 of white men to an abstract question about a few niggers. If he should not do it, then indeed would Lincoln cease to be Lincoln." — (Herald, April 12, 1865.) On Sunday, April 16, the terrible news of Lincoln's assassination was received and occasioned general regret and sorrow. Here, as elsewhere in the North, many had come to believe him a tyrant, and several rejoiced at his death. The Herald denounced the act as an awful crime and issued bulletins, as did the Times. Many voluntarily draped their buildings in mourning. A grocer named Morrill, located at Main and Eighth streets, on the morning of April 15, 1865, offered to head a band of men to tear down the Herald office. PROCLAMATION. In consequence of the sad news received by telegraph of the cowardly assassination of our President and secretary of state, I hereby request all places of business and saloons in the city to be closed during the day and evening. It is further requested that all drape their buildings in mourning. John Thompson, Mayor. "It was but a short time before the city was almost entirely draped in mourning, presenting a strange contrast from the gay and festive aspect of the first part of the week. The streets had the appearance of Sunday. Store rooms were closed and shutters up. The banks closed business after 12 o'clock. Men gathered on the street to talk of the atrocious deed. Tears rolled down the cheeks of gray-haired men. The excitement was intense. From joy the nation was turned to sorrow. No such a dismal looking day was ever seen in this city before and we hope will never be again."— (Herald, April 16, 1865.) "Precisely at 12 o'clock all the bells in the city commenced a doleful tolling, continuing for an hour. All the churches, public buildings and fire companies rung out a slow, mournful dirge that fell on the ear like the spirit of the departed. On the levee the observance was kept; flags trimmed with crape floated half-mast and all the packets' bells tolled a funeral dirge. Sunday was not more quiet than Main street during two hours yesterday. The citizens assembled at the Congregational church according to public announcement andl occupied an hour or more with services appro priate to the solemn occasion. The divines delivered fitting eulo gies on the death of the lamented President. Hon. W. B. Allison made a few remarks appropriate to the occasion." — (Herald, April 20, 1865.) If there should ever be any violence or mobs in Dubuque — which we fervently hope will never be the case — we shall know 316 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY where to trace them and to whom to lay the blame. These min isters propose to visit upon us the same vengeance Wilkes Booth wreaked upon Mr. Lincoln, and think thereby, as he did, they are doing God and humanity a service. Last Friday Parson Holmes proposed the appointment of a committee to come down and mod erate our tone, but wise man that he is readily gave way to sapient suggestion that the matter should be deferred till the soldiers come home, when they would compel what he desired. Parson Whiting hopes that the day will come when Dubuque will not be a disgrace to Iowa and the North."— (Herald, April 21, 1865.) The Herald called these ministers "bloodhounds of Zion." "We will give these men who are so eager to stir up strife in this community a bit of wholesome advice. ' It will be a sorry day for them and their friends when they attempt any violence. They are in the minority here and it is the intention to keep them there. The Democracy will not allow themselves to be provoked into any violence of any kind by taunts of 'shameless disloyalty' or by threats of 'patriotic indignation' — they intend to preserve order, obey the laws and criticise the acts of public men as they please." — (Herald, April 21, 1865.) "Fanatical priests have been the curse of this country for the last fifteen years. Casting aside the work of their Master, they have entered fully into the service of the devil and have preached the country into a revolution and now they want to preach it into anarchy." — (Herald, April 22, 1865.) On April 19, 1865, Bishop Smyth's fine barn containing two fine Morgan horses worth $1,000, a carriage worth $500, two sets of harness, a cow, a Newfoundland dog, a sleigh and a large quantity of hay was burned by an incendiary. This was one of the meanest, most contemptible acts ever perpetrated in this city; it was denounced by everybody as a dastardly crime. The mayor offered a reward of $1,000 for the arrest of the guilty ones. "Rev. R. Nagle, McGregor. "On last Wednesday (19th) about 1 o'clock in the morning, my stable, coach-house, carriage, splendid horses, grain, etc., etc., were all burned down by the foul hand of some southern secesh because I had on last Sunday strongly condemned the bloody and cruel assassination of our late lamented and humane President. I for give them and may God forgive them. Loss about $4,000. Clement, Bishop of Dubuque. "We believe this opinion of the bishop is as hasty as it is ill- founded. We cannot think that there is any such rascal in Du buque. Still, if he is so confident in his knowledge, is it not his duty as a good citizen to inform the officers of the law ot the guilty wretch."— (Herald, April 29, 1865.) HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 317 : there had been no Copperhead paper in Dubuque to call the dent 'bloody tyrant,' 'widow-maker,' 'wretch,' 'imbecile,' 'in- in fool,' and to even seek to cast disgrace upon his mother serting that he was a 'bastard,' Bishop Smyth would not have his property. To be consistent the Herald ought to lavish e upon the incendiary. This act was but the practice of south- ebels carried northward, and the Herald, you know, has ever the war commenced spared no praise in speaking of the acts he noble Confederates.' * * * We believe it was a ruf- born in the Catholic church, one of the ignorant beings who a disgrace to religion and society, who applied the torch to )ishop's barn. We cannot expect anything else when the ipse of a Democratic defaulter is of more importance than the admonitions of a venerable and kind-hearted prelate; when verbiage of small lawyers and the drunken bluster of pros- us dunces are heeded in preference to the advice of those who : no object but the spiritual and temporal welfare of their ges. Let it be remembered for all time in Dubuque the humble ience of the Catholic bishop was threatened by the torch of ncendiary; that his barn was fired because he denounced a , infamous and unparalleled murder." — (Times, April 23, 5-)1 April, 1865, all recruiting was stopped by order of the au- ities. In May the Lincoln Monument Association was organ- , the object being to raise means to erect in this city a monu- it to Abraham Lincoln. In June the Iowa regiments began ie mustered out and be sent home. Often they came in small ids, but when they came en masse they were received with it ceremony and showered with honors. The Ninth and Fif- lth regiments were given such a reception at the City Hall in r. The Thirty-fourth and Thirty-eighth regiments arrived in tember. The Fourth of July was duly celebrated in 1865. The 'aid could not say enough mean things against the men who that occasion exhibited an effigy of Jeff Davis hanging to a r apple tree. The Copperheads refused to have read at their bration the emancipation proclamation, so there were several brations. n September, 1865, the first steps to form in Dubuque a per- nent organization of the old soldiers were taken; several meet- s were held. On May 30, 1868, the organized old soldiers began ibserve Decoration day ; General Vandever was the chief speaker > year. Gen. M. M. Trumbull was the chief orator in 1869. B. Henderson was the chief orator in 1870. Gen. William de Clark died here in October, 1872. In 1861 he went out with Governor's Greys, was at Wilson's Creek, Pea Ridge and other ties. The G. A. R. camp at Dubuque was named in his honor; offered the Greys to the governor in January, 1861. The an- 318 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY nual reunion of the Twenty-first regiment was held here in Sep tember, 1872. The Dubuque Rifles were reorganized in 1875, with Captain Duane at their head. Col. George McHenry died here in 1877; he assisted in raising the company for the Mexican war; he previously had been colonel of militia at Jacksonville, Illinois.' He was a "war Democrat." In 1877 the Fourth regiment of National Guards was organized in this county. Capt. M. M. Hay den died in 1876; in 1854 he became captain of the City Guards; his rebellion record was brilliant. The Dubuque Light Artillery company was organized in 1878. In 1878 three companies of Dubuque were members of the Fourth regiment : Dubuque Rifles, Dubuque Guards and Dubuque Cadets. C. S. Bentley was colonel of the regiment. In August, 1881, the members of Company h First regiment, organized in order to preserve the memories of the battle of Wilson's Creek. The immense national military en campment was held here in August, 1882; nearly thirty military organizations participated ; they came from all parts of the Union. Several hundred tents constituted their home at "Camp Dubuque" on the Fair Grounds. This was by all odds the finest military display ever seen here; 25,000 people saw the sham fight. Drills, parades, steeplechase, gun contests, etc., entertained all persons. The United States signal corps gave a fine exhibition. The Por ter Guards, of New Orleans, won first prize of $1,000 for general excellence. The total receipts were $12,820 and the total expenses $13,665.13. Another, even larger, was held in June at Dubuque in 1884; this was the largest ever held in the Northwest. Over thirty companies were here the first day and in all about forty were present later. Ten bands furnished music. As before, all sorts of contests enlivened the event. The Mobile Rifles took first prize and Tredway Rifles, of St. Louis, second prize. The Governor's Greys had four distinct organizations: (1) In 1858, under Governor Hempstead, from whom it took its name; (2) in 1859; (3) in 1864; (4) in 1885. Its temporary officers in 1885 were W. H. Thrift, acting captain; C. D. Hayden, first lieu tenant; C. D. Ham, second lieutenant; they drilled in the City Hall. On July 1, 1885, they numbered forty-one. At the organi zation the old members yet alive were George L. Torbert, J. F. Bates, C. N. Clark, J. B. Howard, W. W. Wormood, J. K. Graves, G B. Grosvenor, S. M. Pollock, Horace Poole, Alonzo Cragin, A. Y. McDonald, V. J. Williams, B. M. Harger, F. H. Carberry, and others. In 1886 Governor Larrabee attended the Greys' ball. The Greys represented the state at the Centennial in Philadelphia in 1887. Their new officers in 1887 were C. D. Hayden, captain; C D Ham, first lieutenant; F. D. Shiras, second lieutenant. In 1890 the officers were W. H. Thrift, captain; B. F. Blockinger, first lieutenant; A. M. Jaeggi, second lieutenant. The Greys armory was dedicated in 1892. The Greys in October, 1892, rep- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 319 ted the state at the opening of the Columbian Exposition at igo. Captain Thrift and Private Becker became involved in as trouble in 1892 ; the latter was dropped from the rolls, but vas declared to be a whitewash of the captain. joint committee of the legislature visited Dubuque in 1886 spect proposed sites for the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. There sharp competition among the cities of Iowa for this institu- Dubuque tried hard to get it, but was defeated by Marshall- by only one vote; this city would no doubt have won had he rival cities raked up the disloyal record of this community lg the rebellion. The Grand Army encampment of Iowa was here in 1887; it was a notable event. The G. A. R. held an- • encampment here in 1891 ; 15,000 visitors were present; 3,000 ans were in line; Governor Boies addressed the old soldiers; do people saw the parade ; the Woman's Relief Corps was well :sented; the largest crowd ever here saw the performances. J. F. Bates died in 1892; his military record was splendid. In ! Gen. George W. Jones was granted a special pension of $20; fas a drummer boy in the War of 18 12; served on the staff eneral Dodge in the Black Hawk war. ie First Regiment of Iowa National Guards in 1898 comprised 'ollowing companies: Company A, of Dubuque; B, of Water- C, of Cedar Rapids; D, of Charles City; E. of Independence; f Tipton; G, of Vinton; H, of Marshalltown ; I, of Waukon; f Toledo; L, of Lyons, and M, of Maquoketa. The Dubuque ipany A was the Governor's Greys. In April, 1898, W. G. rs, of Cedar Rapids, was elected colonel of this regiment. was presumed that in case of war with Spain the Governor's rs, as Company A, of the National Guard, would, of course, me the volunteers called for from Dubuque. It was due to this on that the Greys themselves did little when war commenced. this course did not suit others here. On April 18 Capt. W. H. ift issued a call for volunteers independent of the National rds. On April 18 a large war meeting, presided over by Mayor I, was held. Colonel Lyon delivered one of his fiery speeches. :r speakers were Senator Malley, Rev, L. M. Waterman and tains Dow and Thrift. Volunteers were enrolled, but how y is unknown, as no record was kept. The call by Captain ift extended over northwest Iowa and was for a full regiment. this call was wholly unauthorized and was disclaimed by utant General Byers. bout this time the Twenty-fifth Regiment (colored) and the >nd Regiment of regulars passed through Dubuque for the it. Thousands of citizens gathered to see the latter. In the ntime the Greys began to drill every night and get ready for p. On April 22 Adjutant General Byers notified the National rd throughout the state to get ready for service. On April 23 320 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY President McKinley called for 125,000 men for two years The officers of the First Regiment were as follows: W. G. Dows colonel; Clifford D. Ham, senior major; Benjamin F. Blocklinger' junior major; Dr. J. R. Guthrie, assistant surgeon; A. M Jaeggi' battalion agent; W. H. Thrift, inspector. The officers of Company A were as follows: William M. Flynn, captain; Jacob R. Ballou, first lieutenant ; Charles J. Stewart, second lieutenant. The Greys were not up to the full number required and besides several dropped out, not finding it convenient to go. This left the company with three corporals and twenty- four privates, besides the officers. There was also here the regimental band, under Drum. Major Joseph Reis. Recruits were hurriedly called for, drilling occurred every night, and on April 29 the company left for Des Moines, pursuant to the following call : Capt. W. M. Flynn : Assemble your company and report at Camp McKinley, Des Moines, tomorrow morning. W. H. Byers, Adjutant General. When this dispatch was received it was quite late in the evening of the 24th ; the company was then drilling and a large crowd was present. At once a hush fell upon the audience, drilling ceased and after a hurried consultation, it was determined to leave at 4 o'clock the next morning in order to reach Des Moines according to the above dispatch. Bells throughout the city were tolled at 11 o'clock that night, whistles were blown and from that time until the hour of departure the whole city was in a state of great excitement. At Ninth and Main streets rockets were set off, firecrackers were ex ploded, tin horns were blown and all seemed like an important election night. At 2 o'clock in the morning the Greys had luncheon. At 3 o'clock it was decided that the First Regiment band should accompany the Greys. As the moment of departure drew near an immense crowd gathered to bid the "boys" farewell and see them go. Much feeling was shown, because they were the pride of the city and all left behind loved ones, who believed that many would never return. The company marched down Ninth street to Main, thence to Eighth and thence east to the station. Forty- four left at this time ; of these thirty-five were privates. Soon after the arrival of the required regiments at Des Moines it was announced that the First was too small, and as it was consid ered the latest organized with regimental officers, it would be sent home, to be recruited up to the limit. It was suggested that the First should be distributed among the other three regiments, but this step was vehemently opposed by the whole regiment. The rights of the regiments to service were in the order of the election of their colonels, announced Adjutant General Byers. In order to ROCKDALE, STREET SCENES DUBUQUE AND MT. ST, JOSEPHS HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 321 settle the difficulty Governor Shaw advised the consolidation of the four small regiments into three, but all opposed this step. It was then proposed to send one regiment home, but this step was likewise opposed by all the four regiments. An appeal was then made to Secretary of War Alger so to change the call that all four regiments could be accepted as they were. This appeal failed, although it went to President McKinley him self. Finally all the Iowa congressmen and the two senators were lined up against the war authorities, no doubt with intimations of the dire consequences that would affect their political fences at home in case they failed. Hot telegrams flew to Allison with the result all four regiments were accepted, though the two light batteries were not wanted. Under this arrangement the number of men required from Iowa was 3,336. The Greys at once enlisted enough recruits to fill up their company. When the war commenced there were four military districts in the state and four regiments of National Guards. The call was for three regiments of infantry and two light batteries, or for a total of 3,321 men. Each of the four military districts sent forward a regiment. Then the question arose, how should the four small regiments be combined so as to form three full-sized ones ? The First Regiment became the Forty-ninth Iowa, the number following the last one of the Civil War. In June it was ordered to Jacksonville, Florida, where it suffered much from disease. Pre vious to August the number of sick at any one time did not exceed from ten to fifteen, but in that month the number in the hospital ran up suddenly to sixty and seventy, although the regiment was moved out to a much better place on a sandy knoll, where the drainage was good. Late in October the regiment was transferred to Savannah and late in December sailed for Havana, where it did guard and scout duty until ordered home to be mustered out. It returned to Savannah in April, 1899. Company A lost during its service Charles E. Lobdell and Henry Becker, the former of typhoid and the latter from injuries resulting from falling down a hatchway. Upon their return, in May, 1899, the members of Company A were given a splendid reception, fully 10,000 people turning out to welcome them at the station. They had done their duty, had suf fered much, and were treated royally on this memorable occasion. During the Spanish- American war the vessels Ericsson and Win- dom, which had been built in Dubuque, were used by the United States Navy in West India waters. They gave a satisfactory account of themselves. On November 5, 1893, thousands of persons gathered at Lin wood cemetery to witness the unveiling of the soldiers' monument. T. W. Ruete was president of the day. The bands, Greys, Grand Army posts and Sons of Veterans participated. Miss Hayden unveiled the beautiful monument. Doctor Staples made the pres- 322 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY entation speech, after which Dr. E. A. Guilbert dedicated the monu ment according to the Grand Army ritual. Judge O'Donnell de livered a splendid oration, glorifying the soldiers dead and alive and extolling the country as the home of freedom and justice. The work of collecting funds for this monument had been in progress for twelve years. Soon after the war the Grand Army established Hyde Clark Post No. 78 in Dubuque. It has been in existence ever since. Also Lookout Post No. 70 was formed here. A post was later estab lished at Cascade — No. 369. They observe Decoration day regu larly and are always honored on Fourth of July and at public func tions. Henderson Camp Sons of Veterans was established a few years ago. The Woman's Relief Corps is a prominent feature of the Grand Army reunions. The Daughters of the American Revo lution organized in Dubuque about 1893. In Linwood cemetery repose the remains of four soldiers who served in the War of 1812: Preston Eyre, Moses Eggleston, Peter de Lorimier and Zephaniah Williams. The following is a copy of the original roster of the Greys on May 2, 1859: H. H. Heath, William Hyde Clark, Henry C. Paxson, James C. Van Pelt, J. B. Howard, J. F. Bates, William F. Rapides, U S. Gilbert, F. J. Herron, M. W. Smith, F. A. Doolittle, J. B. Smith, Charles N. Clark, F. T. Goodrich, H. B. Gifford, G. B. Smith, G. B. Grosvenor, A. Russell, George W. Waldron, James C. Bennett, James Steel, John M. McDaneld, Sol. Turck, H. Curtis, V J. David, S. M. Pollock, Q. Bronson, A. Williams, Charles Burtleson, William W. Wormood, H. D. Farquharson, William Luther, V H. Sutkamp, Edward Wright, J. M. Robinson, J. K. Graves and W. T. Barker. The Greys often hold fairs and other assemblages, and their efforts are always appreciated and admired. In 1894 the Greys, upon special invitation, attended Mardi Gras at New Orleans and were signally recognized, toasted and honored. The Spanish War Veterans are a recent organization. In the fall of 1899 Dubuque was honored by a visit from a former Dubuquer, Commander Gott fried Blocklinger, of the Navy. He commanded the cruiser Charles ton in the Philippines. In December, 1908, a beautiful sword was sent to him at Washington upon his accession to the rank of rear admiral. At this date he commanded the battleship Illinois. In 1905 Capt. Albert Jaeggi was commander of the local Spanish- American war veterans. He was promoted to adjutant general in 1907. In June of this year the Iowa Grand Army Encampment was held in Dubuque and was one of the most notable events in the history of the city. Thousands gathered to witness the proceedings. A soldiers' memorial hall will probably soon be built in Dubuque. POLITICS. WHEN Wisconsin territory was separated from Michigan territory in 1836, George W. Jones represented the latter in Congress, and was chosen at once to represent the former in that body. A public dinner was given Gov. Henry Dodge on the occasion of his visit to Dubuque, July 16, 1836. He stopped at the Wash ington House. There were present at the dinner Lockwood, Quig ley, Stoddard, Camp, Hempstead, Morrison, Lorimier, Rice, King, Coriell, Hogan, Sleator, Osman, L. H. Langworthy, Hughes, My ers, Jones, Lott, Fassitt, Harrison, Prentice, Butterworth, Graham, Wright, Lewis, Finley, Bourne, Langley. In September, 1836, a large Democratic meeting was held in the woods on Bee Branch, near Dubuque, to name candidates for the October election. The meeting denounced the "secret speculators' bill" in Congress and also declared against "caucus dictation." A full ticket was nominated. At the October election in 1836 all candidates were required to avow that they favored Dubuque as the capital of Wisconsin territory, favored the formation of townships, common schools, internal improvement, and were opposed to the division of Du buque county into other counties ; this avowal was made at the in stance of the town of Dubuque. For Congress, George W. Jones received 930 votes and Moses Meeker 49. For the council, John Foley received 815; Thomas McCraney, 451; Thomas McKnight, 413; Peter A. Lorimier, 409; Stephen Langworthy, 363; William W. Coriell, 190; Simeon Clark, 163. For the house, Loring Wheeler received 572; Hardin Nowlin, 567; Peter H. Engle, 437; Patrick Quigley, 401; Hosea T. Camp, 450; Ezekiel Lockwood, 291 ; E. White, 267; Chauncey Swan, 251 ; A. W. McGregor, 233 ; John Finley, 140; William Hutton, 137; B. Bushee, 115; William C.Jones, 112; E. Parkhurst, 50; David Dyass, 37; J. K. Moss, 15. For sheriff, George W. Cummins received 374; E. C. Daugherty, 198; H. H. Pease, 190; D. D. Downs, 93; G. Kennedy, 44. For colonel of the militia regiment, W. W. Chapman, 501 ; Leroy Jack son, 197; J. S. Loraine, 127. For lieutenant -colonel, Paul Cain, 493; C. H. Stowell, 280. For major, William S. Anderson, 373; William Allen, 274; T. Childs, 273. The total vote in Dubuque county was 1,031. Dubuque county was entitled to three mem bers of the council and five members of the house. The following 323 324 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY election districts in Dubuque county were established in Septem ber, 1836: Dubuque at the house of Robert Bourne; head waters of the Catfish at the house of Colonel Camp; Turkey river at the house of Robert Hatfield; Prairie la Porte; Durango; Bellevue; on North Fork of Maquoketa at the house of Hamilton; Higgins- 13ort; upper end of Mississippi Rapids; Le Claire's; Brophy's Ferry on Wapsipinicon river; on Red Cedar river. In November, 1836, Peter H. Engle, of Dubuque, was speaker of the territorial house. In November, 1836, Gov. Henry Dodge and a delegation from the territorial legislature visited Dubuque; they were met at the ferry landing by a citizens' committee and were entertained with dinner at the Grafford House and with preaching by Rev. Mr. Teas at the Methodist church. This was a notable occasion of early Dubuque. Late in 1836 General Jones introduced a bill in Congress to inquire into the expediency of establishing a separate territory west of the Mississippi north of Missouri. Quigley's speech against the location of the Wisconsin capital at Madison was an important political event of the times. All members from this county protested against the location of the capital at Madison; Dubuque wanted the honor. In August, 1837, George W. Harris and R. Whittlesey were appointed justices for Dubuque county. Colonel Camp, repre sentative, having died, a special election to fill the vacancy resulted as follows : McGregor, 502 ; Parker, 364. The following were the election precincts: Dubuque, Peru, Durango, Bellevue, Prairie la Porte, Turkey River, Higginsport, White Water, Bro phy's Ferry, Parkhurst, Le Claire and New York. In October, 1837, the people of Dubuque county were urged to attend the convention to be held at Burlington in November to take steps to form a new territory west of the Mississippi. A large meeting was held at the court house on October 13, Warner Lewis serving as chairman and John Plunbe, Jr., as secretary. The following delegates to the Burlington convention were chosen: P H. Engle, J. T. Fales, S. W. Harris, W. A. Warren, W. B. Watts, A. F. Russell, W. H. Patton, J. W. Parker, J. D. Bell and J. H. Rose. Mr. Engle served as chairman of the Burlington con vention. In January, 1838, William H. Brown and Mathias Ringer were justices. In March, 1838, the Democrats nominated for county commissioners Peter A. Lorimier, James Fanning and Edward Langworthy; George W. Harris for recorder; Guy B. Morrison for county treasurer; Charles Leist, John Laflesh and Reuben May- field, constables. All these men except Langworthy were elected; Andrew Bankston defeated Langworthy. J. L. Hempstead was elected coroner. In 1838 Quigley and McGregor having resigned from the legislature, Lucius H. Langworthy and Patrick Quigley succeeded them, the latter being re-elected over his resignation. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 325 At this election the county was Democratic by about two to one. Timothy Mason was justice. In June, 1838, Joseph T. Fales was doorkeeper of the house and George W. Harris sergeant-at-arms. In June, 1838, Congress passed the law providing for the formation of Iowa territory. Mr. McGregor, after resigning, was arraigned on the charge of having received a bribe and for extortion and cor ruption. In June, 1838, Jackson county indorsed Thomas S. Wil son, of Dubuque, for Congress. The Democratic meeting in Du buque recommended either Col. William W. Chapman, Peter H. Engle or Thomas S. Wilson for that position. The latter was unanimously chosen. The following men were appointed a com mittee of vigilance: Col. Andrew Bankston, John R. Ewing, Hiram H. Loomis, John Parker, James Fanning, Milo H. Prentice, Will iam Smith, Sr., Stephen Hempstead, James Langworthy, William Hutton, Hardin Nowlin, Joseph T. Fales, Patrick Quigley, Warner Lewis, Michael Powers and Calvert Roberts. Other candidates for Congress, besides Mr. Wilson, were Milo H. Prentice, Stephen Hempstead, Col. P. H. Engle and George W. Jones. In 1838, Robert M. Lucas was appointed governor of Iowa territory. Be fore Peter H. Engle had resided in Dubuque five months he was chosen to represent it in the legislature; his first term expired in 1838. In 1838 the governor appointed Hardin Nowlin supreme court commissioner; Thadeus C. Martin, notary public; Joseph T. Fales, C. C. Bellows, William Morrison and Charles P. Hutton, justices; Thomas Child, district surveyor, and David Sleator, lieu tenant-colonel of militia. Governor Lucas arrived at Dubuque on August 19, 1838, on board the steamer Knickerbocker, but returned to Burlington on the 24th. While here he discussed public affairs with the leading citizens, all of whom called upon him. He was about sixty years old, tall and commanding, but easily approachable. He left a good impression. While here he prepared his proclamation making va rious appointments and disregarding the proclamation made by William B. Conway, secretary of the territory, made for him in his absence. The counties of Jackson, Dubuque, Delaware, Buch anan, Fayette and Clayton were constituted one election district and entitled to two members of the council and four members of the house. The first election was set for the second Monday in September, 1838, and the sheriffs in the counties were directed to give ten days' notice of such election. The candidates here for county officers were as follows : Paul Cain and George W. Cum mins, sheriff; Alfred McDaniel, county commissioner; John B. Russell, recorder. In accordance with the proclamation of Gov ernor Lucas, the sheriff of Dubuque county fixed the polling places as follows: Dubuque, at the house of Lorimier and Gra tiot; Peru, at the house of M. W. Power; Durango, at the house of A. J. Devin ; Paul's, at the house of John Paul ; Re- 326 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY gan's, at the house of John Regan; Whitewater, at the house of Jacob Hamilton; Hewitt's, at the house of Joseph Hewitt; Dreibelbis', at the house of Jacob Dreibelbis. The election was for one delegate to Congress, two members of the council, four mem bers of the house, one county commissioner, one county treasurer, one recorder, three constables and one coroner. In 1838 J. R. Ewing, G. W. Ames and W. Smith were elected county commissioners ; Peter H. Engle, delegate to Congress ; War ner Lewis and Stephen Hempstead, senators; Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankston, Thomas Cox and Hardin Nowlin, representa tives ; George W. Cummins, sheriff ; George W. Harris, recorder ; J. M. Emerson, treasurer; John W. Finley, coroner. A dispute as to authority between the old and the new county boards was settled by the county attorney, Mr. Hempstead, in favor of the new board. "While Colonel Engle was out stumping his district for Con gress and while crossing the Wapsipinicon, which was very high, he became entangled and would have drowned but for the daring energy of an Indian, who, upon hearing his call, ran 200 yards, plunged in and caught him after he had sunk for the third time and pulled him ashore in a senseless state." — (Iowa News, Septem ber 1, 1838.) Early in 1839 Dr. Timothy Mason, Mortimer Bainbridge, Ben jamin Rupert and Joseph R. Goodrich were appointed justices and Charles Corkery judge of probate. Joseph T. Fales was clerk of the house in 1839. In 1840 the presidential contest was fought out here, but the territory had nothing to say in the result. The sub-treasury bill, the banks, Locofocos, log cabin and hard cider terms were bandied back and forth by Whigs and Democrats. The Whigs sang— "Cold water will do for the Locos, And a little vinegar stew; But give us hard cider and whisky And we'll vote for Old Tippecanoe." In November, 1840, Mortimer M. Bainbridge, of Dubuque county, was chosen president of the Iowa Territorial Council. Timothy Mason and Edward Langworthy were active members of the house in 1840, and M. M. Bainbridge and Joseph S. Kirk- patrick were prominent in the council. On May 9 the Democrats reassembled at the court house. Foley again presided. The following citizens were appointed a committee to draft resolutions expressive of the sense of the meeting: L. H. Langworthy, Patrick Quigley, George Ames, J. Parker, J. W. Harris, J. R. Ewing, J. King, P. S. Dods, J. B. Russell, W. Smith, T Fanning, W. Cardiff, T. McCraney, M. W. Power, H. Lore, W J A Bradford, J. Taylor, A. Levi, E. D. Welle, T. H. Benton, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 327 Jr., G. L. Nightingale, E. M. Bissell and W. Lewis. While this committee was preparing the resolutions a lengthy address to the people which had been prepared by the previous committee was read to the meeting. It glorified the Democracy and asked for the support of the people. Then the resolutions were read and adopted separately. They declared in favor of a Democratic territorial convention to select candidates for delegates to Congress. The following men were then elected delegates to such convention: John Parker, David Sleator, Lucius H. Langworthy, Thomas Mc Craney, Hardin Nowlin, John Beach, Joseph T. Fales and John B. Russell. The following were appointed as Democratic county ex ecutive committee: P. Quigley, J. R. Ewing, George W. Ames, William Smith and Dr. S. Langworthy. In May, 1841, the Democrats sent John Foley, Thomas H. Ben ton, Jr., Gen. Francis Gehon, C. H. Booth and L. Dillon as dele gates to the territorial convention ; Mr. Foley was chosen president of that body ; General Gehon was a member of the committee on resolutions, and Mr. Booth was one of the committee to prepare an address to the people of the territory. General Gehon was one of the first marshals of Iowa territory. At a Democratic meeting held at the Presbyterian church in May a committee of five was appointed to meet a like committee of Clayton and Delaware counties to prepare the names of candidates for the legislature; P. C. Mohiser, A. Cline, William Smith, Lyman Dillon and John Parker were chosen such committee. Coriell, of the Nezvs, had op posed the advancement of General Gehon, whereupon, at this meet ing, Mr. Churchman introduced a resolution condemning the News, which was adopted unanimously. This act angered Mr. Coriell and he attacked General Gehon more sharply than ever. The Democratic territorial convention held at Iowa City on June 21, 1841, to nominate a candidate for delegate to Congress was the largest assembly of the kind ever convened in the territory up to that time, and was largely attended by prominent Dubuque citizens of that political faith. Augustus C. Dodge received the nomination. The delegates to the convention from Dubuque, Clay ton and Delaware counties were as follows : Gen. F. Gehon, C. H. Booth, John Foley, B. Rush Petrikin and Lyman Dillon. John Foley was chosen president of the convention, C. H. Booth one of the vice-presidents, and General Gehon one of the committee on resolutions. In August, 1841, the combined vote of Dubuque and Delaware, counties for delegate to Congress was as follows: Dodge (Dem.), 363; Rich (Whig), 225. In December, 1841, Warner Lewis was elected speaker of the house, and George W. Harris transcribing clerk of the council. Coriell of the Iozva News, was state printer in 1841-2. At the election for territorial councilman in June, 1842, there was a tie vote between Hardin Nowlin and Stephen Hemp- 328 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY stead. In the second election Nowlin, Gehon and Hempstead, Dem ocrats, ran against Collins, Whig. The latter admitted he 'was a deserter from the British army, but had enlisted at the age of sev enteen years and pleaded his youth to excuse his act. Francis Gehon was elected by a large majority. The Bloomington Herald, of September 23, 1842, called Hempstead a bogus Democrat and said: "Poor Stephen, once honored with the confidence of that district, is now laid on the shelf, at least for a season. We would have greatly preferred seeing Collins elected than Hempstead." In 1842 the people of Iowa territory voted down a proposed con vention, to form a state government; the majority against it was 2,696. In August, 1842, Thomas Cox and Stephen Hempstead were elected to the council, representing Dubuque, Jackson, Clayton and other counties, and T. Rogers and F. Sudros were elected from Dubuque county alone for the house. There was a division of the Democracy on the question of the convention or no con vention system. A convention was held, but as Jackson county was poorly represented, its citizens placed the name of another candidate before the people. "Then Hempstead, who is scarcely worthy of the name of a pseudo Democrat, ran as a matter of course. Nowlin, the nominee of the convention, backslided, too, and disavowed all connection with Gehon, his fellow nominee. He traveled with Hempstead and acted all for self. Having four Democratic candidates, the Whigs thought it a fine chance to run in an interloper and under their patronage aided by the renowned 'Long Jim' (John Tyler's surveyor-general, James Wilson), a fel low who came from Ireland, not an Irishman (for all who come from Ireland are not Irishmen), became a candidate. With three Democratic candidates in the field and one 'bogus' and one Whig candidate, our strength was divided and the Whigs uniting upon 'Long Jim's' candidate, one of the latter is thought to be elected. Such was the bitterness of the Whigs toward the Democratic can didates that some of them we have heard say they would never vote for any foreigner for office, though some supported Collins." — (Cor. of Bloomington Herald, August 12, 1842.) The Democratic central committee in 1843 was as follows: Thomas H. Benton, Jr., Hannibal Emerson, John Parker, Charles Corkery, James Fanning, Thomas McCraney and John H. The dinga. In 1843 Dubuque county gave A. C. Dodge, Democratic candidate for Congress, a majority of 255 votes over W. H. Wal- lcicc Wliisr. In May, 1844, Dubuque county again voted on the question of a state convention, as follows : For convention, 282 ; against con vention, 293. But the question carried by over 4,000 majority out of about 11,000 votes polled. Parties here sided for or against the annexation of Texas in the spring of 1844. The citizens could HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 329 not yet (1844) take part in the presidential election. The proposed constitution for Iowa was published broadcast in November, 1844. Stephen Hempstead, Theophilus Crawford, Francis Gehon, Ed ward Langworthy, Samuel B. Olmstead and Dr. O'Brien repre sented Dubuque county in the territorial convention in 1844. By the constitution of 1844 the counties of Dubuque, Delaware, Clinton, Fayette, Buchanan and Blackhawk were given two sen ators and Dubuque county was given one representative. The passage of the joint resolution in Congress in April, 1845, annexing Texas caused great rejoicing here among the Democrats, but was denounced by the Whigs. In 1845 Dubuque favored the division of Iowa territory on the line dividing Clinton and Jackson counties. The Burlington Hawkeye also favored this division in order to secure another Whig state. A mass meeting at Dubuque on May 5 was held "for the purpose of adopting such means as may be deemed necessary to insure a division of the territory of Iowa and the formation of a new territory." George Greene, Han nibal Emerson, John Foley, James Crawford and Piatt Smith were the committee on resolutions. It was declared to be the policy and welfare of the West to increase its representation in Congress, and the proposed division would accomplish that result. Stephen Hempstead, P. B. Bradley, D. S. Wilson, Samuel Mur dock and James Leonard were requested to do their best in the legislature to secure this division. In the summer of 1845 war between Mexico and the United States as the result of the annexation of Texas seemed inevitable. In 1845 Dubuque county voted for delegate to Congress as fol lows: Dodge (Dem.), 480; Lowe (Whig), 270. On the constitu tion it voted — Eor, 278 ; against, 502. The bill to vote again on the constitution was vetoed by the governor, but was passed over his veto. In 1846 Dubuque county voted as follows on the constitu tion : For, 395 ; against, 597. It was carried in the territory by less than 500 majority. In 1846 Ansel Briggs (Dem.) and Thomas McKnight (Whig), of Dubuque, were candidates for governor ; the former won by a small majority. The election of April, 1847, in the city of Dubuque was im portant because a new city charter and license or no license were to be voted up or down. P. A. Lorimier (Whig) received 232 votes for mayor and Charles Corkery (Dem.) 149 votes. License received 204 votes and no license 173 votes. Dubuque county gave Judge Mason a majority of 152 over James Harlan for state super intendent of public instruction. The result for Congress in 1847 was: Leffler (Dem.), 749; McKnight (Whig), 617. In 1848 the Democrats named Shepherd Leffler as delegate to Congress and Thomas H. Benton, Jr., as superintendent of public instruction. George W. Jones, John G. Shields, David Jones, Thomas Hardie, 330 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY William H. Morrison, William S. Hall, Lincoln Clark and I. P. Van Hagan were delegates to the Democratic state convention. ' Stephen Hempstead, of Dubuque, was one of the committee of three appointed by the legislature in 1847-8 to revise the laws of the state. Joseph T. Fales, of Dubuque, was auditor of state at this time. In February, 1848, the Democratic members of the legislature selected the following party candidates: Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, for United States senator, and George Greene, of Du buque, for an associate justice of the Iowa supreme court. The Democrats of Dubuque in March, 1848, nominated the fol lowing city officers: H. S. Hetherington, mayor; Joseph Swab, marshal; A. D. Anderson, recorder; Charles Miller, treasurer; George McHenry, assessor. Lincoln Clark presided at this meeting. Valentine Glenat was named for school fund commissioner. About the same time the Whigs nominated G. L. Nightingale for mayor; John Coffey, marshal; Major Mobley, school fund commissioner. "What a strange contrast is presented to see Whigs and Demo crats laboring together in a common vineyard. But the surprise is in a measure lessened when we reflect that the call was for a 'mass meeting of the people' and two of the nominations are outside of the Whig party evidently to catch Democratic votes." Joseph Swab, candidate for marshal, announced himself thus: "I am in favor of appropriating the public square for a calf pas ture and giving the freedom of the city to all swine and goats, believing such animals to be great at keeping streets clean. I will not at any time during the day or night interfere with any of my friends who may be engaged in the laudable acts of quarreling, fighting, gambling, carousing, firing cannons, guns or pis tols, breaking houses, etc. — in short, I pledge myself to allow all who vote for me to do as they please and to those who vote against me I will give particular Jesse. I will pay the utmost respect to the corpses of all those unfortunate cows, calves, horses, dogs, cats, etc., which may hereafter 'go dead' within the limits of our fair city by allowing them to remain where they have fallen, in peace and quietness undisturbed, to perfume the air of heaven. In regard to the Mexican war I am sound, being opposed to peace on any terms until the whole of Mexico, South America, China, British Provinces, Cuba and Ireland are annexed to our glorious Union." , , In April, 1848, George L. Nightingale (Whig), was elected mayor over Warner Lewis (Dem.) by a small majority. In 1848 Dubuque county cast 766 votes for Shepherd Leffler (Dem.) for delegate to Congress and 597 for Timothy Davis (Whig) for the same office ; this vote showed the comparative strength of the Demo crats and Whigs. In the forties the favorite meeting place for political parties was over Terry's saloon. Lincoln Clark HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 331 was one of the Cass electors in 1848. At a big Whig meeting in October, 1848, Langworthy, Berry and Nightingale addressed the audience; the first had lately become a Whig. At a Democratic meeting Hempstead, Rogers and Merritt ridiculed the candidacy of General Taylor. A "Rough and Ready" club was formed here. A Free Soil convention held at Iowa City was attended by a dozen or more of Dubuquers. On November 25 the Whigs celebrated the election of the Whig national ticket. In 1848-9 George W. Jones was elected senator of the United States; this election left the sur veyor-general's office vacant; General Booth succeeded. Dubuque county gave the Cass electors a majority of 186 votes. Theophilus Crawford and John G. Shields were state senators and Sidney Wood and James A. Langton representatives in 1848. In the spring of 1849 the state legislature reversed itself on the Wilmot proviso and voted against any more slave territory; this roused the wrath of the Democracy of Dubuque county. In the spring of 1849 the Whigs cried "no partyism" in the city election, but the Democrats refused to bite. As the city was really Demo cratic, now was the time for its redemption, it was said. The Democrats won the city election in April, 1849. In May W. H. Robbins was appointed postmaster of Dubuque. The Democrats in 1849 elected their county ticket by about 395 majority. W. G. Stewart became sheriff; J. P. Van Hagan, recorder; John Ball, surveyor; Charles J. Leist, coroner, and J. H. Thedinga, county commissioner. It was noted in 1849 that there was almost open warfare among the Whigs for the spoils of office under the Taylor administration. There was also a newspaper war between the Tribune and the Telegraph. "The factions into which the Whig party of Dubuque is now divided are warring with each other with a degree of malignant hostility which should bring the blush of shame to every honest politician. The spoils of office constitute the bone of contention and no mastiff cur or ferocious bulldog ever contended with more determined fury than have the factions of Dubuque Whiggery for the precious morsel." — (Miners' Express, June 27, 1849.) All Whigs who were friendly to the Abolitionists were de nounced by the Democrats and when the two amalgamated in the summer of 1849, at Iowa City, the Democrats began a severe cam paign. This drew political lines sharply here. In November, 1848, the Democratic majority in the county was about 197 ; in August, 1849, it was about 300. Judge Corkery, in 1848-9, was secretary of the state board of public works. In June, 1849, at the Democratic convention, Judge Wilson made desperate efforts to have the dele gates to the state convention instructed to vote against the Wilmot proviso. This was the time when Whiggery, Locofocos, Hunkers, Barnburners and Americans were abroad in the land. In Decem ber, 1849, A. P. Wood, editor of the Tribune, was cowhided by 332 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Charles Bogy; it was due to a quarrel between the "Fogies" and the "Anties" of the Whigs, local factions at Dubuque. George L. Nightingale established the Telegraph, it was said, to aid him in his own political schemes and ambition. Credit or discredit was given to George L. Nightingale, acting editor of the Telegraph, in the spring of 1849, for inventing the term "Fogies," which was applied to a local clique of the Whigs; he himself was a Taylor Whig. Mordecai Mobley was a member of the Whig executive committee of the state. He did not like Taylor, who he said "smelt too strongly of the negro" to suit him The divison here in the Whig ranks was due to the slavery ques tion. The Wilmot proviso and "shall the Union be preserved?" were important topics in 1850. General Jones in Congress op posed the proviso. The Democratic county central committee in 1850 was Ben M. Samuels, D. S. Wilson, John Fitzpatrick, F. Mangold, Benjamin Rupert, Thomas Hardie and William G. Stew art. Webster's speech against the Wilmot proviso attracted great attention here ; everywhere "save the Union" was the cry. People sided for or against the great compromises of that year. The Democrats nominated Hannibal Emerson for mayor, and the Whigs nominated Peter A. Lorimier; the former received 183 and the latter 142 ; it was a strict party vote. The Democrats at Iowa City nominated Stephen Hempstead, of this county, for governor in 1850; after a sharp contest he won on the eleventh ballot. Lincoln Clark was Democratic nominee for Congress, and William H. Henderson, Republican nominee. The Whigs favored the United States bank, paper currency, state banks, charters to corporations, and opposed the existing state constitution. Rev. James L. Thompson was the Whig nominee for governor. Political questions at this time were the Utah bill, Texas boundary bill, admission of California, fugitive slave law, to make New Mexico a territory, and suppression of the slave trade in the District of Columbia; these were called the "Compromise Measures." The Whigs declared that the fugitive slave law was a protective tariff for the property of the South. The Democrats elected their county ticket in 1850. For governor, Hempstead re ceived 721, and Thompson 353; the Democratic majority averaged about 330. Clark was elected to Congress ; there were then nine teen counties in this district. The election of August, 1851, was closer than usual in this county, though the Democrats won generally by a reduced ma jority. In 1852 J. H. Emerson (Dem.) was defeated for mayor by J. P. Farley (Whig) ; the latter had a majority of 9 votes in a total of 442; the Democrats won the balance of the ticket by greatly varying majorities. "True our candidate for mayor has been defeated by nine votes, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 333 but it is admitted upon all sides that his defeat is attributable to a purely sectional cause — with reference to the cut (Waples) oppo site Waples' store. No one can regret the defeat of our candidate for the mayoralty more than we do ; yet we would rather he were defeated a thousand times than lend himself to a local influence which sought to control him." — (Daily Miners' Express, April 6, 1852.) At this election the Whigs fought desperately in order to secure prestige for the presidential campaign. Emerson was defeated by the First ward. "He refused to give an assurance before election that if elected he would favor a diversion of the dredge boat from the main im provement and legitimate work contemplated in the contract to the improvement of a cut (Waples) in the First ward to be clone and paid for by individuals." Both parties, Whigs and Democrats, conducted stirring cam paigns on national issues in 1852. O'Connor, the famous Whig orator of Muscatine, appeared here; he spoke two and one-half hours and made a strong appeal to Irishmen. In August, 1852, the vote for secretary of state was 975 for McCleary (Dem.) and 563 Jenkins (Whig). Lincoln Clark (Dem.) for Congress re ceived 913, and J. P. Cook (Whig) 580. "The Democracy have had one of the most brilliant triumphs that ever crowned their efforts in this city. Never was a triumph more signal and complete. Not a Whig is to be seen this morning. The coons have taken to their holes." — (Daily Miners' Express, August 3, 1852.) "Never within the history of the two parties in Dubuque have the Whigs suffered such a Waterloo defeat." — ( Same. ) General Dodge spoke here in October at a big Democratic meet ing. Speakers and newspapers were very abusive during the fall campaign. The Miners' Express was so severe that Mahony, of the Herald, ordered the exchange stopped. The result in Novem ber was as follows: Pierce electors (Dem.), 1,150; Scott electors (Whig), 617; Hale electors (Free Soil), 6. Taylor and Dodge townships returned small majorities for the Whigs ; all others were Democratic. The aggregate vote. in the county in August, 1852, was_ i,537» and in November 1,773. The Democrats opposed the- Maine liquor law — prohibition. Iu J853 the Whigs renominated J. P. Farley for mayor, and the Democrats nominated B. J. O'Halloran. Even the Democrats said there were too many Irish on the Democratic ticket and many of them "knifed" their ticket. The result was the sweeping defeat of the Democratic ticket. Farley (Whig) received 477, and O'Halloran (Dem.) 186; the balance of the ticket was about the same. It was said that the defeat of the Democratic ticket was the defeat of the Jones clique. During 1852-4 there was a bitter 334 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY personal war between Mahony, of the Herald, and Merritt, of the Express; in Mahony, Merritt met his match. The Herald con ducted a caustic and bitter warfare against General Jones, who had dictated Democratic policy here for so many years. "If Mahony has an enemy he is always certain to let it be known through the columns of his sheet (Herald). The postmaster he regards as his enemy and therefore none who know his dis position expect him to treat him with common civility, much less common justice." — (Express, August 24, 1853.) The August election in 1853 showed a considerable Democratic loss all over the county, the Democratic majority being about 305. "The leading men of Dubuque were from the southern states, where they were educated in the habit of allowing things to ad vance or retrograde as nature or accident directed, but without any effort of theirs. If your merchants, your officeholders and other prominent men were Yankees, then your town, your harbor and business generally would present a different aspect from what it does at present." — (Resident of Galena in Express, November 19, 1853.) "It is as lamentable as it is true that our business men in town fail to exert that influence for the extension of their business and the improvement of the city that they ought. They talk a great deal but do little." — (Express, November 19, 1853.), In February, 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska bill in Congress was duly considered here. It was now seen that the compromise fight of 1850 would have to be waged over again. The Whigs and Free Soilers united on Simeon Waters for governor and advocated the Maine law. In March a meeting of Germans in Dubuque de nounced the Kansas-Nebraska bill. The Democrats nominated for mayor Col. C. H. Booth and the Whigs renominated J. P. Farley. Harbor improvement invaded politics ; it was understood that Farley represented an abandonment of the canal plan and the substitution therefor of the filling up plan. The result was 497 votes for Farley and 290 for Booth. On June 17, 1854, the Democracy assembled at the courthouse and listened to addresses on the Nebraska bill from D. S. Wilson, B. M. Samuels and Colonel McHenry. Wilson was a candidate for the state senate. The Miners' Express said his speech "excited and received the applause of the association." He declared himself in favor of the bill. Mr. Samuels, candidate for the house, also declared in favor of the bill, against an amendment to the state constitution for the purpose of creating banks within the state and opposed the Maine liquor law (prohibition). Colonel McHenry, candidate for the house, followed in a similar strain and attacked the Whig partv in vigorous style, calling them Abolitionists, Know- Nothings and 'Woman's Rights men. The Observer "denounced all the speeches because all favored the repeal of the Missouri Com promise, which was affected by the Nebraska bill. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 335 As a whole, Dubuque, with its large Catholic population, bitterly opposed the Know-Nothings, whose object was to exclude all for eigners from participation in the government of the country. The Observer did not hesitate to attack the Catholic church as an or ganization with caustic editorials (see Observer, July 8, 1854). The Observer was really a Know-Nothing. It unwisely made it a first consideration to assault the Catholic religious organization and to publish everything tending to degrade that faith. The paper did not long survive. In 1854 Stephen Hempstead was Democratic candidate for the national house and favored the Nebraska bill and opposed the Maine liquor law. He was sure to secure a large German vote, it was reasoned. Mr. Thorington, his antagonist, opposed the Ne braska bill and did not use strong drinks. He was a resident of Scott county. On July 28, 1854, an Anti-Nebraska mass meeting was held at the court house with William Stratton as chairman and D. E. Kirkup secretary. McNall, Vanduzee and L. H. Langworthy were appointed a committee on resolutions, and J. C. Richards, R. C. Waples, William Rebman, E. C. David and A. P. Wood a committee to organize an Anti-Nebraska Club. Speeches were made by Mr. McNall, A. P. Wood, L. H. Langworthy and Mr. Nightingale. The resolutions adopted denounced in severe terms the Nebraska bill. On August 4, 1854, James W. Grimes, Whig candidate for governor of Iowa, delivered a strong address on the political issues of the day to a large Dubuque audience. The Observer said: "It was not only logical and argumentative ; it was more — it was pow erful, eloquent and convincing. * * * His peroration was equal to any oratory of the kind we ever listened to in or out of the state of Iowa." He was answered immediately by Ben M. Samuels, who in turn was answered by Mr. Nightingale for Mr. Grimes, who had become indisposed. Both well sustained their party principles. Another strong Anti-Nebraska meeting was held at the court house on August 4, 1854. The meeting was addressed by Chap- line, Rebman, Barney, Moreland and Nightingale, Whigs and Democrats. The meeting adjourned to meet again; various com mittees were appointed. At the next meeting the speakers were William M. McNall, Wiltse, Chapline, Childs, Rebman and others. Mr. Wiltse's speech was particularly noted for its logic, candor and force. At the August election, 1854, Dubuque county went Democratic by about 450, Bates, Democratic candidate for governor, receiving a majority of 432 over Grimes, Whig. The Whigs easily carried the state. Upon receipt in May, 1854, of a telegram that the Kansas-Ne- 336 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY braska bill had passed the Senate, the Democrats fired. ioo rounds from the cannon and held a jubilee meeting. The Tribune groaned over the "ascendency of slavery" and lashed the Iowa senators who voted for the bill; this paper severely opposed the fugitive slave law. It published and circulated the following : NEBRASKA SLAVE MARKET. Constantly on Hand Negroes of All Ages; Boys and Girls, Men and Women, for Sale at Low Prices. Cash Paid for Horses, Cattle and Niggers. Douglas for President. George W. Jones, Agent for Iowa. "Give the South the right to do just as it pleases about slavery and make it the duty of the non-slaveholding states to acquiesce and no man can prevent the reopening of the African slave trade," said the Tribune of September 6, 1854. In November, 1854, many citizens went to Galena to hear Stephen A. Douglas. In September George W. Jones and Peter A. Lorimier had a personal encounter over political differences. The "new-fangled" Republican party was divided in October by the Democrats. In a lecture John Hodgdon said that the black race was not susceptible to education and culture and that efforts on behalf of that race were "bogus philanthropy." The vote in Dubuque county for governor in 1854 was: Bates (D.), 1,101; Grimes (W.), 669. Grimes was elected governor, to the great regret of the Democrats of Dubuque. "The term Abolitionist, according to the present Democratic definition, appears to mean anybody who dares to open his lips against the vile effort to naturalize slavery extension. It is very important that these leading and easily understood political facts should be perseveringly kept before the people ; for whenever they have fairly understood the present true position of the government and the Democratic party on the slavery question, except in a few demagog-ridden, office-hunting, whisky-soaking places like Du buque, they have invariably subjected their dough-faced party leaders to a most unlooked-for, overwhelming and inglorious de feat. * * * The fugitive slave act in its present odious_ form makes bloodhounds of us or incarcerates us in a common jail if we refuse to be put on the track of the fleeing slave. Our best men have been laid aside for any common party tool, until the floodgates of slavery have been thrown open in our very teeth, . until the passage of the Nebraska bill. The fugitive slave law must be changed; we have submitted to it until further forbear ance becomes criminal and ceases to be a virtue." (Tribune, Feb ruary 18, 1855.) HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 337 In the spring of 1855 all political isms united to defeat the Democrats here — Whigs, Know- Nothings, Native Americans, Free Soilers, Abolitionists, Maine lawists, etc. They called their ticket the "Peoples." "Never before had Dubuque so much reason to be proud of a political victory as that achieved yesterday. All the isms com bined have been overwhelmingly defeated by the Democracy. Know- Nothingism was grappled and cast into the dust. Bring out the cannon and let the victory be celebrated." (E. and H., April 3, 1855-) John G. Shields (D. ) was elected mayor over Mordecai Mobley (R.) by 704 to 434; the balance of the city ticket was elected; thus the Democrats were in. control here for the first time in sev eral years. The Know-Nothings had lodges in this county in 1855. "Look out for the Phismarinks — the lying Know-Nothings," said the Express and Herald. The Democrats carried the county in August, 1855, the vote on candidate for county judge being: Stephen Hempstead (D.), 1,196; William Johnson (R.), 509. Late in November, 1855, the new Republican paper asked point edly for "the leaders of the Democracy here to define its position on any of the great leading questions of the day." This meant that what was wanted were the views of the Express and Herald in particular on the Kansas-Nebraska question, the new Republican party, Know-Nothingism, state sovereignty and the principles to be supported by the coming Democratic county and state conven tions. The latter paper postponed answer, but said : "One of the principles of the Democracy is that the territory acquired by the blood or treasure of the people of the United States belongs to the people in common; and the Democratic party will maintain in violate the rights acquired thereto by every citizen under the Con stitution." (E. and H., December 1, 1855.) In January, 1856, 250 persons signed a call for a meeting of all persons in the city "who repudiating all other party attach ments, names and privileges and standing upon the broad plat form of resistance to slavery aggression, are willing to unite them selves together in defense of the liberties of the country and to co-operate as a Republican party." Among these names were those of Know-Nothings, Whigs, Americans, Free Soilers, Aboli tionists, former Democrats, etc. The new party was called "Black Republican" by the Democrats. But the Republicans denied they had embodied all the diversified policies and principles of their constituent factions. It was stated that their organization was based upon an unalterable determination to curtail the aggressions of slavery. Fifty German citizens were among the number, but several of them deserted later. The meeting was held at the court house and was largely attended. W. W. Hamilton was chosen chairman and C. C. Flint and Dr. Hillgartner secretaries. The 338 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY chairman stated that the object was to organize the Republican party in Dubuque county. He stated that the party opposed the Kansas-Nebraska act. The following citizens were appointed a committee on resolutions: C. G. Hawthorne, J. Bittman, L. A. Thomas, William Churchill, A. W. Hackley, C. Wullweber and F. DeBerard. The following committee was appointed to report names for delegates to the state and national conventions : W. M. McNall, H. A. Wiltse, Dr. Minges and Mordecai Mobley. While the committees were preparing their reports the meeting was ad dressed by Dr. Hillgartner in the German language, a Mr. Jones from Maine, H. A. Wiltse, Dr. R. I. Thomas and others. Mr. Jones declared that the question of slavery was the most impor tant of the times. Henry A. Wiltse made a very effective speech, enlivened with wit and softened with pathos. He declared that the government was mainly devoted to the support of slavery and that $50,000,000 was drawn from the treasury every year for the indirect aid of slavery schemes. The following were chosen for delegates to the state convention: G. Hillgartner, J. Bitman, C. C Flint, W. Smith, D. U. Lee, C. Wullweber, T. H. Lambert, W. N. Hamilton, J. A. Chapline, L. A. Thomas, W. Vandever, T. J. Chew, G. L. Mathews, W. Rebman, Dr. W. John son and C. G. Hawthorne, who was also a delegate to the national Republican convention. The resolutions were similar to those adopted by all Republican conventions of that date. The follow ing were the Republican county central committee: C. C. Flint, A. W. Hackley, J. Bitman, William Churchill and F. E. Bissell, D. A. Mahony, who had left the Express and^Herald a few months before, owing to differences as to its management and policy, be came again connected with it in June, 1856; his ability was fully recognized by the Democracy, which had missed his logic and leadership and demanded his return. The Buchanan ratification in June, 1856, was one of the most enthusiastic ever held here. The Democrats were wide awake on national and local issues. The institution of slavery was thoroughly discussed in the newspapers in 1856 by D. A. Mahony and Rev. J. C. Holbrook; both were logical, outspoken and severe, but courteous. D. N. Cooley be came a Republican at this time. The Sunday law and the Maine law were denounced by the liquor interests of Dubuque at this date. In 1856 the Democrats nominated for mayor David S. Wilson; the Republicans nominated Henry S. Littleton; Wilson received 1,242 votes and Littleton 532. The whole county and city Demo cratic ticket were elected by about the same majority. Whitewater, Taylor and Jefferson townships went Republican. For sheriff, Hayden (D.) received 1,454, and Johnson (R.) 1,008;. for the $40,000 loan 1,294, against the loan 558. The presidential campaign of 1856 was spirited in the extreme.. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 339 "Free soil, free speech, free schools and Fremont" was the cry of the Republicans. Shiras, Davis, Gardner, Adams, Allison, Thomas, Harvey, Stapleton, Hawthorne, Mobley and others were among the Republican leaders. In August Snyder (D.) received 1,917 votes for Secretary of State, and Sells (R.), 1,146 in Du buque county. There was war between the Express and Herald and the Chicago Times; the former supported the Buchanan wing of the Democracy and the latter the Douglas wing. National is sues in 1856 were (1) Popular sovereignty; (2) territories to legislate for themselves; (3) repeal of the Missouri compromise; (4) Kansas-Nebraska act; (5) extension or non-extension of slav ery. The Republican having called from the Express and Herald its opinion as to the repeal of the Missouri compromise, was an swered by the latter thus : "We have said time and again that the repeal of that compromise was uncalled for, unnecessary and mischievous." In October, 1856, the Tribune, edited by A. W. Hackley, op posed with all the power of his argument the doctrine of "popu lar sovereignty." The Express and Herald called him "the Sage of Bleeding Kansas," and combated his views with equal force and persistence. The Democratic victories in several of the eastern states was the occasion of great rejoicing and of an immense dem onstration on October 21, 1856. The combined forces of Repub licanism and Know-Nothingism, it was declared, had been signally defeated^ with the outlook that Democracy would sweep Iowa as well. The meeting was called by the Democratic Club committee and the principal speakers were Colonel McHenry and Messrs. Griffith and Richards. The Iowa Democratic electors were J. C. Hall, James Grant, D. O. Finch and A. H. Palmer. At the November election the Democratic electors received in Dubuque county 2,427 votes; Republicans, 1,322 votes; Fillmore, 256 votes. All the townships were Democratic except Taylor, which tied with seventy-four votes for each of the Democratic and Republican electors, and Dodge, which gave twenty for the Republicans and seventeen for the Democrats. The following townships polled more votes for the Fillmore candidates than for the Republican candidates : Prairie Creek, Center and Iowa. "The great heart of the Democracy throbs in exultation over the glorious victory they have achieved over the most dangerous po litical organization this country has ever seen. Dangerous — for the purpose plainly seen through all their professions was to get possession of the national government at whatever cost or sac rifice — dangerous, because they contended for no principle — for no measure— for nothing but the spoils and power of office." (£. and H., November 26, 1856.) "The great question contended for by the Republicans has been answered: Popular sovereignty has been endorsed and approved 340 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY by the people of the great Republic." (E. and H., November 26 1856.) In December, 1856, a bill was introduced into the state Senate giving Negroes, Indians and Mulattoes the right to testify in cases where white men were parties. It passed by nineteen to thirteen. The Express and Herald of December 24 said: "If the Repub lican members of the general assembly are not proving good their title to be called 'black' Republicans, then we are mistaken. The next proposition will be to allow Negroes, Indians and Mulattoes to acquire citizenship with all the rights of the whites and the next to court white daughters and have white wives." At the presidential election in 1856 Dubuque county polled a total of 4,005 votes. It was the second county in the state, Lee having polled 4,588. Dubuque city polled 2,239 the most of any city in Iowa. A notable event in 1857 was the attack of the Times on Judge Wilson. The latter was compared to Jeffries, the most infamous of judges. The attack was purely political and was made upon Chief Justice Taney as well. The Democratic county convention was held at Centralia, July 11, 1857. John Stanton served as chairman. There was a goodly attendance. Resolutions were adopted, endorsing the action of the national administration regarding Kansas and Utah, denounced the pro posed new state constitution as "not worthy the assent of the in telligent citizens of a free and enlightened commonwealth, propos ing as it does to establish an equality of position between the white and the black races, a condition which if once adopted can never be annulled, except through bloodshed and revolution; that we view with utter abhorrence this scheme so traitorous to our race and the sure harbinger of a demoralized amalgamation of the white and black races." (E. and H., July 15, 1857.) At the August election, 1857, the Democrats carried the county by a larger majority than ever before. For county judge Stephen Hempstead (D.) received 2,008 votes, and A. S. Chew (R.), 5455 the balance of the ticket ran about the same. On the question of a new state constitution the vote was — for constitution, 2,023; against constitution, 539. On the question of the new constitu tion with the word "white" stricken out the vote was— yes, 72; no, 2,090 ; at this time Dodge was the only Republican township in the county. In 1857 there were the Jones and the Wilson fac tions of the local Democracy. One faction bolted and held a con vention at Centralia, charging that the regular convention held at DyersviUe "was controlled by individual preferment ; that the dele gates from the city exercised a prescriptive spirit and that certain townships had not been suitably recognized in the convention." In 1857 the vote for governor in this county was as follows: Ben M. Samuels (D.), 2,482; Ralph P. Lowe (R), 999- F°r HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 341 state senator, David S. Wilson (D.), 2,471; D. C. Sawyer (R.), 1,001. For representatives, D. A. Mahony, Lincoln Clark, Theo dore Crawford and W. S. Johnson (all D.), 2,422 to 2,450; A. S. Chew, R. C. Waples, Fred Weigel and J. T. Stoneman (all R.), 996 to 1,015. Late in 1857 the President's message and the great speech of Senator Douglas concerning affairs in Kansas, particularly the Lecompton constitution, were critically commented upon by the press here. In January, 1858, the majority against a new city charter for Dubuque was 426 votes. At this time there was much dissatis faction over the management of city affairs. A change was de manded and the "People's" party was formed, many Democrats joining the movement. D. A. Mahony was nominated for mayor by the Democrats, but declined on the ground that there were too many foreigners on the ticket, and Thomas Rogers was substi tuted. In April, 1858, the vote for mayor and other city officials was as follows: Thomas Rogers (D.), 1,053; H. S. Hethering ton (P.), 1,558. Mathews, the Democratic candidate for treas urer, and Koch, the Democratic candidate for auditor, were en dorsed and voted for by the People's party. Kelly (D.) and Markle (P.), candidates for recorder, received 1,036 and 1,561, respectively. Griffith (D.) and Harvey (P.), candidates for city attorney, received 1,197 and 1,403, respectively. These figures will show about the People's majority on the remainder of the ticket. The People's party elected their candidates for aldermen in the second, fourth and fifth wards. A total of 2,611 votes were polled in the city of Dubuque. To check this state of affairs the taxpayers, without distinction of party, banded together and originated the reformers' move ment. "The people have decided that they want practical business men, who are honest and capable, without any reference to their political associations, to manage the city business. They have de cided that when men of a certain class squander the taxpayers' money, neither they nor their kind shall be re-elected." (Mayor Harrington, April, 1858.) "Who defeated the Democratic party in Dubuque? An inter esting question touching this matter will be discussed — when we get ready." (E. and H., April 8, 1858.) "The election is over and although there is in the result much to displease and chagin. Democrats, we will not add to the bitterness of feeling already existing by unfavorable comments. We trust that the measures of retrenchment and reform called for so loudly by the popular voice will be carried out." (E. and H., April 7, 1858.) "Aldermen Hugh Treanor, J. B. Lane and George McHenry, three of the most useful, industrious and capable members of the city council, have resigned their seats because a corrupt and un- 342 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY scrupulous majority are determined to utterly disregard the wishes and expectations of the people whom they represent." (E. and H., July 29, 1858.) In their resignation these men said: "We can no longer consent to act in a capacity which makes us to any de gree responsible for the acts of a body which has proved to be in the power of one individual — a half-way reformer, who, when it may suit his private ends, is not restrained by the magnitude or injustice of any scheme of corruption or favoritism and does not even profess to be governed by the wishes of his constituents. We are fully determined that the charge 'bogus retrenchment' shall rest where it belongs." (E. and H., July 29, 1858.) So great was the feeling against the city council that a mass meeting of indignation was held at the courthouse July 31, 1858. Speeches were made by C. C. Hewitt, J. Burt, J. B. Dorr, Dr. Thomas, J. J. E. Norman and several others. The committee on resolutions was composed of Burt, Hewitt and Bradley. Thomas and Norman sustained the course of the council, but the other speakers were bitter with facts and figures to prove the untruth fulness of the majority. Among the reforms demanded were the following: Present city improvement work should be abandoned; house of refuge should be closed; its keeper should be discharged; market master's duties should be assumed by the police; police force should be reduced; a reorganization of the city government should be submitted to the people. Mitton was the boss of the city council. John B. Richman un der oath stated that on election day, 1858, Robert Mitton took him into a beer saloon on Eighth street and privately told him that "I do not want the office of alderman for the $52 a year; that would not keep me in cigars and flour. It is the side cuts I am after." After this he became known as, and so long as he remained before the public was called, "Side Cut" 'or "Side Cut Mitton." The Democratic citizens of Dubuque held a mass meeting here on August 23, 1858, to make arrangements to hear Stephen A. Douglas at Galena on the 25th. A committee was appointed to make full arrangements. A large delegation attended, accompa nied by the Dubuque artillery, which while there fired twenty shots in thirty minutes, "causing the ancient hills to quake." It was agreed early in October, 1858, that the Democratic and Republican clubs of Dubuque should hold joint debates on the issues of the day, and accordingly on October 9 the first was held at the Julien theater. Ben M. Samuels opened and was followed by Timothy Davis (R), J. B. Dorr (D), D. N Cooley (R.), William Mills (D), S. P. Adams (R). Each spoke half an hour and a large crowd was present. Ex-Governor Hempstead (U.) and John W. Taylor (R.) presided. Late in 1858 the newspapers were filled with accounts ot tne HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 343 contest in Illinois, where the Republicans were doing their utmost to elect Abraham Lincoln to the United States Senate to succeed Stephen A. Douglas, the author of the Nebraska bill. A delegation of Democrats from Dubuque attended the celebrations in Chicago of the re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate over Lincoln; the prominence and importance of the Douglas-Lincoln joint debate in 1858 was fully recognized here. The Democratic city convention in March, 1859, passed among others the following resolutions : "Resolved, That this convention representing a large majority of the people of Dubuque, vie^w with alarm and indignation the recklessness and extravagance and the total disregard of the interests of the taxpayers and citizens gen erally of this city manifested by the present council. "Resolved, That the majority of the council have acted in bad faith to their constituents and have violated their obligations as sworn officers of the city government. "Resolved, That in assuming the debts of the Central Improve ment Company to the amount of $120,000 and in entering into co partnership with that company, the council have shown a total dis regard of the interests of the city and have prostituted the trust reposed in their hands as guardians of the rights and interests of the people, to the selfish purposes of private speculation." "Bottle Holder at a Cock Fight. — That upright dignitary known as Alderman Side Cut (Mitton) is said to have been bottle holder at the rooster fight on Julien avenue last Saturday. Well, he isn't so much to be blamed — a year among such men as compose the common council is sufficient to sink a man to almost any imaginable depth of degradation." (E. and H., March 23, 1859.) At the mayoralty election in April, 1859, Hodgdon (D.) re ceived '1,151 and Hetherington (People's), 1,090 votes. The Democrats elected mayor, marshal, auditor, collector and treas urer, city attorney, city judge, assessor and four aldermen. The "People" elected recorder, city clerk and two aldermen. "The contest for good government which commenced two years ago is now ended and henceforth the affairs of the city are in the hands of men who will take care of them. How arduous, thankless and at the same time how profitless personally this contest has been, let the constant and unlimited abuse which this paper has received testify. Motives, designs, character and name have been assailed, and yet the object in view has been estimated of too great a mo ment to allow the paper to be turned aside one moment in the struggle." (E. and H., April 6, 1859.) There was a split in the Democracy in August, 1859, led by O'Halloran and others, joined by Republicans. They issued the following statement to the public: "Heretofore the balance of power has been in the hands of a city clique; on this occasion it is entrusted to those who are sup- 344 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY posed to be more free from undue influences. Hoping for your co-operation and through it at the next election that we will put down this system of barter and sale which exists on the part of those who have become the self -constituted heads and dictators of the Democratic party and leave to the entire party the right of selecting persons to such offices as may be in their gift and not to any clique or set of men. We have no object in view apart from the general good and intimately connected with that is the breaking up of a dangerous coalition of officials." The Herald said the above statement was impudent and truth less. Prominent in this movement were B. J. O'Halloran, A. Mc- Daniel, George O. Karrick, J. O'H. Cantillon, Dr. A. F. Hell- berg, S. M. Langworthy, J. J. E. Norman, William Y. Lovell and V. J. David. At this date Heath and David edited the Northwest; Samuel McNutt was connected with the Herald. Hempstead, Ma hony, Crawford, Mason and others answered the above charge in a long circular. In the end the bolting Democrats united with the Republicans and nominated a strong ticket. A campaign of ex treme personality and vilification followed. For governor, Dodge (D.) received 3,153 votes in Dubuque county and Kirkwood (R.), 1,751; for sheriff, Crawford (D.), 1,672; Cummins (R.), 1,821; for treasurer and recorder, Mahony (D.), 2,188; Stewart (Indp.), 2,695. The Democrats were slaughtered by themselves. Taylor, the only township to go Republican, gave Kirkwood a majority of thirty-seven ; Dodge township went Democratic by two majority. "The election is over and so far as Dubuque county is con cerned, combination money and misrepresentation have done their work. The extent of the damage to the Democratic ticket is not yet known, but there can be no doubt that the united strength of the bolters and Republicans has been able to defeat one of the pur est and best men in the Democratic ranks. Dennis A. Mahony is known to the Democracy of the whole state and to the leading Republicans of the state as one of the most talented and at the same time honest and upright men in the West. During two ses sions in the general assembly he established a high reputation and for twenty years has labored in the Democratic ranks, faithful to candidates and principles. He has ever been a consistent Demo crat." (Herald, October 13, 1859.) The Herald in November, 1859, announced Douglas as its choice for President in i860. The "irrepressible conflict" was much dis cussed in 1859; also the John Brown incident at Harper's Ferry and the Dred Scott case. Thomas S. Wilson was candidate for supreme judge in 1859. Rev. Mr. Collier, in his Thanksgiving sermon in 1859, denounced slavery as the greatest sin of the age and declared' that fifty vears hence John Brown would be re- gared as a martyr to liberty and Judge Taney a disgrace to the country The Herald ridiculed these statements unsparingly. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 345 At the Democratic county convention, held in Epworth in Feb ruary, i860, the delegates to the state convention were instructed to vote for no man as a delegate to the Charleston convention un less he was friendly to the nomination of Douglas for the presi dency. Ben M. Samuels, of Dubuque, was a delegate to the fa mous Charleston convention; he addressed that body in a lengthy speech and presented the minority report of the committee on platform. Again in i860 the Republicans tried the expedient of naming a People's ticket for city officers; they nominated H. L. Stout for mayor. The Democrats nominated Mr. Randall, who declined, whereupon they nominated E. Spotswood. The Repub licans won the mayor and marshal and the Democrats won the city attorney, recorder, treasurer and collector, auditor and as sessor. For mayor, Stout (R.) received 1,173; Spotswood (D.), 1,014; majorities were small. In May, i860, the Herald sharply denounced the seceders from the Charleston convention. Upon his return the Democracy was called May 16 to hear Mr. Samuels's version of the rupture at Charleston. At this meeting Mr. Samuels did not disappoint the citizens, for he gave a graphic and eloquent account of the intrigue which disrupted the convention. He ended with a brilliant eulogy of Senator Douglas. "The Chicago , Republican convention has nominated old Abe Lincoln, of Illinois, as their candidate for the presidency. This is really the most amusing and farcical nomination that the great sectional party can possibly have presented. Abe Lincoln for President of the United States ! Ye gods ! a miracle must have been performed since Douglas demolished him at Boonsboro in 1858 or his face would convict him of petit larceny or any other mean thing to which Republican politicians stoop." (D. in Herald, May 19, i860.) Many of the Republican delegates to the Chicago national Re publican convention paid this city a visit on their return and were given a public reception by the citizens, irrespective of party. The committee of reception were : Mayor Stout, F. V. Goodrich, John W. Taylor, D. S. Wilson, William B. Allison, P. H. Conger, H. A. Littleton, William Mills, D. A. Mahony, F. Gottschalk, A. Green- wald and George McHenry. The visitors -were met at Dunleith by a subcommittee and were also met at the levee, Dubuque, by the officials and the four companies — Governor's Greys, Washington Guards, Jackson Guards and Turner Rifles. The entire levee was covered with vehicles, pedestrians and equestrians ; many ladies were pres ent. Colonel Wiltse on the part of the city welcomed them to Dubuque. They were royally entertained while here. Several of the delegates brought with them a rail chair which attracted the notice of everybody. The Chicago Light Guard band accompa nied the delegates here. They serenaded Mayor Stout and Will- .346 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY iam B. Allison. John A. Kasson, of Iowa, wrote most of the national Republican platform. The press of Dubuque sharply resented the criticism passed on this city by the editor of the Chicago Tribune, who was among the visitors. He published in his paper a statement to the effect that Dubuque was prostrated by the crash of 1857; had grown rapidly before that date; had run up a large debt for improve ments; had left. the work uncompleted after the crisis; could not or did not now pay the interest on its debt, would in the end no ¦doubt repudiate the debt; would never pay and should now take the formal action of repudiation, and ended by adding: "The in fluence of these misfortunes is very strikingly manifest in every part of the city. Grass may be said literally to be growing in the streets and everything looks neglected and dilapidated." (Herald, May 25, i860.) Upon the receipt in Dubuque of the news that Douglas had been nominated for the presidency by the Baltimore convention, the Democracy gave one of the wildest exhibitions of gratification and enthusiasm ever witnessed in this city. "The greatest enthusiasm prevailed and the city was everywhere ablaze with bonfires and the fierce glare of rockets. On the corner of Fifth and Main streets an Immense crowd gathered and were addressed by Colonel McHenry, Samuel McNutt, D. S. Wilson and others. The Herald and National Democrat offices and private buildings were magnificently illumi nated. The roar of a hundred guns given by Captain Hayden added a powerful voice to the jubilation. Hurrah for the Little Giant, our next President." (Herald, June 24, i860.) Among the Democrats and doubtful Republicans of Dubuque who did not accept the nomination of Douglas and Johnson, but instead favored that of Breckenridge and Lane, were Judge Cor kery, Samuel Duncan, J. J. E. Norman, Patrick Quigley, H. H. Heath, James Williams, James Lovell and John D. Jennings. They and others held a public meeting July 7 and stated why they could not and would not support Douglas. All shades of opinion were shown at this meeting, which was made up of Douglas Democrats, Breckenridge Democrats, ultra-Republicans and others with un certain politics, opinions and principles. At the Breckenridge and Lane ratification meeting July 7, i860, there were present Judge Charles A. Corkery, P. Quigley, Warner Lewis, J. J. E. Norman, S. G. Fenimore, William Myers, J. T. Lovell, John Strohl, Hard'in Nowlin, John D. Jennings, A. D. Anderson, Ralph Sawyer, Samuel Duncan, W. W. Bird, James H. Williams, J. H. Emerson, H. H. Heath and others. Speeches were delivered by James H. Williams, John T. Lovell, John D. Jennings, Patrick Quigley, H. H. Heath and John Strohl. The campaign committee consisted of John D. Jennings, Patrick Quigley, C S D Jones, J. H. Williams and J. H. Emerson. The resolu- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 347 tions announced adherence to the Charleston platform and approved the Cincinnati platform of 1856. The Herald denounced this meeting and the movement it represented and called those taking part therein "secessionists," "dissensionists," "Breckenridge fizzles," etc. On August 4, i860, Samuels and Vandever, congressional can didates, held a joint discussion of the issues of the day in Dubuque. Both made strong, artful and eloquent speeches and were ap plauded vigorously by their respective adherents. Mr. Vandever opened and closed the debate. A meeting of all men favorable to the formation of a Bell and Everett electoral ticket was called for August 30, i860. Those who signed the call were William H. Clark, M. D. Bissell, Thomas M. Randolph, Joseph Chapman, G. B. Smith, G. F. Bissell, M. F. Patterson, William C. Friend, Thomas M. Monroe, J. M. Harri son, Alexander Young, W. B. Robbins, Thomas Monroe, E. Mc Craney and J. H. Thompson. Lincoln Clark and Joseph A. Chapline, Democratic and Re publican candidates for elector, held a joint debate here August 20, i860. It was claimed by the press that each did the other up. Some half dozen hickory poles (Democratic) were raised in Du buque in August, i860. The Wide Awakes made their first ap pearance here forty-five strong on July 28, i860. They marched to the park and were addressed by Shiras, Langworthy, Vandever and others. Another debate of the political issues was held in Dubuque September 10, i860, between Lincoln Clark (D.) and FitzHenry Warren (R. ). The latter opened and closed the dis cussion. An important event here in September, i860, was the speech delivered by Governor W. H. Seward, of New York. His party arrived at the Julien House September 21. The Republicans did their best to make the occasion notable and brilliant. The governor was escorted to the square by the Wide Awakes, led by the Ger mania band. In the carriage with the governor were General Nye, Charles F. Adams and Governor Patterson. The governor spoke from a temporary stand erected in the square. F. V. Good rich presided. The speech was profound and eloquent, argumenta tive and logical and lasted two hours. He was followed by Charles F. Adams, a son of John Quincy Adams, and he in turn by Gen eral Nye, one of the wittiest, keenest, most eloquent and most pop ular speakers on the stump of that day. The Herald said : "This gentleman is too well known to need much notice ; of an imposing presence, massive head and easy carriage, he captivates the audi ence before saying a word. He spoke about an hour and alter nated between flights of pathos and rich humor — the latter bring ing down the house every time. He is a very engaging speaker and carries the audience right with him." He was followed in a 348 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY short speech by Governor Patterson. This was the most enthusi astic public meeting of the Republicans of the county during the campaign and was attended by from 5,000 to 8,000 persons. The Democracy of this section claimed to take a middle course between the Abolitionists of the North and the secession fire-eaters of the South ; declared that the election of Douglas to the presi dency meant the safety and integrity of the government and that the election of either Lincoln or Breckenridge meant disunion and war. The Republicans and the Breckenridge men here denied such consequences, while admitting and deploring the gravity of the situation. The announcement that Stephen A. Douglas would speak in Dubuque on October 11, i860, was sufficient to kindle the Democ racy of the county to the highest pitch of enthusiasm. On Octo ber 10, i860, the Democracy began to assemble. Henry Clay Dean arrived on the 10th. The senator was to arrive by train from Anamosa and a reception committee of sixty-two, accompanied by the Germania band, left for that place on the afternoon of the 10th to meet him. The Herald of the 12th said: "The announcement that Douglas would speak at Dubuque a short time since ran through the county and its surroundings like a shock of electricity — people doubted, wondered, finally rejoiced. Never has a prouder ovation been offered — never one more worthily bestowed and in no case has it been mere hero worship." On the way to Anamosa many humorous incidents occurred. At one station in Dubuque county, as the train stopped, one member jumped off and called to a German standing there, "Hurrah for Douglas !" He promptly replied, "You pe dampt mit yer Dooglas! I hurrahs for Lincoln." When they reached Anamosa they marched downtown to the plat form in front of the Fisher House, where Douglas was then speak ing and all were overwrought with nervous excitement, enthusi asm and anxiety to see the great man. One more enthusiastic and excited than the rest, catching sight of him, yelled out, "There he is ; there he is, God d— n him," and ended with a tremendous cheer, "Hurrah, hurrah for Douglas !" Immediately upon the arrival of the delegation, it became known who they were and Douglas ceased speaking long enough to propose "three cheers for Dubuque, which were given uproarously. The delegation remained there all night and the next morning all embarked on board car for Du buque. With the Dubuque delegation was Hon. T. S. Wilson. At every station Douglas showed himself and was enthusiastically cheered At Farley a special train from Independence awaited the Douglas train, on board being the Independence Invisibles, a fine company of 100 men. At Dubuque when Douglas arrived the depot grounds and Jones street were black with people. He was hurried past the crowd into a carriage and transported quickly to the Julien Hotel, followed HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 349 by the procession, which continued "up Fourth to Locust and around again to Main to escape marching under a Lincoln flag suspended across Main street. This was a studied insult which we believe no gentleman would be guilty of perpetrating." (Her ald, October 12, i860.) "The procession was composed of the various clubs from home and abroad, citizens, strangers, etc., and together with those fol lowing on the sidewalks numbered not less than 10,000 people. By 1 130 p. fn. a denser crowd had gathered at the square than ever before was known. We believe that from 15,000 to 20,000 people would be a fair estimate. Hon. D. S. Wilson welcomed Douglas in an eloquent address and was followed by Senator Douglas in a long and brilliant speech, which was published in full by the press. At night the torchlight procession and a speech by Mr. O'Neil closed this memorable day. Henry Clay Dean did not speak, owing to lateness of the hour. The torchlight procession was the longest ever seen here, consisting of nearly 2,000 persons, of whom 900 belonged to Dubuque. In the procession were groups of clubs from Table Mound and other townships. A prominent feature in the display was a squatter sovereign's wagon, gotten up mainly by Thomas Faherty. It was a huge tent mounted upon a large express wagon furnished by A. A. Cooper and drawn by eight horses. The tent was illuminated beautifully and upon every side were appropriate mottoes. The entire procession was one mile in length, with the marchers, some two, some four and other six numbers abreast. It is impossible to describe the imposing beauty and effort of the long procession. The night was clouded, adding very much to the effect of the display. Many buildings along the route were illuminated, while a dense crowd stood on the side walks or walked along with the procession. They were finally disbanded by J. H. O'Neil in an eloquent speech." (Herald, Oc tober 12 and 13, i860.) Late in October both parties organized and carried into effect the plan of holding political meetings in all portions of Dubuque county. Such were. held at Key West, Buncombe, Gordon's school- house, Hempstead, Epworth, Worthington, DyersviUe, Evergreen, Pin Oak, Peter Fries, Renner's schoolhouse, Peosta, Cascade, Glasnevin, Centralia, Pott's tavern, Ehler's schoolhouse and else where. A strong effort to fuse the Douglas and Breckenridge wings of the Democracy in Dubuque county late in October, i860, resulted in failure. Resolutions offered before the latter were several times defeated. The Democrats of Epworth made preparations to erect a large hickory pole and prepared the pole for the following morning. During the night their rivals hauled it away and the Democrats were forced to prepare another and erected it and were addressed 350 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY by Governor Hempstead, Colonel Ross, Frank H. Jennings and J. G. Armstrong. ° John A. Kasson spoke here on the issue October 27 1860- he addressed the Republicans at the Julien theater. The Republican county convention met here October 27, i860, and nominated can didates for delegates to the judicial convention and a candidate for district clerk. THE OFFICIAL VOTE OF DUBUQUE COUNTY NOVEMBER 6, i860. Democratic electors 3,059 Republican electors. 2,092 CONGRESS. Samuels (D.) 3,211 Vandlever (R. ) '445 SECRETARY OF STATE. John M. Corse (D. ) 7. 114 Elijah Sells (R.) 2>'IIS CLERK OF THE DISTRICT COURT. J. F. Bates( D.) 2,976 J. P. Farley (R.) 2,124 James A. Langton (Indp.) 137 The Republicans held a magnificent jubilation on the evening of November 12, i860, to voice their joy at the results of the elec tion. There were many bonfires, torchlight processions of the Wide Awakes, broadsides of artillery, etc. The Herald of November, i860, said: "The Finale. — Well, we (the Democracy) are licked and like Lazarus, by dogs, to borrow an idea. The smoke from the battlefield has lifted and we find ourselves flat on our backs. Although sometimes a degrading one the horizontal position has its peculiar enjoyments and advantages. With his back to the earth one fronts the stars." "We hope our Republican friends will not hereafter claim all the decency, morality, etc., after the fact becomes known that on Mon day night 200 kegs of beer were drunk. The Wide Awakes will give a grand ball Friday night. The tickets read that Malon Shavours (colored) is one of the managers. Good, if true. It also reads 'all Republicans invited without distinction of color.' We suspect that there is a 'nigger in the woodpile.' ' (Herald, November 14, i860.) "Those of our readers who have thought we were hasty in ex pressing our opinion that some of the Southern states would secede HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 351 will probably have reason to think as we did when they read the telegraphic news in the Herald this morning. We merely antici pated the action of the South, from circumstances which could scarcely result otherwise than as we predicted. Let those who have brought these disasters on the country look to the consequences."- (Herald, November 14, i860.) "The North has made no aggressions on the rights or interests of the South." (Times, November 22, i860.) Late in Novem ber, i860, the National Democratic Club of Dubuque assembled: and passed resolutions rehearsing practically their arguments of the last campaign and justifying the South in resenting the inter ference of the North with its institution of slavery. These reso lutions were denounced by a writer in the Herald of November 28; he said: "The resolutions are simply a justification of the South in its violent and revolutionary measures." "Two short weeks only have intervened since it became known that Abraham Lincoln was elected to the presidency and in these two weeks the calamities which have befallen the country have- no precedent in the election of a chief magistrate. The disasters which the country is now experiencing were foreseen and foretold, but such was the mad fanaticism of some and the reckless disre gard of consequences of others and the incredulity of many, that the warning voice of those who foresaw the evils was disregarded and treated with scorn and derision." (Herald, November 22, i860.) The early secession reports from the South particularly affected the Dubuque markets, because of its direct dealing with St. Louis, New Orleans and other down-river points. Much of the grain and flour had usually been consigned to New Orleans houses, but now it was deemed unsafe and all was chaos. They had to seek. new points and consignees. "So much for electing a man — the exponent of personal liberty bills, nigger suffrage and equality, Beecnerism, Stoweism, nigger- ism and a dozen other isms and tomfooleries upon which the en tire North under the lead of Abolitionized Massachusetts has gone mad." (Herald, November 23, i860.) Rev. John C. Holbrook, in the pulpit here on December 9, i860, said: "Rather than deprecating the present commotion, I regard it as one of the most hopeful signs of the times. Rather than com promise by any sacrifice of what we have gained I would let the Union go. Let the slaveholding states slough off, then we at the North will remain a free nation that will not be scoffed at by the other powers of the world." This coming from the pulpit caused many dissenting comments. Mr. Holbrook said his statements had been misrepresented and misunderstood. He denied the con stitutional right of a slaveholder to take his slaves into any por tion of the United States to reside there; but further said that if 352 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY it was his constitutional right he would assent thereto long enough to have that right set aside by the courts. Slavery had no exist ence anywhere by natural law, and could exist nowhere until legis lated there. On February 26, 1861, W. B. Allison, E. C. David, Dr. Hen- nion, J. W. Taylor, John Bittman and half a dozen other left here for Washington to be present at the inauguration of President Lincoln. "The policy of Mr. Lincoln appears to us to tend toward a per manent disruption of the Union and to thus recognize the theory of the 'irrepressible conflict' between the systems of labor and the civilizations of the North and South. Those who expected Mr. Lincoln and his partisan advisers to coerce and subjugate the re volted South will be doomed to disappointment. He will, on the contrary, while making a show of resistance to the course of the seceded states, remain passive to transpiring events until the gov ernment there becomes so well established as to command respect." (Herald, March 23, 1861.) There was much interest, though no excitement, shown in re gard to the municipal election in the spring of 1861. Several tried to make the election non-political, but failed. The Democratic city convention was harmonious and good men were named for the offices. H. S. Hetherington was nominated for mayor. The Republican city convention was equally quiet and harmonious. H. L. Stout was nominated for mayor. As there had been some dis pute over the point, it was resolved that the ticket should be called the Republican ticket. Mr. Rebman moved that it be called the Union ticket, but Dr. Thomas thought this would be borrowing Democratic thunder — the Democrats had lately talked so much about the Union. The vote for mayor in April, 1861, was: Hetherington (D.), 1,041; Stout (R.), 1,294. Only a short time before Hethering ton had run for mayor on the People's ticket. The newspapers did not know whether to praise or abuse him. "There were more votes cast with reference to private and personal interests and per sonal regard than is usual in elections in this city. It cannot be regarded as a party triumph." (Herald, April 2, 1861.) The Times claimed the election as a Republican victory; it was also claimed by the Herald as a Democratic victory. D. A. Mahony, signing himself chairman pro tem of the Demo cratic state executive committee, called a meeting of the state Democracy to consider the questions agitating the Union, and was taken to task for so doing by J. B. Dorr, who said he had no authority to issue such a call nor to assume the role of chairman pro tem of the committee. At the Douglas obsequies here in June D. S. Wilson delivered the principal oration. It was the second largest audience ever HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 353 ted in Dubuque, said the Herald, the largest having come in ier, i860, to hear Senator Douglas speak. Schools closed; ess was suspended. The man upon whom the citizens of ique had crowned so much honor was fittingly remembered 1 death. e state convention of the Democracy called by Mr. Mahony repudiated and another was convened in 1861. The Dubuque ;ntion naming delegates to the latter resolved as follows : the present war between the disloyal states and the govern- should not be regarded as sectional, nor anti-slavery, nor ubjugation, but solely for the maintenance of the Union, the rvation of our Magna Charta and the suppression of the re- >n ; that at the time when the country is resisting a war of in- n and destruction indifference is impossible to the patriot and ality is cowardice if not premeditated disloyalty ; that this con- on view with unqualified condemnation the course of those rs at the North which cry peace when there is no peace, ar- y to the best of their ability against the side of the govern- : and in favor of the cause of the Confederate states, deny- he achievements of the Union army and magnifying those of :nemy; that the call of a state convention of the Democracy )ennis A. Mahony was a wanton usurpation of authority — a reckless effort to disorganize the Democracy and force it in sition to the war; and that this convention is proud of the ous conduct and achievements of our noble Iowa First. These utions show that at the outset of the war the Democracy of ique county, until led away after false gods by Southern ties, was ready to support the administration in its efforts to 1 the rebellion. That many of the Democrats of this county Id be led astray by such artful pleaders and logicians as Mr. ony and the Southern wing of the Democracy here is not to ondered at; in fact, under the specious sophistry of such men majority of the Democracy soon came to regard President oln as a tyrant and usurper and the war one of subjugation, ige and crime. No wonder they opposed the war. the fall of 1861 Col. W. H. Merritt was Democratic candi- for governor. The election of October, 1861, was one of the : exciting that had ever been held here. The Union Democrats the Republicans united, but were defeated by a reduced ma- y. The Democratic majority throughout the county was about The contest between Cummings (R.) and Hewitt (D.) for shrievalty was fought with a rancor and bitterness rarely wit- id here. During the battle Mr. Hodnett, who was connected the Herald, attempted to cowhide Jesse Clement, editor of rimes, and either succeeded or did not, depending on the parti- view. Hodnett was tried, convicted and sentenced to twenty- 354 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY five days in jail, but managed to evade service. The following appeared in the papers : Barnes to Pettit: You pour forth your slimey abuse, etc I brand you, Henry W. Pettit, as a base liar, and you dare not resent it. — Barnes. Pettit to Barnes: Your statement about me is correct, but I object to your spelling slimy with an e.— Pettit. "Have We a Government ?— The course of the party in power warrants the inquiry, Have we a government? or rather, Have we men at the head of the government who know how to administer it? The experience so far has been that the Lincoln administra tion has been worse for the country than a failure. It has inflicted injuries on the United States from which it may never recover. The sooner the party in power be got rid of the better." (Herald, December 18, 1861.) "Another Military Prisoner.— The telegraph informed us last evening of the arrest of Gen. George W. Jones and that he has been sent to Fort Lafayette. The arrest was made by Prime Minister Seward, under the sanction of His Majesty Abe the First. Verily, we live in a free country." (Herald, December 21, 1861.) "By way of preparation for the next spring and fall elections, the emissaries of treason are busy at work both in this city and county. Throughout the county they are calling people's meet ings and passing through them resolutions manufactured for the purpose and alike in substance, if not in words, to be published in the Dubuque Herald, declaring that the war was caused by Yankee speculators and Abolitionists, denouncing the war tax and calling on the people to unite in a crusade against the New England manufacturers, the banks, railroad companies and Abolitionists. It needs but a glance at their resolves to see that they are distin guished treason." (Times, February 18, 1862.) "The so-called Democratic convention which met at the court house on the 24th inst. and was presided over by the editor of the Herald, had in its members some well-meaning men; but in the main and in the intent of its fuglemen it was nothing but a gath ering of the fag ends of the Breckinridge traitors of this city. It was a Jeff Davis-Mahony crowd which did the bidding of its chair man, even to the adoption of certain resolutions, which he said he wanted passed to endorse his political course and the course of his paper, the Herald." (Times, March 30, 1862.) In the spring of 1862 the Republicans, Abolitionists and "shoddy" Democrats united and renominated H. L. Stout for mayor by acclamation and also a full city ticket. In 1861 they called their city ticket "Union"; in 1862 they called it "National Union." They resolved that slavery was a great evil and "the sum total of all villainies;" and that concessions to armed rebels, so ardently advocated here, would appear to be a weakness and would HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 355 strengthen the rebellion. Ben M. Samuels was president of the Democratic Club. The Democratic convention was stronger and more pronounced in its views than the Republican convention. John H. Thedinga for mayor and a full ticket were nominated. The Times charged that the resolutions written in advance were prepared by Mahony. They recited that the assumption of arbitrary power under the pretense of a military necessity was an act of despotism and un constitutional and continued: "Resolved, That in taking a retrospective view of the past his tory of the country we perceive the rise of a fanatical party which has manifested itself in the phases of Abolitionism, Prohibitory Lawism and Higher Lawism in opposition to every principle of the constitution and to popular rights ; and to the success of which that party has acquired in the country and in the control it has obtained not only of the Federal government, but in the govern ments of the Northern states, we trace the first cause of the Re bellion which has been so calamitous to the people of these United States. "Resolved, That as Abolitionism was the cause of the existing rebellion we do not perceive any prospect of peace, founded upon the security of the people in the protection of the constitution, until the Federal, state and municipal governments shall be rescued from the control of Abolitionism and till the treason of abolitionism shall be treated as a crime by the government and as a dangerous and reprehensible evil in the body politic by the people." The resolutions at half a dozen meetings were similar and ended by declaring that the Democrats were right to oppose such a party ; that the appointment of Stanton over Cameron was justified; that arbitrary arrest and the disregard of the habeas corpus should cease; that as war was forced upon the country it should be prose cuted along old constitutional lines ; that the existing financial pol icy should be condemned, and that a recognition of states' rights should prevail. The Democrats elected their entire city ticket by substantial majorities — 319 in case of the mayor. "The Democrats of this city were almost beside themselves last night with exultation. It was not merely the rejoicing of the lips, but the outburst of the heart. No wonder that they exulted. For months past every term of opprobrium was cast upon them, every contumelious epithet which the mean, corrupted heart of Abolition ism, Republicanism and shoddyism could conceive was applied to them, till to be a Democrat became almost a martyrdom. Once more Democrats can feel that their principles are' in the ascendant and that the time is not far off when they will be able to save the Union by restoring to the administration of the government men who will conform to and enforce the Constitution as their rule of government. Let us have such a celebration of the event as 356 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY will give the finishing stroke in Dubuque to the enemies of the Union and the Constitution." (Herald, April 8, 1862.) "It must never be forgotten that the victory of Monday was not what our enemies would try td make it appear to the discredit of the Democratic party — a success of Secession. No, friends and fellow citizens ; it was a victory for the Constitution and the Union." (Herald, April 9, 1862.) "The man that beat you is one of the keenest in Iowa. A Pharisaical, Janus-faced trickster, a dissem bling pretender, a political knave, a juggling hypocrite, a man who wishes well to the South and ill to the North ; a shuffling, de ceiving liar; an artful, sly, designing, diplomatic Machiavellian. * * * You know who we mean." (Times, April 9, 1862.), "The news of the battle in Tennessee caused considerable anxiety in this city, as several Iowa regiments were known to be at Pitts burg Landing." (Herald, April 10, 1862.) "The Register (Linn County) makes a great mistake in saying that the Herald is ably pro-slavery. It is not pro-slavery at all, in the true, honest sense of the expression. The Herald is not nor never was an advocate of slavery. It finds slavery existed in some states, and finds this existence recognized as a legitimate thing in the Constitution, which the Herald respects, obeys and is deter mined to maintain." — (Herald, May 10, 1862.) "What's up? The Abolition and Republican papers of the state, from the drowsy Dubuque Times to the spiteful Gate City at Keokuk, have made a simultaneous onslaught on the Dubuque Herald. What do they expect to accomplish by this movement?" — (Herald, May 8, 1862.) At the Republican convention of the Third congressional district (1862) W. B. Allison was nominated for Congress. "Mr. Allison, it is fair to presume, was thought by his political friends to be their strongest candidate, although a large minority of them thought otherwise, and so do we. From our point of view, Mr. Allison is the very man for us to beat the easiest. As a neighbor and fellow citizen we respect Mr. Allison, but as a politician we look upon him as one of those who have brought our country to its perilous condition." — (Herald, August 8, 1862.) In 1862, G. Blocklinger, of Dubuque, was a delegate to the state Republican convention. The county Democracy in June endorsed the course of Mr. Mahony toward the national administration. Early in July, 1862, the attempt to mob the Herald office was commenced, but was really prevented by the leading men of both parties, who advised against such a step; it was Cummings, the sheriff, who prevented it. Marshal Conger assisted. Two citizens, Koch and Sittig, were made uncomfortable by the mob. The inten tion of the mob was to destroy the Herald office. In 1862 the Democrats nominated D. A. Mahony for Congress. He won in the convention by a majority of one and a fraction votes It was generally understood that his nomination was made HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 357 in order that the public should know that his course was approved by the congressional and state Democracy. His letter of accept ance was rejected by the government censor as improper by reason of its disloyal sentiments. At an immense Democratic meeting here in September, 1862, resolutions condemning the emancipation proclamation and de manding that the Union be left as it was were passed unanimously. Among the speakers were Ben M. Samuels, Thomas M. Monroe, Thomas Rogers, Stilson Hutchins, Daniel Cort, J. H. Emerson and others. "There never has been a moment since the war became of any considerable magnitude that Abraham Lincoln and his associates have wavered in their design to free the slaves of the South. They have held to this purpose from the very birth and inception of the party to which they belong. They have succeeded so far as an open avowal of sentiment can be styled success. But we have confidence that the people will teach these men that constitutions and laws are to be observed by the servants of the public as well as by the public itself, and that the effort to subvert them will result in their immediate and eternal destruction. They have played with fire — let them look well that they are not badly burned." — (Herald, Sep tember 26, 1862.) "The tide is flowing strong against the purposes of the present administration. There have been but three meetings held lately in Dubuque county of a Democratic character, but such meetings were never known before. The enthusiasm of the people knew no bounds. Their indignation, long pent up, found utterance. Every denunciation of the Abolitionist authorities and their pur poses received a hearty endorsement; every allusion to the Consti tution and its integrity, resounding applause. It is not well to refuse to heed the temper of the people. They made the powers that be, and although in their giddy exaltation they forget their derivation, the people can and will unmake them as easily." — (Herald, October 4, 1862.) It was the appearance in the Herald of such articles that caused the arrest of Mr. Mahony in August, 1862, as narrated elsewhere, and his confinement in the old Capitol prison at Washington, D. C, for about three months. Mr. Allison ran against Mr. Mahony for Congress in 1862 and won by 1,654 majority; Mahony's majority in Dubuque county was 1,424. The total vote of the city of Dubuque was 2,228. Jefferson and Taylor townships returned Republican majorities. "In the town of Epworth, where one year ago Messrs. Samuels, Hewitt and Fortune were mobbed by a crowd of cowardly Aboli tionists, Mr. Mahony received seventy-two votes. The Abolition majority was decreased from eighty to forty by the untiring energy 358 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY of Messrs. Moore, Hogan and others."— (Herald, October 18 1862.) "We can point to Dubuque and her glorious Democracy with a just pride. There she stands, fearless and triumphant. Over shadowed by military prestige, her citizens arrested and hurried to prison without charge or trial, resisting the appliances of shame less and unscrupulous power, rejecting the bribes of easy official virtue, she stands nobly erect, a Democratic county by nearly double her last year's majority. The minions of power, the cow ardly, threatening Abolitionists, had best take warning and menace her no longer. As nobly as she has done, she has a power in reserve which it would not be healthy to arouse." — (Herald, Octo ber 18, 1862.) "In this city the Republican party has not yet nominated a city ticket, the Union League being deputed to take the matter in hand and, like the old midnight Know Nothing Lodge, nominate a ticket in the dark. The conspiracy broadens. It involves, if it succeed, all we hold dear as Americans." — (Herald, April 3, 1863.), Vote down the Union Leagues ; vote down midnight conspirators ! Who wants to vote the nigger emancipation ticket? Who wants Iowa covered with indolent blacks? Answer at the polls. Every candidate but one on the Abolitionist ticket is a member of the Union League. Vote them down. To elect the Abolitionist ticket tomorrow is to drive a nail in the coffin of civil liberty. It is far better to crush them at the ballot box than to be obliged to meet them with the cartridge box." — (Herald, April 5, 1863.) At the Burns festival Mr. Allison delivered an eloquent address in which he took occasion to extol President Lincoln. The Herald said: "Of course, Mr. Allison at least is a fit eulogist and has reason to be grateful to him (Lincoln), if for nothing else than the constitutional manner in which he effected the imprisonment of an ugly opponent," meaning Mr. Mahony, who had been a can didate for Congress against Mr. Allison. In January, 1863, Mr. Mahony was urged here for the nomination by the Democracy for governor of Iowa. Henry Clay Dean made a strong anti-war speech here in February. Without much open excitement the citizens of both parties in March, 1863, began with suppressed rage and fire to prepare for the municipal elections. The Republicans nominated Franklin Hinds for mayor and the Democrats renominated J. H. Thedinga. "We are again gloriously successful, despite military mobs and provost marshals. The most desperate efforts were made by the opposition to carry our municipal election on yesterday. The cohorts of Abolitionism, drilled and disciplined under the direction of the Union League, thoroughly organized and confident of success, have been met and defeated by the sterling Democracy of Dubuque, by majorities ranging from three hundred down. Dubuque is yet HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 359 a free city under Democratic rule. Thank heaven that we are not yet at the mercy of midnight conspirators. No person outside of Dubuque can appreciate the difficulties under which we labored. We were opposed by the whole force of the military stationed in the city and represented by such men as J. B. Dorr. We were obliged to fight the Union League, numbering, it is claimed, over a thousand members. On Sunday morning the Times came out with a statement to the effect that a provost marshal had been appointed for Dubuque and vicinity, and that deputies had been selected to attend each poll and take down the name of every person for conscription who should cast a vote. In pursuance of this threat, Lieutenant David was sent to the Fifth ward, where he was permitted to remain all day, practically by his presence intimidating the people, the fruit of which is seen in the loss of our candidate for alderman in that ward by two majority. In the First ward Lieutenant Duffy was foolish enough to try the same game, and by a murderous assault on Mr. Henneberry, one of the judges, put his life in imminent peril. Yet despite all this, despite threats and cajolery, Dubuque repudiates the whole horde and stands erect in Democratic integrity. By the loss of John Rugamer, our can didate for alderman in the Fifth ward, by two majority, the city council stands, Democrats 4, Republicans 6. While this is to be regretted, it amounts to nothing, practically. We have every city officer, from highest to lowest." — (Herald, April 7, 1863.) "Dubuque takes no step backward. Within two weeks her majority has been increased from 90 to 250. She is good for the latter at any time, in spite of all the Union Leagues out of jail." — (Herald, April 7, 1863.) The Democratic county convention in May, 1863, took strong grounds against the prosecution of the war. The Republicans were equally strong for its prosecution. Among the Democratic speak ers were Mahony, Richards, Hutchins, Jennings, O'Neill, Den- linger, Stewart, Emerson, Shields, etc. Among the Republican speakers were Lyon, Shiras, Lorimier, Allison, Cooley, Conger. Clark, Heath, Bissell, Dorr, David, Adams, Rhomberg and others. On the Fourth of July, 1863, the Republicans and Democrats held separate celebrations because they could not agree about the reading of the Emancipation Proclamation. The great federal victories in the field early in July caused great rejoicing here among war advocates. General Tuttle, the Democratic candidate for governor, came out in favor of the war; the Herald disagreed with him but supported him. At a Union mass meeting at Dubuque in August, when Senators Harlan and Trumbull and Mr. Washburne, of Galena, were here, there were present about eight thousand people. Senator Harlan spoke three hours; delegations were present from all the surrounding counties. "Mrs. McCall, of Dubuque, Iowa, was in the city yesterday, on 360 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY her way from Memphis to her home, on a brief visit of absence from duty as a hospital nurse. She has been in the service since June, 1861, when the Third Iowa Infantry was organized. Two of her sons enlisted in that regiment, and she was resolved to go along, and has stuck to it in all the vicissitudes of battles and blood and marching and sickness ever since. Some time ago she was assigned to duty as hospital nurse at Memphis. She is a hale, hearty woman with a most pleasant face, one that would have more good effect on a sick soldier than the doctor's potion. She is about thirty-five years of age and exhibits the nervous activity and energy of a girl of eighteen. The Third Iowa boys call her mother."— (St. Louis Republican, about August 26, 1863.) The Democratic county convention in September, 1863, aiter passing its resolutions against the continuance of the war, thanked Daniel Cort for his resolution as a member of the county board to appropriate $300 for the relief of each drafted man. The lan guage of Mr. Cort's resolution and of the resolutions of the Demo cratic committee was "for the relief of drafted men." It was not stated that the appropriation was to raise volunteers, clear the county quota, or even to hire substitutes; but was for the relief of the poor unfortunates who might be drafted. The Herald and its adherents generally held that as the conscription act was unconstitutional and an outrage, the county board was justified in assisting the citizens who were forced to leave their homes by the arbitrary power of the government. The Times, having charged Mr. Mahony and Fernando Wood with being responsible for the New York draft riots, was sued for libel and bound over for $2,000. "We therefore earnestly appeal not only to those who are Demo crats on principle already, but to such of our fellow citizens as are not under the influence of fanaticism, to organize themselves to gether for the purpose of resisting the attempt which is designed to be made to subvert the government and to subject one portion of the people of the North to the" despotism of the party which is aiming to hold and wield power, regardless alike of the Constitu tion, the laws, and the rights of their fellow citizens." — (Herald, July 4, 1863.) Mr. Mahony was candidate for sheriff in 1863. At an immense Democratic meeting at Cascade late in September, 1863, speeches were made by Richards, Barker, Cort, Mahony, Cantillon and Hutchins; there were "seven solid hours of speaking" during both afternoon and evening; delegations from all the surrounding country were present; fifty teams came from Temple Hill alone. A. C. Dodge, James W. Grimes, Rev. Ames, D. N. Cooley, John A. Kasson and Shubael Adams spoke" in Dubuque during the fall. At a big Democratic meeting in Epworth, Mahony, Richards, O Neill and Lepper were the speakers. The Republicans made great efforts to defeat Mahony, candidate for sheriff, and to elect Mr. Swivel. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 361 Stone (R.) and Tuttle (D.) were candidates for governor, the former receiving 2,114 votes in Dubuque county and the latter 3,280. Mahony received 3,124, Swivel 2,152 and Fortune (Ind.) 45 for sheriff. At this time the Republicans favored a registration law. The vote of that part of the Twelfth regiment from this county was Stone (R. ) 210, Tuttle (D. ) 23. The final result, including the soldiers' vote, was: Mahony, 3,149; Swivel, 2,596; Fortune, 47. In 1862 the Democratic majority was 1,524; in 1863 it was 1,315. When James W. Grimes was re-elected United States senator at Des Moines in January, 1864, the Democrats unitedly voted for John D. Jennings, of Dubuque. Mr. Cort, of Dubuque, bolted the caucus and voted for J. W. Love. The Democratic club at Dubuque was a strong political factor in 1863-4. On February 10, 1864, the Republicans held their convention in Dubuque to choose delegates to the Republican state convention to. be held at Des Moines, February 22. The following were chosen : Piatt Smith, J. K. Graves, H. Markell, E. C. David, D. N. Cooley, J. A. Rhomberg, D. E. Lyon, E. R. Shankland, C. Wull weber, M. Blumenauer, O. P. Shiras, P. H. Conger, George L. Matthews, H. C. Fellows, Thomas Lawton, Gustave Grahl, J. L. McCreery, Henry Heil, William Luther and C. H. Foote. In the spring of 1864 the Democrats nominated John Thompson for mayor and the Republicans nominated Mr. Cummings. The former received 1,175 votes and the latter 1,018. The Democrats elected all the city officers. The principal question at issue was the payment of the city debt. In 1864, the Democracy, here as elsewhere, was split into war and peace factions. In the Democratic state convention the Dubuque delegates divided, Jennings and McLenan favoring war and Hutch ins, Monroe, Richards and Robb favoring peace. D. A. Mahony was a strong peace man. It was claimed that Jennings and Mc Lenan violated their instructions, and a row resulted. On the Democratic state ticket Thomas M. Monroe was named for supreme judge. The call for a peace mass meeting at Dubuque on August 25, 1864, was signed by D. A. Mahony, John H. O'Neill, Thomas Hardie, Reuben S. Long, Thomas M. Monroe, John Deery, John Hodnett, Timothy Mason and Nicholas Leffert. An immense crowd, probably 15,000 people, was present at Jackson Square. Henry Clay Dean, John F. Duncombe, D. A. Mahony, John H. O'Neill, B. B. Richards, Stilson Hutchins and other brilliant orators spoke. The resolutions advocated peace at" any price. Several distinguished speakers from abroad were present. "After more than three long years of subjection to a most intol erable despotism and cruel tyranny ; after suffering evils of govern ment administration without precedent in the most execrable rulers 362 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY of the past and without parallel in our own times ; after submitting to usurpation of power in public servants whose authority is cir cumscribed by law such as no monarch claiming to rule by divine right was ever bold enough to grasp; and after enduring more than ever a people did before in the same length of time in the sacrifice of life and waste of money; and acquiescing in blind obedience and craven servility to the behests of power arbitrarily and illegally exercised, * * * the popular will has now, in the agony, it may be, of the nation's death, become sensible at last that the body politic is in danger of dissolution and aspires to preserve it from such a fate." — (Herald, August 4, 1864.) "A very animated discussion took place on Main street last evening, each of the disputants vying with each other in the violence with which the Abolitionists were assailed. The very common and just conclusion was reached that Abe Lincoln is too ugly in phiz, too weak in intellect and too tyrannical in the exercise of power to be allowed to 'run the machine' another four years." — (Herald, August 30, 1864.) The Republican county convention was conducted by Bissell, Wiltse, Shiras, Karrick, Rupert, Hetherington, Matthews, Blumen- auer and others. The resolutions adopted declared that the success of the Repub licans in November was essential to the preservation of the Union and liberty, praised Mr. Allison's course in Congress, and recom mended his renomination and favored a continuance of the war along lines already announced and well known. The nomination of McClellan for the Presidency suited the Dubuque county Democracy; the renomination of Mr. Lincoln suited the Republicans. The campaign was brilliant and vindictive. Immense meetings were held and eloquent addresses delivered by distinguished orators. Patrick Quigley was president of the Demo cratic association. At this time it was conceded that B. B. Richards was one of the most brilliant stump speakers in the state. He was candidate for elector on the Democratic ticket and was also candi date for Congress against Allison. Richards and Allison stumped the district together and spoke to immense crowds. On October 22, 1864, Kirkwood spoke at the Athenaeum. The Herald spoke of him as "the man who wears the dirtiest shirt west of the Mississippi river"; also, "Kirkwood the unwashed." On October 26. Governor Stone and John H. O'Neill held a joint debate at the Athenaeum. There was a large attendance, though the rain fell in torrents. Schuyler Colfax spoke here October 29. The November (1864) election resulted in this county as follows: McClellan electors, 3,319; Lincoln electors, 1,744 For Congress: Richards (D.) 3,316, Allison (R.) 1,753- The balance of the county ticket ran about the same. "This is a noble record for Dubuque county. It shows that HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 363 is at least one bright spot in Iowa that has not been overrun otted out by the scum and filth of Abolitionism." — (Herald, nber 15, 1864.) ; a patriot we cannot but deplore the result of the recent n, because we believe the re-election of Mr. Lincoln opens the 0 certain dissolution and untold misery. * * * No reason- lan will contend that the country can survive four years more ife. The end, whatever it is, must come during Mr. Lincoln's 1 term of office, and then will come the fearful reckoning. * The duty of Democrats is plain. We cannot control or the policies of the administration, and shall not be respon- for results. Our mission is simply that of the wrecker — to : and save from the noble Ship of State whatever remains of tutional liberty." — (Herald, November 13, 1864.) ock Market. — The market for McClellan stock is dull and ing, with more sellers than buyers at 50 per cent discount. ers are anxious to effect sales and are not particular about Copperhead 64-90' s have overstocked the market and an- supply will not be needed in four years for national use. ellan badges and medals are given away, holders having no er use for them. A whole torchlight procession could be it for a song; small lots are in demand for sale at auction." — aid, November 12, 1864.) March, 1865, E. C. David was reappointed postmaster at ique. The Times announced the name of William B. Allison Jnited States senator. In April, 1865, both parties nominated Thompson for mayor, because the principal and almost the issue was to put the city debt in tangible shape and pay it. eceived a total of 1,898 votes. The Democratic majority on alance of the ticket varied from 274 to 578. They swept the and county. Every city officer, fourth-fifths of the council, iteen out of nineteen county supervisors, and every county r were elected by the Democrats. irly in April, 1865, the Herald wanted President Lincoln to amnesty to the South, including right to slave property, states' s, no federal interference — in fact, place the South where it before the war. "By doing this, Mr. Lincoln can remove much ie stigma that attaches to his name for the tyranny and oppres- of which he has been guilty." — (Herald, April 6, 1865.) .Tie Republican journals are united in their efforts to secure for liberated negroes the right of suffrage. * * * This plan to over the best portion of our country to the control of the 0 will miserably fail."— (Herald, May 19, 1865.) avid Styles was present at the old settlers' meeting July 1, 1865. had opened the second hotel in Chicago, and came to the uque mining region about 1830. He had voted for George hington for President. V. Herancourt placed a glass and 364 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY frame over the photographic picture of 258 portraits of Dubuque county early settlers. A number of the early settlers refused to take part in the celebration of the Fourth of July if the Emancipa tion Proclamation was to be read immediately after the Declaration of Independence. They did not want "politics" introduced into the celebration. The result was that people divided on political lines and held several celebrations, at one of which, at least, the Emancipation Proclamation was read. The Republicans cele brated at the Gardens and the Democrats at Eagle Point and Ham's Island. In the Republican procession was a wagon with thirty-four young ladies representing the states. The Good Templars went to Cassville to celebrate. All Dubuque turned out to the Grant reception, Wednesday, August 23, 1865. "The display made last Wednesday on the recep tion of General Grant was one of the finest and most creditable that ever took place in this city. The crowd has been variously estimated at from 10,000 to 25,000 persons. The sidewalks on Main street from the First Ward market to Fourteenth street was a solid crowd of human beings awaiting the arrival of the hero of the day. Every window and doorway on the line of march was filled with admirers of the General. For a large assemblage of people it was the most orderlv we ever saw." — (Herald, August 25, 1865.) The Herald found fault with every act of the administration during r865 after the close of the war. It objected to negro suf frage, punishment of the leaders of the rebellion, reconstruction of the southern states, trial of the Lincoln assassins ; a large stand ing army; the outrage of military trials; the Chicago sanitary fair, and particularly abused Stanton and Butler. In 1865, Col. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., was Democratic candidate for governor. At the Democratic county convention, held in Dyers viUe, August 19, Gen. George W. Jones called the delegates to order and J. H. Emerson was chairman. The resolutions affirmed Democratic policies. W. B. Allison spoke at the Athenaeum, Octo ber 5. The differences between President Johnson and the radical Republicans were dissected and explained. The Herald's abuse of Secretary Stanton was notable at this time; it also lashed Judge Burt for saying that the Democrats wanted to keep the negroes under because otherwise they would outrival the Democrats and secure all the plums. At the October election the vote for governor was: Benton (D.) 2,842, Stone (R.) 1,552; for sheriff, Mahony (D.) 2,729, Cummings (R.) 1,639. Mahony lost most of the ^F^bruary, 1866, a large meeting of the Dubuque D«nocrate approved the veto by President Johnson of the Freedman s Bureau buf Among the speakers were Stilson Hutchins Frank Jennings C. J. Rogers and George W. Jones. In March, 1866, a large HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 365 "Union" meeting was held and resolutions were passed expressing the opinion that Congress had the right to say upon what terms the rebellious states should come back into the Union. Among the speakers were Judge Burt, O. P. Shiras, General Wiltse, C. Wull weber, C. G. Hawthorne and others. The following citizens signed the call for this meeting: F. E. Bissell, O. P. Shiras, George Crane, Frank Gilbert, James Burt, H. L. Stout, Richard Waller, Jacob Christman, T. C. Roberts, R. Bonson, C. H. Booth, James Thurs ton, Thomas Finn, R. Spaulding, W. Westphal, G. L. Torbert, John H. Lull, Edgar Tisdale, John Mihlhop, A. Tredway, William Anderson, John W. Smith, D. E. Lyon, George D. Wood, W. J. Gilbert, C. G. Hawthorne, C. Leckie, J. W. Cox, A. G. Chapin. During 1864 and 1865, as a claim for public approval, the Democ racy of Dubuque showed that Mayor Thompson's administration had reduced the city indebtedness $353,000; the old indebtedness of $390,000 had been wiped out partly by a new issue of bonds ; the old Gelpcke debt, which had hung for years over the city like a pall, had all been taken up. In 1865-6, $68,000 of indebtedness had been paid ; in the latter was a debt of $5,000 due since the old levee was built ; also the debt of Timothy Davis for the old cemetery lot, the interest on which had far exceeded the principal. All the city scrip had been taken up; at one time it was as low as 35 cents on the dollar. All this had been done without borrowing or with out increasing the taxes. But there were no special local issues; the election ran along Democratic and Republican principles and policies. A large vote was polled, much larger than had been expected. The whole Democratic ticket was elected by majorities ranging from 148 to 320, the average being close to 250; total vote, 2,502. Mr. Thompson was re-elected mayor. Mr. Kingman was the Republican candidate. Thompson received 1,385 and Kingman 1,117 votes. The receipts for the fiscal year 1865-6 were $67,288.44, and the orders redeemed, $66,990.74. In 1866 there was open opposition at Epworth against the violent partisan speeches of C. C. Hewitt and Frank Jennings ; they were prevented from speaking and in a measure assailed. In October, 1866, L. H. Cady was likewise assailed and prevented from speaking there by a crowd. Democrats were furious and later went there prepared for trouble and were permitted to speak. Democratic speakers were also opposed at Centralia, but were permitted to finish. At the October election liquor was allowed at the polls. For secretary of state, Van Anda (D.) received 3,117 votes and Wright (R.) 2,186. For Congress, Noble (D.) received 3,131 and Allison (R.) 2,097. Taylor and Jefferson townships went Republican. In Table Mound township there was but one Repub lican vote out of 1 15 polled. In the spring of 1867 the Democrats nominated W. W. Wood- worth for mayor and the Republicans nominated J. K. Graves. 366 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Charges of corruption in city affairs were made and facts stated. The question of compromising, repudiating or paying in full the city debt was all important. "The Sarah Lee Porter case is a test one that will decide whether the city owes $1,000,000 or $200,000. Under the policy adopted in 1864, over one-third of the entire city indebtedness has been conditionally retired without imposing unusual burdens; but let this Sarah Lee Porter case be determined against the present council and there is an end of all compromise, for if Sarah Lee Porter recovers one hundred cents on the dollar of her claim, then any other creditor may do likewise." — (Alderman Hetherington in council, March 29, 1867.) This contest was hotly fought; the Democrats were determined to retrieve their loss of October, 1866. The streets were soon strewn with circulars, ballots and beer kegs. Teams with banners and mottoes were out to hurry indifferent voters to the polls. It was one of the most exciting municipal elections ever held in Dubuque. Woodworth (D.), received 1,393 votes and Graves (R.) 1,639. The Democrats elected by small majorities the city ticket except mayor and marshal. Many Democratic votes were cast for Graves because of the announcement that he was a supporter of the policies of President Johnson. Allison for the Senate was the Republican program. in 1867. In July, 1867, Judge Biirt sued the Herald (Ham and Carver) for $20,000 for libel. The Democrats opposed negro suffrage in Iowa and any interference by Congress with the sovereignty of the states. The Germans in Dubuque organized in opposition to the prohibitory law. Payment of government bonds in greenbacks was advocated by the Democracy. Henry O'Connor (R.) and W. T. Barker (D.) held a joint discussion in Dubuque in October; they were candidates for attorney-general. The election in October, 1867, resulted in Dubuque county as follows: For governor, Mason (D.) 3,335, Merrill (R.) 1,915; for sheriff, Buckman (D.) 3,435, Cheeney (R.) 1,824. Thus the Democrats swept the county with majorities ranging from 712 to 1,611. Taylor and Dodge townships were carried by the Repub licans. This was the first time Julien township was separated from the city of Dubuque. The Herald often referred in a jocular way to "Dubuque Copperheads." In 1868, Solomon Turck was nominated for mayor by the Demo crats, and William Westphal by the Republicans. The former received 1,792 votes and the latter 1,220. The Democrats elected their whole city ticket except marshal. The council ordered an investigation of the administration of Mayor Graves; he was charged with having distorted figures, etc. < In June, 1868, a Grant and Colfax club was organized at Dubuque. In the summer, J. K. Graves made desperate efforts to HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 367 wrest the nomination for Congress from Mr. Allison, but failed in convention, 221 to 207 votes. This contest almost divided the party. The nomination of Seymour and Blair was ratified by Dubuque Democrats. For Congress Allison received in Dubuque county 2,251 votes, Mills (D.) 4,328, Thomas (Ind.) no. In 1868, John H. O'Neill was a delegate to the Democratic national convention. The presidential contest of 1868 was filled with bitter personalities and savage partisan attacks. At the November election the Grant electors received 2,583 votes and the Seymour electors 4,088 votes in Dubuque county. Five constitu tional amendments were voted on : ( 1 ) Negroes to vote in Iowa ; (2), negroes to be enrolled as militia; (3) negroes to be counted in the census; (4) negroes to be counted in the apportionment for senators and representatives; (5) negroes to occupy any office in the state. Dubuque county polled heavy majorities against all five amendments — 4,341 to 2,292. There was much excitement and bitterness in the vote on these amendments. It was said that a negro formerly a slave in Alabama and part white voted the straight Democratic ticket at Peosta in November, 1868. YEAR DEMOCRAT REPUBLICAN 1864 3,375 2,223 1865 2,842 1,554 1866 3,151 2,086 lg67 3,340 1,950 1868 4,092 2,633 "Iowa has undoubtedly elected the nigger. It is triumph of which to be proud. In Dubuque the nigger runs ahead of Allison. In the state the nigger is but little behind the other radical candi dates."— (Herald, November 7, 1868.) "The election has renewed power to radicalism. One of the first things pledged by the radical party is to pay the bondholders in coin. The majority of Congress is sufficient, and Grant is equally pledged with Congress. The people have declared by their ballots that such payment is what they desire. The outrage is promised and endorsed. Let it be consummated speedily." — (Herald, November 7, 1868.) In the spring of 1869 the Democrats nominated George W. Jones for mayor, but he declined and they then named W. J. Knight. The Republicans nominated C. J. Cummings, but upon his declina tion they nominated H. S. Hetherington. Still the paramount question was the payment of the city indebtedness. In this contest the old Allison-Graves feud appeared because the Allison faction slashed Morheiser for marshal and the Graves faction knifed Hetherington. The result was that the Democrats had the largest majority they secured for many years. Knight (D.) received 368 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 1,706, and Hetherington (R.) 1,108. The Democratic majorities ranged from 546 to 697. This was the first election at which the negroes generally were permitted to vote. It was said at the time that they nearly all voted the straight Democratic ticket, but some allowance should be made for this statement. At the October election (1869) Gillaspy (D.) received for governor 3,367 votes and Merrill (R.) 1,927 in Dubuque county. Taylor and Dodge townships and the Third and Fourth wards, Dubuque, went Republican. In January, 1870, W. B. Allison was a candidate for the United States Senate, but was defeated before the legislature. His dele gation returned to Dubuque "sorry and sad." In March, 1870, the newspapers of both parties praised the administration of Mayor Knight, who had accomplished wonders in untangling the city debt and putting it in the way of certain ultimate extinction. Alderman A. F. Jaeger was likewise praised. The Democrats renominated Knight for mayor and the Republicans named Mr. Kingman, who was in reality the nominee of the Graves faction, which bitterly assailed the alleged Allison ring. Kingman a few years before had been terribly defeated by John Thompson in the mayoralty race. Knight (D.) received 1,994 votes and Kingman (R.) 742. Gener ally, the whole Democratic ticket was successful. This surprising victory was an acknowledgment and endorsement of the Knight administration, many Republicans voting with the Democrats. Among the Republican speakers to appear here in the fall of 1870 were Henry O'Connor, W. B. Allison, Chester C. Cole, J. S. Clarkson, Charles Aldrich and James Harlan. At the October election (1870) Doerr (D.) received 2,535 votes for secretary of- state and Wright (R.), 1,439. For a constitutional convention, 225; against it, 1,815 ; for an increase in county supervisors, 771 ; against such increase, 2,223. M. B. Mulkern was state senator. Both parties in the spring of 1871 held stirring conventions and named full municipal tickets. Mayor Knight had made enemies by his honest energy and zeal for the city's welfare. Few men in the face of such obstacles as then existed could have accomplished so much. His legal ability and integrity had greatly advanced the city's credit and made all business pursuits prosperous. But a change was wanted, evidently. It was shown that his honest policy embraced the payment at par of the city debt, regardless of the fact that many of the bondholders who resided in Dubuque had pur chased the bonds in the East at about 25 cents on the dollar. Apparently the majority of the voters wanted the mayor to force the bondholders to take much less than roo cents on the dollar ; thus in this election the taxpayers generally voted down the bondho ders. "We have met the enemy and have come so near to being theirs that not much pleasure can be derived from the escape. The whole Democratic city ticket is elected with the exception of mayor, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 369 where Mr. Knight is defeated by Judge Burt by about 337 majority. The Republicans have also elected a majority of the city council, carrying four of the five aldermen, so that the next council will stand, with the holdovers, six Republicans to four Democrats." — (Herald, April 4, 1871.) In 1871 B. B. Richards was nominated for the state senate by the Democracy, and M. M. Ham, of the Dubuque Herald, was nominated for lieutenant-governor. All Republican movements and nominations in the fall of 1871 were made with the view of Mr. Allison's candidacy for the United States Senate; the Graves fac tion had subsided; Allison men were chosen for everything, for popular effect. Torbert, Shiras, Henderson, Beach, Ballou et al. of the "Allison ring" ruled the party here. The vote in the county in October was: For governor, Knapp (D.) 3,287, Carpenter (R.) 1,986; county treasurer, Stewart (D.) 2,617, Jarrett (R.) 2,455; for lieutenant-governor, Ham (D.) 3,311, Bulis (R.) 1,951. Richard's majority over Burden was 652. C. H. Booth was elected to the House by 162 majority. In January, 1872, Mr. Allison was elected to the United States Senate. Upon his return here, all citizens, irrespective of party, gave him a notable and cordial public reception. C. Wullweber made the welcoming speech; H. L. Stout was chairman. About this time, Mr. Mahony, having roused the wrath of M. M. Ham, of the Herald, was "roasted" in the following fashion : "Mahony believes in blackmailing as a principle. He puts him self up at auction and strikes himself off to anybody who will bid. If people decline to buy the goods, not believing him worth the buying, then his idea is to 'go for 'em,' lie about them, traduce them, vilify them, poison the public mind against them, do anything or everything against them; it serves them right, for they might have complied with his reasonable demands ! This has always been his rule of action. Because General Jones did not give him a sur veying contract years ago, he has been abusing him ever since. He was for a while partner with Doctor Holt in the newspaper busi ness, and succeeded in ruining him. He was then with Dorr for a while, and would have ruined him had not Dorr got rid of him. About this time he was around the county treasury and turned up a defaulter, and the people of Dubuque county are suffering from it in their taxes to this day. In 1862 he besought Governor Kirk wood to allow him to raise an Irish regiment of which he was to be colonel. He was then a rampant war man, but when Kirkwood — knowing him too well — refused his application, he at once turned upon him, abused him, and from being a terrible war man he became a terrible peace man. Soon after, the Republicans were foolish enough to arrest him, which made a great man of him, greater than he ever was before or ever will be again. After his return home he liked to have ruined the paper with his dogmatical and dicta- 370 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY torial manner, until Hutchins, to get rid of him, leased his interest in the office and got him out and soon after shoved him upon the long-suffering people of Dubuque county as sheriff. In 1866, Hutchins and Hodnett started the St. Louis Times, out of which they have each made an independent fortune. In their good nature they gave Mahony an interest, but inside of a year they had to put him out again. He repaid Hutchins by abusing him for years. In 1868 he was first a rampant anti-bridge man, then as rampant for it. A present of $2,000 stock wrought the change. Ask Allison, Stout, Graves or Booth. He subscribed for a large amount of stock in the first water-works company and then abused John Thompson because he would not give him money to pay with. His recent spiteful, cowardly and vengeful attacks on L. D. Randall were because the latter would not be blackmailed out of $500 ; the same regarding his attacks on the county board and W. G. Stewart, in the latter case endeavoring to excite religious feuds in our midst; on Peter Kiene, Joe Rhomberg, J. K. Graves, the railroad com pany — in fact, on everybody who refuses to have money extorted from them to silence him. Such is Dennis Mahony." — (Herald, January 26, 1872.) In February, 1872, B. B. Richards, Fred O'Donnell and John Christoph in the legislature opposed woman suffrage; General Booth there supported the movement. Christoph was chosen at a special election to succeed Martin Kaier, deceased. The Democrats renominated their city officers except mayor; they named Solomon Turck. The Republicans nominated H. O. Ward. The Herald called the latter the "ten-pin ticket" because it was put up to be knocked down. Closing the saloons on Sundays and cleaning the streets were issues. Turck (D. ) received 1,572 votes and Ward (R.) 1,483. The Republicans and railways fought Turck for alleged former grievances. The city debt was being refunded in 6 per cent twenty-five-year bonds. Grant's renomination for the Presidency suited the stalwart Republicans of this county. However, the "reform" movement of the so-called "liberal Republicans" carried away about 200 of the leading members of the regular Republican party. The Times promptly condemned the defection and urged the party to support Grant. "In this work before us we should meet liberal Republicans as we would fellow citizens in an hour of peril. Our purposes are one, and let us not imperil the result by feeding ancient grudges with bitter words. Party has been swallowed up by patriotism, and we should feel prouder than ever of our grand old party, that it has made such a sacrifice for the seeming good of the country. As between Grant and the notorious corruption which he feeds, and Greeley and the reforms which he embodies, there should be no hesitation which to choose."— (Herald, July 11, 1872.) HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 371 The fall campaign in 1872 was enthusiastic in the extreme on the part of the liberal Republicans. All the best local speakers of both parties took the stump and analyzed to applauding crowds the national issues. All voters were required to register. John H. O'Neill, who had gone to reside at St. Louis but had returned, came out for Grant and Wilson. "When the war was raging and the life of the nation was at stake, Mr. O'Neill was an outspoken secessionist and gave utterance to sentiments which, were he tried for them before the proper tribunal, would convict him of treason." — (Herald, September 17, 1872.) H. B. Foulke, of Dubuque, was elector-at-large on the liberal Republican ticket. Dr. E. A. Guilbert, of Dubuque, was liberal Republican candidate for secretary of state. M. M. Ham was chair man of the Greeley club. George W. Jones in a long letter deplor ing the course of recent politics, declared he was ready to march out of the ranks of Democracy and ready to join the opposition. At the November election the liberal Republican electors received 3,478 votes and the Republican electors 2,437 votes. The balance of the ticket except for sheriff was about the same in Dubuque county. For sheriff, Liddy (R.) received 3,092 votes and Jarrett (L. R.) 2,823. Greeley's death, late in November, called forth suitable obituary notices. In 1873 the Grangers organized and became a powerful force in politics. The Herald deplored the "antics" of George W. Jones in "marrying himself to the Republican party" at Des Moines early in 1873. "Municipal reform" was the slogan of a large faction, regardless of party, in April, 1873. It was a sudden movement against the alleged high taxation necessary to pay the city debt and current expenses. The movement proved the blindness of the masses, because the tax was necessary to relieve them from a greater burden. The "reformers" organized, joined the Repub licans, nominated H. P. Ward for mayor, and attacked the city administration under Mayors Knight and Burt. The Grangers organized at an immense meeting in the court room on March 28. The Democrats nominated A. H. Peaslee for mayor. The Times claimed at this time that the Democrats here were kept in power by the Germans, who were kept in line by an occasional "plum." The Democrats elected their city ticket, though the majorities were small. For mayor, Peaslee (D.) received 1,470 and Ward (R.) 1,403. In the fall of 1873, the Democrats, to win the favor of the Grangers, called themselves "Anti-Monopolists," and the Repub licans used the term "People's ticket." Both conducted strong and aggressive campaigns. For governor, Carpenter (R.) received m Dubuque county 2,153 votes and Vale (D.) 3,566 votes. D. N, Cooley (R.) unexpectedly received 3,088 votes for senator to 372 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 2,589 for the old favorite, B. B. Richards. For county auditor, McLaughlin (R.) received 3,148 and Hempstead (D.) 2,496.' For county treasurer, Williams (R.) received 3,299 and Ruegamer (D.) 2,402. These results astonished the Democracy. They were mainly due to the Granger movement. In the spring of 1874 the Democrats renominated A. H. Peaslee for mayor and the Republicans named Mr. Chapman. There were no new issues. The result was Peaslee (D.) 2,145 votes and Chapman (R.) 901. For mar shall, Reutzinger (R.) received 1,847 and Hardy (D.) 1,183. F°ur Republican aldermen were elected against two Democratic aldermen. In October the Republicans made herculean efforts to elect two out of three county supervisors in order to have a majority of the board, but failed. For Congress, Ainsworth (D.) received 3,295 votes in Dubuque county and Granger (R.) 1,838. Ainsworth was elected and was thus the first Democratic congressman from this district for many years. For secretary of state, Morgan (D.) received 3,258 and Young (R.) 1,920. Restraining stock — yes, 1,150; no, 2,499; increasing county board to five members — yes, 1,948; no, 3,000. The Democrats, particularly at DyersviUe, held a very enthusiastic celebration of the election of Mr. Ainsworth. His opponent (Granger) was hung in effigy. In April, 1875, James dishing (R.) was chosen mayor over W. G. Stewart (D.) by 373 majority. D. E. Lyon (R.) was chosen city attorney over T. S. Wilson (D.) by about seventy-five majority. "Unusual care should be taken this fall to nominate men that are exceptionally good, for during the past three years it has become evident that a Democratic nomination by no means insures an election. Of the five county officers at the court house, three are men who were elected in opposition to the nominees of Demo cratic conventions — Williams, McLaughlin and Lewis. This county now has a Republican senator, and though we had the three repre sentatives two years ago, yet they were elected by small majorities of a couple of hundred or so. Of the three county supervisors the Republicans have one and came near electing another. All this is done in the face of the fact that Dubuque county is still as strongly Democratic as ever." — (Herald, August 28, 1875.) "During ten years the Democrats wiped out an indebtedness of $433,000. They kept down taxation so that Dubuque has been among the lightest taxed counties of the state. There was no defalcation — no misappropriation of funds. County warrants were brought up to par. No frauds have been committed. They have had no credit mobiliers, no rings, no side-cuts, no salary grabs, no back pay, no short terms of office and then retiring unaccountably rich; yet in spite of a Democratic majority of 1,500, the people have become tired of them and sought other rulers. Why is it? HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 373 The Republicans have spent money and corrupted voters. Who has forgotten the Graves campaign, the Cooley campaign or the Cushing campaign?"— (Herald, August 28, 1875.) In the fall of 1875 the Graves faction again became paramount. The old Allison men — Shiras, Henderson, Lyon, Rich, Nightingale, Ballou, Torbert, Crane and others — were shoved aside, and the Graves adherents — Cooley, Rhomberg, Cushing, Coates, Howard, Robinson, Walker, Taylor, Lewis, Kingman, Blumenauer, Trick, Elmer Williams, Walker and others — assumed control of the Re publican convention. Allison was in the Senate and safely out of the way. The vote in October, 1875, was: For governor, Kirk wood (R.) 2,124, Leffler (D.) 4,047. Two Republicans — Graves and Johnson — were elected to the legislature. Williams (R.) for county treasurer defeated O'Brien (D.), 3,579 to 2,591. Internal strife split the county Democracy. Politics was demoralized in Dubuque county in 1876; people were seeking a change. Both Democrats and Republicans nomi nated George B. Burch for mayor ; he was liberal and a good busi ness man. It is a remarkable fact that D. D. W. Carver, A. A. Cooper, John Hodgdon, W. H. Peabody, M. M. Ham and W. W. Woodward, all sound Democrats, refused to be nominated at this time for mayor. The issues were unsatisfactory. Burch and the Democratic ticket, except auditor, were elected by greatly varying majorities. "Unite parties and pay the city debt," is the slogan that won. The presidential campaign in 1876 was very spirited in this county. There was a great cry against waving the "bloody shirt." "Tilden and reform" overran the county. Many able speakers addressed Dubuque county audiences. Excitement ran high just before the election. When it was first announced that Tilden was elected, Democrats could not restrain themselves; then they settled down to await the result. The Tilden electors received 4,978 and the Hayes electors 2,798 votes. The Democrats swept the county. In 1877 the Democrats named James H. Shields for mayor, and the Republicans again selected George B. Burch. The board of trade attacked the Burch administration for its alleged high ex penses. The Herald, which had supported Burch, did not agree with the board of trade, and again supported Burch as against the regular Democratic nominee, Shields. With the Herald's aid the Republicans won, thus — Burch (R.) 1,683, Shields (D.) 1,579. For auditor, Reynolds (D.) received 1,397 and Brandt (R.) 1,954. For assessor, Dowling (D.) received 1,507, Anderson (R.) 1,643. The issues were (1) reduced taxation; (2) reduced general ex penses; (3) reduced street expenses; (4) Seventeenth street improvements to be continued; (5) reduced saloon license. In October, John P. Irish, candidate for governor, Kirkwood, and Stubbs spoke at Dubuque. The Greenbackers were very strong 374 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY at this date. The Democrats made a clean sweep of the county. Irish (D.) received for governor 3,415 votes, John H. Gear (R.) 1,587, and D. P. Stubbs (G. B.). 406. For state senator, Mason M. Ham (D.), editor of the Herald, received 3,681 against 597 for his, opponent, Moore (R.). This was the largest Democratic majority ever polled in the county. The silver and greenback questions were pronounced here in 1877 and 1878. All the parties were active and vigilant. The Democrats named W. J. Knight for mayor and the Republicans H. L. Stout. Public opinion in Dubuque did not sustain and enforce the prohibitory law. Governor Kirkwood had favored local option in 1875-6. In 1877-8 the parties were divided on the license and prohibitory questions. Among the leading Greenbackers in 1878 were A. Y. McDonald, S. P. Adams, C. S. Gaylord. Fred O'Donnell was nominated by the Democrats for Congress. H. B. Foulke was Democratic can didate for prosecuting attorney of the Ninth judicial district. On September 5, James G. Blaine spoke in Dubuque. Present also were Clarkson, Runnells and Allison. An immense procession paraded Main street under arches. The election resulted — Upde- graff (R.) elected to Congress over O'Donnell (D.) and Spangler (G. B.). Foulke was chosen district attorney. In the state, Weaver and Gillette (G. B.) were elected to Congress. For secretary of state, Farns worth (D.) received in Dubuque county 4,169 votes and Hull (R.) 2,085. Taxation for a new court house — for, 487; against, 4,687; to restrain stock — yes, 2,038; no, 3,229. In March, 1879, the Greenback Club in Dubuque endorsed the actions of the Greenbackers in Congress. A. Y. McDonald repre sented Dubuque at the Greenback convention in Chicago in March. The Democrats nominated for mayor in 1879 W. J. Knight and the Republicans /nominated H. S. Hetherington. Mr. Knight declined, whereupon John D. Bush was nominated. The entire Democratic city ticket, except auditor, was elected. Bush advo cated a sinking fund to meet the city debt. Reduction of expenses was the paramount question. A big meeting of the citizens imme diately after the election took steps to reduce expenses. In 1879 the leading Greenbackers were A. Y. McDonald, S. P. Adams, M. H. Moore, A. C. Peary, Thomas Faherty, Michael McCarthy, Thomas Finn, John Carson, Michael Noonan, William Quigley, Joseph Ogle, James Sears, Chris Denlinger, Joseph Gehrig, John Muckern, Thomas Cox, Thomas McGinnis, Joel M. Higgins and Owen McLaughlin. The Greenbackers were strong in the county in 1879; they named a ticket for the county offices. The Prohibitionists also organized and presented a partial ticket. The result was: For governor. Trimble (D.) 3,950, Gear (R.) 2,498, Campbell (G. B.) HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 375 707; Dungan (Pro.) 17. Generally, the Democrats carried the county. In April, 1880, the Republicans nominated George B. Burch for mayor; the Democrats nominated Arthur McCann. John D. Bush ran as an independent Democrat and was elected by 1,550 majority. The Republican auditor, Brandt, was re-elected. Many Repub licans and Democrats were turned toward Bush. The issues were almost wholly personal. The Herald opposed Bush ; McCann was unjustly abused without stint. The presidential campaign of 1880 was almost as exciting as that of 1876. Garfield, Hancock and Weaver were the party standard bearers. The Hancock electors received 4,580 votes; Garfield electors, 3,007; Weaver electors, 257. For constitutional amendment, 1,202; against it, 2,179; f°r constitutional convention, 706; against it, 2,756. In October, John P. Irish made "one of the most brilliant speeches ever heard in Dubuque." In 1 88 1, John J. Linehan (D.) was, elected mayor of Dubuque over John Maclay (R.) by 1,893 to 1,774 votes. The issue was "city extravagance." Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, was well known here to a few. He had asked Rev. Mr. Burrell for the use of the Second Presbyterian church for the presentation of his fanatical doctrines, but was evaded and finally refused by Mr. Ragan of the Young Men's Christian Association. On several Sunday afternoons Guiteau accordingly addressed small and curious audiences at Washington Square. Mr. Burrell spoke of him as a "peripatetic religious fanatic." There was general sorrow here when Garfield died. In October the Democrats elected their entire ticket except senator and treasurer. For governor, Kinne (D. ) received 3,864, Sher man (R.) 2,669, Clark (G. B.) 162. For the senate, J. K. Graves defeated M. M. Ham by 4,260 to 2,374. For treasurer, Watters (R.) defeated McCullough (D.) by 3,413 to 3,261. The defeat of Ham was the principal event of this election. In 1882 the Democrats named for mayor Fred O'Donnell. The Republicans nominated no one for mayor. O'Donnell issued a lengthy statement of the issues, as follows : ( 1 ) payment of debt and interest; (2) encouragement to manufactures; (3) reduction of the floating debt; (4) reduction of street expenses; (5) a wagon bridge over the Mississippi; (6) an inner harbor; (7) good men for officers; (8) economy; (9) drainage; (10) city water on the bluffs ; (n) a change in ward boundaries. The floating debt was $104,747.28. In the fall of 1882 the Democratic victories throughout the country roused the party workers here to a high pitch of excite ment. The November election resulted as follows : For secretary of State, Walker (D.), 5,589; Hull (R.), 1,967; Gaston (G. B.), 87; Congressman Durban (D.), 5,178; D. B. Henderson (R.). 376 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY of Dubuque, 2,385; Foster (G. B.), 78; shall stock be restrained- Yes, 2,356; no, 3,085. In 1883 Fred O'Donnell (D.), for mayor, won over Philip Pier (R.) by 2,375 to 1,372; there were no special issues. Gov ernor Sherman addressed the Harvest Home at Farley in August In November Kinne (D.) received 5,238; Sherman (R), 1,641- Weaver (G. B.), 66, for governor. The whole Democratic ticket was elected by a large majority. In the spring of 1884 Dubuque went Democratic by large ma jorities. For mayor O'Donnell's majority was 1,963, the second largest; every ward was carried by the Democrats. Prohibition and taxation of churches were prominent issues. The majority against funding the city debt was 1,582. In the fall all parties were active and enthusiastic. Many able speakers were listened to by large and eager audiences. Among the speakers were John G. Carlisle, D. O. Finch, W. F. Vilas, John A. Logan, D. B. Henderson, S. J. Kirkwood, W. B. Alli son, Fred O'Donnell, B. B. Richards, A. Y. McDonald, M. H. Moore. There was intense excitement at the time of election. When the result was known the joy of the Democrats was un bounded and uproarious. The Cleveland electors received in this county 6,033 votes; Republican electors, 3,246; St. John (Pro.) electors, 6. The balance of the ticket ran about the same. Hen derson (R.) defeated Linehan (D.) for Congress by 1,236 ma jority; Dubuque was the only Democratic county of the seven counties composing this congressional district. "Never in the history of our city was so much enthusiasm mani fested in the result of an election as is in this city at present. Early yesterday morning large crowds paraded the streets, shout ing and blowing horns, thereby making the night hideous and awakening the serene slumberers with their demoniac yells and wild huzzas in favor of their rival candidates." (Herald, November 6, 1884.) "The most fiercely contested presidential election since i860 has about closed. Main street between Fifth and Sixth was densely blocked at an early hour yesterday morning with despondent Re publicans and hopeful Democrats wondering and hurrahing as the news shifted to this quarter or that. Betting was big and not less than $10,000 changed hands in the streets between the Herald and Times offices, to say nothing of other parts of the city." (Herald, November 8, 1884.) In March, 1885, the Dubuque colored people met in the African Methodist Episcopal church and elected delegates to the colored convention in Des Moines. Prohibition was the leading issue in March, 1885. The Republicans here generally were divided be tween high license and local option; the Democrats generally fa vored the former. The Times upheld the existing prohibitory law HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 377 and the Herald opposed it. The majority of the Republicans were anti-prohibitionists. The Democrats nominated John Glab (D.) for mayor, and the Republicans nominated E. W. Duncan (R.) ; the former received 2,398 votes and the latter 1,460; this result was considered a blow at prohibition. For the first time in the history of Dubuque a candidate for sheriff was nominated by the Democracy for a third term — James McCann. In the autumn of 1885 the Republicans nominated only part of a ticket; they centered all their strength on J. K. Graves for state Senator; he was defeated by W. J. Knight by 2,394 major ity. Whiting (D.) for governor received 5,479; Larrabee (R.), 2,454- About this time David B. Flenderson was making his mark in Congress. He lashed the Democrats, especially the southerners, in many sharp wordy duels. In February, 1886, when hit from all sides, he hotly said : "I would rather spend an eternity in hell with a Confederate than an eternity in heaven with a northern copperhead." This declaration was many times afterward flung in his teeth. John Glab was renominated for mayor by the Democ racy and was elected; the Democrats carried the city. A factory labor bill was introduced in the legislature by Senator Knight in the spring of 1886. The manufacturers of Dubuque, in mass meeting assembled, resolved that the bill was not adapted to the industries of Iowa; thirty-one local manufacturing houses signed the resolutions against the bill. During five days' registration in October, 1886, 4,623 names were added to the election rolls. For secretary of state, Sells (D.) received 5,578; Jackson (R.), 2,452, and the prohibition candidate, 20. For courthouse bonds, 1,744; against courthouse bonds, 4,621. To restrain stock — yes, 2,595; n°, 3,547- The Democrats and Republicans nominated full tickets in the spring of 1887. This was done in spite of the numerous evils complained of and regardless of the strong attempt to unite both parties to defeat the labor movement. An equalization of ward population was effected by taking from the fifth and adding to the first, second and third; this angered the fifth ward and they held a big indignation meeting and declared the change an unfair gerry mander. ¦ The necessity for a union of Democrats and Republicans was declared to be "to crush out the impending evil of prohibi tion that just now threatens great danger to this city." The Labor party fully organized in the spring of 1887 and named a ticket with C. A. Voelker for mayor at the head. They held numerous meetings, listened to strong speakers from abroad and ably con tested with the old parties for supremacy. It was thus a three- cornered fight, with both of the old parties badly scared. Capital ists feared anarchy in case the Labor ticket succeeded. The con test was sharp and decisive. For mayor Voelker (L.) received .378 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 1,984 votes; Preston (D.), 1,241; Gilliam (R.), 1,091; generally the Labor party elected its city ticket — recorder, auditor, treas urer, assessor and attorney. They had control of the city coun cil. They held a big demonstration to signalize their victory. There had registered 4,666 voters. "It is putting it mildly to say that every one yesterday was drawing his breath and wondering what did it. It was a result that had not been anticipated and it was therefore a surprise. It is the wave that has been sweeping through the land for a year or two past. Labor is in a state of unrest; it has not had its rights as capital has had and is now asserting itself. It swept Dubuque on Monday and it made a clean sweep of it, too, and no mistake. The labor reformers and especially the Knights of Labor must now assume the entire responsibility for the city gov ernment. There was a general feeling of despondency and dis couragement around town yesterday and there is no doubt what ever that many men believe that the name of this triumph will be a great injury to Dubuque." (Herald, April 6, 1887.) "Nothing has happened in Dubuque; for years that has so thor oughly frightened business men as the election of the Knights of Labor ticket on Monday last. The business men of Dubuque are frightened and they have cause to be. They fear that a blow is aimed at the prosperity of the city; that, activity in real estate will cease; that investments will be driven away; that building- will be retarded; that taxes will be increased, and that rich men will be made to sweat. The Republicans, while as citizens did not favor the success of the Labor ticket, yet as partisans are rejoic ing that it succeeded, because the Democratic ticket was therefore defeated." (Herald, April 8, 1887.) Mayor Voelker said in his inaugural : "We wish it understood that we contemplate no startling changes or innovations. We have no new or untried theories which we desire to practice. But we -do declare that honesty and integrity shall be the basis of our actions. Socialism and communism we despise and abhor. It is our intention to manage city affairs as economically and honestly as any citizen would his private business. We have no war to wage with capital. We aim and hope to better the conditions and prospects of the laboring masses." The vote in the city in 1886 was 4,231 ; in 1887 it was 4,316. It was figured that the Demo- -crats lost to the Labor ticket 1,444 votes and the Republicans 457- After the election the general sentiment was, give them a fair trial and hold them responsible for results. In the fall of 1887 there were three tickets in the field— Demo cratic, Republican and Labor. Both of the former feared the latter and partly at least united for its defeat. The Labor party s plan to equalize taxation threw consternation into the ranks ot the country's wealthy men, but in reality added over $3,000,000 to HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 379 the assessment, mostly from taxdodgers. The old parties persist ently misunderstood, perhaps intentionally, the real objects of the Labor party; they declared the design was to tax capital out of existence. The election resulted as follows : Dubuque county — for governor, Anderson (D.), 4,521; Larrabee (R.), 1,894; Cain (Lab.), 1,456; in the city of Dubuque — Anderson (D.), 2,014; Larrabee (R), 1,085; Cain (Lab.), 1,147. There were polled 4,246 votes in the city and 7,871 in the county; the entire Demo cratic ticket was elected. "Great credit must be given to the Republicans for this glorious result in Dubuque county. Throughout the city they voted gen erally for the Democratic county ticket, as they considered it es sential to the continued prosperity of the city that the Labor party should be beaten; and as the Democratic ticket offered the only means to do this they voted for it. The Republicans of Dubuque have done nobly; and in rejoicing over the result the Democrats want to accord them full credit and honor. They did splendidly." (Herald, November 9, 1887.) In the spring of 1888 the three parties were divided and va riously reunited. All who feared the Labor party fused, called themselves the "Citizens' Union ticket" and nominated George B. Burch (R. ) for mayor, but otherwise named Democrats, except for auditor. The other tickets were called "Straight Democratic" and "Union Labor," the former being headed by John Glab (D.) and the latter by Mr. Voelker (Lab.). It was noted that the Citi zens' ticket was supported by more straight Democrats than the straight Democratic ticket. The Union Labor ticket was sup ported by Union laborers, Republicans and Democrats. Both sides worked desperately. The Straight faction finally united with the Citizens' faction. The result was as follows: Burch, 2,316; Voelker, 1,980. The Citizens' ticket, except assessor, was elected. With the example of anarchy in Chicago before them, both old parties were afraid the same conditions might arise here. The victors celebrated their success. Their defeat in the spring of 1888 was a blow from which the Labor party never fully recovered. They named a ticket in the succeeding fall, but their vote was light. The two old parties named full county tickets and fought hard for their national tick ets. The Prohibitionists also named a full ticket. The registra tion in the county for several years was as follows: 1882, 5,441 ; 1883, 6,912; 1884, 9,237; 1885, 7,720; 1886, 8,481; 1887, 7,806. The registration in the city of Dubuque was: 1886, 4,621 ; 1887, 4,556; 1888, 5,274. The result was as follows: Democratic elect- ors> 5,952; Republican electors, 3,055; United Labor electors, 328; Prohibition electors, 53. The Democrats elected their county ticket by large pluralities. For Congress Richards received in the county 5,387 votes and Henderson 4,039. 380 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY In 1889 R- W. Stewart was nominated for mayor by the Demo crats. The Republicans, calling themselves "Independent," nomi nated C. D. Hayden. The Labor party selected four Democrats and six Republicans for its ticket. Before election the Republicans and Laborites united on the Republican candidates, some conces sions being extended to the latter. The result was: Stewart (D.), 2,471; Hayden (R), 2,112; the Democratic majority ranged from 146 to 359. The proposition to sell the city real estate re sulted as follows: Yes, 1,019; n°, I,I72- Outgoing Mayor Burch recommended that power to supervise all city departments should be given to the mayor. A division in the Democracy early in this campaign was called "Jacksonians." It was stated at this time that Governor Larrabee threatened to place here a state con stabulary to enforce the prohibitory law. "The Republicans should be given severe rebuke for nominat ing a Prohibitionist for mayor of this city. It gives a bad cast to their whole ticket. Dubuque wants nothing of a party which nominates a Prohibitionist. The Republicans have shown a very small regard for the sentiments of the people of the city against the fanatic prohibition law which has so hampered the business of the city and the industries of the state." (Herald, March 27, 1889.) Horace Boies, of Waterloo, nominated for governor, was popu lar here from the start. Hutchison, Republican candidate, was not so well liked even by the Republicans. The campaign was enthusiastic and resulted in this county as follows: Boies (D.), 6,144; Hutchison (R), 1,820; Downing (Lab.), 62; Smith (Pro.), 4. The Democrats swept the county. On the question, Shall the number of county supervisors be increased? the result was: Yes, 3,085; no, 2,899. Shall stock be restrained: Yes, 3,380; no, 2,532. The Democrats nominated J. H. Shields for senator, and the Republicans nominated the old Democratic war horse, George W. Jones. Shields received 6,030 votes and Jones 1,906. The issues of this campaign were : (1) Prohibition; (2) State control of railroads ; (3) Australian ballot; (4) tariff. The election of Boies gave Iowa to the Democrats for the first time in over thirty years. The Democrats of Dubuque county rejoiced as never before, and sent a large delegation to Waterloo to con gratulate the governor-elect. In the spring of 1890 the Republicans at their city convention— "Resolved, That it is the sense of the Republicans of the city of Dubuque, in convention assembled, that the repeal of the present prohibition law and the adoption of a judicious license law is a measure demanded by the interests of the state, and would tend to advance the cause of temperance and good government.' They did not put up a city ticket, except for aldermen, but eidorsed that of the Democrats. ' Robert W. Stewart was thus elected mayor. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 381 In April, 1890, the legislature, by a vote of 81 to 49, voted to con tinue the existing prohibitory law two years longer. A large dele gation from Dubuque attended the inauguration of Governor Boies. The. latter and Judge Couch (D.). addressed audiences in this county in the fall of 1890. The latter ran against Henderson (R.) for congress, but was defeated in the district by 196 major ity. Bribery and election frauds were charged in November. Dubuque county gave Couch 3,599 majority. For secretary of state, Chamberlain (D. ) received 6,666, and McFarland (R.) 2,830; for constitutional convention, 1,135; against it, 3,156. Five county supervisors were chosen. They were Joseph Schemmel, Thomas Dunn, M. F. McNamara, D. C. Stewart and Joseph Schueller. The total vote polled was 9,525. In 189 1 the Democrats nominated for mayor R. W. Stewart and the Republicans nominated Mr. Crawford. Each party named a full ticket. The result was: Stewart (D.), 2,783; Crawford, (R.), 1,867. The , Democrats won the balance of the offices. The Republicans favored prohibition. In June, 1891, Mayor Stewart resigned, and was succeeded by C. J. W. Saunders. It was at this time that General Jones insisted that Dubuque should have the next national Democratic convention. A. Y. McDonald died in July, 1891. He had been a prominent manufacturer and Green- backer; served in the First Regiment and in the Twenty-first. On October 30, 1891, Governor Boies spoke here in the opera house; 1,500 heard him. On the platform sat George W. Jones and Thomas S. Wilson, old wheel-horses of Democracy; Fred O'Donnell presided; J. H. Shields also spoke. The campaign was hotly fought throughout this county. Governor Boies also ad dressed a large audience at DyersviUe. Boies (D.) received 6,820 votes and Wheeler (R. ) 2,307, for governor. The Democratic county ticket was elected by a large majority. In the spring of 1892 there was proposed for Dubuque a one- mill tax to retire the floating debt of $120,000. This tax had been levied in 1891 to raise a fund for the engine house. By retiring the floating debt and thus preserving the city's credit, the bonded debt, as it began to fall due in 1896, could be refunded with bonds bearing a lower rate of interest. The Democrats nominated C. J. W. Saunders for mayor, and the Republicans, Hugh Cor- rance. The Democratic majority for mayor was 1,989. The Republican ticket was really a fusion or combination of all polit ical elements opposed to the city administration. There had been made during the past year, at enormous expense, but at the request of the citizens generally, vast improvements in streets and sewers; but credit was good, as the city paid 100 cents on the dollar. There were differences over the management of the floating and bonded debt; they were fought out in this campaign. In September the five wards of Dubuque were divided into 382 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY twelve election precincts. In the fall campaign, 1892, the Demo crats of this county urged the nomination of Governor Boies for the presidency. "On to Chicago!" was the cry from all parts of Iowa; but Cleveland was renominated. The Australian ballot was used for the first time here and was popular at once. James H. Shields was named for congress by the Democrats. Both par ties named full county tickets. Boies, Shields, Allison, Hender son, Colonel Lyon and other prominent speakers entertained their respective followers. The vote in Dubuque county, for congress man, was: Shields (D.), 6,821; Henderson (R.), 3,587; Jes- sup (Pro.), 51. A similar vote was polled for the balance of the ticket. The presidential vote was as follows : Cleveland electors, 6,832; Harrison electors, 3,526; Weaver electors (Populist), 112; Bidwell (Pro. ), 45. Three Democratic county supervisors — Cunningham, McNamara and Stewart — were elected by large majorities. There was great rejoicing among the Democrats over the success of their national ticket. In the spring of 1893 there was a widespread cry for reform throughout the city of Dubuque; this led to the formation of a reform ticket, the design being to carry both city and county. The Citizens' or Reform ticket was headed by A. W. Daugherty for mayor, and the Republicans endorsed the ticket. The Democrats nominated T. T. Duffy for mayor. The Citizens' or Reform ticket generally was successful, Daugherty's majority being 401. The Democrats elected the city attorney, J. E. Knight, and two alder men, but the balance of the Reform ticket was successful. This result was a complete surprise to the Democrats — was wholly unan ticipated. "We have met the enemy and we are theirs," and "Was it a landslide, a cyclone, or a cataclysm; what was it?" asked or declared the Herald. The People demanded reform, but what did they want? In the autumn of 1893 there were three tickets in the field in this county— Democrats, Republicans and Citizens — the latter composed of certain Republicans, "Jacksonian" Democrats and dissatisfied Democrats. The Citizens favored rotation in office, opposed third terms, denounced the management of county finances, and de manded, of course, strict honesty of public servants; they thus slapped Henderson, candidate for Congress. There were four state tickets — Democratic, Republican, Prohibitionist and People's. The Democrats generally won in this county in November, 1893, by from 300 to 1,500 majority, although there were great Republican gains here and all over the country. For governor, Boies (D.) received in this county 6,174 votes; Jackson (R), 2,522; Mitchell (PnJ.), 86; Joseph (Peop. or Populist), 274; for senator, Baldwin (R.), 4,409; Shields (D.), 4,393; sheriff, Phillips (D), 4,915; Hayden (R-), 3>771l treasurer, Traut (D.), 4,501; Vogel (R), 4,240; county superintendent, Horchem (R.), 4,349! Regan (D.), 4,3l8 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 383: In August, 1893, the Republican county convention recommended Col. W. H. Torbert for the Republican nomination for governor. In the mayoralty election of 1894 the following were the leading issues: (1) decrease of city debt; (2) reduce expenditures and increase revenues by increasing the saloon licenses, etc. ; (3) vigor ous use of the mayor's veto power when necessary; (4) equaliza tion of assessments. The non-partisans made a strong showing, nominated A. W. Daugherty for mayor, and contested every issue hotly. The Democrats nominated Peter Olinger. The Republicans endorsed the non-partisan ticket. The mulct law was much dis cussed, though all parties and factions here at this election leaned gently and lovingly toward the liquor interests. A tax of $600 per year was laid on all saloons by the mulct law, and was a lien on the saloon property and premises. It was here and elsewhere made a political issue. The cry of the partisans was, "Too much extrava gance; retrench and pay the city debt." The result of the election was: For mayor, Olinger (D.), 2,883; Daugherty (R. and Non-P.), 2,442. The whole Democratic ticket was victorious. In the fall of 1894 the Democrats elected their county ticket. O'Donnell and Husted (Ds.) were elected judges over Lyon and Webster (Reps.) by large majorities. The balance of the Demo cratic ticket had majorities over 716. For Congress, Bashor (D.) received in this county 5,640 to 3,556 for Henderson (R.). There- were but two county tickets — Democrat and Republican. In the spring of 1895 the Democrats renominated Mr. Olinger for mayor, and the Republicans and Citizens named Mr. Crawford. One of the issues was that of the economy and management neces sary to meet the refunding of a large portion of the old bonded debt — over $200,000 to become due in 1895-96. The Democrats were mainly successful at the polls; for mayor, Olinger (D.) received 3,593 votes and Crawford (R. and Cit. ), 1,823; recorder, Cooney (R. and C.) won by 258 majority; for treasurer, Gniffke (R. and C.) won by 614 majority; for city attorney, Knight (D.) won by 718 majority. The Republicans and Citizens elected two alder men and the Democrats three. In the fall of 1895 the Democrats, as usual, carried the county by large majorities. On the state ticket there were polled in this. county: Babb (D.), 5,202; Drake (R.), 2,815; Crane (Pop.), 185; Bacon (Proh), 58. In January, 1896, the grand jury indicted the mayor and eight aldermen on the charge of unlawfully voting and taking larger sala ries. This charge cut an important figure in the spring elections, though the Democrats renominated Mr. Olinger for mayor. The Citizens nominated T. T. Duffy, and the Republicans endorsed the latter. This was a bitter fight, with charges, recriminations and personalities of the severest stripe. The "salary grab" was the bone of contention. The prejudice against the mayor and council om 384 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY this, wine rooms, extravagance, and other questions, caused the defeat generally of the Democrats. For mayor, Duffy (R. and C), received 3,900 votes; Olinger (D.), 2,299; f°r assessor, Duncan (R. and Cit), 3,505; Ruegamer (D.), 2,536; the Citizens elected two aldermen and the Democrats three. In May, 1896, the Democratic state convention was held in Du buque. There was a large attendance and much enthusiasm. All wanted Allison nominated for President on the Republican ticket. The campaign of the fall of 1896 was one of the most brilliant ever witnessed here. The Democrats were split on the silver ques tion and the Republicans were not much better off. "Coin Harvey" expounded his sophistries and philosophies in October, and gained many followers; all admired the ingenuity of his theories. Ad dresses were made in this county by Boies, Bryan, Tillman, Nugent, Allison. The Democrats of this county did not commit themselves on the silver question at their convention. At the close of the cam paign it was said by the Herald that the presidential election of 1840 held here was interesting, that of i860 exciting, that of 1864 absorb ing, that of 1876 doubtful and nerve-wrecking, and that of 1896 "the most remarkable campaign in the history of the county and country." There registered in Dubuque 7,734 voters, against 6,782 in 1892. Marvelous to relate, McKinley for President carried Dubuque city, but lost the county by a small majority. Every Republican candidate in Julien township was elected by majorities ranging from 67 to 539. On the national ticket, the following vote was polled in the county: Bryan (D.), 6,492; McKinley (R), 5,203; Bryan (People's), 78; Palmer (Nat. Dem.), 153; Lever ing (Pro), 19; Bentley (National), 3; Mattchett (Soc. Lab), 11. There were but two county tickets — Democratic and Republican. Henderson (R.) for Congress beat in this district Staehle (D.) by nearly 11,000 majority. In Dubuque, Henderson received 5,491 and Staehle, 6,482. For county attorney, Michel (R.) received 6,027 and Jess (D. ), 6,012. McKinley carried Dubuque city by 105 majority. Three Democratic county supervisors were elected. The hard-money Democrats assisted in this result here. The Republicans celebrated their victory with a torchlight procession, speeches, etc. In the spring of 1897 the Democrats nominated John M. Kenety for mayor and the Citizens and Republicans renominated Mr. Duffy. Economy, reduction of the debt and its refunding, vice and wine- rooms, etc., were among the issues. The result was as follows: For mayor, Duffy (C. and R), 3,267; Kenety (D.) 3,084; re corder, Langstaff (R. and C), 3,212; Fitzpatrick (D.), 3-047: treasurer, Gniffke (R. and C), 3,223; Kaufman (D), 2,939; city attorney, Duffy (D.), 3,479; Webster (R. and C), 2,751; the Democrats elected all aldermen except one. In November, 1897, the Democrats swept the county, electing all except the sheriff. Party spirit ran high, good government was M.C- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 385 demanded, and personalities were at times bitter and unjust. For sheriff, Duggan (D.) received in the county 4,869 votes, and Hau- denschield (R.), 5,006. For governor, White (D.) received 5,815; Shaw (R), 3,928; Floyd (Peop.),29; Cliggitt (Nat. Dem.), 108; Leland (Prohib.), 40; Kremer (Soc. Lab.), 27. In the spring of 1898 the Democrats nominated, for mayor, Mat thew Stafford; all opposed to the former Democratic administra tion united on a "Citizens' ticket," with C. H. Berg for mayor ; the latter had served creditably as alderman, and even the Herald spoke well of him. In 1898, under the new law, instead of there being elected two aldermen from each ward, there were to be one from each ward and two at large from the whole city, elected by all the voters, just as the mayor was elected. The mayor was to be elected for two years. This change had led politicians to study the situation closely. The leading issue was to reduce expenditures and the city debt, bond and floating. Mr. Berg was elected by 3,397 votes to 2,843 f°r Mr. Stafford. Elected also on the Citizens' ticket were auditor, assessor and two aldermen ; the Democrats carried the balance ; it seemed that the people wanted a change. The Citizens held every city office except marshal and engineer. This was the greatest change in the political complexion of the city for thirty years. Of the seven aldermen, five were Citizens. What made the Democrats sore was the fact that other elections generally were Democratic. The principal issues in November, 1908, were honest, lawful and economical management of county affairs. The silver question, 16 to 1, was warmly discussed and cussed. Democrats, Populists and Silver Republicans united on a state ticket, with 16 to 1 as the corner-stone. The Democrats made a clean sweep of this county by large majorities. Matthews and O'Donnell, for judges, received 6,040 and 6,014, respectively, to 3,534 and 3,359 for Lyon and Utt, respectively. Henderson (R.), for Congress, polled 3,966 to 5,671 for Howell (D.) and 22 for Dean (Indep.). In December, 1898, Eugene V. Debs lectured at Dubuque, on "Labor and Liberty." On October 16, 1899, President McKinley visited Dubuque; great preparations for his reception were made ; Allison, Hancock, Merry and others were at the head of the movement; the schools were dismissed in order that the children might see the illustrious visitor, but a rainstorm marred their pleasure ; many distinguished men were present. In November, 1899, the whole Democratic county ticket was elected by majorities ranging from 264 to 1,794. For governor, White (D.) received 5,800 and Shaw (R.), 3,785; state senator, Nolan (D.), 5,354; Hancock (R.), 4,699; sheriff, Conlin (D.), 5,173; Haudenshield (R.), 4,909. In the spring of 1900, C. H. Berg was renominated for mayor by the Citizens, and C. J. W. Saunders was nominated by the Demo- 386 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY crats. The principal promise of the latter was "to dissolve speedily the compact that now exists between the city on the one side and the haunts of crime and shame on the other." Mr. Berg, who had become very popular, was given an immense majority — 4,828 to 3,022 for Mr. Saunders. The Citizens elected mayor, recorder, treasurer, auditor, assessor, one alderman-at-large and three aldermen in wards 1, 3 and 5; the Democrats secured the balance. The majorities varied greatly, showing the rupture of parties. By hard committee and council work, the Berg administration, as a whole, showed superiority over any previous city management. In November, 1900, the county registration was 7,790; in 1896 it was 7,734.. The vote on the national ticket was: McKinley (R.), 4,752; Bryan (D.), 6,655; Woolley (Pro.), 56; Barker (Peop.), 1; Malloney (Soc. Lab.), 17; Leonard (United Christian), 8; Debs (Soc. Dem.), 75. For secretary of state, Crane (D.) received 6,812; Martin (R. ), 4,814. The whole Democratic county ticket was elected by about the same majorities. On the proposition to revise the constitution, the result was : Yes, 4,009 ; no, 3,205 ; bien nial elections: yes, 3,839; no, 2,777. Henderson (R.), for Con gress, received the largest majority ever shown in this district — 1 1,491 ; he became Speaker of the House. In the spring of 1902 the Democrats did not name a candidate for mayor; they otherwise nominated a full ticket, but left the voters to make their own choice for mayor from C. H. Berg (Citizens), John Babcock (Law and Order) and A. B. Wymer (Socialist),; the vote was: Berg, 4,160; Babcock, 1,040; Wymer, 550. The Law and Order ticket favored Sunday closing, abolishment of wine- rooms, slot machines, gambling and the social evil. Governor Boies spoke in DyersviUe and Worthington in Octo ber, 1902. In November, for Congress, Birdsall (R.) received 3,636, and Boies (D. ), 5,717. Matthews and O'Donnell were re-elected judges over Powers and Michel, though the Socialist candidates for judges received 666 and 687 votes in this county. The Democrats— Mul- grew, clerk; Weimer, auditor; McGovern, recorder; Fitzpatrick, attorney, and Andre, Pillard and Cooney, supervisors, were elected. The large Socialist vote, 646 to 732 on the whole county ticket, was the sensation of this election here. This was a bitter contest and was not the first one where passion and personal gain appeared to rule. Each side claimed and plausibly showed that the other party was always extravagant and usually corrupt when in power. An untruth ful attack, artfully, vehemently and unctuously conducted against opposing party candidates, was supposed to reveal superior watch fulness, integrity and righteousness on the part of an arrogant and self -boasting press. Often the campaigns of falsehood and slander intentionally employed by the newspapers, were far worse than the malfeasances they denounced or concealed. Slander was an every- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 387 day newspaper event ; misrepresentation was the concealed bludgeon used thug-like by the press to advance individual interests, sustain diminishing newspaper circulation, or promote partisan success. In variably figures were made notorious liars by the skill of penny-a-line reporters, venal press owners desiring public confidence and patron age, and oily editors without conscience, honor or hope of heaven. This state of things had gone on so long in Dubuque county that people no longer trusted newspaper tales of corruption and incompetence. In November, 1903, the Democrats elected every county officer except treasurer; the vote for the latter was: Kretschmer (R.), 5,041; Gehrig (D.), 4,641; Buckingham (Soc), 445. For gov ernor, Sullivan (D.) received 5,074; Cummins (R.), 3,810; Work (Soc), 558. The Times charged corruption, extravagance and plundering to the Democratic county administration ; but the ticket of the latter was elected "just the same." In the spring of 1904 the Socialists nominated a full city ticket, with Ernest Holtz for mayor, with the announced object "the over throw of the capitalistic wage system and the substitution therefor of the co-operative commonwealth," etc. The Citizens' party renom inated Mr. Berg for his fourth term. He said that during the pre vious four years his aim had been "to meet the varied needs of our people, to avoid clashing with them, and to unite all elements of the community in one harmonious whole." Economy and a wise expenditure of money had ruled, he said. The Democrats charged immorality, conducted an alleged righteous campaign, and were led by John J. Sheridan. "Decency" was their slogan. The result was : Berg (Cit), 3,637; Sheridan (D.), 2,443; Holtz (Soc), 272. This result showed that the citizens were satisfied with the Berg administration, and that the Socialist movement was on the decline. In November, 1904, an unheard-of thing occurred : The Repub licans swept Dubuque county for the first time in history, electing every candidate except recorder. In a large measure this result was due to Roosevelt's popularity, the county ticket being carried to suc cess by the national ticket. Corruption and illegal fees were charged to the Democrats in county affairs. The result was: Roosevelt (R.), 5,485; Parker (D.), 4,913; Swallow (Pro.), 52; Debs (Soc), 847; Watson (Peop.), 56. The Socialist vote showed a great increase instead of a decrease. For Congress, Birdsall (R.) received 5,214, and Mallon (D.), 4,829; for county clerk, Sulli van (R.), 5,570; Mulgrew (D.), 5,110; for county auditor, Hau- denshield (R.), 5,897; Weimer (D.), 4,878; county recorder, Fober (R.), 5,151; McGovern (D.), 5,393; county attorney, Barnes (R.), 5,792; Fitzpatrick (D.), 4,854; county supervisors, McQuillen (D.), 5,135; Ferring (D.), 5,932; Hogan (D.), 5,133; Byrne (R), 5,539; Laude (R.), 5,697. The waterworks scandal came out about this time and has been 388 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY out much of the time since. It was held before the people almost constantly during 1905 and 1906, and had a great deal to do in determining election results in the spring of 1906. The Democrats were determined to defeat the Berg administration, and nominated Henry A. Schunk for mayor, who announced his platform was: (1) Honesty in office; (2) a business administration; (3) pub licity of city affairs; (4) waterworks on a business basis; (5) a plumbing inspector; (6) elimination of graft in the city hall; (7) a Greater Dubuque. The Herald openly charged the grossest cor ruption on the Berg administration and on the council. The Demo crats argued (1) No long tenure of office; (2) improvement in waterworks management; (3) graft by the council and the mayor to be stopped. Seven officeholders had held office under the city for a total of sixty years ; the mayor himself had held his office for eight years; there should be a change, it was urged. The result was as follows: Berg (Cit.), 2,219; Schunk (D.), 3,363; Holtz (Soc), 309; Needham (Indp.), 892. Linehan (D.), recorder; Lyons (D.), auditor; Brinkman (D.), treasurer; Kintzinger (D.), attorney, were duly elected. Mr. Berg said on retiring : "We have the honor of turning over to our successors the government of this beautiful city, with its finances in excellent condition and its reputa tion for moral conditions equaled by only three other cities in this broad land." John D. Denison, of Dubuque, was nominated for lieutenant- governor by the Democrats in August, 1906. The gubernatorial campaign of November, 1906, was lively and interesting and the county campaign personal and abusive. The result was: For governor, Cummins (R), 4,274; Porter (D.), 5,716; Shank (Soc), 350; Coffin (Pro), 52; Norman (Peop.), 3; Hisey (Secular Government), 6. During the campaign Cum mins. Porter and Birdsall spoke at Dubuque. For Congress, Bird- sail (R.) received in this county 3,924, and Murtagh (D.), 5,043; for the state senate, Crawford (R.), 4,468; Frudden (D.), 4,982; McAleece (Soc), 342; for auditor, Haudenshield (R), 4,9°5; Scharle (D.), 4,968; Miller (Soc), 299; for treasurer, Ferring (R.), 4,724; Palen (D.), 5,108; Mason (Soc), 297; for clerk, Sullivan (R), 5,320; Callahan (D.), 4,398; Holmberg (Soc), 322; for sheriff, Laude (R.), 3,827; Dunn (D), 6,158; Cos- grove (Soc), 309; for recorder, Fober (R.), 3,748; Swift (D.), 5,755; Brandt (Soc), 328; for attorney, Barnes (R.), 3>88°; Nelson (D.), 5,828; Euser (Soc), 303. Matthews and Bonson, Democrats, were elected over Husted and Michel, Republicans, for judges. Democratic coroner and county superintendent were chosen. Reinecke (R.) was elected county supervisor. In the spring of 1908 the following was the vote for mayor: Schunk (D), 3,390; Ott (Cit. Non-Part), 3,223 ; Cameron (Soc), 329; Needham (Indp.), 15- The real issue was the waterworks— HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 389 should its management be reformed or should the old system be continued? Originally, the Citizens' Non- Partisan League had been created to purify civic affairs; but now it was alleged by the Democrats, the Citizens' methods were worse than the evils com plained of — they themselves needed purifying because they were no longer the advocates of civic righteousness but of civic corruption. The election of Mr. Schunk was believed by many to mean the eradi cation of vice and dishonesty. This year the first general primary election was held in this county. In August, 1908, Senator William B. Allison died here at the age of seventy-nine years, after a long and brilliant career as a citizen and statesman. The whole country united in fitting tributes to his high character and useful and influential public services. Many prominent men attended his obsequies, among whom were Vice-President Fairbanks, Governor Cummins and Senator Dolliver. In the fall of 1908 the issues discussed were trusts, high tariff and existing high prices. The local Democrats took the position that all these evils were the result of Republican mismanagement, while the Republicans declared existing conditions were due to shortage of supply, local influences, etc. Mr. Work, the Socialist, was here in October. The Times-Journal criticized severely the Democratic management of county affairs — particularly that of the county debt, which had increased. It had advanced to about $185,- 000 in spite of the fact that the mulct receipts during the last seven years had amounted to $355,496.32. The Telegraph-Herald stated that the bulk of the debt arose from bridge expenses resulting from floods, and had been necessary. This was a stirring campaign, replete with personalities more or less libelous in their character. On the national ticket, Taft (R.) received 4,708; Bryan (D.), 6,645; Chafin (Pro), 53; Debs (Soc), 427; Watson (Peop.), 1; Hisgen (Independence), 21. There were but three county tickets — Democratic, Republican and Socialist. The registry in Dubuque city was 8,212. The vote for governor was as follows: Carroll (R-), 3,779; White (D.), 6,857; Brown (Pro), 49; McCrillis (Soc), 361; Cowler (Peop.), 4; Weller (Ind.), 11. The result was as follows on the county ticket : Auditor — Scharle (D.), 6,320; Haudenshield (R.), 4,643; Brandt (S.),335; treasurer— Ferring (R.), 4,606; Palen (D.), 6,370; McAleece (S.), 335; clerk— Sullivan (R), 4,765; Harrington (D.), 6,054; Lux (S.), 344; sheriff— Dunn (D.), 8,049; Wright (S.), 436; scattering, 4; recorder— Klegmond (R.), 3,755; Swift (D.), 6,783; Coyle (S.), 356; attorney— Barnes (R.), 3,701; Nelson (D.), 6,929; Enser (S-), 360. At the mayoralty election in 1910, Schunk (D.) received 2,886 votes; Haas (Cit. Non-Part), 3,304; Buchet (Soc), 252. Mr. Schunk was renominated on his good record during four years ; no serious charge against his administration was made. Mr. Schunk 390 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY sought re-election on the following policy: (i) Conservation of waterworks; (2) continuation of waterworks law suits; (3) oppo sition to special privileges; (4) greater efforts for Greater Du buque; (5) active pursuit of tax dodgers; (6) business adminis tration; (7) decrease of the tax levy; (8) a city parking system. But the Citizens' Non-Partisan voters wanted office, power and other choice things, conducted a campaign on more or less fictitious issues and triumphantly elected their ticket except auditor. The following city officers were elected: Daniel J. Haas (C. N. P.), mayor; Otto P. Geiger (C. N. P.), recorder; George D. Wybrant (C. N. P.), treasurer; M. E. Lyons (D.), auditor; George T. Lyon (C N. P.), attorney; W. A. Schaffhauser (C. N. P.), as sessor; C. H. Baumgartner (C. N. P.), engineer. Of the seven aldermen elected two were Citizens and five Democrats. In November, 1910, there were no special local issues of impor tance; the division of the Republicans in state and nation into stand-patters and progressives extended to this county, and here as elsewhere gave victory to the Democrats. The following were elected: Robert Bonson (D.) and J. W. Krutzinger (D.), judges; Nicholas Sehrup (D.), senator; M. F. McCullough (D.) and Simon Miller (D.), representatives; Theo. Scharle (D.), auditor; Joseph A. Palen (D.), treasurer; C. D. Harrington (D.), clerk; J. J. Dunn (D.), sheriff; Samuel Swift (D.), recorder; P. J. Nel son (D., no opposition), attorney; Harry B. Smith (D., no opposi tion), superintendent; Paul Ilg (D.), surveyor; John C. Voelker (D.), coroner; Joseph Connolly, John R. Kingsley, T. H. McQuil- len, Frank Bahl, M. W. Daly and John Vorwald, all Democrats, county supervisors. For governor, Porter (D.) received 6,616; Carroll (R), 2,240, and Work (Soc) and MacEachron (Pro.) received a few votes each. ST. JOSEPH'S SANITARIUM, DUBUQUE COUNTY AFFAIRS. ALONG the Mississippi river came the white men who first saw what is now Iowa and first camped upon its soil. In 1673 Joliet, who was sent west to find a way to the "South Sea," as the Pacific Ocean was then called, came down the Wiscon sin and Mississippi rivers, accompanied by Father Marquette. They saw and perhaps set foot upon what is now Dubuque county. In 1680 Father Hennepin and seven others of the LaSalle party sent to the Illinois country, came up the Mississippi and saw and no doubt camped upon the present Dubuque county. In 1702, Lesueur and a large party of adventurers and hunters from the French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi came up past the present Dubuque county, exploring the shores thoroughly as they passed along, kill ing buffalo, elk and wild fowl for their subsistence and very likely thus hunting in what is now Dubuque county. They went on up to Minnesota and passed the winter at Blue Earth, where they con structed a fort, killed large numbers of buffalo and dug for con veyance to Europe a considerable quantity of the blue earth, imag ining it to contain valuable mineral, perhaps copper. On their re turn in the spring they again passed by and probably camped upon this county. Soon afterwards Nicholas Perrot, Nicollet and other Frenchmen were in the vicinity of Prairie du Chien, Lake Pepin and as far up as St. Anthony's Falls. A fort was built near Lake Pepin by Perrot and garrisoned. As early as 1766 English traders visited all this region and established many trading posts among the Indians ; they were extending the trade and territory of the Hudson Bay Company. Marquette called the Mississippi "Con ception"; Hennepin called it "St. Louis", and LaSalle called it "Colbert". "The lead mines on the west side of the Mississippi had first been worked by one Longe, then by his successor, a trader with the Indians, Mr. Cardinal, and finally by one Dubuque. This was re lated in 1835 by a Canadian of eighty years of age who for more than twenty years had been the servant of Dubuque." — (Fr. S. Mazzuchelli in "Historical and Edifying Memoirs of a Mis sionary.") Previous to 1803, what is now Dubuque county was a part of Louisiana, which belonged to Spain before 1763, when it was ceded conditionally to France as the result of the seven years' war. At the request of Napoleon, in 1800, it was "retroceded" to France, but in 1803 was ceded by the latter to the United States. In 1804 391 392 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Congress made the present Dubuque county a part of the District of Louisiana. The next year it became part of the Territory of Louisiana and in 1812 a part of the Territory of Missouri. It re mained a part of Missouri until the latter became a state in 1821. In 1834 it was attached to Michigan Territory and in 1836 became a part of Wisconsin Territory. In 1838 it became a part of Iowa Territory and finally, in 1846, a part of the State of Iowa. The act creating Wisconsin Territory became effective July 4, 1836, and the act creating Iowa Territory became effective July 4, 1838. Previous to October 1, 1834, all of what is now Iowa was with out political organization. On that date (October 1, 1834), all was attached to Michigan Territory, and the following are some of the provisions of that act: "That all that district of country which was attached to the Ter ritory of Michigan by the Act of Congress, entitled 'An Act to at tach the territory of the United States west of the Mississippi river and north of the State of Missouri to the Territory of Michigan,' approved June 28, 1834, and to which the Indian title has been ex tinguished, which is situated on the north of a line to be drawn due west from the lower end of Rock Island to Missouri river, shall constitute a county and be called Dubuque; the said county shall constitute a township which shall be called Julien ; the seat of justice shall be established at the village of Dubuque until the same shall be changed by the judges of the county court of said county." South of Dubuque to the Missouri line was Demoine county, which was constituted the township of Flint Hill. An election of township officers in Julien township was ordered held the first Monday of November, 1834, and all elections in the county of Du buque were directed to be held at Lorimier's store in the village of Dubuque ; at Gebhon's store in the village of Peru ; at the dwelling of Hosea T. Camp near the head of Catfish creek and at Lore's dwelling on the Muskoketa. This act was to be in force and take effect on and after October 1, 1834, and the township officers elected were to hold office until the first Monday in April, 1835. The act was approved September 6, 1834. By the act of December 9, 1834, the oaths of office ad ministered to the clerk of Dubuque county and the oaths that had been administered by him to the officers of the county for the pur pose of organizing the same were declared legal and valid. The courts of Dubuque county were ordered held in April and Septem ber of each year and all laws in force in Iowa county, Wisconsin Territory, were declared applicable to Dubuque county. All legal processes could run from Iowa county into Dubuque county. In fanuary 1835, Ezekiel Lockwood, who had been appointed pro bate judge, held court. No court of general jurisdiction was held until 1837. No county commissioners met until 1836. The first meeting of the county supervisors was held May 13, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 393. 1836. Present, Francis Gehon, William Smith and John Paul. Warner Lewis was appointed clerk. The treasurer was ordered charged with the amount of the territorial taxes for 1835, to the amount of $280; he was likewise charged with the county tax of $1,952.78, and with $176 of territorial tax on persons who had commenced business after the first quarter of 1835 ; grocers and victualling houses were taxed $10 per year. The treasurer was also charged with the territorial tax. Among those charged with merchants' and grocers' licenses were Patrick Quigley, Kelly & Worthington, Fassett & Sherman, Morrison & Prentice, O'Ferrall & Cox, Alexander Levi, Pease & Cain, E. Lockwood, Mr. See- thal, George Straper, J. D. Bush, Jones & Scott, F. Everett, H. Simplot, William Burk, A. Pasguen, C. Stowell, M. Norton, A.. Coriell, John Levi, Sleator & Smoker, E. Mattox, S. Cottenback, L. Reander, Charles Markle, A. Weatherford, A. Power, Mr. Pease, P. O'Marra, Francis Gairin, R. C. Bourne, Francis Gehon, Cyrus Harper, Baptiste Lapage,' Emerson & Cryder, Badger & Car dinal, Blythe & Thompson and Mr. Gotrell. William Myers, overseer of the poor, was paid $29.13 for taking care of Josiah Mix, a lunatic. Henry Futzer was paid $6.70 for the same service. Alexander Butterworth and Samuel L. Clifton were ordered paid $577.25 for the jail building. Plans for the court house were ordered published in the Visitor in June, 1836. It was to be a hewed log house, seven inches thick, 20x26 feet in size, the first story nine feet high and the second story five feet high to the commencement of the roof, all to be covered with shingles. The upper story was to be divided into three rooms, all with suitable windows, doors and staircases. C. H. Gratiot was- county treasurer. In June, John A. Wright became assessor and collector, vice H. H. Pease, resigned. At the August meeting the order for building a court house was rescinded. The assessor reported the county as sessable property at $202,365. The rate of tax was three-fourths of one per cent, and the whole county tax $1,517.73. To this was added $868.56 delinquent tax, making the total revenue $2,386.29. William W. Chapman, attorney, was employed to sue Alexander Butterworth and Samuel L. Clifton on their jail contract; he was allowed a fee of $100. Under the act of December 9, 1836, George W. Cummins, sheriff, took the census of Dubuque county and was paid therefor $45°; the work included advertising elections and making returns. In September, 1836, the population of Dubuque county (then comprising all north of the latitude of Rock Island and west of the Mississippi) was 4,272, and of Demoine county, 6,295; total, 10,- 567. The survey of the Blackhawk purchase was begun about the middle of November, 1836, and demands that a land office should: 394 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY be established in Dubuque were at once made. "Why not ?" asked the Visitor. In 1836 Warner Lewis was a justice of the peace in this county. The first legislature of Wisconsin Territory convened at Belmont (then and now in Wisconsin) in October, 1836. In June, 1836, 260 head of cattle were driven here from Missouri; they were stock cattle, were sold to the pioneers for miles around, com manded good prices, and were a godsend to the community. It was not stated who brought them here. (See Visitor, June, 1836). The act of December 7, 1836, ordered laid out a road from Du buque to Wapello and divided Demoine county into Lee, Vari Buren, Des Moines, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine and Cook. In 1837 the county board were William Smith, James Fanning, and Brighton Bushee. George W. Cummins was sheriff. Many small bills were paid. A territorial road from Farmington to Prairie du Chien was surveyed at this time. George L. Nightin gale was county clerk. In 1837 the county tax was $2,538. Jury rooms were rented of George W. Cummins. In the spring of 1837, the surveyors were busy along the Catfish and the Little Maquoketa. The spring was very backward, but by August all crops looked well. The preemption law was on every body's tongue. Already, early in 1837, far out to the westward, public meetings were held to consider the subdivision of Dubuque into other counties. Such meetings were held on the upper waters of the Turkey and Yellow rivers. At one meeting W. W. Coriell was chairman and Eliphalet Price, secretary, according to the Visitor. The act of December 21, 1837, divided Dubuque county into Dubuque, Clayton, Jackson, Benton, Linn, Jones, Clinton, Johnson, Scott, Delaware, Buchanan, Cedar, Fayette and others. Under this act Dubuque county was given the following boundaries : "Beginning at a point in the main channel of the Mississippi river where the fifth principal meridian intersects the same ; thence ¦south along the said river to the line dividing townships 90 and 91 north ; thence west with the said line to the line dividing ranges 2 and 3 west ; thence south along said range line to the line dividing townships 86 and 87 ; thence east along said line to the line dividing ranges 2 and 3, east of the said meridian ; thence north along said range line to the line dividing townships 87 and 88 north; thence east along said line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence north with the main channel of said river to the place of beginning." Buchanan and Delaware were tempo rarily attached to Dubuque county. "The sheriff of Dubuque county is hereby authorized and shall proceed to collect the taxes now due and assessed in the original county of Dubuque in the same manner as if the county had not HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 395 been divided — anything in any other law to the contrary notwith standing." The following election precincts were established in Dubuque county by proclamation of Sheriff George W. Cummins in Febru ary, 1838: In Dubuque, at the store of W. W. Coriell; Peru, at the house of John Paul; Big Maquoketa, at the house of Jacob Little Maquoketa river, at the house of John R. Ewing; Catfish, at the house of John Paul; Big Maquoketa, at the house of Jacob Hamilton; Upper Catfish, at the house of John Regan. The post routes established by Congress in the spring of 1838 were as follows: From Dubuque to the county seat of Delaware county; from Dubuque to West Liberty via Rochester; from Du buque to Richfield, Point Pleasant and Davenport. An existing route was from Galena and Sinsinnawa to Dubuque three times a week in stages. George L. Nightingale, clerk of the county commissioners, called for proposals to be received at the Shakespeare coffee rooms "for the boarding and lodging of Alice Annis, a pauper of Dubuque county, one year." Under the law the census of Iowa Territory, was taken in June, 1838, and Dubuque county was shown to have 2,381 people and the whole territory, 22,859 ; sixteen counties were reported on. It was rumored in August, 1838, that two of the county com missioners were aliens and therefore ineligible to office. Mr. Fan ning proved his citizenship, having made his original declaration in Steubenville, Ohio, in 1832. "The present jail is almost entirely useless and but a mockery of what it should be; it schools villains in the art of making escapes and makes them more hardened, impudent and ready to commit crime." — (Iowa News, August, 1838.) In 1838 the county board were James Fanning, P. A. Lorimier and Andrew Bankson. George L. Nightingale was clerk. The following were judges of election in 1838: Dubuque precinct, George W. Harris, William Allen and John MacKenzie ; Peru pre cinct, Myram Patterson, Chester Sage and John W. Penn; Du rango precinct, Presley Samuels, Joshua Flinn and Andrew Gil lespie; Paul's precinct, Elias McMarks, Jacob Myers and John Paul; Regan's precinct, B. B. Lawless, Robert Fenin and Irwin Boone; Whitewater precinct, Nathan M. Hutton, John Laflesh and Michael Leek. All persons making improvements on the public square where the court house and jail then stood were ordered away by the board. Alice Anderson was cared for by the county in 1838. Myram Patterson was granted ferry license over the Little Maquoketa at Peru. The sum of $42.50 was paid to eleven men for services in guarding the prisoners, Singleton and Ducoste, who were charged with the murder of an Indian squaw. Joseph L. Hempstead was coroner. 396 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY The total expenses of the county for 1838 were $2 214 10 and the total receipts were $2,097.82; balance against the county $116.28. The receipts were from the following sources- Terri tonal tax, 1838, $827.25 ; county tax for 1838, $1,270.57. Among the expense items were the following: Erwin Reeves, district at torney, $80; G. W. Cummins, sheriff, rent for jury room $10 • John Regan, John Wharton and Alfred McDaniels, road commis sioners, $45 ; Scott & Taylor, a stove for the jail, $35 ; Alice Ander son, pauper, her support, $20; Benjamin Gardopie, pursuit of Singleton, charged with murder, $12; James Fanning, rent for court room, $50; T. S. Wilson, district attorney for one year, $150; J. V Berry, district attorney, $150; T. R. Lurton, M. D., medical aid to prisoner, $5 ; Cummins, board of prisoners in jail, $45 ; F. K. O'Ferrall, rent for jury room, $5 ; election expenses, 1838, $205.50; grand and petit jurors and witnesses, $360.58. — (Iowa News, Feb ruary 16, 1839.) The following were the rates of ferryage for Timothy Fanning's ferry in April, 1839 : Footman, 25 cents; man and horse, 50 cents; wagon drawn by two horses or oxen, $1.50; one horse wagon and driver, $1.25. A ferry license was granted to Peyton Vaughan at Peru and Cedar Point. Peter A. Lorimier was authorized to borrow for the county from $1,000 to $2,000 to be expended on public buildings for the county. An election precinct was established at the house of Joseph Hewitt on the "Fall Fork" of the Big Maquoketa in August, 1839, and Pat rick Finn, James H. Kirkpatrick and Willis Thompson were appointed judges. An election precinct was established at the house of Jacob Dreibelbis, south of the Catfish, in 1838, and Jacob Drei belbis, James McKean and James Scott were appointed judges. The counties separated from Dubuque were now organized, set up and settled with. It was regarded as unfair that Dubuque county voters should poll votes in the Scott county seat contest between Rocking ham and Davenport. Iowa Territory was formed by the Act approved June 12, 1838. In the fall following John R. Ewing, George W. Ames and Will iam Smith became county commissioners. They were the first under the new Iowa Territorial Act. They appointed George L. Nightingale clerk. J. Van Antwerp Berry was district attorney in the fall of 1838. Joseph T. Fales was judge of probate. It was at this date that the board adopted temporarily a county seal made by pressing one cent or one dime on wax. Upon petition a county road was ordered surveyed from Dubuque to the furnace on Little Maquoketa; thence up the middle fork to Andrew Gillespie's ; thence to Robert Scarce's farm; thence to John Floyd's, at the extreme west end of the county. Alice Annis was still cared for by the county. Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque county, was appointed one of the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 397 three commissioners chosen to locate the seat of government and superintend the erection of the public buildings at the capital of Iowa Territory. A bill in Congress in 1839 granted to Dubuque county a quarter section of land to be disposed of to raise means to erect necessary public buildings. In December, 1839, Congress established post roads from Du buque on the territorial road to Keosauqua and to Palmyra, Mis- rouri; $20,000 had already been appropriated for its construction by 1839. At this time, also, a road from Milwaukee to Dubuque was projected, to pass through Madison; for it $15,000 was ap propriated. George L. Nightingale was appointed auctioneer of this county by the governor. An act of March 9, 1839, which divided Dubuque county into many others provided that they should "liquidate and pay so much of the debt now due and unpaid by the present county of Dubuque as may be their legal and equitable proportion of the same, according to the assessment values of the taxable property which shall be made therein." It was further ordered "that the sheriff of Dubuque county is hereby authorized and shall proceed to col lect the taxes now due and assessed in the original county of Du buque, in the same manner as if the county had not been divided — anything in any other law to the contrary notwithstanding." All suits which had been commenced were required to be prosecuted to judgment as if no such division had been made. Each of the following fractional townships was declared by the registrar and receiver at Dubuque entitled to a quarter section of land for school purposes: Township 91 north, range 1 east; town ship 88 north, range 4 east, both in Dubuque county and now parts of Jefferson and Mosalem townships, respectively. In March, 1839, William Smith was appointed to superintend the procuring of materials for a new court house. Samuel Walker drew the plans. Permission to vend merchandise in all parts of the county was granted in 1838-9 to numerous persons. A road was ordered surveyed from Dubuque to Center Grove, to William Snodgrass, to McDowell's, to Henry Gardens', on section 7, town ship 89 north, range 2 west ; eighteen persons signed this petition. A road from Parsons' ferry to Sage's mill was also surveyed. In 1839 there were in the county seven election precincts, as follows: Dubuque, Peru, Scarce's (formerly Durango), Paul, Hewitt, White Water and Ryan's. No special boundaries were fixed for these precincts and hence it was possible, and no doubt was practiced, to vote at more than one precinct. The county commissioners' report for the year 1839 showed total expenditures to be $10,996.94. The receipts were the same, less $1,000. Among the receipts was $120 from William Hale for 398 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY eight months' hire of convicts. Among the items of expense were $8 to Samuel Walker for a draught of the court house; $22 to Mrs. Dudley for boarding pauper ; $9 to Edward O'Hair for room rent; $7 to T. Mason for room rent for jury; $5 to Samuel L. Clifton for chains for prisoners; $7.50 to Young & Schullenberger for ironing prisoners ; $38 to Henry Potser for boarding prisoners ; $12 to James V. Campton for ironing prisoners; sums to Patrick Finn for boarding paupers; $175 to Rogus & Anson for work done on the new court house, etc. The total receipts in the county treasury for 1839 were $4,128.87, total expenses $4,089.52, balance on hand $39-35- Rogers & Anson completed their contract on the new court house and were paid $1,047.32^. Mr. Ogilby, the ar chitect, was paid $150. The county, in 1838-9, was laid out into road districts and super visors for each were appointed. The Schwarts precinct was estab lished in May, 1839, the polling place being the house of Mr. Schwarts. Liquor license in the county was fixed at $100 per an num. John V. Berry was district attorney in 1839. James L. Langworthy furnished brick for the court house in 1839. Burton's precinct was established in July ; the house of Mr. Burton was the polling place. Timothy Mason became clerk of the board in August, 1839. In August the board borrowed $1,000 of Horace Smead and gave him a bond for that sum. Huldah Deane was supported by the county. In December, 1839, the board ordered the following sums to be apportioned to the several counties cut off from Dubuque : Cedar $133, Scott & Clinton $727.33, Jackson county $826.66, Clayton $1 12.66. The debt of Dubuque county at the time of the separation of these counties was $2,850; the separation occurred in 1837-8. The above apportionment was in proportion to the assessment. Dubuque's share of this debt was $1,050.33. Rogers & Anson were allowed, from time to time, considerable sums for building the court house. , , After paying all outstanding orders the board had available a bal ance of $6,548.90; but of this sum it was estimated that $2,500 would never be obtained, as the delinquents had left the county The county tax list for 1839 was $3,152-82. Patrick Quigley was county treasurer. Mr. Ogilby was architect of the court house. Thomas McCraney furnished lumber for the new court house. M. W Powers furnished lime. In February, 1840, George W. Ames was sent to the other counties to secure a settlement of the sums due Dubuque county. An insane person, not a resident of this county was ordered taken to his home in Galena at the expense of th Tounty Young & Newman furnished iron work for the court house The road from Davenport to Dubuque was laid out in 1S0-40 In 1839 the Burton precinct was changed to Durango precinct' The net amount of the county assessment in 1839 was HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 399- $2,604.49. John Sullivan was one of the workmen on the court house in 1840. A joint resolution of the Iowa Territorial legislature in January, 1840, recommended the establishment of a postoffice at the falls of the Maquoketa in Dubuque county and the appointment of Arthur Thomas as postmaster. The military road was laid out in 1839 and" already in 1840 was extensively traveled. Albert G. Ellis was sur veyor-general of Wisconsin and Iowa territories in 1839-40. George W. Jones succeeded A. G. Ellis as surveyor general of Wis consin and Iowa territories in February, 1840. On September 7, 1840, the election precincts of the county were- named and defined as follows: Ferguson, townships 87 and 88, range 2 east and fractional township 88, range 3 east; Dubuque, township 89, range 2 east; Peru, fractional township 90, range 2 east; Durango, township 90, range 1 east, and fractional township- 91, range 1 east; Paul, township 89, range 1 east; Regan's, town ship 88, range 1 east and township 87, range 1 east ; Whitewater, township 87, range 1 west, township 87, range 2 west, township 88, range 1 west and township 88, range 2 west; Hewitt, town ship 89, ranges 1 and 2 west and township 90, ranges 1 and 2 west. These precincts were to be altered when a majority of the inhab itants should petition to that effect. In 1840 the trustees of the Presbyterian church were paid for the use of their meeting house for the spring term of the District court. In September, 1840, W. J. A. Bradford was appointed agent to settle with the counties re cently separated from Dubuque. Samuel Walker furnished shingles- for the court house. John R. Harvey painted the building. Joseph Ogilby furnished lumber. R. D. Watson, of St. Louis, furnished glass. Emerson & Crider furnished nails. E. M. Birsell furnished shingles. The fall term (1840) of the District court was held in the Presbyterian church. Campton, Dunbar and Kurtsch were confined in jail for several months in the fall of 1840. W. J. A. Bradford, prosecuting attorney, was allowed a yearly salary of $250 in 1840. A bounty of 50 cents was offered for wolf scalps at this time. The act of December 30, 1840, formed Dubuque county into three commissioners' districts: (1) Regan's, Dreibelbis' and Whitewater; (2) Dubuque precinct; (3) Peru, Durango, Paul's and Hewitt's. For the year 1840, paupers cost the county $337.74; assessing the county, $60; laying out roads, $65.60 ; District court, $3,583.47 ; on the court house, $3,862.69; total county expense, $10,804.62, Grocery license brought $1,483.30; merchant license, $545; court fines, $110; on hand at the beginning of the year, $6,548.90; bal ance against the county at the close of the year, $722.93. The- county expenses in 1840 exceeded those of 1839 by about $ 1,700V There were still several outstanding claims against the county. 400 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY In April, 1841, the whole county was laid out into road districts and supervisors were appointed; in all, there were ten such dis tricts. Townships were not yet formed. At this time a road from Dubuque to W. H. Morning's on the Little Maquoketa, thence to the junction of the north and middle forks, thence to John Floyd's, thence to the north line of the county was laid out. In 1841 Ead's precinct, in Delaware county, was attached for election purposes to this, county. The precincts in 1841 were Ferguson, Regan, Whitewater, Hewitt's, Durango, Peru, Dubuque, Eads, Schwarts and Morland. In 1841, George W. Cummins was county assessor. The note of the county for $2,160, due in ten years, was given James L. Langworthy in 1841, in final settlement for his courthouse contract. "Ordered that John Sullivan be charged with this amount, $10.50, in his account with the county for 3,000 brick bats." Sulli van laid 244,518 bricks in the court house, was paid part by install ment and was given three notes of the county for $1,000 in final settlement in June, 1841. W. J. A. Bradford was still county at torney in June, 1841. W. W. Coriell, of Dubuque, printed the Iowa House journals in 1841 and was paid $900 for the job. In 1841, Jacob Dreibelbis became a county commissioner in place of Mr. Ames. In July a road was ordered laid out along the ridge from the head of Dirty Hollow to Lorimier's furnace. While Patterson was confined, $82.50 was paid for guarding the jail. Washington Hyde and others were prisoners in November and December, 1841, and were boarded and guarded at big ex pense — $402.50. A reward of $2 was offered for wolf scalps in January, 1842. At this time William Smith was appointed superin tendent of the jail, to be built at once; contracts were called for. The preemption law was approved by Congress September 4, 1841, and at once quieted the settlers. The court house was built by the county board. They contracted for so much lumber, shingles, lime, stone, paint, glass, bricks, tinware, iron work, etc., with different concerns, but entered into definite contracts for certain work only. It was charged by the Miners' Express, late in 1842, that General Wilson, the surveyor-general, had not resided at Dubuque since June, 1842, and was neglecting his duty. When, in the spring of 1839, the office was moved from Cincinnati to Dubuque, the Iowa News sharply lashed Albert G. Ellis for visiting Dubuque but once in three months, and demanded that the incumbent of the office should reside there and attend to his duties. Now, when Wilson did no better, he was likewise criticised. On the question of holding a territorial convention to take steps for admission into the Union, Dubuque county, in August, 1842, polled 115 votes for the convention and 477 votes against it In 1842, John Frink was mail carrier from Dubuque to Prairie La Porte at $249; Nelson Plummer, from Dubuque to Davenport (river route), at $900; Gilbreth & Campbell, from Dubuque to Iowa HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 401 at $480; Otto Hinton, Dubuque to Davenport (two-horse 1 twice a week), at $1,000. An act of February, 1842, pro- 1 that poorhouses could be built by counties. In the fall of the county board were William Smith, Jacob Dreibelbis and yerly; Nightingale was still clerk. New road districts were ed throughout the county in April, 1842 — thirteen in all. In the board borrowed in small sums, from more than sixty per- $1,175 on which it agreed to pay interest. In June, 1842, iam Carter furnished timber for the new county jail being ed. It would seem that the jail was built by private sub- tion. (See second June term of the board, 1842). Amos hews plastered the new court house, finishing in 1842. Two s in the court house were paved with brick by Rogers & An- Small sums were borrowed to be used in building the jail. x of $1 on each $100 was ordered levied in 1842 ; also a poll af $1. Samuel L. Clifton furnished rock for the new jail in :. Large numbers of Irish were coming to this county at this . There were the O'Haires, the O'Sheas, the O'Donnells and aras; the O'Sullivans, O'Bleas, O'Flynns and O'Maras; the riens, O'Rourkes, O'Glasses and O'Darrells; the O'Reagans, ellys, O'Tooles and O'Farralls. he territorial legislature of 184 1-2 passed an act giving the ity board authority to divide the county into townships as soon ley were of the opinion that a majority of the people desired it. )rdingly, on February 7, 1843, ten townships were created, as >ws: Julien, Jefferson, Concord, Liberty, Iowa, Center, Cas- , Clinton, Washington and Mosalem. Julien township was ided east by the Mississippi, Dubuque and the prolonged line reen ranges 1 and 2 east ; north by prolonged line between sec- > 18 and 7, township 89 north; west by the prolonged line be- n sections 14 and 15, township 89 north, range 1 east; south he prolonged line between sections 23 and 26, township 88 h, range 1 east. It embraced parts of the present Julien, Du- ie, Center, Vernon, Table Mound and Mosalem townships. :rson was bounded east by the Mississippi ; north by the Missis- i; west by the prolonged line between sections 10 and 11, town- 89 north, range 1 east; south by the prolonged line between ons 11 and 14, township 89 north, range 1 east. It included ¦f the present Peru township and parts of the present Jefferson, :er and Dubuque townships. Concord township was bounded by the prolonged line between sections 10 and 11, township 89 h, range 1 east; south by the prolonged line between sections nd 15, township 89 north, range 1 east; west by the prolonged between sections 8 and 9, township 89 north, range 1 west; h by the county line and the river and the fifth meridian. This raced parts of the present townships of Jefferson, Concord, a and Center. Liberty was bounded north and west by the 402 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY county line, south by the prolonged line between sections 8 and o township 89 north, range 1 west, and east by Concord township' Iowa township was bounded north by Liberty, west by the county line, south by the prolonged line between sections 20 and 29 town ship 88 north, range 1 west, and east by the prolonged line between sections 20 and 21, township 88 north, range 1 west Center township was bounded east by Julien, north by Jefferson west by Iowa, and south by the prolonged line between sections 21 and 28 township 88 north, range 1 west. Cascade township was bounded north by Iowa, west by the county line, south by the county line and east by the prolonged line between sections 28 and 29, township 88 north, range 1 west. Clinton township was bounded north by Center, west by Iowa, south by the county line and east by the pro longed line between sections 26 and 27, township 88 north, range 1 east Washington township was bounded north by Julien, west by Clinton, south by the county line and east by the prolonged line dividing ranges 1 and 2 east. Mosalem township was bounded east by the Mississippi, south by the county line, west by the line between ranges 1 and 2 east, and north by Julien or Dubuque city. The county clerk notified the citizens of each of the above town ships to assemble and organize. During 1843, the county jail was built. It was constructed by the county board, the materials being secured under special con tracts. Solomon Asby was authorized in April, 1843, to keep a ferry across the Mississippi opposite Potosi, Wisconsin Territory. In 1843 the board viewed and built many roads in all parts of the county. The jail was finished in 1843. The sum of $5 was charged for use of the court room for all shows for profit. Hiram Welds was authorized to keep a ferry over the Mississippi two miles above Parson's ferry, Dubuque county, in 1844. Jonathan Higgins became county commissioner in 1843 '> Smith and Byerly were the others. In 1843, Dr. John O'Brien was paid for holding an inquest on the body of Haw-Kaw-Kaw, a Winnebago Indian. This year George W. Cummins took to the penitentiary the Indian, Waw- kon-shon-ne-kaw, who had been convicted here for murder, on a change of venue. Ore of lead on 16th sections was worked on shares under the supervision of the county board. In February, 1843, a road was ordered surveyed from Cascade to Olmstead's Mill, in Delaware county. The act of February 17, 1843, definitely fixed the boundaries of the counties which had been severed from Dubuque county. A proclamation of President Van Buren, May 4, 1840, ordered a land sale in the western and southern parts of the county ; this sale was postponed. In February, 1843, President Tyler ordered a sale of lands in this county. The returns of the secretary of state showed a population of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 403 4,059 for Dubuque county in June, 1844. About this time sub stantial county bridges were constructed over the Catfish, Little Maquoketa and other streams. John Barney, agent of the United States, was at work on the Dubuque harbor. By proclamation of October 8, 1844, President Tyler ordered township 87, range 1 west, (Cascade) thrown into market January 13, 1845; the sale was to be kept open for two weeks. In 1844, the county commissioners of Dubuque county, Iowa Territory, memorialized Congress to grant to the city certain lands, as follows: "Two lots and a half of ground in the town of Du buque, on the northwest corner of Seventeenth and Locust streets, upon which the public square was at one time laid off and a tempor ary jail erected thereon; that said parcel or parcels of land were in the year 1835 donated to the county of Dubuque by Peter A. Lorimier, Esq., the original claimant under the settlers' regulations; but that the said public square has since been removed and more permanent public buildings erected elsewhere in said town. The petitioners now ask that as the county of Dubuque is the equitable claimant of said lots, and is the owner of the beforementioned temporary buildings erected thereon, a law may be passed giving our county a title to the same and authorizing the commissioners, as the constituted authority of the county, to make sale thereof." The senate committee found "that Congress, by its acts of July 2, 1836, and the supplement thereto, passed March 3, 1837, have di rected that the quantity of 640 acres of land, embracing the town of Dubuque, be laid off into lots, streets, avenues, etc. ; that the lots be classed and preemption rights granted to all such persons as had, by building or enclosure, improved said lots prior to July 2, 1836, and the residue exposed to public sale. The entire proceeds arising from the sale of these lots, as well from preemptions as at public sale, after deducting some incidental expenses, would be paid over to the trustees or other authorities of said town, to be expended by them in the improvement of streets, wharves, etc." The com mittee reported in favor of a bill. — (See House Reports, No. 351, 28th Aug., ist session, Vol. I.) On January 1, 1845, the balance against the county was $10,- 410.73. The balance against the county on January 1, 1844, was $9>I34-68, of which $5,273.66 was in notes given for court house purposes. On January 1, 1845, there were outstanding $6,354.58 in county bonds. "The secretary of the treasury has been addressed by the commissioners requesting that the funds heretofore advanced by the county for the pay of jurors, witnesses, fuel, stationery, etc., for the District court during a period of five years, be refunded; it amounts to near $3,000, and during the past year the department has decided that the pay of jurors, etc., as above are proper charges upon the 404 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY y6nit^45S;ates''-(State^nt of county commissioners, February In the spring of 1845, the following mail routes were established- Dubuque to Bbomington via Garryowan, Lodge's Ford and Thomas Mills; Dubuque to Ft. Atkinson via Ead's settlement and Moreland's colony ; Dubuque to Iowa City via Cascade a Srion in two-horse coaches; Dubuque to the county seats ot Delaware and Buchanan counties. ^cidwdre The county commissioners, in 1846, were William Smith, Jon athan Higgins and Machael W. Power. James R. Thompson was sheriff In January, 1846, the board were asked to assist the Sy of Dubuque to build a hospital, but deferred action until they could learn whether the county sick persons would be admitted and upon what terms. H wi!®4^ ?e Fai^dd Land District contained 10,396,160 acres and the Dubuque Land District 13,200,000 acres. An additional land district was created with office at Des Moines— (House Re ports, No. 677, 29th Cong, ist session, Vol. III.) For the fiscal year commencing February 22, 1847, and ending February 23, 1848, there was against the county at the beginning, $9,370.24; paupers cost $2,276.50; boarding the Indian, Kanoga, $137.25; court fees, $1,199.08; wolf scalps, $23; boarding and keeping prisoners, $179.87; laying out roads, $116.98; total ex penses, $8,040.75 which, added to the county debt, made a total of $17,419.99. The county debt increased during the year $2,603.31. The big expenses had been support of the poor and fitting up the court house. The poorhouse about to be built would reduce, it was estimated, the annual pauper expense. "The county commissioners assure their fellow citizens that not one dollar is allowed by them but what is unavoidably necessary and that they have left and will leave no means untried to extricate the county from debt. It is be lieved that our financial affairs (taking into consideration the fact that our court house is built, and fitted up in a manner superior to any in the state) are in a better condition than those of any other county therein. Our county is rapidly filling up with an industrious population which necessarily will increase the amount of taxable property, increasing correspondingly the revenue, for many years to come ; little or no taxes have heretofore been derived from the as sessment of lands, in consequence of the great portion of the same remaining unentered previous to March, 1847, owing to the claim of the Dubuque heirs; this difficulty is now removed, the land in the county being at this time nearly, if not quite all, entered and subject to taxation." — (Michael W. Power, John G. Shields and Lyman Dillon, commissioners, February, 1848.) In 1848, Mordecai Mobley was school fund commissioner. There were 11,060 acres in Dubuque county for public schools. In July, 1848, John G. Shields, who was appointed agent of the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 405 board to buy a poorhouse and lands for a farm, reported that he had bought such a farm of Joseph Evans and had paid him $417; had paid $175 for a land warrant, and the total cost was $594.50. The board called for proposals to build a poorhouse — a hewed log building of two rooms, fourteen feet square in the clear, with a large hall between them. Robert Flanagan leased the county farm in August, 184.8. John Carson was the agent of the board to rent the farm. On February 7, 1849, several petitions, numerously signed, re quested the board to alter the boundaries of the townships and to set off each surveyed township of thirty-six sections as near as prac ticable, with a separate township, whereupon the board, after due consideration, ordered the following townships to be created, the order to take effect April 1, 1849: Peru, townships 90 and 91, range 2 east ; Julien, township 89 north, ranges 2 and 3 east ; Mos alem, fractional township 88 north, ranges 3 and 4 east ; Washing ton, township 87 north, range 2 east; Table Mound, township 88 north, range 2 east ; Jefferson, township 90 and fractional township 91 north, range 1 east; Center, township 89 north, range 1 east; Mount Pisgah, township 88 north, range 1 east; Prairie Creek, township 87 north, range 1 east; Whitewater, township 87 north, range 1 west; Taylor, township 88 north, ranges 1 and 2 west; Iowa, township 89 north, ranges 1 and 2 west ; Concord, township 90 north, range 1 west ; Liberty, township 90 north, range 2 west ; Cascade, township 87 north, range 2 west. New Wine and Dodge were not yet provided for. In the above named townships elections were ordered held for the necessary township officers. Michael W. Power, John G. Shields and Lyman Dillon were county commissioners in 1847-8. The state census of 1847 gave Dubuque county a population of 7,440. In 1847 the proclamation of President Polk threw much land west of Dubuque into market. the sales to take place at the land office in Dubuque. The county assessment for 1847 amounted to $972,010, and for 1848, $1,368,401. , . In i847.the county tax list was $5,437.44; in 1848, $7,712.16; in 1849, $8,260.10. Of these three amounts, by February 19, 1850, there was delinquent $5,836.56. The county assessment in 1847 was $972,010; in 1848, $1,368.401 ; number of polls in 1847, I,I5I > 1848,1,758. Early in 1849 proposals for a poorhouse were called for and the following bids were received : Robert Flanagan, $650 ; Frederick Walters, $584; Ralph Reynolds, $488; the bid of Walters was ac cepted ; he received $50 additional for extra work. Timothy Mason, William Gilliam and Edward Langworthy were the first directors of the poorhouse, appointed April, 1849. John H. Thedinga be came county commissioner in 1849. In 1849 the name of Pisgah township was changed to Vernon. 406 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY On January n, 1850, Iowa township was divided and New Wine was formed out of the western half; elections were ordered held in New Wine at the house of Henry Schemmel. Taylor township was also divided and Dodge created out of the western half; elec tions were ordered at the house of Peter Melinguer. In March, 1849, the county commissioners, in their report, re gretted that during 1848 they had been unable to reduce the county debt. The poor expense was large, but now would no doubt be less, as they had bought a poor farm on the northwest quarter of section 28, township 88 north, range 3 east, and the west half of the southwest quarter of section 21, same township and range, mak ing in all 240 acres, with timber and water and enough fencing to enclose twenty to forty acres. The poorhouse was a double log cabin, each half fourteen feet square, with a hall eighteen feet wide between them; there was a cellar under one of the sections. Fred erick Walters erected the building. The county formerly had many transients, but now the settlements were permanent, because in 1847 the mineral lands had been offered to the highest bidder and substantial settlers had come. The mineral lands could now be assessed by lot numbers. There was yet due the county from Cedar, Jackson and Clayton counties $1,072.32 as their proportion when stricken off of Dubuque. Suit had been instituted against these counties. In addition, Clayton county owed Dubuque county $1,589.45 for expenses incurred in trying the Indians charged with murder and brought here on a change of venue. Clayton county had refused for several years to pay these obligations. The county debt in 1849 was $I2,647.35. This was regarded as a large sum at that time; five years later it would scarcely have been noticed. Among the items of county expense in 1847-8 were: Poor, $2,- 276.50; District court, $1,199.08; wolf scalps, $23; boarding the Indian, Ka-nah-gah, $137.25; court house repairs, $937-3°; roads> $116.98; interest on county orders, $339-35- The wheat harvest of 1849 was the largest and best the county had ever enjoyed up to that date. Mexican war and other land warrants were on sale here, many of them $150 for 160 acres. The California gold ex citement took away 150 settlers of the county in 1848-9. The county spent much to crush cholera in 1849. In 1850, the official census gave Dubuque county 9,185 popula tion The commissioners built a fence around the court house. Farming, instead of mining, began to engross attention about 184* co The county assessment in 1850 was $1,608,735; in i»49 « was $1,464,781. In 1850 there were four pianos in the county. Many new oads and post routes were established. The land sales in Dubuque county were: 1848, 68,856 acres; 1849, 5«,374 acres; Lyman Son, J5 H. Thedinga and Michael W. Power, turned HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 407 over all their duties to William Y. Lovell, judge of the county court. The change was welcomed, because many believed the board had unnecessarily run the county into debt and were incom petent, though both charges were unfounded and unjust. The board had been forced by the taxpayers to run the county on too small a revenue. The county debt on the face was $18,207.82, but there was $12,570.73 due the county. In April, 185.2, the people voted down the proposition to borrow $7,000 with which to erect a county jail ; a two mill tax was pro posed. The settlement of the Dubuque claim in January, 1854, by the United States Supreme Court made every resident glad; all county lots were put on the market at once. The urgent necessity for a new county jail was felt by 1852. Judge Lovell endeavored to induce the Dubuque council to assist the county to erect such a building, but did not succeed ; the total cost was estimated at $20,000. By August 1, 1852, Dubuque county had a population of 12,508 and fifty-six colored persons. In the fall of 1852 the Dubuque County Horticultural and Agricul tural Society was organized and a fair was held late in 1853. W. Y. Lovell was president, H. S. Hetherington secretary, John Car son treasurer, and a vice president was appointed in every township. An exhibit was made at the court house in July, 1853 — informal but creditable. On September 8 and 9, 1853, the first real fair was held in the grove on Couler avenue near Major Langworthy's. There was quite a large exhibit and much interest was shown. Each of the two days 1,500 persons attended. Judge Dyer spoke the first day and Mr. Vandever the second. Jacob Smith took the first premium on spring wheat — 42 y2 bushels per acre. Six fine Durham bulls were exhibited. Hogs of the Byfield and Irish Gra zier breeds were shown. The cows and sheep were medium. Mules, oxen and fat cattle were good. There was a fine display of Shanghai poultry. The exhibit of apples, pears, grapes and plums was excellent. But the fair of 1854 was a failure. One of the first official acts of Judge Lovell was to ascertain the amount of the old debt and settle the same. Up to March 23, 1853, he found the debt to be $23,456.07. To meet this he caused to be issued $15,000 in ten year ten per cent bonds, which were sold in New York at par. Further investigation showed the county debt to be $28,094.08, much of which was interest that had ac cumulated at a high rate for a dozen years or thereabouts. Of this sum $13,094.08 was refunded and the balance was paid from the proceeds of the $15,000 bond sale. To meet all this a four mill tax was levied. In November, 1853, the county assessment was an nounced as $4,148,387; there were 2,462 polls. The land office at Dubuque was doing literally a "land office business," employing from ten to twenty clerks. From May 1, 1853, to November 15, J853> $850,000 from the sale of lands was sent to the government 408 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY depository in St. Louis; Patrick Quigley took $308,000 on the steamer Lamartine at one time. In September, 1855, a county fair was held at Centralia, but was not very successful. W. W. Hamilton was president. The state census of 1856 gave the county a population of 25,871 ; there were thirty-six paupers. The total assessment in 1856 was $14,190,445 a wonderful increase. At this time there were strong demands for a new jail, poorhouse and hospital — for county as well as city use. Stephen Hempstead was elected county judge in 1855. The ques tion of raising means to make these improvements was submitted to the people and carried and bonds were accordingly sold. There were over 200 persons in the county assessed at over $10,000 each; the Langworthy brothers were assessed at over $500,000. In the spring of 1856 the children of school age in the county were 7,760, and the state apportionment was $4,746.55. The Lambert farm near Caledonia sold for $45 an acre — a notable occurrence. The county assessment in 1855 was $8,203,665. The tax was: County, $34,331 ; state, $10,250; school, $4,099; road, $7,698, and enough more to make the total $56,384.32. This showed an enormous advance over the figures of only three and five years be fore. County school affairs began to take shape and expand about this time. There was general complaint by the citizens in November, 1855, that the roads of the county were in wretched condition and the road law inefficient and unheeded. Township supervisors were urged to improve matters. "Considerable activity was created in the grain market yesterday among wheat speculators. The prices rose from $1.05 to $1.15 and $1.20 per bushel."— (E. & H., December 13, 1855.) The county jail, built in 1857-8, was the best at that time in the northwest. It was located at Eighth and Clay streets in the rear of the court house. The stone was obtained from the bluffs op posite Dubuque. It was begun about February 1, 1857. David Armstrong was contractor. The total cost of jail and grounds was about $45,000. The sheriff's dwelling formed the front and the prison proper, about 60x35 feet, was in the rear. It was four stories with tiers of cells rising above each other— thirty-two cells in all. RECEIPTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JULY I, 1858. Balance in treasury June 30, 1857 $ 3%>Zl'S-00 Amount of county levy, 1857 77>75°-2° County bonds sold, less expenses 30,i°5-49 Sale of county poor farm 3,000.00 Fees from clerk's office 3,002.00 Fees from recorder's office 2,678.90 Total $155,535-65 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 409 EXPENSES. >unt of county warrants receipted $ 63,321.67 28,826.55 ¦ house 10,863.85 )tal $103,012.07 mong the items of county warrants were the following: Sal- ;, $6,245.30; District court, $8,961.85; poor, $6,784.45; jail, 55.14; interest, $6,452.34; poorhouse building, fences and im- ements, $14,777.82; jail building, $26,673.25. David Arm- lg was the contractor for the county jail at $36,011. The land ie county poor house consisted of twenty-two acres. The old house was located eight miles from Dubuque. The new one near the city. A portion of the county bonds for the building ie jail and poor house were negotiated at par, but after the finan- crisis of 1857, $9,000 of the issue was sold for 70 cents on the ir, the best that could be done. arly in 1859, Michael O'Brien, county treasurer, was shown to defaulter to a large amount — $108,894 on the face of the rds, and $37,277 by his own admissions ; he had been treasurer seven years. He resigned, soon died, but his heirs made good loss. W. W. Beebe owned the "Dubuque Nurseries;" he lec- d over the west on "fruit trees" and other similar subjects. In ) the county assessment had fallen to $9,419,298. Efforts made 858 and 1859 to revive the county fair failed, owing mostly ie hard times. he amount of land in the Dubuque Land District yet unsold, ng been reduced below 100,000 acres, the land office was re ed from Dubuque to Des Moines in June, 1859. large meeting of the farmers and others, friends of agricul- , was held in Dubuque February 23, i860, for the purpose of ning an agricultural society. The meeting was called to order V. W. Hamilton and a discussion as to whether the old society lid be reorganized or a new one formed was held. It was ly resolved to form a new association. A committee was ap- ted to draft a constitution and by-laws. Remarks were made lamilton, Heath, Chamberlain, Lovell and others. The consti- )n proposed was adopted. The following officers were elected : 1 King, president; Mark Miller, secretary; W. C. Chamber- treasurer. Every township in the county was represented on directory. he county fair at Tivoli Gardens, Dubuque, was a creditable ex- t. Great efforts for its success were made, the leaders in the ement being Doolittle, Chamberlain, Van Pelt, Heyer, Mattox, ius Langworthy, Mark Miller, Judge King, Solon Langworthy 410 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY and others. It opened September 18; many sheds, pens, etc., were erected. In 1 86 1, the fair was likewise creditable and a success; the re ceipts were $1,922.96 and the disbursements $1,962.96. The so ciety had $602.66 in resources and $150.90 in liabilities. There were about 1,000 entries from all parts of the county. Omnibuses ran from down town to the grounds. All branches of production were represented. High grade cattle and horses were shown. The grape display was specially fine. Already this county was famed for its grapes and its grape wine. In all features the fair was a credit to the county. The attendance was large. So well pleased were the farmers and fruit growers of the county with the fair that they immediately organized a Farmers' club to meet once a month or oftener. The call for this club was signed by about fifty of the best citizens of the county — townsmen and countrymen. This county was well represented at the state fair, held this fall at Iowa City. The organization of the County Farmers' club was completed October 6, i860, and the following officers were elected: H. S. Hetherington, president ; J. C. E. Heyer, recording secretary ; C. C. Gilman, treasurer. Among the questions discussed were, "Can apples be raised successfully in Iowa?"- "Is Hungarian grass worthy of cultivation?" In 1864 the plan to secure the state fair for two years was adopted, succeeded, and as a result the Society leased 12% acres for five years, from January 1, 1864, at $50 per annum, for the first three years and $100 per annum for the last two years. The yard was enclosed with a good fence; had 194 covered stalls; thirty- five roofed hog pens, twenty-eight sheep pens, one fine art hall, 120x30 feet, two buildings 100x24 feet, one ladies' salon, 40x20 feet, and other buildings. The trotting track was one-third of a mile. The only indebtedness was $226 to H. L. Stout for lumber. The fair of i860 was an experiment and was a success, but that of 1861 was still vastly better in all particulars. It was almost equal to several state fairs. It was shown that over fifty varieties of apples could be grown in this county. Plums, pears and grapes, especially the latter, were very successful here. The trial of horses to show their style and action was a feature. The receipts of the three days were about $1,400, exceeding by over $400 the fair of i860. The expenses were about $800. The surplus, with $200 from the state, was to be used toward subsequent fairs. In i860, the Little Maquoketa was bridged at Burton's furnace; this had long been needed. The grand jury reported against the management of the poorhouse in February, i860. On January 1, i860, it was shown that the delinquent tax for 1857 and 1858 amounted to $93,533.63 ; this shows how crushing were the times. It was estimated that farm lands throughout the county would not HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 411 sell for more than $10 an acre on the average. A farmer came to Dubuque in September, i860, with a wagon load of Pinkeye po tatoes from a distance of twenty miles and received $3.50 for his load and his journey of forty miles. It was estimated that in i860 10,000 gallons of wild grape wine were made in Dubuque county. The population (official) of the county in i860, was 31,348. The statute of i860 provided for the election of a board of super visors to take the place of the county court in handling county af fairs. The board of supervisors consisted of nineteen members, as follows : Dubuque, J. H. Thedinga, J. H. Stewart and Arthur Mc Cann; New Wine, John Christoph; Washington, C. Denlinger; Prairie Creek, Dennis O'Brien; Whitewater, J. B. Kittler; Cas cade, E. Macomber ; Table Mound, Dennis Donovan ; Vernon, Levi Sparks; Taylor, H. Young; Dodge, Arthur Cox; Center, Wesley Kyle; Iowa, Lawrence Duggan; Peru, F. M. Knoll; Jefferson, Louis Miller; Concord, J. H. Floyd; Liberty, Peter Nichols; Mosalem, Thomas McCallom. J. H. Thedinga was chosen chairman of the board. On January 7, 1861, the new board met in Dubuque for the first time. An important measure before the county board was the construction of a new bridge across the river near Hempstead on the military road. A committee reported the poor farm in good condi tion, but had not enough land to give the inmates sufficient work. The old county poor farm had been sold for $6,000 to James Burt, the highest bidder — $3,000 cash and $3,000 mortgages, which had been foreclosed at $3,226, but execution was not yet issued. This land of the present poor farm was bought September 26, i860, for $6,791. The cost of building and improvements was $14,777; other expenses were $1,576. During i860 there were maintained in the poorhouse forty-nine paupers. The amount expended for the maintenance of the poor farm for the calendar year, i860, was $5>I75-97- An addition to the court house had cost $13,272.16. The number of persons maintained in the county jail during i860 was 151; expense of keeping them, $1,682.10. The farmers' club held regular sessions during the winter of 1860-61 ; grape culture, threshing, Hungarian grass, fruit trees, preparation of orchards, were several of the many subjects consid ered. Godfrey Blocklinger lectured on grape culture. Judge King and the Langworthys took much interest in the society. In Febru ary, 1 86 1, Richard Bonson became president of the County Agri cultural society. Immense quantities of barley were marketed here in 1 860- 1. The Farmers' club held a horticultural exhibit in the city hall in October, 1861 ; it was a splendid success. William Langworthy exhibited 180 varieties of apples. Another exhibited eighteen varieties of pears, and C. H. Booth, thirty-three varieties of vegetables. Judge King showed seven varieties of grapes. It was stated at this -time that Mathias Lux, in 1859, had raised 6,000 pounds of tobacco on an acre and a half of ground near Dubuque. 412 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY War time prices began to stimulate all business by 1862. The Hes sian fly appeared in this county this year. In 1862, the county assessment was down to $5,943,890. The county began to pay bounty to the soldiers in 1862 — $10,200, and gave the state fair $300. Bridges cost $7,219.85. Bridges at Thompson's Mill, English Mill, Whitewater, Flaherty, Maquoketa at Colesburg, over Catfish on O'Brien's road, etc., were built or commenced. The fairs of the early sixties were events of great importance to the county. In 1861, the County Agricultural Society leased a few acres for annual fairs and tendered the grounds to the state so ciety, which accepted the offer. There were six acres, with many excellent buildings, forty pens for sheep and hogs, seventy-five stalls for horses and cattle, floral building, mechanical building, art build ing, etc. The county gave $300 and the citizens raised a large sum to fit the grounds — $1,800 about. On the first day Hon. G. G. Wright addressed the crowd. The fastest horses of the country were here. There were over 1,000 entries. There were many splendid features and the fair was one of the most successful ever held by the state society. In January, 1863, the county at one time was assisting about 200 families — a portion those of soldiers. At this time there were large amounts of delinquent taxes from 1857 to 1861, inclusive, and strenuous efforts to collect as much of them as possible were made. The interest alone collected was no insignificant sum. During the year 1863 the county assisted 243 families, of which 113 were those of soldiers. The whole amount of county warrants outstanding in August, 1863, was $10,000; they were taken at par for taxes. This year county bonds to the amount of $28,000 were paid to Sampson, Winslow and Clark, Dodge & Co. The special income tax in 1863 amounted to $23,717.33. The Farmers' Club was active and useful. The state fair was held here again in 1863. A fine new building for displays was erected; it was 120x30x20 feet. Judge Wright was the orator at the opening; $4,000 was paid in premiums; it was not so great a success as in 1862. In 1864, Timothy Davis was president of the Farmers' Club. Many of the best citizens of Dubuque city were members. In March, 1864, the railway bond question was discussed. Three mem bers of the county board — Rugamer, Crawford and Stewart — and two outsiders — D. A. Mahony and W. G. Stewart — were appointed to settle with the Gelpcke Company, who held the bonds. The Gelpcke Company delivered to the county its $200,000 in bonds, $48,000 in coupons and interest on the coupons for 2,450 shares in the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway, and for $65,000 in five equal installments. The county and city of Dubuque paid a large internal revenue on liquors and tobacco in 1864 — $150,000, estimated. On HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 413 August 7, 1864, chinch bugs flew in swarms over Dubuque city and county. The county fair in 1864 was excellent — almost as fine as the state fair. Over thirty fast horses were present. There were many con tests — baseball, equestrianism, plowing, etc. Many county roads and bridges were built in 1864-5. The census of 1865 gave the county a population of 33,078. The Farmers' Club met regularly during the cold months. The county fair of 1865 was a success, though not a great one. Paper from the Cascade Mills was exhib ited. In October, 1865, county warrants were worth 90 cents and county bonds 65 cents on the dollar. The total county indebtedness January 1, 1861, was $279,072.17. Of this sum $200,000 was for railroad bonds. In 1865-66 the county spent on poorhouse $6,621,20; poor relief, $2,551.87; super intendent of poor, $616; volunteer relief, $13,621.09. The jail cost $1,679.45. The total county indebtedness January 1, 1866, was $238,065. 16. The county paid in bounty to volunteers, in 1862, $11,000. and paid in bounty in 1864, $127,850. A trial of reapers and mowers was held on the farm of George Brown, Vernon township, in June, 1866. The Excelsior, Manny, Eagle, Kirby, Dodge's, Ball's, Yankee, Buckeye and McCormick machines were shown. From June 30, 1865, to June 30, 1866, Deputy Collector Eighmey collected $1,200,000 for internal revenue in this district. The county fair of 1866 was good. The county assessment in 1866 was $9,242,756; the total tax was $213,982.63; of this sum $71,140.30 was for school purposes. In 1865, $18,- 573.61 was spent on bridges; in 1866 less than one-third of that sum was spent. The county before this date had sent its insane patients to the state asylum ; as fast as they were announced cured, they were returned to this county. From September 1, 185 1, to May 31, 1867, there were issued in county warrants $656,250.04, of which $634,327.40 had been paid, leaving outstanding $21,422.64. The highest issue in one year was $71,836.67, in 1865. The paid warrants that had accumulated for twenty-seven years were burned in 1867. The board was petitioned in 1867 to create the city of Dubuque as Julien township and all outside the old Julien as Dubuque town ship. The school census of 1868 gave Dubuque county 38,860 people. In February, 1867, many bridges were damaged by a severe storm. In 1868 the county board was increased to twenty-one mem bers, instead of nineteen, as before, owing to the creation of Du buque township. The law of 1868 permitted counties to compound and rebond their debts. A new poorhouse, two and one-half miles north, became county property in 1868; the house was four stories, 36x70, and built of stone ; there were thirty-seven inmates, of whom twelve were insane. The Farmers' Club was still active and sue- 414 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY cessful. The county assessment in 1869 was $9,115,656. An attempt to put the city hospital on the poorhouse grounds was defeated in 1869. The county fair of 1868 was small. The proposition of building a new court house was broached in 1869 ; the existing one was spoken of as an "old, inconvenient, ill- shaped affair." The back part had been built in the thirties, at Clay, Seventh and the alley. In 1856 the front part was built, under Governor Hempstead, county judge. In 1853 the jail and sheriff's house were built on the Eighth street side of the court house lot. Now, in 1869, the county had no debt of consequence, and therefore should have a court house and jail in keeping with the improved order of things, it was argued. The population of the county by the government census of 1870 was 38,969. In 1870 the county board allowed $2,725 on the con struction of two bridges within the corporate limits of the city of Dubuque; the obligation of the city to do this had been in dispute for many years. In 1870 the board sent to the state insane asylum fifteen patients; the newspapers said that "over-excited religious fervor" was the cause of most of the cases. By January, 1870, the county owed yet of the Gelpcke bonds only $5,275.25, but it yet owed of the county bonds $107,000. The total assessment this year was $9,880,165, and the county tax $73,274.72 ; the bridge tax was $29,640.97; total county tax, $224,921.61. The old red brick court house on Seventh street was still an interesting landmark, but wholly unequal to the demands of a progressive and prosperous county like Dubuque. A new building was talked of. In the old house — second story — were the court, jury and supervisors' rooms; in the first story were the offices of sheriff, treasurer, recorder and col lector. Bridge building at this time was extensive and costly. The poor tax in 1871 was $28,831.38. County expenses in 1869 were $71,708.56; in 1870, $68,022.50; in 1871, $59,418.59. In February, 1871, county bridge warrants were worth 90 to 95 cents; county bonds, 82 to 84 cents ; county warrants, 94 to 98 cents ; in May, 1 87 1, county warrants were at par. At this time there was no county debt, except about $102,000 old county debt and about $16,000 outstanding warrants. The day (May 19) that county warrants were at par, the treasurer expected a run, and was pre pared, but none came ; only $96 was paid that day. The old Kar rick diggings were tapped this year to secure pure water for Du buque. From January 1, 1871, to February 15, 1872, old county bounty bonds to the amount of $100,447.77 were refunded in new twenty-five-year 6 per cent bonds. The relatives of Thomas S. Hinds, in 1872, sued the county for $25,000 for the drowning of him, his wife and his boy in May. N. W. Boyes became county superintendent, vice Mr. Norman, killed. The county assessment in 1857 was $18,844,190; in 1859 it was HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 415 $6,694,786; in 1862 it was $5,967,815, the lowest; in 1867 it was $10,415,960; then dropped and in 1873 was $9,972,104. The county tax in 1857 was $136,415 ; in 1859 h was $66,212 ; in 1867, $242,864; in 1873, $230,503. In 1873 county warrants and bridge warrants were at par and county bonds were 97 to 98 cents. In 1873 three commissioners took the place of the old board of com missioners: L. Duggan, T. Crawford and W. Coates. The law of 1874 required assessors to assess at the real cash value ; the assess ment was now about $18,000,000. The Upper Iowa or Northwest ern Fair was held here in 1874 — up the Couler. Track, buildings and grounds were put in excellent condition. D. N. Cooley was president; on the third day over 15,000 people were present; the total receipts were over $20,000; it was a splendid success — just what could be done here when the good people tried. In 1875 the population of the county was 43,845 by the state cen sus. The fair was again held here and was another exceptional suc cess. President A. S. Welch, of the State Agricultural College, was the speaker at the opening. The races drew immense crowds ; Mr. Cooley was still president. The Brothers from Melleray exhibited high grade Shorthorn cattle; the art hall was beautiful and attract ive in the extreme ; the booths, amphitheater and power hall were features. In November, 1875, the poorhouse was destroyed by fire. At the time the cold was intense, and no water available. Through the efforts of Henry Patterson, no lives were lost and much of the furniture was saved. The inmates (fifty-one) were cared for tem porarily elsewhere near. A new court house was talked of in January, 1876. In March the county board bought of W. H. McNear the farm known as the old Farley place, at Julien station, for a poorfarm; the 200 acres cost $10,000. Temporary buildings were occupied until a new building could be erected. The new building was planned to be three stories and basement and in size 35x69 feet; material, stone and brick; cost, about $10,500. Congress passed an act in 1876 giving the county the right to use Washington Square for a court house site. On April 1, 1876, the county was free of debt. This year the county board were : William Coates, Mark Sullivan and Jacob Kessler. Godfrey Blocklinger died this year; he came from Switzerland, about 1844-45, and was a prominent and useful citi zen; he was for many years an active member of the Farmers'" Club. In 1877 Dennis A. Mahony became county commissioner. There was much objection to the large amount of poor relief sup plied by the county. The fair or exposition in 1877 was on a grand scale and a fine success; the total receipts were nearly $28,000; 15,000 people were present the best day. The expenses about cov ered the receipts ; large prizes and premiums were paid ; the appro priation for it was $500. A petition of the citizens for a new court 416 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY house was presented in 1878. The total county expense in 1878 was $95,204. 10 ; the total county tax was $240,535.80. In 1879 the Taxpayers' League was formed. In January, 1879, there were eighty-four inmates at the poorhouse; two were ninety-four years old and two others were ninety-two. In the assessment case of the county against the bridge company, the county lost. The county assessment in 1880 was $10,144,435, and the total tax $236,161.25. The fair in the fall of 1879 was well attended and successful; it was the sixth straight success; the receipts were $19,084.38, less $77.59 on hand at the beginning. In 1881 there was paid in bounty on wild animals $957. There were sixty inmates at the poorhouse January 1, 1881 ; poor expense was over $30,000. In 1882 a county loan of $65,000 was taken by the German Bank at 102 per cent. In 1882 the bounty on wild animals was $1,134, and bridges cost $23,859.25. The total tax in 1884 was $264,174.66. The county school population in 1884 was 11,152, the largest in the state. The total assessment in 1886 was $9,536,- 934. T. W. Johnson was steward of the poorfarm. The county assessment in 1873 was $9,142,625; in 1887 it was $9,353,589. Many argued that the present assessment was too tow ; the Knights of Labor declared that rich tax dodgers were too numerous. The total county warrants issued in 1887 was $107,394.53. In 1888 the proposition of the county to the city of Dubuque for the latter to use the county prisoners on the streeets was accepted; the county board said that prisoners had been so well treated that they did not want to be released, and when released committed offenses in order to get back again. In 1888 the county debt was $115,000, and in 1889 it was $90,000; $65,000 was bonded. In 1889 the county tax rate was 30 mills on the dollar and about one-half of it was for schools ; the assessment was between 30 and 40 per cent of the real value. In 1889 $90,000 in county bonds sold for $90,800, to a Cleveland company; they were for ten years. In 1889 the insane cost $11,953.80; there was too much insanity, alarmingly said the newspapers. It was decided early in 1890 to build the proposed new court house on the present site and not on Washington Square, as had for years been suggested by not a few citizens. This spring ( 1890) the citizens of Dubuque, who on the question of erecting a new court house had been denied that privilege and opportunity so long, deter mined to effect that result if it could possibly be accomplished. They knew that nearly or quite all the county outside of the city of Du buque would oppose them, and accordingly began a stirring cam paign, almost a crusade, to carry the question at the polls, where it was finally submitted. The election was held June 3, and resulted as follows: HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 417 For Against Precincts — Bonds. Bonds. Cascade 3 222 Center 28 41 Concord 49 79 Dodge 7 162 Dubuque 44 17 DyersviUe 42 184 Iowa 4 101 Jefferson 19 54 Julien, First 256 101 Julien, Second 499 1 1 Julien, Third 638 35 Julien, Fourth 574 26 Julien, Fifth (East), 215 41 Julien, Fifth (West) 357 39 Liberty 20 105 Mosalem 16 13 New Wine 42 72 Peru 38 9 Prairie Creek 27 75 Table Mound 18 69 Taylor 28 255 Vernon 5 95 Washington 7 95 Whitewater 5 197 Totals 2,941 2,098 Dubuque city was overjoyed at the result, and began immediate preparations to build. The total county debt on January 1, 1891, not counting court house bonds, was $76,426.52. In 1890 the county supervisors were Klauer, Cunningham, Dunn, McNamara, Stewart, Schemmel and Schueller. For the calendar year 1890 the total county expense was $82,764.17; the insane cost, $14,366.65; bridges, $20,971.01, and late in the year there was paid on the new court house the sum of $4,258.59. Court house bonds to the amount of $125,000 were sold at par in April, 1891, to P. J. Lee, president of the Citizens' State Bank; they ran for twenty-five years and bore 4 per cent interest. Fred Heer & Sons were the court house architects. The corner-stone was laid with due cere mony on July 11, 189 1, a large crowd being present. The Greys and Sharpshooters were out. The leading speakers were Judge D. J. Lenehan, Hon. Alphons Matthews and Hon. F. B. Daniels. Present were the venerable Gen. George W. Jones and Judge Thomas S. Wilson. It was a memorable occasion. The cost of the building proper was $145,439.22 ; furnishings and superintending, 418 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY $32,923.78; total, $178,463. It was completed and occupied in 1893. The census of 1890 gave Dubuque county 49,848 population; Dubuque city, 30,311; DyersviUe, 1,272 (975 in 1880); Epworth, 348; Farley, 582; Cascade (all sections), 1,396. The population of the county in 1880 was 42,996. In 1891, M. Liddy was steward of the poorfarm; he raised during the year $2,081.82 worth of live stock and hay, and sold in hay and grain $3,060 worth. The live stock left on the farm was worth $3,683. For the calendar year 1891 the total county expense was $186,601.93. In 1892 the county refused to divide its bridge fund with the city of Dubuque. The county board levied one-fourth of a mill on the dollar in September, 1893, for the purpose of creating a fund for the relief and funeral expenses of honorably discharged and indigent Union soldiers, sailors and marines, and the indigent wives, widows and minor children of such soldiers, etc., having a legal residence in this county. In August, 1893, the townships of Washington, Prairie Creek, Whitewater, Cascade, Dodge, Vernon and Mosalem complained because they had no representative on the county board. In 1893 the county assessment was $12,256,175. By 1892-93 there had been issued of the court house bonds $125,000; the bal ance was in warrants. The county smallpox hospital was located near Asbury in 1894; the county and city jointly put up the brick building and bore the expense. In 1895 Dubuque county had twenty-nine butter and cheese factories, with an annual product of about $255,000. In the nineties telephone lines began to cross the county in various directions. On January 1, 1894, the county debt was $181,650.55 ; on January 1, 1895, it was $163,680.39. In 1902 the county board was petitioned by 180 members of the Grand Army posts of the county to submit to the voters the ques tion, Shall Dubuque county levy a one mill tax with which to build a soldiers' and sailors' memorial hall? The county tax in 1902 was $357,273.51, and in 1903 was $361,724.78. The total assessment in 1903 was $13,163,678. The number of polls in the county was 12,523 ; of this number, 8,426 were in Dubuque city. The poultry show in the city hall at Dubuque in January, 1898, was an important affair; the prizes aggregated $100. The total county tax in 1897 was $456,373-33- The county assessment was $13,783,545. Henry S. Hetherington died in 1898; he came to the county in 1845 and was prominent. In December, 1897, there were 173 saloons in Dubuque county ; a tax of $600 each under the mulct law would yield $103,800, one-half to the county and one- half to the city or township. In 1898 the corporation tax in Cas cade was 5 mills; DyersviUe, 10 mills; New Vienna, 10 mills; Ep worth, 2 mills, and Farley, 10 mills. In 1898 the county spent $56,063.70 for its poor. Dubuque County Farmers' Mutual Insur- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 419 ance Association met at Farley in January, 1899; F. N. Simpson was president. By 1900 the Iowa Telephone Company operated 1 14.5 miles in Dubuque county; Standard, 65.99 miles; Epworth line, 16.98; Bishop line in DyersviUe, .57. The third annual exhi bition of the Mississippi Valley Poultry Association was held here in January, 1900. The county tax of 1899 was $330,157.39, and the total assessment $12,750,301. The Cascade fair and the county fair were held together in October, 1899. The county board about this time was allowed space in the ice harbor for a pesthouse. In 1900 the county tax for all purposes was $332,271.51, and the total assessment $13,075,046. The county fair at Cascade in 1900 was unusually good ; Cascade deserved and received great praise for its efforts. Henry L. Stout died in July, 1900; he was one of the first and foremost settlers and lived a life of great usefulness and honor. The total county tax in 1904 was $385,788.14; the school tax alone was $153,697.11. The total real estate and personal property in the county was valued at $12,434,349. In 1904 Crawford's bill in the legislature provided for four county supervisor's districts outside of the city of Dubuque, and for one of Julien township, which was coextensive with the city, with four supervisors outside of the city and three from the city proper. In 1905 Dubuque county had the largest corn crop in its history — an average of about fifty-two bushels to the acre ; a full average crop had always before been placed at forty-six bushels per acre. The official papers of the county in 1895 were Times, Herald and Telegraph of Dubuque, Pioneer of Cascade, and Commercial and News Letter of DyersviUe. The tax under the mulct law brought the county a large revenue in 1896. It was about this time that twenty cows at the county poor- farm were condemned under the tests for tuberculosis. It was noted about this time that Dubuque county had a total of about 300 bridges, many of which were of iron and steel, and in the aggregate had cost a large sum. In August, 1907, a terrible storm swept over the county, doing immense damage, especially to bridges and to the town of Bernard. In November, 1907, Dubuque county sold to the State of Iowa five islands in the Mississippi, located above Eagle Point. COUNTY WARRANTS DRAWN. I0-02 $257,045.11 ^os 230,420.87 IQ04 214,319.86 !905 222,390.30 J9o6 221,937.78 W 224,208.45 x9o8 202,479.88 420 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 1909 198,297.75 i9IQ 216,636.10 COUNTY — TOTAL OUTSTANDING INDEBTEDNESS, January 1, 191 1. Bonded indebtedness $111,000.00 County general fund warrants 182,741.00 County bridge fund warrants 29,384.30 Auditor holds warrants, 1909-1910 3,107.95 Total $326,233.25 All taxes in the county were as follows : For 1907, $416,224.71 ; 1908, $443,836.13 ; 1909, $462,016.27; 1910, $468,099.07. "The era of prohibition in Iowa was the era of the unrestrained liquor traffic in Dubuque, Scott and other river counties in which local sentiment was against the prohibition law. In those days we had over twice as many saloons in Dubuque as we have today. They were open late at night and seven days in the week, and the liquor influence in politics was stronger than at present. It does not fol low that conditions would be permanently improved by the repeal of the mulct law. The Democrats would have the support of thou sands of Republicans in their demand for the restoration of the open saloon. Besides, the sacrifice of the present revenue from the liquor traffic in the border towns would probably not stop the sale of liquor to any drunkard it was desired to save. Would prohibi tion help the man who could get liquor by crossing the bridge or pat ronizing the bootlegger? We fear not." — (Times- Journal, Janu ary 1, 1911.) PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, DENTISTRY, ETC. DR. JOHN B. STODDARD is credited with being the first physician to locate at Dubuque. He must have come quite early in the year 1833, because he was present when the cholera cases raged in July, August and September of that year. He was almost immediately followed by Dr. John Hill, who also administered to the cholera patients. About fifty deaths from cholera occurred in Dubuque County that year. The next year Dr. Frederick Andros arrived. Many years afterward he claimed to have been the first duly registered and licensed physician here, be cause, according to his statement, the other physicians had not been regularly licensed. He further stated that when he arrived there were here two doctors, both namfed Stoddard, though not related so far as known. As he makes no mention of Dr. Hill, the latter had probably left the place. Dr. Andros continued to practice here until 1838, when he moved to Clayton County. In the files of the Dubuque Visitor, which made its appearance in June, 1836, the ad vertisement or card of Dr. E. Andros appears. Dr. Frederick Andros does not state who Dr. E. was. Dr. Stoddard's card also appears in the Visitor. His charges were, in town, day time, $1 ; night time, $2; ex-officio services, $1 per hour; consultation with other doctors, $10. There was an extra charge for mileage for country calls. He kept medicines for sale, and was a surgeon as well as a physician. In June, 1836, Dr. John W. Finley began practicing here medi cine, surgery and midwifery, and became active and prominent at once. In October, 1836, Dr. R. O. Shaw, surgeon-dentist, located in Dubuque. In 1837 Dr. I. O'Ferrall began to practice. He kept vaccine on hand. Dr. Plumbe began practicing about the same time. He limited his midwifery practice to Dubuque. He was a graduate of the medical department of the University of Leyden, Holland. Dr. Lurton came in 1838 and devoted his attention to diseases of women and children. At this time a Dr. Crane was associated with Dr. Finley. The two (Finley & Crane) apparently had a large prac tice in 1838. Dr. Plumbe announced in September, 1838, that he had long adopted the European plan of practice with bilious and intermittent fever and ague, and would undertake to cure in a few hours without the use of calomel. 421 422 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY During the decade of the forties several physicians located in Dubuque. One located at Cascade about 1843. Dr. Charles Hutawa was in Dubuque in 1840. In three days during November, 1845, the citizens of Dubuque subscribed $1,000 for a city hospital, owing to a smallpox scare, but as the disease almost immediately disappeared the project was dropped. In 1846 Drs. Charles Koepfle, R. S. Lewis and P. R. Campbell were paid fees by the county board for attendance on the poor. Dr. John B. Henion, dental surgeon, was here in 1847. In 1847 among the doctors here were Joseph Sprague, Asa Horr, Boone & Whitman, C. Koepfle, D. B. Lee, C. B. Carpenter, J. O'Sullivan and Timothy Mason. Koepfle, O'Sullivan and Mason were county physicians. The latter was a druggist. Drs. Horr and Sprague practiced together medicine and surgery and made a spe cialty of deformities. Drs. Lee and Carpenter were dentists and partners. The next year there were here practicing Drs. Harrison Holt, Ambrose Crane, J. B. Henion, Joseph Sprague, Asa Horr, C. Koepfle, D. B. Lee, I. B. Branch, P. P. Berger and Doctor Dif- fenbacker. Lee, Henion and Branch were dentists. In 1848 the Iowa State Medical Society was organized at Iowa City. Dr. Berger was a graduate of foreign medical schools and spoke three languages. In 1849 the cholera again appeared. By May 16 there were many cases in Galena, but none here yet. In June as high as ten deaths a day occurred in Galena. On May 30 there were a few cases here, which proved to be the dreaded cholera. By the last of June there had been from ten to twenty cases, and by July 7 there had been eleven deaths in Dubuque, of which five cases were from steamers. Large quantities of lime were sprinkled in the streets and alleys. Drs. L. T. Boone and R. S. Lewis practiced here in 1849. In July, 1850, cholera was again threatened and a hospital was again talked of. In 1850 Dr. Horr used chloroform in an operation of trachaeotomy on a child of Joseph Sebring. In 185 1 there were here among others Drs. H. T. Whitman, George W. Scott, Thomas Scott, Thomas P. Powell and Asa Horr. George W. Scott was physician, surgeon and accoucheur. He used vegetable remedies and not calomiel, opium, antimony, blistering, etc. Dr. Horr finally made a specialty of surgery. He used chloroform when amputating the leg of Ambrose Meeker, who had been injured by a threshing machine. In 185 1 he claimed to have already used chloroform here in 300 different cases. Dr. Powell had been a member of the Royal Medical Institute of Weland and had officiated as accoucheur of the Dublin Lying-in Hospital. He made a specialty of diseases of women and children. In 1852 the city had a few cases of cholera, perhaps during the FIRST ST. BONIFACE CHURCH SECOND ST. BONIFACE CHURCH ST. BONIFACE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH NEW VIENNA, IOWA HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 423 summer 100 cases in all. Ten to twenty died. Drs. George W. Richards and Robert I. Thomas were county physicians in 1852. A building was leased and fitted up for a hospital. In November, 1852, a meeting of the physicians of Dubuque was held at the office of Dr. Edward Kirkup for the purpose of forming a county medical society. A committee on constitution and bylaws was appointed and the meeting adjourned to a subsequent date. The committee were Asa Horr, G. W. Richards and F. C. Smith. At the second meeting in January, 1853, the constitution prepared was adopted and the following officers of the society were elected : G. W. Richards, president; John F. Ely and Harrison Holt, vice- presidents ; Asa Horr, corresponding secretary ; F. Coleman Smith, recording secretary ; R. S. Lewis, treasurer ; Richards, Horr and Ely, censors. The first members were as follows : D. W. Richards, R. E. Lewis, Asa Horr, Thomas Scott, Robert I. Thomas, Harrison Holt, F. C. Smith, J. W. Finley, W. R. McMahan, A. E. Smith and J- F. Ely. At the first annual meeting the members were : Asa Horr, W. R. McMahan, Harrison Holt, G. W. Richards, Thomas Scott, F. C. Smith, R. S. Lewis, John W. Finley and Robert J. Thomas, of Dubuque; A. E. Smith, of Delaware County, and John F. Ely, of Linn County. The presidents down to 1879 were : G. W. Richards, F. Andros, R. S. Lewis, Asa Horr, T. O. Edwards, R. J. Thomas, G. A. Staples, C. W. Belden, G. W. Watson, H. Minges, J. C Lay, Benjamin McCluer, W. Watson, N. B. Matthews, William Hoff- bauer, M. E. Connolly, John S. Lewis and M. H. Waples. The Northwestern Sanitarium was established in 1876 by Dr. E. A. Guilbert, and a little earlier the Dubuque Remedial and Surgical Institute was opened on Main street. Dr. Guilbert was a homeo- pathist. In April, 1853, the Medical Society met and passed resolutions regretting the death of Dr. G. W. Richards. R. S. Lewis was presi dent of the society at this date and E. Kirkup secretary. Smallpox was here again in 1853. Dr. W. R. McMahan was health officer. In the spring of 1854 Drs. W. R. McMahan and N. B. Matthews opened a private hospital in a brick house opposite the Court House. They were well patronized and cared for smallpox patients. Their consulting physicians were Drs. F. W. Finley, L. T. Coleman and Smith & Shipman. "Health of Dubuque. — The health of the city of Dubuque was never better. While neighboring cities have been visited by that enemy of our race, the cholera, Dubuque, with the exception of two or three strangers who died of it, has thus far escaped un harmed."— Observer, July 22, 1854. Dr. Watson was here in 1854; also Dr. E. C. Franklin, a pupil of 424 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Dr. Valentine Mott. A few cases of cholera appeared here in August. Among the physicians in Dubuque in November, 1855, were Lewis & Watson, Thomas Scott, Edward Dorn, W. W. Woolsey, Mengus & Bengal, and P. L. Hatch, homeopathist. The new hospital of the Sisters of Charity was opened in 1855. The citizens generally helped defray the expense of erecting the building. Drs. E. A. Guilbert and P. L. Hatch opened a homeo- pharmacy here in 1856. Drs. E. C. Franklin and W. B. Lillis opened the sarnie kind of a pharmacy a little later. A medical and surgical clinic was conducted in 1856 at 133 Main street, Dubuque, by W. B. Lillis, M. D. In December nineteen cases were treated. About this time Dr. Iddings inserted an arti ficial eye in a patient and was complimented highly for his skill. Dr. McTaggart, eye and ear specialist, was here in 1857. Other members at this time were : Horr, Belden, David, Watson, Pratt, Sprague, Matthews, Edwards, Minges, McCluer, Jennings and Thomas. They were all members of the Dubuque Medical Society. They conducted a clinic in 1857, in which the following cases were treated : Hernia, 1 ; porrigo favosa, 4 ; suppressio menses, 2 ; blennadenitis, 2 ; haemorrhoides, 1 ; leucorrhea, 1 ; icteritous jaun dice, 4 ; psoriasis, 1 ; ascites, or dropsy, 1 ; stricture, or urethra, 1 ; dysentery, 1 ; total, 19. The Dubuque County Homeopathic Medical Society was here in February, 1858. Among the members were: E. H. Guilbert, Dr. Williams, E. C. Franklin, C. A. Jaeger, H. P. Gatchell and John Ellis. Belden (G. W. B.) & David (W. G), W. Lillis, S. H. Guil bert, T. Edwards and others were practicing. Horr & Barker were partners. The two Guilberts were partners and probably brothers. The annual meeting of the Dubuque Medical Society was held at Dr. Staples' office in January, 1859. The following officers were elected for 1859: George M. Staples, president; William Watson, first vice-president; Joseph Sprague, second vice-president; James C. Lay, corresponding secretary; P. C. Samson, Jr., recording sec retary; William Watson, treasurer ; R. S. Lewis, chairman ; C. W. Belden, E. Dorn and N. B. Matthews, censors ; R. I. Thomas, Ben jamin McCluer and Thomas O. Edwards, delegates to the American Medical Association. R. I. Thomas had just retired from the presidency of the society. Dr. Barker was a graduate of Dublin University and the Missouri Medical State College. Dr. T. Edwards was a first-class surgeon. He had been professor of surgery in the Medical College of Ohio. Dr. Charles Jennings formed a partnership with Dr. Asa Horr in April, 1859. He was a young man, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and was well educated in medicine, ambitious and able. The Dubuque Medical Society held its annual meeting January HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 425, 3, i860, and elected the following officers for the ensuing year: C. W. Belden, president; Benjamin McCluer, vice-president; J. C. Fay, second vice-president; F. H. Pratt, corresponding secretary; C.R Jennings, recording secretary; William Watson, treasurer;. R. S. Lewis, Ed. Dorn and C. W. Belden, censors. Tom O. Edwards, George M. Staples and Joseph Sprague were elected dele gates to the American Medical Association. Drs. Lewis, Sprague,. Pratt, McCluer, Minges, Staples and Watson were appointed a committee to arrange for the meeting of the Iowa State Medical Society, which was to assemble here in May, i860. Reports on several difficult cases were read, and the address of the retiring- president, G. M. Staples, was listened to. On March 19, i860, Dr. Underwood, of Dubuque, at the Julien House removed a steotomatous tumor from the interior of the ear of Miss Mary A. Morrison, of Jones County. It was about two inches long and varying in thickness. It was removed in about half an hour and was regarded as a very skillful surgical operation. The Iowa State Medical Society assembled in Dubuque, May 9, i860. Dr. E. S. Barrows, of Davenport, president, called the meet ing to order. It was an interesting meeting throughout. Many valuable papers were read and many subjects discussed. Many physicians from all parts of the state were present. Dr. Asa Horr was operating and consulting surgeon and had a large practice in 1861. Drs. Henry Smith and C. J. Ford were dentists. Dr. C. B. Jennings was again here practicing in 1862. In war time Dr. G. M. Staples was post surgeon. In 1863 Dr. Risch- tach served as county physician. W. Matthews, of Peosta, grad uated from the Iowa Medical College at Keokuk about 1864. The Iowa State Dental Society met here in July, 1865, and was called to order by L. C Ingersoll, president. About a score of representatives were present from all over the state. Illustrative clinical work was done. Among the dentists present were Drs. Nichols, Gunckle, Chase, Myers, Tulloss, Hardeman, Severance, Braugh, Sales, Miss Hobbs, Kulp, Taft, of Cincinnati; Dr. Peebles, of St. Louis; Ingersoll and Porter, King, Rogers and Clarke, of Dubuque. In 1866 the steamer Canada which came here had on board six cases of cholera, of which three proved fatal. The Minnesota also brought here several cases. By prompt action the city prevented its getting a foothold. In 1867 the Northern Iowa Dental Association held its annual meeting at DyersviUe. Dr. A. B. Mason, of Cedar Falls, was presi dent, and Dr. E. L. Clarke, of Dubuque, vice-president. One acre of ten belonging to the city on the west one-half of the northeast one-half of Section 13, Township 89 north, Range 2 east, was set apart for a hospital site in June, 1869. The building was to- be erected by the city and the county jointly. 426 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Dr. Harrison Holt died in 1870. He came to Dubuque in 1847, practiced considerable at first and soon afterward became connected with the Miners' Express and remained thus associated until 1852, when he, D. A. Mahony, W. A. Adams and W. M. White estab lished the Herald. He died at Maquoketa. Dr. Casper Koepfle died here in 1870. He settled here in 1844 and had a fair practice. During the seventies the medical societies met quite regularly, but no event of striking importance occurred. The hospital was completed in 1872 and proved "just what was needed." The grounds comprised fifteen acres and the building was located 500 yards from any residence and contained eleven rooms. In 1869 the county board made a conditional appropriation of $2,000 for a city hospital, to be paid to the city when it should de liver to the county a warranty deed of the tract of land. This was done in 1872, when the hospital was erected. The eighteenth annual meeting of the Dubuque Medical Society was held in January, 1872, at Dr. McCluer's office. Dr. G. M. Staples was the retiring president. The new officers were: Dr. William Watson, president; H. Rischatsch and N. B. Matthews, vice-presidents ; W. M. Waples, corresponding secretary ; Dr. Con nolly, recording secretary; Benjamin McCluer, treasurer; J. C. Fay, J. W. Finley and W. McKee, censors ; W. Watson, librarian. Dr. Fay read a paper on "Vesico Vaginal Fistula ;" Dr. Watson one on "Reflex Nervous Diseases;" Dr. Rischatsch on "Scarlatina Angi- nosia," and Dr. McCluer one on "Reduction of Dislocation of the Hip by Manipulation." At this time the society had fourteen mem bers, as follows : John W. Finley, Asa Horr, W. Watson, C. W. Belden, N. B. Matthews, G. M. Staples, B. McCluer, J. C. Fay, H. F. Rischatsch, W. McKee, M. H. Waples, M. E. Connelly, J. F. Lewis and E. A. Crepin. When the yellow fever was at Memphis in 1873, Dubuque raised nearly $1,500 for relief. In 1873 Dr. James C. Fay became presi dent of the society here. The meetings were usually held at Dr. McCluer's office. The meeting of 1873 was interesting and in structive. Many papers on special subjects were read. Professor Hay, of Rush Medical College, Chicago, was present and took part in the proceedings. In 1874 there were many cases of smallpox in the southeastern part of the county. The profession united to "wipe it out" and suc ceeded. The members of the society in January, 1874, were as follows: John W. Finley, Joseph Sprague, B. McCluer, William Watson, George M. Staples, N. B. Matthews, James C. Fay, M. H. Waples, C. N. Belden, M. E. Connolly, Asa Horr, H. Rischatsch, W. McKee, Karl Mesling, H. Smith, of Epworth, and William Bigelow, of Buncombe. On June 21, 1874, John W. Finley, Joseph Sprague, Asa Horr, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 427 William Watson, C. W. Belden, H. B. Matthews, G. M. Staples, James C. Lay, Benjamin McCluer, H. T. Rischtash, Wiley McKee, M. H. Waples, M. E. Connolly, Carl Misling, H. W. Smith and Silas A. Tremain were incorporated as the Dubuque Medical Society. Dr. Nicholas B. Matthews died here September 9, 1875. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 18 19, was educated at Maynooth and finished his medical education at Glasgow and Edinburgh. He located in Dubuque in 1853, but for a short time practiced in Cas cade. He was a superior physician and was prominent in all worthy public affairs. In June, 1876, the Northeastern Iowa Homeopathic Medical So ciety met here at the Lorimier House. On May 25, 1881, the State Medical Society assembled here. S. B. Chase, of Osage, was president ; M. H. Waples, of Dubuque, as sistant secretary. Dr. C. W. Belden, of Dubuque, delivered the welcoming address. Almost every county of the state was repre sented. The proceedings were very interesting. Dr. McCluer, of Dubuque, read a paper on "Injuries to the Orbital Regions;" Dr. Staples, of Dubuque, one on "Chest Drainage and Emphysema." The ethics of the profession was discussed. Receptions were given by the leading citizens and homes thrown open for the comfort of the visiting followers. In 1883 several cases of smallpox were soon isolated and pre vented from spreading. The Hahnemann Medical Association of Iowa was in session here in June, 1883. Dr. E. A. Guilbert tendered the society a reception and banquet. In 1886 the Julien Medical Society was ¦ organized and monthly meetings were held at the houses of the members. Papers on medical subjects were read at every meeting. Dr. Bready was president ; Dr. Fowler, secretary ; Dr. Bready, custodian. The homeopaths reorganized in July, 1889, and met at Dr. Jackson's office. Drs. E. A. Guilbert and McCeney were temporarily president and secretary, respectively. Drs. William Bray, N. Bray and Jackson prepared a constitution and bylaws. In 1886 the health department reported on the necessity of doing away with the numerous sinkholes about the city and recommended the proposed new sewer; the open sewer system was denounced. Dr. Greene was health physician. He was still official physician in 1888. He reported that for the year 1887 there were 620 deaths, of which 355 were males. Twenty-eight had died of scarlet fever ; 56 of diphtheria; 13 of chickenpox; 14 of typhoid fever; 4 of ery sipelas; 13 of croup, and 492 of measles. In 1889 the officers of the Julien Medical Society were: G. M. Staples, president; Dr. Reynor, of Epworth, vice-president. In May, 1890, the Iowa State Dental Association met in this city. The Dubuque dentists in attendance were : W. P. Dickinson, 428 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY C. J. Peterson (who was chosen president), E. W. Munn, E. L. Clark, J. B. Clark and J. V. Conzett. The Dubuque County Medi cal Society had a fine banquet at the Lorimier House in 1892. Dr. Brownson was county physician in 1893. The sixth annual meet ing of the Cedar Valley Medical Society met here in October, 1893. All were invited to visit Finley Hospital. Retiring President Bigelow read a paper on "Fractures of Elbow Joints." Drs. Heus- tis and Kinnier conducted a twenty-minute eye clinic. Dr. N. J. J. Muller, of DyersviUe, was elected vice-president. In 1893 T. W. Ruete, of Dubuque, was chosen president of the Pharmaceutical Association of Iowa. The Wilson Medical Institute was established at Dubuque in 1893 for the treatment of the eye, ear, nose, throat, lungs, skin, blood, nerves, etc. Dr. J. W. Fowler became health officer in 1893. The eighth annual report of Dr. Brownson in 1894 showed he had treated during the year 833 patients ; he had served acceptably since 1888. At the June (1894) meeting of the Dubuque Medical So ciety the following doctors were present: Asa Horr, J. S. Lewis, J. F. McCarthy, F. W. Wieland, F. H. Holland, Cooper Walsh, J. R. Guthrie, J. W. Heustis, M. E. Connolly, J. H. Greene, W. H. Kinnier, I. S. Bigelow, J. E. Maguire, Ben Michel, W. P. Slattery, C. H. Hamilton and George Minges. The Dubuque Medical Society assembled in January, 1897. There were present among others: J. W. Heustis, president; Ben Michel, first vice-president; J. C. Dennison, second vice-president; F. W. Wieland, secretary; Nancy M. Hill, treasurer; Ben Michel, librarian; William Watson, M. E. Connolly and J. S. Lewis, censors. They discussed a proposed law to stop itinerant practice and aimed particularly at the osteopaths. Drs. Bready, Michel and Heustis were appointed -a committee to confer with the legis lature in favor of the proposed law. In 1897 and 1898 Dr. J. E. Maguire served as county physician. In April, 1898, the sixth annual session of the Tri-State Medical Society met here. Dr. George M. Staples died here in 1899. He was educated in Maine, came here in 1856 and served as surgeon of the Fourteenth Iowa Regiment. In 1900 a new ordinance provided for a board of health, consist ing of five members. They were chosen and at once took effective steps to correct many evils. In 1902 an epidemic of typhoid fever showed there was much yet to be done to prevent disease it was difficult to learn the source of the fever— city water, or well water, or otherwise. This year also smallpox again appeared, but was soon banished by the health board. The Dental Club of Iowa began to hold sessions about this time. Dr. George At Minges was presi dent of the Dubuque Medical Society in 1904. In 1905 this society was reorganized under the new state constitution. The new officers were- George Minges, president; James Alderson, vice-president, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 429 M. J. A. Muellen, second vice-president; Anna Odell, secretary; Lily Kinnier, treasurer; James R. Guthrie, librarian and delegate to the State Society; John Hancock, I. S. Bigelow and A. H. Block- linger, trustees; J. R. Guthrie, John S. Lewis and J. H. Greene, censors. The annual meeting of 1906 was interesting, instructive and largely attended. Many important papers were read. A clinic at Farley Hospital was an interesting feature. Among those present were : H. B. Gratiot, J. R. Guthrie, B. Michel, J. S. Lewis, E. R. Lewis, J. C. Hancock, Nancy Hill, George Minges, C. A. Snyder, I. S. Bigelow, J. H. Greene, C. H. Hamilton, Charles Lenehan, Mary Killeen, J. E. Bready, Dr. Myers, J. W. Heustis, W. L. Becker, Joseph Rowan, T. H. Hefferman, W. P. Slattery, F. W. Wieland, 0. E. Haisch, Dr. Sehrup, Dr. Pond and Dr. Linehan. Dr. Reynor, of Epworth, and C. A. Kearney, of Farley, were present. Drs. W. P. Slattery, Mary Killeen and I. S. Bigelow were the committee on arrangements, and much of the success of the meet ing was due to their efforts. The new officers were : I. S. Bigelow, president; Mary Killeen, secretary; Lily Kinnier, treasurer. In 1906 an epidemic of grip afflicted the city. In June, 1907, the most notable array of physicians ever assembled in Dubuque met and the visitors were welcomed by Dr. William P. Slattery. Numerous papers on specialties and successes were read and dis cussed. Finley Hospital was one of the centers of interest. At the meeting of June, 1907, there were present : H. B. Gratiot, J. W. Heustis, J. I. Lewis, I. S. Bigelow, J. H. Greene, F. W. Wieland, Ben Michel, J. R. Guthrie, G. W. Minges, C. H. Ham ilton, Nancy Hill, Dr. Hefferman, Dr. Cowan, J. F. McCarthy, Dr. Thompson, J. E. Costello, of Zwingle, and F. Reyner, of Epworth. In 1908 the society endorsed the Visiting Nurses' Association. In March of this year it seemed as if half of the people were unwell with colds and grip at one time. Dr. Alphons Matthews, an old physician of Dubuque, passed away after an active and useful pro fessional career. The Iowa State Association of Nurses held their annual meeting here in 1909. In May of this year the Iowa Medi cal Woman's Association held a convention in this city. They made a severe attack on osteopathy. Dr. Allen Staples was president of the Dubuque Medical Society in 1909. Dr. C. M. Linehan was county physician. The resident physicians of Dubuque in 1909 were, as follows: Adams, Omer G. W. Boothby, J. M. Alderson, James Bray, Nicholas Becker, William L. Bready, John E. Bigelow, Isaac S. Brownson, John J. B ech, G. O. Brownson, Orestes A. Blocklinger, A. H. Engelken, L. H. 430 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Fowler, John W. Gratiot, H. B. Green, Joel H. Guthrie, James R. Haisch, Otto E. Hamilton, C. H. Hancock, John C. Harris, R. R. Hefferman, T. H. Heles, John B. Heustis, J. W. Hilger, Francis J. Hill, Nancy M. Jackson, E. R. Kempf, Otto Keogh, J. V. Killeen, Mary Kinnier, Lily Kinnier, William H. Langworthy, Henry G. Lewis, Eugene R. Lewis, John S. Linehan, Charles M. Linehan, Mathias D. Lindsay, Samuel S. Loizeaux, Charles E. Maguire, John E. Melhop, C. W. Merdanian, S. K. Meyers, Frank W. Michel, Bernard Minges, George Moes, Mathias J. Nitzsche, Robert E. Oaks, John F. Palen, Charles Pond, A. M. Reinicke, Edward L. Rowan, Joseph J. J. Sehrup, Joseph H. Slattery, William P. Snyder, Charles A. Staples, G. Allen. Sumpmann, H. A. Walker. John M. Walker & Walker Wieland, Frank W. THE PROTESTANTS. THE first Protestant sermon delivered in Dubuque was by Rev. A. Kent, a Methodist missionary, in August, 1833. The first house for religious worship in Dubuque was a Metho dist chapel, erected in 1834. It was built of hewn logs and was 20x26 feet in size and was used as a church, school house and a court house for several years. The first preacher stationed here was Rev. N. S. Bastion, who was once missionary to Africa. He was soon succeeded by Rev. H. W. Reed. This old house, remod eled and relocated, was still in existence just before the Civil War and was used as a dwelling. Its successor was the Centenary building, commenced in 1839 and named because built 100 years after Wesley's chapel. The Catfish and Cedar Grove churches, about two miles from town, were offshoots of this congregation. The latter was organized in 1852 and the church was dedicated the following year. A German Methodist church was organized in 1848 and worshiped in a house on Clay street. Rev. Barton Randall, a Methodist clergyman, and Rev. John T. Mitchell, superintendent of missions of the Methodist church, vis ited Dubuque in the summer of 1834, held a quarterly meeting and administered the sacrament. In the fall of 1834, Rev. Nicholas S. Bastion was appointed by the Methodist conference at a meeting held at Mt. Carmel, Illinois, as the first regular "missionary to Du buque mission, Dubuque Lead Mines, upper Mississippi river, Michigan Territory." Mr. Bastion remained a year at Dubuque, preaching on the Sabbath and teaching school during the week in the Methodist church building. Mr. Bastion, together with Wood bury Massey, John Johnson, Mrs. Lockwood and others, continued the first Sabbath school in Iowa, it having been organized in 1834 by Rev. Mr. Randall. In the fall of 1835 Mr- Bastion transferred his school to a place about ten miles west of Dubuque. He was thus the first preacher and the first teacher in Dubuque county out side the limits of Dubuque city and in all northern Iowa. — (Cor. E. &H., August 13, 1858.) Dubuque, Iowa, May 1, 1835. To Major T. C. Legate, Agent Upper Mississippi Lead Mines. The undersigned, on behalf of the trustees of the Methodist Episcopal church of Dubuque, hereby apply for permission to oc cupy the square of ground on which said church is built, said 431 432 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY square having been laid off by a committee appointed by a meet ing of the citizens of the place acting under the authority of the assistant superintendent of the United States Lead Mines for the purposes of church and school houses. Woodbury Massey, One of the Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Dubuque. Authority is hereby given to occupy the land above described and for the purposes therein named. Th. C Legate, Galena, May 7, 1835. Major U. S. Army, Supt Lead Mines. "1834. Subscriptions for chapel for the Methodist Episcopal -church in the town of Dubuque. Plan of the house, to be built of hewn logs, 20x26 feet in the clear, one story, ten feet high, lower and upper floors and shingled roof, walls painted with lime and sand, one batten door, four twenty-light and one twelve-light win dows; cost estimated for completing in good -style, $225. The above house is built for the Methodist Episcopal church, but when not occupied by said church shall be open for divine service by -other Christian denominations and may be used for a common school at the discretion of the trustees. Woodbury Massey, John Johnson, William Hillery, Marcus Atchison and Orin Smith are the board of trustees who are authorized to receive subscriptions and control the interests of the said house for the uses above men tioned." "Received of the trustees of the Methodist Episcopal church the sum of two hundred and fifty-five dollars in full for building a Methodist church in the town of Dubuque, agreeable to contract, this third day of September, 1834. "P. Smith "William Clark." It was claimed that by verbal promises of the minister and mem bers at the time the subscription was raised the uses were greatly extended, but the documents showed that the church authorities surrendered even more than was promised in the subscription state ment. "I understand that the building in this place, used by the county as a court and by the Methodists as a meeting house, was built by contribution and that it was designed by the contributors to be free to all sects of Christians without distinction. What are the facts in the case?" — (Inquirer in Iowa News, August 6, 1837.) Among the subscribers to the Methodist church fund were the following : HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 433 J. Johnson Jacob Sloven E. Lockwood A. Morgan Mr. Glockler Mr. Shun Charles Miller W. Massey W. Hillery M. L. Atchison M. L. Prentice John Levi Simeon Clark Thomas Child Mr. Weggil William Vaughan Caroline Boody L. Everett John Wharton Walton Baker Samuel Walsh George Peacock J. Durall David Slater John Smoker J. B. Webber Wm. Mattox J. L. Young Mr. Hickey Warner Lewis H. T. Camp J. B. Stoddard Paid in dishes S. D. Green H. Portzer W. Lockwood P. O'Mara L. E. Jackson H. Gilbert Mrs. Jordan G. W. Jordon L. Wheeler J. Stoddard G. S. Booth Louis Bleau N. Morgan J. P. Cobb A. Wilson Mr. Shadwick T. Whitesides Baker & Cox (order) Mr. Fanning Mr. Ragin Mr. Weir Hardin Nowlin Orin Smith J. B. Smith "While we were engaged in building a log house Mr. Johnson, an old man who was much respected by the citizens of Dubuque and a Methodist, asked if we would subscribe something towards the building of a church which would also be used for a school- house. One of the young men said he would give one dollar towards building a gambling house, but nothing for a church. Mr. Johnson made a little speech as to the importance of such a build ing in the community, whereupon the young man, after a pause, said, 'Well, old hoss, here's a dollar.' All the others gave from fifty cents to a dollar. I paid seventy-five cents — all the money I had.. This was about the first of August, 1834. The first church quarrel that took place in Iowa occurred at Dubuque about Oc tober 1, 1834. A Mormon elder arrived in town and it was noised around that he would not be permitted to preach in the log church. This created some excitement when a crowd of young men started with the Mormon to the church. It was dark, but a number of persons had already collected around the door, which was locked. One man forced his way through the crowd, stuck his bowie knife in the door and said, T helped to build this church and I'll be damned if it shan't be free to all denomina tions.' Just then some person came forward and unlocked the door, when the room was soon filled with listeners to the Mor mon's discourse." — (Eliphalet Price in Herald, July 13, 1865.) "Another minister of the gospel is needed among us — one who can reason, preach and sing and enforce the fourth command ment. The harvest truly is plenteous, but the laborers are few."— (Visitor, May 11, 1836.) 434 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY "Mr. Editor : Permit me, through the medium of your paper, to advert to the happy effects which have resulted from the passage of our town ordinance in relation to the observance of the Sab bath. It cannot fail of proving a source of high congratulation to every virtuous and well regulated mind when we contemplate the order and decorum which prevails in every part of our com munity on Sunday, the total abstinence from all secular business, the silence and retirement that reigns throughout the place, and which are so characteristic of the day set apart for devotion and religious contemplation. The willingness with which the citizens of Dubuque acquiesced in the law passed by the trustees and the ready and prompt obedience they yielded to its requirements are worthy of all praise and evince their love of order and decency. The exertions, too, of the trustees thus to improve the moral as pect of our town is not the least important of the many wholesome regulations they have adopted and entitle them to the continued re spect and consideration of their fellow citizens." — (Osman, in Iowa News, September 30, 1837. The writer was supposed to be Dr. Timothy Mason.) A Sunday school was organized by the ladies of this society in 1836. A singing school was also organized with Mr. Fales conductor. The Methodists' quarterly meeting was held here in the M. E. chapel in January, 1839, an(l was conducted by Rev. Mr. Weed. The Methodists of "Du Buque Station, Iowa Territory," as sembled on December 9, 1839, for the purpose of making prepara tions to celebrate the centenary of Methodism. Rev. Mr. Stewart was chosen chairman and James R. Goodrich secretary. A com mittee of three was appointed to prepare for the event — R. Rogers, J. P. Farley and J. R. Goodrich. It was resolved that the funds raised on that occasion should be used in part toward the erection of a "House of worship for the Methodist Episcopal church, to be called the 'Wesleyan Centenary Church.' " It was resolved that amounts subscribed under $50 be payable in three months, and over $50 in three and six months. R. Rogers was made treasurer of the funds thus to be raised. The cornerstone of the first Presbyterian church in Dubuque and in the state of Iowa was laid July 18, 1836, though no church society was organized until May 12, 1839. During the winter pre vious to the laying of the corner stone, Rev. Cyrus Watson, a Presbyterian, preached in the Methodist church. But probably the first Presbyterian services held here were by Rev. Mr. Kent, pastor of a Presbyterian church in Galena. The Presbyterian society here was organized in the log meeting house, nineteen being the original membership. The first pastor was Rev. Z. R. Hawley, who re mained sixteen months and was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Townsend. Rev. J. C. Holbrook, the third pastor, began his labors here March 20, 1842. In December, 1844, the church adopted the Congrega- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 435 tional form of government. The old house was abandoned, owing to a suit for debt. The next building was erected in 1846 and was greatly enlarged four years later. In 1857-8 a new house was erected at Locust and Tenth streets. Mr. E. Lockwood, one of the trustees, reported early in September, 1837, that he had paid out on the Presbyterian church $2,474.80, had received $1,330, and that there was still due him $1,144.80. The church had remained in an unfinished condition a long time and now there was some complaint. Among the subscribers to the Presbyterian church fund were the following men : E. Lockwood W. S. Gilman Swan & Webster Loring Wheeler F. K. O'Ferrall M. H. Prentice L. J. Daniels Governor Dodge Augustus Coriell R. Rupert Davis Gillilan John Smoker C. H. Gratiot Thomas C. Fassitt C. H. Langworthy David Watson James Watson Thomas R. Brazier W. W. Chapman Thomas McCraney David Sleator Robert C. Bourne H. T. Camp R. D. Sherman Leroy Jackson W. N. Baker F. Andross G. D. Grafford H. Loomis G. W. Cummins Charles Miller Wm. S. Anderson John W. Markle William Guery John O. Graham S. Shepherd Timothy Mason William Allen H. N. Sanford Daniel C. Boyle Benjamin Hughes Samuel Hulett D. T. Blythe A. Levi Mr. Snodgrass Geo. L. Nightingale Thomas Cotten Solomon Cotten James R. Lott Isaac Lyon M. Dickinson A. LaGrave L. L. Hayden A. Cotee E. Wooten E. Mattox H. H. Pease William McDaniel Benj. T. Massey J. E. Miller Henry Becket Sam'l S. McMaster J. M. Harrison and others On Wednesday, July 18, 1836, the corner stone of the Presby terian church was laid in Dubuque in the presence of Judge Dunn, chief justice of Wisconsin Territory. A procession marched to the building site where prayer was offered by Mr. Rupert and an ad dress was delivered by Dr. Timothy Mason. In October, 1837, the following committee was appointed to solicit subscriptions to be used in completing the Presbyterian church: Warner Lewis, Thomas S. Wilson and John Plumbe, Jr. In April, 1840, a Baptist congregation was organized in Du buque and in the winter of 1841 a small house at Clay and Eighth was dedicated. Rev. Burton Carpenter became the first pastor in May, 1841. A new lot was bought in 1850 and a new church 436 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY was commenced in 1853. The basement was dedicated July 30, 1854, but the whole church was not dedicated until December 21, 1856. An Episcopal church was organized in 1843, hut languished and did little until 1844. Its house was consecrated April 19, 1851, and was located at Locust and Ninth. In November, 185 1, Rev. R. D. Brooke took charge of the parish, though for some reason services were held in the court house. There were then twenty- five communicants. A congregation of Christians was organized in Dubuque in 1844. They secured the house originally built by the old school Presbyterians. The first pastor was Rev. J. P. Lancaster. The Baptist church at Dubuque was incorporated July 27, 1840. Among the first members were Benjamin Rupert, Amos Matthews, Jenks Dexter, Joseph T. Fales, Alexander D. Anderson, J. D. Graffort and their families. A Sunday school celebration was held July 4, 1840, in "the grove above the cemetery" (Jackson park). James Crawford was orator. Rev. Z. K. Hawley ad dressed the children and Rev. J. J. Stewart addressed the parents. Rev. Washington Wilcox was a Methodist of this conference in 1841. On January 15, 1841, the Presbyterian church at Dubuque was incorporated by Henry L. Stout, John W. Finley, Isaac E. Norris, Lewis L. Wood, James H. Warren and Ezekiel Lockwood. In 1844 Rev. H. W. Reed was presiding elder of the Methodists; Rev. George B. Bowman, pastor of Dubuque ; Rev. Joel B. Taylor and Rev. William W. Knight, pastors of Dubuque circuit and Delevan mission. On August 30, 1843, the Rock River Conference of the Meth odist church met in Dubuque. On September 8, 1844, the Christian church at Dubuque was organized by the following individuals: R. O. Anderson, Mor decai Mobley, P. R. Campbell, H. A. Henderson, Caroline Ander son, Martha Campbell, Martha Mobley, Hannah Pierce, Elizabeth Graves and Thomas White. Irregular services were at first held; in 1845 they met in the stone Presbyterian church. It was not until 1877 that they occupied their new church at the corner of Locust and Ninth. The Methodists completed their church at Cascade in 1844, but the society was organized three years before. The Congrega tional church at Cascade was built in 1845, with Rev. E. B. Turner in charge. In 1871 the Episcopal church at Cascade was erected. The ladies of the Protestant congregations of Dubuque united in 1847-8 to devise means to care for the sick and indigent. In 1847 a fair by the ladies of the Episcopal church, held in Emerson & Shields' new block, netted them $267 for their proposed church. Rev. Mr. Holbrook lectured as well as preached in the_ Congre gational church during the forties; one lecture was "Capital Pun- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 437 ishment." He was one of the ablest clergymen here in early years. By 1847 the African Baptist Church society had been or ganized and they were trying to raise means to build or secure a small building of their own. Rev. G. W. Woodward preached at the "stone church" in March, 1848, on which occasion he en deavored to organize a Unitarian church. The Dubuque County Bible society was organized in 1848 in Dubuque and branches were established at Epworth, Farley, Cas cade, DyersviUe and elsewhere at later dates. The Methodist church at DyersviUe was organized in 1849 and Rev. William Trick, Sr., preached the first sermon in the place. The first services were held in a house provided by James Dyer, Sr, and here also the first Sunday school was held. These services were held about a mile east of the present town. In 1854 a small church was built at Dewitt and Union streets. Rev. W. H. Reed of Dubuque, was presiding elder and came here to the quarterly meetings. Rev. S. A. Lee was pastor in 1856. The ladies of the Episcopal church gave another fair late in 1848; they met in Peter Kiene's new building near the court house; an admission fee of twenty cents was charged. "I wish to notice a habit quite prevalent in this city. It is that of going to church for the purpose of taking a comfortable snooze during divine service. This miserable and sinful practice is quite fashionable and followed extensively by certain ladies and gentle men, especially some who attend the Methodist and Congregational churches." — (Christian in Miners' Express, February 23, 1848.) At the Methodist Episcopal conference in 1849, Rev- G. B. Bowman became presiding elder ; Rev. J. Harris and Rev. L. Tay lor, pastors of Dubuque; Rev. S. Farlow, pastor of Dubuque cir cuit; Rev. J. T. Coleman, pastor at Cascade. Rev. G. Copway, a Chippeway chief, preached twice in the Methodist church in Sep tember, 1849. The Congregationalists enlarged their church in 1849. The Dubuque County Bible society was in existence yet and doing good work. The old school Presbyterian church was organized in 1850 and at first had about a dozen members. They came mostly from the Congregationalists and soon numbered twenty-one. Their church was erected in 1850-1 at Main and Twelfth streets. Joshua Phelps, D. D., the first pastor was installed in 1853. The second (new school) Presbyterian church was organized in 1855 with seven teen members. They first used a hall that was afterward occupied by the city council, but in June, 1856, completed their chapel at Ninth and Locust streets. Rev. J. H. Trowbridge was the first pastor and began his services in June, 1856. A small body of German Presbyterians worshiped at Iowa and Seventeenth streets under Rev. A. Van Vleit. In 1849, the Methodist ministers for this county were Revs. 438 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY A. Young, P. E., J. G. Dimmitt, J. L. Kelley (at Catfish), J. T. Coleman (at Cascade). J. H. W. Hawkins, a famous temperance advocate from Baltimore, lectured on that subject in the Congre gational church in October. Lincoln Clark was president of the county bible society. In November, 1850, the Dubuque County Temperance society held a big convention at Dubuque. The Iowa annual conference of the Methodist church met here in 1850; the assignments were : Dubuque district, Rev. Alcinus Young, P. E. ; Dubuque Station, Rev. William Hulbert; Catfish, Rev. Alpha J. Kynett; Cascade, J. G. Dimmitt and Isaac Newton; Dubuque cir cuit, Rev. Joel B. Taylor. The Sabbath school at DyersviUe, on October 8, 185 1, celebrated its second anniversary; over 150 persons were present. Rev. Joel Taylor preached ; Revs. Isaac Newton and William Frich also spoke. There was singing, recitations by the children, and a sup per. In a fair at the city hall, Dubuque, in 1851, the Methodist ladies made $140. In 1850 the Methodists began their new church. The Methodist camp ground was near Mr. Funston's. In June, 1850, the ladies of the Congregational church gave a dinner which netted $80 toward a new residence for Rev. Mr. Holbrook. The Methodist church at Epworth was organized in 185 1 with Thomas G. Briggs and wife, Otis Briggs and wife, Alfred Garner and wife, A. H. Van Anda and wife, Joseph Smith and wife and others as members. The first services were held that year in a schoolhouse on the farm of Otis Briggs with Rev. Joel B. Taylor as pastor. Early in 1853 they built a small frame church at Center and Main at a cost of about $1,000, which was dedicated by Mr. Taylor in December of that year. At this time the member ship was about twenty-five. In 1 870-1 their large brick church was built and dedicated in November, 1 871, by Elder H. W. Reed; the pastors have been Taylor, Kelly, Reed, Haven, Cameron, Thompson, Ashbaugh, Miller, Isham, Bronson, Ruler, Laverty, Moore, Houghton, Hartsough, Piatt, Ferris, Albrook, Swearmgen and many others. Zion Reformed church, on section 16, Cascade township, first held services in May, 1853, with Rev. F. C. Bauman in charge. Spring Valley schoolhouse was used. Regular services were not held until 1863, when Rev. Bauman permanently effected the or ganization with twenty-three members. In September, 1867, the cornerstone of the brick church was laid and the building was duly dedicated in October, 1868, Rev. J. Riale officiating. Among the pastors have been Revs. Bauman, Rettig, Smith, Bouser and others. Prairie Presbyterian church stands on Section 11, Washington township; it is a frame structure, erected in 1863; among the orig inal members in 1855, when the society was first organized, were John and Aliza A. F. Crew, Jessie and May Peirson, Alexander and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 439 Margaret Foster, Joseph and Margaret McGregor, Robert and Catherine Kennedy, Thomas and Martha McCurdy, Lucinda Van Kirk, Jane A. Mathers, Christian and Ann Denlinger. The early pastors were Revs. Allen, Vawter, Harmon, LeClere, Gay, Lyons and others. In 1853 Professor Mathews gave spiritual rappings here and was arrested for showing without a license. He defended himself on the ground that he gave a religious performance and stated that the fee at the door was the contribution solicited by all re ligious bodies. After a trial he was discharged. Rev. John C. Holbrook edited the Congregational Herald in 1853. A Methodist organization was established at Centralia about 1853 and a schoolhouse, moved from Sharp's farm, was the first church. Elder Reed and others preached to the members. In 1872 fire destroyed the building and scattered the members. The Collegiate Institute for Young Ladies, established by Miss Catherine Beecher, began operations in 1853. The Main Street Methodist church was dedicated April 14, 1853 ; Rev. W. F. Cowles was in charge. The Methodists had an organization at what is now DyersviUe as early as 1849, when Judge Dyer provided a place for them to assemble. In 1853 a frame church was commenced and com pleted in the spring of 1854, and Rev. Wm. Trick became first pastor. Their new church was erected in 1856 and cost about $12,000, a large sum for that day. In August, 1855, the Second Presbyterian church of Dubuque was organized with seventeen members and belonged to the new school branch of the church. By January 1, 1856, they numbered about forty members and were preached to regularly in Thedinga's hall, over the store of Charles Suffrins, by Rev. J. Guernsey. Early in January, 1856, they purchased a lot at Locust and Ninth streets and made preparations to build a church in 1856. In 1855 Thanksgiving day services were held by the United Baptists, Methodists and Congregationalists at the Main street Methodist church. The Presbyterians held services at their own church. The Presbyterian church at Epworth was organized in 1856 with John V. McCune, Jacob B. Waynant, Joseph Scott and their wives, R. S. Alexander and relatives and others, numbering about twenty-five. They had held services in the Methodist church. The first services in their own church were held in June, 1859, in the basement by Rev. S. T. Wells. The church was dedicated February 19, i860; among the pastors have been Revs. Wells, Carsons, Potter, Bailey and Fisher. The Young Men's Christian Association of Dubuque, was or ganized in June, 1856, and held its first regular session July 7. It started with about thirty members and in a year had nearly 130. It had a reading room and a library was soon started. 440 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Mission Sunday schools, started by the Methodists and old school Presbyterians, were doing well. On July 24, 1856, the cornerstone of the new Congregational church in Dubuque was laid with great ceremony. On July 7, 1856, the first regular meeting of the Young Men's Christian As sociation was held in the Congregational church; William Mills was chairman and F. J. Harron secretary. In 1856 Rev. Mr. Hol brook and Dennis A. Mahony, editor of the Express and Herald, discussed at length in the newspapers the question of slavery, the former denouncing that institution and the latter upholding it. By the last of January, 1856, the Congregationalists had raised, by subscription, $8,o0o of the $25,000 required for their new church. Rev. J. H. Trowbridge was pastor of the Second Presby terian church at Locust and Eighth streets in 1856. Bishop Simp son lectured here on "Christian Unity or Oneness," and "The In visible," in August, 1856; packed churches heard him. The Congregational church society sold their church and lot on Main street to C. H. Booth for $20,000. The church, with $10,000 additional subscription, designed to erect a new structure at Locust and Tenth streets. Already by March, 1857, the foun dation had been laid. In the fifties the German Lutherans had a small congregation on Clay street near Twelfth. In all there were fifteen religious bodies in Dubuque in the summer of 1857 and all except one had regular or stated pastors. In the Dubuque district of the Upper Iowa Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1857 the following appointments were made: H. W. Reed, presiding elder; P. E. Brown, Dubuque; E. S. Stout, Dubuque centenary; T. Thompson, Dubuque cir cuit; J. W. Batter, Rockdale; L. S. Ashbaugh, Epworth; S. A. Lee, DyersviUe; J. Newton, Colesburg; H. Taylor, Rockville; J. L. Kelly, Cascade. The Dubuque district preachers' meeting and the district Sunday school convention of the Methodist church was held at DyersviUe in August, 1857. A large increase in the membership of the schools was announced. The opening sermon was preached by Rev. P. E. Brown, and the closing one by Rev. Stout, both of Dubuque. The Baptist church at Cascade was built in 1854. The Baptist state convention was held here in October, 1857. Rev. Elihu Gunn of Keokuk, preached the annual sermon. Rev. John Bates of Cascade, was president pro temi The Central Baptist church at Epworth had fourteen members in September, 1857. Several of them lived at Centralia. They were supplied by Rev. John Avil, who preached alternatively at Epworth and Centralia. A union revival was carried on here in April, 1858, when preach ing was conducted at the Julien theater, preachers of the different HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 441 denominations alternating. At the same time the Catholics held daily services at the cathedral. "There have been remarkable religious revivals in all the churches in this city during the past few months and the interest in spiritual affairs seems to be still maintained." — (E. & H., April 15, 1858.) The annual meeting of the Congregational Association was held here in June, 1858. Ministers were here from all parts of the west. Many important questions were considered, among which were slavery, Iowa college, home missions, Christian union, etc. Among those present were Revs. William Anderson, Dr. Badger, Mr. Harper, Mr. Jones, J. P. Kimball, Mr. Robbins, Mr. Magoun, D. Leonard, Mr. Reed, Guernsey, Emlerson, Salter, Canfield, Grin- nell, Benton, Butter, Radcliffe, Turner and others. The German Lutheran church at DyersviUe was organized in 1858 by Rev. M. Van Vliet. In 1872 their stone church was built. The Congregational church was established here in 1858 by Rev. W. H. Heu de Bourgh, through whose efforts the church was built. The First Presbyterian church was dedicated June 27, 1858, by Rev. J. P. Phelps, pastor at Locust and Eleventh streets. Rev. Mr. Avery preached in Dubuque on Universalism in Feb ruary, 1858, at the Congregational church. By January, 1859, there were two Methodist churches at Dubuque. Miss Martha Hulett, medium of Rockford, Illinois, lectured here on Spiritual ism in April, 1859. The Dubuque Sunday School Union held its annual meeting at the Baptist church in April, 1859. The churches represented were the following: Methodist, Congregational, Baptist, Presbyterian, Julien Avenue Mission, Third Ward Mission, Eagle Point Mis sion, Episcopal. The aggregate of children represented was 3,000. Richard Edwards was elected president. The new Congregational church building was dedicated April 1, i860, at Tenth and Locust streets. There must have been pres ent between 900 and 1,000 people; it was the largest Protestant gathering ever convened in Dubuque. The sermon was preached by Rev. J. C. Holbrook. He was assisted by Rev. J. Guernsey and others. The first Universalist society, on June 30, i860, gave an ex cursion in two steamboats, which cost for the occasion $200 and besides engaged the Germania band. The boats were the Alham bra and Fannie Harris. They were loaded to the guards and ran to Cassville, where they were received with cannon shots. Rev. J. S. Dennis was the orator. The following wete the appointments of the Dubuque district of the Methodist conference in i860: P. E. Brown, presiding elder; Dubuque Main street, R. L. Collier; Dubuque Centenary 442 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY and West Dubuque Mission, I. K. Fuller; Rockdale, I. W. Newton; Dubuque circuit, E. F. Joffries; Epworth, H. W. Reed; Dyers viUe, S. N. Fellows; Cascade, T. C. Wolf and C. Isam; Epworth Seminary, R. W. Keeler, member of Dubuque quarterly con ference. The Dubuque County Bible society held its annual meeting No vember 20, i860. All the Protestant churches closed and as sembled in the Congregational church to hear the services. Rev. J. C. Holbrook preached the annual sermon. R. Edwards was chosen president of the society for 1861. The report showed that large numbers of bibles and tracts had been distributed. In November, i860, the ladies of the Presbyterian church held a grand fair at Lorimer hall to raise means to pay off the indebted ness on their church. It netted about $200 for the supper and irtusical entertainment. Johns Creek Methodist Episcopal church stands on section 2, Cascade township. It was erected in i860 and dedicated in June, 1 86 1 ; it is in the Farley circuit. Among the first members were Richard Baker and wife, William Morgan and wife, Thomas Baker, William Ganfield and wife, and Mrs. H. Rogers. The Christian church at Epworth was organized about 1861 by John Trowbridge, Francis Rogers and wife, Aaron Wood and family, Ephraim Story and wife and about twenty others. A church was built, but the society disbanded after six years. In 1873 it was reorganized, with Rev. Bennett as pastor; other min isters have been Martin, Crocker, Muller, Applegate and others. The Presbyterian church at Farley was organized in 1865; pre vious to this date members of that faith had attended at Epworth. When organized they secured the stone hall at Wood and Thir teenth streets, where services were held by Rev. William Carson of Epworth. In 1868 a better church was secured; Rev. Jewett became pastor; later, Bailey, Agnes and Fisher served the con gregation. The Baptist church at Epworth was organized in March, 1866, with Luther Mason, T. H. Davis and wife, Benjamin Goodrich and wife, Leonard Wright and wife, Mrs. Chapman, Mrs. Good rich, Mrs. Pratt, Daniel Durham and wife and others. In 1872 their church was erected; among the ministers in charge have been Revs. Hill, Johnson, Skemp, Lill, Whiting, Weaver and Hall. The Methodist church at Farley was incorporated in 1866, but the congregation had been organized before as part of the Ep worth charge and occasional services had been held in residences, etc. Revs. R. W. Keeler, H. W. Houghton, Burgess, Dove, Thompson, Smedley, Cowgill, Rogers and others have been pastors. When fully organized the congregation met in Farley hall, which was purchased ; a parsonage was built near. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 443 Rev. Dr. C. B. Smith was pastor of the Baptist church, Dubuque, in 1861. On May 29, 1861, the eighth annual convention of the Protestant Episcopal church of the diocese of Iowa met at St. John's church, Dubuque. Rev. J. S. Dennis resigned from the pastorship of the Uni- versalist society in Dubuque in March, 1863, and engaged in mer cantile pursuits in Chicago. Their church at Tenth and Main streets was dedicated in 1862. Rev. D. M. Reed was the new pastor. All the Protestant churches united in a grand musical conven tion and carnival in January, 1862 ; it continued a week and was the greatest musical event ever here up to that date. The Jewish synagog was in existence early in the sixties and stood on Locust between Ninth and Tenth; Rev. A. Alexander was rabbi. Later Rev. H. J. Messing was rabbi, and Alexander Levi was president of the synagog. Bishop Lee preached in St. John's church in Oc tober, 1863; in February, 1864, a festival given by this church netted over $500. The Lee Female Seminary, under Miss Julia A. Titus, was in existence in September, 1864. The Universalist fair, in 1864, netted over $1,500. A fancy dress festival at the city hall in February, 1865, yielded $1,290 for St. John's Episco pal church. The Swedenborgians had a small organization in Dubuque in 1866. In 1867 the Baptist church at Worthington was erected; Rev. James Hill was pastor. In June, 1868, three sisters named Whiting were married in succession on the same day in the Con gregational church, Dubuque; Rev. Lyman Whiting, father of the brides, officiated. The Second Presbyterian church was dedi cated in November, 1869; Rev. Dr. Spees preached the sermon. The new Episcopal church at Main and Fourteenth was com menced in 1869. The new organ in the Congregational church was twenty-two feet wide and thirty-two feet high. In November, 1869, the new Methodist church was dedicated; Rev. Dr. Reid preached the sermon; improvements to the church had cost $24,113 ; organ, $3,000. The fourteenth annual session of the Upper Iowa Conference was held in 1869 in Dubuque. The new Presbyterian church at Farley was dedicated in 1871 by Rev. W. T. Marshall. In 1872 the Protestant churches of Dubuque united in a grand revival, one of the most successful ever held here. Rev. E. P. Hammond, the evangelist, was the leader, but was assisted by the Dubuque pastors. Saloons were visited and the whole city was stirred to its moral foundations. Revs. Bingham, Raymond, Os- trander, Rebman, Alderson, Young, Marshall and others assisted the evangelist. Of the converts the Methodists secured no, Con gregationalists 86, First Presbyterians 37, Second Presbyterians 37, Primitive Methodists 15, Baptists 1. The Herald objected to all 444 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY revivalists. Thomas Paine's birthday was often celebrated by the Free Thinkers of Dubuque. The cornerstone of the Epis copal church at DyersviUe was laid in September, 1875. Rev. C. H. Seymour and Rev. H. L. Everest conducted the ceremonies; the building cost $3,600. The Episcopal carnival at the city hall in April, 1875, realized over $1,000; the representations of Red Riding Hood, Mother Goose, Gulliver, Cinderella, Jack Frost, Mother Hubbard, Bo Peep, etc., were attractive features. St. George Episcopal church at Farley was organized in 1870 and the next year two lots were secured and the church was erected at Tenth and Langworthy streets, Rev. W. F. Lloyd lay ing the corner stone. Other early pastors were Phelps, Everest, Magee, Archdeacon and others. Christ Episcopal church at DyersviUe was organized in 1874, the first services being held in the Congregational church by Rev. H. L. Everest. In 1875 the Spiritualists held a camp meeting on the hill; there were present adepts in spiritualism, clairvoyance, trance medium, mind reading, free love, woman's rights ; also short haired women and long haired men. In ridiculing this gathering the Herald spoke slightingly of Susan B. Anthony. A fair for the Home for the Friendless netted $804.39 in 1875. In 1862 the Baptists gave up their church at Tenth and Main and in 1875 met in a small frame building near the postoffice. In 1876 they bought a lot at Twelfth and Main and began to increase in size; Rev. Allen Curr was pastor; he became involved in serious trouble. The Eagle Point branch of the Y. M. C. A. was opened in 1877. An other immense union revival was conducted here in 1877. The old stone First German Presbyterian church, erected in 1856, was undermined by the high waters, was torn down and a better one was built late in the seventies; Rev. E. Schueth was pastor. The Iowa convention of Universalists met in Dubuque in 1883. Rev. Dr. Burrell sharply criticized the people of Dubuque in 1886; he called Dubuque "an utterly, defiantly, confessedly law less place." In 1886 roughs and hoodlums on the street broke up Salvation Army meetings on the streets; the leaders were ar rested. By 1888 the Episcopalians had raised $132,000 for a new church, grounds, tower and chimes. They secured the old Pea body residence for $40,000; the church proper cost $80,000. In 1889 the First Congregational church celebrated its semi-centennial in beautiful fashion. On September 28, 1893, the Emmanuel German Congregational church celebrated the silver jubilee of Rev. Herman Ficke's pas torate of the church. When he arrived in 1868 he first preached to five adults and two children in a small frame building; the little band owed $1,200; the society of the year before was scat tered; it had been organized by Rev. Jesse Guernsey. By 1891 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 445 "Immanuel Kirche," a fine building was the home of the large con gregation and well-attended Sunday school; the cornerstone of this building was laid October 16, 1887. "The Second Presbyterian church of Dubuque is distinguished by a long line of brilliant preachers. Two of its pastors, Dr. D. J. Burrell and Rev. Henry E. Mott, are now supplying churches among the most imiportant and influential in the country. It is now looking for a brilliant preacher and good pastor." — (New York Evangelist, 1894.) In 1894 the Methodists projected a new church on the old site to cost $60,000. In 1895 the fiftieth anniversary of St. John's Episcopal church was celebrated with splendid ceremonies. In March, 1895, the First Congregational, Second Presbyterian and Main Street Methodist churches united in three weeks of special religious services. The Upper Iowa Conference convened here in 1897; Bishop H. W. Warren conducted the services. In 1897 St. Luke's new Methodist Episcopal church was completed at a cost of about $80,000. In 1905 Finley hospital received a bequest of $100,000 from the Finley estate. In 1906 Andrew Carnegie gave $10,000 or $15,000 to the German Presbyterian Theological Seminary. The German Presbyterian Theological school of the northwest has done an immense work in establishing churches of this faith. For many years it struggled alone and with small success to edu cate the German race coming to America in the gospel of Christ according to this faith : The bible is the fundamental condition of all study. Rev. W. O. Ruston was president. The origin of this school was a new departure to meet new and needed surroundings for religious worship. It is the parent of over 100 churches planted throughout the west. It has a large and able faculty and furnishes a rare education. Its beautiful building back on the bluffs at Dubuque commands a magnificent view up and down the river. PROTESTANT CHURCHES OF DUBUQUE, I909. Congregational : First at Tenth and Locust ; Immanuel at Jackson and Eighteenth; Summit at Delhi and Allison. Episcopal: St. John's at Main and Fourteenth. Lutheran : St. John's Evangelical at Thirteenth and White ; St. Mark's at Ninth and Locust ; St. Mathew's, German, at White and Eighteenth; St. Paul's, Evangelical, at Rhomberg and Jackson; St. Peter's at Lincoln and Eden; Zion's Evangelical at Seventeenth and Jackson. Hebrew: Congregational Cueses Israel at 1760 Maple. 446 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Methodist: African at 1681 Iowa; Grand View Avenue at Jackson, Grand View and Delhi ; St. Luke's at Main and Twelfth. Presbyterian: First German at Seventeenth and Iowa; Inde pendent German at Seventeenth and 104 West; Third at Garfield and Stafford; Westminster at Thirteenth and Locust. Scientists: First Church of Christ at Ninth and Bluff. Others: Cleveland Avenue Mission at 85 Pearl; Eagle Point Sunshine Mission at 1821 Adams; Y. W. C. A., Y. M. C. A., Sal vation Army. BENCH AND BAR. THE law of Michigan Territory provided that the county court of Dubuque county should be held on the first Monday of April and September of each year. It further provided that "all laws now in force in the county of Iowa (afterward in Wisconsin Territory east of the Mississippi) not locally inapplicable shall be and hereby are extended to the counties of Dubuque and Demoine and shall be in force therein," and that "processes both civil and criminal issued from the circuit court of the United States for the county of Iowa shall run into all parts of said counties of Dubuque and Demoine and shall be served by the sheriff or other proper officer within either of said counties." This law took effect October i, 1834. Previous to this date Dubuque was wholly without law, not having been attached to any organized community. In May, 1834, before the above law took effect, the murder of George O'Keefe by his partner, Patrick O'Connor, occurred. The citizens were called together to consider the case. They appointed as sheriff Mr. Adams, who arrested the murderer ; Captain White was appointed prosecutor and D. G. Bates, of Galena, was appointed to defend him. Twelve men were selected, sworn in as jurors, and he was found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hung about twenty days later. This sentence was duly executed — the first hanging in Iowa. The execution took place on a mound a little distance southeast of the present court house. A thousand people gathered to witness the event, the Brazil steamer bringing many from Galena. Among the jury were Woodbury Massy, Hosea T. Camp, John McKensie, Milo H. Prentice, James Smith, Jesse M. Harrison, Thomas McCabe, Nicholas Carroll, James S. Smith and three others. Six were Americans, three Irish, one Scotch, one English and one French. During the trial O'Connor said, "I'll not deny that I shot him, but ye have no laws in the county and cannot try me." He soon learned that he was mistaken. The trial was held in the open air under an elm tree in front of the cabin of Samuel Clifton. Massy was foreman of the jury, which deliberated one hour. Before the execution O'Connor and his friends endeavored to stir up the Irish to rescue him, but as soon as this movement be came known the law-abiding citizens called together a force of 163 armed miners and others headed by Lorin Wheeler to serve as a guard and see that the execution was carried into effect. In 1834, under Michigan Territory, P. A. Lorimier was supreme 447 448 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY court commissioner and Ira Williams, Warner Lewis and Patrick Quigley justices of the peace. The first regular court held in Dubuque was a probate session convened by Ezekiel Lockwood, judge, January 10, 1835, and the first act was to appoint Susan A. Dean and Daniel A. Parkerson administrators of the estate of Noble F. Dean. This court was one of inferior jurisdiction, and was held twice previous to the opening of the district court in 1837 by Judge Irvin. Thus previous to 1837 Dubuque county had grown rapidly without other courts than the above and those of justices of the peace. The act creating the Terri tory of Wisconsin took effect July 3, 1836, but court under it was not held until the following May, and even then but for a short term, owing to the ill-health of Judge Irvin. It is considered certain that William W. Coriell was the first lawyer proper to locate permanently at Dubuque ; he probably came in 1835. The Visitor of May 25, 1836, said, "A good omen, — We have but one lawyer located at Du Buque." About June several other lawyers arrived, among whom were Stephen Hempstead and William W. Chapman, the first United States district attorney. In this judicial district were the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines, with David Irvin, associate justice of Wisconsin Territory, presid ing. The district was not created until November, 1836, and courts were ordered held in May and October of each year. W. W. Chap man secured an interest in the Visitor in December, 1836, but con tinued his legal duties. Peter H. Engle, attorney, arrived in August and became prominent in both law and politics. In December W. W. Coriell became district attorney for Dubuque county. Stephen was attorney for the town of Dubuque. Patrick Quigley was justice of the peace in 1836 and one or two years before that date, probably as early as 1834, when Michigan Territory was created. Late in 1836 Charles Dunn was chief justice of the newly created Wisconsin Territory, and William B. Frazier and David Irvin, associate jus tices. In November, 1836, Thomas S. Wilson, attorney, arrived and became a permanent, resident and prominent in law and all public affairs. The district court of Dubuque county was held in a two-story log house, at Fourth and Main streets, in May, 1837, Judge David Irvin presiding. His first act was to appoint Warner Lewis clerk of the court. The second was to adopt a seal made by a 25-cent piece pressed upon sealing wax. Thompson Campbell, Joseph Hoge and John Turney, of Galena, were admitted to practice. United States Marshal Francis Gehon had summoned the following grand jury: Thomas Childs, foreman; Paul Cain, William Smith, John Parker, David Sleator, David Hogan, James L. Langworthy, Ches ter Sage, Ambrose Kennedy, Augustin Powers, James Smith, Leroy Jackson, J. E. Miller and William Carter. County Sheriff G. W. Cummins had summoned Presley Samuels, M. Patterson, N. Carroll, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 449 Abram Wilson, James Gilham, B. B. Lawless, Jesse Yount and S. Burtiss. The following talesmen were added : Andrew J. Divine, Jacob Hamilton, Reuben Estes, Mathias Ham, Rufus Miller, James Miller, John Wharton, Thos. B. Brasher, Lyman Dillon and Andrew J. Bankston, foreman. Two attachments were the first cases. George W. Cummins was the first sheriff of Dubuque county under Wisconsin Territory. Owing to the ill-health of Judge Irvin the court session of October, 1837, was very short ; nearly the whole docket was continued until the June term of 1838. A man arrested here for passing counterfeit money left a cash bond for his appearance for trial, but failing to return the money was forfeited. The citizens called a public meeting to determine what should be done with the money. In 1837 W. W. Chapman and Stephen Hempstead were associated in the practice of law. T. S. Wilson, Peter H. Engle and William W. Coriell were each practicing alone. Lawyers who practiced here in 1838 were J. W. Parker, R. D. Parker, Richard Farwell and John Turney, of Galena or elsewhere, and W. W. Coriell, Stephen Hempstead, P. H. Engle, T. S. Wilson and James Churchman, of Dubuque, and Edwin Reeves, John V. Berry and Alexander McGregor also attended the courts here. In February, 1838, Congress passed the law creating Iowa Terri tory, the same to go into effect July 4, 1838. It was duly provided that all suits instituted before that date should be prosecuted to finality. The United States District Court, Territory of Wisconsin, held a session in June, 1838, Judge Charles Dunn, presiding ; there was a large docket which was disposed of rapidly, though many of the cases were continued until the next term. "Monday next commences the June term (1838) of the District Court of the United States for this county. As no court has been held here for upwards of a year the docket must necessarily be large and suits pending a deep importance to the litigants." — (Iowa News, June 2, 1838). Judge Dunn presided and court was in session two or more weeks in June, 1838. Under the Iowa territorial law no definite time, through over sight, had been set for holding the courts. To remedy this omission W. B. Conway, secretary of the Territory by proclamation, fixed the next term to begin on the second Thursday in September, 1838. Chief Justice Mason decided about this time that there was no October term known to the law — that a recognizance was in the nature of a contract and hence defendants were not bound to appear and stand trial at a day earlier than specified in the recognizance. Timothy Davis and James Crawford were here practicing in the spring of 1839. In February, 1839, John V. Berry became attorney for the Third district. The counties of Dubuque, Jackson, Scott and Clayton were constituted the Third Judicial district, and Thomas 45o HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY S. Wilson was chosen judge ; sessions were held in April and Sep tember of each year. In about 1836 a negro named Ralph came here from Missouri to work in the mines. He remained until 1839, when his master arrived and claimed him on the ground that he had not paid for himself. After due proceedings the justice delivered him to his master. Several humane citizens took up the matter and asked for a writ of habeas corpus before Judge Wilson, and by consent of parties the case was referred to Judge Mason, then presiding in the newly organized Federal District court, who decided that as Ralph had come with his master's consent he might remain without his consent, and he did so. This case may be seen in Morris' reports of that date. It was often referred to during the slavery period. In 1841 the Hyde-Murray murder case was tried, all the lawyers here being on one side or the other ; Hyde was found guilty of mur der and sentenced to be hanged. Early in 1841 P. A. Lorimier, Augustus Coriell, Francis K. O'Ferrall, James Langworthy, E. M. Bissell and C. E. Harbeson, who had served at the December term, 1840, as grand jurors and who had not yet been paid for their services, addressed a communi cation to Thomas Ewing, secretary of the treasury, asking whether the funds for such services had yet been sent to Francis Gehon, late marshal of Iowa Territory, and were answered as follows : "Upon reference to the proper accounting officer I am informed that the late marshal was duly provided with funds and if he fails to pay you must apply to his successor." It Was shown upon investigation that General Gehon was slow and not culpable. It was claimed by the press in 1842 that Iowa Territory for a portion of that year was wholly without a judiciary. It was claimed to be the fault of the Congressional delegate. The offices became vacant and no new appointments were made to fill them. Judge Williams presided after August. Late in the thirties and early in the forties the lawyers here were kept busy with numerous land and mining suits, contentions growing out of pre-emption claims and rights, horse and cattle stealing and an occasional murder. An important case in the spring of 1843 was the trial of the three Winnebago Indians for murder, the case coming here on a change of venue from Fayette or Dela ware county. All the lawyers here were retained on this case. Their chief attorney was Judge Grant. They were found guilty and sentenced to be hanged ; they asked to be shot instead of hanged. The case went to the Supreme court, but the opinion of the lower court was affirmed. Some complications arose and the execution was postponed. About this time two burglars confined in the jail burned a hole in the floor and escaped, taking with them one of the Winnebago Indians ; the other two refused to leave the jail. About 1844 Col. L. A. Thomas began the practice at Dubuque; HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 451 in partnership with D. S. Wilson, who founded the Miners' Ex press. He was prominent in politics here as early as 1840; he and wife were active in soldiers' relief work during the Civil War. This year the Prichard divorce case engaged the services of Dubuque lawyers. Frederick E. Bissell began the practice about 1846-7. He studied law with James Crawford and upon his admission to the bar formed a partnership with his instructor. He was after ward associated with Timothy Davis, Lincoln Clark, and in 1855 with William Mills. In 1856 O. P. Shiras joined Mills & Bissell, but Mills withdrew in 1861. Five years later John M. Ballou joined Bissell & Shiras. About this time Mr. Bissell was appointed attor ney general and later was continued by election. At his death in 1867 Burt, Cooley, Wilson, Davis, Poor, Barker, Mills, Beach, Beck, Vandever and others at the bar meeting spoke in praise of his eloquence, ability and high character, and referred to his loss with intense feeling and regret. The case of the Miners' Bank of Dubuque was tried here before Judge Wilson in November, 1845 ; the best lawyers were engaged at the trial. Judge Wilson decided that the act repealing the charter of the bank was constitutional. The Iowa Supreme court affirmed the decision. Judge Joseph Williams was on the bench of the Second district in 1846. In 1847 the Supreme court consisted of Joseph Williams, Thomas S. Wilson and Judge Kinney. At this time Thomas Rogers and William J. Barney were law partners; so also were Hempstead and Chenoweth. George Madeira prac ticed here. In the fall of this year Benjamin M. Samuels opened a law office in Dubuque: He was a successful lawyer from the start and became later one of the leaders of the county Democracy. He was one of the most brilliant orators among the old bar ; he died in 1863. When Thomas S. Wilson resigned from the Supreme bench in 1847, George Greene, senior editor of the Miners' Express, was appointed his successor. A number of members of the Dubuque bar prepared and signed a petition remonstrating against the appointment of George Greene as a member of the Supreme Bench of Iowa, owing to his alleged lack of qualification for that important post. It was stated that this petition was burned by two members of the Legislature. There were fifteen lawyers in Dubuque at this time, but only five of them remonstrated against the appointment of Mr. Greene — four Whigs and one Democrat. The act of February 4, 1847, constituted four court districts in Iowa; that of January 22, 1857 made fourteen. The Constitution ?f J^57 gave the Legislature power to reorganize the districts and increase the number of judges. Accordingly an act of March 20, 1858, reduced the judges to eleven; the twelfth was added in 1864; the thirteenth in 1872, and the fourteenth in 1876. The act of May 3, 1868, established the Circuit court with two judges in each dis- 452 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY trict, with exclusive jurisdiction in probate matters and appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals in civil actions and concurrent jurisdiction with the District court in civil actions. This law abol ished county judges and greatly facilitated court proceedings. The city court of Dubuque was still in existence until recently, though no judge nor clerk had been elected to it for many years. Judge Carleton presided in place of Judge Grant in December, 1847. The bar passed resolutions complimenting him on his style and dispatch in conducting court. The lawyers who signed these resolutions' were as follows: Piatt Smith, Thomas S. Wilson, Stephen Hempstead, William J. Barney, Frederick E. Bissell, Lewis A. Thomas, William Y. Lovell, Thomas Rogers, Lincoln Clark, George L. Nightingale, John V. Berry, James L. Palmer, James Clark and George Madeira. In January, 1848, the Johnson-Bigger murder case was tried and he was found guilty. A new trial was granted. This case brought out the best legal talent. The act of January 22, 1848, changed the time of holding court to the fourth Monday of April and the third Monday of September of each year. Lewis A. Thomas was prosecuting attorney. In October, 1848, Rogers & Barney were partners; also Lovell & Samuels, Wilson & Smith, while Clark, Hempstead and Madeira practiced singly. About 1848-9 David S. Wilson, brother of Judge T. S. Wilson, began practicing. He came here in 1839 and was one of the founders of the Miners' Ex press. He studied law in his brother's office. In the Civil War he was commissioned colonel by Secretary Stanton, and took the field with his regiment. He did not oppose Lincoln's adminis tration as his brother Thomas S. did. In 1872 he became circuit judge and soon afterward district judge. He died in 1881. Late in life he affiliated with the Republicans. At his death it was said that he was the most popular man ever a resident of Dubuque. The Supreme court held a session in Dubuque in July, 1850. J. J. Dyer was United States district judge in 185 1. The new code went into effect July 1, 185 1, and under it William Y. Lovell became the first county judge and held his first session in September. John D. Jennings began practicing this year. He became one of the editors of the Miners' Express, but after 1857 devoted his time to his profession. Judge Grant held court in October; there were only seventy-five cases on the docket, one being that of Emerson- Goldsberg. Hempstead & Burt and Thomas S. and David A. Wilson were law firms in 185 1 ; the next year Clark & Bissell and Wiltse & Lovell were prominent. Carson Graham also practiced. In 1852 Judge Wilson succeeded Judge Grant on the district bench. Beginning November 10, 1852, and ending in March, 1853, Judges T J Dyer and T. S. Wilson conducted a law school in this city; $30 was charged for the term of five months ; there was general instruc tion with lectures, moot courts, etc. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 453 In 1853 railway cases began to figure in the local courts; one was Dubuque- vs. the Dubuque & Pacific Railway. In May Samuels & Vandever were associated. In November, 1853, the second term of the Dubuque Law School was opened; $40 was charged for the term of five months ; J. J. Dyer, T. S. Wilson and Rev. Joshua Phelps were instructors. It does not appear that as yet the Dubuque bar had been duly organized. In December, 1853, Judge Wilson went to Washington to conduct the Dubuque claims case — Chouteau vs. Maloney. The case went over until January, 1854, when it was decided against the claimant. This was one of the most, if not the most important cases in the history of the county. It removed forever a cloud which had hung over the inhabitants since the earliest settlement. At the bar banquet of January 19, 1885, Judge Wilson said that he received only $200 for his two years' service in this case — the most momentous in local history. The ferry case of 1854 — Fanning vs. Gregoire and Bogy — was tried in June; the plaintiff was suing for his alleged rights under his twenty-year territorial license. Among the lawyers practicing in 1855 were A. H. Dillon, A. E. Harmon, Ben. M. Samuels, D. N. Cooley, William Vandever, David S. Wilson, J. S. Blatchley, L. Hand, J. S. Covel, W. M. Crazier, J. M. Griffith, S. Sawyer, H. and E. T. Wilder, William Tripp, S. M. Pollock, William McNall, Colin Clark, F. E. Bissell. "Hon. T. S. Wilson. — The thanks of the legal fraternity and the public are due to this gentleman for the straightforward, ener getic discharge of his duties in the late protracted session of the District court of this county. The cases on the docket embraced 64 chancery cases, 206 civil cases and 28 state cases, all of which were disposed of owing in a great measure to the business tact and address of the judge."— E. & H., December 21, 1855.) The United States District Court sat here in July, 1855, Judge Dyer presiding; there was a light docket. In September, 1855, Judge J. J. Dyer died in Virginia of typhoid fever. He was the dean of the law school which expired when he died. "His sudden death has spread a gloom over the whole city," said the Express and Herald of September 21, 1855. M. McLaughlin, attorney of Dubuque, became commissioner of the Court of Claims in December, 1855. In December, 1855, M. B. Mulkern was admitted to the bar ; he was a graduate of Cambridge Law School. He soon became county attorney and afterward was prominent as a lawyer and more so as a politician. He was for a while one of the editors of the North west, a newspaper supposed to be owned by George W. Jones. In January, 1856, Lucius Robinson succeeded J. S. Covel as county attorney. At the February (1856) term there were 242 cases on the docket, twenty-five of which were criminal and fifty-five chan cery; Judge Wilson presided. J. M. Griffith and M. B. Mulkern 454 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY were partners in 1856. A mayor's court, as provided by the con stitution, was demanded in April, 1856, when D. S. Wilson was chosen mayor. On August 7, 1856, Oliver P. Shiras was admitted to the bar upon motion of Ben. M. Samuels. The latter, who had examined the applicant, said the examination was one of the most brilliant he had ever witnessed. A mayor's court was held first in July, 1856; the first case was a fine of $3 for drunkenness. The Crowley-Gleason murder case was tried about this time. Late in 1856 the county court was given criminal jurisdiction. In February, 1857, Franklin T. Goodrich was admitted to the bar. Wilson, Utley & Doud was a strong firm at this time. On June 27, 1857, the bar met at the court house pursuant to notice for the purpose of revising the rules of practice, of organiz ing an association of the nature of a law institute and of considering the expediency of taking a pleasure excursion. Messrs. Baker, Bissell and Harvey were appointed a committee to revise the rules. Messrs. Dillon, Cooley and Cram were appointed a committee to report on an attorney's minimum fee bill. The following resolu tion was adopted: "That a committee of three be appointed to prepare a plan for an incorporation of a law institute, and that said committee be instructed, after they have prepared such plan and articles, to call a meeting of the bar, at which they shall report." Blatchley, Cram and Griffith were appointed such committee. The committee to revise the rules was instructed to report a rule for making up issues in vacation and to allow parties prevailing in suits a fee on the decision of demurrers and a fee generally. Mulkern, Rupert, Harvey, Cram, Goodrich, Dillon, Lovell, Jennings and Jones were appointed a committee on excursion. On motion of Mr. Crosier the following resolution was adopted: "That the thanks of the members of this bar are due to Benjamin Rupert, the clerk of the District court of this county, for his untiring energy and industry in the faithful discharge of his official duties and the courtesy extended to us all while performing the same." Of this meeting William Mills was chairman and C. S. D. Jones, secretary. —(Daily Times, June 30, 1857.) , The Times having attacked Judge Wilson, both professionally and politically, the bar of Dubuque, on August 6, 1857, met and passed a resolution of unbounded confidence in that official. On August 18, 1857, M. B. Mulkern, lawyer, entered the editorial rooms of J. B. Dorr, of the Express and Herald, and after demand ing that he retract certain statements in Sunday's paper and being conditionally refused opened fire on the latter with a revolver. Three shots were fired, neither of which took effect. The news paper had charged Mr. Mulkern with a criminal offense.— (b. & H., August 19, 1857.) . The grand jury failing to find a true bill against Mr. Mulkern, CATHOLIC CHURCH, DYERSVILLE, IOWA. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 455 the Express and Herald of November 18, 1857, denounced that body and Mulkern in withering terms. "The Circuit Court of Dubuque county has been in session three weeks. The grand jury found a number of indictments, but the criminal cases have not yet been tried. Such cases and about one hundred on the civil calendar will occupy two or three weeks longer. On account of the absence of Judge Wilson for the rest of the November term the court will be held by Hon. Samuel Murdock, judge of the Tenth Judicial district." Law firms here in October, 1857, were Bissell (P. E.), Mills (William) & Shiras (O. P.); Burt (James), Barker (W. T.) & Pierce (S. T.) ; Wilson (D. S.), Utley (B. T.), & Doud ( [ohn, Jr.); Franklin T. Goodrich, Samuels (B. M.) & Allison (W. B.), Oscar Taylor, D. N. Cooley. Thomas M. Monroe, a distinguished lawyer, died in February, 1877; he was born in Virginia in 1818 and graduated in law from Front Royal College. He located in Dubuque in 1858 and at once took a prominent place in his profession and maintained it until his health failed a short time before his death. By 1858 Dubuque had a powerful bar— one of the strongest in all the West. In February, 1858, there were here Bissell, Mills & Shiras, Burt, Barker & Pierce, Wilson, Utley & Doud, Samuels & Allison (Crane joined them a little later), Bancroft & Goodrich, Newberry & Robb, Cooley, Blatchley & Adams, Pollock & Munson, Peckham & Beach, Lovells & Williams, Vandever, Friend & Shiras (George), Chapline & Dillon, Smith, Poor, Adams & Cram, Oscar Taylor, John L. Harvey, Samuel Duncan, A. E. Harmon, Henry S. Jennings, R. Stewart, H. T. McNulty and Frank M. Robinson. Here were lawyers who then and afterward made themselves famous. The Gullick case was tried here in 1858 ; he shot his wife with pistol; he was convicted and in the end hung. Many brilliant passages at arms occurred while this case was on trial. The year before John Regan killed a Mr. Goldrick and was bound over for murder. In April three murderers were in the county jail : Ryan, Crowley and Gullick. In 1858 W. T. Barker began the practice and at once took high rank. He helped to revise the code of i860, and later was a mem ber of the State Board of Inquiry. In i860 he became public prosecutor of the Ninth district; he was at times associated with Burt, Pierce, Barney, Chapline, Dillon, Pollock, Shields. In 1869 he became circuit judge ; he had much to do with railroad law and legislation. This year the Johnson-Ostland murder case was tried; also the McGee-Kelly murder case; both cases ran over into 1859 or longer. At this time the Ninth Judicial district embraced the counties of Dubuque, Delaware, Buchanan, Blackhawk and Grundy. 456 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY The Gibbons-Donahoe and the Clifford and Mooney-Wood mur der cases were tried in 1859-60. Clifford and Mooney were found guilty in December and sentenced to be hung. The former was executed in the jail yard in Dubuque. Among the attorneys here in May, 1859, were the following- ^\(JJYH' Friend sovrins out of their purses on the counter. Lawyer: How do you know they were ten dollar bills? Witness : How do I know ? Faith, the same as ye wud yerself r because I seen 'em. Bedad, ye'd bether not ask me so many ques tions — just quit whar ye are and not be thryin' to pump the guts out 0' me. Lawyer: Well, you said you saw Mooney get your little boy to- bum the cap. Witness (excitedly) : And is it me that said that? Don't ye know I didn't say it ? Wy d'ye put wurds in me mouth ? Och, now, it's a pretty one ye are and it's a pretty lamb's tail ye're makin' of yerself. And so on. During i860 the press noticed that there had been a notable cessation of crime in this city and county. "Dubuque, almost from its organization up to within the last year, has been a favorite resort of a horde of scoundrels of every description. Situated at the junction of three states, and on the railroads and river, it gave unequaled facilities for the residence of thieves, burglars, gamblers and swindlers of every hue. Thus it is that until lately there have been more murders, gambling, swindling, prostitution, etc., going on than in any other city of its size in America. Even in the last two years Dubuque has furnished a host of such stars as Borlan,. Gallagher, Rocky Ryan, Gillick, Johnson, Clifford, Mooney, Con stable, Dr. Granville, Ricard, Thomson and others of lesser note. it was a paradise for such fellows — our laws were lax — our authori ties either careless of doing their duty or in direct complicity with the brotherhood of rascality. But things have changed. Now we have as orderly a city as can be found anywhere. Our city within two years, from a depot of distressed scoundrelism from all parts of America, has become a place fit for the residence of Quakers. Let us give thanks."— (Herald, November 18, i860.) 'There are seventy-eight of the present citizens of this county who have been admitted as attorneys at law. Of this number 458 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY there are about eight engaged in other business, who do not prac tice, and three or four who are employed as clerks for some of the other firms. Of those who do not practice at all, one is judge of the District Court, one of the City Court, one is the treasurer and another a trustee of a railroad, one is secretary to the minister to Bogota, one an editor, and two live on the interest of their money. Of those who practice one resides at Cascade, one at Peosta, two at DyersviUe ; one is a member of the State Senate, two of the House of Representatives and one lately elected a justice of the peace. There are about sixty whose sole business is the pursuit of their profession. One firm is composed of four members, eight firms of three and eleven of two." — (Herald, December 9, i860.) In January, 1861, O. P. Shiras lectured on "The Man for His Times — Edmund Burke an Illustration." In February there was a large docket — over 300 cases. Col. H. H. Heath was admitted to practice early in 1861. W. W. Mills opened his law office in the Jones block in April. In June Ben. M. Samuels withdrew from the law firm of Samuels, Allison & Crane. Phineas W. Crawford was admitted to the bar this year. The number of convictions for crime in the District Court for the year ending October 31 was as follows : Murder 2, assault with intent 3, larceny 6, petit larceny 1, gambling houses 3, failure to pay own fines 1, assault and battery 2. Thomas C. Roberts was born near Rockdale, this county, in 1835, and late in the fifties began the study of law with Coaley, Blatchley & Adams; he was admitted in 1861 and soon made a creditable mark in his profession. In January, 1862, Barker, Barney & Dillon dissolved partner ship. In February the bar adopted new rules for the guidance of the court. In the election contest between Hewitt and Cummings, Knight, Samuels and O'Neill were the attorneys. About this time many law firms dissolved partnership, owing to a large decrease in litigation. Late in the fifties the railroad, criminal and bond and debt cases had kept a large and powerful bar busy, but now it was different. Samuel M. Pollock was judge of the city court in 1861-2 ; the court was abolished in 1862. "This disposed of an institution which was forced upon the people of this city against their will, which the Supreme Court of the state kept in existence, and which has done more injury to the people of this city than can ever be repaired."— (Herald.) In May M. B. Mulkern became United States commissioner. Judge Wilson left the bench in De cember, 1862. , In 1863 Thomas S. Wilson and M. B. Mulkern were associated as partners; the former had just been beaten for the District bench mainly by the soldiers' vote, and the latter was one of the best criminal lawyers here. James Burt took the vacant seat on the bench recently occupied by Judge Wilson. P. M. Harrington was HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 459 admitted to the bar in May. Among the lawyers here at this time were Thomas M. Monroe, Ben M. Samuels, Hodgdon & Covel, John Deery, Griffith & Knight, Wilson & Mulkern, George B. Edmonds, C. C. Converse, Utley, Doud & Brust, Barker & Mc- Nulty, Piatt Smith, Bissell & Shiras, J. H. O'Neill, John Thomp son, B .B. Richards, Austin Adams, W. Y. Lovell, J. F. Bates, Allison & Crane and others. The Gelpcke case was an important one at this date. The DyersviUe mill dam case was another In December, 1863, the bar met and adopted a new fee bill, raising their prices. By 1864 hard times had fallen upon the legal profession; liti gation was cut down to one-third of its former extent of only a few years before. Monroe & Deery became associated as partners early this year, John S. Covel died in June and W. T. Angel'l in October. The McArdle murder case brought out the best legal talent in 1864. The case was taken to Jackson, where Mrs. McArdle was convicted. Several important cases relating to river-front lots were in court this year. In 1865 the Kennedy -Doolin murder case was tried. On March 2, 1.866, the grand jury indicted seventeen out of nine teen members of the board of supervisors "for receiving pay for greater length of time than the law allowed during one year, twenty- five days being the restricted time of the statute. The two men not indicted were sick and absent. Two indictments were found against the board in its separate capacity for letting contracts for amounts in excess of $500 without .being petitioned by 100 voters, as the law provided. In December, 1866, the Sarah Lee Porter case was in the courts. John H. O'Neill, city attorney, was charged with neglect of duty in that case. It grew out of the purchase of the Central Market ground from Mr. Porter many years before. Mr. O'Neill had no defense, except that he had been having a general jollification. His speech before the City Council was one of the most brilliant he ever delivered. It prevented his immediate dismissal, but he was mildly censured and the office was later declared vacant. About 1866 Christian Wullweber began practice. He was born in Germany and was a graduate of Cambridge Law School. He was an active member of the bar. About 1866 H. B. Foulke began practice here and was first associated with T. C. Roberts, then with Smith, Foulke & Chapin and Foulke & Lyon, the latter becoming a very prominent and successful association. In 1878 Mr. Foulke became prosecutor of the Ninth judicial district. It was said at his death in 1892 that as a trial lawyer he had no superior in Iowa. In 1866-7 R- E. Bishop began the practice. He made a specialty of pensions, bought tax titles and prosecuted liquor dealers. He 460 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY made many enemies among the latter and on one occasion was attacked and beaten nearly to death. In the supervisor trials, George Watson prosecuted and Barker, Wilson, Knight & Mulkern defended. Under Judge Burt's instructions the supervisors were cleared. The Herald sharply criticised the course of the court. Three important cases were in court this year — Illinois Central Railroad, Richards, Burden and Graves. Gen. H. A. Wiltse moved to Minnesota in 1866. The following lawyers passed suitable reso lutions deploring his departure : T. S. Wilson, F. E. Bissell, W. B. Allison, J. H. Shields, T. C. Roberts, Charles McKenzie, D. E. Lyon, P. W. Crawford, George Crane, J. D. Langworthy, Samuel Duncan, John Deery, Thomas M. Monroe, M. B. Mulkern, T. P. Rood, Stephen Hempstead, Frank Jennings, M. Lepper, O. P. Shiras, C. G. Hawthorne, E. McCeney, W. Chandler, B. W. Poor, L. H. Cady, Dewitt C Cram, J. M. Ballou, William Mills, W. W. Mills and Charles J. Rogers. In 1866-7 the revenue liquor cases came up and enlisted the skill and ability of the best lawyers. A dozen or more were retained by the various defendants. Breweries were seized, liquors confiscated and the lawyers had much to do. Judge Wilson was appointed assistant district attorney to assist in the prosecution. About this time there was a general jail delivery, one man — Donegan — charged with murder, escaping. Fifteen escaped, but nearly all were recaptured. In December, 1868, Mr. O'Neill removed to St. Louis and was tendered a farewell banquet by the local bar. Speeches of regret at his departure were made by Judge Burt, H. B. Foulke, M. B. Mulkern, D. B. Henderson, B. W. Poor, Lyon, Trumbull, Roberts and others. Mr. O'Neill replied with much feeling and unusual eloquence. At this meeting the following verse from Don Piatt's Capital was recited : The devil came to the earth one day, And said in court, where he wended his way : "If all they have said of each other be true, The devil has surely been robbed of his due. I'm satisfied now, 'tis all very well, These lawyers would ruin the morals of hell. They have puzzled the court with villainous cavil, And I'm free to confess they have puzzled the divil. My agents are right to let lawyers go bail ; If I had them they'd swindle me out of my tail." —Devil. In 1870, upon his retirement from the bench, Judge Burt was given a complimentary banquet at the Julien House, on which occa sion many eloquent speeches were made and many fine toasts HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 461 responded to. The city not having yet paid Judge Wilson fully for his services in the Supreme Court of the United States in con ducting the Chouteau-Maloney case, he asked, in August, 1 871, to be recompensed for the balance due him. The numerous damage suits against the city gave the lawyers and courts much to do late in the sixties and early in the seventies. In 1872 Judge Wilson was transferred to the District Court and B. W. Poor was appointed to the Circuit bench, to succeed him. In March, 1873, Dennis A. Mahony sued the city for $10,000 damages. He fell on Main street and broke his arm. Pollock & Shields were his counsel. The Sullivan-Phillips murder case came up in 1873. The defense made by Foulke & Lyon in the trial of Charles Wagner for the murder of Frank Rhomberg was one of the ablest and most adroit ever conducted in Dubuque. The newspapers spoke of it as a mar velous exhibition of legal skill, judgment and eloquence. The jury found Wagner insane. Adams & Robinson were attorneys for the city in the Central Harbor cases about this time. The grain ele vator cases were before the court again in 1875 ; large sums were involved and many of the best lawyers here were employed by the parties. At a bar meeting held in November, 1875, for the purpose of discussing the question of dividing the judicial districts of the state, partly to relieve Judge Love of the United States District Court, much difference of opinion was shown and little definite action was taken. It was in 1875 that the numerous move ments against the saloonkeepers culminated in many lawsuits and much ill feeling. R. E. Bishop was the lawyer who fought the liquor men. It was in 1874 that the suit of the Central Improvement Com pany against the City of Dubuque came before the court. O. P. Shiras and E. McCheney for the company began suit for $550,000 on the old, complicated contract. This suit was begun to force a reasonable settlement, which was soon reached. In 1875 among the lawyers were Shiras, Vanduzee & Henderson, Wilson & O'Donnell, Griffith & Knight, Pollock & Shields, Foulke & Lyon, Smith & Utt, Adams, Robinson & Lacy, Graham & Cody, Beach & Hurd, Wullweber & Brother, Ed. McCeney, George Gray, W. J. Cantillon, George Bingham, Mr. Alsop, F. T. Walker, J. P. Burt, R. E. Bishop, H. T. McNutt and Mr. Mullany. The liquor cases extended to Farley, DyersviUe, Cascade and other parts of the county. In 1876 a moot court was conducted here and legal instruction was given. The law of 1876 provided that upon petition Superior courts could be established in cities of over 5,000 inhabitants. It was given concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit and District courts, except in probate matters and felonies, and was designed to take the place of the police courts in cities. Adams & Robinson, who effected the settlement between the city and the Central Island 462 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Company, charged $7,500 for their services, were refused, sued and obtained judgment for the full amount and costs. For the year ending October 1, 1852, there were fifty-two crim inal convictions here, of which twenty were for larceny, nine bur glary, five forgery, two murder; twenty-five were sent to the peni tentiary at Anamosa and ten were confined in the county jail. In 1878 a splendid banquet was given David S. Wilson, judge of the District court, by the Dubuque bar. Thomas S. Wilson, brother of Daniel S., presided. O. P. Shiras delivered the con gratulatory address, to which Judge Wilson responded. An elab orate menu without liquor was served. The lawyers participating were as follows : H. B. Foulke, P. W. Crawford, H. G. Wullweber, H. E. Wilson, Ed. McCeney, J. P. Burt, W. J. Cantillon, John Deery, M. H. Beach, P. J. Quigley, F. T. Walker, George Salot, J. M. Griffith, W. J. Knight, H. T. McNulty, W. H. Utt, O. P. Shiras, B. W. Lacy, L. A. Thomas, T. C. Cole, George Crane, L. G. Hurd, L. Fockler, T. P. Rood, F. M. Robinson, S. M. Pol lock, J. M. Ballou, A. J. Vanduzee, B. W. Poor, J. D. Alsop, Fred O'Donnell, J. E. Simpson, William Graham, C. H. Eighmey, T. S. Wilson, D. B. Henderson, B. B. Richards, D. J. Lenehan, G. F. Bogue, W. S. Wright, S. P. Adams, F. B. Daniels, E. V. Hayden, G. Gray, A. Matthews, J. C. Lougueville, D. C. Cram, R. W. Stewart, P. Fiering, J. E. Moore, M. M. Trumbull, J. M. Werner, H. H. Ragan, J. B. Utt, Hubert O'Donnell, J. H. Shields, M. M. Cody, A. Hobbs and C. M. Mills. In the spring of 1886 the Supreme court held its last session here. It came here first in 1870, and here a group of counties in northern Iowa were required to make their cases returnable. Sessions were held in April and October of each year in the Cox and Allison build ings. A bill in 1882 to abolish sessions at Dubuque and Council Bluffs failed to pass the House, and in 1884 a similar bill was defeated. The forty injunction cases brought by the Citizens' League in the Federal courts in 1885 against the liquor dealers attracted much attention and were fought out in the courts. Foulke & Lyon and McCeney and O'Donnell were attorneys for the saloonkeepers. Judge Shiras presided over the United States District court here. In 1885-6 the entire judiciary system of the state was reorganized by the Legislature. Dubuque, Clayton and Allamakee counties were constituted the fifteenth judicial district. There were nineteen dis tricts and forty-five judges in the state. In 1886 Oliver P. Shiras was granted the degree of LL.D. by Yale College. In February, 1886, at a bar meeting, a committee was appointed "to represent the interests of litigants in northern Iowa by pro testing against the passage of the bill now pending in our Legis lature to abolish the present rotary system of the Supreme court in holding argument terms at various places in the state, by which HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 463 litigants are saved the expense of sending their attorneys to Des Moines." D. J. Lenehan was elected district judge in 1886. Alphons Matthews was city attorney in 1888. The death of Judge Austin Adams in 1890 removed one of the ablest and most prominent of the older lawyers. The officers of the bar association in 1893 were as follows: G. W. Lacy, president; J. C. Longueville, first vice-president ; Robert Branson, second vice- president ; P. S. Webster, secretary ; A. P. Bibbs, treasurer. The ceremony of dedicating the new courthouse in January, 1893, and the attendant banquet were notable events. Among the speak ers at the dedication were Judge O'Donnell, County Supervisor Cunningham, Judge Murdock, Judge Wilson, Judge Lacy, Colonel Lyon, Mayor Saunders, M. M. Walker of the Board of Trade, Judge Couch, Judge Ney, Judge Husted, Judge Utt, Judge Lene han, Colonel Crawford and others. At the banquet B. W. Lacy was toastmaster and responses as follows were made : "The Judi ciary," Judges Shiras and Ney; "Relation Between Bench and Bar," Judge Husted ; "The Old Courthouse," J. H. Shields ; "The New Courthouse," P. J. Nelson; "Our Old Bar," D. E. Lyon; "The Bar of Today," W. J. Cantillon; "The Profession," D. C. Cram; "Our Clients," G. W. Kiesel. Late in 1893 it was found necessary to secure additional court rooms. Delays and overcrowding the dockets had before this date caused much complaint and damage. It was shown at a bar meeting that in Des Moines there were three courts in session the year round, and it was argued there should be at least two here, and the salary of the judges should be increased from $2,500 to $4,000 per annum. The bar here, therefore, at a meeting where Judge Lacy presided late in December, 1893, formally asked for the above improvements, and further that the courts should be permitted to make up issues during vacation, and that the jury law might be amended. This year the judicial district was divided and Du buque county became the nineteenth, with two judges. It required great effort to secure this result, but a, powerful delegation visited the Legislature and in the end secured substantial relief, as above. There were on the docket at this time 213 civil cases. The railroad case of J. P. Farley was very important in 1893. Judge Thomas S. Wilson died May 16, 1894, aged 80 years. He was born at Steubenville, Ohio, and was graduated from Jeffer son College in 1833. Soon afterward he studied law and had Edwin M. Stanton for a fellow student, and in 1835 was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he married Anna Hoge and soon afterward went to Prairie du Chien, where his brother George was a lieutenant under Col. Zachary Taylor. On October 13, 1836, he and his wife came down the river to Dubuque for permanent residence. He was president of the first board of trustees of Dubuque and in 1838 became judge of the Iowa Territorial court. In 1846 he came within 464 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY one vote of the United States Senate. The next year he retired from the bench and resumed the practice. He was associated with many lawyers during his long career. He was interested more or less in nearly all the most important cases adjudicated here. His services before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1853-4 in the Chouteau-Maloney case were never properly recompensed nor suitably appreciated by the subsequent population. He was again on the bench in 1852, but was retired in 1863. He served in the Legislature, was city, county and deputy United States district attorney, and was highly esteemed here, where he was so well known. He was married three times and left five children. At his death the bar held elaborate and imposing ceremonies in his honor. The address of W. J. Knight on this occasion was one of great beauty, sentiment and power. In February, 1904, Judge O'Donnell held court in the county supervisor's room and continued there during the sessions of that year. In January, 1895, the new second judge — Husted — also held court. The jury cases were tried by Judge O'Donnell and the others by Judge Husted. This year the code commissioners accomplished their duties. Judge Husted encountered much opposition when he came to this newly created district. His appointment had been opposed by M. M. Ham, James J. Dunn and Senator Shields, the latter fighting him on the floor of the convention. "He ordered the tax provision of the mulct law enforced in Dubuque county and charged the grand jury to indict every dealer who didn't pay. He declared that he would intrust no lawyer with an estate and he ordered a raid on the gamblers." In court he called down a prominent lawyer, declared what he had said was false and ordered him to take his seat. He removed another lawyer from control of an office; ordered the county supervisors investigated; scored the Dubuque council and became very popular with the people, owing to his activity, reforms and undoubted honesty. — (Cor. Chicago Chronicle, in Dubuque Herald, January 9, 1896.) In February, 1897, the Supreme court held that the mulct law did not apply to cities operating under a special charter. This decision left Dubuque at the mercy of the prohibitory law. In January, 1907, the newly elected officers of the bar association were P. S. Webster, president; John Deery, first vice-president; L. G. Hurd, second vice-president; John I. Mullaney, secretary; A. P. Gibbs, treasurer. Colonel Lyon was president in 1906. The code committee were Judge Lenehan, William Graham, J. B. Powers, W. J. Knight and D. E. Lyon. In December, 1898, there were fifty-one resident members of the Dubuque Bar Association ; four were not engaged in practice. N. E. Utt was president. In 1899 the new firm, Matthews, Lindsay & Frantzen was formed. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 465 Bowen (E. E. ) & Fitzpatrick (T. J.), one of the strongest law firms here, dissolved partnership in January, 1904; they became associated in the practice in 1896. Mr. Fitzpatrick became county attorney and otherwise prominent. In November, 1903, Judge Oliver P. Shiras resigned his seat on the Federal bench. President Roosevelt, upon accepting his resig nation, said: "It is with great regret that I accept your resigna tion. I cannot allow the occasion to pass without congratulating you upon the signal success which has marked your labors on the Federal bench, and I trust that the period of retirement, upon which you are about to enter and which you have earned so well, will be as full of usefulness to the nation." In 1905 the grand jury returned 194 indictments and thereby broke the record; they were slot machine cases mainly. In Sep tember, 1905, R. W. Stewart, who had practiced for many years, passed away and was followed by J. B. Powers in October. This year the old proposition to abolish grand juries was discussed pro and con in this county. Early in 1905 several charges of unprofessional conduct on the part of certain lawyers, presumably in good standing, were circu lated in the newspapers. This led to a meeting of the bar to take steps to investigate the charges. Mr. Gibbs was made chairman and G. T. Lyon appointed secretary. W. J. Knight, M. M. Cody and G. W. Kiesel, a committee previeusly appointed, reported that no tangible evidence to support the charges had been found. "From this we can draw no other conclusion than that the reports hereto fore circulated of unprofessional conduct on the part of members of the bar have no foundation in fact," said the committee. At this meeting a motion by Colonel Lyon to continue the custom of the bar to attend funerals of deceased members in a body was voted down. Colonel Lyon said that thirty-six years before there were 1,800 cases on the docket and that he was on one side or the other of nearly all of them. The officers of the association for 1905 were J. P. Frantzen, president; George Barnes, first vice-president; P. J. Nelson, second vice-president; H. C. Kenline, secretary and treasurer. In February, 1908, William J. Knight, one of the ablest lawyers ever here, passed away. He was born in 1838 and was a native of Ireland. He was closely connected with the most intricate and diffi cult practice of northern Iowa for many years. He was attorney for the Illinois Central Railroad Company. From 1833 to 1836 the county judges of Dubuque county, Wis consin Territory were Milo H. Prentice, John King and Lorin Wheeler. David Irwin was district judge in 1836 and Charles Dunn the same until Iowa Territory was formed in 1838. Thomas S. Wilson served as district judge from July 4, 1838 to April 26, 1847; then James Grant served until May, 1852, James Burt to 466 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY January i, 1871, and J. M. Brayton until November, 1872. D. S. Wilson and Sylvester Bagg served also for short periods. The Probate court was created by the Territorial act, but was merged into the County court in 1852, which, in turn, became part of the Circuit court in 1868. Ezekiel Lockwood was probate judge in 1834; Joseph T. Fales from 1838 to 1839; Charles Corkery from 1839 to 1847; Valentine Glenat from 1847 to 1849, and William W. Hamilton from 1849 to 1852. William G. Lovell was first county judge in 1852, Stephen Hempstead the same from 1855 to 1868, when the court was abolished. The Circuit court held its first sessions in January, 1869. William T. Barker was first judge and served until 1872, when he died and David S. Wilson was appointed to fill the vacancy. He resigned in September of the same year to accept the office of district judge, having just been elected. He was succeeded by B. W. Poor, who served until 1873. He was succeeded by Sylvester Bagg. B. W. Lacy was elected to the same position in 1879 and served until January 1, 1874. The present judges are Fred O'Donnell and Mathew C. Matthews. The City court was organized in 1859 with Samuel Pollock as judge, but was abolished in July, 1862. In 1909 the Dubuque lawyers were as follows : G A. Barnes, E. E. Bowen, M. N. Cody, J. G. Chalmers, George Crane, P. W. Crawford, John A. Cunningham, Mathias Czizek, John Deery, T. J. Fitzpatrick, L. J. Flynn, John P. Frantzen, Andrew P. Gibbs, W. & J. B. Graham, John Hawe, Hurd, Lenehan & Riesel, Kenline & Roedell, J. W. Kintzinger, Lacy, Brown & Lacy, S. B. Lattner, W. A. Leathers, Oliver Longueville, Lyon & Lyon, McEnony, D. E. Maguire, Henry Michel, F. L. Muekel, Millany & Stewart, P. C. Murray, Nelson, Duffy & Denison, Fred O'Donnell, Hubert O'Donnell, T. J. Paisley, Wells Rupert, H. F. Salot, James H. Shields, C M. Thorne, J. B. & S. M. Utt, John R. Waller, E. H. Willging and W. S. Wright. In 1909 John Glab and H. L. Buckley were judges of the city police court. Both were justices of the peace. At this time M. C. Matthews and Robert Branson were judges of the District court. The United States Circuit and District courts met in the custom house, Judge Henry T. Reed presiding. TOWNSHIPS, SETTLEMENT, ETC. New Wine Township (township 89 north, range 2 west) did not have an early existence as such, but was made a part of the Upper Catfish precinct and voters were required to poll their votes at John Regan's house. In 1839 it became a part of Hewitt's precinct. In 1843 what is now New Wine Township became parts of the town ships of Liberty and Iowa, both of which then had much larger extent than in 191 1 (see elsewhere herein). In 1849 what is now New Wine was made the western half of Iowa Township. On January 11, 1850, the present New Wine Township was given an independent existence. The vicinity of DyersviUe was first settled about 1837-8 by the Whitesides — Abraham, William, John and Mack. Hewitt, Henry Mouncey, Thomas Riggs and a little later John Christoph, Thomas Finn, Theophilus Crawford and others arrived. Many of the first settlers of this part of the county came almost directly from the counties of Somersetshire and Devonshire, England. Life here then was rude and wild, and privations and hardships were numerous and often appalling. In 1847 James Dyer bought the land at DyersviUe. James Dyer, Jr., came in 1848 and James Dyer, Sr., and William Dyer arrived the following year. Rev. William Trick arrived in June, 1849. He preached the first sermon in the place. In 1850 the Dyers projected a town at the present site of DyersviUe, but for some reason delayed definite action. About this time other settlers located near, among whom were Henry Popham, James Plaister, Robert Whiting, John Gould, John Bailey and others, who had previously settled at Du buque. In the winter of 1850-51 some half dozen of the residents, headed by the Dyers, had the town laid out and at once it began to assume shape and promise. George Hyler, James Plaister and A. Limback built early residences. Judge Dyer, in 1853, resided at Main and Chestnut streets, where he had a store, and at the start the Dyers planned a saw mill and a grist mill, and built both. A Mr. Col lins was an early resident. In 1853 the Dyers built a log bridge over the river, which was used until 1869. In 1853 Orsemus F. Foote bought a half interest in the grist mill in course of construction, and at once began to erect a hotel — a two-story brick, which for many years was an immense advantage to the village and a great accom modation to the traveling public — just what was needed. In 1854 a postoffice was established here, other brick stores were built, shops sprang up and soon the farmers could get here about 467 468 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY all the supplies they required. A little later a Masonic lodge was organized and met over the store of Henry Popham. In 1855 cholera took away several lives and spread terror over the whole community. Six deaths occurred in one day. Doctors Cainer, Warmouth and Jones ministered to the wants of the sick, refusing to leave. The postal route from Dubuque to DyersviUe was established in March, 1853, at which time the latter village contained about 350 or 400 inhabitants. A good saw mill, run by water power, was already in operation. A large flour mill, a church, several stores and about a dozen dwellings were being erected. The Dubuque Express, in writing of the founder of this village, used the expression: "Judge James Dyer, an intelligent, temperate, active, enterprising and thoroughgoing business man of English birth." In June, 1853, Mr. Stanton, of DyersviUe, exhibited in Dubuque a good specimen of slate from the premises of Judge Dyer, near DyersviUe. In 1855 Caleb C. Chester was postmaster at DyersviUe. In October and November, 1855, James Dyer & Company advertised for sale building lots in the village of DyersviUe, twenty-six miles west of Dubuque. He said : "We offer for sale building lots in this village, suitable for residences, shops, stores, etc., at very low prices, conditional on early improvements being made on them. Being on the straightest road to Independence, Cedar Falls, Fort Dodge, etc., and containing fine water power mills, hotel, churches, stores, lumber yard, etc., great inducements are presented to those wishing to find a permanent stopping place." In December, 1856, John Stanton, of DyersviUe, advertised that there were wanted in that town 10,000,000 brick, tinners' tools and one cracker machine. A brickmaker was wanted to open up busi ness. In the Weekly Express and Herald of December 3, 1856, a corre spondent — H. C. K. — gives the following account of DyersviUe, the information being furnished by Judge Dyer, T. F. Allen, Dr. Ford and others : "DyersviUe is situated near the western edge of Du buque county, twenty-seven miles from the city of Dubuque, on the banks of the north fork of the Maquoketa river, which winds through the town. Bear creek empties into the river at this place. The country surrounding is the best farming district in Dubuque county; the soil is rich and strong. The town was laid out by Judge Dyer, from whom it derives its name, about four years since, and now numbers over seven hundred inhabitants. It is not yet incorporated, but soon will be. It has thus far labored under the disadvantages of river and railroad facilities, and goods and lumber have been wagoned at a high cost, consequently the population of the place has been seriously kept back by the want of houses and hotel accommodations, and hundreds who have come to settle have thus been compelled to go elsewhere. The prospect of the speedy com- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 469 pletion of the Dubuque & Pacific Railroad to this point has given a surprising impetus to all building operations. The town plat is nearly a mile square and contains over 500 acres. The town is owned principally by the Iowa Land Company and Judge Dyer, who offer the most liberal inducements to business concerns and home seekers. The rails for the railroad will be laid to this point by the middle of December or the first of January. As soon as the railroad shall be completed here this town will be made the starting point for all the stage lines to the westward and northward, thus avoiding the heavy grades near Dubuque. At least eight stages will arrive and depart daily, besides many extra vehicles. It is estimated that there is a daily average of four hundred teams on the different roads which converge into Dubuque, and that all must concentrate here. Already a fine brick station and freight depot have been erected here. Two new hotels are being built. The Western and Northwestern Stage companies are building stables. The proposed Northwestern & St. Paul Railroad will likely connect here with the Dubuque & Pacific. Talk of building a branch railroad to Coles- burg, about twelve miles away, is indulged in. Among the new buildings recently erected or now under way are the following: Station and freight depot, Dyer's hotel, John Young's hotel, William Dyer's commission house, Dyer's stable for the Western Stage Com pany, same for the Northwestern Stage Company, same for Pierce & Hannum of Dubuque, F. J. Stanton's planing mill and sash factory, and the following projected buildings: Railroad engine and repair shop, Presbyterian church, Episcopalian church, graded school building to cost $2,000. There were standing, the Methodist church, Rev. Lee ; public school, Mr. Gano, teacher ; Young Ladies' Select school, Mrs. B. Douglas ; Iowa Land Company, incorporated December, 1855, R. B. Mason, president; T. F. Allen, secretary; offices of the Dubuque & Pacific Railroad. Three hotels were in operation, conducted by H. P. Rice, J. Olney and W. Hatch. In operation was a large grist mill, owned by Judge Dyer ; it was one. of the largest and most complete flouring mills in the state. It was operated by water power from the river. The race was nearly a mile long and cost $8,000. T. J. Stanton and Bailey & Co. con ducted saw mills. Among the stores were the large one with depart ments, owned by Judge Dyer; D. C. Salisbury, dry goods; D. S. Smith, druggist and deputy postmaster; A. Hoynck, grocery; J. Waldor, grocery ; John Young, furniture ; Richard Green, furniture ; John Dyer, harness; H. Popham, wagons; A. Hoynck, bakery; Bethell, Toogood & Wilkinson, brewery ; Page & Day, stores. The physicians were S. L. Lord and E. Covell. The only lawyer was H. B. Allen. There were blacksmiths, tailors, shoemakers, brick yards and stone quarries. There were many fine residences in the place. Business lots on Main and Union streets were worth from $5 to $15 a front foot; lots for private residences were rated from 470 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY $50 to $150 each. About a mile from town was the fine farm of W. L. Randall, who was one of the largest wool growers in Iowa, owning at this time 1,500 sheep. "In addition to my statistics of DyersviUe property, I would wish to notice that a large addition has been made about a year since on the east side, which is called East DyersviUe. This was laid out by John Stanton, F. Stanton and Miss Green, and plats recorded. On the East DyersviUe plat are several fine dwellings, one furniture and general store, one wagon-maker's shop, and contracts are being made for the erection of a dry goods store, turner's shop and a bakery. The railroad and stage roads run through it. The county roads from Rockville, John's Creek, New Wine and Bankson con centrate here. Richard Gadsden and John Stanton have deeded a lot for school district No. 7; it will be ready in the spring. The ladies of DyersviUe have established and manage a public library. It is yet in its infancy, but standard works are on its shelves; Miss Green is the president. This addition is laid out in fine sized build ing lots and are offered to actual settlers on liberal and easy terms." — (H. K. C. in E. & H., December 3, 1856). The Clarendon hotel at DyersviUe was kept by Mr. Jackson in 1857. On July 25, 1857, the Jesup lands — 2,520 acres — lying near DyersviUe, in Delaware county, were offered for sale here at public auction. The sale was for the purpose of closing up the Jesup estate. In October or November, 1857, the DyersviUe Mercury was first issued by F. J. Stanton. It was neutral in politics and its motto was "Devoted to Iowa, the Union and Ourselves." In the winter of 1857-8 a lyceum was conducted in DyersviUe, and a Masonic lodge was organized there. John Young made an assignment during the panic of that year. DyersviUe was located in a burr-oak opening on the Maquoketa river. In 1856-7 its population doubled. In the summer of 1857 seven stores were going up at one time — also a score or more of dwellings. There were three brick yards there. The Methodists were building a church to cost $10,000. Their old building was sold to the town and converted into a public school house, with L. Gano teacher. Randall Brothers conducted a banking business there — the only one in the place. There were one drug store, one hardware store, one tin shop, two wagon shops, one harness shop, two furni ture stores, three blacksmith shops, three hotels, four dry goods stores and six groceries. The Clarendon House, owned by Judge Dyer, cost $30,000. A large warehouse was owned by B. P. Power & Co.— (Times, August 3, 1857). The completion of the Dubuque & Pacific railroad to DyersviUe in 1857 was an important event and at once caused the village to grow rapidly. The Clarendon hotel was erected about this time by Judge Dyer, and was leased by him. The railroad was continued westward, but the panic of 1857 fell upon this community as upon DUBUQUE ' HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 471 all else and business was dull and improvement languished. It was about this time that Henry and Barney Holscher and Rev. W. H. Heu di Bourgh located, the latter being a member of the Congre gational church. He at once began to secure subscriptions for a church of that faith, and ere long the same was built. In the end he owned a large property near the village. In April, 1858, the editor of the DyersviUe Mercury published a strong appeal to the people of that village and vicinity to come for ward and assist him to maintain his paper or he would be obliged to move his outfit to some other place. Owen McGee shot and killed Jerry Kelly at DyersviUe in September, 1858. The house of Daniel Higgins, near DyersviUe, was burned September 25, 1858, and was a total loss. In March, 1859, Mr. Stanton, editor of the DyersviUe Mercury, boasted that he had a "smattering knowledge" of the following tongues: Hebrew, Greek, English, Douay, Latin, Italian, French, Flemish and Spanish. The Herald called Stanton "the Douay editor," and rejoiced when he was beaten by a printer named William Corbett. "Piles on piles of airy nothings, gossamer castles, were upreared on the frail base of the imagination — on the cornerstone of a single isolated but almighty dollar." — (Stanton in DyersviUe Mercury). "Git eout !"—(£. & H., June 25, 1859). The Fourth of July, 1859, was publicly celebrated at DyersviUe ; thirteenguns werefired at day break. Aprocession marched to wooded grounds, where L. M. Gano read the Declaration ; B. F. Fotterall de livered the oration, and Colonel Rickard, of Dubuque, also addressed the assemblage. There was good music by Professor Flude and others. The military band was a feature. The day ended with a ball at the Clarendon hotel. In describing the 4th of July (1859) celebration at DyersviUe the Mercury said : "The anniversary of that glorious day which gave a distinctness to all the energies of the patriots of '76, that gave a soul-stirring earnestness to all the noble deeds which they accom plished ; that struck the keynote of the heart-strung sympathies of a people whose children and children's children should hand down to posterity this heirloom and eternally entailed heritage of heaven- directed nobility ; at early morn the reverberating echoes of distant hills, where awakened from their apathetic slumber, the vales of the North Maquoketa gave birth to echoes whose like was never heard since Jehovah's thunders called them into being. * * * Here a grand federal salute greeted the ear which, with hundreds of happy throats, swelled the baptismal anthem, making the welkin ring again with its awakening echoes." In April, 1861, the citizens of DyersviUe voted as to who should be postmaster of that town, and John Dyer won by two majority. DyersviUe was established in 1861 as an independent 472 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY school district under the code. George Rebman's house, near Dyers viUe, was burned down August 14, 1864. The family was absent. Two farmers, George Kruepfel and Mr. Leopard, were held up and robbed near DyersviUe in September, 1865. They were on horse back when two men with pistols held them up. Kruepfel handed over $100. A boy with them had 10 cents which they took. Jerry Boland built the DyersviUe bridge in 1865. In June, 1865, a party of four or five persons were drowned at DyersviUe. They had attended a wedding at Colesburg and on their return, while attempt ing to cross Bear creek, which was greatly swollen, were drowned. They were Mr. Storker, Mr. Adam, Mrs. Adam and child, and per haps others. In January, 1866, DyersviUe shipped 3,720 hogs, which, at $10 per hundred, were worth $93,297.20. A flood, in February, 1867, swept away the wagon bridge at DyersviUe. In April, 1868, Rev. R. Swearingen and Rev. J. W. Hanson debated at DyersviUe the question of future state, the former main taining the doctrine of endless punishment and the latter that of universal salvation; they did not settle the question. In 1868 among the leading business houses of the place were T. D. Hall, store and hotel; Chesterman & Trick, agricultural warehouse and hardware store; Collins & Schemmel, an agricultural warehouse; W. Dyer, extension to elevator ; Moreland & Kramer, a new store ; Halscher Bros., grain elevator, which was previously owned by J. B. Hawley; Limbeck & Co., store; Moreland & Stocker, store; Rohenkohl & Son, store. John Dyer was postmaster about 1865-6, but it then passed to D. L. Smith. The following is a summing up of DyersviUe in 1869: Claren don hotel, 70 to 80 rooms, built by James Dyer in 1856-7; Congre gational church, Rev. H. L. Chase; Methodist church, Rev. J. McCormick ; Roman Catholic church, Rev. Fr. Kortencamp ; Lu theran, supplied from Dubuque ; public graded school, N. W. Boyes, principal; merchants, A. Limbeck & Co.; Halscher & Bro, hard ware; J. B. Hawley; Raper & Trum; Collins & Schemmel; F. Luthners, woolen factory; Chesterman & Trick, Robelcol & Kramer; John Dyer, etc. There were two grain elevators, two breweries, Doctors Kepler, Tremain, Miller and Menges; J. D. Alson, lawyer; A. Kroffl, Gadsden, Halscher & Co. and Sexton, grain buyers. At this date DyersviUe was one of the largest ship ping points for its size in the state. Immense quantities of hogs, grain and wild fowl were sent to market. There were three lumber yards, grist mill of J. Schemmel & Co., Masonic Lodge No. 132. In 1870 a new bridge was built to take the place of the one washed away a year or two before. ,< In 1 870- 1 DyersviUe and Cascade had rival baseball teams that met on more than one desperately fought field ; they also had rival billiardists. In one baseball game played at DyersviUe April 1, 1871, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 473 the score was DyersviUe 50, Cascade 26. In 1873 Rose & Son founded the DyersviUe Commercial. In 1880 Charles E. Sloop became connected with it; the sheet was Democratic. DyersviUe was incorporated in 1872; the new town started as such with a population of about 1,000; forty-nine persons petitioned to have the place incorporated. William Trick was elected mayor ; J. A. Limback, treasurer; John Morley, recorder; A. Limback, C. C. Chesterman, D. S. Smith, A. Kropfl and A. Muehe, council. The large Howe truss bridge at DyersviUe was erected in 1874 at a cost of $4,500. The Teutonia band was in existence in 1874. On the question of a new school house to cost $7,000, in 1874, the vote of the corpo ration stood — for the house, 115; against it, 87. The building was duly erected; it was of brick and stone, 44 x 56 feet. By 1875 the leading streets were macadamized and put in good condition, side walks were built and other needed improvements made from the license fees of the saloons; the license was $100 annually. The following is a summing up of the town in 1875 : Merchants, A. Limback & Co., Holscher Bros., William Trick, John Christoph, the Godsdens, the Schemmels, David Smith, Nick Till, Bunker, Burley, Morley, Rohenkohl, Alsop, Rose and others. In October the new brick school house was nearly finished, at a cost of about $8,000, and with a capacity of about 400 pupils. In December, 1895, the Farmers' State Bank of DyersviUe organ ized and prepared to do business on Main street, their building cost ing $4,800. The officers were Adolph Lange, president; John B. Utt, vice-president ; Ben Schemmel, cashier. Business was begun in January, 1896. In 1904 the city had two banks, six general stores, three hardware stores, four manufacturing plants, three grain ele vators, two wholesale liquor houses, two breweries, one creamery, four lawyers, two real estate offices, three physicians, three milliners, excellent graded and parochial schools, and Catholic, Methodist, Episcopal and Lutheran churches. In 1 88 1 A. Limback & Co. conducted a large creamery. The German State Bank was established in 1886, with a capital of $25,000, of which $15,000 was owned by Dubuque capitalists. In 1889 DyersviUe had two newspapers, a bank, was a famous hog market, had 254 business houses of all kinds, and in 1888 had spent a total of $210,295 m buildings of all sorts. In that year the total business of the German State Bank was $1,250,000. In busi ness enterprises there was invested about $1,000,000. The total postoffice business was $15,695. The Catholic church was one of the finest in Iowa and cost about $115,000. The News Letter was established in 1888-9. The Hickory Valley Creamery Company was incorporated in 1 89 1, and Richard Barry became president. This year the News Letter and the Commercial were official organs of the county ; Chris -474 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Smith edited the latter. In 1893 the town erected its city hall and engine house, 40 x 112 feet, and duly dedicated it on October 24 Horn John B. Utt was orator. In 1896 Henry Steffen sued Mayor D. A. Gehrig for $10,000 damages for assault; upon committing the assault the mayor promptly pleaded guilty before a justice and paid a fine of $1, but this did not satisfy Mr. Steffen. The Dyers viUe Canning Company was established in 1900; in 1902 it put up 150,000 cans of corn. The Harvest Home picnic in 1906 brought out a large crowd. A fire in August, 1907, destroyed about $30,000 worth of property. In 1909 the Waterloo Canning Company leased the establishment of the DyersviUe Canning Company. The First National Bank of DyersviUe opened its doors- in January, 1910, with Frank L. Drexler as president. DyersviUe, in 1910, was lighted by electricity, had fire department opera house, two or three banks, two weekly newspapers— Commer cial and News Letter— many excellent stores— dry goods, hardware, clothing, boots and shoes, jewelry, drugs, groceries, etc., saloons' lumber yards, physicians and surgeons, shops of all sorts, dentists, marble works, lawyers, undertakers, contractors, mills, furniture, photographer, churches for the Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans and Methodists, a malting company, etc. The village of New Vienna was first settled in 1844 by Fred Rohenkohl. H. Tauke, John Fangmann and H. Weichmann. It was first platted as New Wein. Henry Schemmel was first post master. About 1846-7 Mr. Fangmann built a saw mill on the river; in 1865 a grist mill was erected near. About 1848 Frederick Rohen- 1cohl started the first store. Henry Schemmel & Brothers established a woolen mill about 1849. John Klosterman taught the first school. The woolen factory and flouring mill were destroyed by fire in November, 1863 ; nearly 3,000 bushels of wheat were burned ; the loss was about $13,000; a large quantity of wool was destroyed; the property belonged to the estate of Joseph Schemmel. Frank Knippling was interested in the property and lost heavily. New Vienna was incorporated in 1895 in response to a petition signed "by thirty-two citizens. There were polled 56 votes, 42 for the incorporation and 14 against it. The officers elected were John Vorwald, mayor; J. W. Schaetzel, recorder; H. Huberty, J. Kerper, John Wessels, Jr., A. Lange, T. B. Boeckenstadt and Joseph E. Erdmann, trustees. In 1904 New Vienna had three general stores, one hotel, one "harness shop, one furniture dealer and undertaker, one brewery, one restaurant, one physician, one blacksmith, and two wagon shops. Taylor Township (township 88 north, range 1 west). This por tion of the county was quite early settled — had election precincts and road districts for several years prior to the creation and organi zation of the township proper. The voters in 1838 went to the house -of Jacob Hamilton, on the Great Maquoketa, to vote. The first HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 475 settlers had to go to Dubuque to get their mail, but in 1840 received it at what is now Cascade.. In September, 1840, it was made a part of White Water election precinct, and in December of the same year was assigned to the first county commissioner's district. As originally created in February, 1843, it was part of four townships, which cornered at sections 20, 21, 28 and 29 (see elsewhere herein). It thus remained until February 7, 1849, when Taylor Township was created and then embraced the present Dodge Township. On January 11, 1850, Taylor was cut down to its present boundaries, and elections were ordered held at the house of Peter Melingner. This portion of the county contained good citizens. Daniel Hogan arrived in 1837. Other early ones were the Wilmotts, Briggs, Kidders, Johnsons, Youngs, Walkers, McKees, Hatches, Wilsons, Grafforts, Kehoes, Smiths, Dickinsons, Shermans, Kennedys, Grays, Jennings, Greenwoods, Murphys, Tracys, Healeys, McDer- motts, Striefs and many others. In 1854 the famous "boiling springs" of this township first be came generally known. There were originally seven large springs flowing into a common outlet and all furnishing enough water power for several mills. Mr. Smith became the owner of them in 1854; later Mr. Sherman became associated with him and soon they had one of the best stock and grain farms of the county. Epworth originally comprised forty acres and was laid out by Dr. William Johnson and the village was named in honor of the birth place of John Wesley. The first residents were Hezekiah Young. Otis Briggs and Zephaniah Kidder, who were there in 1855, a short time before the plat was made. Hiram Young was there early also. The postoffice of Hogansville, named for Daniel Hogan, was established about 1840 at what is now Epworth, but no village grew up there until the survey of the railroad in 1855. In the spring of that year eighty acres were platted and the name of the postoffice was changed from Hogansville to Epworth. The proposed construction of the Illinois Central railroad (known through this county in 1855 and later as the Dubuque & Pacific railroad) was the cause of the platting, settlement and growth of Epworth. Several years earlier a store at Drake's, about one mile east of Epworth, was opened by Benjamin H. Wilmott ; in the spring of 1855 he moved his store to Epworth. Mr. Kidder erected a building and started a store. E. G. French built a small hotel and also opened a small store. After a short time Robert Wilmott succeeded B. H. Wilmott in charge of the store. Otis and Thomas G. Briggs began burning bricks in 1855. The village grew rapidly. David and John Edwards opened the Graffort House the first year. It was well kept and became favorably known. E. G. French taught the first school in 1855-6. Other early resi dents were J. V. McCune, Silas Moore, William Magill, Philip 476 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Keagy, Jacob Wynant, Rev. S. T. Wells, Frank Richardson, A. S. Atkinson, a blacksmith, Dr. W. B. Fox, W. W. Wilkinson, Mr. Alexander, J. T. Williams, O. J. Metcalf and David Edwards. J. H. and Edward Dodson conducted an early store; so did Alex ander & Company. Edward Tuttle was a painter. Epworth Lodge No. 84, A. F. & A. M., was founded in 1856. In 1857 Dr. E. Jackson, a homeopathist, was here, and Benjamin Goodrick con ducted a shoe shop and store. On July 4, 1857, the Methodist Sunday schools for DyersviUe, Bankston's Prairie, Center Grove, Rockdale and the Union met at Epworth with the Sunday school there to celebrate the day. The Epworth school received the others at the station. All marched to Seminary Grove, where the Declaration was read by Dr. William Johnson, of Epworth, and addresses delivered by Rev. P. E. Brown and Rev. E. L. Stout, both of Dubuque. In September, 1857, the Times contained the following account of Epworth : "It now numbers some 350 inhabitants and is daily increasing. There are many inducements to settle here. There are four stores in the place. A tinware and stove depot, owned by S. Young, and a very fine boot and shoe establishment, carried on by Goodrich & Watkins. The Methodist society have a nice church in the place. The Presbyterians are now building a fine house of worship. The new academy, now nearly completed, is a beautiful structure and admirably adopted to the purpose for which it is de signed. Its cost, when completed, will be nearly or quite $8,000, and it must ever be an ornament to Epworth. We are informed the institution will open some time in November. There are two hotels here. One is kept by J. D. Graffort." — (Cor. Times, September 5, 1857- At Epworth in 1858 wheat was reported half a crop; potatoes were infected with rot. A new and fine steam flouring mill was being erected, to which a saw mill with power for lathes and cabi net shop, was attached. The owners were Ridder & Chesterman. The main building was 30x40 feet and cost $10,000. The seminary was in a flourishing condition, with goodly attendance. Examina tions of the public schools were satisfactory. Bethel cemetery is one and one-half acres, donated by James McGee for burial purposes. Most of the early Protestant settlers of that locality have been buried there, the first interment being that of Joseph Jenkins in 1856. After that it filled up rapidly until about 1875, when the early settlers began to disperse. Bethel church was erected about 1855, opposite the cemetery, on an acre of ground donated by John Hilman, and was used for worshiping purposes most of the time until 1875, while it was left vacant until 1884, when sold to I. L. McGee and removed off the ground and used for a barn. The few members left were transferred to Farley parish. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 477 The Fourth of July was celebrated at Epworth, the academy pupils under Rev. Keeler leading. Rev. Robert Collier delivered an address there. Rev. Mr. Brush, president of the Upper Iowa Uni versity, also delivered an address. At the celebration in the woods D. N. Cooley, of Dubuque, delivered the principal oration. From i860 to 1865 the following were at Epworth : Shoe store by Benjamin Goodrich, mill owned by Mr. Kidder, academy, two or three churches, excellent public schools, a moral atmosphere superior to any in the county; the big store of Robert Wilmott, another by Metcalf & Vibber, another by P. Keagy, blacksmiths, carpenters, stone and brick masons, milliner, etc. In 1867 a large co-operative union store was established, owing to the high prices and hard times. In 1861 Silas Moore was postmaster. He con ducted a hotel, the Graffort house having been destroyed by fire in 1859. J. D. Graffort, of Dubuque, had owned this house, which was conducted by Mr. Osborn at the time of the burning. Previous to 1870 the seminary was the property of the Upper Iowa Conference, but in that year it fell to the ownership of the Methodist church. In 1879 Epworth was incorporated upon the petition of thirty-five residents. At this time they claimed not less than 300 population. At the incorporation election eighty-three votes were polled, fifty-six for incorporation and twenty-seven against incorporation. The town has a regular corporation tax. The officers in 1880 were J. M. Kirkpatrick, mayor ; Joseph Fogg, recorder; J. B. Albrook, John W. Foster, Timothy French, T. J. Briggs, William McKinlay and Daniel Durham, trustees. Iowa Lodge No. 324, I. O. O. F, was instituted in 1875, and Epworth Lodge No. 135, A. O. U. W., in 1877. The Epworth Seminary Association was incorporated in 1880. Epworth now has Baptist, Catholic and Methodist churches, a bank, excellent schools, several general and special stores, hotels, liveries, physicians, milliners, grocery and hardware stores, con tractors, lumber yards, barbers, dressmakers, teachers, stock dealers, drug stores, farm implement shops, etc. Farley. — It seems that Joseph G. Wilson, in the fall of 1852, was among the first to locate at what is now Farley. He erected a frame house. Lawrence McGuigan located there in 1853. When the railroads were built in 1856-7 he sold out to the Iowa Land Company and the latter at once platted the village. The place was named in honor of Jesse P. Farley, of Dubuque, who was actively and prominently connected with the construction of both railroads. The village at once began to grow, Daniel Hill, E. A. Irwin, Dennis Sullivan, John Kimball, John Lehee, the Walkers and many others being among the first residents. The Sherman house was built early. The W. G. Long residence was burned in May, 1863. The move ment of the Good Templars against the liquor interests in 1868 was 478 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY notable. The citizens were determined to keep out the grog shops. In October, 1863, the cornerstone of the Catholic church at Farley was laid ; 300 persons were present. Father McGauran celebrated mass and Father Maloney, of Holy Cross, conducted the services of dedication. In 1872 the Stoll elevator at Farley burned down. It contained sixteen carloads of grain. By 1869 there were at Farley the following improvements: Norling & Fitzgerald, store; A. C. Walker & Co., store; Vibber & Co., store; McGee Brothers, store; A. Maryatt, store; Catholic and Methodist churches, pastor of the former, Rev. Fr. McGauran, and of the latter, Rev. Mr. Houghton, from Epworth; three hotels; A. Gillespie, teacher; W. B. Dubois and W. H. Tuthill, lumber dealers; Samuel J. Thompson, agricultural implements; H. Stoll, elevator ; Smith & Kephart, cheese factory, etc. In 187 1 the Farmers' Harvest Home assemblies commenced. They were held in the woods near town and drew large crowds and were the means of uniting the people in the cause of industry, edu cation, morality and good citizenship. Alexander McKee was president in 1871. The next year Robert Wilmott served as such and A. C. Walker was secretary. The "home" has been held often ever since. In 1886 P. F. Walker was president. As many as 6,000 people have been present at the annual meetings. In 1875 a big fire at Farley destroyed the railway machine shops. In Sep tember, 1875, the Methodist Episcopal church was dedicated by Rev. E. K. Young; it cost about $4,000. In 1879 Farley was incorporated as a town, thirty-six persons signing the petition. At the election seventy-two voted for incorporation and fifty-seven against it. The Ryans, of Dubuque, contemplated a packing plant at Farley, but it did not materialize. A very destructive fire at Farley in January, 1896, caused the loss of over $25,000 in property. Among the losers were Loomis, Vibber & Heald, Ransom, Newton, Ewen, Cattron, Plunkett, Asquitt, Bank of Farley and several societies. The Loomis opera house block was almost wholly destroyed. Farley in 1910 had Catholic, Episcopal, Methodist and Presby terian churches, graded schools, two banks, two newspapers-r- Advertiser and News— general stores, and stores of hardware, drugs, jewelry, milliners, etc., resturants, hotels, liveries, doctors, lawyers, dentists, furniture, harness, real estate, lumber yards, shops, water works, undertakers, live stock dealers, etc. The Farley State Bank was organized June 26, 1906, with a capital of $25,000. B. E. Loomis and J. B. Cook solicited sub scriptions to the stock. There are about seventy stockholders, mainly farmers. On January 1, 1907, the deposits amounted to $35,436.82; on January 25, 191 1, they were $264,572-65- In.e first officers were J. P. Sanner, president; B. D. Heald, vice-presi- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 479' dent; F. S. Ferring, cashier, and they still manage the institution. The bank pays 4% per cent on time deposits. Farley was incorporated in 1879, with A. C. Walker, mayor; R. L. Vibber, treasurer; Charles A. Joseph, recorder; J. F. Wil mott, street commissioner and marshal ; A. T. Garner, J. J. Wilson, L. N. Arcouit, D. Moynihan, S. Goodale and Solomon Carpenter, trustees. The city has a library association. Nearby are the famous Farley quarries of building stone. Kidder Siding is a small place in the northeast part, and Placid another in the southeast part. Cascade Township (township 87 north, range 2 west) was organized as road districts and election precincts before the town ship as such had an official existence. As an election precinct it was Great Maquoketa in 1838 and elections were held at the house of Jacob Hamilton. It was also called White Water precinct. In August, 1839, elections were held at the house of Joseph Hewitt. Patrick Finn, James H. Kirkpatrick and Willis Thompson were judges of election. The military road was built in 1839 and thereafter Cascade had a postoffice of its own. Arthur Thomas was postmaster at the "Falls" in 1840. In 1840 the township was in the third county commissioners' district. As first created, in 1843, the township embraced parts of the present townships of Cascade, White Water, Taylor and Dodge. It was given its present boundaries in 1849. Nicholas Delong was the first settler of Cascade township. He first came in 1834, when he plowed a small tract and planted it in corn. The next spring he returned and sowed a field of wheat. In 1836 he brought out his family, consisting of wife, daughter Susan and five sons, William, John, Parley, Jacob and Perry. His cabin was located on the present townsite. John Sherman arrived about 1836 and bought a part of the water power and in partner ship with Arthur Thomas about 1837 erected the first flouring mill" and began business. At the same time they established a store and built a hotel. The next year the Delong brothers built the first saw mill about two miles above. Previous to his arrival here Nicholas Delong had been a miner, probably at Dubuque and per haps at Galena. In about 1841 Caleb Bucknam, whose daughter married G. G. Banghart, bought the Delong property, and in 1842 laid out the village. Alvin Burt, Peter Summers, Egbert Macom- ber, C. O. Freeman, Elan Rafferty, Lyman Dillon, Mahlon Lupton, John Rafferty and Asa Leek were all early settlers of this township. L. A. Styles was postmaster — about 1842. W. W. Hamilton arrived" about 1842. G. G. Banghart kept a large general store. Judge Taylor was here early. Joseph Dean, Caleb Bucknam, Levi A. Styles, Peter Knoop, W. W. Hamilton, Arthur Thomas, Alonzo Meecham, Asa Leekr. Nathan W. Dotan, John Gibson were all useful citizens. 480 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY The citizens of the North Fork of Maquoketa, on February 17, 1838, assembled and organized for the protection of their pre emption rights and for the regulation of their claims. They adopted a constitution and assumed the name "North Fork of Maquoketa Association" for the mutual protection of settlers' claims on gov ernment lands. No settler could have more than three quarter sec tions of land. No person under sixteen years could hold a claim. The following were the officers: Charles W. Harris, president; Webster M. Dowell, vice-president; Francis M. Hamilton, secre tary; Abraham Daniels, Samuel Groff, John Hanley, Fielden Braden, James Hoffman, Thomas Owens, E. Richardson, Vincent D. Smith and James B. Powell, grand committee. The water power was the origin of Cascade, both of the name and the village. The military road, after 1839, was extensively traveled and caused Cascade to grow. Caleb Bucknam bought out the Delongs about 1840 and laid out the west town. Lyman Dillon owned the saw mill and G. G. Banghart opened a store. James Cooley was here early; also the Powells, Hamiltons, Smiths and McGintys. Mr. Bucknam donated land to the Catholic and Prot estant churches and to their cemeteries. In 1842 the place was called West Cascade in the records of the county. About this time a road was established from Cascade westward to the county seat of Delaware county. The act of February 16, 1842, declared the Big Maquoketa a navigable highway. A large temperance meet ing at the house of Arthur Thomas in 1842 organized with twenty persons and with William Collins as president. The Methodists organized in 1841 and erected a church in 1844. The Congrega tionalists built in 1845. About fifty Irish families, just over from Europe and now at St. Louis, sent one of their number, a young Irishman, to Dubuque county to select a location for all of them. He selected points along the Maquoketa in the southwestern part of Dubuque county. — (Bloomington Herald, June 10, 1842.) A mass meeting of the citizens of Cascade was held at the Metho dist church in that village on January 29, 1848, to take into con sideration the expediency of making Cascade a point upon the contemplated Dubuque & Keokuk railroad, according to the charter granted by the last legislature. William Johnson was chosen presi dent of the meeting; Joseph Dean, vice-president, and N. P. Cook and W. S. Hall, secretaries. The following committee to dratt resolutions was appointed: Dr. B. F. Dewey, George Banghart, John McGinty, James S. Hamilton and Joshua Johnson. Ihe meeting was addressed by George Banghart, C. O. Freeman, Dr. B F Dewey and Rev. L. H. Woodford. The resolutions warmly favored the selection of Cascade as a point on this contemplated railroad line. . ~ In 1847 William Lawther & Co. conducted a large store in Las- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 481 cade. The leading hotel at this date was managed by Henry Miller. William W. Hamilton, a Scotchman and a lawyer, was here early and became very prominent. At a large railroad meeting in Cascade in December, 1852, G. G. Banghart served as chairman and Dr. G. W. Trumbull as secretary. W. S. Hall, T. S. Denson, L. Barnett, Lemuel Litton and Alfred Darling were present. The inhabitants here were endeavoring to secure the Dubuque & Pacific railway, or any other. The McGinty- Clark murder and suicide occurred near Cascade in 1855. ^v August, 1856, the village had a population of about 450 people. McCann was hotelkeeper. At this date there were seven or eight merchants, the big flour mill owned by the Chews, saw mill, brick yard, private schools, the academy, mechanics, blacksmiths, etc. James Hill laid out a large addition to the village. John Bates resided here. In an examination before David F. Barr, justice, at Cascade, in June, 1857, Michael Flanigan was given a preliminary trial for the murder of James Newell by striking him on the head with an ax handle. Both resided in Jones county. The defendant was bound over to court in the sum of $4,000, on the charge of manslaughter. Bail was furnished. The alleged crime was committed at Francis M. McNally's grocery. Charles Winchel, a storekeeper, saw the blow struck. William Bucknam, a shopkeeper, was a witness. At this date Ruthorp owned a shop, Taylor had a store and Dr. Baker practiced medicine, also Dr. Beman. Frank May's brewery was there in 1856. A grand mass meeting to be held at Cascade July 25, 1857, was called to consider the proposed new constitution. The best speakers from Dubuque were advertised to be present. Resolutions against the proposed new constitution were passed. In July, 1857, a mob of over 300 men surrounded the dwelling of Jack Parrot, of Cas cade, intent on hanging him on the charge of horse stealing. At. this time Parrot was constable of the township. Cascade in 1858 had a population of nearly 1,000. Over seventy- five new buildings, it was claimed, were erected in 1858. They were built on both sides of the river. The falls in the river gave rise to the name Cascade, and were about nine feet high. There were two large mills at the town — a flouring mill on one side of the river and a saw mill on the other. There were four large dry goods stores, one drug store and several grocery stores. There were four churches already up and two more being erected. A large brick academy and a brick public school were in flourishing condition. There were five blacksmith shops, three wagonmaker shops, two cabinet shops, besides carpenters, shoemakers, tailors, etc. — (Ed. Acsac in Dubuque Herald; the name reversed spells Cascade. ) In 1858 Cascade Academy was under the superintendence of Mr. and Mrs. H. D. Wilson, A. M. The fourth session of this school 482 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY began Monday, September 7, 1858. Instruction in all branches usually taught in colleges was given. The tuition was from $4 to $8. The trustees were Anthony S. Chew, G. W. Trumbull and W. W. Hamilton. In July, 1858, wheat near Cascade was not over half a crop; oats were injured by rust, but the corn prospect was good. The Cascade Juvenile Vigilance Committee enforced the hog law — they penned up about thirty head at one time and asked owners to pay charges and take them away. The Cascade Philomathean Society held regular meetings; the Masons had just organized, and despite the hard times and uncertain currency about twenty new dwellings were erected in 1858. The Catholics were about to commence on a new church there, the Methodists already had laid the basement of their large brick church in the eastern part. — (Cascade cor. E. & H., July 20, 1858.) A tornado swept through the county about two miles west of Cascade in July, 1858, prostrating crops and timber. Cyrus Goff was a brick manufacturer ; Hastings and Scott were at work in the "gold mine" near Cascade; the Irish neighborhood near Cas cade was in a prosperous condition. In 1858 Thomas Palmer was indicted for keeping a gambling house at Cascade. He kept a saloon there. He was found guilty by a jury in the District court before Judge T. S. Wilson. In 1858 there were three new mail routes extending out from Cascade: from Cascade to Iowa City, from Cascade to Tipton, from Cascade to Wyoming. In August there were eight mail routes coming into or passing through the village. The academy at Cascade was conducted by Professor Wilson in 1858. During the spring term there were about seventy pupils in attendance. While out hunting with a party of men a Mr. Con- nelley, of Cascade, accidentally shot a young man named Banghart with a full charge, but did not kill him. On July 4, 1862, Cascade turned out to celebrate. The Declara tion was read by Prof. C. W. Von Coelin and speeches were deliv ered by M. B. Mulkern, Austin Adams and J. M. King. Washing ton's farewell address was read by Doctor Trumbull. Simon Cham berlain was postmaster in 1863. The following citizens of Cascade, in August, 1864, notified the public that the new Cascade Academy, with the ablest and most experienced teachers, would be open for the reception of students September 15: G. W. Trumbull, John Taylor, G. G. Banghart, W. S. Hall, T. J. Chew, T. Litton and L. and L. Benham. Prof. J. Nolan, A. M., was principal. Sixty students were enrolled by November 1. In 1864 the paper mill two miles from Cascade was established by Mullally, Hutchins & Co. They first made wrapping paper, mainly from rye and oat straw, but later advanced to Panting paper. The main building was 30x40 feet and two stories high. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 483 McNulty was connected with the company. He seems to have secured Hutchins' interest. Their paper was on the market in Du buque in November and was exhibited at the county fair. In October, 1869, the mill was destroyed by fire caused by the explo sion of a kerosene lamp. The loss was estimated at $30,000. The Spring Valley mills on section 26 were built in about 1870 by F. Gilleger and had three run of stone. In December, 1866, there was published in the Dubuque Herald the following description of Cascade abridged : Cascade is on the Maquoketa river, where there were falls about ten feet high, with power sufficient for forty or fifty pairs of buhrs. The town was in a heavily timbered section and was surrounded with a well settled and prosperous farming community. The Cascade flouring mill, owned by T. Chew, but leased by Crane Brothers, had four run of stone. T. Chew ran a saw mill; Thomas Crawford & Co. ran a cabinet factory ; there were several stores and shops ; German Cath olic church, Rev. M. Lynch; Irish Catholic church, same pastor; a new Catholic church just finished, 100x50 feet, built of stone; new Methodist church, Rev. Wortz; Baptist church, Rev. Reas; New Presbyterian church, Rev. Sawhill; Second Advent church, Rev. Huff; Cascade Academy, R. G. Gislon, principal, and two district schools. In November, 1867, Cascade had a population of about 1,000, seven dry goods stores, seven groceries, three drug stores, three hotels, three schoolhouses, six churches, a large grist mill, a saw mill, two cabinet and other shops, three wagon and carriage makers, four blacksmiths, four shoe shops, a distillery, doctors, lawyers, etc. In 1868 one span of the Cascade mill, then under construction, fell into the river, carrying down eight men. No lives were lost, but the property loss was about $2,500. The Cascade Pioneer was established early by C. H. Monger and did a great deal to build up the town and improve the community under J. W. Baldwin. September 19, 1878, was a great day for Cascade. The first ground was turned on the narrow gauge railroad which extended from Bellevue to that town. About 2,500 people were present when John W. Tripp threw the first shovelful of earth. A large pro cession, under Chief Marshal R. R. Creston, paraded the streets and marched out to the grove, where the speaking took place. Fred O'Donnell was orator of the day, but speeches were also made by Gen. L. A. Wright, Dennis A. Mahony, Dennis O'Brien, Mr. Tripp and others. The first locomotive arrived at Cascade in December, 1879. The stock fair held at Cascade in 1880 was well attended and a success. Many excellent animals were exhibited. At this date, De cember, 1880, the village was incorporated as a town. There were 161 votes, of whom 128 favored incorporation and 32 opposed it. In 188 1 a squad of people at Cascade tarred and feathered a 484 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY man, whereupon he commenced suit against them for damages. In 1886 a new bank was established, with B. B. Richards, of Dubuque, as president. The fair at Cascade in 1891 was attended by 5,000 people on the best day. It had already given fame to this little town. "No man's land," at Cascade, began to be famous about this time. The five hundred yard law concerning liquor selling was the cause in this town, situated in two townships, in two counties and on the two sides of the river. There was almost open war between the Jones county officials and the saloonkeepers of Cascade. The Cascade opera house was built in the early nineties. The Cascade bank and the Farmers 'and Merchants' bank gave much needed accommo dation to business men. In 1894 the Cascade water works were put in for $10,792 by the Smedley Manufacturing Company. Two hose carts and about 1,000 feet of hose were secured. The cor poration tax in 1895 was $1,082.45. The Cascade Light & Power Company was established in 1895 with D. M. Finley president. It began with a capital of $7,000 and with about twenty-five to thirty lights. In December, 1895, thirty-six of the heaviest shippers of Cas cade — merchants, live stock dealers, foundrymen, mill owners, lum bermen, liquor dealers and other shippers — petitioned the State Board of Railroad Commissioners, asking that the railway service be improved. Twenty-six carloads of corn for Cascade were not forwarded for want of cars. A short crop necessitated the importa tion of this grain. In 1896 the Cascade Courier was established by Bruce Baldwin. The county joined Cascade in 1897 and both held a joint fair that was a signal success. This was the sixth successful fair held at Cascade. There was a good track and a number of fast horses present. A baseball tournament was scheduled, with prizes of $100, $60 and $40. Five thousand people attended. The fairs of 1898 and 1899 were successful, though interest began to wane. Cascade in 1904 had a water system, electric light plant, two newspapers — Pioneer and Katholischer — Cascade mills, two banks, two creameries, one railroad and German Catholic, Irish Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist churches. Cascade in 1910 had five churches, public and parochial schools, two banks, two weekly newspapers, many general stores, grocery, hardware, drug, clothing, boot and shoe stores, hotels, restaurants, mills, saw and flour, physicians, lawyers, milliners, shops of various kinds, saloons, builders, band, creamery, electric light plant which cost $7,000, an insurance institution, lumber dealers, city wates works, opera house, telephones, live stock dealers hyery, under taker jewelers, marble yards, barbers, real estate dealers, photog raphers etc. It is one of the best towns of its size in the state White Water Township (township 87 north, range 1 west) was HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 485 settled early, among the first residents being Jacob Hamilton, Rob ert Rogers, Peter Summers, Matthew W. Hutton, John Graham, William C. Olmsted, Christopher Drew, John A. Kennedy, Thomas W. Phatigan, James McDermott and others. In the fifties considerable gold was found along White Water creek in the black sand and doubtless could be found at this day where the black sand is. Fillmore was established as a postoffice in 1850 and William Heitschew was the first postmaster. Quite a large village grew up there in time and increased in population after the construction of the railroad. It now has a store or two, me chanics, a co-operative creamery, etc. Gray's mill, in White Water township, one mile from White Water bridge and twenty miles from Dubuque, was offered for sale in July, 1855. It had two run of French burrstones ; also a quarter section where the mill was located, 100 acres of adjacent prairie, a tract of timberland, two dwellings and other buildings were offered in lots to suit purchasers. On September 7, i860, a miniature tornado swept across White Water, Prairie Creek and Washington townships, leveling fences, stocks, trees and houses. Its course was from northwest to south east. No lives were lost. Jacob Hamilton lived at or near Hempstead or, as the postoffice is called, Fillmore. Here in very early times the settlers came from many miles around to vote. Jacob Kitler lived near him. The bridge at Hempstead was built in 1861. This place, no doubt, was named in honor of Governor Hempstead, a Dubuquer. Vernon Township (township 88 north, range 1 east) was settled at an early date. It was made a part of Catfish precinct in 1838 and voters were obliged to go to the home of John Paul to cast their ballots. In September, 1840, it was made a part of Regan's pre cinct. In February, 1843, it was divided among four townships (see elsewhere). On February 7, 1849, it was created with its present boundaries and named Mount Pisgah, but late in the same year the name was changed to Vernon. Among the first settlers were the Grahams, Younts, Newells, Sparks, Sloans, Moores, Jordans, Champenoys, Moheisers, Mc- Cants, Snodgrass and Averinghams. From 1849 to 1853 many families, attracted by the monastery, came here to reside, among whom were James and Patrick Murray, George Brown, Frank Burns, Peter McLaughlin, Patrick Madigan, Michael Merrigan, John McGrath, Patrick Walsh, Peter French, Edward McDonnell, Thomas Logan, Michael Nolan, Martin McCarthy, James O'Hagen and Thomas Grace. Peosta was laid out in 1853 by Simeon Clark and Elisha Brady on a tract of thirty acres. Among the first residents were Simon Clark, S. Hildebrand, who opened a store ; Milo Burleridge, W. W. Miller, A. W. Beodell, a store; William Oldridge, Mr. Dunn, Mr 486 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Brasher and others. Methodist, Presbyterian and Campbellite churches were started early. A hotel was built in 1857. During the Civil war the Union Leaguers effected an organization, and pre viously had organized as a home guard. This was one of the few spots in the county to be loyal to the administration of President Lincoln (see elsewhere). At a loyal flag raising here in 1861 Alfred Thomas addressed the audience. The flag was lowered to half mast as a mark of respect to Senator Douglas. This little vil lage has had at all times a few business houses for the surrounding farmers' convenience, and has a population of about 150. The monastery of the monks of La Trappe is in this township (see elsewhere for an account of this interesting community). As early as 1853-4 the monks began to raise fine stock, securing several fine animals from Kentucky. They owned and raised Durham and Devon cattle and did much to improve the breeds in this county. Brother Murphy, of the monastery, was one of the largest hog dealers in the state. He took from near Cascade several thousand head in November, 1867. They were fattened for market. He shipped away about 300 a week for some time. In i860 the monks of La Trappe raised upwards of 5,000 bushels of wheat on their farm at Melleray, in Dubuque county. — (Herald, August 22, i860. In 1853 William Potts was postmaster at New Melleray, on the Cascade road. His house was a favorite resort for picnic parties from Dubuque. In Vernon township, eight miles from Dubuque, in April, 1863, was a den of wolves which had multiplied from year to year until they numbered nearly or quite fifty animals. They were fierce and had become very bold, attacking pigs, lambs, calves and even per sons. During the winter of 1862-3 they often entered the door yards and barn yards of Mr. Courtney and others and battled with his dogs for domestic animals. A young lady belated was attacked but managed to elude them and reach a place of safety. Sportsmen of Dubuque were asked to go there with dogs and guns and hunt and kill the pack. — (Herald, April 22, 1863.) Peru Township (township 90 north, range 2 east and part of township 91 north, range 2 east) was among the first to be settled. The village of Peru was founded in 1833 ; in fact, earlier than that year, notwithstanding the occupancy by the Indians. Elections were ordered held at the house of General Gehon in Peru village in 1834, at the time Michigan territory was formed. General Gehon was one of the first county supervisors, in 1836. The village was at first thought to be a rival of Dubuque, and was ordered surveyed under the act of Congress, and elections were held there regularly, but in 1838 were held at the house of Myron Patterson. At this date also Durango was made an election precinct and the polling place was the residence of J. Devin. Both Peru and Durango were HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 487 election precincts in 1840. The Peru township created by act of February, 1843, embraced all of the present Peru and parts of the present Jefferson, Center and Dubuque (see elsewhere). The town ship, as it is at present, was cut down in February, 1849. Among the first settlers were Francis Gehon, Thomas McKnight, M. Patterson, M. W. Powers, Augustus L. Gregoire, Samuel Mor ris, Tuck Baker, Samuel W. Barrington, Thomas Carroll, B. B. Bushee, Felix McBride and Mr. Brayton. Chester Sage and B. B. Bushee were at Sageville and there was established in 1833 the first saw mill .in" the county. The following year buhrs were added and corn was ground. Thomas McKnight operated a hot-air furnace at Peru. Gen. Francis Gehon conducted a large general store at Peru — sold hardware, dry goods, clothing, boots, shoes, hats, caps, groceries, queensware, etc. M. W. Powers established a large store there about 1834 and sold liquor. Presley Samuels located at Durango (sometimes called "Timber Diggings") in 1834 and about the same time Thomas McCraney, John R. Ewing, Ne- hemiah Dudley and Richard Marston located near him. When Wisconsin territory was created in 1836, Francis Gehon was ap pointed marshal. Michael W. Power was postmaster at Peru in 1838. "Kentucky" Anderson died here "with his boots on" about 1838. He was shot under great provocation by Adam Sherill. Ambrose Eagle settled here in 1837. Francis Gehon assisted in taking the territorial census in 1840 and was paid $350 at one time and $150 at another for his services. Presley Samuels was post master for many years at Durango. J. H. Thedinga settled early at Peru. The hopes of Peru and Durango expired when it was seen by 1836 that Dubuque was the coming city. After that neither advanced beyond a small country hamlet, with a store or two and a few mechanics, though at one time the settlement of many miners at Durango promised large and substantial growth. It was during the forties that the race track at Peru began to be used by the sporting men of Dubuque, but nothing notable occurred there until the fifties. The races were at their best in 1858. In April, Iowa John beat Roan and Spot in a mile trotting race for a purse of $25 ; best time 2 .-54. In July the horse General Wash ington beat the horse Bay for $75. At the same time Lucy Harris defeated the Maid of Pittsburg in a trot, three best in five, for $50 ; best time 2 157. Lunkhead defeated Brown Pete and Iowa John. Other horses were Peosta, Curly Jane and Julien. In August, 1858, J. Leyden was killed at the track by William Dailey. In a running race Fox beat Wild Bill in a half mile for a purse of $200; time, 54 seconds. The postoffice at Sageville was established in the forties, but was discontinued there during the Civil war. August Heber was post master in 1862. Bridges were built at Peru and Sageville from 488 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 1859 to 1863. In October, 1865, Samuel T. Whitehead committed suicide at Durango. Henry Myers, of Peru township, killed a wildcat on his farm in February, 1862. It measured three feet ten inches from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail. It had killed about twenty chickens and several geese. Thompson's mill, near Sageville, was a prominent industry for many years. The land passed to J. A. Rhomberg many years after ward. The villages of Peru, Durango, Sageville, Zollicoffer Sta tion, Edmore Station, Ainsworth Springs and Specht's Ferry are small centers. Center Township (township 89 north, range 1 east) was settled in the early thirties. The first settlers voted at Dubuque, but in 1839 this portion of the county was constituted Paul precinct for voting purposes. In 1843 it was made a part of Julien, Jefferson, Concord and' Center townships. In February, 1849, it was given its present boundaries. Among the first settlers in Center township were William Morri son, John Morgan, Thomas C. Judd, E. McDowell, Martin Hag gard, Peter R. Benner, James Kimbrel, John M. Moore, David Haggard, William Stratton, Elisha Brady, Felix W. Flaherty, Thomas B. Wilson, William D. Scott, D. M. Buie, Samuel Wells, Antoine Loire and P. L. Sharp, who arrived before 1845; also Louis Fettgather, C. F. Humke and the Bahls. The township had an abundance of good timber and limestone. Considerable char coal was burned early. During the fifties there were built three saw mills and two grist mills. The village of Dacotah was founded early in the fifties as a result of the survey for the Dubuque & Pacific railroad. The first lots offered in March, 1854, sold for $25 each; in May they were worth $200. It was to be the first station west of Dubuque and grew rapidly. In 1855 its name was changed to Centralia. The county agricultural society met there in the fall of 1854. In June, 1855, the place had three stores, several mechanics, a postoffice and a population of about 200. "This village now contains 200 inhabi tants. The present prospects indicate that in less than ten years the county seat of Dubuque county will be established at Cen tralia."— ("A Citizen," in E. & H., June 6, 1855.) In 1863 the postoffice there was suspended. At an early day, P. Lattner & Brother opened a woolen mill on the Little Maquoketa, three miles north of Peosta. They paid the highest price for wool and carded> spun and wove woolen garments, etc. The residence of James Hood was burned in October, 1852, by an incendiary. In the fifties a big barbecue and harvest home was held at Twin Springs and was attended by 2,000 people. The speakers were Alphons Matthews, Dr J P. Quigley, T. J. Paisley, C. J. Rogers and Andrew Bahl. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 489. William Stratton donated the land at Centralia. It has the Catholic church, several stores, hotels and among the business men there have been William Morrison, Mr. Rittenhouse, Antoine Loire, A. D. Anderson, Louis Blew, Felix Flaherty, Mr. Philbrick and others. Lattner and Lora are small hamlets. Washington Township (township 87 north, range 2 east) was among the first settled. The voters first went to Dubuque to poll their votes, and so continued probably until 1840, when the town ship became a part of Ferguson precinct. In 1843 the township was duly created and named, but then embraced all of the present Wash ington and portions of Vernon, Prairie Creek and Table Mound. In February, 1849, it was given its present boundaries. Early in 1857 a petition signed by twenty-five citizens of Wash ington township, Dubuque county, was sent to the governor, ask ing him to withhold his signature to an act dividing three school districts (one in Dubuque county and two in Jackson county) for the purpose of forming a fourth. D. Cort was the author of the act, which was passed near the close of the session. A boy named Lawrence Conley, aged about 14 years, was killed at Buncombe June 30, i860, by being hurled by a runaway horse with great violence against a rail fence. Among the first settlers were Jonathan Higgins, who came about 1833. A little settlement was formed around him and was called Higginsport, and a postoffice was established there. Henry Hunter, Mr. Clark and Mr. McAllister came early. Daniel Cort and John Wallace came in the forties ; the former was prominent in politics. Zwingle is located on the Cort place. Three Wallaces served in the Union army. Other settlers were the Carpenters, Gaggarts and Cheenys around Buncombe, Dr. I. S. Bigelow, Robert Kennedy,. Ulric Leffert, Martin Denlinger, U. S. Deahl, Jacob Wolfe, Mathew Powers, Daniel DeKoven, William Gaul, the Earlys, Watchs, Cotas, Timmins, Kinsellas, Donahues, Stranes, Henry Hunter, Nathan W. Dobon, Michael Malony, Thomas Hurley, Thomas Donohue, Am brose Meeker and Walter Baker. Christian Denlinger came with Dr. I. S. Bigelow and Robert Kennedy. George Salot had a store in the township very early. At a meeting of the Democrats of Washington, held at Bun- , combe September 29, 1858, the following persons were present: Daniel Cort, Joseph Musey, J. R. Foster, C. Denlinger, William C. Simpson, Dr. I. S. Bigelow, D. Kifer, M. D. Cune, R. Kennedy,. Jonathan Higgins, John Dunn and Mathew Powers. "New Flouring Mills. — We are indebted to Messrs Kifer, Bus- sard & Co. for a sack of very excellent flour of their own manufac ture. Their mills are located in Washington township, sixteen miles from here, on Lytle creek. They have experienced workmen and can manufacture just as good flour as can be made any where in the Union."— (E. & H., June 21, 1859. ) 490 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Buncombe is a discontinued postoffice; a church, school and a business house or two constitute the village. It was discontinued in 1864. Emma is also a discontinued postoffice. A big bridge over Otter creek at Zwingle was built in 1863. Ln ^64 the residence of Daniel Cort was burned to the ground. St. Joseph's church is in this township. In 1892 a sudden flood nearly carried Zwingle away; stores, elevator, wagon shop, blacksmith shop, etc., were washed away. Considerable live stock was drowned. A serious railroad accident occurred near Zwingle in 1907. Two persons were killed and eleven injured. In December, 1900, the village petitioned to be incorporated, and the next year was duly made a town, with mayor and other neces sary officers. Bennetsville, Sylva and Washington Mills are small places. Prairie Creek Township (township 87 north, range 1 east) is one of the best in the county. In 1834 it was made part of the Maquo- •keta election precinct, the polling place being at the house of Jacob Hamilton. In 1840 the precinct was called White Water, but later in the same year was named Regan's precinct. In 1843 it was made a part of Clinton and Washington townships. In February, 1849, it was limited as it now stands and for the first time was called Prairie Creek. Among the first settlers were Samuel Litton, James McDermott, Patrick Nagle, Timothy McCarthy, J. D. Dickinson, Mr. Graham, Mr. Maloney, Maurice O'Brien, Jonathan Paul, Samuel Fetters, J. Brombaugh, James Larkin and the Lenehan, Delaney, Ogden, Calla han and Donovan families. Still later came the Duffys, Farrells, Dunns, O'Briens and Coxes. The old Cox schoolhouse stood where Bernard now is. Of this township Dennis O'Brien, John M. Lenehan, J. J. Dunn and T. F. Phillips distinguished themselves. The first iron bridge in the county was built over Lytle's creek, this township, in 1873. It cost $1,242. In 1863 Mr. Cox sold in Dubuque twenty-two hogs that averaged over 400 pounds each. He received the highest price then paid — $4.35. J. D. Dickinson, in 1845, bought of the government the land on which the town of Bernard now stands. In June, 1858, Thomas Donaghue was killed in Prairie town ship by James Gibbons. The latter was arrested and admitted to bail in the sum of $10,000. Donaghue was drunk and threatened Gibbons, who retaliated by kicking the former several times vio lently, fracturing his skull. Drs. William Watson and B. McCluer made the post-mortem examination. Patrick McArdle was murdered here in February, 1864. His wife and son were arrested and tried ; the son was acquitted but the wife was found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary for life, but was later pardoned. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 491 The Litton farm in Prairie Creek township had been purchased and was owned in i860 by Hon. B. N. Huntington. At first it contained but 200 acres, but was added to by Mr. Huntington until it consisted of 1,020 acres at this date. Ten and a half miles of board fence stood on the farm. Mr. L. S. Wood occupied the farm as a tenant of Mr. Huntington, who lived at Rome, New York. He had 170 acres in spring grain. It was well stocked with high- grade animals. Bernard is a small town on the narrow gauge railroad in this township. Its origin is due to the railroad. The place was platted in 1896. The next year it became incorporated, twenty votes being polled for incorporation and none against it. The first officers were: Matt Donovan, mayor; Joseph Carrigg, recorder; William McCarthy, assessor; P. M. Fortune, treasurer; Michael Slattery, P. H. Russell, William McCullough, Roger Driscoll, William Russell and Alexander Moriarity, trustees. It now has a population of about 150; has a hotel, three general stores, hardware store, saloon, blacksmith shop, physicians and a few other business concerns. Liberty Township (township 90 north, range 2 west) was early a part of the Upper Catfish election precinct, and in 1838 voters were required to go to the house of John Regan to cast their votes. In 1840 it was constituted a part of Hewitt's precinct. As first created in 1843, Liberty embraced the present Liberty and parts of the present Concord, Iowa and New Wine townships. In February, 1840, it was given its present boundaries. Among the early settlers of Liberty were Peter Pletsch, Matthew McCullough, Peter Duster, Nicholas Colbert, John Linck, John Heidersheid and Michael Wagner. Luxemberg is also called Flea Hill and the postoffice Allison. Mat. Enders conducted a store there early. Adjacent are many of the most valuable farms of the county. Nick Gotto began to sell goods there about 1870. From 1865 to 1875 about forty-eight families sold out and left this township, the Germans taking their farms. Now the population is almost wholly German. There are now at Luxemberg a store, creamery, smithy, hotel and shops. Concord Township (township 90 north, range 1 west) was early settled. In 1834 it was attached to the Camp election precinct ; in 1838 to Regan election precinct and in 1840 to the Hewitt election precinct. In 1843 it was created and named Concord for the first time and then embraced parts of Jefferson, Concord, Iowa and Center. In 1849 it was given its present limits. Among the first settlers were Thomas Cook, John H. Floyd, N. Montgomery, Joseph Glew, Garland W. Gehon, D. R. Anderson, N. Van Meter, W. J. Anderson, William Rooney, John Sweeney, Richard Nichols, John McQuillen, the Henrys, Cooneys and John Floyd. The oldest postmaster in Iowa resigned in 1869; he was 492 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY appointed at Pin Oak in 184 1. As late as i860 small herds of deer were to be seen in this township. Holy Cross is also known as Pin Oak and Georgetown. The Catholic church is in the form of a Roman cross and hence the name. Jack Floyd was postmaster there very early. There has usually been a store or two there and a few mechanics. The place was incorporated in 1898; twenty-five persons signed the petition, twenty-one ballots were cast, all in favor of incorporation. John Cripps was elected mayor ; J. P. Sweeney, clerk ; Michael Clemens, treasurer; William Koeller, W. Arensdorf, Frank Noerges, P. J. Maiers, H. Foxen and Charles Brady, trustees. The little place called Plum Creek made great pretentions to future greatness in early years. William Plumbe founded there the paper town of Plumbeola, buying the land in 1836, but not doing anything to establish the village until about 1856, when he had it platted and advertised far and wide lots for sale. Prospective buy ers were offered shares in the place somewhat after the fashion of a community. Cottage Hill has two or more churches, several stores and mechanics and a postoffice. Dodge Township (township 88 north, range 2 west) was early a part of Cascade precinct; voters first went to the house of Jacob Hamilton to cast their votes. In 1840 it became a part of White Water precinct. In 1843 it became portions of Iowa and Cascade. In 1849 h was a part of Taylor; in January, 1850, it was given its present limits and named Dodge for the first time. Settlers came in slowly. Among the first to arrive were Jonas Gallahan, Peter Mellinger, Lucius Kibby, Henry Mounsey, Harrison Post, Thomas Riggs, Oliver Funsen and Patrick Flinn. Kibby was an old man when he came here; he claimed to have seen Washington and to have witnessed, when a boy, the battle of Bunker Hill. Rockville, in September, 1857, had four mercantile houses, of which D. E. Sawyer & Company conducted one. There was a black smith shop, a wagonmaker, a large church, a grist mill and a saw mill. There was excellent water power there. The village was located six miles directly south of DyersviUe. Worthington was established in 1857 by a surveying party and a village was laid out on the farm of David Lovelace. Amos Worth ington, for whom the place was named, erected a large store build ing and opened with a large general stock. Mr. Piersall also built and conducted a store. About i860 William H. Moore bought out Worthington and became postmaster. Other business men have been L. Tisdale, John Toussaint, J. P. Cousin, W. Lattner, William Lehman, George Welter, John Permantier, B. R. Taylor, C. Nacels, W. W. Cox, C. R. Anderson, M. Kraus, Joseph Dunkle, Peter Baum and many others. The place is now a wide-awake, up-to-date little village. It was incorporated in 1893, thirty-five persons sign- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 493 ing the petition. Of the forty-two votes cast at the election, thirty- two were in favor of corporation and ten against it. Iowa Township (township 89 north, range 1 west) was attached to Camp's precinct in 1834, to John Regan's precinct in 1838 and to Hewitt's precinct in 1840. In 1843 it was created and named, but then embraced parts of the present townships of Iowa, Center, Taylor and Vernon. In 1849 it was made to embrace the present Iowa and New Wine townships, but in January, 1850, was given its present limits. Among the early settlers were John O'Connell, Timothy Murray, William Hogarty, Larry Duggan, Michael Ferring, Oliver Funston, Robert Gamble, Theophilus Crawford, Edward Flinn, I. H. Kisk- patrick, John Bauttson, P. B. Hogan, Robert Wilson, A. G. Brown ing, D. R. Anderson, James Hogan, William Emerson, H. Gillespie, Robert, James and David Gowan, Mr. Solly, Henry Decamp, B. F. Johnson, the Stichlers, Hugh Stott, John Garland, Thomas Salmon, James, Edward, John and Maurice Kirby, the Wedeleines, W. J. Anderson, David Anderson, John Anderson, James and Joseph McGee, James Bankston, A. T. Bankston, Willis Thompson (the elder Bankstons and Thompsons served in the Blackhawk war), P. M. Byerly, Isaac and Miles Simpson, Enoch Jewett and Richard Roach. Bankston Prairie took its name from the Bankston family. Willis Thompson, in January, 1831, crossed the Mississippi at Dubuque on the ice, and remained at the mines one week ; he then went east, but in 1836 returned and located on Bankston's prairie, Iowa township. He had served in the War of 18 12 and in the Blackhawk war, participating in the battle of Bad Axe, where he killed an Indian and took his blanket. Edward Flinn offered his place for sale in 1838. He was located on the Little Maquoketa, near Simon Clark's saw mill. Bankston was founded at an early day by Colonel Bankston. He seems to have spelled his name as above, but other members left out the "t." The place has usually had a store and one or more shops. Tivoli is another small place. At Squire's Mills is a school and a Methodist church. This place was founded about 1855 by John Bruner. Metcalf and Squires were there early. Abel Bots- ford was an early resident. The water power was the attraction. Bankston now has a general store, one or two mechanics, a saw mill, etc. Dubuque Township (township 89 north, range 2 east) was settled as soon as Dubuque city was settled. It was originally a part of. Julien township, which first embraced parts of the present Dubuque, Center, Vernon and Table Mound townships, but was cut down in 1849, as stated elsewhere herein. Luther Poole, George Pote, Amster Pote, John La Place and Mr. Rettler were here in 1832. 494 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Jesse Yount settled at Center Grove in the spring of 1833 and there his eldest son Allen was born the same year. Jesse had three sons in the Union army. He died in 1865. Michael Dugan was thrown from his horse while hunting cattle about a mile from Du buque in 1840 and was instantly killed. In 1833, as soon as the law allowed, there came to Dubuque W. S. Anderson, H. B. Phillips, H. Smead, L. H. Langworthy, Lemuel Cook, Fred Dixon, John Dougherty, H. Rebman, Mathias Ham, J. M. McCabe, John Paul, S. Lemon, H. Gilbert, Pleasant Ewing, William McDowell, J. L. Langworthy, R. Lamont, Thomas Humes, P. O'Mara, J. O'Regan, W. H. Smith, W. B. Whitesides, E. M. Whitesides, M. Dickerson, J. R. Ewing, J. McPheters, J. O'Mara, H. L. Dodge, John Campbell, J. Curran, J. Whittaker, Antoine Loire, Dr. R. S. Lewis, Thomas Gray, J. B. Jordan, J. Gilmore, H. Egan, E. M. Urn, Owen Reilly, Jesse Yount, A. R.. Whitesides, E. M. Urn, S. Streeter, J. Hillis, B. Kilbourne, A. and J. Hurd, J. Wooley, R. Murphy, T. Streeter, M. Dickerson and H. L. Dodge. Asbury is a discontinued postoffice and has a store. Center Grove is a little hamlet with a few business houses. The present Dubuque township was, previous to 1878, a part of Julien township. Its settlement was coincident with that of the city of Dubuque. It has two conspicuous groves at the date of the first settlement — Wilson's, later Stewart's, and still later Union park, and Center. From the latter the little village takes its name. The first settlement was almost wholly by miners. A. Balderson was one of the first; he located at Center Grove Spring in 1833 and was at once joined by half a dozen other miners. They explored the old Indian diggings in that vicinity. The natives had worked on the inclines and in a few instances the miners found ladders up which the squaws had brought the ore. George Shannon came early. The township is famous for its mines and caves. . Jefferson Township (township 90, range 1 east, and part of township 91 north, range 1 east) was settled at an early date. The settlers first went to Durango and Peru to poll their votes. In 1840 it was made a part of Durango precinct and so remained until 1843, when it was created and named Jefferson, but at first embraced all of the present Peru and parts of Jefferson, Center and Dubuque townships. No other changes were made until 1849, when it was given its present limits. Among the first settlers were Adam Sherrill, M. W. Power, S. M. Barrington, John Parker, Clement Cannon, Albert Baker, C. J. Barber, William Hale, Isaac Sherill, Garry White, Milton C. Mc Craney and others. In 1856 a large steam grist and saw mill was put in operation at Plumbeola. Rickardsville is a smart little place, with stores, school, mechanics, etc. Palltown is a discontinued post- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 495; office. Oak Grove creamery is in this township. Waupeton, Sherill and Balltown are small villages. Table Mound Township (township 88 north, range 2 east) was first a part of the election precinct of Dubuque, but in 1838 was assigned to Catfish precinct, with polling place at the house of John Paul. The opening of the military road in 1839 assisted in the settlement here. In September, 1840, it was made a part of Fer guson precinct. In February, 1843, it became a part of Julien and Washington townships (see elsewhere) and so remained until Feb ruary, 1849, when it was given its present boundaries. Among the first settlers of Table Mound township were James Laughton, John Cunningham, James Fanning, John Sullivan, Daniel Duggan and John O'Regan. Cunningham and O'Regan had an early smelting furnace of the rudest kind. The mines here were very valuable. O'Regan came to the township in 1832 — had first come here in 1830 — he was thus one of the first settlers of the county. Chauncey Swan was here very early, engaged in mining. At Rockdale very early were Richard and Robert Waller, Richard Bonson, David Hutton, William Hutton and James Pratt. The Huttons built a grist mill here in 1834 — the first in Iowa. It was known by both names — Rockdale mills and Dubuque mills. Thomas- Lewis was connected with it in 1838, and it later passed to Pratt, Manson, Watters and Bell. It did an enormous business in the fifties. In 1876, during a flood, Rockdale was washed away and many lives were lost. In 1878 several buildings were destroyed by fire. Table Mound is often called Mt. St. Bernard. Foley's grove was a well known place. James Brennan was killed there by light ning in 1863 ; he had been plowing and ran under a tree for shelter. The first old Catfish bridge was in this township. Rev. Daniel O'Regan died here in 1869; he was educated in St. Raphael's Acad emy, of wich Dennis A. Mahony was principal at one time, and possessed unusual powers of mind. In i860 a Mr. Walter, an old Tyrolese hunter, shot two deer on the military road in this town ship. They were sold in the market at Dubuque. The Hessian fly appeared here in 1862. Key West and Bally Clough are small places, usually with one or two business men, religious, organizations and schools. Among later residents of this township were William Corcoran, Patrick Aylward, William Powers, Dennis Donovan, James Regan, Maurice Noonan, Lawrence Powers and Edward Fitzpatrick. Mosalem Township (township 88 north, range 3 east, and part of township 88 north, range 4 east) in early times was attached to Du buque for election purposes. In 1840 it was a part of Ferguson- precinct, and in 1843 it was first created and named and then em braced parts of Table Mound, Mosalem and all of Washington. Irt 1849 h was cut down to its present limits. 496 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Among the first settlers were Thomas R. Brasher, J. J. Johnson, Jacob Dreibelbis, John A. Walter, Louis J. Dreibelbis, E. S. Morey, Francis A. Hill, Martin Dreibelbis, Oscar Morey, Thomas Berry, John H. Pattillo, Allen S. Heacock, Richard Whetter, Harlow Glass, Salmon Richards, Isaac Havens, Austin H. Smith, the Beckets, Barrys, Gilliams, Murrays, Cooks, Dolans, Gaspers, and Longuevilles. Dubuque's grave is in this township. St. Cath erine's church and the cemetery and school are well known improve ments. King's postoffice and Massy station were established a few years ago. BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE GOV. STEPHEN HEMPSTEAD was born in Connecticut in 1812, but came West early and was educated partly at Jacksonville, Illinois. He studied law in Missouri and in 1836 was admitted to practice and the same year came to Dubuque. He took a prominent place in this community from the start. In 1838 he was elected to the Territorial Legislature. In 1844 he was a delegate to the Territorial Convention. In 1845 he was a member of the Iowa Territorial Council and served as presi dent of that body. In 1848 he was chosen one of the commissioners to revise the state laws. In 1850 he was elected governor of Iowa on the Democratic ticket and served with distinction for four years. In 1855 he became county judge. He was closely connected with all the movements which made Dubuque one of the foremost cities of the West. He finally passed away in 1883. Peter A. Lorimier was born in Canada in 1783 and died in Dubuque in October, 1871. He became an Indian trader early and as such came to the western country long before the white settle ment. He located a trading and mining establishment near Galena many years before the Black Hawk war, and during that trouble, having a stockaded fort and the assistance of his neighbors, did not suffer. Gen. George W. Jones had a similar fort at Sinsinawa Mound. Mr. Lorimier came to Dubuque in 1833 and began mining as well as merchandising with Mr. Gration in 1834. He bought considerable land adjacent and in Dubuque and became one of the foremost citizens. He and others built the famous Lorimier House in 1857, which for a long period remained the largest hotel in the city. He refused office, but served as United States court commis sioner and was the first man invested with judicial authority in what is now Iowa and a part of Minnesota by appointment of the governor of Michigan territory. His commission was dated Sep tember 8, 1834. He later served as one of the county commissioners in 1838, his associates being James Fanning and Andrew Bankson. In 1847 he served as mayor of Dubuque and he was again elected |n 1851. He was forty years old before friction matches were invented and hundreds of times kindled his fire with flint, steel and 497 498 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY tinder. He was of French extraction, the original name being De Lorimier. He left a widow, two sons and three daughters. Reso lutions expressive of the city's loss were passed by the citizens in various capacities. Lucius H. Langworthy died in Dubuque June 9, 1865. He was born at Hopkinton, New York, in February, 1807. In 1827, with his brother James, he engaged in lead mining in Illinois, and in 1830 came to Dubuque for the same purpose. In 1832, with others, he was compelled to leave, but returned during the winter of 1832-3 and first lived in brush shanties on islands in the river, their cabins being occupied by soldiers. They became prominent and wealthy. Lucius H. married first in 1835 Mary F. Ruder, by whom he had two sons. In 1842 he married Valeria A. Bemis, by whom he had six children. He was the first sheriff of Dubuque, receiving his appointment from the governor of Michigan territory in 1834. He was interested in the Dubuque Visitor, the first news paper west of the Mississippi and north of St. Louis. He was one of the early town fathers and as such did much to finance the town and all harbor movements. He helped to build the first schoolhouse in 1833, and was a contributor to the early churches. Lucius and James Langworthy were partners in their mineral lands and by their indefatigable efforts were already on the high road to fortune when Edward and Solon joined them. For twenty-four years the four brothers were associated under various business and firm names and labored so harmoniously and successfully that the Langworthy Brothers, Bankers, in 1854, owned, including their individual prop erty, one-twelfth of all the real estate in Dubuque. Lucius H. was genial, approachable, wide awake, honest and generous. His con tributions to all worthy improvements were large and numerous. Particularly was he active in building railroads. His mining inter ests were immense. His home life was sweet, kind and elevated. His funeral was largely attended by the old settlers in a body and was very impressive. The funeral was the largest ever held in this city up to that time. Mrs. Frances P. (Stokely) Wilson died here in October, 1868. She came to Dubuque in 1842 to reside with her son, Judge Thomas S. Wilson. Her eldest son, George, was educated at West Point; her second son was Judge Wilson, of Dubuque; her third son was Peter F., who for twenty years was an agent in the Treas ury Department at Washington, D. C. ; her fourth son was David S. Wilson, of Dubuque, colonel of the Sixth Iowa Cavalry; her fifth son was Samuel M. Wilson, a lawyer of San Francisco ; her daugh ters were Ann Eliza Wells, of Dubuque ; Mary Aull, of St. Louis. and Kate Luke, of St. Louis. She lived to see her great grand children — and to see all of her descendants prominent where they „Jt. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 499 resided. She was an Episcopalian. She married Peter Wilson, in Philadelphia. Her father was Col. Thomas Stokely, of North Carolina, who served the colonies in the revolution. Augustin A. Cooper, by reason of his long residence in Dubuque and his intimate connection with its civic and commercial prosperity, is one of the city's foremost citizens. His life is so closely inter woven with Dubuque's history that one could not well be written without the other. Born on Chess creek, in Susquehanna township, Cambria county, Pennsylvania, on November 9, 1829, he is a son of Leonard and Julia Ann Cooper, whose respective births occurred in 1797 and 1804. In the year 1634 Lord Baltimore brought a Catholic colony from Great Britain to America in the ships "Ark" and "Dove," and having- secured a special charter from King George, located his colony in Maryland. In this band of pioneers was the progenitor of the Cooper family in America. As time passed the colony prospered and numerically increased, and even tually the descendants scattered throughout the country, ever carry ing with them the industry and probity for which they were noted and loyalty to the religious faith of their fathers. Dr. Gallatzin, the first fully ordained Catholic priest in the United States, early in the nineteenth century, together with a. number of families from the original settlement, moved to the mountainous region of Penn sylvania. Accompanying him were the families of the two grand parents of A. A. Cooper, the immediate subject of this sketch, their names being Henry Cooper and Mary Green on his father's side, and Walter Elder and Priscilla Elder on his mother's side. In Maryland they were the owners of slaves, which he liberated except those who wished to go with them, but these, on being taken to the rigorous climate of Pennsylvania, for the most part sickened and died. Henry Cooper was born sometime during the sixties of the eighteenth century. When the colonies declared their independence from the mother country he volunteered his services in the cause of the new government, but, owing to his youth, was rejected. He persisted in his offers, however, and eventually was accepted and served in the army until the conclusion of the revolution. In his latter years he took great delight in telling his descendants of his experience in the Continental army, the hardships and privations endured, the fortitude and bravery of the soldiers and the glorious results in winning independence from the oppressive British rule. These reminiscent talks have been handed down to his descendants ' and have no doubt instilled a great love of loyalty for America and its institutions in their hearts. In 1824 Father Gallatzin married the parents of A. A. Cooper, and the family continued to reside in Pennsylvania many years. It was in a one-room, one-story log schoolhouse there that Mr. Cooper received his primary education, and in a neighboring little log Catholic church, presided over by 500 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Father Lampkee, he first went to religious service. His wearing apparel was made from flax and wool and was spun into cloth and manufactured into clothing by his mother. In the spring of 1838 his uncle, Charles Elder and family, with another uncle, Dr. Stark and his family, immigrated West, the former first settling at Long Grove, Scott county, Iowa, and the latter finally locating at what is now Ottumwa, Iowa. Through the influence of these pioneers, Leonard Cooper with his family in the spring of 1839 moved West, coming by wagon, a short distance on the first railroad ever built, stage coach, canal, and steamboat, finally locating near Long Grove, Scott county, Iowa, where Charles Elder had made claim to a tract of land for them. This house was built of logs, chinked with mud, puncheon flooring, clapboard roof and a wide fireplace for warmth and in which to cook. Here for years the family lived, enduring the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life, of which the present generation has but a faint conception. A. A. Cooper came to Dubuque in 1846, and here began learning the trade of blacksmith at $35 per year for his services. At that time Dubuque had about 2,000 people. He completed his appren ticeship January 1, 1850, and continued working as a journeyman at his trade for $26 per month, this unusually large amount being paid him because of his superior skill. After two months he bought out one of his employers for $50, and from this small beginning gradually prospered and added wagon-repairing to his general work. In time the business changed to wagon manufacturing largely, the material being obtained by felling trees in the woods, sawing and drying same to suitable conditions and eventually manufacturing them into wagons, buggies and sleds. It was this humble beginning that has blossomed into one of the largest manufacturing concerns in the country. Today the company employs about four hundred hands, occupies several city blocks and is a monument to the skill and shrewdness of its founder. During this long period of sixty- five years, through the ups and downs, the panics and rumors of panics, wars, and disturbances in money markets, Mr. Cooper and the company he established have paid one hundred per cent on every dollar's worth of business they ever contracted, which is a phenom enal record, and an achievement of which he is justly proud. While prospering in material welfare, Mr. Cooper has taken an active part in Civic affairs, having served as alderman and as mayor pro tem of the city. In politics he is a gold Democrat. For sixty-five years he has been a member of St. Raphael's Cathedral Parish. January 22, 185 1, he was married by Bishop Loras, first Bishop of Iowa, to Miss Mary J. Smith, daughter of Owen and Mary Smith, who were among the early pioneers of Dubuque, having moved here from New York in 1837. Seven children have been born to this mar riage: James Albert, who died in 1879, aged six years; Regina Isabell, who died as the wife of Paul Gilmore in 1899; Mary Ellen, < Qjjj^m HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 501 the widow of John R. Waller, well known in banking and com mercial circles; Elizabeth A., wife of D. A. Sullivan, formerly of the Sullivan & Stampfer Department Store; William F., president of the A. A. Cooper Wagon & Buggy Company; Catharine Jose phine, and Austin A., secretary and treasurer of the above concern. No family stands higher in the esteem of the public than that of A. A. Cooper. In the evening of his life he can look backward with contentment to his success under adverse conditions, and with the satisfaction that he has honorably filled the niche appointed unto him. Peter Kiene, Sr., was born at Tamins, Switzerland, on December 15, 181 9. Arrived in Dubuque, Iowa, on August 15, 1840. On August 15, 1857, founded the firm of Peter Kiene & Son. Died at Dubuque, Iowa, on April 14, 1898. Peter Kiene was born on November 2, 1846, at Dubuque, Iowa. Enlisted February 2, 1862, at Dubuque, Iowa, in Company "E," 16th Regiment, Iowa Infantry — "Crocker Iowa Brigade" — 17th Army Corps. Mustered out of service on June 20, 1865, at Daven port, Iowa. Senior member of the firm of Peter Kiene & Son, of Dubuque, Iowa, founded by his father, the late Peter Kiene, Sr., on August 15, 1857. The Beaubiens were the descendants of an old Detroit family of noble French origin. They were among the founders of Chicago, keeping there one of the first stores, hotels and livery stables. Four brothers, Mark, Joseph, David and George, came to Dubuque in 1846. Mark and Joseph died at Hannibal, Missouri; David and George remained in Dubuque and each married and reared families. Charles Hypolitte Gregoire was born in 1798 in this country. His father was a native of France and was concerned in the French revolution. Charles H. grew up mainly at Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, and was early engaged in trading in furs, merchandise, etc., on the Mississippi. In 1820 he married Eulalie Pratte and they had one son, Charles H. J. Gregoire, a well known citizen of Dubuque. He lived many years in the lead country of Wisconsin and came to Dubuque in 1852 and here died in 1859. He projected the lower Harbor Company and carried it through the panic of 1857, and owned the fine ferry steamers at Dubuque. His remains were taken to Ste. Genevieve for interment. Frank Carney, engaged in the tobacco and cigar manufacturing business in Dubuque, is a native of the state of New York, his birth occurring February 15, 185 1, at St. Johnsville, Montgomery county, and is a son of Peter and Julia Carney. The parents were natives 502 HISTORY OF DU BUQUE COUNTY of Ireland and came to the United States on their wedding trip. They realized that greater chances for success in life existed in this country and accordingly determined to make their future home on this side of the Atlantic. The date of their advent in the East was about 1836, and in 1853 they came West to Dubuque, and here the father for years followed his profession of roofer. He died in January, 1872, aged sixty years, and was followed by his widow in June, 1890, aged seventy-six years, and both are buried in Mount Olivet cemetery. Frank Carney, the immediate subject of this sketch, came to Dubuque with his parents when but two years old, and was one of the first scholars enrolled in the Fifth Ward (Audubon) school. When seventeen years old his education was completed, and for two years thereafter he worked as a farm hand near Dubuque. Mr. Carney well remembers having seen during his boyhood days Indians traveling over the country with their families and wigwams, sights which to the present generation are but dreams of the past. After working on the farm he became a brakeman for the Dubuque & Sioux City railroad, which at that time reached only as far as Cedar Falls, and then was employed as conductor. He later went with the Illinois Central road and continued with that concern as conductor until 1894, or for a period of over thirty years. At that date he was elected on the Democratic ticket as justice of the peace and held that position for three terms; he also was the first police commissioner of the city of Dubuque. In 1904 he embarked in the tobacco and cigar manufacturing business at 69 Eighth street and has been thus successfully engaged ever since. Mr. Carney is a Roman Catholic in religious views and socially is identified with the Dubuque Catholic Benevolent Society, the Inde pendent Order of Foresters, and the Mystic Workers. On January 30, 1870, in Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary A. O'Brien, daughter of John and Ellen O'Brien, natives of Ireland, and now deceased and buried at Patch Grove, Wisconsin, and Mount Olivet cemetery, Dubuque, respectively. To Mr. and Mrs. Carney three sons and two daughters have been born as follows: Ellen Lester, the wife of B. J. Schwind, of Dubuque, who is appro priately represented elsewhere in this work; Frank R., of Dubuque; Grace M., a teacher in the local public schools, and William S..and Alexander D., both deceased. John F. Burns is properly considered the pioneer of the fancy grocery business in Dubuque. He is a son of John F. and Bridget Burns, who were of Irish ancestry and came from Paterson, New Jersey, to Dubuque in the thirties and consequently were among the earliest pioneers in this locality. These parents were hard-working and God-fearing people and were devout adherents of the Roman Catholic religion. Here the father died in 1861, and the mother in 1897, when seventy-six years old. John F. Burns, the subject of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 503 this sketch, was born in Dubuque, July 16, 1858, and has passed practically his entire life here. His career has been quiet and unostentatious and has gained for him many warm and lasting friendships which are so essential to the happiness of this passing existence. In early youth he attended the public and parochial schools, and when fourteen years old entered the grocery store of Retallick & Burns as a clerk. He thus continued until 1881, and then succeeded to the business and successfully conducted it until 1908, when he retired from active participation in business life. Mr. Burns is unmarried and resides with his sister, Johanna, in their beautiful home at 61 Wilson avenue. He is a life-long member of St. Raphael Cathedral, and is also a Knight of Columbus and a member of the St. Vincent de Paul Society. Gassoway S. Weaver, a contractor possessing rare skill and ability, who devotes himself principally to the erection of fine resi dences, has been for the past forty-three years a resident of Dubuque. Born November 15, 1846, in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, he was a son of Benjamin and Mary Weaver and descended from an old German family of three generations' residence in this country. Benjamin Weaver was a contractor of some repute in the eastern states, and there died in 1886, aged sixty- seven years, preceded by his wife in 1851, when thirty years of age. After graduating from the public schools of his native county, Gassoway L. Weaver entered Paradise Academy, which he attended until nineteen years old. Then, under the tutelage of his father, he spent seven years as an apprentice to the carpenter trade, thereafter spending four months in Ohio as a journeyman carpenter. In 1868 he came to Dubuque, which city has since been his home and the scene of his active business career. He first spent eight years in the employ of Mr. B. W. Jones, an early contractor, and then, after being connected with several other firms, formed a partnership with Mr. S. Alexander, continuing thus for two years. In 1892 he embarked in the contracting business alone and has been unusually successful. During the above mentioned partnership he constructed the West Dubuque schoolhouse, but later tu'rned his attentions to the erecting of beautiful private residences, one of which was that of Senator N. J. Sehrup. In politics Mr. Weaver is a Republican, and since 1867 he has been an active member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. To his marriage with Miss Julia Semper, solemnized September 12, 1872, at Dubuque, two sons were born, one dying in infancy, and Clarence J., local ticket agent for the Chicago Great Western Railroad Company. Mrs. Weaver was the ' daughter of Michael and Margaret Semper, who came to Dubuque from Quebec, Canada, in 1835, descended from old French fami lies. The father was a farmer and owner of considerable property. $04 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY He died in 1870, aged fifty-eight years, and was followed by his wife sixteen years later, at the age of eighty- four. Joseph P. Kutsch. An industry of first importance in a rapidly growing city like Dubuque is that represented by the contractor and builder, and there are many talented followers of this vocation in the city. One of the most prosperous and successful of the firms engaged in this line of endeavor is that of Kutsch Brothers. Joseph P. Kutsch, senior partner of this concern, commands considerable attention for the perfection of his work has entitled him to distinc tion. He was born in the city of Dubuque on October 6, 1859, and has known practically no other home. Nicholas and Helena Kutsch, his parents, were natives of Germany, but at an early date immi grated to America and after a short residence in New York came to Dubuque in 1850, and here lived happily together until the death of the mother on July 15, 1897, at the age of sixty years. The father was a contractor by occupation, but is now retired from the active business cares of life and is residing at 2105 Washington street at the advanced age of eighty-three years. Before coming to the United States he had served in the German army. To him and wife a family of eight sons and two daughters were born, as follows: Frank P., general foreman of the Peter Klauer Manufacturing Company; Joseph P.; Charles, of the Kutsch Brothers contracting firm; William, farming in Dubuque county; Robert, a tinner at Sioux City, Iowa; Victor, outside foreman for Klauer Manufac turing Company ; August, carpenter of this city ; Albert, who died September 30, 1909; Louisa, the wife of Joseph Bonz, a florist: and Othilda, who married Joseph Bitter, a tailor of Dubuque. Until sixteen years old Joseph P. Kutsch, the immediate subject of this memoir, attended the local public and parochial schools, and then, under the able tutelage of his father, learned the contracting and building business. For a time he was in partnership with his father, but upon the latter's retirement associated himself with his brother, Charles, and the firm of Kutsch Brothers has ever since successfully continued operations. Fair in their prices and honor able in all transactions, success was assured them from the start, and the expression "Kutsch Brothers" has become synonymous with artistic finish and perfection throughout. Among the more impor tant of their works are St. Francis convent, St. Mary's casino, the Immaculate Conception academy and many other notable structures. Aside from the business cares of life, Mr. Kutsch has taken con siderable interest and pleasure in the social side as well, and is identified with the Catholic Order of Foresters and the Dubuque Sharp-Shooters' Club, of Dubuque. He has attained considerable local prominence in the latter organization, having won in the neighborhood of one hundred prizes, and on June 20, 1910, won the championship cup for the best exhibit of marksmanship. In HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 505 religious views he is an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith and is a member of Sacred Heart church. June 21, 1893, he was united in marriage with Miss Maria Regina Billings, and to them two children have been born, named Walter, who fell into a vault when but eighteen months old and died, and Irma, now attending Sacred Heart academy. Mrs. Kutsch was the daughter of Alonzo Billings, and descended from an old English family which have resided in this country for several hundred years, principally in the New England states. Her father passed away at Big Patch, Wisconsin, in June, 1897, at the age of eighty years, being preceded by his wife in June, 1870, and both now lie at rest in the cemetery of that city. Dr. Horace G. Knapp, pioneer dental practitioner of Dubuque, has been engaged in the practice of his profession in this city for the past forty-five years. He is, perhaps, the oldest living active prac titioner in Dubuque, and commands the highest respect and esteem from all who know him. Dr. Knapp was born December 13; 1843, in Litchfield, Maine, and is a son of Horace and Lucretia Knapp; who were descended from England and Normandy respectively. Both sides of the family can trace their ancestry back to the early periods in the growth and development of those countries, but for many generations have resided in America. Horace Knapp, well remembered as one of Dubuque's prominent medical practitioners, was a native of Kingfield, Maine, born in 18 19, and for many years followed his profession in Connecticut and Chicago, Illinois. He came West with his family to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1884, and here died on December 18, 1886, aged sixty-eight years, leaving behind to grieve for him a widow and five children as follows : Horace G, the subject of this sketch ; Albert M., a physician of Providence, Rhode Island; Frank L., in Chicago; Mrs. A. Holden, of Chicago, and Mrs. A. M. Lydston, of San Jose, California. Dr. Knapp was iaid at rest in the cemetery at Rockville, Connecticut, and his wife, who died September 22, 1895, aged seventy-eight years, was buried in Rosehill cemetery, Chicago. Dr. Horace G. Knapp was pri marily educated in the Racine, Wisconsin, public schools, subse quently graduating also from the high school at that place. He early determined to make the study and practice of dentistry his life's work and accordingly entered and was duly graduated from the Ohio Dental College. For a time thereafter he practiced suc cessively at Waupun, Kenosha and Racine, Wisconsin, and in 1867 came to Dubuque, Iowa, where he has been actively and successfully engaged ever since. Aside from his practice the doctor owns con siderable valuable mining interests. He has been a lifelong Repub lican in his political views, and socially is identified with the Modern Woodmen of America. On November 7, 1865, in Kenosha county, Wisconsin, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary A. Miner, 506 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY and to them the following named three children were born : Minnie M., who married W. S. Rowe, of Chicago; Corinne M., the wife of C. H. Simmons, a contractor of Chicago, and Nina, who married Dr. F. j; Staehlie, a dentist of Chicago. Dr. Knapp is the grand father of the following six children: Loraine Rowe, who died June 24, 1905, aged fourteen years; Ardella Rowe; Miner Rowe; Mildred Rowe; Lucile Simmons; Theodore Staehlie, and Jack Staehlie. Mrs. Knapp was the daughter of Clapp and Sabryna Miner, pioneer settlers of Wisconsin, who located at Brighton in 1837 on government land which today belongs to Mrs. Knapp. On March 22, 1900, he passed away, highly beloved and respected by all who knew him. Ulrich Willy, well known in Dubuque and surrounding coun try as a thoroughly capable and responsible contractor, is a native of Schiers, Canton Grisons, Graiibunden, in the mountains of eastern Switzerland, his birth occurring April 17, 1857. a son of Otto and Barbara Willy. He was reared to manhood and received his education in his native country, and there, on May 8, 1881, married Miss Ursula Mathes, daughter of Nicholas and Anna Mathes. Two days after this event, together with his wife and parents, Mr. Willy immigrated to the United States. Otto Willy, his father, located in Dubuque in the year of their arrival in this country, and for a number of years was employed by the Farley- Loetscher Sash and Door Manufacturing Company. He died January 19, 1909, at the advanced age of eighty-three years, pre ceded by his wife June 29, 1888, aged fifty years. In the old country Otto Willy was a contractor. Ulrich Willy learned the general principles of the contracting business under his father. Upon his arrival in the United States he found employment for a short time at Youngstown, Ohio, but came to Dubuque in 1881, and for five months was a carpenter for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company. He then worked for various con tractors until 1894, since which time he has been in the general contracting business for himself. Necessity, the mother of inven tion, taught him in youth that industry, economy, thoroughness and reliability were the essential requirements of success. The more important buildings erected by him are the German Presby terian college, in Dubuque, the Catholic church at Alta Vista, a church at Hazel Green, Wisconsin, the Seventeenth Street Presby terian church, the Dubuque club, the school of the Presentation Sisters, St. Joseph's college, the Glover factory, the Lutheran church and many others. Mr. Willy is connected with a number of important commercial enterprises of Dubuque, and is one of the city's substantial and progressive citizens. He is a member of the First German Presbyterian church and of the Modern Woodmen of America. To him and wife have been born four daughters and £Z.% V C^JUf c^L. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 597 had lived, a good and honorable citizen, and his loss was keenly felt throughout the entire county. In 1886, when eighty years of age, his wife followed him, and both now lie at rest in the Catholic cemetery at DyersviUe. After attending the public schools, Joseph H. Limbach, the immediate subject of this review, took a course in St. Francis College, Loretta, Cambria county, Pennsylvania, and subsequently spent two years under the instruction of the Dominican Brothers, at Sinsinawa Mound, Grant county, Wisconsin. When nineteen years old he came to DyersviUe, Iowa, and with his broth ers, Anthon and John, embarked in the general merchandise busi ness, continuing thus from 1862 to 1898. John Limbach died in 1 88 1, but the partnership was continued by the two remaining broth ers up to the above date, and their establishment became one of the largest of its kind in this section of the county. Subsequently Mr. Limbach disposed of his interests to his nephews, John A., Harry and Joseph Limbach, and embarked in the live stock, grain and flour business. He has been unusually successful in this line and is recognized as one of the large dealers in this part of the state. He is a Democrat in his political affiliations, and has served as mayor of DyersviUe two terms, treasurer three terms and city alderman for ten years. He is a charter member of the St. Francis Mutual Society of DyersviUe, and for a period of forty-nine years has been identified with the church of that place. On September 3, 1866, at DyersviUe, he was united in marriage with Miss Anna Dyer, daugh ter of Judge Dyer, who was the founder of the city of Dyersville. To Mr. and Mrs. Limbach two children have been born, Edith and Florence. Edith married Thomas McGrath, a druggist of Keokuk, Iowa, and Florence became the wife of George Ham, a real estate dealer of her home city. Mr. Limbach has always taken an interest in any movement toward the betterment of local conditions and has contributed liberally from his means toward the support of churches, schools and colleges. During his administration as mayor he was one of the advocates of the Chicago & Great Western Railway enterprise and was instrumental in bringing that road to Dyersville. Fridolin Joseph Heer, Sr., was born July 30, 1834, in Wallen- stadt, Canton St. Gallen, Switzerland. His father was a lifelong builder and overseer of buildings in his native town, and his son followed his occupation. After leaving school he became an appren tice to a master stone cutter and builder in Rapperswil, Canton St. Gallen, with whom he studied and worked until he rose to the posi tion of foreman, when his master entrusted him with the overseeing of important works in Switzerland and Germany. For six years he traveled on foot into northern Germany, working at his trade, after which he studied art in Munich, for two years, under the renowned sculptor, Professor Riedmuller. Thus equipped, Fridolin Heer established himself as steinmetz- 598 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY meister (master stone cutter) in Chur, Canton Graubundten, in i860, and soon had a well established business. It was here his mind and hand planned and erected the monumental fountain, in front of the cathedral, for the great Pater Theodosius (one of Switzerland's greatest men), which was made special mention of by the Society of Art in Munich, as "A work of art, worthy of special mention," as was also the Bischof Haller monument in St. Gallen. On April 26, i860, Mr. Heer married Miss Lisette Breitler, of Basadingen, Can ton Thurgau. Four children blessed the union, one infant son dying in Chur, the remaining three still residing in the parental home. After five years of prosperous labors, sudden financial reverses caused by the sudden death of his friend, Pater Theodosius, over came him, which forced him to leave home and country. At once he wended his way to the United States, in July, 1865. His des tination was Belleville, Illinois, where he had relatives. He soon became acquainted and made friends who assisted him in finding work, which enabled him, after six months' residence there, to send for his family. The climate, however, was not favorable to Mrs. Heer's health, and they were thus compelled to seek a more northerly location. Chicago was their destination, where they resided two years, when Mr. Heer heard of the glowing accounts of the pros pects of that growing western town, Dubuque, Iowa, on the Missis sippi, whither they repaired, and which was henceforth to be their home and field of labors ; it was in 1868. The first years of Mr. Heer's labors were given to stone cutting, after which he made architecture his line of work to the end of his life. His work and buildings everywhere, are living proofs of his ability and skill, and attest the solidity of their construction. The first buildings planned and erected by him were the A. Hubert cut stone porch and fence to residence on Main street, then followed successively the James Levi store, Town Clock building, Globe build ing, Rider and Jacob Michel buildings; the residences of William Bradley, Colonel Henderson, Mr. Vanduzee, W. J. Knight, J. T. Hancock, Andrew Tredway, Alexander Yound, James Levi, the Eagle building, County Poor House, first building of Mount St. Joseph's Academy, St. Francis Convent and Orphans' Home, in this city, public school at Dyersville, Catholic churches at Luxemburg, Fort Dodge, Westphalia; Feeble Minded Institution at Glenwood, and many others too numerous to mention. Upon the return of his son, Fridolin Joseph, Jr., from the School of Architecture in Stuttgart, Europe, father and son associated into the firm of Frid. Heer & Son, which has since planned and erected the following well-known buildings : Dubuque County Court House ; Jackson, Irving, Fulton and Morse public schools, superintended the large plant of the Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company's build ings, and have done all their designing since, for buildings in and out of the city ; also designed the addition to St. Joseph's Acad- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 599 emy, Thirteenth and Main street, the First Security building, M. M. Hoffman store and flat building, John Olinger's buildings, German Presbyterian church, Seventeenth and Iowa street ; the residences of H. L. Stout, William Molo, Alf. Mathews, F. A. Rumpf, A. F. Heeb, John Schwind, Aloys Glab, Nickolas Glab, Peabody double flats, N. J. Schrup, Lawrence Gonner, and many others. Among the churches, St. Francis Catholic church at Dyersville, Sacred Heart at Fort Madison; Sacred Heart at Pomeroy, Ohio; St. An thony's, Milwaukee ; Catholic churches at Oregon, Illinois, Savanna, Illinois, North Washington, Iowa, New Hampton Catholic school and Lutheran church, also Lutheran church alterations at Bellevue, Iowa; St. Felix Catholic church, school and Orphans' Home at Wabasha, Minnesota; the first addition to Sacred Heart (Jesuit) College at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, also the residence of Charles Grelle, Jr., at this place, and the different buildings of St. Mary's Academy, since 1886. The larger addition to the latter, erected during the past two years, with the Marquette monument, and the shrine of Lourdes on the Academy grounds, terminated the work of his life. Could he have closed his life more nobly? How noble it was of his devoted friends in St. Mary's Academy to show their appre ciation of his efforts in the erection of the Marquette monument, in his lifetime — while yet he could rejoice at these beautiful marks of grateful appreciation — after the unveiling of the monument on that memorable 17th day of June, 1910, the 237th anniversary of the discovery of the Mississippi at the mouth of the Wisconsin river, a short distance south of the academy grounds. These are their words of appreciation : "To Mr. Frid. Heer, Sr, the architect of the monument, the sturdy old Swiss patriot, the American so true to his adopted coun try, the indefatigable worker in this cause so dear to his heart — to him, indeed, is owed a word of appreciation and tribute of praise. May his work and his success be an example and an inspiration to the younger generation of American citizens." Active and ambitious, he toiled early and late, the last weeks called for more traveling and strain than his nervous but robust nature could endure ; he contracted a cold on one of these trips, with seemingly no serious symptoms, which despite the medical attend ance, rapidly developed into pneumonia, which had such firm hold of him that left no hope for recovery, and surrounded by his sorrow ing children and their prayers and those of the Reverend Father who administered the last sacred sacraments of the dying, he breathed his soul into the hands of his Maker, in his home, on Mon day night, September 19, 1910. The news of his death came with startling abruptness to his many friends in this and other cities, wherever he was known, and caused universal sorrow, especially 600 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY in Prairie du Chien, where he spent most of the past two years, and had said farewell only the day before he passed away. Those who knew him best valued him most. He was the soul of good-heartedness, liberal and liberal-minded as only men can be who come from the Swiss Alps; Dubuque never harbored within her borders a more unselfish, disinterested man than Fridolin Heer. Ever ready to extend a helping hand to the sorrow and welfare of his fellow men, his last work of charity was for his flood-stricken countrymen in Switzerland, his beloved native land, to which he was attached with every fibre of his heart. For these he — with other Swiss citizens, collected the snug little sum of two hundred dollars — which he himself presented to the Swiss consul in Chicago, the Thursday evening before death claimed him. Throughout his life courses the bent of disinterested charitableness, meaning well towards all ; but as the world's run, he, too, had to suffer most from those he served most. However, he has closed his life, and took with him a life full of kindly deeds which alone will be a lasting monument to his memory. Mr. Heer leaves to mourn his death three children, Fridolin Joseph, Jr., who for years has been his faithful associate; Elise M., teacher of German in the Fulton public school and St. Anthony's Catholic school; and Pauline M., who besides giving piano instruc tion, has long been her father's and brother's assistant in their office work. His good, devoted wife preceded him in death five years and four months ago. Besides his family there are left to mourn his loss, four grandchildren and one elder brother, Hauptmann A. Heer, in Wallenstadt, who has been president of his town since i860, (and last 25th October celebrated his diamond wedding, while on January 12, 191 1, his wife celebrated her 100th birthday, both in the enjoy ment of good health and spirits). Mr. Heer was a faithful adherent of the Catholic faith, in which he lived and died. He was the founder of the Swiss Helvetia Maen- nerchor, and its president at the time of his death. He was also a member of the Dubuque Schutzen Gesellschaft, the Veteran Fire men, Old Settlers' Association and the Dubuque Saengerbund, who very touchingly rendered two appropriate numbers at the home of their departed Saengerbruder, before the remains were conveyed to the Sacred Heart church, Thursday morning at 9 o'clock, Septem ber 22, 1910, where requiem mass was celebrated, and a most con soling funeral sermon preached by the celebrant of the mass, Rev. A. Boeding, who also prepared him for death; after which all that was mortal of Fridolin Heer was conveyed to his last resting place in Mount Calvary. A man of honor has departed from us, may his soul rest in peace. Many came from far and near to view for the last time the face of one they loved in life, and beautiful were the floral offerings that kind-hearted friends had tendered him. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 601 Tribute to Fridolin Heer, Sr. He cared not what the world might say, When duty's voice was heard — Fearless of man, fearful alone of God, He kindled at its word. Like dauntless warrior, read in legends old, Encountless dangers only made him bold. His was the soul to bear, His was the soul to dare, In doing right. A grand old man, 'tis well and truly said, A man whose early life was gently bred; A patriot through and through. A man whose friendship was a thing to prize, A man whose motives suffered no disguise, But more — a Christian, too. True to his country, true to his home and God, His useful course is run. The weary years of waiting now are o'er, His task in life is done, He is not lost to us, but only gone before. Prairie du Chien, Wis., Sept. 21, 1910. A Friend. Tribute to the Late Frid. Heer, Sr. True son of old Helvetia thou ! Yet thy adopted land, Claimed as her own, that generous heart, And strong, courageous hand. Her future was thy anxious care, Her history, thy pride, Her heroes, beacon lights, whose flame Should flash forth far and wide. Still for the Hero of the Cross And Mary, Mother sweet, Was thy most strong endeavor spent, . Thy effort most complete. Farewell, true-hearted, noble friend ! And may thy service loyal In Heav'n, thy soul's own country find Its recompense right royal. Prairie du Chien, Wis., Sept. 22, 1910. A Friend. 602 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Dorrance Dixon Myers, Sr., is one of the oldest native born citizens of Dubuque now livings his birth having occurred Novem ber 3, 1841. So closely interwoven is the history of the Myers family with the early history of this locality that a record of one could scarcely be made without that of the other. William and Susan L. Myers, the parents of the subject of this sketch, came to Dubuque at the early period of 1832 through the solicitation of the wife of General George W. Jones, who was an intimate friend of Mrs. Myers. William Myers was a native of Missouri, his people having moved there from Pennsylvania. He was engaged in buy ing furs from the Indians in the early days, and when the present Kansas City was but an Indian trading post he was stationed there for that purpose. Upon coming to Dubuque he followed mercan tile pursuits for six years, then retired to a farm, where he passed the remainder of his life. He was a notable character, a man of strong will and iron determination. During the troublesome times with the Indians, fully set forth in other departments of this pub lication, he bore a conspicuous part and attained the rank of major. The early life of Dorrance D. Myers was passed on his father's farm, assisting in the general work during the summer months and in winters attending the district schools provided at that early day. The meagre education thus procured has since been greatly ampli fied by extensive readings and careful study of selected subjects. When nineteen years old he left the farm and for two years was clerk in the office of William G. Stewart, who at that time was county treasurer and county recorder. He then became a clerk in the office of the master mechanic of the old Dubuque & Sioux City Railway, now the Illinois Central, a position he held until 1867, when he organized the Dubuque Tobacco Works. This concern first started in a small way on Main street, between Third and Fourth, occupying a back room on the second floor as a factory and the front room as an office. From this unpropitious beginning, and under the wise and careful management of Mr. Myers, the con cern gradually prospered and grew in commercial strength until it is now recognized as one of the substantial business houses of Du buque. It now owns and occupies a one hundred foot front on Iowa street, on which is erected a substantial four-story factory, and, aside 'from the clerical help, furnishes employment for nearly three score hands. Mr. Myers, by careful and good business manage ment, has prospered and become one of the foremost citizens of the city He is president of the Dubuque National Bank, vice-presi dent of the German State Bank of Dyersville, a director of the Cas cade State Bank, director and chairman of the Board of Managers of the Dubuque Bridge Company, director of the Julien House Hotel Company, and trustee and director of Mount Olivet Cemetery. He is a member of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic church, and in his political views is a Democrat, having served as chairman of the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 603 Democ/atic County Central Committee. May 17, 1865, Matilda Pratte became his wife, and ten children have been born to this marriage, the following named seven now living: Mary, George W., Emily I., Dorrance D., William B., Joseph and Nathalie. The names of those deceased are Louise, Charles and Josephine. Charles E. Loizeaux, M. D., practicing his profession at 975 Locust street, Dubuque, since 1904, was born at Vinton, Iowa, De cember 2, 1874, the son of Charles J. and Olive A. (Roberts) Loi zeaux. The father was a native of France and immigrated to America in 1849, locating first at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, two years, and later removing to Des Moines, Iowa, where for many years he practiced medicine and surgery. Charles E. Loizeaux received his early schooling at Dysart, Iowa, and later graduated from the East Des Moines High School. He then decided to take up the study of medicine and accordingly entered the State University of Iowa, from which institution he graduated in 1904 with the degree of Doc tor of Medicine. His expenses in acquiring an education were de frayed by working in the advertising department of the Des Moines Daily Capital. On June 29, 1904, Dr. Loizeaux came to Dubuque and has here since been actively and successfully engaged in the general practice of his profession. He is a member of the Iowa State and American medical associations, the Dubuque County Medical Society, the Knights of Pythias, the Benevolent and Pro tective Order of Elks, the American Institute of Homeopathy, and in politics is a Republican. On October 8, 1908, he was united in marriage with Miss Retta Mullany, daughter of John I. and Agnes Mullany, her father being a prominent lawyer and historian in Du buque. Dr. and Mrs. Loizeaux are members of St. Raphael's Ca thedral. Thomas Henry Heffernan, M. D., has for the past fifteen years been actively and successfully engaged in the general practice of medicine in Dubuque. He is a native of the State of Wisconsin, his birth occurring April 15, 1868, and is the son of Maurice and Elizabeth Heffernan. The family came originally from Ireland, the doctor's grandfather leaving that country and settling in Canada at an early date, and there Maurice Heffernan was born and reared. Later he came to Wisconsin and there followed farming for many years. His wife was of English nativity and was brought to this country by her parents when but three years old. After attending the public schools Dr. Thomas H. Heffernan entered and in 1891 was duly graduated from the State Normal School at Platteville, Wisconsin. He was then for two years principal of the Mount Hope (Wisconsin) High School, but at that time decided to take up the study and practice of medicine and accordingly entered the Northwestern Medical School at Chicago, from which institution he 604 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY was granted the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1896. He then came to Dubuque and has since been actively identified with the medical profession in this city. He enjoys a large and lucrative practice and has'attained prominence as a surgeon among local prac titioners. Socially he is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and in religious views affiliates with the St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal church of this city. On December 17, 1902, the doctor was united in marriage with Miss Bernie A. Hogan, daughter of Dennis and Ann Hogan, pioneer settlers and farmers of Grant county, Wis consin, both of whom are now deceased. Dr. and Mrs. Heffernan reside at 850 Locust street. Frank Faha, vice president and manager of the Emporium, at Dyersville, is a native of Germany, born January 8, 1843, at Trier, and a son of Peter and Margaret Faha, both of whom lived and died in that country. Frank Faha attended the German National schools until thirteen years old, then for three years worked on his father's farm and afterwards learned tailoring, which he followed until his twenty-third year. In 1867 he immigrated to America with a view to making this country his future home, and for a short time was located in Dubuque. The same year he came west to Dyersville, Iowa, where for two years he was employed by Adam Wumbacher. He then returned to his old profession, the tailoring trade, and opened a small establishment in Dyersville. From the start, due to Mr. Faha's hard work, the business prospered, and he was forced to seek larger quarters. He erected a building 25x80 feet, later enlarging it to no feet, and in 1894 the corporation, of which he is now vice president and manager, was organized. The Emporium employs a working force of seventeen people and is re garded as one of the best of its kind in the county. Mr. Faha is a Democrat in politics and has served as alderman and as president of the board of education. Socially he is identified with the Knights of Columbus, and since coming to Dyersville has been a member of the Catholic church. On September 2, 1873, he married Miss Elizabeth Knippling, daughter of John and Margaret Knipp- ling, pioneer settlers and farmers of the county. Three sons and two daughters have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Faha, as follows : Fred C, secretary of the Emporium; Frank, Jr., stockholder and director of the corporation; Henry, clerk and director of same; Fannv, who married Edward Krapfl, who is treasurer of the con cern fand Clara, a graduate of St. Francis Academy and resides at home. Mr. Faha has taken an active part in local matters of im portance and is the oldest active merchant in the city of Dyersville. Edward Brueckner, engaged in the drug business at Dyersville, is a native of the State of Michigan and a son of Herman and Sophia Brueckner. Edward Brueckner was born at Lexington, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 605 Michigan, February 21, 1875, and received his primary and high school education at Derinda Center, Jo Daviess county, Illinios, graduating from the latter in 189 1. He then took a course in Wart- burg College, and succeeding this, from 1892 to 1894, served an apprenticeship to the drug business at Bellevue. He then entered Highland Park College, Des Moines, Iowa, from which he was graduated in 1895 as a registered pharmacist. For a time thereafter he had charge of a branch drug establishment of his former Belle vue employers at Andrew, Iowa, and then, in partnership with J. C. McGee, bought out the business of G. A. Holbrook, which they con ducted until 1898. At that date the association was dissolved and Mr. Brueckner has since continued alone at Dyersville, where he has been very successful. He is a Republican in his political views and has served as alderman of the city for two years. Mr. Brueck ner has always taken an interest in athletic sports and was instru mental in the organization of the local ball club. June 1, 1904, at Dyersville, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Agnes Cun ningham, daughter of the late Dan and Barbara Cunningham. To Mr. and Mrs. Brueckner three children have been born, named, Charles Edward, born December 27, 1905; Colleta Elise, born March 7, 1907; and George William, born September 10, 1908. Peter Even, one of Dubuque's well known business men, has been engaged in the fuel and implement business in this city, with a main office at 57 West Main street, and a branch office at 446 Garfield avenue, for the past sixteen years. He was born in Prairie Spring Township, Jackson county, Iowa, August 4, 1856, and is a son of Mathias and Anna Hingtgen Even, natives of the Province of Luxemburg, Germany. Peter Even received but a fair country school education during boyhood. In 1878 he came to Dubuque and embarked in the grocery business for about three years. After disposing of his grocery business he became salesman and book keeper for Pat McCullough, dealer in farm implements, and re mained with him for thirteen years. Then in partnership with H. J. Fuchs, under the firm name of Even & Fuchs, he engaged in the coal and wood business, three years later buying out the implement business of Pat McCullough, which they added to their own par ticular line. In 1904 Mr. Even acquired, by purchase, Mr. Fuch's interest in the establishment and has since continued alone. He is interested in different manufacturing concerns of the city. His implement house is one of the largest in the state, and the large patronage he is enjoying, both in the fuel and implement business, was acquired by honest and fair dealings. Dr. Edward R. Jackson, of Dubuque, has been actively engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery at 855 Locust street since 606 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 1874. He is a native of Iowa, born at Hopkinton, October 29, 1848, and a son of Leroy and Jerusha M. Jackson. So far as known the family came originally from Virginia, later removing to Ken tucky, where Leroy Jackson was born, and in 1833 came to Du buque. It is said of Leroy Jackson that he was the first to erect a brick house in the city of Dubuque. From 1833 to 1840 he engaged in the real estate business here, then went to Hopkinton, Iowa, to trade merchandise to the Indians for furs. He later bought a farm near that village, where he remained until his death in 1885, aged eighty-one years. His widow followed him in 1901, at the age of eighty-three. To them eleven children were born, eight living and three dying in infancy, as follows: Harvey, burned to death in Dubuque when fifteen months old; William H., who died at Vicks burg during the Civil war, as sergeant of Company K, Twenty-first Iowa Volunteers; Mary Louise, wife of Professor Calvin, of the State University of Iowa; Henry C, residing in California; Martha A., who married Grant Crawford of Hopkinton, Iowa; Susan C, wife of H. C. Salsbury, of Cresco, Iowa; Charles, who died in infancy; Frank L., of Redland, California; Fred C, residing in Sioux City, Iowa; Robert Louis, of Oldham, South Dakota; and Edward R., our subject. After attending the public schools, Dr. Edward R. Jackson entered Lenox College, Hopkinton, Iowa, later taking a course in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, where he graduated in 1874 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He subsequently attended and in 1881 was graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He then came to Dubuque, where he had already practiced seven years, and has since been actively engaged in the general practice of his profession. Dr. Jackson is a Knight Templar Mason, an Odd Fel low, and a member of the Hahnemann Medical Society of Iowa, the American Institute of Homeopathy, the American Association of Orificial Surgeons and the Westminster Presbyterian church. Aside from his practice he is interested in the Tobasco, Chapias Trading and Transportation Company, of Mexico, is a director in the Amer ican Peat and Fertilizer Company, Farnham, Province of Quebec, Canada, and is secretary and treasurer of the Western Land Com pany. On November 29, 1881, in Dubuque, he married Miss Etta J. Hancock, daughter of Edwin and Ellen Hancock. Edwin Hancock was a pioneer shoe merchant and died in March, 1906, aged eighty- five years, and his wife died April 2, 191 1, aged ninety years. One daughter, Edith Lucile, a graduate of the Dubuque High school and of Bradford Academy, has been born to Dr. and Mrs. Jackson. Caleb C. Chesterman has been a resident of Dubuque county for over sixty years, coming here in the year 1850. He was born at Burford, Oxfordshire, England, August 11, 1828, and is a son of William and Harriet Chesterman. The father was a civil HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 607 engineer by occupation and came to America and Dubuque county, Iowa, in 1850, settling on a farm near Peosta. He died in 1875, aged seventy years, from a stroke of apoplexy. His wife died many years before in her native country. Mr. Chesterman was prominent in the early history of this county, and with Judge Dyer founded the city of Manchester, which was named after him. Caleb C. Chesterman received his early education in England and there learned the trade of tinner. In 1848 he immigrated to America,. working for a time at his trade in the East, and then came to Du buque county. For two years he worked in the city of Dubuque, then came to Dyersville and for several years was employed by Judge Dyar. In 1854 he engaged in business on his own account, and a few years later, under the firm name of Trick & Chesterman, established a hardware and farm implement concern. After many years of successful operation Mr. Chesterman disposed of his inter ests to Mr. Clark, and bought a small farm near Dyersville, where he followed gardening until his retirement in 1896. Mr. Chester- man is one of the county's best and most deserving citizens. He is a Republican in National politics, but locally cast his vote for the best man regardless of party affiliation. In religion he is an Episco palian and has helped to build several churches throughout the county. December 27, 1852, at Galena, Illinois, he was united in marriage with Miss jane Denby, and to them these children have been born: Frank, died when twenty-eight years old; Polly, who married William McFadden, of Leverne, Minnesota; Carrie, the wife of J. P. Kendall, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; and Cornelius Chris topher, residing at Waterloo. Mr. Chesterman was the first post master of Dyersville. Stanley Morgan Taylor, born at La Crosse, Wisconsin, No vember 21, 1887, and now residing at 30 Chestnut street, Dubuque, is one of four children born to Landon Francis and Anna Bertha (Schwind) Taylor, who were natives of Dubuque county, Iowa, and there married. On the paternal side he is descended from Scotch- English ancestry, the advent of this family in America being about Revolutionary war times. For generations many of its members were prominently identified with the Wesleyan Methodists, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch having helped as a car penter to build the church of this denomination at Asbury, Dubuque county, in 1876, and of which he served as pastor. Landon F. Taylor was a contractor by occupation; he married in 1883 and is now living in Dubuque. Mrs. Taylor, the mother of Stanley M., was born in 1862, the daughter of Jacob Schwind, the old pioneer of whom extended notice is given elsewhere in this work. The chil dren of Mr. and Mrs. Taylor are: Blanche L., Stanley M., Ltfa L., and Clifford Benjamin. Stanley M. Taylor was graduated in the class of 1906 from the Dubuque High school, since which time he 608 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY has been in the employ of Carr, Ryder & Adams Company, serving at the present in the capacity of estimator. He is a Republican in politics, as is also his father, and socially is identified with the Masonic fraternity, being a member of Mosaic Lodge No. 125, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, and Dubuque Chapter No. 3, Royal Arch Masons. The family belongs to St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal church. Charles W. Skemp, engaged in the bricklaying and contracting business at Dubuque, was born September 1, 1848, in County Dor set, England, the fifth in a family of seven children born to John and Harriet (Bennett) Skemp. John Skemp removed with his family to the United States in 1859, locating in Chicago, and in 1876 he moved to Dubuque, Iowa, where he died in 1894 at seventy- nine years of age, followed by his widow in 1898, aged eighty-four years. He was a mason by trade and followed that occupation, and contracting, all his life. Charles W. Skemp, at the age of fourteen years, began learning his trade under his father's instruction, and from that time until 1897 worked as a journeyman. For the last fourteen years he has operated extensively as a contractor, the Mercy Hospital, new Presbyterian Seminary, Lawther's candy factory, one part of the Fourteenth Street St. Joseph's Catholic College, Couler Avenue school house, Burlington freight house, an addition for the McDonald Manufacturing Company at Thirteenth street, St. Anthony's Catholic church at West Dubuque, an addition to the Orphan's Home north of Linwood, the power house at Fin ley Hospital, an addition for the Carr, Ryder & Adams Company and numerous residences having been erected by him. In 1873, Mr. Skemp married Miss Laura C. Cain, daughter of Col. Paul and Maria (Price) Cain, who were among the very first settlers of Dubuque county. Colonel Cain was a native of the state of New York and of Holland ancestry. He married at Cincinnati, Ohio, his wife being a native of that state and of English lineage. He first came to Dubuque alone in 1834, and being impressed with the future possibilities of the place, permanently settled here with his family in 1835. He engaged in mining to some extent, but was chiefly employed at farming. He died in 1867, aged sixty-two years, and his widow in 1880, when seventy years old. They were the parents of nine children, Mrs. Skemp being the youngest, her birth occurring March 22, 1851. Another daughter, Miss Louisa Hanson, aged eighty-two years, is the oldest living settler in Du buque at the present time, and one son, Orrin R. Cain, is a veteran of the Civil war. To Mr. and Mrs. Skemp eleven children have been born, as follows: Eva Luella, died in infancy; Charles P., married Cora Steadman, the father of one child, was a corporal in Company A, Iowa National Guard and served in Cuba during the Spanish-American war, is a member of the Masonic fraternity and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 609 resides at Woodward, Oklahoma ; Hattie May, married Charles H. Agard, has three children, home in Dubuque; Edwin John, single, living with his parents; Jessie Eugenia, the wife of Alfred R. Staufenbiel, has one child, home in Dubuque ; Ivy Laura and Frank Garfield, single and living with their parents; Robert, died in in fancy; Clarence, living at home; Newton, died in childhood; and Nellie Louise, living with her parents in Dubuque. Mr. Skemp is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, a Republican in politics and a member of Dubuque Lodge No. 41, Knights of Pythias. Mrs. Skemp belongs to the Baptist church, the Shiloh Circle, the Pythian Sisters and is the present president of Fitzhugh Lee Camp, the ladies' auxiliary of the Spanish-American War Veterans. John and Annie M. Vorwald were early pioneers of Johnson county, Iowa, and likewise of Dubuque county. They came here at the early date of 1850, a period when the country was but fairly awakening from primitive conditions, and here Mr. Vorwald began operating a flour mill. He also bought 365 acres of land, for the most part fresh from the fashioning hand of the Creator, which he gradually improved by cultivation and the erection of buildings. It was but a comparatively short time until he became one of the fore most men of his day in this section of the community. His sym pathy, helpfulness and liberality were noteworthy, his public spirit proverbial and the respect accorded him was universal. He served as alderman and mayor and his record as a public official was above reproach. After a residence of fifty-six years in Dubuque county he died in the faith of the Roman Catholic church on December 13, 1906. His widow yet survives him, and they were the parents of ten children, as follows : Frank, a farmer near Bloomington, Wis consin ; John, who resides at Dyersville ; Fred, farming in Delaware county, this state; Frances, residing at home; Joseph and George, operating the home farm; Harry Vorwald, operating a meat mar ket in New Vienna; Lizzie, who married John T. Meyers, and re sides in South Dakota; Annie, the wife of Otto Kerper, of New Vienna ; Mary, residing at home ; and Alvina, who died in infancy in 1888. While much can be said of the high character of Mr. Vor wald, a great deal can also be said in praise of Mrs. Vorwald, who faithfully and ably assisted her husband in all his endeavors, who brought ten children into the world, giving to them a mother's lov ing care, rearing nine of them to useful and praiseworthy citizen ship and instilling into all their hearts the sublime religious faith of the Roman Catholic religion. John Vorwald, of the above children, was born at New Vienna on November 6, 1871, and there received his early schooling. When fourteen years old he quit school and for three years assisted his father in the care of the home farm. He then helped to operate the flour mill about twelve years. In the meantime he had given con- 610 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY siderable attention to public affairs and local needs, and his practical knowledge and sound judgment led to his election on the Demo cratic ticket in 1907 as a member of the Board of Supervisors of Dubuque county, a position he has since occupied with signal ability. His first election was by a majority of 280 votes, his second, in 1908, by 2,100 votes, and in 1910 his majority was still further in creased to 2,900 ballots. Mr. Vorwald is the owner of a farm of 120 acres in South Dakota and also valuable properties in this county. August 10, 1897, he was united in marriage with Miss Catherine, daughter of August and Caroline Streabler, who were among the earliest settlers of Dubuque county. August Streabler, although a native of the United States, was descended from Ger man ancestry. He came here about the year 1840, served the Union as a volunteer in the Civil war and was a well known farmer. He died January 21, 1900, when seventy-two years old, but his widow is yet living and resides in Haverhill, Iowa. Lorenzo O. Hillyard, president of the Midland Chemical Com pany, of Dubuque, Iowa, was born in Clay township, Wayne county, this state, September 4, 1874, a son of Benjamin and Mary J. Hill- yard, both of whom were of English ancestry. Benjamin Hillyard was a native of Springfield, Illinois, and his parents were among the early pioneers of that state. He was a farmer for thirty-four years, but late in life moved to St. Joseph, Missouri, where he died in January, 1906, at the age of sixty-seven years, preceded by his wife, July 6, 1905, aged sixty-five years. Their final resting place is at Corydon, Iowa. The early career of Lorenzo O. Hillyard was passed in attending the country schools. When twelve years old he went to live with his sister, Mrs. W. C. Mulford, at Omaha, Nebraska, where he carried the Omaha Bee as a newsboy and attended commercial college, paying his way through the latter by the proceeds derived from washing dishes in a restaurant. During his early life in Omaha he was employed by Dr. Charles Rosewater to answer telephone calls and for this was given room rent and $4 a week. The privations, humiliations and heartaches of the young man served as incentives for greater efforts and were undoubtedly the groundwork of his later success in life. From Omaha he went to St. Joseph, Missouri, where he drove a wagon for the Standard Oil Company three years, and from which he was promoted to traveling specialty salesman, continuing as such for three years. In 1898 he became the general tank wagon superintendent for eleven states for the above named oil concern, occupying this position until his voluntary resignation in 1901. During this time he made a careful study of disinfectants, and in 1901 began manufacturing in a small way on Second street in Dubuque. By careful and con servative management the business prospered to such an extent that four years later it was deemed necessary to incorporate. Since then ^<^r HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 611 it has increased wonderfully and is now recognized as one of the largest disinfectant and germicide establishments of the country. The concern employs eleven traveling salesmen and its product is to be found in every state in the Union. Mr. Hillyard is a member of St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal church, and of the Elks; he is an independent Republican in politics. June 22, 1905, he married Miss Clara Raforth, daughter of Frederick Raforth, one of the pioneers of this section. To Mr. and Mrs. Hillyard there has been born one daughter, Sibyl Jane. Anthony F. Heeb, secretary and treasurer of the Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company, is a native of Dubuque, his birth occurring December 21, 1867, and the son of Anton and Katherine Heeb. The father was born in the Province of Hesse-Nassau, Prus sia, Germany, in the year 1812, but immigrated to the United States in 1850 and in a small way embarked in the brewing business at Dubuque. As occasion warranted he added to his establishment and at the time of his death the yearly output was 15,000 barrels. Mr. Heeb always took an active interest in local public affairs of importance and served as alderman from his ward and as county supervisor. After a long and useful life of seventy-six years he passed away, and was followed by his wife September 29, 1901, at the age of seventy-two years. Both now lie at rest in Mount Cal vary cemetery, but their memory will long linger in the hearts of their many friends and neighbors. After attending St. Mary's Parochial school, Anthony F. Heeb, the immediate subject of this memoir, entered the Canissius College, Buffalo, New York, and subsequently further pursued his studies in the College of the Sacred Heart at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, graduating from the classical course of the latter institution when eighteen years of age. He then returned to Dubuque and entered his father's employ as bookkeeper, remaining thus occupied until the consolidation of the A. Heeb Brewing Company and the Glab Brothers, Schmid Brothers and Western Brewing companies, at which time Mr. Heeb was elected secretary and treasurer. He has been thus associated down to the present time, being also a director of the firm and vice-president of the German Trust and Savings Bank. In religious views Mr. Heeb is an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith, being identified with St. Mary's church, and socially is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. To his marriage with Miss Lulu M. Rhomberg, solemnized in Dubuque, April 9, 1890, three children were born, as follows : Gussie May, who died in infancy (1892) ; Lou May, born March 24, 1894; and Anthony A., born February 20, 1898. Mrs. Heeb is the daughter of L. A. and Margaret Rhomberg, who came to Dubuque in i860; the father died in 1893, aged fifty years, and the mother in 1907, aged sixty-two years. 612 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY John W. Schwind, president of the Dubuque Brewing and Malt ing Company, was born in this city March i, 1866, and has known, practically, no other home. His parents, Jacob and Maria Schwind, were natives of Baden-Baden, Germany, and Bavaria, respectively, but in 1850 they immigrated to America, locating at Dubuque, where the father for years was prominently identified with the brewing interests. He passed away December 15, 1881, at the age of fifty- four years, and his loss was mourned generally throughout the county. His widow still survives. After attending the public schools of Dubuque, John W. Schwind finished his education with a course in Bayless Business College, and then for two years was employed as bookkeeper by the Western Brewery. Succeeding this, in 1884, he associated himself in the brewing business with John W. Tschirgi, and this partnership continued until 1892, when he asso ciated himself with his brother, B. J. Schwind, and the Western Brewing Company was formed. This company continued only for four months, when the Dubuque Malting Company was formed by the consolidation of the A. Heeb Brewing Company, Glab Bros., Schmid Bros., and the Western Brewing Company. They employ in the neighborhood of 200 people and their business covers a wide range of territory, including the states of Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, the Dakotas, Minnesota and Nebraska. Mr. Schwind is also a director of the Citizens' State Bank and is president of the East Dubuque Supply Company. Aside from the business cares of life he is identified with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Eagles, and in religious views a member of St. Anthony's Roman Catholic church. On September 15, 1886, at Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Mathilda, daughter of George and Martha La Brune, pioneer residents of Dubuque, and to them two children have been born, as follows : Edna, a graduate of St. Clara College; and John W., now attending St. Joseph's College. Mr. Schwind began life's battle at an early age, and has always been an active member in the different companies with which he has been connected, and always had the respect and esteem of his fellowmen. Charles P. Skemp was born in the city of Dubuque, Iowa, June 26, 1862, being the second in a family of eight children born to P. W. and Esther W.- (White) Skemp, who were of English nativity and who came to the United States in 1853, and about the year 1858, respectively. P. W. Skemp located in Dubuque upon his arrival in this country, was here married, and for twenty-three years was a dry goods merchant in this city. In 1879 he bought a farm within a short distance of Dubuque, in Grant county, Wis consin, where he and wife live at the ripe ages of eighty-four and seventy-five years. The names of their children, all born in Dubuque, are as follows: Joseph, who died unmarried when fifty G^ostf &ffi^2sJ-twJ- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 613 years old; Charles P., the subject of this sketch; Harry L., mar ried Grace Her and lives in Dubuque; May E., the wife of J. E. Headley, of this city; Samuel P., married to Amelia Kunz, who survives him. He was killed in a railroad accident in 1906; Thomas W., who married Catherine Schwerdt and resides at La Crosse, Wisconsin; Emily W., now Mrs. James C. Jones, of Oelwein, Iowa; and Frederick A., who married Elizabeth Duetscher and operates the farm owned by his father in Wisconsin. Charles P. Skemp attended the public schools in boyhood but at the age of fifteen years became a clerk in his father's store, continuing thus until his father retired to the farm. From that time to 1897, he was engaged in steamboating on the river, then became clerk in the mailing division of the Dubuque postoffice. He has ever since con tinued in the employ of the government and is at present officiating as city distributor. In 1896 Mr. Skemp was united in marriage with Miss Hannah E. Walter, daughter of Peter and Maria (Reis) Walter, natives of Germany. Peter Walter came to America with his parents when eleven years old, their first home in this country being at Upper Sandusky, Ohio. He came to Dubuque in 1854, but in 1856 embarked in the furniture and undertaking business at McGregor, Iowa, in company with a brother. He there died on November 20, 1907, when seventy- four years old, and is survived by his widow. Mrs. Skemp was born August 26, 1868, and is the youngest in the family of eight children. To Mr. and Mrs. Skemp two children have been born : Helen, born July 29, 1897, and Marie, born February 4, 1899. Mr. Skemp is a member of the Independ ent Order of Foresters, a Republican in politics, and he and wife belong to the Westminster Presbyterian church. Bernhard C. Scherr, engaged in the retail grocery trade at 899 Clay street, Dubuque, is a son of Franz Scherr, who came to America from his native country, Wurtemburg, Germany, in 1853, and established a home in Dubuque, Iowa. Franz Scherr was born in 1830, and after receiving a practical education in the schools of his native country learned the intricacies of the brewing business. After coming to Dubuque he was identified with the Schmid & Scherr Brewery, but in 1864 went to Cassville, Wisconsin, and built what was known as the Schmitz & Scherr Brewery. In 1877 he sold out and removed to Fort Dodge, Iowa, where he continued in the same line of business. Four years later he returned to Du buque and was, for the greater part of the remainder of his life, engaged in retail mercantile pursuits. At Dubuque, on March 4, 1862, he married Margaret Fleischman, a native of Nuremberg, Bavaria, who came to Dubuque in 1858. Mr. Scherr died April 4, 1909, survived by his widow, who is now seventy-one years old, and six children: Bernhard Conrad; Mrs. Anna Schaefer; William; 614 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Conrad Bernhard ; Albert ; and Mrs. Clara Merz. One child, Frank lin, died in infancy. Bernhard C. Scherr was born in Dubuque, December 14, 1862, and is the eldest of a family of seven children. Until nineteen years of age he worked in the brewery, then became a clerk in a retail grocery store, subsequently becoming his father's partner in that line. In 1904 he acquired stock in the Hasler Grocery Company, then owning five retail stores, but six years later purchased his present establishment from the Hasler Company, which he has since operated with success. He was married in the fall of 1889 to Miss Theresa Bieg, daughter of the old and well remembered settlers, Bernhard and Magdalena Bieg, natives of Germany. Mrs. Scherr was born November 20, 1866, and is the third in a family of five. To Mr. and Mrs. Scherr there have been born five children : Leona, the wife of Carl Wunderlich, of Rock Island, Illinois; Harry G., Henry J., Lucile and Mildred M. The family belong to St. Mark's Lutheran church of Dubuque. Mr. Scherr is a member of the Masonic fraternity, Modern Woodmen of America, Wood men of the World, Fraternal Order of Eagles, and the Orioles. Albert Hugo Smith, superintendent of the city railways of Dubuque, is a native of this city as are also his parents, Nicholas and Lena (Ruh) Smith, his paternal grandfather being one of Dubuque's first settlers. Nicholas Smith was of French and Ger man extraction and was the oldest of six children. In 1870 he mar ried Lena Ruh, of German descent and the second in a family of fourteen. For thirty-seven years he was foreman for the E. W. Albee Cracker Company, but in 1902, after this firm was bought by the National Biscuit Company (burned out in 1904), he was em ployed by the McFarland Cracker Company. He and wife are now living at 2216 Couler avenue, this city, and are the parents of the following: John J., married Eleanora Guerlich, has two children and lives in Dubuque ; Nicholas William, making his home with his parents; Mary M., the wife of D. M. Yant, the mother of one child, home in Dubuque; Albert H, the immediate subject of this sketch; and Pearl Josephine, a graduate of the Dubuque High School and of Bayless Business College, an accomplished musician and now employed as a stenographer in this city. Albert H. Smith was born November 23, 1877, and until fourteen years old attended the parochial schools. He entered the employ of the Chicago & Great Western Railway Company as call boy and continued with this company in different capacities for a period of twelve years, during which time he learned telegraphy and became a train dis patcher. He left the employ of the C. & G. W. to accept a similar position with the I. C. R. R., a positon he occupied until he, with many others, was released when a general reduction of the work ing force was ordered. He then accepted employment as motorman HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 615 and conductor of the City Street Railway, of which concern he is now superintendent. In May, 1901, he married Miss Lola Olive Lichtenberger, who was born November 10, 1881, a daughter of Frank and Ruth Lichtenberger, natives of Illinois, and of German and Scotch-Irish descent, respectively. Mr. Lichtenberger, in early life, was a telegrapher, but of late years has followed carpentering. He and wife reside in Chicago, and the three children born to them are: Lola O., Dallas B., who married Cora Corby and resides in Dubuque, and Harry Louis. To Mr. and Mrs. Smith four children have been born : Olive Lola, Lucile Pearl, Marguerite Helen and Genevieve La Verne. Mr. Smith is a Democrat and a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Modern Woodmen of America. He and wife are affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Smith is also a graduate of the Lincoln- Jefferson University of Hammond, Indiana, in the study of law, but has not yet asked for recognition in this city or state, preferring his present occupation to the practice of law. Peter Rider and his wife, Mary (Authier) Rider, were among the best people of Dubuque county. Peter Rider was a native of Germany and after coming to America in 1848 located in Dubuque county, Iowa, where he married and engaged in farming in Table Mound township. He died in 1874 at the age of thirty-six years and was buried in Center Grove cemetery. He and wife were the parents of four children, as follows: George W., Renne H., Catherine and Anna. The mother, in 1879, married Michael Rider, a brother of her first husband, and he died in 1894, at the age of fifty years, being also laid at rest in Center Grove cemetery. One daughter, Melinda C, was born to the second marriage. She is a graduate of the Dubuque High School, the State University of Wis consin and the School of Music at Madison, and is at present em ployed as teacher in the Dubuque High School. John B. Williams, for the past thirty years engaged in the boot and shoe business at Dyersville, is a native of England, born July 29, 1841, and is the son of John and Eliza Williams. John Williams immigrated to America with his family in 1850 and lo cated first in Chicago, Illinois, where he died January 1, 1868, aged sixty-two years, and was buried at Freeport, Illinois. His son, John B. Williams, the immediate subject of this sketch, attended the Chicago public schools until twelve years old, then for four years was employed as bell boy in one of the hotels. Succeeding this he began an apprenticeship to the shoemaker's trade under the tutelage of his father, and also was butcher for his father three years. He then returned to the shoe business, and in 1868 located at Dyers ville, Iowa, and here made boots and shoes. He soon was enabled to open a small store, and as time passed and his business increased 616 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY he was forced to enlarge his premises, and today his establishment is regarded as one of the best of its kind in the locality. Mr. Will iams is a Republican in politics. In 1872, at Dyersville, he was united in marriage with Miss Hattie J. Bagley, daughter of Lovel and Mary Bagley, whose father, a millwright by occupation, came to Dubuque county in 1855. He died in 1866, aged forty-seven years, and his wife in 1892, aged seventy-one years, and they are buried at Dyersville and Edgerton, Wisconsin, respectively. To Mr. and Mrs. Williams three children have been born and named, as follows: Dora Isabelle, died June 5, 1902, aged twenty-five years ; Francis Joseph and Raymond Skay, who are clerking in their father's shoe store. The family home is located in the city of Dyersville. John A. Rittscher, born at Galena, Illinois, July 30, 1852, re siding at 1069 White street and engaged in retail mercantile pur suits at 12 17 Iowa street, Dubuque, is a son of John A. and Cath erine (Kenicker) Rittscher, who were among the early pioneers in this locality. Both parents were born in Germany, married in Illi nois, and about the year 1845 settled in Dubuque county, Iowa, and here the father engaged in the retail meat business. Both parents are now dead. Ten children were born to them. John A. Rittscher was the third in the regular order of birth in this family. He lived at home with his parents until eighteen years old, then be gan working for wages in the meat business. He continued thus in different localities for five years, then returned to Dubuque and for the succeeding twenty years was employed by the William Ryan Packing Company. Since then he has been conducting a retail meat market on his own responsibility. In 1884 he was united in mar riage with Miss Mary Eischen, who was born in Luxemburg, in 1856, and came to America when a young girl. Mr. Rittscher is a Democrat in politics and a member of the Lutheran church. Mrs. Rittscher is a Roman Catholic in religion. George De Forest Rose, since 1904 secretary and treasurer of the Spahn & Rose Lumber Company, was born in Freeport, Illinois, September 16, 1879, the son of George P., Jr., and Susie (De Forest) Rose. Both sides of the family can trace their ancestry back many generations in the history of the old world. The father's people were Hollanders, and the mother's natives of Nor mandy and France. About 1650 the latter family, owing to the Huguenot disturbances of the times, left their native county, and, by way of Holland, came to the United States, and settled in Con necticut. Here they experienced the trials and hardships incident to pioneer -life, but, inheriting the thrift and industry of their forefathers, they grew and prospered and, as the years went by, scattered and became useful citizens of the land of their adoption. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 617 George P. Rose, Jr., early in life left New York state and immi grated west to Chicago, but the great fire of 1871 destroyed his property and drove him to Freeport, Illinois, from which place, in 1884, he came to Dubuque. He was at one time a jeweler by trade, but after coming to Dubuque opened and has since been operating a machine shop. George De Forest Rose, the immediate subject of this review, came with his parents to Dubuque at the age of five years, and after attending first the public schools, finished his education by a course in the high school. He then as office boy entered the establishment of the Carr, Ryder & Adams Company, and gradually, as merited, was promoted until after six years he became a salesman. Shortly thereafter in company with Mr. J. T. Adams he went to California and for two and a half years was assistant general superintendent of the West Side Lumber Com pany. At the expiration of that time he and his present partner, Mr. Spahn, organized the Spahn & Rose Lumber Company and they have since been actively and successfully engaged in that line of business. In politics Mr. Rose is a Republican; in religious views a member of the Westminster Presbyterian church; and socially he is identified with the Masonic fraternity. At Minne apolis, May 7, 1907, he was united in marriage with Miss Clara Louise Bayless, daughter of V. W. and Clara Bayless, pioneer residents of that city, and to them one daughter, Dorothy Louise, has been born. Peter Klauer. The life of Peter Klauer, president of the Klauer Manufacturing Company, is conclusive proof that the aver age poor boy of today, if he possesses the qualities of integrity and thrift, may ultimately rise to a position of honor and respect among his fellowmen. Mr. Klauer started out in life a poor boy, without money or influential friends, and by his own unaided efforts had accumulated a competency and become prominent and a factor in the commercial life of Dubuque. His parents, John and Mary Klauer, were natives of the Province of Rhenish Prussia, Germany, but in 1854 left the mother country, emigrated to America and settled in Dubuque. The father was a potter and fol lowed that trade until his death in 1883, at the age of eighty-five years. His wife passed away in 1872, aged sixty-two years. Both now lie at rest in Mount Calvary cemetery, but their memory still remains near and dear to the surviving old settlers who knew them to be kind neighbors and excellent, God-fearing citizens. Their son, Peter Klauer, the immediate subject of this memoir, was born at Baumbach, near the city of Coblenz, Germany, on November 28, 1842, and until twelve years old attended the public schools thereof. Fie then came with his parents to America and Dubuque, and while employed in various positions attended night school in an effort to better his education. When seventeen years of age he became an 618 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY apprentice to the tin trade in the establishment of Thomas Heney and for some time remained there as a journeyman. In 1870, how ever, he embarked in the tin and stove business on his own account, starting in a small way on Iowa street and increasing his stock as occasion warranted. These premises he has long since vacated and they are now occupied by his son-in-law, Mr. A. P. Kress. In 1890 Mr. Klauer erected the buildings now standing between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets and organized the Klauer Manufacturing Company, Mr. Klauer being the president, and this concern has since become widely known throughout the middle West. Aside from the above interests Mr. Klauer is president of the German Trust and Savings Bank and vice-president of the Iowa Coffin Company, of which latter concern he was for a time manager. In politics he is a Democrat, has served as a member of the board of supervisors, and was chairman of the committee that had charge of the erection of the Dubuque county court house. He was also one of the first trustees and directors of the new library of Dubuque city. In his religious views Mr. Klauer espouses the beliefs of his forefathers and is a member of St. Mary's Roman Catholic church. On September 26, 1864, at Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Anna F., daughter of Fidelius and Bernharta Buechler, old pioneer residents of this county, now at rest in Calvary ceme tery, and to their union eleven children have been born, as follows : Rose, who died when five years old ; Albert, who died at two years of age ; one who died in infancy ; William H., associated with his father in business; Benjamin F., teller in the German Trust and Savings Bank; Aloise N, also with father; Joseph, with father; Amalie, a sister of St. Francis; Angeline, at home; Gertrude, the wife of A. P. Kress, of this city; and Mary, at home with her parents. The Klauer family is well and favorably known through out the county, and Mr. Klauer can point with pardonable pride to his steady rise up the ladder of life. James J. Duffy, agent for the Illinois Central Railway at Dyers ville since 1909, was born at Omaha, Nebraska, August 20, 1878, and is the son of Michael and Margaret Duffy. The father was a native of County Kings, Ireland, and came to America in 1859, locating for two years at Xenia, Ohio, where he followed farming. He was also a railroad contractor, and after locating in Omaha, Nebraska, followed that business for thirty years. He is at present engaged in farming near Council Bluffs, Iowa. James J. Duffy attended the public and parochial schools of his native city until fourteen years old, then completed his studies with courses in the Omaha and Iowa Business colleges, graduating from the latter in 1898. He then became connected with the Illinois Central Rail way Company as station agent at Masonville, Iowa, where he remained six years, succeeding which he was for two years located HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 619 at Ryan. In 1909 he was transferred to Dyersville, Iowa, and has here been since located. Mr. Duffy is a Democrat in his political views, a Catholic in religion, and is a member of the Knights of Columbus. He was married at Masonville, Iowa, September 6, 1905, to Miss Loretta Barry, and one daughter, Catherine, was born to them on February 25, 1908. Mrs. Duffy is the daughter of William and Catherine Barry, natives of Dubuque county, Iowa, and at present engaged in farming near Masonville. Benjamin J. Schwind, assistant secretary and treasurer of the Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company since 1908, was born in Dubuque county, Iowa, August 1, 1869, a son of the old pioneers, Jacob and Maria Schwind, appropriate mention of whom is made elsewhere in this publication. He was educated in the local ward and high schools, leaving the latter in his sixteenth year, and for a time thereafter was bookkeeper for Eulberg Brothers, brewers, at Portage, Wisconsin. He subsequently returned to Dubuque and became a bookkeeper in the Tschirgi & Schwind Brewery, remain ing thus employed until he and his brother purchased the above named concern, wrhich they reorganized as the Western Brewing Company, and conducted successfully until the consolidation of four local breweries. This was in 1892. Mr. Schwind was cashier and had charge of the shipping department of the new organiza tion, and in 1906 became a director and was elected assistant sec retary and treasurer, which position he has held ever since. He is also a director of the German Trust and Savings Bank, vice- president of the Dubuque Automobile and Garage Company, secre tary and treasurer of the East Dubuque Supply Company, and treasurer of the Dubuque Realty Company. Socially he is identi fied with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, now a trustee of Dubuque Lodge No. 297, and in religious views a mem ber of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic church. On November 5, 1890, in Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Nellie Carney, daughter of Frank and Mary Carney, one of the oldest families in Dubuque county. Mr. Carney, now seventy years of age, is. still active in business affairs and is a cigar and tobacco merchant in Dubuque. To the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Schwind one daughter and one son have been born, named, Grace M., born September 13, 1892, attending St. Joseph's Academy, and Ben jamin J., Jr., born September 5, 1894, now in attendance at St. Joseph's College. Mr. Schwind and family reside at 386 Hill street. August Becker, since 1900 superintendent and brewmaster for the Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company, Dubuque, is a native of Germany, and the son of Johann and Barbara Becker. The parents both died in the old country in 1885, the father being a 620 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY domain manager by occupation. August Becker completed his education in the public schools when fifteen years old, and then secured employment in a German brewery. In 1872 he came to the United States and for a time worked in the Koehler & Lange brewery at Davenport, Iowa, succeeding which he removed to Rock Island, Illinois. Eight months later he returned to Davenport and for a year was again in the employ of Koehler & Lange, then went with Wertmuller & Ande, with whom he remained as foreman nine years. In 1888 he came to Dubuque and for five years was employed in a similar capacity in the Glab brewery. In 1894 he became associated as assistant foreman with the Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company, which position he held until promoted to his present position of superintendent and brewmaster. Mr. Becker has extensive real estate holdings in Dubuque county and else where, and in religious views is a member of the Holy Ghost Roman Catholic church. Socially he is identified with the Catholic Order of Foresters. On May 7, 1878, at Davenport, Iowa, he was united in marriage with Miss Theresa Dietz, daughter of Frank and Rehena Dietz, pioneer settlers of Davenport, where the mother yet resides. Frank Dietz is deceased. To Mr. and Mrs. Becker seven children have been born, two dying in infancy, as follows : Oscar, assistant foreman in the Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company ; Arthur H, who is running a poultry farm; Frank, a machinist; August, Jr., a bookkeeper; and Alma. The Becker residence is located at 3265 Jackson street, city of Dubuque. Simon Burlage, Sr., living in Dyersville, since 1903, retired from the active business cares of life, was bom in Charleston, South Carolina, January 23, 1848. His parents, Herman and Cath erine Burlage, were natives of Munster, Province of Westphalia, Kingdom of Prussia, Germany, and came to the United States in 1830, locating in South Carolina, where all their children were born. In his native country Herman Burlage served as a soldier. At Charleston he worked at blacksmithing, and being of an econom ical turn of mind, saved his money, and in 1853 bought a tract of 200 acres of land at Government prices in New Wine Township, Dubuque county, Iowa. He enlisted for the suppression of the Indians in Florida, when he first came to America, and from there moved here in 1858. As his land was wholly unimproved, he built thereon a cabin and began clearing and experiencing all the hard ships incident to pioneer life. As time passed better buildings were erected, better implements were procured, orchards and shrubbery were set out, better grades of domestic stock were introduced and eventually this place became one of the best farms of the com munity. All this was brought about by hard work, economy, care ful management and saving. Mr. Burlage died February 12, 189 1, when eighty years of age. He was a man of sound judgment, his HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 621 word was as good as his bond, his honesty was proverbial and he was held in universal esteem by all who knew him. His ruling am bition was to rear his children to honorable, useful lives and to good citizenship. No less respected was his wife, the sharer of his bur dens and a helpmeet in every sense of the word. She died Decem ber 23, 1893, aged eighty-two years, and both are buried in the cemetery at New Vienna. Simon Burlage, Sr., attended the schools of his native city for two years prior to coming to Dubuque county with his parents. Here he attended the school at New Vienna in early youth and assisted his father on the home farm until his twenty-third year, then obtained the ownership of an 160 acre farm in Dodge Township, upon the payment of $2,000 to his brother, Nicholas. This property was unimproved, but, inheriting thrift and the willingness to work from his parents, he set to work with a will and gradually brought it to a high state of development. Be lieving that soil was the real foundation of substantial wealth, he gradually increased his real estate holdings until at one time he was the owner of nearly 900 acres. This he subsequently divided into four separate farms, disposing of all but 240 acres, which he yet owns and on which two of his sons are now residing. Besides this, Mr. Burlage owns the Agricultural Building in Dyersville and stock in the Worthington Savings Bank. In religion he is a Roman Catholic ; in politics he is independent, voting in all cases for whom appears to be the best man, regardless of party affiliation. June 23, 1873, he married Mari Angla Esch, daughter of Theodore and Catherine Esch; his sons, Nichols and Petter H. Mr. Esch, who established the first brewery in Dyersville, died April 30, 1892, aged eighty-one years, and his wife October 3, 1875, at sixty-four years of age. Both have their final resting place in the cemetery at Dyersville. Besides the following named seven children, born to Mr. and Mrs. Burlage, they have one adopted daughter, named Dorothea ; Theodore, a farmer of Dubuque county ; Nicholas, sales man for a cream separating concern; Simon, Jr., and Frank P., farmers ; Catharine, the wife of John Kramer, of Delaware county ; Mary Josephine, who married John Kirsch and resides in this county; and Annie, who died December 7, 1903, aged twenty-two years. Mr. Burlage owns some town property, consisting of lots and the fine home in which he lives. Robert Hay, sole proprietor of the Key City Roofing Company, with offices at the corner of Eighth and White streets, Dubuque, was born at Cupar, Fife, Scotland, on January 26, 1863. His par ents, Thomas and Mary A. Hay, are descended from old Scotch families, and are yet living in Scotland. The father has long been retired, but during his active business career was a prominent Glas gow merchant. Robert Hay was educated in the Glasgow public schools, which he left in his thirteenth year, and about 1880 immi- 622 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY grated to the United States, locating primarily at Providence, Rhode Island. For a time he worked at various occupations, then hired out to a farmer at the rate of four dollars a month and con tinued thus for a year and a half. He then returned to his native country and learned the machinist's trade, and upon completing his apprenticeship again came to America and located in Dubuque, Iowa. For some time he worked at his trade in the shops of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and then estab lished himself in business on a small scale. The Key City Roofing Company has grown from a comparatively unimportant concern to one of Dubuque's largest and most substantial business houses, and deals in asphalt, resin, pitch, coal tar, roofing paints, roofing, build ing papers, deafening felts, building materials, wall coping, sewer pipe, flue linings, mortar colors, mineral wool, lime, hair, cement, fire brick, fire clay, etc., and employs, outside of the regular office force, about twenty experienced men. Aside from the above men tioned interests Mr. Hay is president of the Lightcap Company and treasurer and director of the Dubuque Shippers' Association. He is a director of the Dubuque Y. M. C. A., president of the board of trustees of the Westminster Presbyterian church, and a member of the Masonic fraternity, the Modern Woodmen of America, and the Dubuque and Iowa State traveling men's associations. On Sep tember 12, 1888, at Platteville, Wisconsin, he married Miss Lizetta H. Hay, daughter of Robert and Catherine Hay, the former dying at Platteville when seventy years of age, and the latter now resid ing with Mr. and Mrs. Hay in Dubuque, aged seventy-eight years. To Mr. and Mrs. Hay two sons and one daughter have been born, as follows : Robert Philip, born November 5, 1889, a graduate of Dubuque High School, now associated in business with his father; Henry Malcolm, born October 24, 1892, attending public schools; and Helen Catherine, born October 15, 1893, now attending high school. The family home is located at 82 Arlington street. William C. Luther, vice president and secretary of the Tele graph-Herald Company since its organization in November, 1901, was born in the city of Dubuque, September 22, 1865. Charles and Minnie Luther, his parents, were natives of Germany. They came from Berlin to the United States in 1851, and after a six months' stay in New York, located permanently in Dubuque. Here the father engaged in the tobacco business and was, in all prob ability, the first wholesale cigar dealer here. He built up a large business and established a reputation for honesty and good citizen ship. In 1907, at the age of eighty-two years, he died, preceded by his wife in 1894, aged sixty-four years. The early life of William C. Luther was passed much after the manner of the boys of that time. He attended the public schools, and later the night sessions of Bayless Business College. When HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 623 fifteen years of age he began working on the Dubuque Times, con tinuing thus ten years, then was associated with the Dubuque Tele graph until its reorganization as the Telegraph-Herald in 190 1. In religion Mr. Luther is a member of St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal church ; in politics he is a Democrat, having served as a member of the County Central Committee and in other official capacities for his party. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Modern Woodmen of Amer ica. January 13, 1897, he was united in marriage with Miss Delia Stephens, daughter of John Stephens, who, for a number of years, was engaged in business in Dubuque. Thomas J. Fitzpatrick, attorney and counsellor at law, is a native of Iowa, his birth occurring at Greeley, Delaware county, September 25, 1872. His parents, James and Hulda (Foley) Fitz patrick, were born in Ireland, but came to the United States about the year 1845, an(l engaged in farming near Colesburg, Iowa. They subsequently moved to their present farm near Greeley, where they still reside, and where they celebrated their golden wedding on November 12, 1910, at the ages of eighty-four and seventy-three years respectively. Thomas J. Fitzpatrick was reared on the home farm, assisting in the usual work and attending the district school. He graduated from the Greeley High school, attended the Iowa City Academy, and took the prescribed course at St. Joseph's Col lege, Dubuque. He completed his literary education by taking a three years' course in the department of Liberal Arts in the State University at Iowa City, receiving from this institution the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1896 he completed his legal studies in the law department of the State University, and since that time has practiced his profession in Dubuque with unusual success. In his general views he is democratic, and in his political affiliation, a Democrat. By election he served as state's attorney during the years 1903 and 1904. In religion he is a Roman Catholic, being a member of St. Patrick's parish. Socially he belongs to the Knights of Columbus, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Fraternal Order of Eagles, and the Ancient Order of Hibernians; he is also a member of the board of education of Dubuque. On July 26, 1899, at Dougherty, Iowa, he married Miss Agnes C. Wade, daughter of Michael and Margaret Wade. Mr. Fitzpatrick is generally conceded to be one of the foremost lawyers of Iowa, and is the senior member of the firm of Fitzpat rick & Frantzen. He is the present attorney for the Illinois Cen tral Railroad Company for eastern Iowa, and his firm is the legal adviser of many of the most important concerns in Dubuque. He is one of the best orators at the Dubuque bar and to his elo quence and manifest sincerity may be attributed his marked success before a jury. 624 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY John I. Mullany, a well known legal practitioner of Dubuque, is a native of Ireland, his birth occurring about April i, 1847, i" the county of Tipperary. He is a son of John and Catherine Hutchinson Mullany, both of whom were born and reared in that country. In 1849 the family left the mother country and immi grated to America, first locating in La Salle, Illinois, and eventually in 1857 coming to Dubuque. The father was an architect and fol lowed that business successfully until his death in 1884, at the age of seventy-two years. His wife passed away in 1873, aged sixty- one years. The early education of John I. Mullany was acquired in the parochial schools of Dubuque, and this was supplemented by a course in the College of Our Lady of Angels, now Niagara (New York) University. He then took up the study of law in the office of John H. O'Neill and H. B. Fouke, well known lawyers of Dubuque, now deceased, and later embarked in the general practice of that profession on his own account. From 1873 to 1883 he was thus successfully engaged in Dubuque and Clinton, Iowa, but then, owing to failing health, retired from active participation in business affairs. In 1886 Mr. Mullany was appointed deputy clerk of the district court of Dubuque county, and for twenty years honorably and creditably filled this position. In 1907, in partnership with Mr. Hugh Stuart, he again took up the general practice of law in Dubuque, securing offices in the Bank and Insurance building, and has since been actively and successfully engaged in his profession. Politically Mr. Mullany is a Democrat; he served for twelve years as a member of the board of education. He is a Catholic in religion and is a member of the Knights of Columbus. Mr. Mullany is regarded as a ready writer, has written for the Catholic Encyclopedia and contributes occasionally to periodicals. On May 3, 1877, he was married at Dubuque to Miss Agnes C. Murphy, daughter of Michael B. and Margaret S. Murphy, early settlers of Chicago, Illinois, and to them were born seven children. One, Joseph, dying in infancy, and the others : Robert E., traveling auditor for the Transcontinental Freight Bureau, of San Francisco ; Grace C, librarian of the Clinton (Iowa) public library, died December 1, 1910; Retta, wife of Dr. Charles E. Loizeaux, of Dubuque ; Blanche S., librarian of the Dubuque high school library ; Marc Hutchinson, a student at St. Joseph College, Dubuque, and Jean C, attending St. Joseph Academy, at Dubuque. The family reside at 60 West Locust street, and they rank socially and intel lectually among the leading people of the city. Henry Vorwald, living retired from the active cares of business at Dyersville since 1909, was born in Iowa City, Iowa, October 5, 1850, the son of Francis and Anna (Sherbrock) Vorwald. Francis Vorwald was a native of Hanover, Germany, but immigrated to this HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 625 country in 1830, and for several years resided in various places. In 1843 he located in Johnson county, Iowa, where he pre-empted a quarter section of land from the government. Inheriting the thrift and industry proverbial with the German people, he set to work clearing and improving his place, and adding thereto until he owned nearly 400 acres. This he sold and in 185 1 moved to Dubuque county and bought a 160-acre farm in Liberty township. This he increased in value by improvement and in extent by the addition of another 160 acres. For twenty years, in conjunction with farming, he taught school, and many men and women now living in Dubuque county remember him as their early preceptor. He died at Dyers ville in 1883, at the age of seventy years, preceded by his wife in 1855, when thirty-eight years old. Henry Vorwald received his education in the district schools of Liberty township, finishing with a course in Francescan College, at Quincy, Illinois. When sixteen years old he left college and for three years worked with his brothers, Frank and John, then rented his father's farm of 160 acres, which he operated for some years. In 1872 he purchased eighty acres in Delaware county, Iowa, and also eighty acres in another locality, selling both these properties in 1886 and buying 230 acres in Colony township, Delaware county. To this last tract he added from time to time until he became the owner of 472 acres. Here Mr. Vorwald resided many years, but desiring to rest from the hard work he had endured so long and wishing to be back among his old friends once more, he finally located in Dyersville, where he at present enjoys the quiet restfulness of a competency. He is a Roman Catholic in religion, a Democrat in politics and in addition to his large real estate holdings is a stockholder and director of the Farmers' State Bank of Dyersville. April 19, 1870, he married Miss Abbie Griffith, daughter of George and Sadie Griffith, old homestead pioneers of this locality who died in 1888, aged sixty- three years, and in 1889, aged seventy-two years, respectively. To Mr. and Mrs. Vorwald twelve children have been born, one dying unnamed and the other in infancy named August. Those living are as follows: Anna, the wife of Henry Bockenstedt, farmer of Dela ware county; Frank S., stock dealer at Kennebick, South Dakota; George J., a farmer of Clayton county, Iowa; Clara, who married C. J. Bockenstedt, of Delaware county ; Rose, married Henry Wernke, farmer, residing in Delaware county ; Ida, now Mrs. Frank Koelker, who farms near Bloomington, Wisconsin; Edward H., a farmer near Guttenberg, Clayton county, Iowa; William T., also farmer of Clayton county, Iowa, and Henry M. and Charles A., who operate the old homestead in Delaware county. Mr. Vorwald has ever been considered a valuable citizen, no matter where he lived, but in Dubuque county he and wife are especially highly esteemed and respected for their many excellent neighborly qualities. 626 HIST OR OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Lorenz Hauer, retired from active business and residing at 1461 Jackson street, Dubuque, since August, 1910, was born in the Kingdom of Wurtemburg, Germany, June 12, 1840, the son of Isidor and Agatha Hauer, both of whom died in the old country. He received his education in the German public schools, and while yet a young man immigrated to America, via New Orleans, locating at St. Louis, Missouri. For a time he worked at various occupa tions, and when civil war threatened the disruption of the Union he was one of the first to respond to President Lincoln's call for volunteers. He enlisted in Company C, First Missouri Volunteers, and participated in a number of battles. At the battle of Wilson's Creek he was badly wounded, suffering the loss of a leg, and at the conclusion of that year was honorably discharged by the war depart ment of the United States government. In 1862, being unfit for further active service, he came to Dubuque and learned cigar mak ing, and was in the employ of Charles Luther for nine years. In 1 87 1 he embarked in that line of business on his own account and continued thus successfully until his retirement in 1910. Mr. Hauer is a Republican in his political views and a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. To his marriage with Miss Margaret Colling, solemnized in Dubuque June 26, 1866, twelve children were born, nine of whom died in infancy. Those living are : Lorenz, Jr., bookkeeper for Louis Lang, and married to Miss Susie Glab, a daughter of Francis and Margaret Glab, pioneers of Dubuque, and has one son, Louis; Anna, the wife of Henry Wilberding, merchant tailor of Dubuque, had fourteen children, three of whom died, and Magdalena, who married Charles Wilberding, a merchant tailor of Cincinnati, Ohio, and has four children. Mr. Hauer is one of Dubuque's good citizens and bears the respect of all who know him. Michael Stronck, and Margaretha, his wife, were among the pioneer farmers of Dubuque county, and by reason of their exem plary lives were esteemed among the best citizens. They were natives of Luxemburg, Germany, immigrating to the United States in 1854, and coming direct to this county located on a tract of 120 acres near Holy Cross, Concord township. At this time five acres only were partly improved, the balance being in a state of nature. With commendable courage Mr. and Mrs. Stronck began work on this place, undergoing the many hardships and inconveniences of pioneer life, gradually improving their property as means permitted and identifying themselves with their neighbors in the social and religious conditions of the time. Mr. Stronck became one of the foremost men of his locality. He was a Democrat in politics and served as township trustee and as a member of the board of educa tion. On November 12, 1884, he died, at the age of seventy-four vears, and was buried in the cemetery at Luxemburg. Mrs. Stronck died in 1873, when sixty-four years old, and is buried at HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 627 Holy Cross. They were the parents of three children : Annie, who married John Engles and died at Cassville, Grant county, Wisconsin, in 1891 ; Appolonia, married John Scharf and died at Elmwood, Kansas, in 1894, and Peter, a sketch of whom is herewith added. Peter Stronck was born at Luxemburg, Germany, December 3, 1849, and when five years old was brought to this country by his parents. He assisted in the work of the home farm and attended the parochial school at Holy Cross until the age of eighteen years. Since then he has made farming his occupation, at which he has met with more than ordinary success. He is the owner of 360 acres of land which is considered one of the model farms of Dubuque county. This he has splendidly improved with serviceable buildings, orchards and stocked with the best grades of domestic animals. In addition to this he is a stockholder in the bank at Dyersville, and recently has acquired a farm of 160 acres near Dubuque. He is a Democrat, has served as township trustee and secretary of the board of education, is a Catholic in religion and a member of the Mutual Protective Association. At Luxemburg, Iowa, on February 30, 1872, he married Miss Mary Duster. The parents of Mrs. Stronck were Peter and Catharine Duster, old settlers of this com munity, who died in 1880 and 1896, respectively, and were buried at Luxemburg. To Mr. and Mrs. Stronck five children have been born, named: Catharina, the widow of John Schneider; Peter P., operating one of his father's farms ; Anthon, who is also farming one of his father's properties; Maggie, the wife of Frank Thomas, a farmer of Table Mound township, and Barbara, who married Frank D. Meyers, farmer, and resides in New Wine township. Having accumulated a competency, Mr. Stronck decided to retire from active participation in farm work, and accordingly, in 1908, moved into Dyersville, which has since been his home. Mrs. Stronck died June 2, 1906, and lies buried at Luxemburg. Prof. Charles G. Kretschmer. — Fifty- four years a teacher! For thirty-nine years four months principal of one school! Such is the record of Prof. Charles G. Kretschmer, one of Dubuque's veterans in the educational field. He was a native of Germany, his birth occurring in the village of Gloschkau, near Breslau, January 19, 1822, and he was one of four sons born to a prosperous farmer. In 1843, when twenty-one years of age, he graduated with honors from the Breslau Seminary, receiving from the state a diploma as teacher, and thereupon began his life work. He taught the village school of Peterwitz from 1843 to 1846, and then accepted the prin- cipalship of the school at Sadewitz, which position he held until coming to America in 1849. He first went to New Orleans, but after a few months' residence in that city removed to St. Louis and there established a private school which he conducted successfully 628 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY until 1853, when he came to Dubuque. Easily recognizing the lack of sufficient educational facilities for a young city of rapid growth, he opened a private school at the corner of Seventh and White streets. In 1858 the board of education of Dubuque, recognizing his worth as teacher and manager, elected him principal of the Fifth ward school (now called Audubon school). As conclusive evidence of his success it need but be said that he held this position to the end of his life — a period of thirty-nine years and four months. During his administration the number of teachers in this school increased from six to sixteen and the number of pupils from 150 to 720. Kind, simple-hearted, enthusiastic, his interest in the welfare of the boys and girls and in that of the hundreds of men and women who had been his pupils was as great in the last year of his life as in the prime of manhood. He kept in close touch with the educational progress of the half century which witnessed such marvelous advancement in school methods. He was always accu rate and systematic in whatever he undertook, a tireless worker, a courteous gentleman. In these facts may be found the cause of his success and the secret of his strong hold on the affections of his patrons and pupils. In the summer of 1897 he announced his inten tion to retire from active service at the close of the following school year, the fifty-fifth as teacher and fortieth as principal of the Audu bon school. Some one proposed a memorial picnic in his honor. The suggestion was received enthusiastically by the hundreds of former pupils, many of whom were prominent business men. Meet ings were held, committees appointed, and arrangements completed promptly. The picnic, held on the second day of September, was a pronounced success in every respect and showed the great love and esteem borne him. Professor Kretschmer was married to Miss Anna Fengler, daughter of Rev. E. Fengler, in 1854, and eight children blessed their union. He joined the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in 1855 and was an active member to the end of his life, filling the various chairs in the local lodge and holding the positions of grand master and grand representative of the state. He was also a prominent member of the German Benevolent Society, which he joined in 1855. He was taken ill in the school room December 1, 1897, and died December 9, at the age of seventy- five years, ten months and twenty days, survived by his widow and five children, all residents of Dubuque : Mrs. Eugenia A. Hollings- worth, directress of one of Dubuque's public kindergartens; Frank G., who died December 23, 1893; Sylvia A., wife of C. K. Mathis, secretary of the Mathis-Mets Company ; Herbert C, president of the Kretschmer Manufacturing Company; Fred N, vice president and treasurer of same, and William M., secretary of the Dubuque Industrial Incorporation and member of the firm Kretschmer & Lee engaged in the insurance, real estate and loan business. REV. F. W. PAPE REV. A. G. THOLE HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 629 Rev. Frederick W. Pape, pastor of St. Boniface Roman Cath olic church at New Vienna, Iowa, is a native of the province of Westphalia, Kingdom of Prussia, Germany. He was born January 21, 1844, and is the youngest of eight sons born to the marriage of William Pape and Margaret Happe. In the year 1850, after having decided that better opportunities for advancement could be obtained in America, William Pape, together with his entire family, immi grated to the United States. As he was reared a farmer in Europe, he determined to follow that occupation also in this country. He came to the pioneer settlement of New Vienna, in Dubuque county, Iowa, and there purchased 320 acres of land at government prices. Upon this he erected dwellings and continued improving. Here he died in 1878, at the age of seventy-seven years, preceded by his wife in 1862, at the age of sixty-two years. Rev. Frederick W. Pape received his early education in the parochial log schoolhouse connected with St. Boniface church, New Vienna, Iowa. Early in life he held a position as clerk in a store at Dyersville, Iowa, but later took to travel, visiting different states besides Cuba and Mexico. At a still later period he became a mer chant at Lyons, Iowa. For some time he had been privately study ing for the ministry, but in 1866 entered Notre Dame University, Indiana, and later completed the theological course at St. Francis Ecclesiastical Seminary at Milwaukee. In 1874 he was ordained to the priesthood and was first assigned to mission work in the western part of Iowa, continuing thus to establish and organize new parishes for a period of seven years. By direction of Archbishop Hennessy, of Dubuque, he organized the Sacred Heart parish at Dubuque, built the first church and school and was pastor of the same for three years. In 1883 he was appointed to St. Boniface church, New Vienna, Iowa. This congregation flourished under his wise leadership and the present magnificent St. Boniface church and school buildings were erected. A full description of this church and school appears elsewhere in the historical department of this work. Father Pape is one of the leaders of religious thought in this section of the country. The present assistant to Rev. F. W. Pape is Rev. A. J. Thole, born at Petersburg, Iowa, October 4, 1885, and ordained to the priesthood June 8, 1910. John R. Waller, although one of the younger members of the Dubuque bar, has attained a standing in the legal profession that entitles him to a page in the current history of Iowa jurisprudence. He was born in this city February 1, 1883, and received his early education in the parochial and public schools. He entered the local high school from Grammar School No. 69, New York city, and was graduated with the class of 1902. Mr. Waller decided to engage in the practice of law, and selected Yale and Chicago universities for 630 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY his undergraduate work. He received the degree Bachelor of Civil Law from Yale in 1905. After a year spent in post graduate work at the University of Michigan, he was granted the degree Master of Laws. Mr. Waller then spent a year at Oxford University, England, and on the Continent engaged in the study of foreign judicial systems, and finished his studies with review work at the University of Iowa. While at college Mr. Waller was prominent in literary, athletic and musical circles, and held several offices of importance. He was also elected to membership in Book and Gavel Society (Yale), Zeta Psi Fraternity, Michigan Glee Club and Oxford Union Society. Since coming to the local bar Mr. Waller has been one of its most active members, and has taken part in many important cases. In the interest of this city he represented the local residents in an action before the board of railroad commissioners of Iowa to compel the express companies to extend their delivery limits in Dubuque. He also assisted the attorney general of Iowa in the celebrated Bridge Toll case, and was the youngest lawyer to have argued before the Interstate Commerce Commission. On both sides Mr. Waller is a descendant of Dubuque's pioneer families. His grandparents resided in this city, as did six of his great-grand parents, and William Newman, a great-great-grandfather. His father was the late John R. Waller (1845-1891), one of Dubuque's leading citizens, a man greatly beloved and one whose influence in the upbuilding of this city is still felt. His grandparents, Robert and Maria Waller, were born in Yorkshire, England, and came to Dubuque in 1832. Robert Waller operated the first successful lead smelting furnace in Iowa, and was actively interested in promoting many early enterprises. He died in this city March 17, 1859, leav ing his widow and four children: Frances (Mrs. William Coates), Alice (Mrs. James Woodward), Mary Jane (Mrs. John Spensley) and John Robert Waller. Of these Mrs. Woodward and Mrs. Spensley survive. Mr. and Mrs. A. A. Cooper, the maternal grand parents of Mr. Waller, are referred to elsewhere in this volume. Outside of the legal profession Mr. Waller is secretary and treasurer of the Allison-Henderson Memorial Association and president of the A. C. Waller Company. He is also commander of the Sons of Veterans, a member of the Sons of the Revolution and of several clubs and legal societies. He resides with his mother, Mary E. Waller, and brother, Austin C. Waller, at 590 Bluff street. Charles Christman, now living retired in Dubuque, is a descendant of one of the oldest families of the county, his parents, Peter and Margaret Christman, locating here at the early date of 1837. Peter Christman was a machinist in Pennsylvania, but upon coming to Iowa settled upon a tract of new land in Jefferson town ship which he cleared and farmed many years. He retired from active life in 1857, and died July 17, 1862, followed by his widow HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 631 February 19, 189 1, at the advanced age of ninety years. Their children have become well known among the best people of Dubuque. Two children, Margaret and Frank, died in infancy; Peter, named after his father, spent the greater part of his life in Dubuque, and died January 14, 1896, an honored and respected citizen ; Jacob, who was for so many years here engaged in mercan tile pursuits, died November 16, 1900, aged seventy-six years; John, a dry goods merchant here for a great many years, died October 26, 1889 ; Henry, who died in the prime of life, aged about thirty-eight years; Augustus, like the most of his brothers, was engaged in merchandising in Dubuque, and died September 7, 1894, when fifty-eight years and one day old ; Catherine, who became Mrs. Elberth and resided in this city, a widow; Sarah M., also residing in Dubuque, and Elizabeth M., who married George L. Durno and makes her home at Springville, Iowa. Charles Christman was born at Tamaqua, Pennsylvania, October 2, 1835, and was consequently but two years of age when his parents came to Dubuque county. Naturally, at that early period, his opportunities for securing an education were very limited and confined to the crude schools of pioneer days. Being a close observer of men and events, however, he has supplemented his school efforts by extensive readings until he is now conceded to be one of the well informed men of the community. He remained on the home farm until fourteen years old, then came to Dubuque in 1849 and began working for the hardware firm of Farley & Christ- man, the junior partner of the firm being his brother, Jacob. He thus continued until i860, when he became a member of the firm of Weller & Christman, also engaged in the hardware business. Until his retirement from the active burdens of life Mr. Christman was continuously engaged in this line of endeavor. Within the span of his eventful career he has seen Dubuque emerge from a straggling frontier village to one of the foremost cities of Iowa. For a period of nearly fifty years he was here actively engaged in mercantile pursuits, and to such men as Mr. Christman is due the credit of Dubuque's present standing for conservative probity and sound commercialism among the cities of the country. He is a stockholder and director of the German Savings Bank of Dubuque, a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and a Republican. In the evening of his life he can look backward with contentment to an honorable career, filled with hard work, in which he has accumulated a comfortable amount of this world's goods, and with the conscious ness that he has fought a good fight and won the respect of his fellow men. John Ellwanger, since 1899 president of the John Ellwanger Company, came to Dubuque when but three years old and has known, practically, no other home. He was born May 24, 1849, in 632 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, the son of Peter and Agatha Ell wanger, both natives of that country, where for years the father was a music teacher of some renown. In 1852, when John Ellwanger was three years of age, the family immigrated to America and came to Dubuque, where our subject attended the public schools and later Bayless Business College, graduating from the latter when thirteen and one-half years old. His first venture in the business world was as bundle boy in the dry goods establishment of Wood, Luke & Co. until they sold to Sheffield, Wood & Co., who changed the business to a strictly wholesale establishment. He entered the employ of James Levi, and remained with him about one year, when he became clerk in a clothing business till 1871. He then went with the whole sale liquor firm of Francis Jaeger, and until June 1, 1875, was book keeper, but at that time, in partnership with Mr. Michael Brady, he purchased a two-thirds interest in his employer's business, and continued operations under the firm name of Brady, Ellwanger & Co. This association continued until the death of Mr. Brady, May 8, 1899, and on the first of June, same year, the firm was incor porated under the name of the John Ellwanger Company, and Mr. Ellwanger has since been the president and general manager of same. Aside from the above mentioned interests he is president of the Dubuque Fire & Marine Insurance Company, secretary of the Dubuque Bridge Company, and a director of the Union Electric and Dubuque Altar Manufacturing companies. In politics he is a Democrat and takes an active interest in local civic affairs. Mr. Ellwanger married Miss Sophia A. Bucknam, daughter of William D. Bucknam, on December 5, 1871. To this union were born two sons: William E. and Ralph J., now associated in business with their father, and one daughter, Josephine. Mrs. Ellwanger died September 2, 1904. On February 5, 1906, Mr. Ellwanger was mited in marriage with Mrs. S. Fannie Lewis Bucknam. The family residence is at 1392 Main street. Mr. Ellwanger is one of he successful business men .of Dubuque, is active in local affairs of mportance and is considered one of the progressive men of the day. Walter Manson, deceased, figured prominently in the affairs :>f Dubuque county, and because of his native shrewdness and sterling honesty succeeded in his various undertakings and com manded universal respect. He was born in Scotland in 1808, and at about the age of twenty-two years immigrated to Canada. He subsequently moved to Vermont, then to Ohio, and at an early day came to Dubuque county, Iowa, and was here engaged in milling with James Pratt and Thomas Watters, Sr. He bought the Rock dale Mill, which he managed until 1868, then disposed of the prop erty and devoted the remainder of his life to building business blocks and residences and looking after his various investments. He died March 28, 1879. Mr. Manson was first married to Jane HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 633 Alderson, who died January 31, 1861. His second wife was Eliza beth Nicholson, a native of England, who when twelve years old came with her father, Thomas Nicholson, to America in 185 1. Two children were born to the second marriage, named John W., now associated with the Iowa House Furnishing Company, and Nettie. Mrs. Manson is living and resides in Table Mound township. The Manson family is typically of the best element that has made Du buque county one of the greatest of the many great counties in the State of Iowa. Philip C. Pfersch is one of the progressive business men of Dubuque, and was born in this city, July 7, 1875. His father, Philip Pfersch, after whom he was named, was a native of Ger many, as was also his wife, whose maiden name was Marie Tugel. They came to America with their respective families in 1854 and 1853, and were married in Dubuque, Iowa, in 1856. Six children were born to them, their names being Augustus and William, both dead; Philip C, Marie (Mrs. Henry O. Rose), Louise (Mrs. Henry Matthews), and Caroline. The elder Philip Pfersch learned the harnessmaker's. trade in his native country, and followed that occupation there and in this country until his death, March 18, 1898. His widow died June 4, 1910. Philip C. Pfersch has always made Dubuque his home. His early life was passed in attending the public schools, and later, when old enough, he learned harness- making of his father and upon the latter's death succeeded him as proprietor of the establishment, continuing as such to the present. He is a Republican in politics and a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. He married Miss Hettie Whitehead, daughter of E. E. Whitehead, of Farley, Iowa, and he and wife are communicants of the Westminster Pres byterian church. Dr. Mathias D. Linehan, one of the leading medical practi tioners of Dubuque, was born and reared in this city, and is a son of Dennis W. and Mary (Cox) Linehan. The father was a con tractor and real estate dealer and is now living a retired life in this city. Dr. Linehan is at present serving as county physician for his county. Socially he is identified with the Knights of Columbus, Woodmen of the World, Modern Brotherhood of America, Modern Woodmen of America, F. O. E., O. O. O. He is a member of the American Medical Association, the Iowa State Medical Society, and the Dubuque County Medical Society. Dr. Linehan is also medical examiner for Company A, Fifty-third Regiment, Iowa National Guard, and the Guarantee Mutual Life Insurance Com pany, and is house physician for St. Anthony's Home for the Aged. He is prominent in any movement that portends to the growth and 634 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY development of the county, is highly respected by all who know him, and has attained high rank in his profession. Frederick C Robinson, now serving at Dubuque his sixth suc cessive term as Grand Secretary of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the United States of America, is a native of this city, his birth occurring on September 18, 1871, and the son of David E. and Eliza W. Robinson. He received his early education in the public schools and later entered Bayless Business College, where he completed several courses. He then for a time was con nected with the insurance firm of Duncan & Waller, but in 1895, in partnership with Mr. F. W. Coates, bought out this firm and under the name of Coates & Robinson continued the business. He is also associated with various other enterprises. On October 14, 1896, he was united in marriage with Miss Adeline S. Howie, and to them three boys, two living, were born, as follows : Frederick C. and James H. Mr. Robinson has always taken great interest and delight in his associations with his fellowmen, and has been promi nent in the affairs of various orders. He is a Knight Templar Mason, being identified with Siloam Commandery, No. 3, of Du buque, and he is also a member of El Kader Temple, Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He holds membership in the Modern Woodmen of America, being identified with Hustler Camp. In the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks he has been especially prominent, and has filled the following offices with credit and distinction: Tiler, 1895-6; Es teemed Leading Knight, 1897; Exalted Ruler, 1898-9; District Deputy, 1900-02, and on July 19, 1904, at Cincinnati, he was fur ther honored by being elected Grand Secretary of the Order for the United States of America. For six years he has been the incum bent of this position, and how well he has performed his duties may be determined by the length of time served. Mr. Robinson is one of Dubuque's progressive citizens and is highly regarded by his many friends. Jacob Kessler is deserving of more than passing notice because of his long, useful and honorable life of more than half a century in Dubuque county. Born November 13, 1830, at Blieskostel, in the Kingdom of Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, he is a son of Jacob and Agnes (Wack) Kessler. He attended the schools of his native country in boyhood and there learned the baker's trade, but in 1852 came with his parents to the United States, their port of entry being New Orleans. From the latter place the family came up the Mis sissippi river to Galena, Illinois, subsequently moving to Dubuque, where the father died at the age of seventy-seven years, and the mother in 1897, when over ninety-one years old. For the first few years after coming to this country Jacob Kessler was employed at HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 635 various occupations and at numerous places. He had to learn a new language and acquire the customs of a strange people, and any employment of an honorable nature that came his way was gladly welcomed by him. From Galena he went to St. Louis, where he worked at his trade for a time, later continuing the same at Boon- ville, Missouri, and still later on the steamboat "Excelsior" and other boats plying on the Mississippi river. In 1858 he returned to Galena, but in March of the following year embarked in merchandis ing with his brother-in-law at Waupeton, this county. This he con tinued until 1870, when he bought a farm of 120 acres in Jefferson township, upon which he located and engaged in agricultural pur suits. To this he added forty acres more, but eventually sold the addition to his son. During this time Mr. Kessler took an active interest in the growth and welfare of the community, and as a Dem ocrat was elected a member of the Board of Supervisors in 1875, a position to which he was re-elected twice, serving in all six years. Upon the expiration of his last term, in 1882, he received the ap pointment of overseer of the poor, and served as such until the first Monday in January, 1892. In 1882 Mr. Kessler moved to Dubuque, which has since been his home, and since August, 1888, he has been engaged in mercantile pursuits at 3056 Couler avenue, his residence being immediately adjacent to the store. Inheriting the sturdy thrift and honesty of his forebears, Mr. Kessler has prospered in material welfare in the land of his adoption, and what is even more greatly prized by him, he bears an honored and re spected name. On August 7, i860, he married Ellen McDonald, daughter of John and Jennie McDonald, early settlers of Dubuque county, and to them have been born eight children, two dying in infancy. The six children living are named as follows : Mary Agnes, wife of Dennis Sullivan, a farmer of South Dakota; John, a farmer of this county ; Ellen Anna, who married Henry Hebner and resides at Tacoma, Washington; William C, engaged in black- smithing at Luxemburg, this county; Lizzie, the wife of John Rit- tenmeier, of Dubuque; and Jacob, residing in the State of Wash ington. The family are of the Roman Catholic faith in religion. Ben. M. Samuels, of Dubuque, was Democratic candidate for Governor in 1857. He was born in Virginia in 1823, and his father was Joseph Samuels, an eminent lawyer there. He read law with his father and in 1848 came to Iowa and located in Dubuque. Soon afterward he was elected city attorney. In 1854 he was elected to the legislature, and in 1857 nominated by the Democracy for Gov ernor. His nomination was ratified here in a public meeting at Main and Fourth streets, where a large bonfire was lighted. He addressed the citizens on the issues of the day. He was a brilliant orator and an able lawyer. 636 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Dr. Timothy Mason was born in New York in 1797 and died in Dubuque in January, 1875. He came to Dubuque in 1836 and was ever prominent in public affairs. He early engaged in the drug business. He was an early member of the territorial legislature, and was for many years connected with school government in Dubuque. He was one of the founders of the Universalist Society and of the Masonic lodge here. His daughters married Ben. M. Samuels and M. W. Smith. William A. Harkett came to the city of Dubuque in 1872 and in a small way embarked in the nursery and cut flower business at 179 Hill street. Possessing a natural liking and aptitude for the business he almost immediately became successful and his establish ment today is regarded as one of the largest and best of its kind in the entire state. Mr. Harkett was born in the vicinity of Lon don, England, March 9, 1848, and received his education in the public schools of that city. His parents, William and Jane Harkett, were both natives of the same locality and, after long and useful lives, passed away and were laid at rest nearby. The father was a livestock dealer by occupation, as was his father, Jonathan Hark ett, before him, and for many years was actively and successfully engaged in that particular line of industry. Early in life William A. Harkett came to America and, after a short stop in New York City, emigrated west to Bloomington, Illinois, where relatives were residing. Later he went to Chicago with the intention of embark ing in business, but owing to the great fire of 1871 he gave up this plan and came to Dubuque. Here, as before stated, he prospered in the nursery and cut flower business, and today his establishment covers practically an entire city block. For years Mr. Harkett's business operations grew and in time ranged from the State of Illinois to the Pacific coast. In recent years, however, he has con fined his business to nearer fields, the State of Iowa and adjoining counties in Wisconsin and Illinois. Mr. Harkett is a Republican in politics and for years has been identified with the Masonic fra ternity, the Knights of Pythias and the Modern Woodmen of America. In March, 1871, at Bloomington, Illinois, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Wride, daughter of Rev. Peter and Elizabeth Wride. To Mr. Harkett and wife four children have been born, as follows: Arthur, William Frank and Charles, edu cated and reared in Dubuque, and now associated in business with their father, and Flora, manager of one of her father's stores. Mr. Harkett has made life a success and is regarded as one of the public-spirited citizens of the county. Albert Giegerich, senior partner of the Model Wall Paper Company, was born in Sauk City, Wisconsin, March 2, 1867. His parents, Bertram and Katherine (Fuhr) Giegerich, were natives of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 637 Unter Franken und Aschaffenburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany. In 1 85 1, when sixteen years old, the father left the old country and immigrated to America, where for a time, he worked at his trade of tailor in New York City. He then emigrated further west to Sauk City, Wisconsin, and there resided until his death in 1902, at the age of sixty-seven years. His wife passed away in 1874. After attending the public schools of his native town, Albert Gieger ich, the immediate subject of this review, started out in life as a typesetter in a printing establishment, remaining thus employed until 1 88 1. For a time he then studied the photography business, but later returned and for two years managed the business of his former employer. Subsequently, in partnership with Mr. Hugo Buchenau, he erected a photograph gallery at Prairie du Sac, Wis consin, but two years later disposed of same, and with his partners, Charles Buchenau and Hugo Fisher, built the steamboat "May flower," in which they traveled up and down the Wisconsin river, taking photographs. This business, however, proved unsuccessful and Mr. Giegerich a few months later first came to Dubuque. Hav ing lost most of his money in the steamboat enterprise, he for a time worked in a lumber yard and later as paperhanger. This he continued until forming his present partnership with E. Wessel- hoft, in 1899, when they established themselves in the painting and paperhanging business. In 1901 they were forced to seek larger quarters, and ever since they have been very successful. Aside from the above mentioned business, they are largely engaged in the man ufacture of postal cards, and have a separate establishment, employ ing about forty people, for this purpose. Mr. Giegerich is a mem ber of the Modern Woodmen of America. September 2, 1906, near East Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Marie, daugh ter of Jacob and Maria Krafft, her father being accidentally drowned some time ago, and to them nine children, four dying in infancy, have been born. Those living are : Ida, Albert, Leo, Marie and Martha. Frank N. Schroeder, president of the Schroeder & Kleine Grocer Company, has resided in Dubuque since childhood. His parents, Nicholas and Josephine (Glasser) Schroeder, came from Diekirch, Duchy of Luxemburg, Germany, to America in 1854, and for a time resided in Mobile, Alabama. From there they came by way of New Orleans up the Mississippi river to Dubuque, there being at that time no railroads. Here they lived happily together until Death beckoned them, the father passing away in 1882, aged sixty-five years, and the mother in 1888, aged sixty-nine years. The elder Schroeder was a cabinet-maker and followed that trade during his long residence in Dubuque. Both now lie at rest in Mount Calvary cemetery. Their son, Frank N. Schroeder, was born in Diekirch, Luxemburg, July 16, 1849, and early in life came with 638 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY his parents to Dubuque. After attending the public and parochial schools, he completed his education with a course in Bayless Busi ness College, working during this time at such various odd posi tions as were to be had. In 1865 he entered the wholesale grocery establishment of W. H. Rumpf, starting as an apprentice and aris ing to the position of shipping and receiving clerk. In 1882, however, in partnership with John H. Kleine, Mr. Schroeder em barked in the wholesale grocery business on his own account, and ten years later consolidated with Messrs. F. A. Rumpf and John P. Ferring, and continued business under the firm name of the Schroe der & Kleine Grocer Company. Under capable management this concern has grown and prospered and is now regarded as one of the solid, substantial commercial houses of Dubuque. Aside from the above mentioned interests, Mr. Schroeder is a director of the Dubuque Altar Company. As a Democrat in politics he served three terms as county treasurer, and is at present a member of the Board of Education. He is of the Catholic faith and a member. of St. Mary's Catholic church. On November 7, 1871, at Dubuque, he married Miss Katherine, daughter of Michael and Anna Maria Beck, and to their union nine children, two dying in infancy, were born. Those living are named : William, secretary and treasurer of the Schroeder & Kleine Grocer Company; George W., assistant secretary and treasurer of same; John P., shipping clerk of same; Anna, a graduate of St. Clara College; Marie, a graduate of St. Joseph's Academy, Dubuque; Katherine, a graduate of Professor Kleine's Academy of Music, Dubuque; and Josephine, a graduate of St. Clara College. Christian Anthon Voelker, well-known insurance and real estate operator, came to Dubuque when one year old, and has made this city his home ever since. Born August 16, 1850, in- Baden, Germany, he was the son of Leopold and Magdalena Voelker, who came to Dubuque in 1851 and for many years engaged in the lum ber business. The father died in November, 1902, at the age of seventy-eight years, his wife's death having occurred six years previous, at seventy-four years of age. Both now lie at rest in Mount Calvary cemetery, but they are yet well remembered by their many friends and neighbors. When brought to Dubuque, Christian Anthon Voelker was but one year old, and until reach ing the age of thirteen he attended the Trinity Parochial School, now known as St. Mary's. He then started out in life for himself as an apprentice in the chairmaker's trade, which he subsequently followed ten years. In 1873, however, he established himself in a small way in the dry goods business, increasing his stock and properties as occasion warranted, and followed this particular line of endeavor for over twenty years. Three years before disposing of the above mentioned interests he ventured into the real estate HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 639- field and his success therein was from the first assured. He erected many buildings throughout the city, was very successful in all oper ations, and at the proper time added fire insurance to his business interests. In his political views Mr. Voelker is a Democrat, and as such, during the years 1896 and 1897, served as a member of the state legislative body. In 1886 and 1887 he was mayor of the city of Dubuque. In religion he is a Catholic, affiliating with St. Mary's Catholic church, of which he is also a trustee. Socially he is identi fied with the Catholic Order of Foresters, the St. Pius-Alphonsus Benevolent Society and the Knights of Columbus, being an ex- president of the second named organization and Past Grand Knight of the latter. April 15, 1873, at Dubuque, Mr. Voelker was mar ried to Miss Josephine Kolfenbach, daughter of Andrew and Ther esa Kolfenbach, old settlers of Dubuque, and to them the following named five children were born : Joseph, who died in infancy, 1885 ; Elizabeth, the wife of Roman Corpstein, of Dubuque; Rosaline, a graduate of St. Mary's; Christian A., Jr., associated in business with his father; and Mary, now attending Immaculate Conception Academy. Franklin Hinds died in May, 1885. He was born in Vermont. He worked on the Erie Canal and in 1855 came to Dubuque and soon became prominent. He was one of the directors of the Du buque & Minnesota Steamboat Company. In 1857 he engaged in the hardware business and afterwards the firm of Westphal, Hinds & Company became one of the largest of the West. He helped found the First National Bank in 1863 and was its president. He was active in school affairs and was a Congregationalist, and left a widow and four children. J. J. E. Norman died December 12, 1872, as the result of a runaway accident on the North Cascade road near Dubuque. He was pitched headfirst from his buggy into a rocky ravine. He lay unconscious several hours. He was born in Philadelphia in 181 5 and came to Dubuque in 184 1. He became prominent at once, both as a Catholic and as a friend of education. For over twelve years- he was county superintendent of schools. He was able,- honest, active, and always reliable. Peter F. Erschens, Jr., was born in 1869, in Centralia, Du buque county, Iowa, and is a son of Peter and Susana (Hoven) Erschens, who came to America and this county in 1852. Peter Erschens, Sr, died in 1897, at the age of sixty-four years, but his wife still survives him, aged seventy-four years. When the father first came here he embarked in mercantile pursuits at Centralia, which he continued a number of years, then secured land from the government and conducted a farm in connection with merchandis- 640 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY ing. He was one of the pioneer members of the Centralia Catholic church and did much to establish it at that place. In politics he was a Democrat. At the time of his death he owned 334 acres of valu able farm land and also considerable property in the town of Cen tralia. Peter F. Erschens, Jr., the immediate subject of this me moir, received his early education in the school at Centralia, and later took a course at Sacred Heart College, Prairie du Chien, Wis consin. His first business venture was the operation of a hotel at West Bend, Wisconsin, in 1898, and he remained thus employed for eighteen months. He then returned to the home farm in Du buque county, and here has been successfully engaged in general farming and stock-raising ever since. He was married in the fall of 1898 to Miss Elizabeth George, daughter of John and Mary (Koustnacker) George, and to them five children have been born: Susana, Aloise, Peter, Severn and Alberta, all residing at home. John George was one of Centralia's leading nierchants for over thirty years, and died December 29, 1909, preceded by his wife the year before. Mr. Erschens owned 160 acres of land near Centralia which he devotes to general farming and stock-raising, at which he has been uniformly successful. He is considered one of the sub stantial citizens of the county, is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the Roman Catholic church. Hon. Daniel J. Haas, mayor of the city of Dubuque, is a native of Seelbach, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, where he was born on Christmas Day, 1867. Joseph Haas, his father, was a teacher in an elementary school at Seelbach, took as his life part ner Miss Maria Anna Hartzog, and died when but thirty-eight years old. His widow survived him in her native country until the age of sixty-four years. Daniel J. Haas was left fatherless the year of his birth, and until twelve years old attended school in his native town. Joseph Hummel, a near relative, who had immigrated to the United States and established himself in the drug trade at Grundy Center, Iowa, was visiting at Baden at this time, and upon his return to America took with him the subject of this sketch. He attended the public schools of Grundy Center until about the age of fifteen years, and assisted in the work of his uncle's drug store. He then went to Waterloo and was there employed by Wangler Brothers, druggists, for about three yeats, during which time he attended business college at night. In 1885 he came to Dubuque as clerk for George Wunderlich, druggist, but in 1887 began a course in pharmacy at the Chicago College of Pharmacy, graduat ing therefrom in 1889. Returning to Dubuque, he resumed clerk ing, about a year later establishing himself in the drug business* upon his own responsibility at the corner of Twenty-fifth street and Cou ler avenue. Mr. Haas has been more than ordinarily successful. Since 1905 he has devoted the greater part of his time to the manu- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 641 facture of the "A-B-C Tea" and "A-B-C Liniment," which have developed to such proportions as to require three traveling sales men constantly on the road taking orders, and a large number of employees in the manufacturing and clerical departments. From the time he first came to the United States, Mr. Haas has been actively concerned in all that pertains to the welfare of his adopted country, and particularly in the local affairs where he resides. He has served by election as alderman-at-large of the city, and in the spring of 1910 was elected mayor of Dubuque. He is a member of the Holy Ghost Roman Catholic church, and is also identified with the Knights of Columbus, the Catholic Order of Foresters, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and several other fra ternal organizations. January 7, 1891, he married Mathilda, the daughter of Peter and Mathilda Specht, of Dubuque, Iowa, and to their union -six children have been born: Peter, who died in in fancy; Estella; Maria Anna; Daniel J. Jr.; Louisa, and Joseph George. Mr. Haas is one of the foremost citizens of Dubuque, and a credit to the community. Nicholas Goetzinger, living a retired life in the village of Luxemburg, this county, was born in Luxemburg, Germany, De cember 28, 1842, and is a son of Peter and Maria Goetzinger. Peter, the father, died in the old country, leaving Mary Goetzinger, widow, and seven children, five boys and two girls. Until twelve years of age he attended the German public schools, and for a time thereafter worked for wages on various farms. He then served an apprenticeship to the blacksmith's trade and subsequently worked as a journeyman at this occupation in different parts of Prussia and France. In 1867 the family crossed the ocean to the United States, landing at New York City, and immediately came west to Luxem burg, Dubuque county, Iowa, joining his uncle, Henry Erniter, working as a blacksmith, and the rest of the family settled on a farm. Shortly thereafter he removed to Caledonia, Minnesota, but a year later returned to Dubuque county and for two years worked at his trade of blacksmith at New Vienna. He then again came to Luxemburg, and here opened a blacksmith shop, borrowing the necessary money and making most of the tools himself. By degrees he prospered, honorably settled all his obligations, added the manu facture of wagons, buggies and sleighs to his business, and selling agricultural implements, and became one of the foremost men in his section of the county. In 1906 he retired from the active cares of life, and the business has since been conducted by his sons. Mr. Goetzinger is a Democrat in politics, and has served as president and director of the parochial school at Luxemburg for many years. In religion he is of the Roman Catholic faith and a member of the Roman Catholic Mutual Protective Association of the State of Iowa. At Luxemburg, February 14, 1 871, he married Miss Kath- 642 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY erina, daughter of Johann and Katherina Guttenham, now deceased, and buried' in Holy Trinity cemetery, and pioneer farmers and set tlers of the township. To Mr. and Mrs. Goetzinger the following children were born : two who died in infancy; John H., blacksmith at Bancroft, Iowa; Henry, born April 7, 1875, successor to his father's business; Rev. Charles, born June 18, 1877, Catholic priest at Kingfisher, Oklahoma; Bernhard N., born February 8, 1879, in business with his brother Henry; J. Peter, born January 16, 1881, buttermaker of Hickory Valley Creamery; K. Theresa, born Octo ber 25, 1882, a sister of the Order of St. Francis, in La Crosse, Wisconsin; Phillip J., born December 19, 1884, a teacher in King fisher, Oklahoma; F. William, born January 30, 1886, a student in St. Joseph's College, Dubuque; Anna M., born December 13, 1889, at home; and Katie, died December 5, 1894. Mr. Goetzinger bears the respect and esteem of his many friends and neighbors, and has contributed his share toward the growth and development of Du buque county. Fernando H. Wood, superintendent of the H. B. Glover Com pany, Dubuque, is a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and the eldest in a family of five children born to the marriage of Charles S. Wood and Emily J. Brown, natives of Prince Edward's Island and Nova Scotia, respectively, and descended from old Puritan families. Both sides of the family participated in the Revolutionary war, favoring the Tory cause, the father's people subsequently locating in Prince Edward's Island and the mother's people in Nova Scotia. Both sides of the family finally returned to Massachusetts, locating at Boston, and there Mr. Wood and Miss Brown were married. They are still residing in that city, both aged seventy-seven years. Charles S. Wood was one of four brothers who lived in Massa chusetts, and when war was declared between the North and South, they chose lots to see which should remain at home, and the choice fell upon Mr. Wood. Fernando H. Wood, the immediate subject of this memoir, attended the Boston public schools until fifteen years of age, then learned the wholesale dry goods business and for several years thereafter was associated with the A. J. Tower Com pany, of Boston. Mr. Wood has been connected with the dry goods business practically all his life, and upon coming to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1894, became superintendent of the H. B. Glover Company and has retained this position ever since. On February 12, 1880, he was united in marriage with Miss Ida May Gilpatrick, daughter of Lorenzo and Abbie (Roberts) Gilpatrick, who were natives of Maine and New Hampshire, respectively, and are at present resid ing in Wakefield, Massachusetts, both aged seventy-seven years. Mrs. Wood was the eldest of three children and was born on Feb ruary 25, 1859, and is a direct descendant of Governor Wentworth, a colonial governor of the State of New Hampshire. She is active HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 643 in local social circles, is a member of the Dubuque Women's Club, the Monday Afternoon Club, and of the Ladies of the Civil War. To Mr. and Mrs. Wood the following named family of five chil dren have been born : William F., married Eleanor H. Tabor, by whom he has one child, superintendent of the Welch-Cook Company, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Ethel, the wife of Leonard J. Pick, a trav eling salesman, has one child, and resides in Elyria, Ohio; Vida, living at home ; Edna, attending Southern Seminary, Buena Vista, Virginia ; Ruth, in school in Dubuque. Ethel had a musical educa tion in the New England Conservatory at Boston; Vida received her scholastic training in the public and high schools and the Acad emy of Visitation, Dubuque ; and William attended Epworth Sem inary and Cornell College at Mount Vernon, Iowa. Mr. Wood is a Republican in politics, is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Modern Woodmen of America, and he and family affiliate with St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal church. Patrick Tingley died August 10, 1865. He was a native of Ireland, born in 1799. He came to America in 18 18 and married Catherine Rooney in St. Louis in 1824. He was one of the first settlers of Dubuque, arriving in August, 1833, and was a member of the Wisconsin territorial legislature. He was justice of the peace in 1835, alderman, mayor, representative in 1836, and senator and receiver of public moneys. He first lived in a tent at Main and First streets ; the same year his log house on Bluff street was built, and here the first Catholic services in Dubuque were held. Richard Bonson died February 1, 1883. He was born in Eng land in 1814. He reached Dubuque in July, 1834, his mother dying of cholera as she came up the river. In 1836 his father and others erected a blast furnace at Rockdale. He twice represented the county in the legislature, in 1854 and 1856. He served as a mem ber of the old Board of Supervisors. He became both wealthy and prominent. He left several children. George Metcalf was born in Center Grove, Dubuque county, Iowa, August 1, 1858, the son of John and Elizabeth (Tiplady) Metcalf. John Metcalf was born in Yorkshire, England, Decem ber 17, 1818, and his wife in the same shire, January 1, 1821. They were married in Yorkshire in 1853 and two years later moved to America and settled at Center Grove, Dubuque county, Iowa. John Metcalf was among the early pioneer lead miners of Iowa, and he was engaged in this work all his life and considered one of the most successful mining men in the entire region. He was thoroughly conversant with the mining business, having commenced to work in the mines of England at the age of seven years. In 1863 he com menced farming near Julien, this county, continuing thus until 1867, 644 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY when he bought the farm now owned and operated by his son, the subject of this sketch. He here remained until his death, February 6, 1898, followed by his widow January 11, 1899. They had three children : Christopher, George and Mary Ann, all living in Dubuque county. George Metcalf received his early education in the public schools of his native country, and commenced work for himself on his father's farm at the age of seventeen. April 4, 1893, he mar ried Miss Mary E. Beadle, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Brown) Beadle. Her father was a miner in the early days, but later in life bought a farm in Table Mound township. He is still living and is recognized as one of the substantial citizens of the county. Mrs. Beadle died November 11, 1906. They were the parents of ten children, five of whom are living, Mrs. Metcalf being the second child. Mr. Metcalf is a member of the Independ ent Order of Odd Fellows, Dubuque County Horsemen's" Protective Association and the Vigilance Committee, and while claiming no church relationship, supports the Methodist Episcopal church, of which his wife is a member. His farm comprises 159 acres, is located three and a half miles from Peosta, and thereon is a well stocked barn and a commodious and comfortable dwelling. His farm produces corn, oats and hay, an average crop being forty bushels of corn and a ton and a half of hay per acre. He makes a specialty of raising Shorthorn cattle and fine horses. In fact, he is so proficient in the care of horses that he is called upon for many miles around to administer to ailing animals. Many of his neigh bors declare that he is better informed and can do more skillful work than many graduates of veterinary colleges. His ability as a diagnostician is conclusive evidence that he has a natural aptitude for this line of work, and had he devoted his entire time to the business, he would have attained a wide reputation for the treat ment of disease in animals. Some horses raised by Mr. Metcalf have sold for $250, and there is always a good demand for his stock. Frank A. Beiler, president and general manager of the Du buque Casket Company, is a native of this city, his birth occurring November 13, 1854. He is descended from an old German family, his parents, Frank A. and Jacobine Beiler, being among the early settlers of Dubuque. They immigrated to America in 1847 an(l f°r a time located in Cincinnati, but in 1854 came to Dubuque. Here for a time the father followed contracting, but subsequently organ ized the Dubuque Cabinet-Makers' Association, with which he was for years identified. He passed away on October 11, 1896, pre ceded by his wife ten years before, and both now lie at rest in Lin wood cemetery. Until sixteen years old Frank A. Beiler attended the Third Ward (Prescott) School, and then spent the succeeding six years with the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 645 Dubuque Cabinet-Makers' Association, learning thoroughly the up holstering business. The following two years he was employed as manager and salesman in the furniture and undertaking business of Mr. Herincourt, and in 1879, in partnership with his employer, embarked in the above mentioned line of business, continuing two years. He then by purchase acquired an interest in the Dubuque Furniture and Burial Case Company, being a director and sales man, but after being thus associated two and one-half years, helped to organize and was the first president of the Iowa Coffin Company. In 1893 the Dubuque Casket Company was organized and Mr. Beiler was elected its first secretary and treasurer. He held this position until 1900, when he was elected president and general man ager, and has been thus associated down to the present time. He is also president of the Iowa Oil Company and a director of the Dubuque Investment Company. Socially he is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the Independent Order of Foresters, of which latter organization he was for ten years treas urer. Politically he espouses the policies of the Democratic party. June 23, 1880, at Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Annie, daughter of Joseph and Caroline Ernst, pioneer residents of Dubuque. Mrs. Beiler was born on October 29, 1862, and died August 11, 1909, and now lies buried in Linwood cemetery, where also her father is at rest. Her mother still survives. To Mr. and Mrs. Beiler two sons and two daughters were born, as follows: Frank J., a graduate of Bayless Business College, and now asso ciated with his father in business; Edward A., assistant bookkeeper for Dubuque Casket Company; Verena J. C, who married William Zimm; and Maud, a graduate of music. Bernard H. Huelshoff, traveling agent for the Rider-Wallis Company, Dubuque, is a native of Germany, born at Lingen, Prus sian Province of Hanover, May 10, 1845, ancl a son °f Heinrich and Elizabeth Huelshoff. Both parents are now deceased, the father dying October 2, 1891, the mother April 1, 1885, and both are buried at Lingen. Bernard H. Huelshoff received his primary and collegiate education in Germany, and for a time thereafter resided at Cologne, on the Rhine. He then immigrated to America, via New York city, and, locating at Cincinnati, Ohio, for several months, was engaged as instructor in Latin in the high school there. In 1867 he came to Dubuque to visit relatives, and while here was offered and accepted a position as salesman with the H. B. Glover Company, with whom he remained five years. The next seven years he was employed in a similar capacity by Thomson & Jones, suc ceeding which he became associated with the Rider-Wallis Company, •yith whom he has remained for a period of thirty years. Mr. ^'•eishoff has always taken great interest in literature and art, and 646 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY is the author of various historical publications and poems which have been favorably received both in this country and Germany. He is an honorary member of the German Veteran and German Song societies, and in religious views is a member of Sacred Heart Roman Catholic church. On October 24, 1872, in Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Bertha Hoffbauer, a native of Wis consin and daughter of Friederich and Mathilda Hoffbauer. Her parents came to America from Germany in 1850, locating first at St. Louis, Missouri, and later removing to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Both have long since passed away, the father in 1879 and the mother in December, 1865, and they are at rest in the cemetery at Buffalo, Iowa. Mrs. Huelshoff came to Dubuque in 1863 to reside with her sister, Mrs. Otto Yunkerman, one of Dubuque's pioneer settlers. To Mr. and Mrs. Huelshoff four sons and three daughters have been born, as follows : Carl Henry, department manager of a con cern at Portland, Oregon; Franz Bernard, who attended St. Joseph's College and is now engaged in the lumber business at Portland; Leo Richard, civil engineer; Alphonse B., in banking business at Portland; Elizabeth, a graduate of Visitation Academy and the Dubuque Finley Hospital; Julia M., who attended high school and Visitation Academy and who now is a member of the Sisters of St. Francis under the name of Sister Celeste, and Thekla G., a graduate also of Visitation Academy and at present teaching in the Audubon School. Mr. Huelshoff was one of the founders and the secretary of the German Concordia Association, and is one of Dubuque's enterprising and representative citizens. Thomas McCraney came to Dubuque in 1832 and erected two cabins at the mouth of the hollow where Eighth street was located. One of the cabins stood on the south side of the hollow. Mr. McCraney lived in the north cabin and the same year (1832) erected a furnace for the purpose of smelting lead ore up the hollow. He also built another house for the hands, near the furnace. This place began to be called "McCraney's Hollow." Like others he was driven out by the soldiers. In April, 1833, McCraney sold his claim, cabins and furnace to Charles Gratiot. Mr. Lorimier and Mr. Gratiot were partners in the smelting business at Gratiot's Grove, Wis consin. Mr. Lorimier came to Dubuque in June, 1833. George Harrison, of Illinois, assisted by Thomas McCraney and others, laid out Dubuque into blocks, streets, etc. The hollow7 became known as Lorimier hollow. McCraney or Lorimier hollow did not extend below where the old Diamond House stood, or below where it intersected Eighth street after 1833. The hollow was on the south side of Eighth street and extended up the left-hand hollow, known as Hill street. The right-hand hollow became known as Julien avenue. — (Herald, February 21, 1861.) HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 647 Franc W. Altman, of the firm of Peter Kiene & Son, insurance. loan and real estate operators, is a son of the old pioneer Theodore Altman. The father was a native of the Duchy of Luxemburg, but in 1854 decided to come to America and cast his lot with the thousands of home and fortune seekers who flocked to this country at that time. Accordingly he immigrated to the United States, came directly to Dubuque, was married to Maria Storch in 1857, and for many years was prominently identified with the public affairs of this city. He became well known as a hotel man and conducted the Harmony Hall hotel during his active business career, but the last twenty years was not actively engaged in business. He served one term as alderman from the Third ward and two terms as alderman from the Second ward, and always took an active part and interest in public affairs. On October 17, 1908, he passed away at the age of seventy-seven years, but his widow still survives and resides in this city. His son, Franc W. Altman, the immediate subject of this memoir, was born in Dubuque, July 22, i860, and was educated in the public and parochial schools. For two years he was employed by the Diamond Jo line, steamboat operators; in 1875 ne entered the employ- of Peter Kiene & Son and subsequently became identified with this firm, of which he is now a member and has since thus continued for thirty-six years. Aside from his connection with the above mentioned firm Mr. Altman is a director of several business and manufacturing establishments of this city. He is a member of the Dubuque Club, and was at one time president of same. On January 12, 1887, at Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Dora Kiene, daughter of Peter Kiene, Sr., his former partner in business, and to them one son, Franc K., now attending the Univer sity of Pennsylvania, has been born. John W. Brummer, residing in Vernon township, was born October 25, 1854, in Jo Daviess county, Illinois, near East Dubuque, and is the son of Jeret Henry and Helen (Johnston) Brummer. The father was born in the Kingdom of Hanover, Germany, in 18 14, and his wife was a native of the same locality, born the same year. They were married in Germany in 1845, came to America on their wedding trip and first settled in Grant county, Wisconsin. Mr. Brummer remained on the home place in Wisconsin until his death, November 7, 1882. His wife died in 1892, and to them four children were born. John W. Brummer received his early education in the public schools. He commenced work for himself at the age of eighteen years on his father's farm. On October 5, 1880, he married Miss Celia Gillespie, a native of Jackson county, Iowa, and daughter of Anthony and Anna (Perryman) Gillespie. Her father was born in Ireland and upon coming to America first settled in Virginia. In 1850 he moved to Iowa and located on a farm in 648 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Jackson county. He died fourteen years ago and his widow eight. They had four children, of whom Mrs. Brummer was the third. John W. Brummer and family moved to their present farm in Dubuque county in 1889, and he and wife have five children : Anna, Maretta, Ida, Raymond and Mabel. Anna married Albert Mc- Carty ; Marietta married Charles Kress ; Ida married P J. Conolly ; Raymond is now attending business college at Omaha, Nebraska; Mabel is at home. Mr. and Mrs. Brummer are members of New Mellory church. He has been president of the school board twelve years, member of the town board four years and as a Republican has been prominent in the politics of his county. His farm com prises 240 acres of finely improved land, and he specializes in the raising of Shorthorn cattle and Poland China hogs. He is recog nized as one of the substantial farmers and representative citizens of the county. Joseph J. Dreher, teacher and organist of the Sacred Heart Roman Catholic church and school, Dubuque, was born in this city and is a son of Joseph and Margaret (Nockels) Dreher The parents are natives of Tyrol, Austria, and the Duchy of Luxem burg, respectively, and came with their families to America in 1867. Joseph J. Dreher was primarily educated in St. Mary's parochial school, and later attended the Normal school at St. Francis, Wis consin, from which he graduated in 1892. For three years there after he was principal, of St. Joseph's school at Leavenworth, Kansas, and served as organist in the church at that place. In 1895 he removed to East St. Louis to assume the positions of principal and organist in the St. Henry school and church, and remained thus engaged until coming to Dubuque, in 1898. He was here offered and accepted the positions as teacher and organist in the Sacred Heart Roman Catholic school and church, in which capacities he has officiated ever since. Mr. Dreher is an active member of the Catholic and National Educational associations, and is identified with the Catholic Teachers' Association of Laymen. He is an hon orary member of the Catholic Order of Foresters, a Democrat in politics and a Roman Catholic in religious views. Socially he is connected with the St. Vincent De Paul and the Aloysius societies. He at present resides with his parents at 1733 White street. Rev. Gurney Mahan Orvis, pastor of the Summit Congrega tional church, of Dubuque, was born at Williamsfield, Ashtabula county, Ohio, December 9, 1849. His father, Rev. William B. Orvis, was of Welsh ancestry, the original settler of that name com ing to this country about the year 1700. He was a man of superior attainments and education, a preacher of the Congregational faith, a publisher and an author of note, "Christ Coming to His King- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 649 dom" and "Ritualism Dethroned" being products of his pen. He married Susan Wealthy White and followed his ministerial calling in Ohio, Illinois and elsewhere. Mrs. Orvis, the mother of the subject of this sketch, was a descendant of Elder White, of Colonial fame. Her ancestors came to the colonies in 1632 and lived for many years in the shadow of the famous Charter Oak at Hartford, Connecticut. Members of this family have figured prominently as' statesmen, soldiers and citizens, in the formative and subsequent periods of the history of this country. Rev. G. M. Orvis became pastor of the Summit Congregational church of Dubuque in 1894, and he has ever since been retained in this position. His early education was obtained in the public and high schools of Atlanta, Logan county, Illinois, and subsequently he entered Oberlin College, from which he graduated in 1875 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then entered the theological department of Yale University, which conferred upon him the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1878. Fie later, in 1880, took a post-graduate course in this institution. In the year 1905 he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Lenox (Iowa) College. Doctor Orvis began his ministerial career as pastor of the Congregational church at Nevin- ville, Adams county, Iowa, and from there was called to Winthrop, Buchanan, county, Iowa, where he remained ten years. Through his efforts many important improvements have been made during his . pastorate at Dubuque, and the church has- been very much enlarged and has increased rapidly in numbers. His intimate knowledge of child life and young people, his sympathy with their joys and sor rows and his charity for all mankind have caused his work to be a power for good in the community. At New Haven, Connecticut, on June 19, 1878, he married Miss Julia Green, who died in 1883. At Winthrop, Iowa, on November 28, 1887, he married Mrs. Mary E. Vincent, who since their marriage has been an able assistant. For many years she has had charge of a young men's Bible class which has scarcely an equal in the state, and has always been a leader in the work among young people. She has identified herself with the Christian philanthropic work of the city and was the first president of the Young Women's Christian Association. From its beginning she has been a member of the board of the Rescue Home, and is now serving as its president. From early womanhood she has been prominent in the missionary work as carried on by the Presbyterian and Congregational churches of the state. Doctor Orvis is the father of three children : Mrs. Harry D. Beresford, of Ft. Dodge, Iowa ; Miss Julia G. Orvis, a teacher in North Dakota, and one who died in infancy. It might well be said that he and wife are the parents of a great many more, for they have maintained in their home and educated a large number of children not of their family. 650 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Rev. George W. Heer, pastor of St. Mary's Roman Catholic parish, Dubuque, since 1905, is one of the best and most widely known clergymen, personally, in Dubuque county. He is a native of the Prussian Province of Westphalia, Germany, his birth occur ring April 25, 1849, and a son of Lawrence and Theresa Heer, who came to America in 1855 an(i died at Fort Madison, Iowa, where both are buried. When but six years old Father Heer came to this country with his parents. He received his literary education at the Quincy (Illinois) College, and his theological training at St. Francis Seminary, Milwaukee, where, on March 16, 1872, he was ordained to the priesthood ; succeeding which, in regular order, he was stationed at Keokuk, Richmond, Centralia, Worthington, Dyersville and Dubuque, but it was in this county that he became most widely known. Through his instrumentality the church and school at Worthington were built; at Dyersville he remodeled the church, established a high school and founded an academy for girls. His activities did not cease upon his removal to Dubuque. He has established St. Mary's high school in connection with his parish, and in many other ways has become a power in religious circles. Father Heer is loved and honored for his many sterling qualities of mind and heart. Hon. Robert Bonson, by reason of his life-long residence in Dubuque, and the prominence of his father in public affairs, is one of the best and most widely-known men in eastern Iowa. Richard Bonson, his father, was of English nativity and came to Dubuque county in 1834, where, for a great many years, he was engaged in farming and smelting. He married Harriett Watts, and their exem plary lives, filled with good deeds and kind actions, commanded universal respect. Mr. Bonson was a man of unusual force and character. He served two terms, in 1854 and 1856, as a member of the state legislature, and was state bank examiner under Iowa's war governor, Samuel J. Kirkwood. He died in 1883, followed by his widow twenty years later. Robert Bonson was born in this county on January 5, 1868. After attending the country schools in early boyhood he entered the high school of the city of Dubuque, and after his graduation there from was for two years a student in the law department of the state university at Iowa City. From this institution he received the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1890, and two years later was awarded a like degree from the Columbia (New York) University. He at once began practising in Dubuque and soon attained high rank in his profession. From 1895 to 1898 he filled the unexpired term of Senator Baldwin as a member of the upper house of the state legislature, and in 1906 was elected to the bench of this judicial district, a position he has since continuously occupied with honor and credit. Aside from the foregoing, Judge Bonson was associated HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 651 with his brother, William W. Bonson, in ship-building. He is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, by which he was honored by election to the office of grand exalted ruler. On March 28, 1889, he was united in marriage with Miss Alice, daughter of Charles and Mary Manter, of Chicago, and they are the parents of two children, named Marjorie and Richard. Guido Beck. In a city possessing beautiful homes, stately cathedrals and churches, commodious halls and substantial public buildings and attractive business houses, prosperity is at once dis cerned. In a like manner the architectural merit of such edifices reflects the education and artistic taste of the designers and owners. Guido Beck has had much to do with the beauty and thoroughness of the architecture of Dubuque. He, like many of America's best men in the various walks of life, is of foreign descent, his birth occurring January 25, 1853, at Tafertsweiler Ober Amt, Sigmar- ingen, Province of Hohenzollern, Germany. Severin and Karoline (Koeberle) Beck were his parents. The father was reared to early manhood by the Prince of Sigmaringen, later in life became a teacher and was known as Professor Beck. In 1848 when Germany was shaken by a revolution he favored the cause of the people and took their part in the struggle that followed. Many of the Beck family came to America, three brothers of Professor Beck set tling in the state of Illinois, where they subsequently died. The Koeberle family, from which the mother was descended, originated from the Prussian royal family, and in years past took an active and prominent part in the affairs of that country. After attending the elementary schools of Tafertsweiler until fourteen years old, Guido Beck journeyed to the city of Sigmar ingen and there learned the stonecutter's trade and attended the technical schools for three years. Subsequently, at Stuttgart, King dom of Wurttemberg, he cut stone for about a year, after which he spent a year in the Royal Technical High school. He was then sent to Heidelburg to superintend the building of the waterworks during the next two years. He then returned to Stuttgart and be came a soldier of the German army for three years, after which he re-entered the Technical High School, and he was duly graduated therefrom with honors and medals and a certificate as architect. Al though the youngest of many who applied for the position of super intendent, he was given the contract by the German government to construct an asylum at Schussenried, Kingdom of Wurttemberg, which was to be given over entirely to the nursing back to health of the needy sick. This is one of the finest institutions of its kind in Germany. Mr. Beck completed the work on this building in 1882, and then, against the wishes and advice of all his friends, left his native country and immigrated to America, where, he thought, chances for success were infinitely greater and the field for work 652 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY much broader. For a time after coming to the United States, owing to the fact he was unable to speak the English language satisfac torily, Mr. Beck worked as a stone-cutter in the government arsenal at Rock Island, Illinois. There he familiarized himself with the lan guage, customs and peculiarities of a strange people, thoroughly mastering the American style of architecture, which, with the knowi- edge he already possessed, made him in time one of the foremost men of his line in the entire Northwest. As time went on he spe cialized in the building of beautiful church edifices, and, since 1885, when he came to Dubuque, he has erected over one hundred of these institutions, varying in size from comparatively small ones to cathe drals. He was also granted the contract for building St. Joseph's college, chapel and auditorium, and drew the plans for the West Hill and West Dubuque Catholic churches. In his religious views Mr. Beck is a member of St. Raphael's Cathedral, and has sung in the choir of that institution for the past twenty-five years. While yet in Rock Island he was united in marriage with Miss Augusta Nesen- sohn, who came from Germany to meet and marry him, but she passed away the following year, 1885, and eight years later Mr. Beck married Miss Rosa Martin, daughter of P. B. Martin, a pio neer contractor and builder of Dubuque. To them two sons have been born, as follows. Severin, attending St. Joseph's College, and Karl Leo, born on the day that Pope Leo died. It can be said of Mr. Beck that he has lived an honest, useful life and has become a good and deserving citizen of the land of his adoption. Hon. A. F. Frudden, president of the Frudden Lumber Com pany, of Dubuque, was born on the island of Fohr, in the North sea, September 10, 1854, a son of Cornelius F. and Elke Frudden. The father followed the sea and was for years captain of a German merchantman, but in the latter part of the eighties retired from the active duties of life and immigrated to America. After landing at New York he came West to Dubuque and lived a retired life in this city until he passed away in 1903, aged eighty-two years. His wife died three years previously, seventy-three years old, and both are now at rest in Linwood cemetery. The family are of German descent, and as far as known the male members always followed the sea. The early education of A. F. Frudden was secured in the public schools of the island of his nativity, and while yet a young man he immigrated to America, landing at New York, and shortly there after came West to Clinton, Iowa, where for two years he worked as a farm laborer. In 1873 he secured employment with Curtis Brothers & Co., of Clinton, Iowa, starting at the saw and being promoted as merits warranted "until he became foreman. This position, however, he resigned in 1884, to become associated in a like capacity with the Carr, Ryder & Wheeler Sash & Door Manu- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 653 factoring Company, in Dubuque. This concern has since been reorganized, is now operating under the firm name of Carr, Ryder & Adams Company and is one of the largest of its kind in the world. Mr. Frudden remained with this corporation four years, and then resigned to organize the Frudden Lumber Company, of which he has been the president and active head ever since. Under capable management this establishment has proved unusually successful, and now, aside from the main office in this city, has branches in the following towns: Castalia, Ossian, Fort Atkinson, Jackson Junction, Charles City, Floyd, Eagle Grove, Vincent, Ackley and Persia. Aside from business Mr. Frudden has taken an active interest in politics, and as a Democrat has been elected to the lower house of the state legislature, holding office during the 29th, 30th and 31st general assemblies. In the fall of 1906 he was further honored by being elected to the state senate, serving during the 32nd and 33rd general assemblies. He is a director in the First National Bank. Socially he is identified with the Masonic fraternity, having attained the rank of Knight Templar in York Rite Masonry and the thirty-second degree in the Scottish Rite branch of the order. He was married on November 30, 1876, to Miss Philine C. D. Johannsen, of Clinton, Iowa, the daughter of Ingwert Ludwig Johannsen, a native of Schleswig Holstein, Germany, who came to America and died in Crawford county, Iowa. To Mr. and Mrs. Frudden the following named children have been born : Dora, who died in infancy; Edward, who also died young; Carl E., manager of the Ackley lumber yard; Justus L., bookkeeper; Alma P.; Mil dred T., at home, and Edward C, attending high school. The family residence is located at West Third and Winona streets. Charles H. Eighmey is one of the few remaining old settlers of Dubuque. In 1850, when he first came here with his parents, Dubuque was a straggling frontier town of about 2,000 inhabitants whose attentions, at that time, were largely devoted to mining and furnishing supplies for homeseekers in northern Iowa, Minnesota and the Northwest. During the time subsequent to that date Mr. Eighmey has witnessed, and been a participant in, the growth and development of Dubuque until it has become one of the important commercial centers of Iowa. Born in Saratoga county, New York, on November 28, 1834, Charles Henry Eighmey is the son of Leman and Chloe (Barrows) Eighmey, who were descended from Dutch-French and English ancestry respectively. The family came to Dubuque county, Iowa, in 1850, and here the father carried on farming and mining. He subsequently moved to Black Hawk county, where he farmed until his death in 1865. His widow sur vived him twenty years. Their son, Charles H., received his educa tion in the district schools, the Mount Morris Seminary and Cornell (Iowa) College. Having studied law, he was duly admitted to the 654 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY bar, and from i860 to 1870 was engaged in legal practice in Du buque as an associate of Judge Cooley. From the date of its organization Mr. Eighmey has been a director of the First National Bank. In 1870 he became its cashier and so continued until 1890, when he became president, a position he has occupied ever since. In point of continuous service Mr. Eighmey is the dean of the bankers of Dubuque, and during the panics of the past forty years has been a potent factor in keeping the high character and standing of his bank untarnished. He is a member of St. Luke's Methodist Epis copal church, in which he is the president of the board of trustees. Throughout his long residence here he has been active in the moral and commercial history of the community. On October 4, 1864, he was united in marriage with Elizabeth J. Stuart, whose father, William G. Stuart, a prominent character in Dubuque county, was state senator, county sheriff and county treasurer, and died in 1906, at the advanced age of ninety-three years. To this union one daughter, named Augusta, has been born. Patrick J. Quigley, for the past thirty years business manager of the Telegraph-Herald, Dubuque, is one of Dubuque's representa tive men. He was born on a farm near Binghamton, New York, June 1, 1837, and is a son of John and Catherine Quigley. The father, a native of Ireland, immigrated to America in 1825, locating in Pennsylvania and later removing to Illinois. In 1847 he came to Dubuque county, and here followed farming until his death, which occurred in i860 at the age of seventy years. His wife died in Dubuque in 1884, aged eighty-four years. Patrick J. Quigley was primarily educated in the country schools of his native county and Dubuque, and also assisted his father in the work of the home farm. In 1854 he started surveying in Minnesota, continuing thus some time, and upon the death of his father helped to support his mother and sister. In 1863 be located on his brother-in-law's farm near Sageville, then came to the city of Dubuque and opened a grocery store on First street and also became interested in the grain and lumber business. In 1868 Mr. Quigley took a trip West and upon his return was elected clerk of the circuit and district courts, which position he held from 1871 to 1881. In the latter year he became one of the organizers of the Dubuque Telegraph and half owner of the publication, and has remained thus connected ever since. On November 1, 1901, the Herald and the Telegraph were consolidated, and the publication became known as the Telegraph-Herald. Mr. Quigley has always been the business manager, and at present owns 75 per cent of the stock. He is an independent Democrat in his political views, and when but twenty-one years old was elected and served as justice of the peace, prior to his removal from Jefferson township. In religion he is of the Roman Catholic faith. In 1878, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, he was united in marriage with Mrs. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 655 Mary L. Vanevery, daughter of Charles Gisso, and to them one son, Joseph C, circulating manager of the Telegraph-Herald, has been born. John L. Heim, of the Heim Brick Manufacturing Company, Dubuque, is a native of this city and a son of the old pioneers, John and Catherine (Voelker) Heim. The father was born in Hocken- heim, Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, in 1839, and when twenty- six years old, 1865, immigrated to the United States by way of New York city. He located in Dubuque, Iowa, the following year and here for one year was foreman for the Douglas-Langworthy Brick Manufacturing Company. He then was engaged in a similar capacity with the Michael Schunk concern, and in 1868 founded the brick manufacturing company which today bears his name. He continued thus successfully until his death, which occurred April 3, 1890, aged fifty-one years, preceded by his wife October 4, 1872, at the age of thirty-five years. Both are buried' in Mount Calvary cemetery, Dubuque. In 1873 Mr Heim married Miss Agatha Schirmer, of Sherrill's Mound, Iowa. By the first marriage he had four children, as follows: John L., Mary (Mrs. H. Fuchs), Pete (deceased), Frank. By the second marriage there were six chil dren, as follows: Elizabeth (deceased), Joseph, Catherine (de ceased), Anna, Louis, Josephine (Mrs. Jos. J. Schneider). Mrs. Agatha Heim is still living and has a controlling interest in the business so well established by her husband. Mr. John L. Heim, the oldest child of John and Catherine Heim and the immediate subject of this sketch, was born September 21, 1867, an(i until thirteen years of age attended St. Mary's parochial school. For a time he assisted his father in the brick manufacturing business, and later took a course in Bayless Business College. Upon the death of his father Mr. Heim took charge of the business affairs of the concern and has ever since been thus engaged. He is an independent Democrat in politics and a member of the Catholic Order of Foresters and the Holy Ghost Roman Catholic church. On May 4, 1890, in Dubuque, he married Miss Josephine Madel, and to them eight children, five daughters and three sons, have been born, as follows : Anna, at home ; Agatha, at home ; John, a student in St. Joseph's College; Joseph, attending Holy Ghost school; Helena, also a student in Holy Ghost school ; William and Leona, same, and Alice Johanna, three years old. Mrs. Heim is a daughter of Joseph and Anna Madel, the father a tailor who died in 1890, aged fifty years, his wife surviving and residing on Couler avenue, this city. From a comparatively small beginning the Heim Brick Manufacturing Company has grown and prospered until today it is recognized as one of the substantial commercial houses of Dubuque. The establishment has become known as the "Old Reliable," now conducts several yards, and is well prepared to meet the ever increas- 656 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY ing demands. Uniform courtesy and prompt attention to calls for all grades of brick have given the company an excellent reputation. Theodore W. Ruete, for nearly forty years engaged in the drug business at 656 Main street, Dubuque, was born in the city of Bremen, Germany, on February 19, 1842. His parents, William F. and Maria Ruete, lived and died in the old country. Theodore W. Ruete received his education at the Latin school of Bremen and at the University of Gottingen, passing his examination as a phar macist in the latter institution, and then came to the United States with the determination of making it his future home. He was employed as a pharmacist in New York city at the time of the breaking out of the Civil war, and although but a short time in this country and scarcely more than a boy, he volunteered his services for the preservation of the Union. He served in the medical depart ment of the One Hundred and Third New York Infantry, Army of the Potomac, and took part in all the great battles and campaigns of this army. He also served in the Shenandoah valley campaign under General P. H. Sheridan, and was mustered out at the close of the war with the rank of first lieutenant. After the close of the war he resided in New York city until 1868; then at Lockport, New York, for five years, and in 1873 came to Dubuque, Iowa, which has since been his home. Here Mr. Ruete has become identified with the civic, educational and com mercial growth of the city, and is looked upon as one of Dubuque's best citizens. In politics he is a Republican; in religion an Episco palian. He has served as president of the State Pharmaceutical Association, as United States weather observer, president of the Finley Hospital and as an officer and member of the Grand Army of the Republic; he is also a member of the National Geographic Society. Mr. Ruete has been twice married; first to Lettie Elizabeth Moyer, at Lockport, New York, who died after a happily wedded life of thirty years, in 1901, leaving one son, Otto M., who lives in California ; and then to Mrs. Louisa Michaelis Guilbert, of Dubuque, in 1903. Mr. Ruete was one of the promoters and the first president of the organization that successfully carried to completion the erec tion of a monument to the memory of Julien Dubuque, a half-tone reproduction of which appears in this work. Theophilus Crawford died in December, 1877. He was born in Vermont in 1806. Having learned the trade of surveying in Michigan he came to Dubuque in 1842 and located in New Wine township on land bought of Joe Hewitt, the Indian trader. Later he lived for several years in Dyersville and while there was a member of the board of supervisors. In 1846 he was a member of the constitutional convention and became the first state senator from HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 657 this county. He again served in the legislature in 1857 and 1875. Later he lived on a farm in Vernon township and in Peosta. Both as a member of the county board and of the legislature he distin guished himself by honesty and ability. His death was widely lamented. James M. Emerson died here in February, 1878. He was born in Virginia in 1809 and came to Dubuque in 1833. In 1837 he returned to Missouri, but in 1840 again came to Dubuque. He was in the mercantile business with James Creder and later with James G. Shields. In 1840 he married here the sister of Judge John King and they had five children. He never sought or occupied office, but was an honest and substantial business man and good citizen. &*- Lee Dandridge Mathes, general manager of the Union Electric Company, Dubuque, is of distinguished southern ancestry and notable lineage. James Harvey Mathes, his father, was of Scotch- Irish stock and attained a national reputation as editor of the Public Ledger, Memphis, Tennessee. For years his editorials in that paper were widely read and often copied, and were recognized generally as epigrams of logic, wit, keen analysis and merciless satire. His writings resulted in the Public Ledger becoming one of the best known newspapers in all the South. During the Civil war he served on the staff of General N. B. Forest, for the Confederate cause. The latter part of his life was devoted to literary pursuits, "The Blue and the Gray," particularly, and his work for D. Appleton & Co., encyclopedia publishers, being of especial merit. He died in 1902, at the age of sixty years, when life yet beckoned with glowing- promises. Mildred Spotswood became the wife of James H. Mathes and was the mother of the subject of this sketch. Her people were English, her direct ancestor being a passenger on board the May flower, and Governor Alexander Spotswood, one of the first coloniai governors, was of the same family. The Spotswoods were particu larly of a line of clergymen, and achieved much renown because of their prominence in the Revolutionary war. Mrs. Mathes is the honorary vice president of the Daughters of the American Revolu tion, is a national officer of the Colonial Dames and has served as president of the Daughters of the Confederacy. Lee D. Mathes was born at Memphis, Tennessee, on January 19, 1 871, and was there reared and received his early education. In 1 89 1 he completed the electrical engineering course at the University of Tennessee, since which time he has been engaged in electrical construction work throughout all parts of the country. He is a master of his profession and has attained distinction in his particular line of work. Since 1902 he has been general manager of the Union Electric Company, of Dubuque. Mr. Mathes, as a Democrat, served as president of the Bryan-White Club. He is a vestryman of St. 658 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY John's Episcopal church, a director of the Y. M. C. A., a director of the Boys' Welfare Association and a trustee of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Dr. Henry Glover Langworthy, of Dubuque, has attained high rank in the medical world as a specialist in diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat. Born November 1, 1880, at Clinton, Iowa, he is the son of L. H. and Caroline (Glover) Langworthy. The mother, daughter of H. B. Glover, founder of the H. B. Glover manufacturing concern, died shortly after the birth of our subject, being but twenty- four years of age. The elder Langworthy resided in Dubuque many years, and was prominently known in business circles as a barrel manufacturer and saw mill operator. Succeeding his mother's death Dr. H. G. Langworthy was placed under the care of his grandmothers, Mrs. H. B. Glover and Mrs, Valeria Langworthy, and to them his rearing and education were entrusted. Early in life the doctor decided to take up the study and practice of medicine, with a view to making it his life's work, and after attending the Dubuque public schools entered and in 1903 was graduated from Tuft's College of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. In 1902-3 he was city house physician of the Boston City Hospital, and the following three years served as house surgeon to the Massa chusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. During this period he contributed many articles to scientific papers on the treatment of diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, these branches of the medical profession being his specialty. He is identified with the Dubuque County and Iowa State medical societies, the American Medical Association, the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology. He has also been an associate-editor of the Physicians' Business Journal and has acted in a like capacity for journals and magazines on den tistry and diseases of the mouth. In politics Dr Langworthy is a Republican ; in religion of the Congregational faith. Socially he is a member of the Young Men's Taft Club of Dubuque, having acted as treasurer and chairman of financial bureau of same ; the Dubuque Golf Club, of which he is a trustee, and the Dubuque City Club. He now conducts at Tenth and Bluff streets an infirmary for the treatment of eye, ear, nose and throat diseases. By careful study and wide research the doctor has risen high in the ranks of medical practice, and is highly regarded by all who know him. On December 29, 1 910, he married Miss Bertha Schmidt, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry G. Schmidt, of Chicago. Charles Wesley Walton, a well-known business man of Du buque, and a prominent Masonic figure in Iowa, was born at White Oak, Wisconsin, September 2, 1870, a son of William and Mary A. (Redfern) Walton, who were natives of County Durham, England. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 659 William Walton came to the United States a young man and dur ing the excitement following the great discovery of gold in Cali fornia went to that country and there succeeded in accumulating considerable means. He then returned to the States, and bought land in Wisconsin, where he and wife resided the remainder of their lives. Mrs. Walton died January 24, 1880, when fifty-one years old, and Mr. Walton in September, 1890, at the age of sixty- five years. Both are buried at Council Hill, Illinois. Charles W. Walton, the immediate subject of this review, at tended the public schools and assisted his father in the work on the home farm until fourteen years old. He subsequently attended high school at Hampton, Iowa, and took a business course at Bay less Commercial College in Dubuque. The following two years, 1887 to 1889, he was bookkeeper in the wholesale importing crock ery and glassware house of C. H. Little, Becker & Company, and then for two years longer continued in a similar capacity for Hargee & Blish. In 1892 he embarked in business for himself, handling sta tionery, wall paper and general office supplies, under the firm name of Walton & Bieg. In 1899 he purchased the funeral and under taking business of John R. Jones, and has since continued success fully in that line. Mr. Walton is one of the solid and substantial business men of Dubuque. He has become widely known, particu larly as a member and worker in the Masonic fraternity. In Octo ber, 1894, he was made a Master Mason of Metropolitan Lodge, No. 49, A. F. & A. M. ; a Royal Arch Mason in Dubuque Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., in December, 1894, and a Knight Templar of Siloam Commandery, No. 3, K. T., in October, 1897. He has served as Master of his lodge, High Priest of his chapter and Com mander of his commandery, and while attaining everything possible in York Rite Masonry, is also a thirty-second degree member of De Molay Consistory, A. A. S. R. M., at Clinton, Iowa. For many years he has been a member of the Grand Lodge of Iowa, and in 1903 was Grand Warden. He has also served in numerous official positions in the Grand Commandery, and in 1908 was elevated to the exalted position of Right Eminent Grand Commander of the Grand Commandery of the State of Iowa. Perhaps there is no better known or more universally loved Mason in Iowa than Right Emi nent Sir Charles Wesley Walton. In various other ways Mr. Walton has become identified with the social and commercial development of Dubuque. He belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Modern Woodmen of the World, and in politics is a Republican. He has served as treas urer of the Board of Education of Dubuque ever since 1906, and is a member and trustee of the Westminster Presbyterian church. On September 15, 1892, he was united in marriage with Miss Clara. daughter of Gottfried and Ursula Blocklinger, old pioneers of this 660 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY locality, and to them two sons have been born, named Charles Wes ley and Joseph Harlan. Mr. Walton's connection in a professional as well as in a social way with so many phases of life has tended to broaden a mind natu rally inclined to seek for the truth in all things; his keen business instincts have caused his advice and aid to be sought by the many ; his conscientious sense of justice to all men has made his word respected and his character held in high esteem ; his uniform cour tesy to his associates has given him recognition as the friend of all, the enemy of none. Gen. Henry A. Wiltse died late in October, 1870. He was born in New York and in youth studied civil engineering. He came west and lived for a time in Chicago and finally edited a paper at Lancaster, Wisconsin. In 1843 he came to Dubuque and first secured employment in the Surveyor General's office. In 1851-2 he studied law and became associated in the practice with Mr. Blatch- ley. He practiced with much success until 1861, when he became Surveyor General, which office he held until 1866. In 1858 he served as Superintendent of Public Instruction under appointment of the Governor. In 1856 he became president of the first Board of Education in Dubuque, and served as such for five years, putting the common school system on a safe and permanent basis. During the war he was a firm supporter of Lincoln's administration and the prosecution of that struggle. In 1846 he married Mary Eggleston, in this city. He was a Congregationalist. Resolutions were passed by the bar at his death. Joseph John Ott has been a conspicuous member of the lumber fraternity of Dubuque from a date which entitles him to be included among the pioneers of that industry. His birth occurred in this city December 30, 1866, his parents being Joseph and Margaret Ott, who immigrated to America from Wurtemburg, Germany, at an early date, first locating at Galena, Illinois, and later, in 1866, coming to Dubuque. The father was, primarily, a brewer, but soon abandoned that vocation and became connected with the Phealen & Randell saw mill, one of the earliest in this portion of the country. After being thus engaged for a period of twenty years, he retired to a farm in Dubuque township, to which he has since devoted his attention. Mr. Ott is well known throughout the entire county and is highly esteemed and respected for his many excellent characteristics. His son, Joseph John Ott, the immediate subject of this sketch, received his early scholastic training in the public and St. Mary's parochial schools of Dubuque, and supplemented this by a course in Bayless Business College, graduating from the latter when but six- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 66 1 teen years of age. He then entered the employ of the Second National Bank of Dubuque, as a messenger, where eventually, as occasion warranted, he was promoted until reaching the position of paying and receiving teller. For five years, until 1890, he was thus occupied, but then resigned to embark in the lumber business, and has since been thus successfully engaged. Aside from his own immediate business interests, he is president of the Dubuque Altar Manufacturing Company, vice-president and director of the Du buque Star Brewing Company, president and manager of the Mackey Lumber Company, Stillwater, Minnesota, president and director of the St. Croix Broom Company, Stillwater, Minn., and identified in like capacities with various other concerns. In his political views Mr. Ott is a Democrat, in religion a member of the Catholic church. Socially he is identified with the St. Aloysius Society, a benevolent organization; the Catholic Order of For esters, of which he has been State Chief Ranger, and other social and benevolent organizations. On May 25, 1891, he was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Meuser, daughter of William H. and Margaret Meuser, her father being the owner of the old Schmidt Brewery, and to them seven children have been born, as follows: William H, who died November 21, 1909, at the age of fourteen months ; Adalaide ; Arthur W. ; Joseph J., Jr. ; Helen S. ; Ger aldine; and one infant, Gertrude Josephine. Mr. Ott has always taken an active interest and part in any movement for the good or betterment of the county, and is regarded by all who know him as one of the public-spirited and progressive men of Dubuque county. J. Hannibal Emerson died here in September, 1875. He was born in Virginia in 1807, and was reared there and in Pike county, Missouri. He first farmed and later followed merchandising. On April 1, 1834, he came to Dubuque and became a member of the mercantile firm of Emerson, Shields & Co., at Fourth and Main. He was a member of the constitutional convention that framed the Iowa code and in 1850 was mayor of the city. He occupied other positions of trust with fidelity and credit. His first wife was Erne- line Mace, and his second Kate Burt, daughter of the judge. Seven children were born to the second marriage. He left a goodly estate. Gen. John Hodgdon died here August 27, 1883, aged eighty- three years. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1827, studied law and was prominent in New England politics for many years. He came to Dubuque in 1853. In 1859 he was elected mayor, was dele gate to various conventions, was president of the Board of Educa tion in 1868, and held the position until 1874. He was trustee of the Blind Asylum at Vinton, and engaged in banking here. He was an Episcopalian and a man of high character. 662 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY George W. Healey, of the pioneer hardware firm of George W. Healey & Son, was born in the city of Dubuque, February 22, 1842, the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Weigel) Healey. His grand parents lived originally in Ireland, then went to England, and sub sequently came to the United States, where, in Maryland, Thomas Healey, the father of our subject, was born in 1812. In 1831, how ever, he emigrated west to Dubuque county, and for six years en gaged in farming in Julien township. For a time he then followed the trade of carpenter, but, owing to ill health, returned to his farm and conducted same until his death in 1879, at the age of seventy years. He was well known throughout the community where he resided, and through his death the county lost one of its best citi zens. His wife, yet living, is of German nativity, but early in life left the mother country and settled with friends in Dubuque, June 3, 1833, then little more than a frontier settlement with more Indian inhabitants than whites. Mrs. Healey was one of the earliest set tlers in this portion of Iowa, and is yet living in the enjoyment of good health, at the ripe old age of eighty-seven years. The first scholastic training of George W. Healey was received in the early pay schools of Dubuque, and later, when the public schools were organized, he attended these until thirteen years old. He then started out to make his own way in the world. His first employment was as an apprentice in the agricultural, hardware and seed business in the establishment of Doolittle & Chamberlain. He remained thus occupied until war was declared between the North and the South, and then as a private enlisted for the preservation of the Union, in Company E, Fifth Iowa Cavalry, serving faithfully and honorably until the close of that memorable struggle. He was soon promoted to rank of corporal. On May 12, 1879, he was made captain of Company A, Fourth Iowa Infantry. In 1863, near Chattanooga, he was wounded, and on July 29, 1864, was made prisoner and for a time confined in the notorious Andersonville prison. At the close of the war he was honorably discharged by the War Department of the United States Government, and was pre sented with the Medal of Honor by same. Congress also presented him a medal for gallantry and valor in July, 1864, near Atlanta, Georgia. Following is a copy of report: "A congressional medal of honor awarded to Corporal Geo. W. Healey, of Co. E, 5th Iowa Cavalry, for most distinguished gallantry in action at Newman, Georgia, near Atlanta, July 29, 1864; with a comrade captured five Confederate soldiers, disarmed the five prisoners and brought them to the Union lines. G. D. Meckeljohn, Ass't Sec. of War." In May, 1865, Captain Healey was one of a detail of his regiment to guard Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy, on his way from Atlanta to Augusta, Georgia. In political views Mr. Healey is a Republican, and socially he is identified with the follow ing organizations: Medal of Honor Legion; Hyde Clark Post, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 663 No. 78, Grand Army of the Republic; Union Veterans' Union, No. 7. He was united in marriage with Miss Mary A. Moser, daughter of Benedict and Rosa (Bloesch) Moser, at Dubuque, October 29, 1868. His wife's father died August 12, 1872, at Aarberg, Switzerland, and the mother in 1850, at Dubuque. Mr. Healey's wife died in Dubuque, October 20, 1908, and to them were born the following named children: Edward M., partner in his father's business ; May F., a successful teacher in the city schools of Dubuque; and Maud A, wife of B. L. Wallace, of Chicago. On November 15, 1910, at San Francisco, Mr. Healey married Mrs. Susie Moreing Burr. They and his daughter May reside at 701 Bluff street, Dubuque. James R. Guthrie, M. D., has been prominently identified with the practice of medicine and surgery in Dubuque since 1884. He was born in Sand Springs, Delaware county, Iowa, July 22, 1858, the son of Peter and Jane Ann Guthrie, who were of Irish and Scotch extraction, respectively. The father's people lived on a farm in Ireland, but left that country at an early date and made their home in America, and the mother's people, coming from Scot land to the United States, settled in western New York, and here she was born. The father is yet living at an advanced age in Hop kinton, Iowa. After attending the public schools, James R. Guthrie, the imme diate subject of this memoir, entered Lenox College, Hopkinton, and was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1878. He taught school the next three years, and then determined to make the study and practice of medicine his life's work; he accordingly entered the University of Iowa and in 1884 was graduated from the Medical Department of the Iowa State University, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. That year he came to Dubuque, embarked in the general practice of his profession, and has since, by careful study and research, taken high rank among the practitioners in Dubuque. In politics the doctor is a Republican, in religion a member of the Westminster Presbyterian church. On April 20, 1893, at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, he was united in marriage with Miss Harriett Dowdell, daughter of the old pioneer, Edward Dowdell, of Irish descent, and to them two children have been born : Edward, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Jahann, now attending school. On June 18, 1889, Dr. Guthrie was elected to the chair of physiol ogy in the College of Medicine in the State University of Iowa, and held same until 1898, when he was elected professor of gynecology in this institution. He was further honored, July 22, 1902, with the appointment of Dean of the College of Medicine in the State University, a position he has filled with eminent satisfaction ever since his appointment. The doctor's offices are located at 1005 Locust street, and he is highly regarded by all who know him. 664 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY James Fanning died here May 3, 1857, aged fifty-four years. He was a native of Ireland, and came to Dubuque in 1833 and resided here until his death. He was active and prominent in busi ness and public affairs, served as county commissioner in 1837, and was a worthy and upright citizen. Timothy Fanning died in February, 1863; he came to Du buque in 1836 and was a member of the first board of trustees. He kept the Jefferson House for many years, on First street. Later he was alderman and held other offices with credit. He was best known as a business man. The Very Rev. Daniel M. Gorman, LL. D., president of St. Joseph's College, Dubuque, since 1904, is a native of Jones county, Iowa. Born April 12, 1871, he obtained his early education in the local schools of the county. Dr. Gorman was engaged as teacher for several terms in the schools of his native state. In 1885 he came to Dubuque, and completed the collegiate course in St. Joseph's College. In 1890 he went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and pursued his theological studies in St. Francis Seminary. Father Gorman was ordained in 1893 and immediately thereafter was sent by the late Archbishop Hennessy to the parish of State Center, Iowa. In 1894 he was invited by the same Archbishop to come to Dubuque and accept a professorship in St. Joseph's College. In 1900 he was elected vice-president, and in 1904 president of the institution. He has since served in this capacity. St. Joseph's College has taken high rank among the educational institutions of the Middle West, and many of Iowa's leading citizens have attended it. Joseph Herod for many years was actively and successfully en gaged in the real estate business in Dubuque, but f Or some time past lived a retired life in this city. He was born in Manchester, Eng land, December 18, 1826, and came to Dubuque in 1852. For a time he found employment in various capacities. He assumed the position of secretary of the Iowa Falls & Sioux City Railroad dur ing its construction, and was also interested in other railways. He embarked in the real estate business in 1853, and for years was con nected with this particular branch of industry in Dubuque. He was unusually successful in all business operations, and besides owning his residence and other structures in Dubuque, had other properties throughout the State of Iowa. He and several nephews recently completed the erection of a seventeen-suite apartment house in Dubuque, which is one of the finest of its kind in the city. In political affairs Mr. Herod always favored the policies of the Repub- lical party, and took an active part in civic affairs, serving as a mem ber of the city council and for twenty-one years as school treasurer. Socially he was for many years identified with the Independent J^r-zrt{^ JOHN P. FRANTZEN HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 665 Order of Odd Fellows, and several other benevolent organizations. In 1850 he was married in his native country to Miss Elizabeth Burton, and in 1900, at Dubuque, they celebrated their golden wed ding, and their sixty-first anniversary was celebrated February 5, 191 1, at the home of his niece, Mrs. Mary B. Wallis. Mr. Herod died April 10, 191 1, at the ripe age of eighty- four years, and was buried in beautiful Linwood, April 12, carrying with him the admi ration of the citizens of Dubuque, who had known him through so many years as an upright and honorable man. Mr. Herod and wife resided at 1671 Main street, highly esteemed and respected by their many friends and neighbors. Judge William W. Hamilton died at his residence near Cas cade early in March, 1866. He came to this county about 1839, was chief clerk in the Surveyor General's office and served as pro bate judge. He served in both branches of the legislature, and in 1864 was candidate for Lieutenant-Governor. He was a railway official at the time of his death in March, 1865. He was by birth an Englishman. Col. David Sleator died at New Orleans, April 20, 1848. He was an early settler and prominent citizen and business man. He had gone South in pursuit of health. Thomas Graffort was here about 1838, and for a number of years kept the Washington House. He finally removed to Jones county, where he died in 1864, aged eighty-nine years. John D. Graffort, of Dubuque, was his son. J. P. Frantzen, the subject of this sketch, a disciple of Black- stone, has had, by his studious and industrious habits and inde fatigable energy, a most successful career at the Iowa Bar. He is a native of this state, having been born in 1873, near Alton, in Sioux county, Iowa, to which place his parents, Henry and Joseph ine Frantzen, removed in 1870, from Dubuque county, and took up a homestead. When about five years of age, he came to Dubuque county, where he has resided ever since. His younger days were spent on the farm of his uncle, Nicholas Frantzen, in Mosalem township, and he attended the district school during the winter and worked on the farm in the summer. During the winter of 1899 and 1890, he taught school in Sub-District No. 1, near Massey Station, in Mosalem township, and in the fall of 1890 he entered the Northern Indiana Normal School (now Valparaiso University), from which institution he graduated in 1892, with the degree of Bachelor of Science. Immediately after his graduation, he was elected principal of the public schools at Kennedy, Texas, 666 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY a position which he filled most creditably for one year, and declin ing re-election, he entered the Northern Indiana Law School. For a period of two years, he held the position of manager of the Typewriting Department of the Northern Indiana Normal School, and was special instructor in stenography. In June, 1895, he graduated from the law school, and in October of the same year was admitted to practice by the Supreme Court of this state. Imme diately upon returning to Dubuque, he became associated with the late Alphons Matthews, one of the leading lawyers in Iowa, and in 1899 became a membefcof the firm of Matthews, Lindsay & Frant zen. Two years later, upon the retirement of Mr. J. R. Lindsay from the firm, the business continued under the firm name of Mat thews & Frantzen until the death of Mr. Matthews iri 1909, after which he associated himself with Mr. T. J. Fitzpatrick, under the firm name of Fitzpatrick & Frantzen, which said firm is considered one of the ablest in the eastern part of the state, and enjoys a most lucrative practice. The firm of Fitzpatrick & Frantzen occupies a very pleasant suite of offices on the fourth floor of the Bank and Insurance Building, being a contraction of the offices formerly occupied by W. J. Knight and the firm of Matthews & Frantzen. Mr. Frantzen was for a term of two years president of the Dubuque County Bar Associa tion, and is the attorney for and a director of the German Trust & Savings Bank of the city of Dubuque. In politics Mr. Frantzen is a staunch and enthusiastic Democrat, and has several times refused nominations, tendered him unanimously, to positions of confidence and trust. In religion he is a Catholic, and is socially identified with the Knights of Columbus, C. O. R, M. W. A., and other fraternal organizations. Mr. Frantzen is active in all public affairs, is honest and conscientious, a close student, ranks very high as a lawyer, and is highly respected by all whom know him. In 1903 he was united in marriage with Miss Josephine Palen, daughter of Nicholas and Barbara Palen, and to them have been born three children : Made line M., John J. and Virginia M. James H. Harris, superintendent of schools at Dubuque and a man widely known in the educational world, was born in Keweenaw county, upper Michigan, March 9, 1866, the son of Benjamin and Jane (Allen), Harris. The family came originally from Cornwall, England, but in 1865 immigrated to America and located in the Lake Superior copper region of Michigan, where they lived until 1906, then removing to Evart, Osceola county, Michigan, where they now reside. The father was for thirty years connected with the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company, but is now retired from the active business cares of life. After attending the public schools of Lake Linden, Houghton county, Michigan, James H. Harris entered the high school at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and was graduated there- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 667 from in 1886. The following year he entered the University of Michigan and in 1891 was graduated therefrom with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Since that time Mr. Harris has been engaged entirely in educational work. Immediately after graduation he was appointed instructor in Latin and Greek in the Saginaw, Michigan, high school, but after one year there he was appointed to a like posi tion at the Michigan Military Academy, Orchard Lake, Michigan, where he remained for five years. In 1895-96 he spent a year in graduate work at the University of Chicago. He was elected principal of the high school at Bay City, Michigan, in September, 1897, but relinquished this three and a half years later to return to the Michigan Military Academy as principal. Two years later (January, 1903) he was offered and accepted the superintendency of schools at Pontiac, Michigan, where he remained for three and a half years. In the summer of 1906 he was tendered the position of assistant superintendent in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Dr. C. M. Jordan, the superintendent, and entered upon his duties in Sep tember of that year. There he remained until he was offered and accepted his present position as superintendent of the Dubuque public schools, taking up his work May 1, 19 10. Mr. Harris has contributed extensively to educational- journals and has written a manual of elementary English for the use of teachers. In national political affairs he is affiliated with the Republican party. He is a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity and of the Masonic order, and is also identified with the Methodist Episcopal church. August 8, 1901, at Pontiac, Michigan, he was united in marriage with Miss Grace Galbraith, the daughter of Dr. F. B. Galbraith, who was one of the most prominent physicians of that city. He was for several terms its mayor and also represented his district in the Michigan state senate. To Mr. and Mrs. Harris one daughter, Katharine, was born, July 28, 1902. Peter J. Seippel, than whom, possibly, none is more intimately associated with the lumber industry of Dubuque, started out in life a poor boy and by his own unaided efforts has accumulated a com petency and risen to a position of honor and respect among his fellow men. Born August 7, 1862, in Schoenburg, Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, he was the son of Martin and Mary Seippel, who in 1865 left their native country and immigrated to America. The parents first settled at Glen Haven, Grant county, Wisconsin, but later came further west to Guttenberg, Clayton county, Iowa, and here lived happily together until the father passed away at the age of fifty-four years. His widow still survives him and resides on the old home place. When brought to this country by his parents Peter J. Seippel was but three years old, and his first schooling was secured in the public institutions of Guttenberg. When fourteen years old he started out in life for himself, and for 668 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY three years he worked as a farm hand near his home town. The succeeding three years he worked as a common laborer on railroads in various parts of the country, and then, when twenty years old, came to the city of Dubuque. Desiring to better his education, Mr. Seippel entered and was duly graduated from the Bayless Business College of this city, and then secured employment in the clerical department of the lumber establishment of C. W. Robison. Then, in partnership with Mr. Joseph A. Meuser, he bought out a small lumber concern in East Dubuque, Illinois, and they continued in business there until 1897 under the firm name of Meuser & Seippel. In February of that year Mr. Seippel disposed of his interests to Mr. Meuser and came to Dubuque, where, on the site of the old C. W. Robison place, he organized the Peter J. Seippel Lumber Company, of which he was elected and has since been president. The establishment now occupies a space of about ten city blocks; they handle in the neighborhood of 25,000,000 feet of lumber and their business amounts to over half a million of dollars annually. In 1907 Mr. Seippel organized the Seippel Timber Company, of which he is also president. In political affairs he is independent, casting his vote for the man rather than the party, and in religious views is a member of the German Lutheran church. He has been twice married; first, at Dubuque, to Miss Mamie Power, by whom he had two daughters, Florence and Blanche; and second, to Miss Katharine Jess, daughter of Robert Jess, to which latter union has been born one daughter, Katharine. Mr. Seippel's life is one well worthy of the emulation of the younger generation of today, when so many of our young men have to make their own way in the world. He is one of Dubuque's best and most successful citizens. William Heitzman, well-known contractor of Dubuque, spe cializing in the erection of fine private residences, is a native of Baden, Germany, born October 1, 1863, and is a son of George and Catherine Heitzman. The father, a farmer by occupation, par ticipated in the German Revolution of 1848, and died in 1882 at the age of fifty-four years. His widow yet survives him and resides with her son in Dubuque. William Heitzman, the immediate sub ject of this memoir, attended the public schools of his native coun try until fourteen years old, then learned the millwright trade and followed that business until his removal to America in 1884. For a year he was located at Brooklyn, New York, and then came west to Galena, Illinois, and two years later located in Dubuque. Here Mr. Heitzman started to work for Albert Nye as carpenter, with whom he remained two years, and then for one year was in the employ of Mr. Rheinfrank. In 1890 he and Mr. Rheinfrank en gaged in contracting and building under the firm name of Rhein frank & Heitzman, and upon the death of his partner Mr. Heitz man continued the business alone. In 1908 he admitted his son, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 669 William, Jr., to partnership and they continued together until Janu ary 1, 191 1, specializing in the erection of private homes. Mr. Heitzman is independent in politics, and a member of the Congre gational church. August 25, 1887, he married Miss Christine Reif- stack, a native of Germany, and the daughter of Christian Reif- stack, who died in that country, and to their union the following named ten children have been born : Emma, at home ; William, Jr., with Singer Sewing Machine Company ; Louisa, cashier in Roshek department store; Hermann, butcher, with C. Kress; Carl, with Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company ; Elsie, graduate of Ful ton School in Dubuque; Walter, attending same; Esther, same; Roy, same; and Viola, five years old. Mr. Heitzman is one of Dubuque's public-spirited men and takes an active interest in any movement toward the betterment of his city and county. Phillip Schwinn, manager of the Smedley Pump Company, Dubuque, was born in Arcadia, Wisconsin, June 24, 1865, and is the son of Phillip and Mary Schwinn. The father was a native of Germany and came to the United States, locating in Pennsylvania, in or about 1835. Shortly thereafter he came to Dubuque, Iowa, but soon removed to a farm near Arcadia, Wisconsin, and there fol lowed agricultural pursuits until his death in 1888, aged fifty-three years. His wife died in 1886, at the age of forty-seven years. Phillip Schwinn, Jr., the immediate subject of this review, assisted his father with the farm work and attended the public schools dur ing boyhood. In 1887 he came to Dubuque and for a year was in the employ of Thomas Faherty as salesman of farm machinery. He then for a time was associated in a similar capacity with the D. H. Williams Company, and for the succeeding eight years was employed as helper in the Novelty Iron Works foundry, holding first the position of shipping clerk and eventually becoming fore man. From 1897 to 1904 he acted as foreman and sales manager of the Iowa Iron Works, and later, when the concern became known as the Bonson Boiler & Furnace Company, he remained with them as erecting superintendent. He was then offered and accepted his present position as manager of the Smedley Pump Company, and has been thus connected ever since. Mr. Schwinn is a member of the Brotherhood of Engineers and of St. John's Lutheran church, of which he has been trustee for nine years. He is also identified with the German Lutheran Synod. He married Miss Margaret Rubie, and she died January 5, 1910. Mr. Schwinn resides at 409 Windsor avenue, Dubuque. Daniel J. Kenneally, proprietor of the Troy Laundry, 130 Seventh street, Dubuque, was born in this city August 27, 1886, the son of John and Ellen Kenneally. The family came from Ireland, Daniel Kenneally and wife, Hanora, the parents of John Ken- 670 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY neally, coming to America in 1840, and locating at Bennettville, Iowa. Here John Kenneally was born in 1844, and after the sale of the home farm he came to Dubuque and followed his trade of blacksmith. He died in July, 1887, and was buried in Key West cemetery. His widow yet survives and makes her home with the subject of this sketch. Daniel J. Kenneally attended St. Raphael's parochial school until fourteen years old, then for seven years was in the electrical business. Succeeding this he embarked in the laundry business on Seventh street on a small scale, borrowing enough money to purchase the required machinery, and through hard work and honest dealings with the people has grown and pros pered until his establishment today is regarded as one of the best of its kind in Dubuque, employing a working force of six persons. In religion Mr. Kenneally espouses the beliefs of his forefathers and is a Roman Catholic, being a member of St. Raphael's Cathe dral. He and his mother make their home at 105 Second street. Abe Urbach, founder and one of the present partners of the Hub clothing establishment, Dubuque, has conclusively proved that life in a strange country can be made a success even though started under very adverse circumstances. He was born in Poland in the year 1865, and while yet very young, realizing that greater advan tages could be had in America, immigrated to this country and for a time was located at Utica, New York. He came to Dubuque in 1878 when but thirteen years old, a comparative stranger to the language, customs and peculiarities of a strange people. He carefully saved his money and in 1889 had accumulated sufficient means to enable him to open a clothing store. By hard work and honest and con scientious dealings with the people he prospered to such an extent that ten years later he removed to new premises on Main street, 52x113 feet, employing a selling staff of twelve people. In 1900 he admitted his brother, Milton Urbach, appropriate mention of whom immediately follows this, to partnership, and under their able man agement the firm has grown and prospered and today is regarded as one of the solid and substantial commercial houses of Dubuque. In 1895 Abe Urbach was united in marriage with Miss Rose Nova, and they with their one son, Dalton, attending Lincoln school in Dubuque, reside at 891 Grandview avenue. Mr. Urbach has made a success of life and has the respect and good will of all who know him. Milton Urbach, junior member of the Urbach clothing establish ment known as the Hub, is a native of Poland, born in 1873, and a son of Hillel and Bailee Urbach, still living in Poland. He came to Dubuque when very young and received his education in the First Ward (Franklin) school, later attending also Bayless Business Col lege. For a time thereafter he was employed in various clothing establishments in Dubuque, thoroughly mastering the details of that PAROCHIAL OLD SCHOOLHOUSE. TRINITY PAROCHIAL SCHOOL. PAROCHIAL RESIDENCE. Church|uxc ' CATHOLIC CONVENT. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 671 line of business, and in 1900 was admitted by his brother, Abe Urbach, to partnership in the Hub clothing establishment. He has since remained thus connected and due to their excellent business management and ability the concern has taken high rank among the commercial houses of Dubuque. Socially Mr. Urbach is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias and the Benev olent and Protective Order of Elks. At Chicago, in July, 1908, he was united in marriage with Miss Mabel Nova, a sister of his brother's wife, and to them one daughter has been born, named Odell. . The family residence in Dubuque is located at 759 Bluff street. Peter Hoerr, vice president of the Wieneke-Hoerr Company, canners of vegetables and pickles, .850 Jackson street, Dubuque, is a native of Germany, born in the province of Hesse-Darmstadt, March 13, 1839, and the son of Philip and Eva (Wagner) Hoerr. The father, a farmer by occupation, died in Germany in 1870, aged sixty-three years, preceded by his wife in 1869, aged sixty years, and both are buried in the old country. Peter Hoerr attended the public schools of his native country during boyhood, completing his education when thirteen years old, and for a time assisted his father on the home farm. In 1865 he came to the United States to visit his brother, George Hoerr, a saloonkeeper in Dubuque, and for two years was employed in the Rhomberg distillery. From 1867 to 1889 he was manager of the Blinds & Beach soap manufacturing concern, then in partnership with Charles Perry embarked in the manufacture of soap in Montana. One year later, however, Mr. Hoerr returned to Dubuque and purchased an interest in the firm of Wieneke & Hohenadel, of which he was elected vice president. Several years later this firm was reorganized as the Interstate Pack ing Company, continuing as such until 1896, when it became the Wieneke-Hoerr Company and has since operated under that name. The business of this concern is carried on throughout Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and Mr. Hoerr has retained the vice presidency thereof since his first connection. In political affairs he is independent, voting for the man regardless of party affiliation, and in religious views is a member of St. John's Lutheran church. On January 1, 1870, in Dubuque, he married Miss Minea Hook, daughter of Ernst and Liza (Hofmeister) Hook, pioneer farmers of Dubuque county. To Mr. and Mrs. Hoerr one son and two daughters have been born, named Ernst Philip, sash, door and blind manufacturer of Chicago; Lena, residing in South Dakota, and Minnie Katherina, also of that state. The family home in Dubuque is located at 739 Julien avenue. Rev. Frederick William Oberbroekling, pastor of Holy Trinity Roman Catholic church at Luxemburg since February 22,. 672 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 1872, is a native of Prussia, Germany, his birth occurring at the village of Dellbruck on November 10, 1844. His parents, Johann Heinrich and Anna Maria (Helmig) Oberbroekling, were descended from old German families, and came to America and St. Louis, Missouri, in 1856. They located, in March, 1857, on a tract of 160 acres in New Wine township, Dubuque county, Iowa, which the father cleared and improved and added to as his means afforded; and here they spent their remaining days. Johann H. Ober broekling died December 27, 1884, aged eighty-five years, preceded by his wife in 1876 at the age of seventy-five years. Both were highly respected by all who knew them and now lie at rest in the cemetery at New Vienna. Father Oberbroekling received his early education in the public schools of his native country and came with his parents to the United States when twelve years old. His twelfth birthday was celebrated on the Mississippi river, and at St. Louis, Missouri, his schooling was continued for six months in St. Joseph's of the Jesuit Fathers parochial schools. He then went to Quincy, 111., and from September, 1864, to July, 1865, attended the Fran ciscan College. In the fall of the following year he went to Mil waukee, Wisconsin, and entered St. Francis Seminary, and on December 20, 1871, was ordained to the priesthood. For a time he remained with Rev. Conrad Schulte, at New Vienna, and on February 22, 1872, was summoned to Luxemburg to take charge of the work here and has ever since been thus connected. Much good has been brought about through Father Oberbroekling's efforts in the Master's service, and he is highly esteemed and beloved by all who know him. From May, 1873, to July, 1874, he journeyed twice every month to Lattnerville, then a mission, seventeen miles from his church at Luxemburg, aside from the various sick calls he received. In 1874 the church he first erected at Luxemburg was destroyed by a tornado July 26, but nothing daunted he built the present beautiful edifice, the pastorage, the Sisters' house and the school. Father Oberbroekling has seen this portion of Dubuque county grow in importance and at the present time nearly all of his parishioners are men and women of means and influence. He has always taken an active interest and part in any movement toward the betterment of the county, and at the World's Exposition of 1893 his school system received a bronze medal with the following inscription : "World's Columbian Exposition in commemoration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the landing of Columbus ; for the Holy Trinity School of Luxemburg, Iowa." Alexander Schollian, one of Dubuque's foremost tailors, is a native of this county, and the son of Matthias and Annie D. Schollian, who came here from Pennsylvania at an early date and settled on a farm near Washington Mills, where he subsequently died and was buried. Alexander Schollian was born January 12, JLd!./ffr*^ HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 673 1862, and during boyhood days assisted his father and attended the common schools. Early in life he learned the tailoring trade and after thoroughly familiarizing himself with all the details of that line of business, opened an establishment at the corner of Fourth and Main streets, Dubuque, where he has been unusually successful. In September, 1904, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary E. Murray, daughter of Thomas and Ellen Murray. Mrs. Schollian is active in any movement that tends toward the betterment of mankind. She is president of the Mercy Hospital Association, which was inaugurated for the purpose of raising money to care for and provide medical services for the needy poor, regardless of nationality or religious views. This associa tion has one room in Mercy Hospital, fully equipped with all mod em conveniences, and now has in view another similar one. Mrs. Schollian is also a member of the St. Elizabeth Association and the Sherman Society. No less interested in public affairs of im portance is Mr. Schollian. He is a Democrat in his political views, is a staunch member of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, is treasurer of the local order of Knights of Columbus, and for six years served as a member of the Dubuque County Board of Super visors. He and wife are among the highly respected people of the city of Dubuque. Moses M. Ham, deceased, for thirty-five years editor-in-chief of the Herald, was a man of unusually strong character and very prominent during his long residence in Dubuque. Born March 23, 1833, in Shapleigh, York county, Maine, he was the son of Dr. Levi J. and Mary (Ayer) Ham, and a direct descendant of Will iam Ham, the progenitor of the family in this country, who came from England to America in 1640 and settled in New Hampshire. During the French and Indian troubles, the Revolutionary war, the War of 1812, and Civil war, members of this family loyally served their country. Moses M., when fourteen years of age, entered Cary Collegiate Seminary, Caryville, New York, and after wards pursued his studies at the Genessee Wesleyan School and Union College, where he graduated in the class of 1855. Suc ceeding his graduation from the latter, Mr. Ham removed to Jonesville, Michigan, and for two years was principal of the high school there, but later went to Detroit, Michigan, and for seven years was associated with the Free Press as assistant editor, under Wilbur F. Story. He first came to Dubuque in 1863, as city editor of the Herald, two months later acquired by purchase the controlling interest in that paper, and several months later took in D. D. W. Carver as a partner, having charge of the job depart ment and bindery. He became editor-in-chief of same, and for a period of thirty-five years was thus associated. In 1899 he dis posed of his interests and retired from the active duties and busi- 674 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY ness cares of life. Mr. Ham was always a staunch Democrat in his political views and voiced and advocated the policies of that party during his many years as head of the Herald. For sixteen years he was a member of the National Democratic Committee, four years a member of the state senate, and during Presi dent Cleveland's administration was postmaster of Dubuque. He was at one time offered the first assistant postmaster- ship of the nation, but declined the honor, claiming his time was fully taken up with his newspaper work. Mr. Ham always took a keen interest in the early history of Dubuque county, and many authentic stories of the early doings of Julien Dubuque and other pioneer men have been made a matter of history because of his careful research. At one time, while traveling down the St. Lawrence river, he became acquainted with a French priest, who, upon learning from where Mr. Ham was, told him of the early history of Julien Dubuque, and in corroboration referred him to a Canadian history, written in French, which gives the memoirs of the early French explorers of the Mississippi valley. This volume was eagerly procured by Mr. Ham and is now a valued possession in the library of his family. It is thus the just credit is due Mr. Ham of having discovered and brought to light the early history of Julien Dubuque, and much of the early history of the city of Dubuque, which, until that time, had been in obscurity. Mr. Ham was always interested in schools and in matters pertaining to edu cation. For many years he was one of the regents of the Iowa State University, and president of the Public School Board in Dubuque. In religious views he was identified with the Episcopal church, of which he was for many years a vestryman. In 1859 he was united in marriage with Miss Helen M. Tucker, a native of Massachusetts, who passed away in 1870, leaving two children: Clifford D., now of Manila, Philippine Islands, and Hellen M., of Dubuque. In 1874 Mr. Ham married Miss Rebecca M. Wells, and she died three years later. They now lie at rest in the family lot at Linwood cemetery. On December 25, 1902, sorrow invaded the homes of many when it became known that Mr. Ham had been summoned to the Great Beyond. He was one of those, hon est and fearless men whom we so much admire, and with his pass ing the nation, county, city and home lost a good man, an honest citizen, a kindly neighbor and a loving father. Michael Roche, now living a retired life in the city of Du buque, is a native of the Emerald Isle, his birth occurring in the year 1840, and a son of Thomas and Ellen (Callahan) Roche. Thomas Roche was born in Ireland in 1805, and when forty- four years of age crossed the Atlantic ocean to America, accompanied by his family, and settled on a tract of 120 acres in Jefferson township, Dubuque county, Iowa. Here he resided many years HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 675 and in 1897 died, a man respected by all who knew him. His wife passed away in 1877, and both are buried near the old homestead. The early life of Michael Roche in this country was spent much after the manner of other country boys of those days — assisting his father on the home farm and in attending the public schools, then little more than log cabins. When the elder Roche's eye sight began to wane, the work and responsibility of the farm fell to the lot of Michael, but when the father was badly hurt from a fall, he relinquished the management of thei estate to his younger brothers, John and Joseph. In 1902 he disposed of the old home place and bought a smaller farm on Asbury Road, near West Dubuque, but four years later, having accumulated considerable means, retired from the active duties of life and removed into the city of Dubuque, where he has since resided. In 1865 Mr. Roche decided to go West and visit the mountains of Montana. He accordingly went to Sioux City, Iowa, and was employed as deck hand on a steamboat at $60 per month. The water in the upper river was so low that they succeeded in getting but a few miles above Fort Ripley. The commanding officer of the fort advised them not to go any farther, as the Indians were becoming very troublesome, and to do so would be dangerous. Nothing daunted, however, they continued their journey, and about two weeks later became stranded on a sandbar at some distance from the fort. The pilot and five men went out in a small boat to locate the channel, entirely unarmed, and after locating same decided to go ashore for a time. While there they were attacked from ambush by the "redskins," and, being unarmed, could do nothing but try their best to escape. Two men succeeded in mak ing their way to the boat, but were killed and the boat cast adrift, to be later picked up by the soldiers at Fort Ripley. One man dove in the water and made his way to a sandbar, where he was shot while rolling over in the water, sinking and disappearing for ever. One large Irishman put up a desperate struggle, but was captured alive and never heard of again, probably perishing at the stake. Another, a German, was shot through the shoulder with an arrow, but managed to hide under the bank until the steamer came down and rescued him. The other man of the party divested himself of all save underclothing and swam the river unmolested by the Indians, who took him to be one of themselves because of the red color of his attire. When the boat returned to Sioux City1 in the fall, the captain offered Mr. Roche an increase in wages of $20 a month, but he declined, claiming that the desire for adven ture in him had been appeased. He then returned to his old home in Dubuque county, where he has always been regarded as an honorable man and a useful and progressive citizen. He was married to Catherine Burke, February 8, 1866. Eight children have been born to this union, as follows: William T., Michael 676 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY James (deceased), May, Ella, John Francis, Joseph E., Catherine E. and Clara. Herman Dement, whose untimely death was caused by acci dent in 1899, was for years one of Dubuque's prosperous and suc cessful business men. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, August 1, 1850, the son of Herman Dement, Sr., who came from Ger many to America, at an early date and embarked in the furniture business at St. Louis. In 1862, when our subject was but twelve years old, the father was accidentally suffocated in a cistern which was being repaired, and this threw the son on his own resources at a time when every boy should be attending school instead of working for a living. For a time he was second cook in the St. Julien kitchen, and then followed this trade on the Mississippi river until 1882. He then came to Dubuque and in a building erected by himself embarked in the gentlemen's furnishing busi ness. By honest and conscientious business dealings, he built up a large trade. On October 18, 1881, he was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Eulberg, daughter of Casper and Frances Eulberg of Galena, Illinois, and to them the following named chil dren were born:" Evelyn, Mabel H. and Margera F. Mr. Dement took a keen and active interest in local affairs of importance, and was a prominent member of the First Presbyterian church. In 1899, while riding a bicycle, he accidentally fell in front of a mov ing street car and was instantly killed; thus Dubuque lost one of her best and most deserving citizens. Mr. Dement was essentially a self-made man ; by the early death of his father he was forced to make his own way in the world, and step by step mounted the ladder of life. His loss was mourned generally throughout the county by his many friends. Henry A. Knowlton, well-known resident of Dubuque, is a son of the old pioneer, Thomas J. Knowlton, and a direct descend ant of Captain Knowlton of Revolutionary fame. Thomas J. Knowlton was born in 1821, in Wales, Erie county, New York, and there was reared and educated. In 1857 he came to Dubuque as western representative for a Buffalo (New York) sleigh and carriage concern, and was thus engaged until war was delcared between the North and the South. In answers to his country's call for defenders of the Union, Mr. Knowlton was with the Twelfth Iowa Infantry, which command was stationed at St. Louis and later ordered to Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. Afterward he was with the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, and while with the regi ment in Tennessee was taken seriously ill and sent home; he died February 28, 1864. To his marriage with Miss Laura M. Beecher, a cousin of Henry Ward Beecher, solemnized in 1846, three chil dren were born: Henry A., Franklin (deceased), and Adelia, HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 677 also deceased. When the elder Knowlton was sent home from Fort Donelson, his son, Henry A., joined the eighth Iowa Cav alry and served until honorably discharged by the War Department at the close of the struggle. Early in life he learned the printer's trade and upon his return to Dubuque opened and operated a small printing establishment until advised by his doctor to seek outdoor employment. He became connected with the Illinois Central Rail road as engineer, and has been forty-one years in continuous serv ice. In 1896 Mr. Knowlton was united in marriage with Miss Isabella Saunders, of Waterloo, Iowa. She is an active member of the Westminster Presbyterian church and is managing editor of the Phi Gamma, a church publication originated by Rev. D. J. Burrell, of New York, while he was pastor of the church. She is also a member of the Woman's Club and the Visiting Nurses' Association, and is greatly interested in hospital work. Mr. Knowl ton is a Knight Templar Mason. His mother is yet living at the advanced age of eighty-three years, and takes great interest in her children and all important topics of the day. Since 1857 she has resided continuously at 45 Fourth street; she is greatly esteemed and respected by all who know her. John A. Kinsella, deceased, for many years one of the well- known and highly respected residents of Dubuque county, was born on a farm in Washington township, in 1856, the son of James and Anna Kinsella, who came from Canada to Dubuque county in 1834. At that date this locality was sparsely inhabited, Indians being more plentiful than whites, and the land in a rough and unbroken condition. The privations and hardships of the early pioneers can scarcely be appreciated by the generation of today who have but to look out on either side to see broad and rolling fields of finely cultivated farm land, well stocked with cat tle and modern machinery of every description. To these pioneer settlers is due much of the credit for the present advanced state of affairs. John A. Kinsella assisted his father and attended the country schools during boyhood, and in 1882 married Miss Kath erine McNamara, daughter of a neighboring farmer, and to them Joseph, James, Mary, Salome C. and Martha (Maley) were born. In 1893 Mr. Kinsella disposed of his farm and moved into the city of Dubuque, where the year following he passed away, leaving the responsibility of rearing his children to Mrs. Kinsella. She cheerfully put her shoulders to the wheel and reared her boys and girls to honorable and useful lives in the Catholic faith. Mary Kinsella is now engaged in the millinery business in Mason City, Iowa; Salome C. is with the M. J. Mulgrew Company; James is in the employ of the Chicago Great Western Railroad at Stock ton, Illinois; Joseph is with the Illinois Central Railroad. Mrs. Kinsella is still residing in the city of Dubuque, where she has 678 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY many friends, and where she bears the respect and good-will of all who know her. David F. Ede, since 1895 the active head of the Ede's Robe Tanning Company, with headquarters at Dubuque, is a native of the Province of Ontario, his birth occurring in 1846. He is of English extraction. His boyhood days were passed in acquiring such education as was afforded by the common schools, and while yet a young man he went to Winnipeg, Manitoba, and embarked in the marble and granite business, and in the buying and selling of real estate, in which he became wealthy. This was during Win nipeg's boom period, when it was a city of 45,000, but every man of means who had holdings in real estate went down with the breaking of the boom. When the Canadian Pacific Railroad was constructed, Mr. Ede foresaw the wonderful possibilities of the grain business, and invested his money in elevators at various points along that line. Owing to the bonding system1 of shipping, however, which allowed the shipper to bond his wheat in transit throughout the United States, this venture proved very disas trous, and Mr. Ede was forced to relinquish his idea and holdings. He then went to Sioux City, Iowa, and in partnership with Mr. T. P. Murry embarked in the real estate business, at which he was unusually successful. Later, in 1895, he came to Dubuque, and soon afterwards founded a fur tanning establishment at the corner of Jones and West Main streets. The business has grown and prospered until today the firm is recognized as one of the largest of its kind in the world. They cater to the world's custom trade for fine robes and garments, and also operate branch establish ments in Omaha, Nebraska ; St. Paul, Minnesota, and Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The Dubuque plant is 100x150 feet, and employs regularly from forty to sixty skilled workmen. In 1875 Mr. Ede was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Tuer, and to them have been born the following named children: St. Clair, secre tary and treasurer of the Ede's Robe Tanning Company; Olive, wife of Dr. Lytle, of Lansing, Iowa, and Ruth V. Mr. Ede is one of Dubuque's representative business men, takes an active interest in all local affairs of importance, and is highly regarded in the community where he resides. Dr. Frank W. Wieland, one of the leading medical practi tioners of Dubuque, is a native of Switzerland, his birth occurring March 10, 1856, at Grau Bunden. He was the son of Rudolph and Marie (Truden) Wieland, and was brought by them to Amer ica and Dubuque county in 1863, when but seven years of age. Here they remained four years, and then removed to Grant county, Wisconsin, where the father purchased a farm. When fourteen years old, Dr. Wieland left home and started out in life for him- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 679 self. For a time he secured employment as a farm hand during the summer months and attended the district schools during win ter, paying for his board by doing chores. After obtaining a com mon-school education in this manner, he taught school for several winters and continued working as a farm hand during summers. He early in life decided to take up the study and practice of medi cine, and with this idea in view entered the office of Dr. Duffin. of Guttenberg, Iowa, and there began the study of his future pro fession. One year later he went to Chicago and entered Rush Medical College, from which institution he was duly graduated in 1888 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. For one year fol lowing this he practiced successfully near Oshkosh, Wisconsin, but then came to Dubuque, where he has ever since been actively engaged in the general practice of his profession. By careful and conscientious work the doctor has built up a large and lucrative practice, and is now recognized as one of the leading men of his profession in Dubuque. He is a member of the Dubuque County Medical Society, of which he is an ex-president, and was examin ing physician of the United States Pension Board. He also served three years as city ohysician and one year as a member of the Board of Health. He has served on various committees in Du buque Medical Society and has taken a post-graduate course in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Chicago. To his marriage with Miss Clara Jungk, born in Dubuque, June 24, 1872, the daughter oL Christian Jungk, the ceremony being solemnized in 1896, three children have been born, as follows : Edgar F., Janu ary 9, 1899; Edna M., July 2, 1900, and Arthur W, December 17, 1905. The doctor is a Knight Templar Mason, in which order he has served as Senior Warden, and is a member of the Court of Honor and Mystic Workers. He is independent in politics. Claus Andres, for many years a resident of Dubuque, is of German extraction, his father, Claus Andres, Sr., being a native of Holstein, that country, where he was born March 18, 1805. In 185 1 he left the old country and immigrated to America, where for a time he secured employment at his trade of miller, in Har lem, New York City. Six years later he came West, and on December 1, 1857, located in Dubuque, and until 1864 worked in the Sageville mills. He then, in partnership with a Mr. Burres, established a mill at Galena, Illinois, but four years later, when the latter desired to convert their establishment into a distillery, Mr. Andres disposed of his interests and embarked in the milling business on his own account at Henry, Henry county, Illinois. This he conducted until his death, which occurred March 4, 1871, and his remains were laid at rest in Linwood, Dubuque. Mr. Andres lived and died a good citizen, a loving parent and a kindly 680 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY neighbor, and his loss was mourned generally by all who knew him. His son, Claus Andres, the immediate subject of this memoir, received his education in the public schools of New York City, and early in life learned the cigar-making business, which subse quently, from 1865 to 1875, i° partnership with his brother Henry, he followed in Dubuque. In comparatively recent years Mr. Andres has retired from the active business cares of life, and now lives with his wife and children in their city residence. When war was declared between the North and South, ' Mr. Andres enlisted in Company G of the Missouri State Troops, and until 1863, when his command was officially disbanded, he saw guard duty and participated in the guerrilla warfare. He then enlisted in Company A of the Forty-fourth Iowa Volunteer Infantry, took part in the Tennessee campaign, and at the conclusion of the war was honorably discharged. On May 1, 1866, he was united in mar riage with Miss Barbara Kappes, daughter of Alfred Kappes, of Freeport, Illinois, and to them were born: August Henry, de ceased; Amelia, now teaching in city schools of Dubuque, and also prominent in Sunday school work; Christina, deceased, wife of Burton Brownell, to which union two children were born; Mary, teaching in Seattle (Washington) schools; Josephine D., teach ing in Kickapoo Indian School, Horton, Kansas; and Harriet. instructor in Sherman Institute, Riverside, California. Mr. Andres was for years president of the International Cigar Makers' Union, and is still a member of that organization. He is also identified with the G. A. R. Society. In politics he is and always has been an unswerving Republican, and has taken an active part in public affairs. John F. Reinold, with the firm Farley & Loetcher, Dubuque, was born in the city of Siegen, Germany, May 15, 1864, the son of Adolph and Mary Reinold. He received his education in the public and high schools of his native country, succeeding which he served a three years' apprenticeship to the stair-builder's trade. In 1884 he left the parental roof and came to the United States, first locating at Kansas City, Missouri, and then at Mayview, where he worked on the railroad. In 1885 he came to Waverly, Iowa, and secured employment in the Woodring Brothers' Furni ture Factory, continuing thus until the early part of 1888. He then removed to Minneapolis and accepted a position as stair- builder with the Bartwell-Robinson Sash & Door Company, with whom he remained two and a half years. The summer of 1890 he returned to Dubuque and was offered a similar position with Far ley & Loetcher, but in the spring of the following year he located in St. Paul, Minnesota. Shortly thereafter he again returned to Dubuque and the employ of Farley & Loetcher, but two months HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 68 1 later went with the Carr-Rider & Adams Company, with whom he remained until 1907. For about a year thereafter he worked with different firms, then resumed his connection with the firm of Farley & Loetcher, with whom he has remained ever since. Most of Mr. Reinold's best work has gone to Des Moines, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri, and Peoria, Illinois, and the finished and beautiful work on stairways in some of the more prominent buildings in those cities is of his workmanship. Mr. Reinold is an independ ent Democrat in politics, and a member of the Woodmen of the World, Royal Order of Moose and the Carpenters' Union. On- June 1, 1892, he was united in marriage with Miss Louisa Schaff- hauser, daughter of Andrew and Christina Schaffhauser, the for mer living and the latter dying in 1894. To this union four chil dren have been born, named : Marcella, Elsie, Joseph and Dorothy, all living at home and attending school. Thomas Kingsley, for many years actively identified with pub lic and private interests in and around Cascade, is a native of Buckinghamshire, England. His parents, John and Mary (Col lins) Kingsley, together with their three sons, Thomas, Frederick William and Charles Joseph, came to the United States in 1855, and for a time farmed on land which is now part of the city of Cleveland, Ohio. In i860 they moved to Cascade, Iowa, where a daughter, named Lois, was born the same year. They estab lished a home in Spring Valley, Cascade township, and engaged in farming. Mr. Kingsley was a man of sound judgment and com manded universal respect. He was a Republican, served as a member of the school board and township supervisor, and died in 1884, aged sixty-four years. Mrs. Kingsley died in 1881, when fifty-nine years old. Thomas Kingsley was born in 1849, and was but six years old when brought to this country by his parents. After attending the public schools in early youth he began clerk ing in the store of Michael Snyder at Cascade, when fourteen years old, and thus continued seven years. The succeeding six years he worked for Fay & Croston, then with Crawford Brothers three years. In 1881 he embarked in the grocery business upon his own responsibility, adding dry goods to his stock later on. Owing to failing health, he ceased active business pursuits in- 1888, but two years later became manager of the Cascade Mills, which he remodeled and converted into a high-grade roller mill,. also resuming the grocery business. He continued in this manner until 1909, when he disposed of the grocery, purchased the mills, and with characteristic energy has improved the latter property until it is one of the best} in the country. Aside from this, he is and has been identified with other public enterprises. He provided the equipment that furnishes lighting for the City Light & Power Company, operates a saw mill, owns a cement plant that has fur- 682 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY nished cement building blocks entering into the construction of buildings, has dealt in ice since 1905, and has been a director of the Farmers' & Merchants' Bank since its organization. In religious affairs he has been actively identified with the Baptist church for a great many years, of which he is a deacon, and for twenty-three years has been superintendent of its Sunday school. He has served as secretary of the Modern Woodmen of the World for fifteen years, and is also a member of and secretary of the Mystic Work ers. In 1873 Mr. Kingsley married Margaret, daughter of A. P. Hamil, an old settler of Cascade township. Mrs. Kingsley died in 1891, aged thirty-eight years, leaving two children: Myrta E. and Ida May. In 1895 Mr. Kingsley married Ida Weir, born in Iowa in 1868, a daughter of William and Melissa (Young) Weir. The four children born to this marriage are named : Thomas, Will iam, Mellissa and Philip. William Scott Wright, pioneer abstract of title man and real estate lawyer of Dubuque, is a native of Scotland, his birth occur ring at Edinburgh, June 10, 1842. His parents were John Wright, M. D., and Helen Wright. He came to America and Dubuque county, Iowa, in the year 1850. Here he attended the public schools and Bayless Business College, succeeding which he took up the study of law, and was admitted to practice before the State Bar of Iowa in 1873. Shortly thereafter Mr. Wright engager! in the abstract of title and real estate law business, at which he has since continued. In 1880 he was united in marriage with Miss Agnes E. Aitchison, eldest daughter of John Y. Aitchison, D. D., of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and they make their home in the city of Dubuque. Adolph G. Summerfield, engaged in the cleaning and dyeing business in Dubuque, is a native of this city and a son of P. H. E. and Bertha (Rauba) Summerfield. P. H. E. Summerfield was born in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, Germany, in 1835, and came to America and Dubuque, Iowa, at an early period. In i860 he established a cleaning and dyeing concern which he suc cessfully operated for many years. In 1878 his wife died, leaving the following five children to mourn her loss: Minnie, Ewald, Bertha, Hattie (Snyder), and Adolph G. Mr. Summerfield remar ried in 1879, taking for his wife Miss Louisa Freehoffer, who is yet living and residing in Dubuque. In 1904, when sixty-nine years old, Mr. Summerfield passed away and was buried in Lin wood cemetery. Adolph G. Summerfield, the youngest of the children, was born on January 16, 1872. He was educated in the public schools of Dubuque and learned the cleaning and dyeing business under the tutelage of his father, eventually becoming proprietor of the concern. In 1895 he was united in marriage with • ..;_. __^ ^jLmLW J J * IB Rtt' **&* 1/ iSft^H!^ '¦'¦ kk >^ ' / Mrs. CHARLES HOLLNAGEL ^K - *•# r^g' ^ CHARLES HOLLNAGEL HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 683 Miss Maud Collings, daughter of Alfred Collings, a carpenter and builder, and they reside in a beautiful home at 1272 Freemont avenue, with their three children: Alfred, Rhoda and Virginia. Mr. Summerfield is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Modern Woodmen of America, the Modern Brotherhood, and he and family are communicants of the Epis copal church. William Zumhof, of the firm of Peter Kiene & Son, is a native of Dubuque and a son of the old pioneer, George Zumhof. The latter was born in Hanover, Germany, January 9, 1821, and came to America in 1845, ^rst locating, for two years, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He then came to Dubuque, which at that time was little more than a frontier settlement with about 800 inhabitants. In 1849 Mr Zumhof opened a small bakery on the corner of Fifth and Main streets, which he conducted four years, and then erected the Mississippi Hotel on White street, which he operated for a period of nine years. In 1852 he married Miss Mary Wilhelm, and ten children were born to them, the following seven now liv ing: Mrs. F. H. Roedell, of Minneapolis, Minnesota; George, Jr., of Ballard, Washington; Mrs. Alex Allardyce, of Chicago; Mrs. K. Aslesen, of Minneapolis ; Mrs. John Benz, also of Minne apolis; William, our subject; and Mrs. John Neu, of Dubuque. In 1902 Mr. and Mrs. Zumhof celebrated their golden wedding, at which time a family reunion was held. Mr. Zumhof was a pioneer member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of which he became a member in 1849, and also of the Masonic fra ternity, of which he became a member February 28, 1856. During his long residence in Dubuque he voted for sixteen presidents of the United States, and with his passing, on April 6, 1908, the county lost a good and true citizen. The funeral services were conducted by the Dubuque Lodge of the Masonic Order. William Zumhof was born July 10, 1871, and received his edu cation in the public and high schools of Dubuque, and also attended a commercial college. His first employment was with Hosford & Gruner, with whom he remained five years, and he then spent four years with the Dubuque Rubber & Belting Company. For the last sixteen years he has been identified with the firm of Peter Kiene & Son, of which concern he is now a member. On May 10, 1901, he married Miss Anna Francis, of Lena, Illinois, and they have these children: Thomas W. (deceased), William, Jr., and Mar guerite. Mr. Zumhof is a member of the Masonic fraternity, being a thirty-second degree Mason, a member of De Molay Consistory, Clinton, Iowa. Charles H. Hollnagel, well and favorably known through out Dubuque county, is a native of the Empire of Germany, his 684 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY birth occurring April 14, 1835, and is a son of Carl H. and Johanna (Zievert) Hollnagel. Carl H. Hollnagel was born in the fatherland on May 9, 1806, and there resided with his family until 1861, at which time they crossed the Atlantic ocean to Amer ica and journeyed west to Dubuque. After an honorable resi dence of nearly thirty-five years in this county he passed away on April 12, 1895, and was laid at rest beside his wife in Linwood cemetery, she having preceded him in 1880. Charles H. Holl nagel was educated and reared to manhood in his native country and served for a time in the German army. In i860 he immi grated to the United States, landing in New York City December 22, and with his brother came to Dubuque. Upon arriving here they had sufficient money only to purchase two axes, with which they went into the surrounding forests to cut wood at seventy cents a cord. The following spring these two boys sent for their parents, who arrived on May 6, 1861, and for whom they cared ever afterward. In 1865 Charles H. Hollnagel opened a cooper's shop, having previously learned the trade, and was thus engaged until 1877, when he put a superintendent in charge of affairs, and opened a general store, which he subsequently disposed of to his son-in-law in 1893. Mr. Hollnagel has been careful in business affairs, and by hard work and industry has accumulated a com petency. He is a director of the Waterloo (Iowa) Casket Com pany, where he has also large real estate properties. He was a trustee of St. John's Lutheran church, in which he has held mem bership many years. Originally he was a Republican in politics, but now espouses the policies of the Democratic party in local affairs, having changed his views when the Iowa Republican party inserted the temperance plank in their state platform. He served as township trustee for a period of eight years, and as alderman of the Fifth ward from 1883 until 1887. To his marriage with Miss Fredericka Sass, a native of Germany, solemnized May 27, 1861, the following named children were born: Freda (deceased) ; Emma F., now Mrs. Morris Wilson; Carl H. (deceased); and Mathilda L. (deceased). On August 15, 1909, Mrs. Hollnagel passed away, after a long siege of illness, and was buried in the family lot in Linwood cemetery. Benjamin Franklin Blocklinger, cashier of the First Na tional Bank of Dubuque, was born in this city January 1, 1864, a son of Gottfried and Ursula (Hilti) Blocklinger, appropriate men tion of whom is made elsewhere in this publication. Benjamin F. Blocklinger received his education in the public and high schools of Dubuque, and on January 30, 1882, started as messenger boy in the First National Bank. Practically his entire life has been passed in connection with the banking industry, and by close atten tion to business he carefully mastered the details of that line and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 685 has arisen to his present position. When twenty-four years old he entered the service of his country and served ten years with the Iowa National Guard, in which he attained the rank of major. When the Spanish-American war broke out, his command was ordered to the front, and saw active service during that struggle at Havana, Cuba. Mr. Blocklinger also served as captain of Com pany A of the Governor's Greys, which was organized in 1887, and named in honor of the famous Governor's Greys who were the first company in the State of Iowa to offer its services to President Lincoln's call for volunteers to help preserve the Union. This old organization was widely known for its splendid service during the Civil war. Aside from his connection with the First National Bank, Mr. Blocklinger is treasurer of Finley Hospital, of the Lin wood Cemetery Association and of the Dubuque Telephone Com pany, and is treasurer and a director of the Dubuque Building & Loan Association. Socially he is identified with the Masonic fra ternity, in politics is a Republican, and attends the Methodist church. On August 23, 1898, he was united in marriage with Miss Iola Brown, of Waterloo, Iowa, and they reside at No. 1 Coventry Court, Dubuque. Michael H. Sauser, a member of one of the old and best known families of Dubuque county, is a retired farmer, and is now living in the town of Cascade. John B. Sauser, his father, was born in Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, August 16, 1826, and in the year 1848 came to the United States and first located at Detroit, Michigan, where he worked at brickmaking. He remained there two years and then removed to Cascade town ship, Dubuque county, Iowa, where he engaged in farming. That same year he married Mrs. Mary Kurt (her maiden name being Scheitler) , a native of Luxemburg, who was born in Krauten, Janu ary 30, 1814, her first husband, Michael Kurt, having died in 1850. Year by year Mr. Sauser increased his farming domain until prior to his retirement he had accumulated an area of about 1,200 acres of the finest land, in Dubuque county, and upon which he erected most substantial improvements in the shape of residence, barns and other buildings, and was a pioneer in farming on a large scale. About the year 1886 he disposed of much of his land to his children, moved to Cascade, and there lived retired from the more active duties of life until his death in 1906. His wife died June 13, 1897. They were the parents of the following family. Annie, residing at home in Cascade; Susan, wife of N. J. Bisenius, of Cascade town ship; Catherine, now Mrs. P. Pettinger, of Cumberland; J. P. and Michael H., the latter two residing in Cascade. Michael H. Sau ser was reared to manhood on the old home place and, as a boy, attended the village schools. He followed farming as an occupa- 686 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY tion until 1891, then embarked in the lumber business in Cascade. He later disposed of this and is now practically retired from active business pursuits, his home being with his sister Annie. Fred Doerrmann, Dubuque's popular ladies' and gentlemen's tailor, is a native of the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, his birth occurring November 24, 1865, and the oldest son of Jacob and Barbara (Saam) Doerrmann. For many generations the male members of the family have followed tailoring, and Jacob Doerr mann was no exception to this rule, but he also at one time tried farming and was so successful at it that he renounced the trade of his forefathers and ever afterwards engaged in agricultural pursuits. He is still living, but the wife died and is buried in the old country. Fred Doerrmann attended the public schools until his sixteenth year, and then spent two and a half years as an apprentice to the tailor's trade. He then went to Strasburg, Prov ince of Alsace, where he worked at his trade a few months, and then took his card, as is customary among journeymen tailors of the old country, and started out on foot to further his ability by working in various tailoring establishments throughout the coun try, keeping a record of every place in which he worked. For a time he was located at Zurich, Switzerland, making army officers' uniforms and citizens' clothing, and then went by rail to Geneva, where he remained two years, making also ladies' as well as gen tlemen's clothes. Desiring to perfect himself in his life's work, Mr. Doerrmann went to Paris, France, the leading city in fash ions, and there studied under the masters of his craft. He found employment in an establishment first at the Latin quarter and later on the Grand Boulevard, and there remained two years, after which he went to London and secured employment in the West End tailoring shops, having for customers members of the nobility of England. Following a short trip home, he immigrated to America, and after visiting relatives in Lansing, Iowa, went to Minneapolis and there worked until the fall of the panic. He then opened a tailor shop in Glenwood, Wisconsin, but found the place too small, and shortly afterwards, in 1894, came to Dubuque and embarked in his profession on Clay street. In August, 1910, he removed his offices to the sixth floor of the Bank & Insurance Building, occupying a suite of rooms and catering to the best of trade. Mr. Doerrmann, by reason of his long experience in the tailoring business, during which he has studied under the first men of the line in the world, conducts one of the best and most com plete tailoring establishments in the city, and guarantees satisfac tion to all his customers. In 1901 he married Miss Maria Wolpert, a native of Germany, and after a trip abroad they returned to Dubuque and have since made this city their home. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 687 William C. Murphy, of Dubuque, local representative for R. G. Dun & Co.'s Commercial Agency, was born at Galena, Illi nois, November 11, 1876, one of six children born to the marriage of Terrence and Alice (Harris) Murphy. Terrence L. Murphy, his father, was a native of Troy, New York. He later came West to Galena, Illinois, and there engaged in mercantile pursuits until his removal to Dubuque in 1885. Here for fifteen years he was engaged in the cigar business, and in 1909 removed to Wilmont, Minnesota, where he has since been engaged in the harness busi ness. Mrs. T. L. Murphy, his mother, was the daughter of Will iam Harris, who came from England to America, about 1850, and settled at Galena, Illinois, later going to Idaho, where he engaged in mining. Shortly after finishing the local schools, William C. Murphy entered the employ of The Bradstreet Commercial Agency in 1889, remaining with them about two years. He then went with R. G. Dun & Co., and has ever since been identified with that firm. On November 1, 1902, he assumed management of their offices in Dubuque, with fifteen counties in Iowa and two in Illinois under his supervision. On June 16, 1900, Mr. Murphy was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth R. Rose, whose parents were Jacob and Katherine Rose, and who conducted a general store at East Dubuque, Illinois, many years ago. Three children have been born to them, as follows : Edith R., William C, Jr., and Robert D. Mr. Murphy is a member of the Dubuque Club and is one of the public-spirited men of the community. Frank J. Kearney, manager of the Western Union Telegraph office in Dubuque, was born in this city November 28, 1870, a son of the old pioneers, Michael M. and Mary (Griffin) Kearney. Michael M. Kearney was born in New York state in 1838, and was of Irish descent, his parents coming to America at an early date. Early in life he attended the public schools and learned the car penter trade, and in 1859 went to Montreal, Canada, where he remained two years. He then returned to Waddington, New York, and when the government was plunged into war, and all patriotic men were urged to come forward to maintain the union of the states, the stirring call met with an answer from Mr. Kearney, who enlisted with the Eighty-third New York Volun teers, which command was later consolidated with the Ninety- seventh, and he served throughout that entire struggle as a mem ber of the Army of the Potomac. He was wounded five times, twice seriously. At the battle of the Wilderness he lost an eye and during another engagement was struck in the leg by a bullet which splintered the bone and rendered him somewhat crippled in after life. In 1865 he was honorably discharged, and came to Dubuque, his people having removed to this city during the war. Here he worked at his trade of carpenter, and in 1868 was mar- •688 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY ried to Miss Mary Griffin, a native of Ireland. To them were born: Frank J. ; Katherine (Mrs. D. U Murphy); May (Sister Mary Amabilis of the Sisters of Charity, B. U. M. ) ; Agnes; and Joseph (deceased). Frank J. Kearney, the oldest of the children and the immediate subject of this memoir, received his education in the local parochial schools and under private tutors. He also attended Bayless Business College and learned telegraphy, at which he has been engaged ever since. He is at present manager of the Western Union office in Dubuque. In 1902 he was married to Miss Effie Adams, who is descended from Rev. Robert Cushman, of Colonial fame, and to them Francis A. and Mary Adella have been born. It was Robert Cushman who, with Governor Carver, chartered the Mayflower, which brought the first Pilgrims to America, in December, 1620. He himself came in 162 1, and after having been here a few weeks, preached a sermon on "Sin and the Danger of Self-Love." It is the oldest sermon extant, delivered in America. Mr. Kearney is a member of the Knights of Colum bus, is a Roman Catholic in religious views, and one of the pro gressive and public-spirited men of the county. John Spencer, architect, with offices in the Bank & Insurance Building, Dubuque, was born a subject of the British crown, his birth, occurring at York, December 26, 1856. Thomas and' Anna (Armstrong) Spencer, his parents, were natives of Scotland, but lived the greater part of their lives and died in England. After attending the public schools, John Spencer entered Cambridge Uni versity, but did not, however, complete his course in that institu tion. In 1877 he was graduated from South Kensington Art Institute, and for ten years thereafter followed his trade of archi tect in Great Britain. After coming to America and Dubuque, Mr. Spencer was for a time identified as junior member with the firm of W. W. Boynton & Company, designers and architects, which concern erected the Bank & Insurance Building in Dubuque. He then spent two years in Chicago, after which he returned to Dubuque, and has here been ever since actively engaged at his profession. Among the more prominent structures erected by Mr. Spencer are the following: Iowa Trust & Savings Bank, German Trust & Savings Bank, Young Women's Christian Association Building, Carnegie-Stout Library, Iowa Telephone Building, Eagle Point Park Pavilion, Pavilion at Tri-State Fair, Glover & Company warehouses and offices. German Presbyterian School, Carr-Ryder & Adams factory, warehouses and offices, St. Luke's parsonages, and the F. D. Stout and many other private residences of note. He also built St. Peter's School at Keokuk, Iowa. So cially, Mr. Spencer is identified with the Benevolent and Protect ive Order of Elks and the Anglican Society, being secretary of the latter organization. To his marriage with Miss Marcia Cynthia HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 689 Pomeroy, daughter of Andrew and Elizabeth Pomeroy, of Chi cago, one son and two daughters have been born, named: John Armstrong, attending the Prescott School; Marcia Catherine, and Elizabeth Ward. Mrs. Spencer is a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The family residence is at 1025 Locust street. William Craft was born January 15, 1854, a son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Schaeffer) Craft, of whom proper mention is made in the biography of George W. Craft, appearing elsewhere in this work. William Craft was reared on a farm, receiving his education in the public schools. In 188 1, while in Cass county, Iowa, he married Estella Pence, who was born in Brown county, Ohio, March 3, 1859, daughter of Samuel and Fannie (Payne) Pence. He later moved to Linn county, Iowa, but eventually returned to Dubuque county and established a home, where he now resides. Mr. Craft is known as one of the progressive, mod ern and successful farmers of this county, and his graded stock have attracted wide attention. Besides his present farm, he is the owner of a half section of land in Barnes county, North Dakota, an interest in the creamery at Fillmore, and other properties in various localities. Mr. Craft is a member of the Ancient Free & Accepted Masons, the Eastern Star, and the Modern Woodmen of America, and is a Republican in politics. To Mr. and Mrs. Craft the following named children have been born : Samuel, an undertaker residing in Montana; Charles, engaged in mining in South Dakota; George, a farmer of North Dakota; William; Stanley; Sidney; Melvin; Estella; and Celia. Rudolph Jones, for the past quarter of a century successfully engaged in carpenter contracting in Dubuque, with offices and residence at 1029 Rhomberg avenue, was born at Crete, near Chi cago, Cook county, Illinois, August 3, 1855, the son of John and Elizabeth Jones. John Jones, who changed the name from Joens to Jones, was a native of Holstein, Germany, and came to America in 1853, locating in Dubuque, Iowa, about three years later. He was originally a contractor by occupation, but later took up and for thirty years engaged in farming in Table Mound township. Both he and wife are now living in Dubuque, eighty years of age, retired from the active cares of life, and on April 4, 1904, they celebrated their golden wedding in this city. Before coming to the United States Mr. Jones was a member of the German army, and he saw active service in the international struggles of that country. Rudolph Jones came with his parents to Dubuque when very young. He assisted his father in carpentering, and also remained some nine years on the home farm in Table Mound township. In 1878, when twenty-three years old, he came to the city of Dubuque, 690 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY and after working as a journeyman carpenter for a time, embarked in the contracting business on his own account, and has ever since been successfully engaged in that line of business. He has erected many of Dubuque's fine commercial houses and private residences,, churches and public buildings, among which are the Masonic Tem ple and German Lutheran Church of Emanuel. Mr. Jones is a Republican in politics and for eight years, 1898 to 1906, served as Alderman-at-large, and in religious views is a German Lutheran. November 28, 1883, at Earlville, Iowa, he married Miss Elizabeth Werkmeister, and three children have been born to them, named, Ula; Richard, engaged in life, fire and accident insurance business in Davenport, Iowa ; and John F., now studying law. Mrs. Jones was the daughter of Finton and Juditha Werkmeister, natives of Baden, Germany, and pioneer settlers of Dubuque. Alexander Simplot, the oldest of the living native-born citizens of Dubuque, in fact in the state of Iowa, first saw the light of day on January 5, 1837. His father, Henry Simplot, was born in Besan- con, France, in the year 1800, and when twenty-two years old married Miss Susan Le Clair, with whom, at an early date, he immigrated to America. They first located in Chicago, where they started to erect a home, but disposed of this and removed to Nauvoo, Hancock county, Illinois, this being before the Mormons settled there. In 1836 they came to Dubuque, then little more than a frontier settlement, and purchased a lot at the corner of what is now Main and First streets, where for many years the father engaged in the mercantile business. As his business grew he added the buying and selling of grains, pork packing, etc., and during Dubuque's early history was one of the leading business men. He passed away in 1846, a member of the first Board of Aldermen under Mayor Booth, the first Mayor, and was buried in the Catholic cemetery, but when his wife died in 1877 his remains were taken up and laid beside her in the family lot in Linwood cemetery. Early in life Alexander Simplot displayed considerable talent as an artist and portrayer of landscape scenes, but this profession- was looked down upon by his friends, and; his relatives sought to discourage him. But the ability and instinct to draw were born in him, and many valuable scenes have been preserved through his talented efforts. Mr. Simplot was unusually well educated, being a graduate of Union College, New York, and a student for two years at Mount Morris, Illinois, where he was a classmate of Sen ator Cullom and Mr. Rawlins, who was Secretary of War under President Grant. When, in answer to President Lincoln's first call for volunteers in 186 1, the troops were embarking on the Al hambra for Cairo, Illinois, Mr. Simplot made a sketch of the scene and sent same to Harper's Weekly. This was published and he at HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 691 their request went to Cairo as war correspondent. He was also appointed assistant engineer in the War Department and was thus enabled to portray many of the battles and engagements on the Mississippi river. His sketch of the battle of Memphis was the only one taken at the time of the actual battle. At the close of the war he returned to Dubuque and in 1866 was united in mar riage with Miss Virginia Knapp. To them the following children were born: Ella (Tschirgi) ; Mary A. (Metz); Frank, deceased; Harry A. ; LeRoy B. ; Julian D. ; Alvin R., and Orville G. Mrs. Simplot departed this life in 1904 and now lies at rest in the family lot inj Linwood cemetery. At the time of his marriage Mr. Sim plot took active charge of his dry goods establishment, which he successfully conducted for some time, but subsequently disposed of his interests and embarked extensively in the buying and shipping of grain. He also owned considerable real estate properties in Dubuque and elsewhere. In religious views he is an adherent of the Presbyterian faith. He is secretary of the Dubuque County Old Settlers' Association and secretary of the Julien Dubuque Monument Association. As a good, man, a loving father, and an honest citizen he stands second to none in the county. George Collis, president of the Collis Company, Dubuque, is a native of England, his birth occurring April 26, 1852, and a son of George and Tamer (Palmer) Collis. Early in life he lost his father, and what schooling he received was managed by the mother. When eleven years old he became an apprentice to the copper smith's trade, and in 1869 brought his mother and two sisters . across the ocean to Hamilton, Canada, where for two years he worked at his trade. He then entered the employ of the Canada Southern Railroad Company as coppersmith at St. Thomas, but in 1876 he embarked in the plumbing business on his own account. Dull times followed the exposition in that city and he secured employment with the Grand Trunk Railway at Hamilton, Ontario. but in 1891 he came West to Rockford, Illinois, and helped to organize the Andrews Iron & Wire Works, of which concern he was secretary for thirteen years. In 1907 he disposed of his inter ests and joined his sons in Dubuque, Iowa, putting considerable money into the concern, of which he has been for some time presi dent. In 1873 Mr. Collis was united in marriage with Miss Thirza Dallyn, and these children have been born to them: Nor man P., Harold G., Oliver D., Florence M., living, and Frank B. and Herbert G., deceased. In 1898 Mrs. Collis passed away, and two years later Mr. Collis married Miss Isabella Dallyn, a cousin of his former wife. One of Mr. Collis' remarkable characteris tics is his great love of children and his associations with them. He was reared in Sunday school work, is a teacher in the Congre gational Sunday school, and to this day delights in gathering 692 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY young people about him and studying with them. In politics he is a firm believer in the Progressive movement. Socially he is iden tified with the Royal Arcanum, the Ancient Order of Foresters and the Masonic fraternity, of which latter organization he is a Royal Arch Mason. He is very positive in his convictions that alcoholic beverages are a curse to humanity. His library and garden are his chief pleasures. Joseph Gehrig, who died April 13, 1885, was a notable man in the early annals of Dubuque and had a remarkable career. He was born in Canton St. Gallen, Switzerland, in 1819, and when a young man immigrated to the United States. He landed at New Orleans in June, 1844, remained there a short time, and then worked his way by boat to Galena, Illinois, which was at that time the principal distributing point for the Northwest. He came to Dubuque in that year; there were but four brick buildings in the place at that time. He worked in P. E. Lorimier's stone quarry for fifty cents a day and chopped wood for thirty cents a day. When the Mexican War broke out he, desiring to enlist, walked to Galena three times to meet the recruiting officer, but never found him and was therefore denied the privilege of satisfying his ambi tion for a military life. The news of the discovery of gold in California next fired his imagination. In 1849 he joined a com pany and with ox teams started on the six months' journey over land across the plains. Three hundred miles this side of the Rocky Mountains their cattle died and the remainder of the trip was made on foot with incredible hardships. Upon their arrival at Sacramento they found it a place consisting of a few tents. The first work he did there was the digging of the first two cellars that were ever dug in Sacramento. For this work he received $120. Then, after paying a debt of eighty dollars, he "grub staked" himself with the remainder and started mining for himself. He staked out a claim in the vicinity of Captain Sutter's discovery and was successful. He remained there until 185 1, and then re turned to the States via the Isthmus of Panama and was compelled to walk from ocean to ocean under a tropical sun. Upon arrival at New York he had decided to visit his native land, but changed his mind and returned to Dubuque, traveling by rail to Elgin, which was then the western terminus of the road, and the remainder of the distance by stage. Here he bought the ground upon which the Jefferson House now stands and which was then an Indian mound. In order to erect the hotel he thought an excavation of thirty-two feet was necessary, and in this excavation, in a rudely constructed coffin, was found the body of O'Connell, who was the first man hanged in Dubuque county. His offense was the murder of his mining partner in order to obtain sole control of their dis covery. Mr. Gehrig erected the hotel and it became one of the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 693 most noted hostelries of early times. He began building in 1852, but did not complete it before 1854, when it was first opened to the public. All the hardware and glass had to be brought from Chicago. He accumulated considerable property and was ac counted wealthy. In 1851 he married Ursula Kiene, a sister of the late Peter Kiene; she died in 1872. They became the parents of six children: Mary, Paul, Henry, Lena, John, and Joseph. Before building the Jefferson House Mr. Gehrig conducted the old Farmers' Home on Clay street. The Jefferson House has always been owned and operated by the Gehrigs. Of the foregoing children Henry Gehrig is the present proprietor of the hotel. He was born in Dubuque, April 3, 1864, attended the public schools during boyhood, aided his father in operating the hotel, and upon the latter's demise took charge of the estate, and in 1893 became proprietor of the hotel, which he has since managed. As was his father before him, Henry Gehrig is a Demo crat in politics and an active worker in the ranks of his party. The elder Gehrig served in the City Council when Messrs. Turck and Graves occupied the office of Mayor of Dubuque. On May 29, 1893, Henry Gehrig married Miss Mary Schrup, daughter of Joseph and Wilhelmina Schrup, and they have five children : Joseph, Paulina, Lucile, Rosaline and Paul. Herman Brinkman, deceased, long a resident of Dubuque, was born in Germany in 1829, and when twenty-one years old crossed the Atlantic ocean to America. He first located in Cleveland, Ohio, where for two years he worked at his trade of cabinetmaker, and in 1853 came to Dubuque and embarked in the cabinet and furniture business at the corner of Ninth and Main streets. In 1861 he opened a pork packing establishment on Eighth street between Main and Iowa streets, which he conducted successfully for a period of fifteen years. He then disposed of his interests and entered the grocery business at the corner of Seventeenth and West Locust streets, later removing to Sanford and Windsor avenues, where he remained until his death in 1888. To his marriage with Miss Xararia Kleiner, daughter of Joachim Kleiner, pioneer farmer of Dubuque county, four children were born as follows : Oscar, Mary, Herman W., and Ida, now Mrs. Meisch. Mrs. Brinkman died in 1909 and was laid at rest beside her husband in Mount Calvary cemetery. Of the above named children Herman W. Brinkman received his scholastic training in the local public and parochial schools, and at the age of twenty, in 1888, entered his father's gro cery establishment, learning thoroughly the details of that line of work and eventually succeeding to the business. As a Democrat in politics he was elected City Treasurer in 1902, holding that office until 1910, when, in partnership with Thomas Federspeil, he pur- 694 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY chased the wholesale and retail cheese establishment of the A. Hasel estate. Under their management this business has since been greatly increased and is now regarded as one of the solid and sub stantial commercial houses of the city. On April 4, 1895, Mr. Brinkman was united in marriage with Miss Theresa A. Frey, and one son, Joseph, has been born to them. They are also rearing Carl and Leo, sons of Mr. Brinkman's brother-in-law. Mr. Brink- man is a Catholic in religion, and is a member of the Catholic Order of Foresters and of the St. Aloysius Society. Anton Friedman, deceased, for many years prominently identi fied with the farming interests of Dubuque county, was a native of the state of Ohio, born October 14, 1844, a son of Joseph and Katherine Friedman. He came with his parents to Dubuque county, Iowa, in 1856, and for a time attended the New Vienna school. Joseph Friedman died in 1883, aged sixty-nine years, and was buried in Luxemburg; his wife died' in i860 and is buried at New Vienna. Shortly after his marriage Anton Friedman farmed on rented land, and later bought 120 acres which he improved. In 1882 he sold this and purchased 160 acres, six years later adding another 80 acres to his holdings, and by hard work he brought his property to a high state of cultivation. He gradually prospered and became one of the foremost men of his community. July 20, 1900, he passed away and his loss was mourned generally through out the county. On February 18, 1868, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Westendorf, who was born July 31, 1849, in Maryland, the daughter of Joseph and Catherine Westendorf. Her parents came to Dubuque county at an early date and here engaged in farming. To them were born these children : Mary, the wife of Herman Sassen, retired farmer of Adrian, Minnesota; Cather ine, married George Friedman, retired farmer of Alton, Sioux county, Iowa; Anna, wife of John Stalzer, farming in Marshall county, Iowa; Theresa, wife of Henry Pottebaum, farming in Liberty township ; Bernardina, married John Hoefler, of West phalia, Kansas, and Elizabeth, wife of Anton Friedman. Mr. Westendorf died April 10, 1890, aged seventy-one years, followed by his wife December 8, 1895, aged seventy-one years, and both are buried at Luxemburg. Mrs. Friedman attended the old Vor wald school during her girlhood days, and resided at home until her marriage. She now resides on the old homestead, where she and her husband lived happily together for many years. To them were born the following named children: John J., died at the age of twenty-six, March 12, 1905, while studying for the priesthood, and is buried in the family lot at Luxemburg; Joseph, farming in Liberty township; Mary, who married John Pottebaum, a farmer of Millville township, Clayton county, Iowa; Jacob, pro prietor of the Dyersville Automobile Company ; George, farmer of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 695 Clayton county; Theresa, Sister Lucilla of St. Francis, Dubuque; Henry J., at home; Magdalena, residing at home; William Anton, at home, and Anna M., a graduate of Luxemburg parochial school. Mr. Friedman always took an active interest in the growth and development of his section of the county and for years held the office of township trustee. Nicholas John Bisenius, farmer and stock raiser, residing on section 27, Cascade township, is a son of Mathias and Ann Bisenius, natives of Germany, who immigrated to the United States in 185 1 with their three children, Mary, Catherina and William. The family first settled at Holy Cross, Iowa, but at an early period in the history of Dubuque county, Iowa, moved here and established a home on section 11, Cascade township, taking up government land at $1.25 an acre. After their arrival in this country the parents had born to them five more children : Margaret, Nicholas, Anna M., Ellen, and Mathias. Mathias Bisenius was noted for his industry, honesty, his love of home and his veneration for the tenets of the Catholic church. He and wife are now dead. Nicholas John Bisenius was born (1856) in the township where he now resides and was here educated in the public schools and grew to manhood. After his father's death he rented the home farm, which he later bought of the heirs, and continued to reside there until 1880, at which time he moved to his present home. Mr. Bisenius is one of the foremost farmers and stock raisers in this locality, his Poland China hogs, high-bred Polled Angus cattle and registered Clydes dale horses being particularly noteworthy. He is a Democrat in politics and has served as township trustee and school director several terms. In 1878 he married Miss Susan Sauser, who was born February 29, 1856, a daughter of John B. Sauser, of whom proper notice is given elsewhere in this volume. Fourteen children have been born to this union, as follows : John Albert, Mary Lucy, John Charles, Frank Peter, Rose Catherine, Mathilda M., Henry Michael, Clara Ann, Anthony Frank, Mary Theresa, Joseph M., Ida Celestine, Margaret Alvira, and Reginald Frank. The family are of the religious faith of their forefathers and belong to the Roman Catholic church. Frederick I. Massey, deceased, was, during his long residence in the city of Dubuque, European manager for the Massey-Harris Company, of Toronto, Canada. He was born in Lockport, New York, May 2, 1842, a son of Isaac Frederick Massey. When the great struggle between the North and the South became imminent Mr. Massey answered President Lincoln's call for volunteers and joined the Union forces as a member of Company A, 105th New York Volunteer Infantry, being mustered in at Batavia, New York. Shortly thereafter he was transferred to the Ninety-fourth New 696 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY York Volunteer Infantry, commissioned first lieutenant, and joined the famous Army of the Potomac. At the battle of Chancellors- ville, for valiant services, he was breveted major-colonel, and after a long and honorable service was discharged by the War Depart ment of the United States Government at Yorktown, Virginia. He was wounded twice. At the conclusion of the war he re- enlisted in the regular army and was given charge of the Military Commission at Yorktown, where he remained four years, and by judicious attitude and shrewd tactics won many friends to "recon struction." In 1869 he resigned from the army and came to Dubuque, immediately engaging as European manager for the Massey-Harris Company, and operating same from headquarters in Dubuque. Although ever taking an active interest in local affairs of importance, Mr. Massey always refused to hold office; he was a Republican in politics and a member of the Presbyterian church. He was a memebr of the Masonic fraternity and of the Loyal Legion, in each of which he was prominent. On October 2, 1866, he was united in marriage with Miss Alleen L. Langworthy, of Dubuque, and she now resides in the old Langworthy mansion known as "Ridge Mount." In 1908 Mr. Massey passed away and his loss was mourned generally throughout the county. He died as he had lived, an honorable and respected man, and was greatly esteemed by all with whom he came in contact. James Lyon Langworthy, deceased, was one of the earliest white settlers to arrive in Dubuque county. He was born January 20, 1800, near Windsor, Vermont, and was a direct descendant of Andrew Langworthy, who came from England to America in 1630 and settled in New Haven. This family, in years past, has taken a prominent part in the wonderful growth and development of our country, assisting the colonies in the struggle for independence and in many other ways proving their love and loyalty for the land of their adoption. Until nineteen years of age James Lyon Langworthy remained on the old home place in Vermont, securing the limited educational advantages of the day as afforded by the country schools, and then, being possessed with a strong desire to see the West, he journeyed to St. Louis. He was of a roving disposition, however, and before long left there and, accompanied by his brother, Lucius H. Langworthy, came to Dubuque county, Iowa. It has been said that they were the first white men to settle in this locality after the death of Julien Dubuque. At that time the latter's earthly remains were found at rest in a small stone house near the river, reclining in a corner, with a pipe thrust between his teeth and his body adorned and surrounded by the various implements of the chase, after the usual manner of Indian burials. Mr. Langworthy had been told of the great mineral wealth of Dubuque county, and, guided by friendly Indians, explored the surrounding regions for HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 697 several months without seeing a white face. He was an honest, fearless man, and by square dealing with the Indians gained their undying friendship and was given by them the title of "White Chief." For years he continued his mining and trading operations, and witnessed the rise of Dubuque from the primitive conditions in which he found it to be one of the great metropolitan cities of the Middle West. He was one of those sturdy pioneers who have done so much for America, — one of those who will live forever in the hearts and minds of all people. On March 17, 1840, he was united in marriage with Miss Agnes Miln, a native of Edinburgh, Scotland, and to them the following children were born: James Douglas; Alleen L., widow of F. I. Massey; Herbert, deceased; Augusta, and Clara, deceased. To many of the present generation the trials and hardships experienced and overcome by the early pioneers can scarcely be realized; it was theirs to do, and with hearts full of confidence in a God above and their own strong hands they gave America the start that subsequently made her the pre mier country of the world. Such a man was James Lyon Lang worthy. On March 14, 1865, he was summoned to the great un known, and in 1907 he was followed by his wife, both now lying at rest in Linwood cemetery. Horace Poole, Chief Deputy United States Marshal, Northern District of Iowa, and for fifty-two years a resident of Dubuque, was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, on December 18, 1836. His parents were Fitch and Mary (Poor), Poole, of English ancestry, the progenitors of the family in America being John and Margaret Poole, who came to this country in 1632, and settled in Newtown (now Cambridge), Massachusetts. The early life of Horace Poole differed but little from that of other boys in those days ; after grad uating from the high school of his native town he entered Kimball Union Academy at Meriden, New Hampshire, and upon the com pletion of his course made a voyage to China for the purpose of learning navigation, returning in 1857. The alluring possibilities of the new West attracted his attention and in 1858 he came to Dubuque with Aaron Bayless, the founder of Bayless' Commercial College, and remained with him until i860, when he accepted the position of bookkeeper in the commission house of Smith & Cannon. At the breaking out of the Civil War he was a member of the Governor's Greys, a military company composed of young business men of the city, and upon the call of President Lincoln for 75,000 men he enlisted on April 20, 1861, and was enrolled a member of Company I, First Iowa Infantry. His first military experience was under General Nathaniel Lyon in Missouri, who was killed early in the battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10, 1 86 1. In 1862 he was appointed adjutant of the Twenty-first Iowa 698 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Infantry, but soon after taking the field was detailed as staff officer with General FitzHenry Warren, and later with General Banks commanding the Department of the Gulf. In February, 1864, he was appointed by President Lincoln an assistant adjutant general with rank of captain and assigned to General Warren, with whom he served until the spring of 1865, when he was ordered to Nash ville and assigned to the staff of Major General Thomas, and was mustered out after the close of the war, in July, 1865. Upon returning to Dubuque he resumed his old position, but with change of firm, and on the death of the proprietor in 1870, a new firm was organized by some of the employees, under the firm name of Poole, Gilliam & Co., of which Mr. Poole was the active head for twenty years. Ever since the year 1898 he has been Chief Deputy United States Marshal for the Northern District of Iowa. There are but few men in northern Iowa more widely known or more universally respected. He has been a vestryman of St. John's Episcopal church for many years ; is a member of Mosaic Lodge, A. F. and A. M., the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. In 1864 he was united in marriage with Miss Frances Lang worthy, a member of one of the oldest and most respected pioneer families of Iowa. They have two sons, Clark Langworthy and Horace Stephens, now in business in Chicago. William R. Tibbals, who has lived a retired life in Dubuque since 1904, was born in Bennington, Vermont, on June 27, 1832, and is a son of Charles S. and Emaline (Spencer) Tibbals. The parents came West to Chicago at an early date and four years later went to Elgin, Illinois, and there engaged in the hotel business. In 1852 they removed to Galena, same state, and there also conducted a hostelry. Their son, William R., the immediate subject of this memoir, received his education in the common schools and at the age of twenty entered the river traffic as a pilot on a steamboat. This he followed until 1904, his last service being as captain of the Diamond Jo steamer "Quincy," which plied between' St. Paul and St. Louis. In 1895 ^r. Tibbals was appointed by President Cleve land Supervising Inspector of Steamboats, which position he held four years. On August 6, 1856, Mr. Tibbals was united in mar riage with Miss Catherine R. Black, who was born in Pennsylvania and educated in Indiana, and to them two children were born, William O., residing at the Larches, four miles north of Dubuque, and Catherine M., now Mrs. William M. Clewell, of Dubuque. In politics Mr. Tibbals espouses the policies of the Democratic party, and in religious views is an Episcopalian. In 1904 he retired from the active business cares of life and is now residing with his daugh ter at 1660 Iowa street, his wife having passed away in 1906. He HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 699 is one of the pioneer settlers of Dubuque and bears the respect and esteem of all who know him. Charles F. Arendt, present humane officer of Dubuque, was born in Germany on November 15, 1858, the son of Charles F. and Amelia (Conrad) Arendt, both of whom were natives of that country. The grandfather was at one time a wealthy brewer, but became involved in government affairs, lost his property and escaped to Switzerland, where the father of the subject of this sketch took up the trade of shoemaker, in which he continued until 1867, when he crossed the Atlantic to America, where he believed that chances for success were much greater, and the first two years worked at his trade in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1869 he came to Dubuque county, and with the money he had saved bought a farm in Table Mound township which he conducted until his death in 1899. His son, Charles F., Jr., received his education in the public schools of his native country, also of this, and later attended high school two terms and the Epworth Seminary two terms, defraying his ex penses at the latter by teaching school. In 1875 he went to Charles City, Iowa, to learn the cabinetmaker's trade, and four years later returned to Dubuque and practiced same two years. He then traveled for various commercial houses until 1890, when he again took up the cabinetmaker's trade as foreman of the cabinetmaking department of Carr, Ryder & Adams Company, with whom he remained until May 1, 1902, when he was elected City Recorder; he was reelected in 1904 and served until 1906. The following year he received the appointment of local humane officer and still holds this position. He is a Republican in politics, a Congrega- tionalist in religion, and socially is identified with the Masonic fra ternity, the Eagles, the Orioles and the Modern Woodmen of Amer ica. To his marriage with Miss Caroline Capretz, of Wisconsin, solemnized in 1880, Charles C, Bartholomew, Henry (deceased) and Harold have been born. Mrs. Arendt was the daughter of Bartholomew Capretz, who served in the Civil War as a member of the Eighty-first Wisconsin Volunteers, participating in the Mis souri and Red River campaigns, and died in 1904. He and wife were early settlers of Wisconsin. Leonard P. Allen is one of the more recent additions to the population of the city of Dubuque, and is presenting before the people of the county the new system of analyzing the symptoms and adjusting the physical cause of disease known as the chiro practic idea. The basic principles of this system are that the source of bodily health or disease is to be found at a point at the base of the skull, where the nerves of the brain converge with the spinal cord, and along the spinal cord with its attending nerve filaments. Chiropractic affords an exact and scientific method of determining 700 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the location of any vertebra which on account of its misalignment is responsible for nerve compression, and also an original, unique and most effective manner for correcting this abnormal condition by means of the hands alone, using either the spinous or transverse processes of the vertebrae as handles or levers. Shortly after com ing to Dubuque Dr. Allen formed a partnership with Dr. Glen L. Chamberlain, but this firm has since been dissolved and Dr. Allen has continued the practice of his profession alone. He was born in Cache county, Utah, June 16, 1885, the son of Andrew B. and Susan (Preece) Allen, and is of the ninth generation directly descended from Charles Allen, who came from England to the American colonies in 1630 and settled in Massachusetts. Dr. Allen was reared and primarily educated in Utah, subsequently entering the Palmer School of Chiropractic at Davenport, Iowa, from which he was graduated June 1, 1909. He practiced inter mittently at several points until his location in Dubuque the fall of 1910. To his marriage with Miss Lena M. Wallace, solemnized in 1909, one daughter, Eva, has been born. Robert Young, foreman of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul passenger car shops, is of Scotch-English extraction, and was born June 8, 1857, in Newbattle, near Edinburgh, Scotland. His father, Robert Young, was a native of Scotland, and the mother, whose maiden name was Alice Bond, was born in England. Robert Young, Sr., was a surveyor and mining engineer in the service of the British Government and his duties carried him to nearly every portion of the civilized world. After attending the public schools Robert Young, the immediate subject of this memoir, learned the cabinetmaker's and carpenter's trades, and in 1882 came to America by way of New York, stopping for a short time in the state of Pennsylvania. He then decided to cross the States to Seattle, Washington, with the intention of journeying west to Australia, if not pleased with his prospects in the rapidly growing city of the Northwest, but stopped off at Dubuque and has since made this city his home. He secured employment in the shops of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, and in 1884 was made foreman of the passenger car department, in which capacity he has remained ever since. Mr. Young has been twice married. His first wife, Mary Johnstone, of Bonnyrig, near Edinburgh, Scotland, was a descend ant of the Johnstones of Annandale, and a second cousin to Sir Charles Johnstone. She died in 1891 and was buried in Linwood cemetery. One daughter, Janet, was born to them. She is now the wife of Rev. Albert Vonder Lippe, of Kansas City, Kansas. In 1893 Mr. Young married Miss Julia Rose, of Dubuque, and one son, Robert E., was born to them. Aside from business affairs Mr. Young takes great interest in church work, and was one of the organizers of the Third Presbyterian church of Dubuque, of which HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 701 he is now superintendent of the Sunday school. He is also a mem ber of the Modern Woodmen of America. Francis H. Dersch, foreman of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad shops, Dubuque, was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, January 31, 1851, the son of Caspar and Elizabeth (Hoffmaster) Dersch. The father was born in Tsweibach, Germany, November 10, 1810, arid the mother was a native of Reading, Pennsylvania. The father followed railroading all his life and died November 10, 1886. At the age of eleven Francis H. Dersch entered the cotton mills of his native state as spinner. His savings were in vested in books and all spare time was spent in reading, which was practically the only education he ever had. The habit of study has followed him all through life, and he is today called a well-educated man, although he had but little actual schooling. When thirteen years old he secured employment in the roundhouses of the Phila delphia & Reading Railroad, where he remained until his twin brother was killed by accident and then decided to give up road work. He (entered the foundry of the same road, and fifteen months later was transferred to the machine shops as an appren tice. By close attention to business he mastered the details of that department, and at the age of eighteen was made gang foreman and bad. under his charge fifteen machines. In 1878, owing to the depressed times in the East, he came West and became a machinist in the shops at Hannibal, Missouri, remaining there about three years. Succeeding this he spent seven months as brass finisher in the Wabash shops at Moberly, Missouri, and in 1881 came to Dubuque, where he was made foreman in the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul shops, having charge of 120 men and 75 machines. In 1870 Mr. Dersch married Miss Katherine Trace, of Reading, Penn sylvania, and to them have been born: Elizabeth (Daggendorf) ; Frank T. ; John; Kate (Ludwig); Henry; Herman; Minerva; Winifred (Volue), and Irene. Several tools and machines per fected by him are used extensively in the various shops throughout the country, but he never patented any of them. In forty-five years of active work he has lost but thirty-eight days, which fact speaks well for his bodily health. He was the founder of the Mutual Relief Society of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul shops in Dubuque, which started in 1883 with seventy-five members and now has 650 members. Every member pays as dues twenty-five cents per week, and receives four dollars per week during sickness and seventy-five dollars for funeral expenses. In religious views Mr. Dersch is a Presbyterian; socially he is a member of the Masonic fraternity, in which he has attained the rank of Knight Templar; he also is identified with the Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and holds membership in the Modern Woodmen of America. 702 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Joseph L. Fober, farmer and stock raiser, and president of the Farmers' Insurance Company, was born August 6, 1866, on the farm on which he now resides. Joseph Fober, his father, was a native of Ontario, Canada, his birth occurring May 1, 1830. The family came originally from France. When a small lad Joseph Fober was left an orphan by the death of his parents. He grew to manhood in New York state with but limited advantages of any kind. He learned to be a mechanic, especially as applied to wood working, and for many years was employed in the government arsenal at Springfield, Massachusetts, was there married to Ellen Tate, the mother of the subject of this sketch. In 1864 he came to Dubuque county, Iowa, and bought a farm of sixty acres on section 35, Cascade township. He there farmed until 1888, when he retired to the village of Cascade and there died March 3, 1903. He was a Republican and for fifty years a member of the Baptist church. His wife was born February 22, 1829, in County Antrim, Ireland, and died September 30, 1908. Joseph and Ellen Fober had the following children : Anna, born February 2, 1853, married E. Moore, and died in 1885; Margaret, born June 11, 1854, died when ten years old; Martha, born July 8, 1855, married E. Moore, her deceased sister's husband; Mary, born December 14, 1856, died the following July; William, born May 24, 1864, died February 4, 1877; Joseph L., the subject of this sketch; Albert, born May 24, 1869, died May 20, 1870; Mabel, born October 8, 1871, died Octo ber 12, 1872. Joseph L. Fober was educated in the public schools and the Central University at Pella, Iowa. Farming has always been his occupation and he has always resided on the old homestead, until March 1, 191 1, when he sold the old farm and engaged in the real estate and insurance business. March 18, 1891, he married Miss Hattie Battey, who was born in Jones county, Iowa, October 4, 1865, the daughter of Alexander and Mary (South) Battey. Mr. Fober is a Republican, a member of Cascade Lodge No. 127, A. F. and A. M. ; Black Jack Camp No. 1077, Modern Woodmen, and of the Mystic Workers No. 161. In connection with farming he de votes considerable attention to dairying. Leonard L. Lightcap, engaged in the real estate business in the city of Dubuque, is a native of Wisconsin, his birth occurring Sep tember 29, 1853, the son of Solomon and Sarah (Low) Lightcap. The father was born in the state of Pennsylvania in 1804, and when but eighteen years of age came West to Galena, Illinois, and there became the proprietor of a grist mill. In 1832 he was married to Miss Low and the year following removed to Hazel Green, Wis consin, to continue the milling business, and there passed their re maining days. The parents of Mrs. Lightcap were among the early settlers of Vermont, but later came to Illinois and settled on o^/S^e^/^c HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 703 a tract of 160 acres, now a part of the city of Chicago, which they were forced to leave because of the climatic conditions, subsequently removing to northwestern Illinois. The boyhood days of Leonard L. Lightcap were spent in assisting his father with the work of the home farm and mill and in attending the public schools. He entered the Normal school at Platteville, Wisconsin, and later took a classical course in the State University at Madison. For thirty years thereafter Mr. Lightcap was identified with the field of education. He was one time superintendent of schools at Boscobel, Grant county, Wisconsin, and later principal of the Lincoln school in Dubuque. In the year 1906 he gave up his school work and embarked in the real estate business in Dubuque, and has been thus successfully engaged ever since. On August 12, 1890, he was united in marriage with Miss M. C. Culton, and to them the follow ing named children have been born : Anna and Lena. Mr. Light- cap takes an interest in church work and is superintendent of the Methodist Sunday school, is a Republican in politics, a director of the Young Men's Christian Association, and a Knight Templar Mason. Gustav H. Boldt, deceased, the founder of the Boldt confec tionery and catering establishment, Dubuque, was a native of Ger many, his birth occurring in the Free Town of Hamburg on Febru ary 16, 1850. He was one of five children born to the union of Johan Heinrich and Maria Elizabeth (Widemann) Boldt, who were born and reared in the fatherland and there died after long and honorable lives. After attending the common schools of his native country Gustav H. Boldt took a course in languages and also one in bookkeeping at a commercial college. Succeeding this he served for three years in the German navy, but in 1870 came to the United States with a view to bettering his condition in life. He first located at Galena, Illinois, and for three years followed bookkeep ing, but in 1873 came to Dubuque, and here was employed as purser by the Diamond Jo steamboat line for a period of about nine years. He then accepted a position as bookkeeper with Mr. Hugh Smyth, and later was employed by the firm of Myers, Cox & Co. as bookkeeper and was thus engaged for six years. In 1890 Mr. Boldt spent six months in traveling throughout Europe, visiting the scenes of his childhood and recovering his health which had for some time been failing. Upon his return to Dubuque he opened a confectionery and catering establishment, which in 1904 was incor porated for $10,000 under the name of Boldt's (Inc.), retaining the following personel : Gustav H. Boldt, president and general man ager; Louisa C. Boldt, vice president, and Alfred Claussen, secre tary and treasurer. Under the excellent business management of Mr. Boldt this concern prospered and is now recognized as one of the solid and substantial commercial houses of the city. On No- 704 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY vember 5, 1908, .after a long and useful career in the land of his adoption, Mr. Boldt passed away, and now lies at rest in Linwood cemetery. To his marriage with Miss Louisa C. Claussen, solemn ized in 1885, the following named children were born: Herbert II., connected with the firm founded by his father, born July 29, 1886; Carl F., born January 3, 1889, also with firm; Alfred H. (deceased), and Cecelia, also deceased. Mr. Boldt was one of Dubuque county's best citizens and his loss was greatly mourned by all who knew him. Christopher H. Berg, senior partner of the long established printing firm of Berg & Briggs, is a native of the state of Pennsyl vania, his birth occurring March 15, 1841, at Pittsburg. He was the son of William Francis Berg, a clerk on an Ohio river steam boat, who disappeared during the Civil War, leaving no clue by which his family could ever trace him. They have never been able to determine what happened to him. In 1852 the family came to Galena, Illinois, and here our subject learned the printing trade in the office of the Galena Gazette. In 1861, when the memorable struggle between the North and the South became imminent, Mr. Berg enlisted for the preservation of the Union in Company A, Ninety-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and after being mustered in at Camp Fuller, Rockford, Illinois, the regiment was ordered to Kentucky and afterwards joined the Army of the Cumberland. He served under Stedman, and it was his division that saved the day at Chickamauga. After an honorable military career he was mustered out by the War Department of the United States Govern ment at Nashville, Tennessee, in June, 1865, and immediately came to Chicago, where for a short time he worked as compositor for the Chicago Republican. In August, 1865, he came to Dubuque, and for eighteen months followed a similar line of work in the office of the Dubuque Times. He then was instrumental in organizing the Palmer, Winall, Bott & Berg Printing Company, which associa tion erected the building now occupied by Mr. Berg and his partner. Later he acquired by purchase the interests of his former partners, and with Mr. Briggs organized the present firm of Berg & Briggs, which has since become one of the largest concerns of its kind in Dubuque. Aside from the above mentioned business interests Mr. Berg is vice president of the Dubuque National Bank, a director of the German Trust & Savings Bank, and president of the Berg- Arduser Jewelry Company. As a Republican in politics he has served as alderman from his ward one term, and in 1898 was elected Mayor of the city, serving as such eight years in all. So cially he is identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Iowa Legion of Honor. In 1867 he was united in marriage with Miss Ella C. Helm, a HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 705 native of Illinois, and to them the following named children have been born: Charles E., of the Dubuque Electric Supply Company; Harry, associated with his father in the jewelry business, and Pay- son, with the Times-Journal. Mr. Berg is one of the representative men of Dubuque and has made life a success. John Adam Koch, deceased, long a resident of the city of Dubuque, and a man well remembered for his many sterling quali ties of mind and character, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, Janu ary 8, 1830, the son of Captain Henry Koch. During the Mexican troubles of 1846 the father was instrumental in raising a company of volunteers, entirely at his own expense, which was later known as Company B, First Regiment, St. Louis Volunteers, and which won distinction in that struggle. As a member of his father's com mand John Adam Koch, the immediate subject of this memoir, served throughout that war. He later went with the family to Galena, Illinois, and shortly afterwards came to Dubuque and accepted a position with the firm of Hammond & Markle. In 1849, with two associates, he was sent by this firm, by team and wagon, to California, but later returned to Dubuque. For a time he then had charge of a land office at Fort Dodge for Mills & McClure, but subsequently was offered and accepted the position as clerk in the postoffice. He then took a position as bookkeeper in the hardware establishment of Westphal & Hinds. He spent eighteen years traveling for this firm, and was then admitted to partnership, but after twenty- four years' connection with that firm and a year or two as financial manager for A. A. Cooper, retired from the active business cares of life, and in 1890 moved to Guttenberg, Clayton county, Iowa, to spend his remaining days near a widowed daugh ter. As a Democrat in political views Mr. Koch was ever active in local affairs of importance ; he served as City Auditor for several terms, and during President Buchanan's administration clerked in the postoffice under Postmaster O. M. Heath. He was united in marriage with Miss Sophia Koepfli, daughter of Dr. C. M. Koepfli, and to them we.re born the following named children: Hugo (de ceased), Bertha, Alice (deceased), and Robert L., of Spencer, Iowa. On November 27, 1894, Mr. Koch answered the final sum mons, and with his death Dubuque lost one of her loyal citizens. He was a self-made man and ever ready to assist by any means within his power enterprises which he considered worthy and for the good of his home and country. James F. Segur, superintendent of the A. Y. McDonald Manu facturing Company, Dubuque, was born in Connecticut, November 17. 1853. His parents, John and Jane (Trowbridge) Segur, were also of Connecticut nativity. John Segur was a machinist by trade and occupation. He moved West to Rockford, Illinois, and until 706 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY he retired from the active labors of life in 1895 was superintendent of the machinery department of Emmerson & Talcott, of that city. Mrs. Segur died at Rockford in 1900 at the age of seventy-three years. James F. Segur is the eldest of the two children born to his parents, his sister Sarah being the widow of Judge J. C. Garver, of Rockford, Illinois, who died in 1902. He attended the public schools in youth, and when eighteen years of age began serving an apprenticeship at the machinists' trade. In 1879 he came to Du buque as machinist for the A. Y. McDonald Manufacturing Com pany, serving as such one year, then becoming superintendent, in which capacity he has since affiliated. At Rockford, in 1876, he married Miss Nellie E. O'Connor. The parents of Mrs. Segur, James and Mary O'Connor, were natives of Ireland and came with their respective parents to America when young and were married at Buffalo, New York. They later moved to Wisconsin and be came the parents of eight children. Mrs. Segur was the sixth in the family, her birth occurring in February, 185 1. She was teach ing school at Rockford immediately preceding her marriage. To Mr. and Mrs. James F. Segur one son and one daughter have been born, named Clare P. and Bessie, both living in Dubuque, the latter married. Mr. Segur is a member of Dubuque Lodge No. 297, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, is a Republican in politics and he and wife belong to the First Congregational church of Dubuque. Dr. M. J. Moes is one of the rising generation of Dubuque's medical practitioners. He is a native of this county, his birth occurring January 22, 1882, and a son of Mathias J. and Anna (Arnoldy) Moes, the father being a native of Luxemburg, Ger many, and the mother of the state of Iowa. The elder Moes came to America at an early date, and in 1866 located at Rockdale, where for a period of forty years he engaged in merchandising. He served as postmaster of that place for twenty-five years and is now living a retired life with his wife in their home there. Their son, Dr. M. J. Moes, the immediate subject of this memoir, received his early education in the Dubuque public schools, and subsequently attended the Dubuque high school, graduating from the latter in 1902. As he grew older the study of medicine appealed more strongly to him than any other profession, and accordingly he entered, and in 1906 was graduated from, the medical department of Northwestern University of Chicago, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He served eighteen months as house physician and surgeon in the Cook County Hospital, Chicago, and then came to Dubuque, where he has since been actively and successfully engaged in the general practice of his profession, making a specialty of the diagnosis of disease. Although a comparatively young man, the doctor has, by hard and conscientious work, won the confidence of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 707 the public and at present enjoys a large and pleasing clientele. He is a member of the Illinois State Medical Society, the Iowa State Medical Society, the Dubuque County Medical Society, of which he is the present secretary; the American Medical Association, and the Cook County Hospital Alumni Association. In his political views he is a Republican; in religion he is an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith, and socially he is identified with the Knights of Columbus and the Alpha Kappa Kappa college fraternity. He is one of the present local examiners on the United States Pension Board, as well as local examiner for a number of insurance com panies. Dr. Moes is unmarried, takes an active interest in local politics and affairs of importance, and has offices in the I. O. O. F. Building. Mathias Moes, for forty-five years a resident of Dubuque county, is a native of Luxemburg, Germany, his birth occurring January 21, 1846. He was reared to manhood in his native coun try, receiving a practical education, and when twenty years of age crossed the ocean to the United States and has ever since made his home in Dubuque county. For ten years he was employed in the Rockdale mills, but immediately after the disastrous flood of July, 1876, at which time thirty-nine people lost their lives, he founded the business now conducted on the same site by his two sons, John and Anton. He continued in active business until Octo ber, 1906, since which time he has been retired from the more active cares of life. In 1871 Mr. Moes married Anna Arnoldy, a native of Chicago, and ten children have been born to this union, as follows : Anna, married and living in Springfield, Illinois ; John, who with a younger brother conducts the business founded by his father; Margaret, single and residing with her parents; Charles, accidentally killed in a quarry; Mary, married and resides in Ot- tumwa, Iowa; Dr. M. J., a practicing physician of Dubuque; Anton, associated in business with his elder brother, John; William, a clerk in the postoffice at Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; Fred, a bookkeeper in the Second National Bank at Dubuque, and Alvin, attending the Du buque high school. Mr. Moes is a Roman Catholic in religion and an independent Democrat in politics. He has held several local positions of honor and trust and is one of the substantial men of the county. Thomas Merkes, one of the successful farmers of Liberty town ship, is a native of the Prussian Government of Trier, Germany, born October 15, 1850, and a son of Michael and Lucia Merkes, both of whom died in the old country. He was educated in the National public schools and served for some time in the German army. In 1880 he immigrated to the United States, landing at New York City, and for a year was located at Dunkirk, New York, 708 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY working during the summer months in a brickyard and in winter hauling lumber. He then came West to New Wine township, Dubuque county, Iowa, and here worked for two years. Succeeding this he rented the farm he now owns, 220 acres, in sections 26, 27, 34 and 3 5, Liberty township, and in 1905 purchased same from his father- in- lav/. This property he improved by erecting a modern home, five barns and necessary outhouses, and today it is regarded as one of the best and most productive farms in the community. Mr. Merkes follows general farming, and also deals extensively in cattle and hogs. He is a Democrat in politics, takes an active interest in local affairs of importance, and in religious views is an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. On February 15, 1886, at Luxemburg, this county, he was united in marriage with Miss Catherina Heiderscheit, and to them these children have been born : Maria, died in infancy ; Susie, educated in parochial school ; Michael, Nicholas and Peter, assisting with the work on the home farm; Elizabeth, Clara, Mathilda, Johanna and Wilhelm, all of whom have been reared in the Catholic faith. Mrs. Merkes is a daughter of John and Maria Heiderscheit, who were among the earliest settlers of the entire county. Dubuque was their nearest market place and they had to go to that city with a team of oxen for necessary provisions. The father died October 21, 1904, aged eighty-six years, and was preceded by his wife in August, 1874, aged thirty-seven years. Both are buried in the family lot at Luxemburg. Thomas T. Carkeek, architect, with offices in the Lincoln Build ing, Dubuque has been engaged at his profession in this city since 1891. He was born at Redruth, County Cornwall, England, on March 29, 1843, the son of Thomas and Elizabeth Carkeek, who came to America in 1849 and located in Wisconsin, where the father followed his trade of stonemason. He died in 1882, aged sixty-two years, and was followed by his wife in 1909, aged eighty- seven years. Both are buried in the cemetery at Dodgeville, Wis consin. Thomas T. Carkeek was yet a very young child when brought to the United States, and received his education in the public schools at Dodgeville. He early studied and learned the cabinetmaker's trade, and then became a carpenter, working at that trade for eighteen years, or down to 1882. He then entered the employ of the Carr, Ryder & Wheeler Company as an architect, which profession he had learned from experience and theoretical study, and had the distinction of being an entirely self-made archi tect. He remained thus connected until 1891, and then opened an office at his present headquarters, and embarked in business on his own account. Since then he has designed and erected over 200 private and public edifices, among the more prominent of which are the Second National Bank, the William Lawther Building, the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 709 Bell Bros. Building, the Presentation Convent and many others. Socially Mr. Carkeek is identified with the Masonic fraternity. On June 13, 1868, at Mineral Point, Wisconsin, he was united in mar riage with Miss Jennie Keyes, daughter of Harvey and Louisa Keyes, both deceased and pioneer settlers of that locality. To Mr. and Mrs. Carkeek nine children, six of whom are living, were born, as follows: Bina, Alton R. and Clara R., deceased; Harvey T., department manager of James B. Clow & Co. ; Jennie, the wife of J. C Hinde, real estate and insurance dealer at Madison, Wiscon sin; Marjorie, married F. J. Cunningham, of Anamosa, Iowa; Eva M., a graduate of the Dubuque high school, and George C. and Edna C, also graduates of the Dubuque high school. The family residence is located at 128 West Eighth street. Fred L. M. Luchterhand, junior partner of the Keller & Luchterhand brick building contracting concern, located at 579 Windsor avenue, Dubuque, was born in the Province of Mecklen burg, Germany, February 10, 1868, and is the son of Christ and Mary Luchterhand. The family came to America in or about 1876 and located in Dubuque, Iowa. Here the mother died February 4, 1905, at the age of fifty-nine years, but the father is yet living and resides in this city, active and in good health. Fred L. M. Luchter hand spent one year in the public schools of his native country, and finished his education in the Audubon school of Dubuque, from which he was graduated when fourteen years old. Immediately thereafter he began the study of the contracting business with Christ Burdt, with whom he remained seven years, and afterwards was employed by various contracting firms until he, in partnership with Mr. Keller, engaged in the business under the firm name of Keller & Luchterhand. They are today regarded as one of the best firms in their line of business in the city, and have erected many fine buildings, public and private, among which are the Home for the Aged, the Casino, the N. J. Schrup residence and many others. Mr. Luchterhand is independent in his political views, voting for the best man regardless of party affiliation, and in re ligious views is a member of St. Matthew's Lutheran church. On December 9, 1896, at Guttenberg, Iowa, he was united in marriage with Miss Martha Block, a native of Glen Haven, Wisconsin, and to whom two sons have been born, named, Clarence, born January 10, 1899, and Carl, born March 4, 1904, both attending school. Mrs. Luchterhand is a daughter of Joseph and Louisa Block, the father dying March 22, 1875, and buried at Guttenberg, Iowa, and the mother yet surviving and residing in that city. Mr. Luchterhand and family reside at 579 Windsor avenue, Dubuque. Fred Tschudi, traveling auditor for the Dubuque Brewing & Malting Company since its incorporation in 1892, was born in 710 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Dubuque October 25, 185 1, the son of Joseph and Magdalene Tschudi. The father, a native of Switzerland, immigrated to America in 1844, locating for one year at St. Louis, Missouri, and then came to Dubuque, Iowa, where he resided until his death. He was a contractor and builder by occupation and for years followed that line in Dubuque. He died on August 5, 1875, aged sixty-five years, followed by his wife February 24, 1910, within four days of the great age of ninety years, and both are buried in Mount Calvary cemetery. Until fifteen years old Fred Tschudi attended the local parochial schools, and then until 1869 worked as an appren tice in the cigarmaker's trade. Two years later he embarked in the manufacture of cigars on Ninth street, between Main and Locust, and remained thus engaged until 1876. He was then em ployed as traveling auditor for the A. Heeb brewery until the A. Heeb Brewing Company was organized, and continued with the new concern. When the Dubuque Brewing & Malting Company was organized he still retained his position, and has remained with the concern down to the present time, a period of thirty-four years in all. Mr. Tschudi is vice president of the East Dubuque Supply Company, a member of the Dubuque Brewing & Malting Company, and of the Dubuque Realty Company. He is a Democrat in poli tics and a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and of the St. Mary's Roman Catholic church. On October 25, 1876, he married Miss Caroline Heeb, who was a daughter of the old pioneer Anthony Heeb, of whom appropriate mention is made elsewhere in this publication. To Mr. and Mrs. Tschudi three daughters and six sons have been born, as follows : Maria Josephine, graduate of Dubuque high school; Clara Catherine, wife of Dr. Heles of Dubuque ; Maria Emily, at home ; Rudolph Joseph, book keeper for East Dubuque Supply Company ; Fred Anton, machinist in C, M. & St. P. shops; Robert Edward, clerk in the Hub clothing store; Albert Benjamin, attending St. Mary's high school; Leo Louis and Edmund Carl, attending same. The family residence in Dubuque is located at 2126 Couler avenue. John F. Brede, proprietor of the Eagle Chemical Company, which was established at 165 Locust street, Dubuque, on May 17, 1910, is descended from one of the first German families to settle in Dubuque county. The pioneers, Frank and Christine Brede. were his parents. Frank Brede was brought to Dubuque by his father in 1842, at which time the city was little more than an Indian trading post and the surrounding country was rough and unsettled. Here he was reared and educated, and later in life represented the Schlitz Brewing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The birth of John F. Brede occurred on March 30, 1866, and he was pri marily educated in the local public and parochial schools. He subsequently took a commercial course in the Sacred Heart College HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNlY 711 at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, then returned to Dubuque and started as messenger boy, later becoming bookkeeper, in the Du buque National Bank, where he remained two years. For the succeeding twenty-one years he represented as salesman the follow ing concerns: Ryder Bros., Coates & Walters, John Mehlhop & Son, and John T. Hancock & Sons. He then for three years was associated with Edward Peaslee in the ale brewing and cigar busi ness, but disposed of his interests and became a partner in the Louis Lang liquor business, operating under the firm name of Brede & Lang Company, wholesale liquor dealers. In 19 10 this association was dissolved and Mr. Brede founded the Eagle Chemical Company, manufacturing chemicals, and has been thus engaged ever since. He is a Democrat in politics, and socially is identified with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the U C. T., Catholic Order of Foresters, the Eagles, and the Dubuque Traveling Busi ness Men's Association. To his marriage with Miss Nellie Wil-= liams, solemnized in Dubuque, November 26, 1889, three daughters have been born, named Mabel, Helen and Estelle. Mrs. Brede is the daughter of V. J. and Mattie (Dean) Williams, the father com ing to Dubuque in 1848 ; he served as postmaster four terms, County Treasurer two terms, and was proprietor of the V. J. Williams Implement Company. The Brede residence in Dubuque is located at 431 Alpine street. George Friedmann, who for many years farmed in Liberty township, Dubuque county, and who now resides at Alton, Sioux county, Iowa, was born in the state of Ohio, April 18, 1855, and is a son of the late Joseph and Catherine Friedmann, mention of whom is made in connection with the sketch of Anton Friedmann else where in this publication. Early in life he came to Dubuque county, Iowa, with his parents, and was educated in the parochial schools and reared to manhood. He followed general farming and stock raising and was very successful in his business undertakings. Like his father before him, he took an active interest in the welfare of his community and was prominent in local affairs of importance. February 1, 1876, he was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Westendorf, a sister of Mrs. Elizabeth Friedmann, wife of the deceased farmer Anton Friedmann. To this union nine children were born: Joseph, born November 7, 1876, studied for the priest hood, was ordained at Sioux City April 25, 1905, labored several years at Carroll, Iowa, died there February 2, 1910, and was buried at Alton February 5 ; Mary, wife of Fred Odenbrett, of South Dakota; Anton, who died in 1883, aged one year; Jacob, a farmer near Alton, Iowa; Paul, who died in 1891, aged three and one-half years; Anna, married to John Schneider, a farmer near Alton, Iowa ; Elizabeth, John, and Julia, at home. All of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. George Friedmann have been reared in the Catho- 712 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY lie faith and are earnest members of that church. The Friedmann family is numbered among the pioneers of Dubuque county, coming here at a time when the country was in the primitive state, and by hard work has prospered generally and today bears the respect and esteem of all who know them. John B. Noel, senior partner of the Noel & Wagner retail gro cery establishment, Dubuque, with offices at 1850 Couler avenue, is a native of Dubuque county, Iowa, a son of John N. and Susanna Noel and grandson of the old pioneer, John B. Noel. The latter was a native of Belgium and came to America in 1825. He located in Dubuque at a very early date and was one of the county's pio neers, experiencing all the trials and hardships of those times. In 1889 he passed away, aged seventy-eight years, and was buried in St. Catherine's cemetery. John N. Noel was born in Dubuque county and has known practically no other home. For many years he served on the local police force, was employed in the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul shops, and conducted the old Centennial House, one of Dubuque's early hostelries. He and wife are at present residing in Dubuque, having lived happily together for over forty years. John B. Noel was born August 3, 1872, at Gor don's Ferry, and received his early education in the Eirst Ward (Franklin) school, graduating also from the Dubuque high school in 1889. For a year thereafter he clerked in the John Wilson retail grocery, then went with the Farley & Loetscher Sash, Door & Blind Manufacturing Company as machine hand, remaining thus employed for thirteen years. Succeeding this, he again clerked in a grocery store, then returned to the Farley-Loetscher company two years, and afterwards was employed by the Knapp-Stone Com pany, with whom he remained two years. A third time he returned to the Farley-Loetscher company, and in 1899 began clerking for Mettel Bros., wholesale and retail grocers, and remained with them until he and A. E. Wagner, an uncle, embarked in that line of business on Couler avenue in 1901. From a comparatively small beginning they have grown and prospered and today the Noel & Wagner concern is regarded as one of the best, of its kind in the city. Mr. Noel is independent in politics, a Roman Catholic in religion, and a member of the Knights of Columbus, Fraternal Order of Eagles and the Holy Name Society. On April 16, 1907, he was united in marriage with Miss Clara Bell Connolly, of Du buque, and to them two sons have been born, named John Robert, born February 11, 1908, and Joseph Willis, born March 29, 1910. Mrs. Noel is a daughter of John and Alice Connolly, pioneer farmers of Dubuque county, who died May 5, 1902, and March 28, 1896, respectively. Both are buried in Holy Cross cemetery, Du buque. Mr. Noel is one of Dubuque's representative business men and bears the good will of all who know him. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 713, John J. McCollins, proprietor of the McCollins Express & Transfer Company, Dubuque, is a native of this city and the son of Barney and Jane McCollins. The father was a native of County Cavan, Ireland, and came to America and Dubuque in or about 1844, dying ten years after his arrival here, aged forty-five years, and followed by his widow twenty years later, aged sixty-five years. The father is buried in the Third Street cemetery and the mother in Key West. John J. McCollins was born in 185 1, and received his primary education in the local public schools, later taking a course in Christian Brothers' College, which he left in 1865. Dur ing the next five years he carried papers for the Dubuque Herald and learned the blacksmith trade, which he subsequently followed- for ten years. In 1880 he established himself in the grocery busi ness at the corner of Fifth and Main streets in partnership with J= J. Dunn, the present County Sheriff, continuing thus for seven- years. The partnership was then dissolved, and Mr. McCollins conducted the business alone for one year. Then James M. Mc- Fadden was admitted to partnership, and some few months later Mr. McCollins sold out to his partner. In 1889 he located on- government land in South Dakota, but shortly returned to Dubuque and established a buffet, which he conducted for five years. Dur ing this time he also operated a teaming and transfer line which he still continues, and at the present writing is also engaged in the coal and wood business. The concern has grown extensively under Mr. McCollins' management and is one of the largest of its kind in the city. He is a Democrat in politics, a member of St. Raphael's Cathedral, and socially is identified with the Catholic Benevolent Society and the Modern Woodmen of America. On May 16, 1877, in Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Catherine Butler, and to them five children have been born, as follows : Louis B., in business with his father; Bernice M., graduate of Lincoln school" and Visitation Academy; Genevieve M., attending Visitation Acad emy; Marjorie M., a student in St. Joseph's Academy; one child died in infancy. The family residence in Dubuque is located at 304 Julien avenue. Mrs. McCollins was the daughter of Patrick and Margaret Butler, who were pioneers of Hazel Green, Wis consin, where for years the father followed mining and was a prominent citizen. Jacob Friedman, farming on 237 acres of land in Liberty town ship, has followed agricultural pursuits practically all his life, and has been unusually successful in this line of endeavor. He was born in Stark county, Ohio, April 27, 1848, and is a son of the old pioneers, Joseph and Catherine Friedman, who are appropri ately represented elsewhere in this work. For a time during boy hood he attended school in his native county, and after coming- with his parents to Dubuque county, Iowa, pursued his studies in-. 714 ¦ HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the Liberty township district schools. He remained at home assist ing his father until twenty-seven years of age, and then bought ninety-one acres of his present property to which as his means afforded he added until he acquired 237 acres of valuable farm land. This he has cleared and improved by hard work, erecting one of the finest modern residences in the township with barns and vari ous outhouses to correspond. He follows general farming and also has about forty head of cattle, ten horses and some one hundred and thirty swine. He is a Democrat in national politics, but on local issues votes for the man who in his opinion is best fitted for public office without regard to party affiliation. In religious views he is an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. On January 19, 1875, he was united in marriage with Miss Rachel Crevir, daughter of one of Dubuque county's earliest white settlers, Joseph Crevir. He was of French descent and in 1832 came from Canada to Dubuque, Iowa. He secured and broke ground where the present market house of Dubuque stands, and on December 12, 1909, passed away, aged ninety-two years. To Mr. and Mrs. Friedman the following named children have been born : Joseph, cement con tractor ; John, a carpenter, Dubuque ; George, assisting his father ; Albert, same; Clemens, in school; Mary, wife of Peter Pfohl, farm ing in Concord township; Annie, Sister Mary Florentine, of St. Francis Convent ; Mathilda, at home ; Theresa, Sister Mary Flor ence of St. Francis Convent ; Frances, at home, and Mabel, attend ing district school. These children have all been reared in the Cath olic faith, and the family is well and favorably known throughout the county. Since the days when Dubuque was a village her lumbermen have been a help to her, and every structure within her borders speaks in commendation of them and their labors. Conspicuous among the lumber establishments here during recent years has been that of Spahn & Rose Lumber Company, located at Eighth and Washington streets since its incorporation in 1904. Charles J. Spahn, president of this well-known concern, was born in Dubuque, May 22, 1872, the son of Peter and Sophia (Franke) Spahn. Peter Spahn, who for years followed the occupation of a miner, came from the Grand Duchy of Hessen Darmstadt, Germany, to Amer ica and Dubuque in 1845, and after an honorable residence of thirty- four years in this city died in 1879. His widow yet survives him, aged sixty-three years. The boyhood days of Charles J. Spahn were spent in attending the local public and parochial schools dur ing winter months and in working in a saw mill in summer. When his education was completed he spent eight years perfecting his knowledge of the saw mill industry, and in 1890 accepted a position with the Carr, Ryder & Adams sash and door manufacturing con cern, being promoted to the head of a moulding department and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 715 remaining thus engaged until 1896. He then was given charge of the cutting department, where he remained until 1900. The fol lowing year, such was his knowledge of lumber, he was sent to the Pacific coast to buy factory lumber. While on the Coast his firm acquired an interest in a large saw mill proposition and he was made the general superintendent. He remained thus occupied until the organization of the Spahn & Rose Lumber Company, of which he was made president, and of which he has since been the active head. Due to excellent business management this concern has become one of the solid and substantial commercial institutions of Du buque, and their business covers a field of three states. Aside from the above Mr. Spahn is a director of the German Savings Bank, is a member of the Catholic Order of Foresters and an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. On August 8, 1893, at Dubuque, he was united in marriage with Miss Anna Simon, the daughter of Carl and Anna Simon. Her parents were natives of Luxemburg, Germany, but immigrated to the United States in 1872 at the time of the French Revolution. Both died at Dubuque, the father on July 15, 1905, aged seventy-five years, and the mother October 25, 1908, when seventy-three years old. Their final resting place is in Mount Calvary cemetery. To Mr. and Mrs. Spahn four children have been born, as follows : Fred, died in March, 1895, aged eleven months ; Irene A., attending St. Mary's Academy at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; Marie G., student at St. Joseph's Academy, Dubuque, and Charles S., three years old. Mr. Spahn is a Democrat in his political views, and the family residence is located at 2565 Couler avenue. Dr. Joseph Henry Schrup is one of the successful and well- known physicians and surgeons of Dubuque, and although but a comparatively short time here, has succeeded in building up a large and lucrative practice. Joseph J. and Wilhelmina (Strueber) Schrup, his parents, were natives of the Duchy of Luxemburg, and Germany, but left the old country and immigrated to the United States, settling on a farm in Mosalem township, Dubuque county, Iowa, in 1856. Subsequently the family removed to the city of Dubuque, where the father was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He is now retired from the activities of life. The mother passed away January 9, 1902. Dr. Joseph H. Schrup was born in the city of Dubuque, February 3, 1882, and after attending the public grammar school, entered and in 1900 was graduated from the high school. The succeeding four years he attended the Northwestern Medical College at Chicago, and upon his graduation therefrom in 1904 served until 1906 as interne on the medical and surgical staff of Mercy Hospital, Chicago. He then returned to Dubuque, where he has since resided, commanding the respect and good-will 716 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY of his brother practitioners and that of the public in general. Dr. Schrup is the local examiner for the State Tuberculosis Hospital, is bacteriologist and pathologist of the Iowa State Board of Health, and is local medical examiner for various fraternal organizations. He is a member of the Dubuque County, Iowa State, and Amer ican Medical Societies, and specializes in surgery. He belongs to the Dubuque Business Men's Club, the Golf Club, the Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Order of Foresters. He is also a mem ber of St. Mary's Roman Catholic church. George Kremer was born July n, 1847, at what is now West Chicago, Illinois, and is a son of Nicholas and Anna Mary (Klein) Kremer. The father, Nicholas Kremer, was a native of Prussia, Germany, a son of Mathias and Margaret (Berringer) Kremer. His father, in 1868, when eighty years old, came to America to join his family, and even at his advanced age often remarked that if he had an ox team he could even then take a hand at plowing. He died in 1883, preceded by his wife about the year 1859. They were the parents of Nicholas, Martha, Barbara, Catherine and Adam. Nicholas married Mary Klein in Germany, in 1846, came to the United States shortly thereafter, followed farming two years in Illinois, and from there in 185 1 drove with two yoke of oxen to Cascade township, Dubuque county, Iowa. They had four chil dren : George, Elizabeth, Mary and Catherine, the first two named only now living. Mr. Kremer established a home on section 10 and to his first possession of forty acres added until he became the owner of 500 acres. A few years after coming here his wife died and he then married Catherine Klein, a native of Luxemburg, Ger many, but not related to his first wife, although of the same name. By this marriage he was the father of two children : Mathias and an infant who died unnamed. Both parents are now dead. George Kremer, the subject of this sketch, grew to manhood in Cascade township and has always made his home on the old place originally owned by his father. In 1872 he married Barbara Merfeld, who was born August 6, 1849, in Prussia, a daughter of Mathias and Susan (Heinz) Merfeld, who came to America in 1869, and were the parents of these children: Barbara, Nicholas, John, Gertrude, Susan, Kate, Frank and Mary. Mathias Merfeld was a son of Peter and Catherine Merfeld, farmers of Germany, and Mrs. Mer feld was the daughter of Nicholas and Margaret Heinz. To the marriage of George Kremer and Barbara Merfeld there are eight children living: Kate, John, Joseph, Nicholas, Mary, Gertrude, Frank P., Rose and Ida Barbara. Three children are dead, named George Henry, Frances Mary and Susan. Mr. Kremer is one of the substantial and best known men of Cascade township. He and family are Roman Catholics in religion. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 717 Joseph F. Harragan, assistant cashier of the Dubuque National Bank since 1906, was born in this city, and is a son of James and Martha Harragan. James Harragan was a native of Ireland, and came to the United States and Dubuque, Iowa, at an early date. He was one of the organizers of the Dubuque National Bank, and served as cashier of the institution from 1884 up to the time of his death, which occurred in January, 1909, at the age of sixty-seven years. He is well remembered by the present generation of busi ness men, and his loss was mourned generally throughout the county. Before entering the banking business he was a dry goods merchant, and as a Democrat in his political affiliation was twice the successful candidate of his party for treasurer of Dubuque county. His widow yet survives him and resides in this city. Joseph F. Harragan received his education in the local public and high schools, finishing when sixteen years of age, and then began his banking career as messenger boy. By close attention to busi ness he was gradually promoted, and in 1906 was made assistant cashier, a position he has since occupied. He is also a director of the institution, and manager of the Dubuque Clearing- House Asso ciation. In politics he is a Democrat, and in religious views is a Roman Catholic and a member of St. Raphael's Cathedral. He is unmarried and resides at 436 Bluff street. John J. Mihm for the past thirty years has been actively and successfully engaged in Dubuque as a stone mason contractor. He was born in this city March 22, i860, and is the son of Peter and Barbara (Allbinger) Mihm, the father being a native of Muenchen, Bavaria. He was a soldier in the Bavarian army and came to Dubuque about the year 1853, and here for many years fol lowed his occupation of stone mason contractor. He was active in local affairs of importance, a staunch Democrat in his political views, and died in 1902, aged seventy-eight years. His wife died in 1884, at the age of sixty-six years, and both are buried in Mount Calvary cemetery, Dubuque. John J. Mihm, the imme diate subject of this review, attended the local public and parochial schools until fifteen years old, and also assisted his father during the summer months in the contracting business. He worked at his trade as a journeyman until joining his father in partnership in 1884. He has ever since been actively engaged in contracting in Dubuque, and many fine public and private foundations have been erected by him, among which are the Sacred Heart Church, St. Matthew's Church, Third Presbyterian Church, and the Home for the Aged. Like his father before him, Mr. Mihm is a Democrat, but he never mixes in politics, preferring to confine his attentions to private business matters. In religion he is a Roman Catholic and a member of the Holy Ghost Church. April 30, 1890, in Dubuque, he married Miss Wilhelmina Louisa Giessler, daughter of Charles 718 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY F. and Agatha (Jaeger) Giessler, and one daughter has been born to their union, named Agathd Barbara, now attending the Academy of the Immaculate Conception. Mrs. Mihm was the daughter of one of Dubuque's pioneer bakers, who died in 1908, aged seventy- five years, preceded by his wife in 1901, at the age of sixty-five, and both are buried in Mount Calvary cemetery. The family resi dence in Dubuque is located at 2900 Couler avenue. Benjamin Hawkins, a grandson of Thomas Hawkins, was born in Somersetshire, England, March 22, 1847, and when but two or three years old was brought to the United States by his parents, William and Sarah (Morgan) Hawkins. The family resided in New York state two years, then came by railroad to Chi cago and from there by wagon to Cascade, Iowa. For a while the father worked as a day laborer at farming, but finally bought a farm on section 14, Cascade township, which he improved and on which he continued to reside until his death in 1888 at the age of seventy-eight years. Mrs. Hawkins died in 1852. They were the parents of four children: Benjamin, Joseph, Reuben and Simeon, who died in infancy, and were members of the Baptist church. Benjamin Hawkins in early youth attended the Spring Valley district school, and when only fourteen years old started out in life for himself as a farm laborer. Having accumulated some means, he bought forty acres of his present farm, to which he has added as his means permitted, until he now owns 310 acres of the best land in Cascade township. In 1873 he married Mary Hill, a native of Dubuque county, Iowa, and the daughter of Robert and Hester (Gane) Hill, old pioneers of this section of the county. Robert Hill and wife were also natives of Somersetshire, England, and came to America and this county in 1850. They lived at Spring Valley a year, then bought a farm in Cascade township, where the father died in November, 1884, and the mother in the following January. Benjamin Hawkins is deserving of much credit for the success he has achieved. He began life for himself when but a small lad, and without the aid of others he has, by hard work and economy, accumulated a competency. He and wife are the par ents of nine children, as follows : Nellie, the wife of O. G. Web ster; William, a farmer near Charles City, Iowa; Jennie, now Mrs. Howard Carlton, of near Portland, Oregon; Alice; Edwin; Arthur; Mignon; Joseph; and Ivan. Being deprived of many of the advantages that by right belong to youth, Mr. Hawkins has spared neither effort nor money in the education of his children and their proper start in life. His home is a model one in all respects. The refining influence of works of art, rare paintings and china, music and good books has made his an exceptional home, and the visitor is delighted with the courtesy and reception accorded him at the Hawkins residence. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 719 David J. Heisey, one of Dubuque's successful dental practition ers, is a son of John H. and Charlotte Esther Heisey, and was born in Monticello, Iowa, August 18, 1878. Succeeding his attend ance at the Monticello public and high schools, he entered the Northwestern Dental School and in 1901 was graduated there from with the degree of D. D. S. For three years thereafter he practiced his profession in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, but in 1904 came to Dubuque and has here since been located. Dr. Heisey is a mem ber of the Iowa State and Dubuque District dental societies, the Chicago Odontographic Society and the Iowa Chapter of the Psi Omega college fraternity. He also is identified with the Masonic order, in which he has attained the Royal Arch degree, and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On October 16, 1908, he was united in marriage with Miss Birdeva Bayless, daughter of Cornelius Bayless, appropriate mention of whom is made else where in this work. Mrs. Heisey is active in local social and musi cal circles, and she and husband affiliate with the Westminster Presbyterian church. Prof. Rudolph Franz Otto, instructor of voice and harmony, with studio in the Security Building, Dubuque, is a native of Ger many, born at Berlin, May 9, 1875, the son of Rudolph and Clara Otto. The father was a prominent dry goods merchant in the old country, and after his son Rudolph had graduated from the Berlin public schools, they traveled extensively over the Continent. In 1899 Prof. Otto left Berlin, came to America and took a complete course in the Chicago Musical College, and later also a course in the Columbian School of Oratory. For a time thereafter he main tained a studio in Chicago and was director of various choirs, and during 1903-4 he traveled throughout the Southwestern states, giv ing recitals. He then returned to Berlin, Germany, and took a post-graduate course in Stern's College of Music, after which he again came to the United States and during 1904-5 traveled, giv ing concerts. In 1906 he located at Winnipeg, Canada, but in 1910 came to Dubuque, where his efforts have been unusually well re ceived. The winter of 1907-8 he spent in his native city as a member of a grand opera company. Prof. Otto opened a studio in the Security Building shortly after his arrival in Dubuque, where he gives lessons and hears singers, and. also is instructor in voice, harmony and public school music in Epworth Seminary. He is director of a male choral club of Dubuque, which is known as the Schumann Club. In 1908 he was united in marriage with Miss Eddy, of Winthrop, Iowa, and they, with their one son, Ralph, born August 12, 1909, reside in the city of Dubuque. Andrew Ellwanger, deceased, one of the founders of the firm of Ellwanger Brothers, dealers in harness, trunks, valises, leather 720 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY -goods, etc., Dubuque, was born in the Grand Duchy of Hesse- Darmstadt, Germany, November 30, 1842, and when ten years old was brought to Dubuque, Iowa, by his parents, Peter and Agatha Ellwanger. Here the father followed his profession of music teacher and piano tuner until his death in 1884. Andrew Ell wanger was educated in the public schools of his native country and Dubuque, and from i860 to 1869 was in the employ of George W. Bogan, learning the harnessmaking trade. The latter year, in partnership with his brother, Otto Ellwanger, he embarked in the harnessmaking business, locating at 1256 Clay street, and here the establishment has since continued under the firm name of Ell wanger Brothers. To his marriage with Miss Fredericka Neu- bauer, of Dubuque, the following children were born: Herman, Edward, Charles, Frederick and . Amanda, all of Dubuque, and Ferdinand, of Chicago. Mr. Ellwanger passed away in 1901 and now lies at rest in the family lot in Linwood cemetery. Mrs. Ell wanger still survives him and resides in Dubuque. Otto Ellwanger, who now conducts alone the firm of Ellwanger Brothers, is also a native of the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, and came with the family to Dubuque in 1852. Here his education was completed, and he learned the harnessmaking indus try under the tutelage of Fred Lehr, beginning his apprenticeship in 1861 and continuing until 1869, when he joined his brother, Andrew, in that line of business. Since the latter's death Mr. Ell wanger has conducted the business alone. In 1872 he married Miss Eliza Heisler, of Dubuque, and three sons, Frank, Otto and Wal ter, have been born to their union. The first two named are dead and the latter is associated in business with his father. Mr. Ell wanger is a Republican in national politics, independent in local affairs, and has had a long and honorable business career, and socially is identified with the following organizations : Independ ent Order of Foresters, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, An cient Order of United Workmen, Modern Woodmen of America, and the Woodmen of the World. Edward Fuhrman for the past twenty years has been engaged in the express and transfer business in Dubuque. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, August 9, 1852, a son of John and Caroline Fuhrman. Upon the completion of a railroad to the north, John Fuhrman brought his family to Dubuque in 1854, and for the next -eight or ten years was a horse dealer; he then opened a clothing store on Clay street. He was a native of Alsace, Germany, and came to the United States in 1850. He died in Dubuque, August, 1898, one month after having been accidentally injured by a street car, aged seventy years, and was followed by his wife in 1905, aged seventy-seven years. The mother was born in Baden, Ger many, and came to this country at an early date. Both are buried HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 721 in Mount Calvary cemetery. Their son, Edward Fuhrman, the immediate subject of this review, was educated in St. Mary's old rock schoolhouse, which he left when sixteen years old. He then learned the chair-making trade in Hancourt's chair factory, no longer operating, and for ten years followed that line, being fore man of a concern at Wabasha, Minnesota. The succeeding four years he spent in St. Louis learning the bakery business, then returned to Dubuque and for several years engaged in that line of work. For the next fifteen years he worked at farming, then estab lished his present business and has ever since been thus success fully engaged. Mr. Fuhrman is a Republican in politics, is a mem ber of the fraternal order of Maccabees, and was a member of the old volunteer fire brigade of Dubuque. At St. Paul, Minnesota, on May 29, 1895, he married Miss Catherine Theiring, daughter of Frank and Anna Mary Theiring, the father being a stone mason by occupation and a Union soldier in the Civil war. He came to Dubuque from Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1854, and here died in June, 1902, aged eighty-two years, and was followed by his wife in November, 1908, both now buried in Mount Calvary cemetery. To Mr. and Mrs. Fuhrman one daughter, Sylvia, now attending St. Mary's Catholic school, was born on August 28, 1900. Mr. Fuhr man is one of Dubuque's representative and enterprising men, and is highly regarded by all who know him. Prof. Harry B. Smith, for many years actively identified with the field of education in Dubuque county, was born in Dubuque township, October 30, 1872, the son of Maj. E. Howard and Sid ney (West) Smith. Major Smith is a direct descendant of George King Smith, the progenitor of this particular branch of the Smith family in America. The latter, who was the captain of an English merchantman, and sailed the seas for many years, settled in Salem, Massachusetts, about 1630, and his descendants for several gen erations followed the sea. Various members of the family partici pated in the early struggles of the Colonies, the grandfather of our subject being taken prisoner by the French in the disturbances of 1799. The ancestors of his father's mother were descendants of Elihu Yale, the early benefactor of Yale University. After attending the Prescott grammar school, Prof. Harry B. Smith further pursued his studies in the Dubuque high school, grad uating therefrom in 1893, and later entered and in 1897 was duly graduated from the State University of Minnesota, with the degree of Bachelor of Science. For eight years thereafter he was in structor of mathematics in the Dubuque public schools, and later became teacher of mathematics in St. Joseph's College, this city. For three years following this he occupied the chair of mathe matics in the West Side high school of Des Moines, Iowa, but in 1906 returned to Dubuque and became an instructor of algebra in 722 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the high school. Professor Smith has become widely and very favorably known in educational circles, and is a recognized author ity on mathematics. He is a member of the State Teachers' Asso ciation and of the Northeastern Iowa Educational Society; he is also a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Sons of Vet erans. In religious views he is identified with the Congregational church, in the Sunday school department of which he has been a teacher for years. As a Democrat in politics he was the candidate of his party in 1910 for the county superintendency of schools, and such was his record that he met with little or no opposition. Michael Edward Lyons, the present auditor of the city of Dubuque, was born April 23, 1861, in St. Louis, Missouri, a son of Daniel and Margaret (O'Callaghan) Lyons. The father was a native of Ireland, but in 1854 immigrated to the United States, locating at St. Louis, and was there married in 1856, and died in 1864. Three years later his widow remarried, taking for her hus band Thomas Lynch, with whom she removed to McGregor, Iowa, and lived until her death in 1873. Two sons, Michael Edward and Daniel (deceased) were born to Daniel Lyons and wife, and were educated and reared to early manhood in McGregor, Iowa. Michael Edward Lyons, the subject of this review, was thrown upon his own resources early in life, but managed to attend the public and parochial schools, and for a time the high school at McGregor. After quitting school in 1876, he worked on a farm for three years. He then went to St. Louis and was a street car conductor in that city from 1879 to 1883. He then came to Du buque and engaged in the retail liquor business, in which he con tinued till 1906. While in business he made profitable use of spare time by studying law with the Sprague Correspondence School, suc cessfully completing same and receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1904. From 1904 to 1906 he served as alderman from his ward. In 1906 he was elected city auditor, and was re-elected in 1908 and 19 10. He is a Democrat in his political views and a member of St. Raphael's Roman Catholic Cathedral. For three years he was president of the Saloon Dealers' Association, which position he relinquished upon his election to his present office. He was also a charter member of the local lodge of the Eagles. In 1887 he was united in marriage with Miss Helen McKinna, whose parents were among the early farmers of Concord township, this county, and the following children, all at home, were born to them : Mae, Nellie and John. Alphons Matthews. A life that rose to the zenith of its splendid powers in Dubuque and then was blotted out as a star from the sky was that of Alphons Matthews. Born, reared, edu cated and dying here, he made his impress on the destiny of the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 723 city, state and nation, and established great principles of law, aided public education and advancement, and in a thousand ways was a benefit and blessing to humanity. He was born in Dubuque in 1856, the son of Dr. Nicholas B. Matthews, remembered as one of the ablest of the early medical men, and knew practically no other home. Mr. Matthews early determined to make the study and practice of law his life's work, and how well he reasoned may read ily be determined by a survey of his career. Shortly after gradu ating from the public schools he entered the law offices of Pollock & Shields, reading and studying with this firm until twenty years old, and then took an examination before the Supreme Court and was duly admitted to practice before the State Bar of Iowa. He immediately began the general practice of his profession in Du buque, the first two years being spent in partnership with H. H. Regan. He then until 1888 continued alone, and that year formed a partnership with Judge Austin Adams, and continued thus until the death of the latter. On September 15, 1899, Mr. Matthews formed a partnership with J. R. Lindsay and J. P. Frantzen, which was continued until January 1, 1901, when Mr. Lindsay retired from the firm to take up other business, and Messrs. Matthews and Frantzen continued until the former's death. Mr. Matthews' natu ral ability as a legal practitioner became more and more pronounced and among the men of a bar noted for its eloquence, honorable tac tics and thoroughness he became a bright and shining light. His unquestioned integrity and fitness for public life was shown by the various elective and appointive positions he held. As a Democrat in politics he was, in 1883-, appointed attorney for Dubuque county, and held this position until 1887, when the state legislature made the office elective. Two consecutive terms Mr. Matthews was elected to this position, but a third term was declined in favor of his brother, M. C. Matthews, who later became judge of the district court. In 1886 our subject was honored by the state legislature by being elected a member of the board of regents of the State University of Iowa, and in this connection he for years displayed his loyalty to the cause of advancement and education. Also, as a member of the local Board of Education, he was active, and as president of same performed his duties, in a highly creditable man ner. Mr. Matthews' strongest claim to being one of the ablest attorneys in the state lay, perhaps, in his remarkable and unusual success as a trial lawyer. Naturally observant, and a great student of human nature, his eloquence and arguments, always directed on the side he thought just and right, seldom failed to move and con vince a jury, and many of the most important cases that came up in the Dubuque courts were won by his honest and conscientious reasoning. On January 1, 1907, this unusual man suffered a col lapse, due to a combination of ailments, from which he never recov ered. His day of life was waning, but he awaited the night with 724 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the calmness of a man who has tried to do his duty, trusts in God and fears no future. July 15, 1909, the cold hand of Death beck oned him, thus claiming one of Dubuque's best and most deserving citizens, toward whom the finger of scorn and suspicion could never be directed. Aside from his great interest in legal work, Mr. Mat thews was also interested as stockholder in several concerns in this city. He was one of the founders of the Dubuque Fire & Marine Insurance Company, and of the German Trust & Savings Bank. December 2, 1885, he was united in marriage with Miss Amelia B. Bowdish, and to them were born Dorothea, Carl, Mona, and Eleanor. His mother, Mrs. Anna Matthews, is still living, and now resides in this city. Such, in brief, is the record of his rise up the ladder of life, from comparatively moderate circumstances as a youth, to a position of highest honor and respect among his fellowmen. For months before his death the end was hourly expected, but when he finally passed away it was a shock to his family and many loyal friends who knew him to be a kind and loving husband and father and an honorable man. Mathias M. Hoffmann, who founded the Dubuque Investment Company in August, 1892, and who has been the president and director of this organization since its inception, is a native of this city, his birth occurring May 28, 1857, a son of Mathias and Bar bara Hoffmann, both natives of Germany. The father immigrated to the United States first in 1852, but shortly thereafter returned to his native land, married, and moved here permanently in 1855. He was a cooper by trade, also a carpenter, and considerable of his time was devoted to railroad construction work. He died in 1905, in his seventy-third year, preceded by his wife in 1883. Both were members of the Roman Catholic church, and were buried at Mount Calvary. Mathias M. Hoffmann was attending the parochial school in Dubuque when his father was injured in an accident, thus necessitating his putting his shoulders to the wheel and helping, in the care of the family when but twelve years old. For a number of years he worked at anything he could get to do, subsequently learning the cabinet-maker's trade. He established himself in the undertaking business, and becoming a licensed embalmer, soon acquired a large and increasing business. Mr. Hoffmann was one of the first licensed embalmers in this section of the country, and, becoming an expert, lectured on the subject of embalming in various portions of the country and attained a wide reputation. He was the organizer and for twelve years president of the Dubuque Casket Company. During his business career in Dubuque he has been exceedingly active and energetic in various lines. As a Demo crat in politics he was elected coroner of Dubuque county, serving as such twelve years. He is a member of the Catholic Order of Foresters, the United Workmen, the Modern Woodmen of Amer- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 725 ica, the Elks, the Independent Order of Foresters, of which he was at one time High Chief Ranger of Iowa; the Dubuque Travel ing and Business Men's Association, the Knights of Columbus and other social and benevolent organizations. His entire life has been passed as a member of St. Mary's Roman Catholic church. May 28, 1880, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Voelker, daughter of Leopold Voelker, and to their union six sons and three daughters have been born, as follows: Leo A., a graduate of St. Joseph's College, and a licensed embalmer at Omaha, Nebraska; Mathias, Jr., attending St. Paul Seminary; Alfred A., a student at Creighton Medical College; Herbert J., who is a graduate of St. Joseph's College, as are his elder brothers; Aloysius and Martin, students at St. Joseph's College; Martha, the wife of Dr. Henry Thill ; Mary, who married M. J. Graves, the present deputy county court clerk; and Josephine, now Sister Mary Jeanette, of St. Frances Convent. Mr. Hoffmann is an ardent advocate of the cause of education, and his practicability is demonstrated in the opportunities given his children. Christian Loetscher, president of the Farley-Loetscher Man ufacturing Company, of which he was one of the founders, and a recognized factor in the business world of Dubuque, is a native of the Republic of Switzerland. He was born August 2, 1850, a son of John Loetscher, and until his eighteenth year attended the public schools and served an apprenticeship at woodworking. Like many of the enterprising youths of the old countries of Europe, he concluded that better opportunities for advancement existed in America, and accordingly, in 1868, immigrated to the United States. For two years he worked at his trade in San Francisco, continuing the same occupation thereafter in other parts of California until the fall of 1872, when he located permanently in Dubuque. He secured employment with the sash, door and blind manufacturing establishment of Patch & Waite, but resigned this position to embark in business for himself. For one year, beginning January 1, 1875, he was in business alone, then was associated in partner ship with A. B. Carling, W. R. Clarke and J. A. Rickert. In 188 1 the Farley-Loetscher Manufacturing Company was incorporated with J. P. Farley, H. L. Stout, J. M. Griffith, A. B. Carling, Christian Loetscher and A. A. Loetscher as stockholders. The first officers were J. P. Farley, president; H. L. Stout, vice-presi dent, and A. W. Dougherty, secretary and treasurer. Mr. Farley continued as president until 1894, when he was succeeded by Christian Loetscher, who has since continued as the active head of the corporation. C. M. Peaslee was secretary and treasurer from 1892 to 1908, when he was succeeded by the present occupant, John A. Loetscher, son of the president. This concern has had a remarkable commercial growth. The original capitalization at time 726 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY of incorporation was $75,000, but this has since been several times increased in order to keep abreast of its transactions, until its capital stock is now $1,000,000. In 1875 ten men were employed; now there are six hundred employes, eight men being continuously on the road in the interests of the establishment. The Farley- Loetscher Manufacturing Company enjoys the distinction of being one of the largest sash and door manufacturing concerns in the country, and its phenomenal success is largely attributable to the keen foresight and business sagacity of the immediate subject of this sketch. Soon after coming to Dubuque, Christian Loetscher married Miss Mary Loetscher, daughter of Tobias Loetscher, of Dubuque, and to this union have been born the following children : John A., who began as office boy in the establishment of which he is now secretary and treasurer; F. W., educated in the public schools of Dubuque, Princeton University, a seminary and post graduate course of five years, special courses of one year each at Berlin and Strasburg, professor of church history at Princeton three years, for a like length of time pastor of the Oxford Presby terian Church at Philadelphia, and since 1910 has held a full professorship in Princeton Theological Seminary; E. C, connected with the Loetscher & Ryan Manufacturing Company, and a grad uate of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Lydia C, wife of Professor Funk, of McAllister College, St. Paul, Minnesota ; Mary, deceased; Alma A., the wife of M. C. Bardell, a banker at Marion, South Dakota; Elizabeth M. (Mrs. Lachner), whose husband is identified with the Loetscher & Ryan Manufacturing Company, of Dubuque; Ernst, deceased; T. B., associated with the firm of which his father is president; Arnold E., now taking a mechanical engi neering course in the State University of Wisconsin ; and Florence, deceased. No family stands higher in the religious, social and commercial world of Dubuque than that of Christian Loetscher. John F. McNamara, for many years engaged in mining and farming in Dubuque county and now living a retired life in the city of Dubuque, was born in Putnam county, New York, June 24, 1834, the son of Roger McNamara. In 1836 the family came to Dubuque county and here the father engaged in mining until his death in 1865. John F. McNamara was educated in the local public schools and early in life joined his father in mining operations, continuing until the latter's death, when he purchased the Carson farm of 149 acres in Mosalem township, which he later increased to 215 acres. From 1861 to 1867 he also engaged in the mining business, being part owner of the Driscoll and famous McNamara mine, from which 1,500,000 pounds of ore were extracted. About seven years ago Mr. McNamara' disposed of his farming interests and retired from the active cares of life, removing into the city of Dubuque, where he now resides. To his marriage with Mis? HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 727 Catherine Callahan, daughter of Cornelius Callahan, who died in 1857, solemnized in the year i860, the following children were born, nine of thirteen now living: Clement B., contractor; Austin; Cyril ; Lucy ; Margaret Priestly ; Martha Grace ; Agatha ; Katherine Kinsella ; Celia Gassman ; and four deceased. The family are devout members of the Roman Catholic church, and Mr. McNamara is a member of the Holy Name Society, and Mrs. McNamara of the Rosary Society and of the Mercy Hospital Association. Mr. McNamara has been a lifelong Democrat in his political views; served two years as justice of the peace in Mosalem township, two years as township trustee, and as supervisor from i860 to 1864 and from 1885 to 1891. He is one of the oldest living residents of the county and bears the respect and good will of all who know him. Shubael A. Monger, since 1904 city editor of the Telegraph- Herald of Dubuque, Iowa, was born in Anamosa, Iowa, Feb ruary 13, 1875, a son of C. H. and Katherine L. Monger. Both sides of the family are of English extraction. Shubael A. Monger was educated in the public schools of his native town, finishing in the Anamosa high school. From 1896 to 1904 he was editor and proprietor of the Anamosa Journal, succeeding his father upon the latter's death. Disposing of his newspaper property, he accepted the city editorship of the Telegraph-Herald in Dubuque and has been thus connected ever since. He is a Democrat in his political affiliations, and socially is identified with the Benevolent and Pro tective Order of Elks. Dr. Robert J. Sweeney, one of the most prominent of the younger generation of dental practitioners, was born and raised in Dubuque county. He is the son of James and Margaret (Nevins) Sweeney, early settlers. He received his early scholastic training in the Dubuque public schools, later entering and duly graduating from Bayless Business College. He determined to make the study and practice of dentistry his life work, and accordingly attended the Keokuk Dental School, from which institution he was graduated in 1904. Dr. Sweeney then began the practice of dentistry in his present spacious quarters in the Telegraph-Herald building, Seventh and Main streets, Dubuque, Iowa, and has here since been actively and successfully engaged in the general practice of his profession. He is a member of the Dubuque District Dental Society, the Iowa State Dental Association and the Catholic Order of Foresters, Knights of Columbus and the Loyal Order of Moose, being president of the latter organization. In 19 10 he was united in marriage with Miss Ella J. O'Connell, daughter of Mrs. Mary O'Connell, of Graf, Iowa, and who for a number of years was one of Dubuque's most successful teachers. Dr. Sweeney is one of 728 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Dubuque's public-spirited and progressive men, and takes an active interest in local affairs of importance. John D. Denison, Jr., well-known resident of Dubuque, was born in Clarion, Iowa, September 29, 1872, and is the son of John W. and Triphina June (Gorton) Denison. He is of English, French and Dutch extraction. The family came from England to America at an early period. John Denison, Jr., received his early education in the public and high schools of his native city, grad uating from the latter in 1889, and then took a collegiate course in the Upper Iowa University, graduating with the class of 1893. Fie then determined to take up the study and practice of law, and, accordingly, entered and in 1898 was duly graduated from the law department of the University of Nebraska with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He immediately began the active practice of his profession, at which he has been unusually successful. He is a member of the American Bar Association. Mr. Denison has always taken a keen interest in his relations with other men, and socially is identified with various fraternal and benevolent organizations. In 1 90 1 he served as head auditor in the Modern Woodmen of America; from 1905 to 1908 as beneficiary committeeman of the Royal Neighbors of America; in 1904 he was president of the Iowa Fiaternal Congress; and from 1905 to the present he has been a director of the Brotherhood of American Yeomen. Mr. Denison has also taken great interest in public affairs of importance, and as a Democrat in politics was the candidate of that party in 1902 for the office of attorney-general of Iowa and in 1906 for lieu tenant-governor. In 1908 and again in 191 o he was the Demo cratic candidate in the Third district for Congress. His oratorical ability is well known throughout the state, and there are but few men in Iowa whose services are in as great demand in political campaigns and public celebrations as those of Mr. Denison. At Freeport, Illinois, in the year 1900, he was united in marriage with Miss Maud Lulu Clark, a native of that place, and one son, John DeLoe, was born to them in March, 1903. William A. Palmer, now living a retired life in Dubuque, was born December 18, 1836, in Genesee county, New York, the son of David and Ann (Cochran) Palmer, both natives of Ireland and of Scotch-Irish extraction. David Palmer was a carpenter by trade, and spent his declining days at the residence of his son, William A., in Dubuque. On January 12, 1877, Mr. and Mrs. Palmer celebrated their golden wedding, and three days later she passed away, aged seventy-four years. Mr. Palmer survived her until July 21, 1879, when he died as he had lived — an honest and a loyal citizen. William A. Palmer was educated in the public schools of Batavia, New York; came to Dubuque in i860, and here HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 729 established the printing and bookbinding business now conducted by Berg & Briggs. He was the active head of that establishment until 1905, at which time he retired from participation in business affairs. He has always taken great interest in church work and has taken an active part in civic and charitable affairs. He has been an elder of the Westminster Presbyterian Church for thirty years. He is regarded as one of Dubuque's leading citizens, has the respect and esteem of the entire community, and has assisted materially a number of the city's younger business men when they were boys, in whom he still retains an interest. In 1861, at Galena, Illinois, he was united in marriage with Miss Caroline Strong, a native of that place. She was a lifelong member of the Presbyterian church, devoting much of her time and means to the interests of church work, and died at Dubuque on September 30, 1905, greatly beloved by all who knew her. Prof. John A. McFadden, instructor in elocution at the German Presbyterian Seminary, Dubuque, was born October 1, 1844, in- Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Hugh and Susanna S. McFadden. After attending the public schools he entered St. Timothy's College, and later was graduated from the department of elocution in Mur dock College. His ability as a public speaker led him to believe that he would be most successful in life as a lawyer, and, accord ingly, he entered the office of Congressman J. Morrison Harris and for three years read law. He was duly admitted by examination to practice before the Baltimore and Maryland state bars, but his continued interest in the subject of elocution caused him to aban don a legal career, and he has since devoted his time to educational work, particularly as regards elocution and public speaking. After having spent two or three years in the Etonian School of Elocution, at Philadelphia, and after the completion of a course with the Monroe School of Elocution, at Boston, he was for a time associate professor at .Johns Hopkins University and at Martyn College,. Washington, District of Columbia, as well as instructor in the Central Young Men's Christian Association at Baltimore. Pro fessor McFadden came to Dubuque about fifteen years ago and for the last six years has been connected with the German Presby terian Seminary as instructor in elocution. His success in this particular line of endeavor has been unusual ; aside from his con nection with the seminary, he maintains a studio for private instruc tion. Many of his students have acquitted themselves with credit and distinction in the other institutions of the Northwest, thus demonstrating the thoroughness of his teaching. Professor Mc Fadden married Miss Bernice M. Langworthy, the daughter of Lucius H. Langworthy, of Dubuque, and they reside at 606 West Third street. 730 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Henry P. Lemper, of Dubuque, is a native of the state of Illinois, his birth occurring at Galena, December 6, 1869, the son of A. J. and Catherine (Mumm) Lemper. The father was a cooper by trade, and after attending the public schools of Galena, Henry P. Lemper learned that occupation under his father's tutelage. For five years thereafter he worked at his trade in Waterloo, Iowa, then returned to Galena and until 1907 was associated in business with his father. In that year he was elected city treasurer of Galena and held the office one year. Mr. Lemper then came to Dubuque and purchased the grocery business of his sister, Mrs. George A. Piffner, and in the adjoining building opened a buffet, the first in Dubuque to operate under the Mulct law, and he has since con ducted both these establishments with unusual success. In 1907 his mother passed away and was buried in Galena, and since then the elder Lemper has made his home with his son in Dubuque. Henry P. Lemper is unmarried ; is a member of Eagle Lodge (Galena), the State Liquor Dealers' Association, the Grocerymen's Association, and is one of Dubuque county's progressive citizens. In religious views he is an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith, as were his parents before him, and affiliates with the Holy Ghost Church. George Traufler, who for years engaged in general farming and stock raising in Dodge township, Dubuque county, Iowa, and who now is living a retired life in the city of Dyersville, was born in Independence, Iowa, August 1, 1865, the son of Nicholas and Margaret Traufler. Nicholas Traufler was a native of Germany and came to America in 1855. He first located at Chicago, then at Dubuque, Iowa, and later at Independence, Iowa, where he fol lowed his trade of blacksmith. He then located on a farm of 320 acres in Bremer county and operated same until 1904, at which time he retired and came to Dyersville, Iowa, to pass his remaining days. By hard work he accumulated a competency. He passed away September 22, 1910, aged eighty-seven years. His wife died February 4, 1899, at the age of seventy-two years, and both are buried in St. Francis Cemetery at Dyersville. The following named children were born to them : Margaret, who married J. W. Shields; Nicholas, sheriff, of Virginia City, Montana; Catherine, residing at Chicago; Anna, the wife of James Maron, farmer, of Jackson Junction, Winneshiek county, Iowa; George, subject of this sketch; and Elizabeth, who married Fred Farwell, creamery manager and contractor. George Traufler attended the public schools of Dayton township, Bremer county, Iowa, until sixteen years old, and then remained at home assisting his father until 1898. He then bought a farm of 194 acres in Dodge township, Dubuque county, near Dyersville, where he resided until his retirement. Although practically retired from the active cares of life, Mr. Traufler is not altogether idle, doing some teaming in Dyersville. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 731 He is a Democrat in politics, a Catholic in religion, and a member of the Roman Catholic Mutual Protective Association of the state of Iowa. November 19, 1901, at Luxemburg, this county, he mar ried Miss Elizabeth, daughter of the old pioneers, Peter and Mary Gaul. Her father came from Luxemburg, Germany, to Dubuque county, in 1845, and here secured land from the government. After a long and honorable life he died on April 15, 1894, aged seventy-two years, and was followed by his wife, April 10, 1895, at the age of sixty-two years. Both are buried in the family lot in the cemetery at Luxemburg. To them these children were born : John, a carpenter; Peter, farmer; Joseph; Henry, farmer at Luxem burg; Nicholas, farming on homestead; Margaret, residing in Dyersville, widow of Charles Duster; Mary, died in 1903 in a wagon accident ; Clara, married John Moores, contractor in Luxem burg; Josephine, wife of John Goetzinger, farming in Oklahoma; Catherine, married Nicholas Clemen, farming in Dodge township; and Elizabeth, wife of George Traufler. Mr. and Mrs. Traufler have one child, whom they adopted when one year and nine months old, named Elizabeth. Dr. Cornelius M. Steffens, president of the German Presby terian Theological Seminary of Dubuque, was born in Veldhausen, Germany, September 28, 1867, the son of Rev. Dr. N. M. and Jane (Sutherland) Steffens. The father was a native of Germany, was educated for the ministry and for a number of years prior to his coming to America was a teacher in Roberts College, Constanti nople, Turkey. The mother was born in Dundee, Scotland, grad uated from Edinburgh University, and was a teacher of languages in Roberts College, where she met and married her husband. For a time after immigrating to the United States the elder Steffens filled several important pulpits and later occupied the chair of theology in the German Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Du buque. He is now professor of theology in the Western Theolog ical Seminary, Holland, Michigan, where he and his wife reside., Their son, Cornelius M., was prepared for a collegiate education and entered Hope College, Holland, Michigan, graduating there from in 1892 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Three years later he was granted the degree of Master of Arts from that insti tution, succeeding which he studlied (two years in the Moody Biblical Institute, Chicago, and three years in the Western Theo logical Seminary at Holland, Michigan. He was ordained in 1895, and created Doctor of Divinity by Lenox College, Hopkinton, Iowa, and Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1905. In June of the year 1904 he was elected to his present position as head of the German Presbyterian Seminary, and as such has proved an impor tant factor in the upbuilding of that institution. He has written numerous articles on religious topics, etc., for various publica- 732 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY tions, and has delivered a number of notable addresses before con ventions of Presbyterian assemblies, college convocations, etc. Before assuming his present position Dr. Steffens was for three years pastor of the Second Reformed Church of Rochester, New York, and for a like length of time was pastor of the church at Little Falls, New Jersey. His entire life has been spent in the interests of his church and in educational work. In 1897 he was united in marriage with Miss Anna Muehlendyke, daughter of A. and Mina (Zeeveld) Muehlendyke, of Rochester, New York. She was educated in the high school and normal school of that city and was engaged in teaching when married to Dr. Steffens. To them one son, Ralph Sutherland, was born on April 2, 1898, now attending Lincoln school in Dubuque. Dr. Steffens has been a member of numerous associations and other meetings held in various parts of the country, and is identified with the National Teachers' Association. His residence is at 543 Third street. Bernard Holscher, Sr. With the passing of Bernard Hol- scher, Sr., March 6, 1892, Dubuque county lost one of her best and most deserving citizens and a man who bore the respect and esteem of all who knew him. He was born at Telgte, Prussian province of Westphalia, Germany, April 30, 1830, and was there educated and reared to manhood. When old enough he enlisted in the Prussian army, serving his country a number of years, and on May 5, 1857, left Bremer Harbor for the United States, with a view to making this country his future home. He landed at Balti more, June 29, 1857, and on July 7 of the same year came to Dyers ville, Dubuque county, Iowa. For a few months he was employed in a local lumber yard, and on January 1, 1858, in partnership with his brother, Henry Holscher, embarked in mercantile pursuits. This association continued until the death of the brother, February 21, 1883, and Mr. Holscher then continued the business alone until about 1890, at which time he disposed of his interests to his son-in- law, Joseph Pilmaier. He continued active business operations, however, dealing in grain until within a few weeks of his death. Upon the organization of the German State Bank at Dyersville, in 1886, Mr. Holscher was elected to the position of president by the stockholders, and so popular was the choice and so well did he perform his duties that the head of the institution never changed. On February 1, 1859, he was united in marriage with Miss Eliza beth Stoeckel, who yet survives him. She was born at Zeinrierth, November 15, 1838, the daughter of Joseph and Margaret Stoeckel, and received her education in the public schools at New Vienna, Iowa. To her marriage with Mr. Holscher seven children were born, as follows: Bernard H. and Anna M., both dying in infancy; Joseph, born October 15, 1861, died June 4, 1886; Katherine, wife of Joseph Pilmaier, she dying May 27, 1887, aged twenty years; HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 733 Elizabeth B., widow of Joseph Pilmaier, she dying September 3, 1891, aged twenty-two years, the mother of one daughter, Bertha, born May 7, 1889; Annie, wife of Henry Goerdt; and John, capi talist, who married Anna Kortenkamp, a niece of the first priest at Dyersville. When death halted the career of Mr. Holscher he was but sixty-two years of age, but he did much toward the growth and development of Dubuque county, and his memory will long linger in the hearts of his many friends and neighbors. Nicholas Martin Phillip Lenz, of Dubuque, is a native of Germany, his birth occurring at Caub, on the banks of the River Rhine, May 24, 1854, and the son of Philip Egelbert and Christina (Villman) Lenz. The father was a musician and dancing teacher by occupation. Nicholas Lenz was educated in the public schools of his native country, and in 1881 immigrated to America, coming to Davenport on July 17 of that year. He had served two years in the German army band and was associated with his father in teaching music and conducting a vineyard. He took a course in free-hand drawing in Germany, and after coming to the United States he studied photograph developing in Davenport, Iowa, and on June 15, 1887, opened his present studio in Dubuque, doing all kinds of photographic work. On May 14, 1891, he married Miss Anna Stuber, daughter of John S. Stuber, of Dubuque, and to them have been born: Louise, April 22, 1893, Audubon school graduate; Norma, February 14, 1895, attending high school; and Edward John, attending high school, born August 17, 1896. Mr. Lenz is one of the representative business men of Dubuque, is a member of the Germania Veteran's Society, the Saengerbund, Modern Woodmen of America and the Modern Brotherhood of America, being an ex-vice-president of the first named organization. In politics he is a Democrat with socialistic tendencies, and resides with his wife and family at 2266 Jackson street. His studio is located at 1338 Clay street. John Henry Von Der Heide, living a retired life at New Vienna, was born at Oldenburg, Germany, November 1, 1835, and is a son of Bernard and Katherina, both of whom lived and died in the old country. He attended the German public schools and early in life served an apprenticeship to the cabinetmaker's trade, which he followed for a time. On April 15, 1864, he joined the German army and for seven years was a member thereof, seeing three years active service and four years on the reserve force. In 1869 he immigrated to America, landing at New York city, and came directly west to New Vienna, Iowa, which place has since been his home. For years he followed the trade of carpenter con tractor, and nearly every residence in the village of New Vienna has been erected by him. From 1882 to 1890 he followed mer- 734 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE. COUNTY cantile pursuits, and during this time conducted also an undertaking establishment, manufacturing by hand all caskets, of which he sold seven hundred and eighty-four. Mr. Von Der Heide invested his money in real estate properties in and around New Vienna, and has acquired a competency. He is a Democrat in his political views and a Roman Catholic in religion. He is also a member of the Roman Catholic Mutual Protective Association of the State of Iowa. On January 24, 1864, in his native country, he was united in marriage with Miss Margaretta Dickstahl, who died Decem ber 15, 1885, and is buried in St. Boniface Cemetery, New Vienna, Iowa. To them were born the following named children : Frank, deceased, born on the voyage to America; Frances, died in 1878 and is buried at New Vienna; August C, residing in the state of Washington; Mary, wife of Joseph Erdmann; Louis, of Reliance, South Dakota; Henry, conducting a buffet in Dubuque; Bernard, clerking; and Frances, widow of George Steinl, who was acci dentally killed in 1908 by a falling tree. Mr. Von Der Heide retired from active participation in business affairs in 1908 and has since resided in New Vienna, highly respected by all who know him. Otto Fernando Lange, general agent at Dubuque for the Royal Union Mutual Life Insurance Company of Des Moines, Iowa, was born in this city, February 16, 1869, the son of Robert W. and Ottilie (Lange) Lange, both of whom were natives of Berlin, Germany. Robert W. Lange participated in the German Revolution of 1848, which caused his removal to Vienna, Austria. In 1854 he came to America and two years later to Dubuque, where he engaged in brick contracting and building. In i860 he enlisted in Company K, Seventeenth Missouri Volunteer In fantry, and served to the end of the war as a Union soldier. He returned to Dubuque after that memorable struggle and resumed his occupation as a contractor. In later years he opened a grocery establishment on Lake street, now Garfield avenue, which he con ducted for over twenty-five years, or until his death in 1900. His wife also died that year. To them were born these children: Hugo A., a jeweler at Little Rock, Arkansas; Otto F., the subject of this sketch; Selma; wife of John W. Taylor, comptroller for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company, at Chicago; and Hulda, the wife of George L. Smalley, of Los Angeles, Cali fornia. Otto F. Lange, whose name heads this sketch, received his education in the Dubuque public and high schools, succeeding which he became bookkeeper for Ryder Brothers, wholesale grocers, for one year, after which he traveled for Glasser & Bradley, cigar dealers, and for various other firms. In 1907 he received the appointment of general agent for northeastern Iowa for the Royal Mutual Life Insurance Company of Des Moines, Iowa, and he has been thus connected, with offices in the Bank and Insurance build- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 735 ing, ever since. In 1892, Mr. Lange was united in marriage with Miss Lyde Brendel, of Galena, Illinois, and to them Harvey, Philo and Neva have been born. The family are communicants of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, and Mrs. Lange is active in church and social circles. Mr. Lange is identified with several social and benevolent organizations, among which is the Chicago Athletic Association of Chicago. His residence is at 1344 Locust street. Anton Drexler, one of the representative business men of Dyersville, where since 1895 he has been engaged in the general mercantile business, was born near this city, March 4, 1867, and is a son of John and Mary (Heusler) Drexler. The father came from Bavaria, Germany, to the United States in 1853 and located on a farm of a hundred and sixty acres in Delaware county, Iowa. There he lived and farmed until coming to Dyersville in 1853. He died in October, 1896, followed ten years later by his wife. To them were born the following named children : Matt and Annie, who died at age twenty-one ; John, retired farmer, residing in Dyersville; Katie, the wife of C. Kramer, farmer; Rev. Joe Drexler, Catholic priest at Norway, Iowa; George, grocer at St. Louis ; August, Catholic priest at Neola, Iowa ; Mary, who married Nicholas Jekel, of Independence, Iowa; Anton, subject; and Frank. Anton Drexler finished his scholastic training at Dyersville when twelve years old, and assisted his father in farming until of age. He then farmed on rented land for two years succeeding, when he came to Dyersville and for three years clerked in the Bagge hardware store. He then entered the Goerdt Brothers mercantile establishment and remained thus engaged eight years. In partner ship with John Koelker he embarked in the general mercantile business, but six years later, when the store burned down, he engaged in that line of business alone and has been very successful. He is a Democrat in politics, but has never aspired to hold office. In religious views he is a Catholic and a member of the Roman Catholic Mutual Protective Association of the State of Iowa. Feb ruary 28, 1889, at Dyersville, he was united in marriage with Miss Annie Goerdt, daughter of Charles and Elizabeth Goerdt, pioneer farmers of Delaware county. To this union have been born seven children : Albert, in father's store ; Charles, same ; Rosa, at home ; Emil, with father ; Frances, attending school ; Alma, also in school ; and Edward, six years old. The Drexler family are highly regarded in the community where they reside. Eugene Traub, of the firm of Traub & Feigner, real estate and insurance dealers and makers of abstracts of titles, Dubuque, was born'May 8, 1858, in the kingdom of Wurtemburg, Germany, the son of Emil Traub, a Lutheran pastor. He was educated in the 736 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY German schools and came to Dubuque, Iowa, in February, 1882, entering the abstract office of Wright & Company, with whom he remained until 1900. He then for three years engaged in the same line of business on his own account; in 1903 he admitted Emil Feigner to partnership and the business was continued under the firm name of Traub & Feigner, with offices in the Bank and Insur ance building. To his marriage with Miss Clara M. Brandt, of Dubuque, one son, Eugene, Jr., attending Dubuque high school, has been born. Mr. Traub is a member of the Lutheran church and in politics is independent. Emil Felgner, member of the firm of Traub & Feigner, dealers in real estate and insurance and makers of abstracts of titles, is1 a native of Lengefeld, Kingdom of Saxony, Germany, born July 13, 1866, and the son of Frederick and Christina Feigner. His early -education was acquired in the Saxon schools, and after coming to America he continued his studies at Waverly, Iowa, and in Bayless Business College, Dubuque. For a time he was in the employ of the John T. Hancock Company, dealers in groceries, and on Janu ary 1, 1903, became associated with Eugene Traub under the firm name of Traub & Feigner. To his marriage with Miss Lizette Jeoffrey, of Dubuque, one daughter, Ruth, now a student in St. Joseph's Academy, has been born. Mrs. Feigner is a member of St. Mary's Catholic church and Mr. Feigner is a Lutheran. He is independent in politics. Theodore Schemmel, of Dyersville, was born at New Vienna, Dubuque county, Iowa, June 16, 1852, and is a son of Henry and Mary Schemmel. The father came from Germany to America, locating first in Ohio and later coming to New Vienna, this county, with his brother. He here farmed 200 acres of land and also engaged in the manufacture of woolen goods. He died at the age of forty-five years, followed by his wife in the fall of 1907, and both are buried in St. Boniface cemetery. Theodore Schemmel attended the parochial school at Dyersville and later took a college course at Dayton, Ohio. In 1868 he returned to the old homestead and assisted his mother in the management of the farm until 1871. He then bought a farm of 120 acres near Worthing ton, Dodge township, and about five years later purchased another 150-acre tract. He engaged in farming and stock raising and improved his property, which as time passed on increased in value. In 1900 Mr. Schemmel came to Dyersville and lived retired. He is a Democrat in politics and has served as Alderman of Dyersville and Road Supervisor of Dodge township. Socially he is identified with the Catholic Order of Foresters; in religious views he is a Catholic and holds membership in the Roman Catholic Mutual Pro tective Association of the State of Iowa. To his marriage with HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 737 Miss Elizabeth Hopley, solemnized in Dyersville, October 3, 1871, seven children were born, as follows : Three who died in infancy ; Lewis, farming near Worthington; Elizabeth, wife of Joe Rupeley; Frank, twin brother of Anthon who died in infancy, farming ; and Mary, living with her father. Mrs. Schemmel died February 7, 1908, aged fifty-eight years, and is buried at Dyersville. Mr. Schemmel served fifteen years as a director and treasurer of the Board of Education at Worthington, and has always assisted from his means in the support of all laudable enterprises. Eugene E. Frith, proprietor of the Union Stock Yards, Eight eenth and Sycamore streets, Dubuque, and otherwise prominently identified with local commercial interests, was born in this city, April 5, 1859, the son of Thomas E. and Amelia (Borden) Frith. The parents were both natives of England, were there married, and at an early date immigrated to America and came to Dubuque. Here the father engaged in fertilizing and rendering, which busi ness is still conducted by Eugene E. Frith with a complete and modern plant. Eugene E. Frith received his education in the Dubuque public schools, and while yet young in years entered busi ness with his father. The Union Stock Yards, now owned and operated by him, was established twenty-five years ago by the Dubuque Butchers' Association and was incorporated in April, 1904. They are engaged in killing and packing, and in the selling of tallow, hides, pelt, wool, etc. Mr. Frith is a staunch Republi can in his political views, has served as Alderman from the Fifth Ward for ten years and) during this time many bills for civic im provement brought up by him have become laws. Socially he is a member of the Elks, Modern Woodmen of America, the Free men's Association of Des Moines, and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. To his union with Miss Mary E. Collins, daughter of Jacob Collins, one of Dubuque county's pioneer miners,, these children have been born: Eugene T., a graduate of Bayless Busi ness College and now traveling for his father ; Nettie Irene, .at home; Belle, now Mrs. Emil Tropp. The family are communi cants of St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal church, and Mrs. Frith is identified with the Woman's Relief Corps and is prominent in social circles. Anton Bockensted has lived at New Vienna, Iowa, retired from the active cares of life since 1900. He is of German nativity, born at Oldenburg, December 12, 1838, and is the son of Frank H. and Elizabeth Bockensted, who came to America by way of New Orleans in 1845. The voyage across the ocean was of ten weeks' duration, and upon arrival in this country immediately started up the Mississippi river, locating at New Vienna, Iowa. In the spring of 1846 the family removed to a farm in Delaware county, princi- 738 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY pally wild prairie land which Mr. Bockensted bought at $1.25 per acre, and brought to a high state of cultivation. He died October 27, 1886, aged eighty-four years, preceded by his wife April 3, 1864, and both are buried in St. Boniface cemetery. Mr. Bocken sted possessed the sturdy thrift characteristic of the German people, and by hard work accumulated a competency. At his death he was the owner of 200 acres of fine farm land, which he left to his children, named as follows: Frank, retired farmer; Henry, died in 19 10, buried in St. Boniface cemetery at New Vienna; Clemens, retired farmer; Marianna, died in May, 1897, buried at Dyersville, was the wife of Frank BuHinger; Elizabeth, who married Bernard Vaske, of Delaware county, Iowa; Josephine, died March 4, 1885, buried at Dyersville ; John, died at age of seven years, buried in St. Boniface cemetery; Arnold, farming in Delaware county, and Anton. Anton Bockensted received his schooling in one of the old-fashioned log-house schools, having a farmer for a teacher, and has followed farming and stock raising all his life as a means of livelihood. For a time he remained with his father, then farmed for himself, and at one time was the owner of 300 acres. He still possesses 120 acres, and gave his daughter an eight-acre tract. Aside from his farming interests Mr. Bockensted owns six lots in New Vienna and various buildings. He is a Democrat in poli tics, has served as school director and on the Council a number of years, and for over sixty years has been a staunch adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. He was married at New Vienna on Sep tember 8, 1863, to Miss Angela Rohenfohl, daughter of Frederick and Catherine Rohenfohl, the former coming to Dubuque county about 1 838 and subsequently dying at Lindsay, Texas. Mrs. Bock ensted passed away October 21, 1872, when in the prime of life, aged twenty-six years, having borne her husband these children: Frank, who died when six years old; three who died in infancy; Elizabeth, married Henry Klosterman, farming near New Vienna, and Mary, the wife of Frank Kruse, also a farmer. Mr. Bocken sted, by hard and honorable work, has accumulated a competency, and during his remaining years can live at ease and with the knowl edge that he has made life a success. Adolph Warburg Leman, M.Th., since January, 1908, resid ing and practicing his profession in Dubuque, is a native of Sweden, born at Gothenburg, August 29, 1870, and of German extraction. Maxmilian and Bernhardina (Von Behrens) Leman were his par ents, the father being an importer by occupation. Until sixteen years of age Adolph W. Leman attended the military academy, then spent one year in preparatory instruction previous to entering the medical department of the University of Stockholm, where he studied until 1890. He then entered and in 1892 graduated from the Royal Central Institute, succeeding which he was for two sea- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 739 sons assistant to Dr. E. Kleen, of Karlsbad, Austria. Following this he came to this country, where he practiced in New York nearly seven years, after which he returned to Europe, where for three years he divided his practice between London (summers) and Paris (winters). While there he had several patients from San Francisco, who finally induced him to return to America, and he practiced in the latter city until the earthquake, after which he went East. Since January 16, 1908, Dr. Leman has been a resi dent of Dubuque, Iowa, and is endeavoring to bring before the people of this city a branch of the medical profession known as mechano-therapy. In order that this system may be thoroughly understood and appreciated by the citizens of Dubuque county a short history and account of mechano-therapy herewith follows : Manual treatment, in one form or another, has been in use for all time of which there exists any historical record, but the first attempt to place a system of movements on a scientific basis was made by a Swede named Pehr Henrik Ling. He was born in Ljunga, southern Sweden, in 1776. His life was primarily in tended for the ministry, but being of a roving disposition he rebelled against this and started wandering over the Continent. Little is known of his travels save that he visited Germany, France and England, but in 1804 he returned to Sweden and in the town of Lund was established as an instructor in the arts of fencing and gymnastics. While traveling he had been. compelled in consequence of pecuniary difficulties to undergo many hardships and privations, resulting in serious damage to his health, and upon his return to Sweden he was sorely afflicted with rheumatism. Bodily ailments did not, however, prevent him from pursuing an active life, and his reputation as a master of fencing and gymnastics developed into considerable fame. The movements and exercise necessitated by his daily work proved of great benefit to his physical condition, and shortly after his appointment as fencing master to the University of Lund he found that his rheumatism had disappeared and that he had regained his former strength and vigor. These facts turned his thoughts in a new direction. What had been of benefit to him self might also be of benefit to others, and he came to the conclu sion that it ought to be possible to devise various movements with different physiological effects for the treatment of various ail ments. He likewise argued that a further series of movements could be contrived which would tend not only to keep healthy per sons in that condition but also to strengthen their bodies equally in all directions. The question now arose : how could these theo ries be turned into practical account? Ling saw that it would be impossible to work out a rational system of gymnastics without previous knowdedge of the structure of the human organism and of its complex functions, and accordingly brought the matter before the Senatus of the university and made formal application to study 740 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY anatomy and physiology. This was readily granted, and he went through nearly the entire curriculum required for candidates for degrees in medicine and surgery without, however, actually taking any qualification. In the light of the extensive knowledge thus obtained Ling at last produced a practically new system of gym nastics which is called after him. In time his efforts to induce the Swedish Government to found an institution for the practice were rewarded, and in 1813 the Royal Central Institute, subsidized by state, was opened in Stockholm, and he was appointed its first principal. Ling died in 1839, and, according to his own words, uttered shortly before his death, left behind him only two men who really understood his system and were capable of furthering its progress. These were Lars Gabriel Branting, the greatest of all his pupils, and Karl Augustus Georgii. By them, Hjalmar Ling (son of P. H. Ling) and Thure Brandt the system was developed and handed down, but it is a matter of great regret that neither ever issued a comprehensive work on the subject of Ling's medical gymnastics. Mechano-therapy, also called Swedish manual treat ment, or medical gymnastics, consists of a series of movements, either unduplicated (without resistance) or duplicated, which latter are either concentric or eccentric, and the object of the system is to replace pathological conditions by physiological ones — effected by executing movements in physiological harmony with the require ments of the particular case. Dr. Leman, the immediate subject of this memoir, is endeavoring to prove to the people of Dubuque county the value of this system. He does not claim that mechano therapy is a panacea, but prefers to work hand in hand with the medical profession, and in this manner mechano-therapy has become a valuable adjunct to medicinal and surgical treatment. Joseph W. Schaetzle, well-known resident of New Vienna, was born in this village June 3, 1868, the son of Sigismund and Elizabeth Schaetzle. The father was a native of Alsace, Germany, and prior to coming to America in 1856, followed the career of a soldier as a member of the French army. He located in New Vienna, Dubuque county, Iowa, and here resided until his death in 1901, at the age of seventy-four years. His wife followed him on July 16, 1909, aged seventy-two years, and both are buried in St. Boniface cemetery. Joseph W. Schaetzle was educated in the pub lic schools of New Vienna, which he attended until fourteen years old. From 1884 to 1889 he was employed as clerk and teamster by Jacob Kerper, of New Vienna, and then for two years was similarly engaged by A. P. Brunsman. Succeeding this he estab lished a hotel and saloon which he has since conducted and to which his brother, Henry T. Schaetzle, was admitted to partnership. He is a stockholder in the First National Bank of Dyersville, owns considerable real estate, among which is ninety acres of valuable HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 741 timber land, and also conducts the Washington House at New Vienna. In politics Mr. Schaetzle is a Democrat and he has served as town clerk of New Vienna for two years. In religious views he is of the Roman Catholic faith, and has long held membership in St. Boniface church. On June 7, 1892, at New Vienna, he was united in marriage with Miss Frances Keuter, who died December 19, 1894, having borne her husband one daughter, Gunilda, July 2, 1893. Mr. Schaetzle has always taken great interest in local affairs of importance and has contributed from his means to all laudable enterprises. He is one of the county's representative busi ness men and bears the respect and good will of all who know him. Frank Boeckensted is one of Dubuque county's retired farmers and stock raisers, and at present is residing in the village of New Vienna. He was born at Oldenburg, Germany, September 8, 1831, a son of Frank H. and Elizabeth Boeckensted, both of whom were natives of that country. The father's birth occurred July 25, 1800, and he was reared to hard work on a farm. He also followed fishing. In 1846, accompanied by his family, he embarked on a sailing vessel for the United States, the voyage across the ocean lasting from August 15 to October 18. They landed at New Orleans and immediately came north to New Vienna, Iowa, then scarcely more than a cluster of log houses, but shortly thereafter removed to Delaware county, Iowa, and located on a farm of eighty acres. At that time the country was rough and in a wild state, and various bands of Indians could be found roving over the country. By hard work the father and his boys cleared and im proved their land and in time accumulated a competency. Their neighbors were few and far between, and as far as the eye could reach from their farm there was nothing to be seen save a wide expanse of prairie land, broken occasionally by a cluster of trees along some winding river. To Mr. Boeckensted and wife five sons were born, named : Frank, Henry, Clemens, Arnold, and Anton. The father died October 24, 1886, aged eighty-six years, preceded by his wife April 3, 1864, at the age of fifty-nine years, and both lie at rest in St. Boniface cemetery, New Vienna, Iowa. Frank Boeckensted attended the public schools of his native county and when fifteen years old was brought to America and Delaware county, Iowa, by his parents. His education was limited to the above schooling and he was unable to speak one word of English upon arrival in this country. He learned to make wooden shoes, which trade he followed three years, and also assisted his father on the home farm until twenty-four years of age. He carefully saved his money during that time and was enabled to purchase 120 acres at $1.25 per acre, which he improved by erecting a home, barn and suitable outhouses. He first plowed his land with oxen, and later, as his means afforded, bought horses and other domestic 742 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY animals. Mr. Boeckensted finally disposed of his farm to his son- in-law for a consideration of $2,600, and then purchased another tract of 120 acres in Connolly township, Delaware county. This he held until his removal to New Vienna, Dubuque county, Iowa, where he has since resided retired from the active cares of life. He is a Democrat in politics and a member of St. Boniface Roman Catholic church. July 24, 1855, at Dubuque, he married Miss Gertrude Vaska, daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth Vaska, both deceased, and five children have been born to them, as follows: Elizabeth, married Bernard Engelken, farming the homestead in Delaware county; Mary, born August 29, 1858, died July 6, 1892, buried at New Vienna; Josephine, born September 17, 1862, died September 23, 1863; Anna K, born April 12, 1864, died November 20, 1904, and Clemens J., born June 1, 1868, died October 13, 1877. Mr. Boeckensted has always contributed most liberally from his time and means toward the support of all laudable enterprises, and is at present assisting in the erection of four churches and schools at Luxemburg and Dyersville. He attended school at Hopetown shortly after coming to this country, with a view to bettering his education and command of the English language, and by his own unaided efforts has made life a success. He bears the highest respect and esteem of all who know him,, and is one of Dubuque county's best citizens. The Dubuque Academy of Music, now under the able super vision of Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Kleine, was founded in the year 1880 by Miss C. R. Hamblin, who was educated in Leipzig, Germany. She was an ardent pupil and lover of music, and through her pro nounced ability as an instructress did much to elevate the taste of the public along musical lines. Miss May Worthington was her first associate, and when Miss Hamblin relinquished her work in Dubuque Miss Rosa L. Kerr, now of Columbus, Ohio, assumed charge of the academy. In 1890 it passed into the hands of A. C. Kleine, the present director, and through his able management and teachings the school has grown and become very popular. The object of the school is to furnish the best methods of musical edu cation in the art of pianoforte playing, from the elementary branches to the highest stage of artistic development, and to anyone taking a course of instruction in the Dubuque Academy of Music Mr. Kleine conscientiously guarantees the very best instruction and personal supervision. He has studied the piano under such mas ters as Prof. Dr. Theodore Kullak and Nathaniel Bottcher, of Berlin, Germany; Jean Louis Nicode and Carl Hess, Dresden, Germany, and has been instructed in harmony and theory of music by Philipp Scharwenka, Dr. Richard Wuerst and Dr. Otto Thiersch, of Berlin, and Emil Rischbieter, of Dresden. Associated with Mr. Kleine on the faculty are Mrs. Kleine, a pupil of Fredrich HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 743 Wieck, father and teacher of the celebrated Clara Schumann, and a graduate of the Rollfuss Academy of Dresden, Germany. Mrs. Kleine also studied under Felix Draescke and Carl Hess, the latter court pianist to the King of Saxony. Mrs. Ida Minges, a pupil of Hess, of Dresden, and Hirschberg, of Berlin, has been connected with the academy for fifteen years. The rest of the faculty con sists of Miss Clara Hetherington, Miss Vivien Lee, Miss Marjorie Wilson, and Miss Ada Campbell, who are post-graduates of the academy and well known for their efficient work. Many fine pianists and teachers who are holding responsible positions have been developed at this school. The Academy is located at the corner of Tenth and Main streets, city of Dubuque. Henry Tegeler, residing on a farm of 200 acres in New Wine township, is a native of Illinois, born at Quincy, September 19, 1852, and is the son of Gerhard and Antonetta Tegeler. The parents came to the United States in 1844 and first located at Quincy, where for a time the father followed his trade as plasterer. They then came to Dubuque county, Iowa, and settled on a farm of forty acres in New Wine township. The land was rough and un broken and no buildings were to be found on it, but Mr. Tegeler set to work with a will and by degrees brought his property to a high state of cultivation. By hard work and careful saving of his money he gradually prospered and became one of the foremost farmers in this section of the county. He was deeply in debt upon arrival in America, having had to borrow money for the ocean voyage, and also borrowed to buy his land in New Wine town ship, but he honorably met all obligations at the proper times and accumulated a competency. Mr. Tegeler died December 27, 1900, aged seventy-three years, followed by his wife December 9, 1901, at the age of seventy-six, and both were buried in the family lot in the cemetery at Dyersville. Henry Tegeler attended the district schools of New Wine township until twelve years old, and the fol lowing thirteen years remained on the old homestead assisting his father. He farmed rented land for a year, and then bought eighty acres, on which he paid $10 as a first installment. As time passed he prospered, and in 1891 he sold his farm and the following year bought his present tract of 200 acres. This is regarded as one of the finest farms in New Wine township, and Mr. Tegeler is engaged in general farming and extensive cattle raising. He is also a stock holder in the Farmers' State Bank. As a Democrat in politics he has served twelve years as township clerk and in 1908 was elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature. Socially he is identi fied with the Knights of Columbus, the Catholic Order of Foresters, and in religious views is an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. October 18, 1877, at Dyersville, he was united in marriage with Miss Anna Burkle, daughter of Ralph and Mary Burkle. Her 744 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY father was the first teacher in the parochial school at Dyersville, was also a carpenter, and later bought a farm of 190 acres near that city, where he has since resided. To Mr. and Mrs. Tegeler the following named family of children have been born: Nettie, who married Joe Bechman, farming in New Wine township ; Louis, a mechanic at Nashua, Iowa; Frank, government inspector of irrigation at Boise, Idaho ; Anthony, carpenter at Waterloo, Iowa ; Annie, at home ; Leo, teaching school ; Hago and Victor, assisting on the farm at home; Irene, at home; Eleanora, at home; Hilde- gard, attending school ; Modesta, at school, and Waldemar, also at school. Mr. Tegeler has always taken great interest in local affairs of importance and is one of the county's representative citizens. William Graham. The history of William Graham, lawyer and citizen of Dubuque, is one which exemplifies all those good qualities which form the character of the self-made man, and as such it conveys its own lesson to every young man who may read it. This article will commend itself to all citizens of Dubuque as an honest, though imperfect, attempt to tell them something of the life of one who, in official and private life, has patriotically striven to do his whole duty and in so doing has become eminent as an honest man and an able attorney. He was born March 2, 1831, in Montgomery, Orange county, New York, the third son of William and Hannah (Houston) Graham. The father was a farmer and a man of influence and prominent in Orange county. He served as a member of the Lower House of the State Legislature, and declined the office of State Senator and the nomination for Con gress. His mother was a graduate of Miss Pierce's school at Litchfield, Connecticut, and both were descended from old Scotch- Irish families of the Presbyterian faith. Their son, William Gra ham, the immediate subject of this memoir, was educated in the Orange county public schools and the Montgomery Academy, later by examination entering the junior class at Union College. Upon entering he stood seventieth in his class, but at graduation ranked third, the class ranking higher in scholarship than any previously graduated from that institution. Many of this same class have made names for themselves in the various walks of, life and have attained prominence in public affairs. Succeeding his graduation Mr. Graham entered the office of Hon. John J. Monell, Newhurgh, New York, and there read law for three years, and was admitted to practice before the New York bar on January 8, 1856. While thus employed he also was manager of the Newburgh Gas & Light Company, using the means thus procured to further his education. In August, 1856, he removed to Bellevue, Iowa, and was admitted to the Bar of Iowa on September 8 of that year, and then formed a partnership with Hon. John B. Booth, ex-judge of the district bench, which continued until the death of the latter in 1869. In HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 745 1861 Mr. Graham was elected Mayor of Bellevue, and through his careful management and economy the city's indebtedness was paid up and its affairs put on a paying basis. He was, without his consent, the Democratic candidate for State Representative in 1861, but was defeated by a small majority through fraudulent tactics of opponents, which were later bared and confessed to Mr. Graham. He, however, refused to punish the offenders. In 1862 he was solicited to run for judge against John F. Dillon, but declined the honor, later refusing also to run against Judge Richman. In 1867 he refused the nomination for State Senator, when same was equivalent to election, and that year came to Dubuque, where he has since been actively and successfully engaged in the general practice of law. In 1873 he was elected City Attorney of Dubuque by a majority larger than the total vote received by his opponent, and in 1885 received the appointment by President Cleveland of Assistant United States Attorney. He was afterwards retained by the government as special counsel in the prosecution and con viction of officers of defunct commercial banks. In 1876 he was the nominee of the Democratic party for Supreme Court Judge, but suffered defeat with his ticket. While a resident of Bellevue Mr. Graham served two terms as president of the Board of Edu cation, and was for four years chairman of the Democratic Central Committee. At the beginning of that period the Democrats held but one county office ; at its close the Republicans had but one ; a result to which his efforts contributed largely. In June, 1858, he was united in marriage with Miss Harriet Watson, of Catskill, daughter of Hon. Malbone Watson, Judge of Supreme Court of New York; she died suddenly in 1894, while on a visit to her former home. Of their children the following named survive : Malbone W., D.D., for fourteen years a missionary of the Presbyterian church in South America, and now pastor of the Williams, Iowa, church; William, Jr., shoe merchant, of Chicago; Henry L., real estate dealer, of South Dakota; Helen, wife of G. G. Davis, real estate dealer, of South Dakota. William Graham is in many re spects a remarkable man. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa. college fraternity, the American Bar Association, the Iowa State and Dubuque County Bar associations, and for thirty years has been a member of the board of trustees of Lenox College, Hop kinton, Iowa, which institution unexpectedly conferred on him in 1901 the honorary degree of LL.D. He is secretary and director of the German Presbyterian Theological Seminary in Dubuque and has taken an active and prominent part in the affairs of the Presbyterian church, of which he is an elder. Mr. Graham has traveled extensively at home and abroad, has a wide acquaintance among clergymen and lawyers of prominence, and bears the highest respect and esteem of all who know him. His life, both private and public, has been remarkably clean and untarnished, and it is with 746 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY just pride that Dubuque can point to him and say, "That man is one of our best and most deserving citizens." Henry A. Schunk, for the past three years engaged in the real estate and insurance business in Dubuque, is a native of Dubuque county and the son of Michael and Catherine Schunk. Michael Schunk was born in Zweibrucken, Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, and in 1840 immigrated to the United States, locating at Dubuque, Iowa, where for many years he conducted the Western Hotel and later operated a brick kiln and yards. He was active in local affairs of importance, and as a Democrat in politics served as town ship constable for fifteen years. On December 1, 1889, he passed away, followed by his wife, March 4, 1900, and both are at rest in the family lot in Linwood cemetery. Henry A. Schunk, the immediate subject of this memoir, was born August 16, 1857, in the Western Hotel, Dubuque, Iowa. He received his early edu cation in the old Third Ward school, later attended Bayless Busi ness College, and for a number of years was employed by various concerns as bookkeeper and accountant. From 1882 to 1883 he served as Treasurer of Dubuque, from 1885 to 1889 as United States Internal Revenue officer and from 1906 to 19 10 as Mayor of the city of Dubuque. He has always taken great interest and an active part in public affairs, and, like his father before him, is a staunch Democrat in his political views. For the past three years, in partnership with his son, he has been engaged in the real estate and insurance business. Socially he is identified with the Eagles, Owls, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Ancient Order of United Workmen, Catholic Order of Foresters, Woodmen of the World, and the Catholic Protective Society. He has served as treasurer of the Elks for several years and as secretary and treas urer of the Catholic Protective Society. August 16, 1878, he was united in marriage with Miss Margaret F. Broderick, daughter of John Broderick, who was born in Dubuque September 21, 1858, and to them these children have been born : Loretto M., wife of attorney John A. Cunningham, of Dubuque, born in August, 1879; Cyril B., born in October, 1883, residing in Chicago; Henry B., born in October, 1887, with father, and Bertrand E., born in Au gust, 1889, who died in infancy. The family are communicants of the Roman Catholic church, and Mrs. Schunk is a member of Sher man Circle. The Schunk family stands high in the community where they reside and bear the respect and good will of all who know them. Samuel B. Lattner, recognized generally as one of the able lawyers of the Dubuque bar, is a native Iowan, his birth occurring February 5, 1862, at Lattnerville, the son of Paul and Amanda (Lasher) and grandson of Joseph Lattner. The father came to HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 747 America with his parents in 1854, settling in Indiana, and after their deaths worked with his brothers Jacob and Wendolin on the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad between Dubuque and Independence, Iowa. Succeeding this he went to Lattnerville, Iowa, named for him, and there engaged in merchandising. He be came prominent in the civic affairs of that town, serving as post master a number of years, and also was the first to introduce bees in that portion of the country, owning at one time some 200 hives and dealing extensively in honey. He was of the Roman Catholic faith, and in 1891, after a three days' illness, passed away of pneu monia. His son, Samuel B., the immediate subject of this review, received his early education in the public schools of his native town, andi later took a banking course in Bayless Business College, Du buque. Subsequently, deciding to take up the study and practice of law he entered and in 1897 was graduated from the Iowa State University with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He then came to Dubuque and has here been actively and successfully engaged in the general practice of his profession. He is also president of the Worthington Savings Bank, general counsel of same, and for ten years has been secretary of the Du buque Bart Association. As a member of the Knights of Pythias order he has been prominent and has served as delegate to the Grand Lodge of that organization. Originally he was a Democrat in poli tics, but since 1896 has been an inactive Republican. Mr. Lattner takes great interest in church work, and for ten years has been a teacher of an adult class in the Sunday school of the Methodist Episcopal church. To his marriage with Miss Mary Gerhardt, daughter of David and Rebecca Gerhardt, solemnized in 1885, the following named children have been born: Emma, November 2, 1887; Laura, April 22, 1890; Rebecca, November 2, 1893, and Frederick, June 28, 1898. The entire family are prominent in church work, Mrs. Lattner being a member of the Ladies' Aid Society, and bear the respect and good will of all with whom they come in contact. Daniel Sauer, who died in Dubuque, February 2, 191 1, was a man deserving of more than passing notice in the annals of this county. He was born April 11, 1829, in Unter Franken und Aschaffenburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, and was there reared and educated. When a young man he served in the Bavarian army, but at the age of twenty-four immigrated to America, located first at Forked River, New Jersey, and obtained a knowledge of ship carpentry and ship handling. He met and on June 24, 1855, married Catherine McGrath, who came to America about the year 1853. Shortly after his marriage he moved west to Rock Island, Illinois, and secured employment as ship carpenter, an officer, on boats plying between St. Louis and St. Paul. In the early sixties 748 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY he moved to Dubuque, bought a home at 2149 Washington street in 1864, and there resided until his demise. He continued in active employment on the Mississippi for more than fifty years, numbering among his friends the prominent men of many cities, as well as the great river men of his day. He will long be remembered by river men as a trustworthy, kindly, and courteous gentleman, faithful to the duties he owed to God and his adopted country. His wife died February 15, 1899. They became the parents of the following named six children : Helen M. T., a graduate of the high school of Dubuque, taught in the graded schools of the city, and for the past twenty-three years as instructor of mathematics in the Dubuque high school, and is a trustee of the Carnegie-Stout Free Library; Edmund J., married Emma Tuegel, is the father of three children, resides at 473 Windsor avenue, Dubuque, learned the carpenter's trade, served as head engineer of the Diamond Jo lines several years, was elected and served two terms in the State Legislature from Dubuque county, went to Evarts, South Dakota, as superintendent and quarter owner of a transportation company shipping cattle, produce, and other commodities across the Missouri river at that point, subsequently returned to Dubuque, and is now secretary and treasurer of the Dubuque Sand Company and an Alderman-at-large of the city ; Joseph, who died at the age of seven years ; Frank, married in Chicago and went from there to Everett, Washington, where he died at forty years of age and was buried in Dubuque; George A., a ship carpenter, unmarried and residing at the old home in Dubuque, and Catherine, a graduate of the Du buque high school, trained as a teacher in the State Normal school at Cedar Rapids, and is a teacher in the public schools. John B. Walter, residing in Farley, is a native of this county, his birth occurring January 9, 1868, and the youngest of two chil dren, his elder sister, Ann Maria, being the wife of James Redding, of Farley, and the mother of four children. Joseph and Hannah (Toomer) Walter, the parents, were of English nativity and each came to the United States when they were young and were here married. Joseph Walter was a farmer by occupation, an Episco palian in religion, and a Republican in politics. He died October 6, 1899, at sixty-seven years of age, preceded by his wife at the age of forty-four years. John B. Walter received his education in the common schools, and while his parents were living resided under the parental roof. Conjointly with his sister he inherited 310 acres of valuable land acquired by his father which comprised the homestead, and here he resided until 1903. Having purchased 141% acres a short distance southwest of Farley, he farmed this property for five years, but in 1909 rented the place, moved into Farley and has since devoted his time to looking after his various interests. December 10, 1891, he married Miss Carrie Chubb, and HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 749 to this union four children have been born, named, Elsie, Bert, Eva, and Leslie. Mrs. Walter was born October 17, 187 1, and is the only survivor of two children born to James R. and Martha Ann (Hatch) Chubb, who were natives of England. Her brother Clar ence, the oldest of the children, died in infancy. The parents came to America when young, were married in Dubuque in October, i860, were farmers the greater part of their lives, and are yet living. Mr. Walter is a Republican in his political affiliation, has served two years on the Farley school board, and is a member of the City Council. Socially he belongs to the Modern Woodmen of America and the Mystic Workers, and he and wife are members of the Episcopal church of Farley. Henry Charles Kenline, senior member of the well-known legal firm of Kenline & Roedell, was born in Elizabeth, Minnesota, September 15, 1875, the son of John and Katherine (Racy) Ken line. The family is of German extraction and in that country the father was born. Henry Kenline, the subject of this review, was educated in the public schools of his native town, the high schools in Duluth and Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in the Bayless Business College, Dubuque. In August of the year 1892 he entered the law offices of Longville & McCarthy as student and clerk, and in May, 1897, was admitted to practice before the Iowa State bar by exami nation before the Supreme Court. He then joined the above men tioned firm as junior member, and when Mr. Longville died the firm was styled McCarthy & Kenline and remained thus until Mr. McCarthy's death in 1904. Mr. R. P. Roedell was then admitted to partnership and the firm name changed to Kenline & Roedell. Mr. Kenline has general and corporation practice in the State and Federal courts, is general counsel for the Law Defense Company of Dubuque, and Chicago, Anamosa & Northern Railway, and is a member of the Iowa State Bar Association. To his marriage with Miss Katherine Egan, of Amboy, Illinois, solemnized in 1905, two daughters, Katherine and Mary, attending school in Dubuque, have been born. Mr. Kenline is a Roman Catholic in his religious views and is independent in politics. He holds membership in the Du buque Club and several fraternal organizations, holds high rank among the legal practitioners of Dubuque county, and his offices are located in the Bank and Insurance Building. Louis H. Brede, well-known resident and business man of Du buque, is a native of this county and a son of the old pioneers Frank and Christina (Van Dillman) Brede. Frank Brede was born in the Province of Westphalia, Germany, where he was reared and edu cated, and in 1857 immigrated to America and located at Dubuque. Here for many years he conducted a buffet, and in 1897 passed away and was buried in the German Catholic cemetery. Mrs. 750 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Brede still survives him and makes her home in Dubuque. To them the following named children were born: John F., of the Dubuque Chemical Company; Frank H., Mrs. Flora Meyer, Mrs. Emma Klauer, Mrs. Anna Klauer, Mrs. Bertha Kunnert, Christina, and Louis H., all of whom reside in Dubuque. Louis H. Brede, the immediate subject of this memoir, attended St. Mary's parochial school and later entered Sacred Heart College at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He then spent some time learning the machinist's trade, succeeding which he was for four years in the County Treas urer's office. When the Dubuque Woodenware & Lumber Com pany was organized in March, 1890, Francis Jaeger was elected president, A. J. H. Tuegel vice president and Mr. Brede secretary and treasurer. Their charter expired on January 1, 19 10, and the new one was issued to the Dubuque Lumber Company, with Mr. Brede president and treasurer, Thomas Tully vice president, and Joseph A. Peryon secretary. They are engaged in the wholesale and retail lumber business, with offices and yards at Lincoln and Tenth avenues, and also deal in coal and cement. In 1895 the Dubuque & Wisconsin Bridge Company was organized by J. A. Rhomberg, C. H. Meyer, George Fengler and others, was char tered by the United States in 1901, and work on the bridge com menced that year by the contracting firm of Linehan & Molo. The bridge was opened for traffic in May, 1902. The capital stock of the corporation amounted to $100,000, of which $83,000 was paid in. The bridge is now known as the Eagle Point bridge, with Louis H. Brede president of the corporation and L. Lindenberg secretary. Aside from the above associations Mr. Brede is a director of the German Trust & Savings Bank, has been chairman of the Democrat City Central Committee six years, and is a mem ber of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church. He resides at 1018 Iowa street. Reuben Hawkins, residing on section 11, Cascade township, is a splendid example of what a youth can accomplish in this country by the proper display of courage under difficulties, industry and economy. He was born in October, 1849, and is a son of William and Sarah Hawkins, of whom appropriate mention is made in the biography of his elder brother, Benjamin Hawkins. He attended a few terms at the Spring Valley district schools and at twelve years of age was compelled to begin life's battle upon his own responsibility. His boyhood days were passed in working as a farm laborer and acquiring an education, and when nineteen years old he began teaching in the district schools of Cascade township. He acquired forty acres of land from his father by making the first payment therefor with a horse valued at $100. Long hours of hard labor brought him the means to increase his holdings from HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 751 time to time, until he is now the owner of over 300 acres, and this he has improved until it has become one of the finest farms in the county. When twenty-nine years old he married Mary Mercer, daughter of Andrew and Euphemia (Dalgleish) Mercer. Andrew Mercer was born in Scotland and immigrated to Canada when twenty years of age. He followed his trade of mason and stone cutter, moved to New York state, and from there to Cascade, Iowa. Mr. and Mrs. Mercer had these children: James, Robert, Mary, Eliza, James, and Isabella. To Mr. and Mrs. Reuben Hawkins three children have been born, as follows: Charles D., Effie May, who died at the age of six months and three days, and Anna Almira, the wife of Harry P. Midkiff, who, with her husband, are now in Germany preparing themselves to become Christian mission aries. Mr. Hawkins is one of the well-known raisers of shorthorn cattle and Shropshire sheep of the county. He is a Republican in politics, has served on the grand jury three years, is a strong advo cate of temperance, and is active in the work of the Presbyterian church. John P. Kirchen, Sr., is one- of the best-known men in Du buque county, and has probably contributed as much good to future generations as any man within its borders. He was born in Nie- deranven, Grand Duchy Luxemburg, in 1840, a son of Nicholas and Susanna (Snyder) Kirchen, and was there reared to man's estate. He received superior educational advantages in his native land, also in France, and when twenty-one years old came to the United States and for two years taught school at Granville, Wisconsin. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Dubuque, Iowa, but after a short time removed to Cascade, which place has since been his home. For a great many years Mr. Kirchen has followed the profession of school teaching in Dubuque county, serving twenty- three years as teacher at Dyersville, and many men here and else where who have become prominent in the various walks of life received from Mr. Kirchen their educational start in the world. A devout Catholic in religion, he conceived the idea that a journal devoted to the cause of the church would accomplish much good that could not otherwise be obtained. He founded the Katholischer Waechter in June, 1896, which has obtained a large circulation and a flattering recognition among the religious publications of the country. Mr. Kirchen, in 1870, married Catherine Ernster, who was born in Cascade township in 1855. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Kirchen are : Charles Nicholas, born December 14, 1871 ; Susanna Theresa, October 9, 1873; John, Jr., August 12, 1876; Henry Joseph, March 4, 1879, died March 5, same year; Josephine Angela, March 13, 1881 ; Emma, March 15, 1886, and John Nicho las, June 24, 1888. 752 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Dr. Orestes A. Brownson, one of the youngest of Dubuque's successful medical practitioners, is a native of this city, his birth occurring October 22, 1884. He is the son of Dr. John J. and Mary G. Brownson, the father being one of the pioneer men of his profession in Dubuque county. After attending an elementary school our subject, Orestes A. Brownson, further pursued his studies at St. Raphael's Academy in Dubuque, and the Jesuit College at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Inheriting much of the natural apti tude and liking for the. medical profession from his father, he sub sequently entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons at St. Louis, Missouri, and was duly graduated therefrom in 1906 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He served a one year's interne- ship in the Jefferson Hospital, St. Louis, and was also an associate- interne for a time in St. John's Hospital there. Following this he returned to his native city, and for some time remained in his father's office, where he was enabled to learn much not taught in previous schooling. He then opened an office of his own at the corner of Windsor and Eagle Point avenues, which he has since maintained. Dr. Brownson has made a specialty of the study of surgery, and recently took a post-graduate course in that branch of the profession at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chi cago. He is a member of the Dubuque County Medical Society, the Iowa State and American Medical associations, and is examin ing physician for the Foresters, Modern Woodmen of America, and the Bankers' Life Insurance Company. He is also physician for St. Francis' Orphanage at Dubuque. In politics the doctor is a Democrat, and in religious views an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. He is an ardent sportsman and during his vacations spends the time in hunting and fishing; he also takes an active interest in all branches of athletics, many of which he indulged in while at college. Although young in years, Dr. Brownson has attained an enviable reputation among the men of his profession, and he is highly respected in the community where he resides. Harry Barmeier, well-known resident of Dubuque, is a native of the State of Indiana, born October 30, 1871, and the son of Bernhard and Henrietta Barmeier. After attending the public schools Harry Barmeier entered the University of Illinois, but was forced, because of very poor health, to leave same before grad uation. But he finally recovered his health and took up the study of music, for which he had a great liking, and has since been a member of numerous musical organizations. In 1893 he came to Dubuque from Indianapolis and has since continuously resided in this city, taking an active part and interest in local affairs of im portance. Shortly after coining to Dubuque Mr. Barmeier, owing to his interest in the field of sports, was appointed chief deputy Fish and Game Warden, which position he creditably filled for HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 753 eight years. He is the author of the present hunters' license law, and was one of the organizers of the Iowa Fish and Game Pro tective Association, the first convention of which was held in Du buque, and has been first vice president of the organization since its inception. Mr. Barmeier had the written support of the leading fishermen and hunters of the state for the appointment of Game Warden, but was disappointed by Governor Carroll owing to his active support of Warren Garst's candidacy for Governor. He also for a time served as deputy State Milk Inspector, but resigned from this position. Mr. Barmeier has taken great interest in local affairs of importance and has the respect and esteem of all who know him. His residence is located at 414 Garfield avenue. Frank M. Jaeger, engaged in the general hardware and sport ing goods business in Dubuque under the firm name of F. M. Jaeger & Co., is a native of this city and the son of the old pioneer, Francis Jaeger. Francis Jaeger was born in Dubuque, July 18, 1842, the son of Adam and Margaret Jaeger, who came here three years before by steamboat from New Orleans. He received his educa tion in the local public schools, and early in life became interested in and learned merchandising. He subsequently became one of the organizers of the John Ellwanger Company, the D. C. Glasser Tobacco Company, and a director of the Dubuque High Bridge Company. He is a Roman Catholic in religion, a member of St. Mary's church, and for over thirty years has resided in his present residence on Walnut street. After attending the Dubuque public schools, Frank M. Jaeger, son of Francis Jaeger, learned the hard ware business under his father, and is at present engaged in that line of endeavor under the firm name of F. M. Jaeger & Co. This concern was established in i860 at the present location by John McClay, who conducted it until 1880, succeeding which for five years Messrs. Sehreiber and Conchar were the owners. They in turn disposed of it in 1885 to Messrs. Reinfried and Leckie, and two years later Francis Jaeger purchased the Leckie interest. Ten years later Mr. F. M. Jaeger acquired, the Reinfried interest, and since that time has conducted it on his own account under the above mentioned firm name. The firm carries a full and complete line of general and builders' hardware and sporting goods. In 1893 Mr. F. M. Jaeger was united in marriage with Miss Rose Lorenz, who was born in Dubuque May 10, 1871, the daughter of R. Lorenz, and to them one daughter, Dorothy, was born on October 9, 1901, now attending Visitation Academy. Mr. Jaeger is one of Du buque's representative men, is independent in politics, a member of St. Mary's Roman Catholic church, and of the Dubuque Club, Commercial Club, Elks, Catholic Order of Foresters, is vice presi dent of the Iowa Game Protective League, and for many years 754 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY has been secretary of the Dubuque Gun Club. The family home is located on Prairie street. Lawrence Moloney was a prominent figure among the pioneer settlers of Dubuque. He was born in Ireland, about the year 1819, and when about ten years old his parents immigrated to the United States, arriving in Dubuque shortly after the Black Hawk Pur chase. Young Lawrence was thrifty and industrious, and before he reached the age of manhood had acquired a good business educa tion, though there were no schools in those days. He had several brothers and sisters, all or nearly all of whom acquired homes in Dubuque and vicinity. Lawrence, soon after attaining his majority, commenced accumulating property on every favorable opportunity. He erected a three-story brick building on the south half of the lot now occupied by the A. A. Cooper building, corner of Third and Main streets, which he used for a general store several years. In the meantime General Gehon bequeathed him considerable land, and a smaller bequest was made by a Mr. Slater. These bequests were made in testimony of the high esteem in which those gentlemen held Mr. Moloney. In 1849 he married Miss Maria Quigley. Three children were the fruits of the union: Mrs. Kate Sullivan, of Du buque county; Mr. John Moloney, and Mrs. Nellie Thompson, of North Yakima, Washington. The great financial boom that struck Dubuque in the year 1855 caused a rapid advance in all kinds of property, especially real estate, and, as Mr. Moloney owned large tracts, his wealth increased rap idly. In 1856 he was rated as being worth $250,000; that year he conceived the idea of tearing away the frame building adjoining his store, on the north side, and erecting in its stead a three-story brick building. He was offered $30,000 for the ground, including the brick store, which he occupied, but he concluded to build. He could see his way clear without going in debt, and he felt that with the property clear he was running no risk. The workmen, however, in excavating for the foundation, undermined the north wall of the store, and it had to be taken down. This changed the plans and very materially added to the expense. The building was completed about the time the panic of 1857 struck Dubuque. Real estate, rents and nearly everything else, except money, went on a slide. Money could not be realized, chiefly because there was but little of it in the country. The paper money was rendered worthless by the failure of the banks and the gold and silver was needed in New York City, where it was sent to pay debts. Mr. Moloney borrowed $10,000 from Mr. Corwith, banker, of Galena; this run at 10 per cent for five years, when the mortgage was foreclosed, and the house that cost $55,000 and the ground for which he had been offered $30,000 sold for this sum with interest. Mr. Moloney died in 1864, leaving an estate consisting of considerable land, most of which was taken HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 755 to satisfy a claim made by the E. Shine Estate. Mr. Moloney was a gentleman of many fine qualities. Wealth made no change in his demeanor. Without pride or vanity, he was dignified and courteous to all, with habitual self-possession and self-respect, as well as honest and honorable in all his dealings. Dr. Albert Herman Blocklinger has for the past ten years been actively identified with the general practice of medicine in Dubuque, A native of this city, he was born November 26, 1868, the son of Gottfried Joseph and Ursula (Hilti) Blocklinger, the father being a native of Sargens, in the canton of Saint Gall, Switzerland, and the mother of Grabs, in canton of Saint Gall. They came to America and Dubuque at an early date and here their son, Albert Herman, received his early education in the Audubon and Fifth Ward public schools, subsequently also graduating from the high school here. Possessing a natural liking for the medical profession, our subject determined early in life to make it his life's work, and accordingly entered and in 1894 was duly graduated from the Iowa State Medical School with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The doctor began the practice at La Motte, Iowa, where he remained six years, and then took a post-graduate course in internal medicine at Vienna, Austria, receiving a diploma from the institution there. In 1901 he returned to Dubuque, immediately embarked in the general practice of his profession and has since continued, with the exception of the year 1905, when he again went abroad and further pursued the study of internal medicine at Vienna, Berlin and Berne. Previous to this, however, in 1904 he took a course in electro therapeutics in Chicago. He is a member of the American, Iowa State and Dubuque County Medical associations, being president of the latter at this writing, and is now delivering a course of lectures in the Dubuque County schools. He has contributed extensively to various papers and medical magazines, and has written articles which have been read before and approved by medical societies. He is a recog nized authority on X-ray work. Aside from his profession, the doctor is identified with the Masonic fraternity, in which he has attained the thirty-second degree, and also is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Foresters.1 In religious views he is a Pres byterian and in politics an independent Republican. He is an ex- member of the Iowa National Guard, formerly an officer of Com pany A, and has attained high rank among the members of the medical profession in Dubuque County. On November 25, 1903, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Ellen Hodgdon, the only daughter of General Hodgdon, who was one of Dubuque's pioneer attorneys, having begun practice here in 1853. 756 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Timothy Sullivan, of Dubuque, is descended from one of the old and hightly respected families of Dubuque County. Timothy Sullivan, his father, was a native of County Cork, Ireland, and his mother, Mary (Mehan) Sullivan, of the State of Pennsylvania. The father immigrated to America in 1843 and for two years worked in the coal mines of Pennsylvania. He then came to Dubuque County and here resided until his death. Timothy Sul livan Jr., was born in Dubuque Township, this county, on March 25, 1858, and received his education in the public schools of Center- ville and in St. Patrick's Academy, Dubuque. He remained on the home farm until twenty-eight years old and then married Miss Katherine Moloney, daughter of Lawrence Moloney and a niece of P. J. Quigley. To them five children were born, all of whom are residing at home, as follows : William A., Frank, Clarence, Robert and Amy. Mr. Sullivan is the owner of 400 acres of land in Dubuque Township, known as "McKnight's Springs," 200 of which is under cultivation, and also has thirty fine milch cows, selling milk and cream to the Dubuque markets. He has always taken an active interest and part in public affairs; from 1901 to 1904 he served as county supervisor, from 1904 to 1908 as county clerk of District Court, and as a Republican has served as delegate to sev eral State conventions. Socially he is identified with the Modern Woodmen of America, the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Woodmen of the World and the Yeomen, carrying insurance in all of these orders. The Sullivan family are staunch adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, affiliating with St. Patrick's Church, and are among the first people of the county. Bernard Schulte, deceased, founder of the cut stone contract ing firm of B. Schulte & Son, was born in the Prussian Province of Westphalia, Germany, October 29, 1832, and was a son of Stephen and Theresa Schulte, both of whom died in the old coun try. Mr. Schulte emigrated to America in 1854 and located in Dun leith, now East Dubuque, Illinois, where he worked at the trade of stone cutting until after the close of the Civil War. In 1867 he came to Dubuque and engaged in the cut stone contracting business for a period of twenty-two years. One of his early stone contracts was the Cathedral Parochial Residence. He then founded the firm of B. Schulte & Son, which he lived to see become one of the fore most cut stone contracting firms in the middle West. Mr. Schulte was a Roman Catholic in religion and a Democrat in politics, but never participated in public affairs to any extent, preferring to confine his attention wholly to private business mat ters. He married Anna Clara Becker, daughter of Fred and Clara Becker, her father being a mercantile dealer in Germany, and to HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 757 their union were born these children : John J., Katie, George, Mary, Valentine. On July 13, 1900, Mr. Schulte passed away, and with his death Dubuque lost one of her best citizens. Mrs. Schulte is yet living and makes her home in this city. John J. Schulte, now senior member of the B. Schulte & Son cut stone contracting concern, is a native of Dubuque and a son of Bernard and Anna Clara (Becker) Schulte. He was born July 29, 1861, and received his education in St. Mary's Parochial School and local colleges. He then went with the father and learned the contracting business thoroughly and in 1890 was admitted into partnership. On October 30, 1888, Mr. John Schulte was united in marriage with Miss Mary Anna Holscher, daughter of Henry Holscher, of Dyersville, Iowa, and to them the following children were born: Julius B., Henrietta, Helen, Mildred, Bernard and Marion. The family are of Roman Catholic faith and affiliate with the St. Mary's church. George G. Schulte, of the B. Schulte & Son cut stone contracting firm, was born in Dubuque, April 5, 1871, and is a son of Bernard and Anna Clara (Becker) Schulte. He received his education in the Parochial School and colleges and immediately thereafter learned the contracting business and in 1898 was admitted to the B. Schulte & Son stone contracting firm. On October 18, 1898, Mr. George G. Schulte was united in mar riage with Miss Mary T. Heles, daughter of John and Pauline Heles, and to this union the following children have been born: George N, Orestes, J. P. and Marie H. The family are of Roman Catholic faith and affiliate with the St. Mary's church. In 1902, after the death of B. Schulte, John J. and George G. , Schulte assumed the interest of B. Schulte and have ever since been thus connected in conducting a constantly increasing business. The concern is regarded as one of the able and substantial houses of the city, and many fine homes and public buildings have been erected by them. Among the most important are : The Pike County Court House at Pittsfield, Illinois ; the Manchester Court House of Delaware County, Iowa; the Decorah Court House of Winneshiek County, Iowa; the United States Postal Savings Bank Building of Decorah, Winneshiek County, Iowa, now being constructed; the Mount Clemens (Michigan) Post Office; the First National Bank of Dubuque, Iowa; the First National' Bank of Riceville, Iowa; the Bank of New Glarus, Wisconsin; the First National Bank of Independence, Iowa; the Conservatory of Music, St. Josephs; Dubuque Infirmary, Dubuque, Iowa; Chapel at Mount Olivet; Chapel of Mount Calvary ; F. D. Stout residence, Dubuque ; N. J. Schrup residence, Dubuque, and many others. 758 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Charles E. Leigh, living a retired life in Dyersville since 1905, was born a subject of the British Crown, birth occurring at Exeter, County Devonshire, on September 10, 1830. The Leigh family is descended from old English stock, and Edward Manley Leigh, father of Charles E., was a Tory. He married Miss Mary Ann Bailey, who was also of English extraction. Charles E. Leigh at tended the public schools of his native country until eighteen years old, then studied civil engineering and for two years was connected with the South Devon Railroad. He came to America by way of New York City in 1852 and immediately came West to Dyers ville, Iowa. He purchased a 250-acre farm in Dodge Township, which he conducted until 1857, then accepted a position as agent on the Dubuque Pacific Railroad, now part of the Illinois Central System. In 1859 he went West on a surveying trip for that road, but six months later returned to Dubuque County and bought a 181-acre tract of land near Dyersville. In 1876 he moved into the city of Dyersville and was elected Justice of the Peace, holding that office for fourteen years. In 1890 he retired from the active cares of life and has since resided in the city. He is a Democrat in poli tics, has held all public offices in Dodge Township and has served as a director on the Board of Education. He is a member of the Legion of Honor, and in religious views is an Episcopalian. On November 3, 1855, Mr. Leigh was united in marriage with Miss Martha Kerle, daughter of Joseph Kerle, deceased, one of Dubuque County's pioneers. To Mr. and Mrs. Leigh thirteen children have been born, the following named yet living: Edward Henry, farm ing at Thomson, Winnebago County, Iowa; Augusta Mary, wife of Joseph Burton, of Chicago; Dr. Joseph F., dentist at Evanston, Illinois; Dr. Charles Lloyd, dentist at Davenport, Iowa; Martha Mabel, wife of D. W. Armstrong, of Dyersville; Alice May, wife of Dr. J. E. Waterhouse, dentist at Lansing, Iowa; and Rose Blanch, residing at home. Mr. and Mrs. Leigh celebrated their golden wedding in 1905 at Evanston, Illinois, and in 1910 their fifty-fifth anniversary. They are highly respected by all who know them. Frederick Weigel was born in Wurttemberg, Germany, October 27, 1819, and while but a youth, at the age of eleven came to this country with his parents and three sisters, landing in America in September, 1830. They located first in the State of Pennsylvania, but their residence there was of short duration and subsequently they moved to St. Louis, where they resided for a period of two years, removing to the city of Dubuque June 3, 1833. Here at that time reigned in solitude the primitive forest and virgin prairie, a wild and desolate country where but a short time before their arrival dominion was disputed only by the wild beast and un tutored savage. In this wild country they were obliged to seek HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 759 shelter in the best way they could, and took up their abode in the southern part of this lonely place, the place where they located being near where the Seippel Lumber Company now has its place of busi ness. Mr Weigel and his father's family endured the hardships and trials that all pioneers were obliged to pass through in culti vating and building up a wild country, but they possessed that thrift, enterprise and energy so characteristic of the early pioneer, and by their efforts, wisdom and determination helped to build a city, as if by magic, out of comparative chaos. The family later moved to what is now known as Sixth and Iowa streets, where the business place of Berg & Briggs is now located. Here they built a log house and the land in the entire block between what is now known as Sixth and Seventh and Main and Iowa streets was cultivated in corn and other vegetables. Sev eral years later Mr. Weigel, Sr., purchased a farm near Bloody Run, but Mr. Frederick Weigel, preferring a business career, re mained on the farm but a short time. As civilization improved prospects for business were brighter and more promising and Mr. Weigel decided to build a flour mill; accordingly he went to Cin cinnati in 1848 to purchase the material necessary for this mill. It took some weeks to get the machinery, and when Mr. Weigel re turned he learned that Booth and Nadeau were contemplating en gaging in the same business and were planning to build a mill directly opposite the site purchased by Mr. Weigel; now the de mand at this early period for two flour mills was not great enough, and the outlook for Mr. Weigel was anything but promising, but possessing that spirit and energy and unconquerable determination of the man of that day, he was not to be defeated in his enterprise and built his mill after the Booth Mill was completed. His mill was known as the Key City Flour Mills. He was obliged to keep his machinery running day and night in order to compete with the owners of the other mill. His business, though so discouraging at first, proved a success and later he sold his mill and engaged in the pork packing business and also in real estate. He erected a building on the northeast corner of Sixth and Main streets, where the National Clothing Store now stands. The lower part of this build ing was used for store rooms and the upper story was used for office purposes. It was in these offices where many of our most prominent and successful lawyers and judges began their careers. Mr. Weigel at that time constructed a number of buildings in and about the city and Dubuque began to grow. In those early days, where so much had to be accomplished in building up a city, the early pioneer must be able to live above the storms of adversity; determination, thrift and energy had to be intimately interwoven with stability and advancement. Mr. Weigel never looked for a decline in interest, strength nor ambition, but possessed that k«*«> 760 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY foresight which was of intrinsic value to the men of that day. He was elected a member of the City Council several times on the Republican ticket and was nominated for mayor of the city on two occasions, but his business interests would not permit him to enter into the city's politics to a great extent. He was united in marriage to Miss Susanna Hatton, daughter of Robert Hatton, a pioneer of Indiana, May 9, 1850. Mrs. Weigel is a descendant of one of the oldest and most prominent families of Virginia. She came with her family to Dubuque in 1845 and now resides in the home that Mr. Weigel built for his family on the corner of Twelfth and Locust streets in 1855. The only buildings in the vicinity at that time were the homes of Hon. David Wilson, Thomas Hardie and Frank Goodrich, now James Beach's resi dence, and the church on Main and Twelfth streets, then called the Main Street Methodist Episcopal Church, where St. Luke's Metho dist Episcopal church now stands. Mrs. Weigel is one of the old est members of St. Luke's, having united with the church at Moore- field, Indiana, January, 1837, and has been an active factor in every good work that that been done in connection with the church for many years. Her home, so near the church, has been open for single guest, church societies or festivities, where she and her children have ever presided with gracious hospitality. In ripening years she still maintains her interest in all the church affairs. Six children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Weigel — Jessie, Ella, Fannie, Hulda (deceased), Lucy and Frederick (deceased). Jessie Weigel was united in marriage to J. S. Hanna, of New York; Ella Weigel was united in marriage to Rear Admiral God frey Blocklinger of the United States Navy; Fannie Tonner was united in marriage to E. A. Tonner, of St. Louis, Missouri; Mr. Fred Weigel was united in marriage to Elsie McManigal, who sur vives him. Mr. Weigel was a kind, devoted father and loving husband. In the later years of his life he found much pleasure in relating the experiences of those early days, and especially his experiences with the Indians. He ever looked forward to the splendid progress and betterment of the city and was very beneficent, but being of a modest, retiring nature, many of his charitable acts were never known. Mr. Weigel lived to see the city of his choice experience a marvellous growth and become the trade center of a large section of our country. He lived to see around and about him the sub stantial fruits of the all-conquering power of genius and enterprise, and he was one of the important factors in developing the natural advantages of the city during the sixty-three years he lived in Dubuque. Mr. Weigel passed away at his home, at Twelfth and Locust streets, May 19, 1896. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 761 Hon. D. N. Cooley was born in Lisbon, New Hampshire, November 7, 1825, and died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. J. F. Douglas, in New York City, November 13, 1892. He was de scended from one of the oldest and best New England families, dating his paternal ancestry back to the advent of the first Scotch Protestants in America. His grandfather, Aaron Cooley, was a major in the War of the American Revolution. When fifteen years of age Judge Cooley left home and after studying in the Newbury Seminary of Vermont, prepared for college. He received and de clined an appointment to West Point. After studying law for three years he was admitted to the bar in 1854. About this time he came to Dubuque and entered upon the practice of his profes sion. He was at different times a member of the firms of Samuels & Cooley ; Cooley, Samuels & Allison ; Cooley, Blatchley & Adams ; and Cooley & Eighmey. In 1864 he was appointed by President Lincoln Commissioner to South Carolina and acted then as Special Commissioner to settle titles to cotton and rights to possession of land. He served as Sec retary of the National Republican Congressional Committee dur ing the campaign which resulted in the triumphant reelection of President Lincoln. In 1865 he was appointed by President Johnson Commissioner of Indian Affairs, which position he resigned in September, 1866; for several years he practiced law in Washington, as well as in Dubuque, with marked ability and success. In 1873 he was elected Senator to the Iowa legislature, and in the same year was appointed Commissioner to the Vienna Exposi tion. For twenty-one years he was President of the First National Bank of Dubuque, and for many years was President of the Board of Trustees of Cornell College, in which institution he endowed the D. N. Cooley chair of Civil Engineering. He was a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and, as a delegate to its General Conferences on two occasions, took an active part in the deliberations and proceedings. Such, in part, is the bare outline of a singularly happy and suc cessful life. Judge Cooley had none of the narrowness of some self-made men. He was a man of broad and liberal culture, of un common magnetism and mental vigor. Up to the latest period he kept up with the activities, literary and otherwise, of the times. He was a critical, observing man, shrewd and discriminating, loving society, his travels frequent and wide, embracing this and other countries. He was an entertaining companion, agreeable in con versation, with broad views of men and things, sympathetic and helpful. His purse was open to the call of charity and many were the bountiful acts that brightened clouded pathways and comforted sorrowing hearts. Especially was he the friend of young men, 762 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY eager to help them obtain an education and arouse their ambition. His family life was one of ideal tenderness and love. No sac rifice was too great for the comfort and happiness of wife and children. In intellectual, professional, political, business, social and re ligious life he was a well rounded man, a lover of his country, a man of noble. bearing and firm faith, a Christian gentleman. All the members of Judge Cooley's family are still living — a family recognized as one of the most highly cultured and respected in the history of Dubuque. It consists of his widow, Mrs. Clara Aldrich Cooley ; three daughters — Mrs. Clara C. Becker, Mrs. Min nie C. Douglas and Mrs. Mary C. Bassett; and one son, Harlan Ward Cooley. Clara C. is a graduate of Cornell and Wellesley colleges and was married to F. W. Becker, of Chicago, who died April 28, 1910; Minnie C. is a graduate of Vassar College and is the wife of John F. Douglas, of Wall Street, New York City; Mary C. is also a Vassar graduate and the wife of Charles W. Bassett, of Baltimore, general passenger agent of the Baltimore & Ohio; Harlan W. Cooley, a graduate of Yale, is a successful attor ney in Chicago. Mrs. Clara Aldrich Cooley, the widow of Judge D. N. Cooley, during her residence of many years in Dubuque has been a force ful leader in literary, church and philanthropic circles. She has a broad intelligence that enables her to take large views of life, to recognize differences of opinion and to appreciate the fact that if one has been favored there exists an obligation to use one's gifts for those less favored. "Ceasing to give, we cease to live." Mrs. Cooley has genius as an organizer and originator. She was one of the incorporators of the "Home for the Friendless" and one of its first Presidents. Believing that "association of endeavor augments the common good," Mrs. Cooley invited to her home on January 13, 1876, a number of interested women and organized the Dubuque Ladies' Literary Association, which still exists under the name of the Dubuque Woman's Club. Its founder was its first President. This club, formed for mental improvement by means of systematic study, has proved itself a power among the clubs of Iowa. En thusiasm and energy characterize everything Mrs. Cooley attempts. She has proved her ability in many ways, in none more than in the able manner in which she represented Iowa as Educational Com missioner to the Paris Exposition of 1900, an appointment made by Governor Leslie M. Shaw and endorsed by Senator William B. Allison and Speaker D. B. Henderson. At this Exposition Mrs. Cooley read a paper on "Women in Science" before the Congress of Women. Of colonial ancestry, Mrs. Cooley is a most enthusiastic member of the National organization, "Daughters of the American Revolu- rSccV. o-Zei^-^-i c c £ f a^r/a-Tl cc c /i e. ffi g, p^ <£-= THE CATHOLICS. THE first Catholic services in Dubuque were held by Rev. Father Quickenbourn, of the Jesuit College, St. Louis, at the home of Mrs. Brophy the summer of 1833. Services were afterward held the same year at the house of Patrick Quigley. Early in 1834 Rev. J. Fitzmaurice, a Catholic clergyman, was sta tioned at Dubuque. "In the fall of 1833, in the south room of Patrick Quigley's two- story log house, at First and Bluff streets, religious services were held by Rev. Fr. Fitzmaurice, and during the following winter and for over two years mass was said by Rev. Fr. Mazzuchelli in the same room." — Statement of J. P. Quigley. "The Catholics of Dubuque have subscribed $1,100 for the pur pose of getting a Catholic church built. . . . We have already bought the lumber and let out the contract, and expect to have it finished before All Saints' day, as they are far more zealous there than at Galena." — Rev. Fr. Fitzmaurice, in a letter dated July 28, 1834, to Bishop Rosati, of St. Louis. Father McMahan was sent in 1834 by the Bishop of St. Louis to visit the few Catholics at Dubuque, but died the same year in Galena. Although Patrick Quigley had a large family, he nevertheless furnished Father Mazzuchelli with room; the latter was really ar chitect and builder of the first Catholic church and also collected and applied the funds. Services were held at Patrick Quigley's until September, 1836, when the roof of the church having been put on, meetings thereafter were held in that building. The corner stone was laid August 15, 1835. St. Raphael's Catholic church in Dubuque was at first a member of the Catholic Episcopal See of Wisconsin Territory. In 1834 the subscription for the church was commenced. By November, 1835, the subscriptions amounted to $3,669.87^ and by December 19, 1837, amounted to $4,961.6234 and every cent had been ex pended. Included in these receipts and expenditures were the following sums which had been borrowed: $200 of James Mc- Cabe; $200, James Cunningham; $91, William Burke; $65.75, Pat" rick Finn; $50, Baker & Cox; $26.50, Alexander Levi; $19.75, Patrick Quigley and Mr. Butterworth. The corner stone was laid by Father Mazzuchelli August 15, 1835. 871 872 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Rev. Samuel Mazzuchelli, in May, 1836, requested that sub scribers to the new Catholic church fund would come forward and pay up or the work would have to stop. The total subscriptions were reported at $2,942.87; paid in thus far, $1,847.87; balance due, $1,095. William Gary built the foundation for $809. A school was opened in the church in June, 1836. While Rev. Samuel Mazzuchelli was the first priest to attend the congregation here regularly, he did not belong to this diocese; his field of labor was across the river in Illinois and Wisconsin, but he came to this mission to minister to the spiritual wants of the resident Catholics. On July 28, 1837, when this metropolitan see was created, when the diocese of Dubuque was formed, and when Rev. Mathias Loras was named first bishop of Dubuque, there were but three churches and one priest in the diocese. Very Rev. Samuel Mazzuchelli died February 23, 1864, aged fifty-six years. In early manhood he came west and established a mission at Prairie du Chien, to which Dubuque mission was at tached in 1832. After the arrival here of Bishop Loras in 1839, Father Mazzuchelli took up his permanent residence in Galena. Pierre Jean Mathias Loras arrived in New York in October, 1838, having come from France. With him came four sub-deacons, Causse, Petiot, Ravoux and Galtier, and all spent the winter of 1838-9 near St. Louis, learning the English language and otherwise fitting themselves for their religious duties. The four sub-deacons came to Dubuque in the summer of 1839, were ordained deacons in November of that year and on January 5, 1840, were raised to the priesthood. In the spring of 1839 Dubuque had a population of about 2,500, of whom quite one-half was Catholic; Father Maz zuchelli had not been idle. In 1838 there came from France, with Father Loras, Revs. Joseph Cretin and A. Pelamourgues ; the latter afterward went to Davenport and the former to St. Paul. In the spring of 1839 Father Mazzuchelli was anxious to have Bishop Loras arrive and take charge of the diocese. Hoping to bring back the new bishop for the celebration of Easter, Father Mazzuchelli started on March 19, 1839, on a steamer from Galena, arrived on the 23d at St. Louis, and in company with the good Bishop Rosati started on horseback to a neighboring French village, where Bishop Loras, assisted by Father Cretin, was giving a French mission. — (Rev. Louis De Cailly, in Memoirs of Bishop Loras.) Bishop Loras could not leave at once and it was not until April 21 that he reached Dubuque. The first ten years of the labors of Bishop Loras here were spent in organizing the Catholics of the diocese. The settlement was very rapid and he had more than he could do — missions and churches were founded in all parts of the diocese. In 1839 when he came here there were not to exceed 2,000 Catholics in the dio- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 873. cese; nineteen years later it was estimated there were forty-eight priests, sixty churches and forty stations and an estimated Catholic population of 54,000; all this was mainly due to the labors of Bishop. Loras, who passed away in 1858. In 1850 the St. Paul diocese was separated from this and Father Cretin was named bishop; he died in 1857. 1° J885 the Davenport diocese was separated from. the Dubuque diocese. In 1856 Bishop Loras asked Rome to give him a coadjutor and in 1857 he received a rescript from Cardinal Barnobo which stated that the Holy Father had granted the re quest and had named as his coadjutor Rev. Clement Smyth, super visor of the Trappist Monks in this county, with the title of bishop. During his ministration of the diocese Bishop Loras had seen the establishment of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Trap pist Monks, Brothers of the Christian Institution, Sisters of Visi tation, and had seen Catholic education expand to a wonderful degree. St. Martin's congregation at Cascade was organized back in the thirties and at first was small and was visited only occasionally. Rev. Father Predine was one of the first, if not the first, pastor;. his successor was Rev. Fr. Tracy, then stationed at Garryowen. Finally Cascade mission was severed from Garryowen and attached to Temple Hill, a strong Catholic settlement. Rev. Fr. McGinnis- was pastor at this time. The church was a small brick building. Among the pastors have been Rev. Frs. Hamilton, Slattery, O'Con nor, Cunningham, Lynch (under whom a fine new building was erected; also St. Martin's convent and the accompanying schools),. Hennessy, Barron, Roche and others. In 1882 the parsonage of St. Martin's was built. The new church cost about $45,000 and is. beautiful and imposing;. the organ is valued at about $4,000. The interior is tastefully, artistically and richly frescoed; it was built in 1890; the fine school adjoining cost about $15,000. Near stands the beautiful convent where the Sisters of Charity, B. V. M., reside and labor; they have successfully conducted the parish schools for over forty years. St. Joseph's church at Rickardsville was established by the French settlers before 1837, about two miles south of the present- church. Father Cretin, later bishop, was the first pastor and probably organized the congregation. In 1840 Bishop Loras of fered the holy sacrifice of the mass and occasionally preached to the congregation.- In i860 a large frame church was erected at Rickardsville, which was nearer the center of the parish. In 1905: a fine brick building was erected. Among the pastors have been Rev. Frs. Malony, Byrne, Quirk, Daly, Brody, McCarthy, Ma- honey, Clark and others. Adjacent is the school, priest's residence and cemetery. In 1833 and 1834 Mother Clarke, Margaret Mann, Rose O'Toole, Elizabeth Kelly and Catherine Byrne, came to the United States- 874 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY from Ireland for the purpose eventually of establishing a convent and school. They first located in Philadelphia and on the 8th of September began their convent life. They became acquainted with Rev. Terence James Donaghoe, who materially and spiritually assisted them in their efforts; they enabled him to educate his flock. In November, 1833, Father Donaghoe, having secured the right, bestowed on the above little community the title, "Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary." From 1834 to 1843 fourteen young women entered the community. In the latter year, mainly through the influence of Bishop Loras and J. J. E. Norman, of Dubuque, and Father Don aghoe of Philadelphia, five of the sisters came to this county, where their services were much needed. They came here in 1843, accompanied by Bishop Loras, who had gone to Philadelphia on duties connected with his diocese. The five sisters to come here were Mary Margaret, Mary Joseph, Frances, Elizabeth and Patrice. They immediately began their important duties. They opened St. Mary's Academy for day pupils, soon expanded it, provided a boarding house, and ere long received pupils from the best families of the West. Thus the most sanguine hopes of Bishop Loras were realized. But before this date so rapid was the growth he was forced to call for assistance, and in October, 1843, thirteen other sisters and Father Donaghoe arrived, to the intense joy of Bishop Loras, the five sisters already here, J. J. E. Norman and wife, and the Catholics of this county and diocese. The site chosen for this community was a beautiful prairie tract about ten miles southwest of Dubuque, to which the name "St. Joseph's Prairie" was applied. In 1844 two other sisters from Philadelphia joined the community here. On August 15, 1845, the sisters, then numbering nineteen in all, renewed the triple vow of proverty, chastity and obedience at the Cathedral in Dubuque. Bishop Loras celebrated mass and Rev. Father Donaghoe and Rev. Father Cretin, afterward bishop of St. Paul, were present in the sanctuary; the latter had conducted the retreat of the sisters and now preached the sermon. Rev. Father Donaghoe settled affairs in Philadelphia and came here for perma nent residence. He wrote to Bishop Loras, "The community brought me to Iowa; it is the cause of my return (to Iowa) ; and to its prosperity, or otherwise, will my continuance be prolonged, which I trust in God may be all the days of my life." He became vicar general under Bishop Loras, but devoted much of his time to the community. A large frame building was erected on St. Joseph's Prairie, and there the novitiate and boarding school of the sisters were trans ferred. Additions were made, many young ladies attended the school and the community prospered. On May 22, 1849, the con vent, academy and all the adjacent buildings were totally destroyed by fire, with nearly all their contents. All the wearing apparel of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 875 the twenty-three sisters was burned — the books and clothing of the pupils were saved. This was a serious blow, but undaunted they began to build anew and there remained nine years longer, when they removed to Dubuque, locating on the present site of St. Joseph's college and later to Thirteenth and Main streets. After about twenty years the school was transferred to Mt. St. Joseph College, an institution devoted to the -higher education of women. The Thirteenth street academy is used for day pupils. The boys of St. Patrick's are also taught by the sisters of the academy. The first parochial school in Chicago was taught by these sisters;. it was opened in 1867 by Sister Mary Agatha. The sisters have steadily spread their influence until they now have schools at Dav enport, Council Bluffs, Lyons, Boulder, Colo., Petaluma, Cal., Holden, Mo., Des Moines, Milwaukee and other places. Father Donaghoe died January 5, 1869. When Mother Clarke died, Mother Mary Gertrude succeeded her, and during the term of the latter the Mother house was transferred from St. Joseph's Prairie to Mount Carmel, Dubuque, in 1892. In 1894, Mother Gertrude was succeeded by Mother Mary Cecilia, but later Mother Gertrude again had charge; she was the last to die of the faithful band which came from Philadelphia in the forties. The Cistercian order is a branch of the Benedictine order and was founded in the eleventh century by Robert of Moleme. When almost ready to die it was revived and rejuvenated by St. Bernard. In 1 1 40 Abbe de Rauce, in the department of Orne, founded the Trappist Monks in the celebrated abby of La Trappe. In 1849 Bishop Loras visited Mount Melleray, Ireland, and ex pressed a strong desire to Dom Bruno Fitzpatrick for the estab lishment of a colony of Trappist Monks in his diocese at Dubuque and offered a tract of land therefor, located twelve miles southwest of Dubuque. Abbot Bruno immediately sent messengers to inspect the land. They reported favorably and accordingly twenty-two monks of La Trappe crossed the ocean and came to this county. This led to the foundation of New Melleray Abbey and Father James O'Gorman became the first superior. It was first a monas tery, but in 1859 was constituted an abbey and Father Ephraim Mc Donald becairie first abbot; the second was Dom Alberic Dunlea. In 1841 Bishop Loras selected the site of Holy Cross church. In July, 1841, he laid the corner stone of the Catholic church in Iowa City; Father Mazzuchelli delivered the address. In January, 1847, Bishop Loras called a large meeting of all Catholics inter ested in temperance in the schoolroom of the Sisters of Charity. On November 14, 1847, the corner stone of the new Cathedral in Dubuque was laid. Rev. Samuel Mazzuchelli was orator; Gen. George W. Jones, grand marshal; Valentine Glenat, master of cere monies, and his assistants were H. Gildea, J. Fitzpatrick, William Newman J B. Dessere, D. 6'Shea. The order of the procession 876 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY was as follows: (1) Cross bearers and acolytes; (2) school boys and teachers; (3) young ladies in white; (4) other ladies; (5) gentlemen; (6) clergy. Bishop Loras agreed to give $5,000 toward the new cathedral, providing the congregation would raise the bal ance. All tried, but the work languished. In 1852, Bishop Loras agreed to pay one-fourth of the cost as the work progressed. The Catholic ladies' fair netted $375 for the cathedral in July, 1852. The New Vienna and St. Boniface congregations to all intents and purposes are one and the same. Bishop Loras gave the name New Vienna to the town as an honor to Leopold, Emperor of Aus tria, for his assistance to American Catholic missions. The first five pioneer families to locate at New Vienna were those of John Fangmann, Friedrich Rohenhahl, Heinrich Tauke, Herman H. Weickmann and Gerhard Hellmann ; they formed the nucleus of the village and church. They and others who followed them had come originally from Germany — Oldenburg, Hanover and Westphalia, and had first settled about 1833 near Muenster, Ohio. The above six families arrived in six prairie schooners drawn by oxen. They stopped at Cascade for two weeks in order to find a suitable location, which they found at Wilson's Grove and in the meantime visited Bishop Loras at Dubuque, by whom they were warmly welcomed. In October, 1843, their first log houses were built and occupied and farm work was commenced. By 1846, when Bishop Loras visited the colony there were seventeen families. Other German families continued to arrive. Religious services were held from the start. Mass was first celebrated January 6, 1846, in the log house of Herman Weichmann by Bishop Loras and there services were held for two years. The congregation was visited by Revs. Allemann and Raffe. Lay services were conducted by Mr. Fang mann. To the south of this settlement were the English at Dyers ville ; on the east was the McKee settlement of pioneers from New England; on the west was a Yankee settlement, and on the north the Dixon settlement. In 1848 the first church was built of hewed logs and with a stone foundation, and was dedicated to St. Boni face. It was used for about seven years when a much more pre tentious structure of solid stone was constructed and was dedicated in 1855 by Bishop Smyth. The last church was built in 1884-7 after which the old church of 1855 was devoted to school pur poses. St. Francis Xavier church at Dyersville was an offspring of St. Boniface church. So was Holy Trinity at Luxemburg and others. The present church is one of the finest in the west. It cost $80,000, is built of limestone, gothic in style and 172x62 feet. The steeple is 20x20 feet and 200 feet high. The interior is rich and beautiful in the extreme. The tabernacle is a splendid speci men of artistic carving and cost about $5,000. Among the pastors have been Rev. Frs. Plathe, Leutner, Orth, Weikmann, Schulte and Pape. The first school connected with the church was opened HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 877 in 1847 a"d was conducted by John Kostermann in the old log church. John Rauch was another teacher; also Schulte and Birk- meier. The Franciscan sisters began as teachers about 1864. In a public meeting in Dubuque in February, 1848, the Catholics of this locality deplored the speech recently made against their religion by Delazon Smith at Iowa City. General Jones expressed the opinion that the Catholics should take no notice of the speech and stated that if he had one hundred votes he would cast them all against the action contemplated by the meeting. J. J. E. Nor man was chairman of the meeting and B. J. O'Halloran secretary. The following were appointed a committee to investigate the whole matter and report at a future meeting: Patrick Quigley, B. J. O'Halloran, Valentine Glenat, J. J. E. Norman and Hugh Treanor. After a full investigation the committee reported a series of reso lutions which disapproved of the introduction of religion into pol itics, denied the accusation of Mr. Smith, and absolved the Demo cratic state central committee from blame for the speech of Mr. Smith. The report of this committee was adopted by the second meeting. In 1850 Bishop Loras lectured on temperance; he was an elo quent speaker — one of the local favorites. The best lawyers here were willing to take lessons from his polished diction and trench ant periods. At this time Father Matthews, an eloquent tem perance priest, was securing hundreds of signers to the pledge in St. Louis. The Express here said, "Would to Heaven that some one could have the same influence over inebriates and grog shops in this community." Bishop Loras was making the attempt and secured scores of signatures to the pledge. In September, 185 1, St. Joseph's Female Academy, ten miles southwest of Dubuque, was in a prosperous condition again. In October, 185 1, five young ladies there took the white veil from Bishop Loras; the ceremony was very beautiful; Father Clement, O. T., preached the sermon. School was taught by the Trappist Monks in one end of the old frame church at New Melleray as early as 185 1 ; Fathers Bernard, McCaffery, Francis Walsh and Clement Smyth were the teachers. The church and school at Key West were built by Fr. Reiley, the convent by Fr. Ward, and the priest's residence by Fr. Mortell. Frs. Ward, Norton, Burns, McMahon, Mortell, Slattery and Mc Namara have attended the congregation. Opposite the church is Mt. Olivet cemetery. The congregation of SS. Peter and Paul, SherriU's Mound, was organized March 28, 1852, and a log church was promptly erected, among the early members being Bernard Claus, John Behr, John Hirsch, Adam Haberkoen and Frederick Stillmunkes. A better church was built later and finally, about 1888, a much finer struc ture was erected. Bishop Loras often appeared here, as did also 878 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Rev. Frs. Hattenberger, Emmons, Frauenhofer, Feudrick, Junker, Schulte, Rottler, Kuemper, Nacke and others. In 1 85 1, about forty families of German Catholics began to erect a stone church at Eighth and White streets, Dubuque, and christened the same Holy Trinity. A school was opened in the basemlent later. They began a new building in 1864 and completed it in 1867 at White, Jackson, Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets. This congregation, St. Mary's, has extensive schools (see elsewhere) and a fine clubhouse. At a later date Sacred Heart and Holy Ghost parishes were formed from St. Mary's. St. Joseph's Catholic church, Farley, was established about 1856 in an old frame building in the northern part of town. Rev. Fr. Elward was the first pastor and was succeeded by Frs. Bennett, McGauran, Brody and others. About 1869 they erected a large church at a cost of $10,000. In March, 1856, Bishop Loras and Father McCabe said mass in the home of James Lyons at Asbury. A few dozen persons were present and subscriptions for a church were started and soon completed. It was immediately erected and was at first attended by Father Boden from 1857 to 1861. It was known as St. Philomena's congregation. Father Walsh, of St. Patrick's, Dubuque, had charge from 1861-68; Rev. Thomas Reilly, of St. Raphael's, succeeded him until 1873. In the meantime an addition was built to the church and about the same time a Catholic school was established adjacent. Other pastors have been Rev. Frs. Ward, Stach, Coyle, Hennessy, Reilly, Rowe, Kenny, Minogue, O'Malley. Under Fr. Kenny the cemetery was established. The laying of the corner stone of St. Raphael's church in 1857 was most imposing. The stone was laid by Rt. Rev. Bishop Smyth, coadjutor of the diocese of Iowa. Rev. Fr McDonnell preached the sermon, his text being, "Thou art Peter and upon this rock will I build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." There was a large attendance and all were impressed with the solemnity of the occasion. Bishop Loras was absent. Right Rev. Bishop Loras died here at his residence on Bluff street February 19, 1858. Death had been expected for some time, but the good bishop desired to say mass once in the new ca thedral before passing on. He was born in Lyons, France, in May, 1791, and was forty-three years in the ministry, fifteen as president of a college in France. He was eight years in Mobile and twenty years in Dubuque as bishop of this diocese. He was greatly beloved. The Society of St. Vincent de Paul had been in existence about six months by May, 1859, and had done an immense amount of good in that time. Hundreds of cases of want and destitution were cared for. They gave weekly relief all winter to from twenty to sixty families. The whole city was districted and ap- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 879 pealed to systematically. The society itself was composed mainly of poor men. Miss Molony was at the head of a society of ladies which also did great good. Connected with the relief movements were Andrew Cummings, Dr. Quigley, Charles Corkery, James Rowan, John Deery, D. A. Mahony, Rev. P. McCabe of St. Pat rick's church, and Revs. Durian and Donelan of the cathedral. — (E. & H., May 18, 1859.) In 1859, Rev. Dr. Edward organized St. Clement's parish at Far ley; held services in the residence of Maurice Kirby, who donated the ground for the church site and for the cemetery site. The Catholics here were early visited by Rev. Frs. Mazzuchelli and Cretin, and Bishop Loras, long before the congregation was or ganized. Soon after the organization a church was erected. Among the pastors have been Rev. Frs. Elward, Bennett, Mc- Lauran, McGowan, Walsh, Nicholls, Toohill and others. Among the first families belonging were those of Casey, Kelley, Kirby, Duggan, Murray, Hegarty, O'Connor, Quirk, Foley, Kennedy,. Daly, Barry, Hortnett, Coleman, Guery, Hogan, Cotter, Ferring, Heiberger, Roach, Wolf, Mallon, Mahoney, O'Hare, Kerrin, Smith, Callahan, Thielen, Dunn, Kane, Leahy, Vanderscheid and others. Late in May, 1859, the Sunday school children of the Cathedral,. Dubuque, held a picnic on the bluff back of the church, there being present about 2,000. They were attended by the Germania band. Three little girls, Mary E. Sullivan, Julia Williams and Yettie Plasten, were crowned queens. All enjoyed a bountiful repast and a fine day on Kelly's bluff. At the feast of Corpus Christi in June, 1859, at Dubuque, about 5,000 people participated in the ceremony. The following was the order of the procession: Cross, acolytes, sodality, German So ciety, St. Vincent de Paul Society, children, clergy, banner, canopy, banner, ladies, male members. Father McCabe delivered the dis course. Bishop Smyth attended the procession, bearing the Sacred- Host. St. Francis Xavier church, Dyersville, was organized in 1858, and at first worshiped in a frame house near the bridge on Main street, under the ministrations of Rev. Fr. Langfelz, who, after five months, departed and the congregation was supplied from New Vienna. Soon a brick church was erected and in 1862 Rev. Fr. Kortenkamp became pastor and the congregation again became a separate parish. Among the first members were the families of Stoeckel, Schindler, Goerdt, Schultz, Holscher, Steger, Christoph, Henry, Burkle, Reittenger, Kramer, Stoeckl, Stockerl and others. The church was completed in 1862, and in 1870 was greatly en larged In 1872 a parsonage was built and in 1876 a parochial schoolhouse. Rev. Fr. Kortenkamp was pastor until his death in 1889 Rev Fr Heer had charge from 1889 until 1905 and was- 88n HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY succeeded by Very Rev. Theo. Warning in 1905. The new church cost over $100,000 and is not surpassed in size, equipment, adorn ment and grandeur by any west of the Mississippi river. In 1894 the old building was transformed into a schoolhouse, where the Sisters of St. Francis instruct and control. In 1902 a special school for boys was instituted. The great increase in pupils, both boys and girls, has necessitated additional buildings from time to time. Late in the year 1888 the magnificent Catholic Church at Dyers ville was dedicated by Bishop Hennessy, on which occasion about 1,500 people attended from Dubuque. There were fully 6,000 people present at the interesting ceremonies. Over forty clergymen were present, and the eloquent sermon was preached by the good bishop on "Duty as to Charity and Obedience.". The splendid new church was 70x174% feet outside, had two fine towers 200 feet high with a cross at the top of each, and seated 1,800 persons. This building then and since has been so richly dressed and ornamented that it is .probably not surpassed in beauty and costliness of interior by any church structure in Iowa. The corner stone was laid June 3, 1888, by Bishop Hennessy with the usual profound ceremonies. The lecture of Rev. James B. Donelan on "A Visit to Jerusalem in 1858," at the People's theater gave the Society of St. Vincent de Paul net returns of $170 in March, 1859. The first anniversary of the St. Vincent de Paul Society was -held in December, 1859'. For the year ending December 8, they had raised for relief $1,437.08 for 201 families. There were enrolled 149 members, of whom sixty-nine were active in society work. Bishop Smyth's charity sermon had netted $202.36. Rev. -Father Lynch, of Holy Cross, had raised six wagon loads of flour -and other contributions. The farmers near the monastery, St. Joseph's convent and Mount St. Bernard had donated large quan tities of provisions at the request of the society — flour, groceries, -clothing, money and incidentals. As the weather in November, 1859, had been very severe, the society made great efforts. At a meeting of the society committees were appointed to continue the relief work. In February, i860, the Protestant churches of Dubuque had a membership of 912 and a Sunday school membership of 892. The Catholics had a church membership of 6,200 and a Sunday school -membership of 1,400. — (Herald, February 7, i860.) "Spiritual Retreat. — The Catholic clergy of the diocese of Du buque, which includes the whole state of Iowa, is now assembled in this city, enjoying what is termed 'a spiritual retreat.' The cele brated Father Damen preached to the assembled clergy last even ing." — (Herald, April 27, i860.) Bishop Smyth had charge of the assemblage. Revs. J. B. Donelan, James A. T. Durnin, Pat- ,rick McCabe and John Fendrick, of Dubuque; Rev. Flanning, of HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 88i Tete des Morts ; Rev. John Aylwood, of Dyersville ; Rev. Michael Lynch, of Holy Cross ; Rev. G. Orth, of New Wine, and Rev. Jere miah O'Connor of Cascade, were present. The members of the Catholic Institute gave an excursion on July 4, i860. They were accompanied by the Washington Guards. They went to Cassville by the boat Fannie Harris. The Declara tion was read by D. P. Quinn and the oration delivered by P. J. Quigley. The Bankson Catholic church was built about i860 and dedicated by Father Bennett, who was succeeded by Father McGovern. In 1898 the new church was built and about the same time the For esters' hall was erected near. In i860, during the troubles in Italy, the subjects at issue were discussed pro and con in Dubuque. An address by Rev. Father Durnin of St. Raphael's church, called out a reply from Rev. Dr. Smith. There was an attempt made at this time and before to aid the Pope in his present difficulties. The Italians were engaged in a war for temporal independence. The various questions at issue were examined by the press and speakers of Dubuque. "On Sunday, October 28, i860, Bishop Smyth administered confirmation to sixty-five persons at New Wine (New Vienna.) The bishop was met at Dyersville by a cavalcade of men from New Wine. The people of New Wine can boast of the handsomest church edifice in Iowa, and its interior finish, especially its pulpit and altars, of which latter there are three, are scarcely surpassed in beauty of design and richness of embellishment. It would surprise our city people to see religious worship conducted with such order and magnificence as can be witnessed at New Wine; and apart from this church itself it is worth the trouble of a journey to see its rich altar and pulpit carvings and decorations." — (Herald, Oc tober 30, i860.) The Catholic fair at the city hall, to aid the cathedral was an important event in December, i860, and was almost like a week of carnival. It was one of the most elaborate efforts of the kind ever instituted here. On the first evening the receipts were about $500. The total receipts were $2,490.72 ; total expenses, $222.92. In April, 1861, a marble tablet, in memory of Bishop Loras, was placed in the cathedral at the instance and expense of Bishop Smyth and the clergy in Dubuque. On the tablet was the following in scription- "Right Reverend Mathias Loras, First Bishop of Du buque, who dkd 1858, March 11." Rev. J. C. Perrodin, formerly Catholic pastor at Garryowen, eighteen miles from Dubuque, was located in this city for a while in 1861. The annual May festival of the Catholic Sunday schools took place May 28, 186 1. There were present nearly 1,000 children and about 3,000 adults. It was an interesting event in church circles. The Germania band furnished the open air music. A large pro- 882 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY cession marched from St. Patrick's church to the German Catholic ch'urch, where they were joined by many more. Over 900 star spangled banners were carried in the procession, which finally marched to the cathedral where all witnessed Bishop Smyth raise a beautiful flag of large size at his residence. Then at a signal from Father Donelan all cheered and waved their small banners. The procession of children alone reached from the cathedral north ward and westward far up Lorimier avenue. Father Durnan's fifty boys of St. Raphael's school marched next to the music. The May queens were Miss Katy Tshudy of the German Sunday school, Miss Mary Evans of St. Patrick's Sunday school, Miss Fannie Simplot of the Cathedral Sunday school. The German Catholic school, which included about 200 members, was taught mostly by lectures delivered twice a week and Sunday by Father Fendrick, assisted by Rev. Mr. Uhlenbrock. The day was spent in the groves to the west. At noon there were several acres of hungry ones around bounteous spreads under the shade. All re turned to their churches to be dismissed at the close of the day. The cathedral was formally blessed and dedicated July 7, 1861. A great crowd gathered to see the new church and witness the in teresting and imposing ceremony. The opening proceedings were conducted by Bishop Smyth, assisted by Bishop Duggan of Chi cago, and other clergymen. High mass was celebrated by Rev. J. B. Donelan, assisted by several visiting fathers. J. A. T. Durnan acted as master of ceremonies. Rev. Samuel Mazzuchelli acted as chaplain to Bishop Smyth. Father Durnan read the prescribed prayer. The sermon was preached by Bishop Duggan. "The points of his argument were that God, besides redeeming mankind by the blood of Jesus Christ, prescribed to mankind a certain course, including faith and conduct whereby they might avail them selves of the merits of the redemption and attain salvation." The choral performance was a prominent feature of this interesting event. About 1 86 1, Abbot Ephraim, who afterwards went to reside in Ireland, was blessed at New Melleray by Bishop Smyth, assisted by Bishop Duggan, of Chicago. In November, i86i,vMary Veronica, one of the four original Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, died at the Mother house, St. Joseph's, at the age of thirty-five years. Mary Frances,, another of the four, had died here a few years before ; Mary Joseph and Mary Francis Xavier were still living. Sister Mary Aloysius died at the Mother house in December, 1861. The splendid organ for the new cathedral arrived December 19,, 1 86 1 ; it cost about $3,000; it was tried for the first time before a few persons on New Year's Eve, 1861. A magnificent side altar and six new richly stained windows were placed in the. cathedral in February, 1862. In Dubuque at this date were the cathedral. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 883 with Bishop Smyth in charge ; St. Patrick's at Iowa and Fourteenth, with Rev. Patrick McCabe pastor; and Holy Trinity at White and Eighth streets, Rev. John Fendrick pastor. Rev. Fr. Bernard Mc Caffrey, prior of the monastery of New Melleray, returned from Ireland in February, 1862. In the spring of 1862, Bishop Smyth left for Rome, upon invi tation of the Pppe to be present at the canonization of several mar tyrs who had lost their lives in the church's cause in Japan. In 1862 the Catholic Institute of Dubuque was considered one of the very best literary institutions in Iowa. The lyceum had been in existence about three years and met regularly once a week. The exercises consisted in lectures, essays, debates, etc. Its officers were, John Rooney, president; John Deery, vice-president; Thos. Connolly, secretary; James Rowan, treasurer; Edward Dunne, li brarian. In the spring of 1862, the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, St. Raphael's conference presented to the cathedral a very fine Gothic side altar. The design was executed by Mr. Keenan and the paint ing by Walsh and Bonce. As a work of art it was not excelled in this county. Early in 1862 the conferences of St. Raphael and of the Immac ulate Conception, Dubuque, contributed $239.20 to the sufferers in Ireland. Bishop Smyth returned from Rome late in July, 1862. He had called at Mount Melleray, Ireland, of which institution he had formerly been a member, associated with Father Xavier in the con duct of the collegiate establishment. While thus associated he be came well known outside the institution as Father Clement, whom all loved and respected. About 1849 he and a number of clerical brothers left Mount Melleray to establish another monastery iu Dubuque county, of which he was elected superior and as such managed its affairs until called by the sovereign pontiff to the vacant see of Dubuque. Late in 1862 he went to Ireland to attend the ceremony of laying the corner stone of the Catholic University of Dublin. He never lost interest in Mount Melleray in this county and usually attended the collegiate and other exercises of that in stitution. His addresses to the classes there were events of im portance in the history of the collegiate department. It was said that during the fifties the students' roll showed the presence of young Irishmen from nearly every county in Ireland as well as from many in England. The students of Melleray forwarded to Ireland a most beautiful address to Bishop Smyth before his return from abroad in July, 1862 ; the following are extracts from this address: "While it is a happiness to us to have the opportunity of testifying to you our grateful appreciation of your services to education and religion and to ecclesiastical youths of our country and of others, we feel as- 884 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY sured that the spectacle which greets your eyes today will be grati fying to you, as it is honorable alike to you, to our beloved presi dent and to the zeal and solicitude for the diffusion of enlighten ment which distinguish the illustrious Lord Abbott of Mount Mel leray. . . . The seminary has been a fertile nursery for the vineyard of the Lord and many a seedling planted by you and tended by the fostering hand of your noble hearted fellow laborers has been transplanted to other soils. . . . While your church, uniting all the accomplishments which adorn, dignify and ennoble the bishop with virtues, fervor and sanctity which distinguish the Monk of St. Bernard, wins from us the homage of our respect and admiration, we freely and heartily offer the tribute of our reverent esteem and affectionate welcome to you as the reverend founder of the institution — as the beloved and fondly cherished of our venerable president and as our guide and illustrious model." Bishop Smyth officiated at St. Patrick's church Sunday, October 26, 1862, on which occasion he bestowed the papal benediction. In the absence of Bishop Smyth, Father Brazill, in a measure, sup plied his place; his parish was in Des Moines. In the fall of 1862 he again went to Italy and upon his return in October he was received at Dunleith by a large deputation of citizens headed by the mayor and other dignitaries. Upon reach ing Dubuque he addressed a large assemblage on what he had seen — commerce, learning, art, religion, mountain and ocean scenery, etc. He said, "After all there was a vacancy in my heart even in Imperial Rome, in the midst of its grandeur and sacred shrines for my people were not there — Dubuque was not there." It was such noble and touching sentiments that endeared him to the Cath olics, yes, all the population, of Dubuque. All the Catholic so cieties and churches welcomed him; presents and loving addresses were showered upon him. P. T. Walsh, prefect of the conference of St. Raphael congratulated him on behalf of the conference on his safe return. On the following Sunday the services at the cathe dral were imposing and grand beyond description on the occasion of the celebration of Haydn's mass No. 2. Early in 1863 D. A. Mahony lectured before the Catholic Insti tute on "The Philosophy of English Grammar." Charles Lascelles was engaged as organist at the cathedral this year. In April, 1863, the German Catholic church at the foot of Eighth street having be come too small for the congregation, a much larger and finer struc ture was planned and at once commenced. In April the news papers spoke particularly of the grand music at the cathedral, rendered by the Lascelles choir during Easter time. At the Cath olic fair in the summer of 1863, to aid the new German Catholic church, the total net proceeds were $1,641.24. Father McCabe and Father Fendrick were prominent in this movement. By May 15, 1863, there was subscribed for the new German HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 885 Catholic church about $41,000. The new residence of Bishop Smyth near the cathedral, to cost about $8,000, was planned at this time. On Sunday, May 3, 1863, in the Cathedral the ceremony of bless ing an abbot (Rev. Ephraim McDonnell) occurred for the second time in the United States. An abbot governs a monastery; a bishop governs a diocese. In a monastery there is perpetual abstinence from flesh meats; seven hours a day for manual labor; two for pious reading, besides meditation from 2 o'clock a. m. to break of day. St. Bernard was a famous abbot of the twelfth century, and the scene of his labors was on Mount Blanc. An imitation of that monastery and abbot was the mission in this county and were the monks of La Trappe. At the Cathedral on May 3 the entrance of the bishops and clergy into the sanctuary was highly imposing. There were present Rt. Rev. Bishop Smyth, Revs. Fathers McCabe and Clifford, deacon and sub-deacon, respectively. On the right sat Rt. Rev. Bishop Duggan, of Chicago, attended by Rev. Moloney and Very Rev. Dr. Dunn. There were also present Rev. Father Fendrick, of Holy Trinity church, Dubuque; Father Myetz and the Trappist Fathers, Robert and John. At a signal the abbot ad vanced, knelt before the bishop, read the vow of obedience and was interrogated on each question by the bishop. The abbot having answered in the affirmative, the apostolic mandate was read by the notary, and the bishop said Deo gratias. Then the solemn pontifical mass was said. After the epistle the bishop advanced to the mid dle of the altar and, while the abbot prostrated himself, the pre scribed litanies and psalms were recited. The abbot then arose, repaired to a side altar, vested himself and began his devotions of the occasion. After the benediction of the bishop the abbot was invested with the mitre and crozier and, passing down the aisle, gave the people his blessing. This beautiful ceremony was long remembered by all who witnessed it. The sermon of Bishop Dug gan was a masterly effort. The text was from the first Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians, beginning first chapter and seventeenth verse, "The peroration would do honor to the head and heart of any divine in Christendom." The great organ used was really obtained by Father Donelan, familiarly known as Father James. It had been intended for a church in the South, but was secured by Father James, who paid about $2,000 for it. Charles Lascelles, the most superb organist in the West, presided at the instrument. On this occasion he rendered "Kyrie Eleison" (Lord, have mercy upon us), a piece so full of pathos, supplication and entreaty. His "Gloria in Excelsis" reached the highest point of musical perfection. Miss Lorin Jones rendered with great sweetness and pathos the "Qui Tollis" in the "Gloria." The "Crede" in "Mercandante" was also superbly rendered. The "Et Incarnatus," by Mrs. P. T. Brown, md "The Confitior," by Mr. Lascelles. were given with splendid 886 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY effect. The extraordinary solemnity, grandeur, beauty and holiness of the occasion were never forgotten by the immense audience. The German Catholics bought five lots on White street, near Fifteenth street. They were 256x1.00 feet, and were bought of Edward Langworthy for $2,500. Plans for a magnificent church building were prepared. It was but a short time before that the old stone church of that congregation was large enough, but now it was far outgrown in size and pretensions. In 1863 J°hn Deery was president of the Catholic Institute of Dubuque. About this time there were sharp attacks on the Catholic parochial schools, while the Catholics retaliated by opposing the proposed compulsory educational law. By November, 1863, Bishop Smyth's new residence, adjoining the Cathedral, was completed. In 1858, when Bishop Smyth took charge of this diocese, there were about 50 churches, 53 priests and nearly 50,000 Catholics; by November, 1863, there were over 80 churches, 85 priests and nearly 100,000 Catholics. In December, 1863, the fair to aid the German Catholic church yielded $3,364 receipts. It was the largest event of the kind ever in Dubuque up to that time. The death of Father Mazzuchelli at Benton, Wisconsin, on Feb ruary 23, 1864, was appropriately observed here, where he was dearly beloyed and had labored so long in early years. Bishop Smyth preached the funeral discourse. In the spring of 1864 the old residence of Bishop Smyth, near the Cathedral, was remodeled and occupied by St. Mary's Select Female School, in charge of Sister Mary Catherine. The German Catholic church, at White and Sixteenth streets, was built in 1864 and cost $25,000. In August Bishop Smyth on one occasion administered the right of confirmation to over 100 children at Father Fendrick's church. About this time Bishop Smyth bought two fine Morgan colts of Edward Etimson for $500. He also bought for $500 the beautiful carriage that had been shown at the recent Catholic fair. He thus owned the finest "turnout" in the city. Rev. Andrew Bennett, aged fifty-four years, pastor of St. Clem ent's church, Bankston settlement, Dubuque County, died Decem ber 16, 1864. He was a zealous missionary priest, much beloved by his parishioners, and had been there four years. In 1865 the Catholic Orphan Asylum was planned. Temporarily the building on Fourteenth street, used by the Sisters of Charity, was used. Bishop Smyth, Father Donaghoe and the abbot and brothers of New Melleray gave the grounds, money, etc., for the new building on Fourteenth street. The corner stone of the Ger man Catholic church was laid May 28, 1865, with great ceremony. A long procession passed through the streets and marched to the grounds. Rev. Father Samarius delivered the sermon. On Bishop Smyth's lots, corner Bluff and Third streets, a brick HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 887 structure was erected in 1865, designed to be used by Christian brothers as a training school for boys and young men. Dubuque, August 21, 1865. "On a recent occasion our citizens were deeply affected by the burning of my coach house, carriage, horses, etc., but it will prove a source of pleasure to them to learn that the injury then inflicted has been honorably repaired by the generosity of my many friends in Dubuque. "During my absence in Des Moines they had the coach house, etc., built up anew, and lest that house should remain untenanted, those same generous friends on last Saturday presented me with a beauti ful new carriage, horses, etc., of which even European nobility might well be proud. Were this the gift of Catholics alone I should feel truly grateful, but how deep and lasting must be my gratitude for this gift, since gentlemen of every religious denomination had united and generously contributed to purchase for me this solid proof of their friendship. . . . Dubuque may well be proud of such noble souls, such unprejudiced minds, and very justly may I feel proud of such a noble gift, well worthy of such noble bene factors. A thousand most grateful thanks to my many kind friends. Clement Smyth, Bishop of Dubuque." Bishop Smyth died September 23, 1865, and all Dubuque mourned. He was born in County Clare, Ireland, in 1810, and finished his literary education at Trinity College, Dublin. He be came a postulant of the Brothers of Presentation, became connected with the Abbey of Melleray, where he was leader of the choir, and founded a school connected with the Monastery. In 1848, when .famine wrought havoc in all Ireland, a deputation of monks came to America, arriving in 1849. They finally located on a tract of land in Vernon Township, Dubuque County, proffered them by Bishop Loras. One of the monks thus to come here and the first prior of the order was Bishop Smyth. In 1856 he became co- adjustor of Bishop Loras and in 1858 bishop of Dubuque. His former and ordinary name was Timothy, but in the Catholic church became Clement. He was consecrated at St. Louis, May 3, 1887, by Archbishop Kenrick. Bishop Smyth was an ardent patron of the public schools and visited them regularly. Bishop Hennessey was the first in the United States to raise his voice against the public schools. He commenced on the first Sunday of Lent, 1867. He was a magnificent orator and denounced the public schools as "Godless," "breeders of infidelity" and "hot-beds of hell." The services at Bishop Smyth's obsequies were grand, solemn and won derfully impressive. Bishop Duggan, of Chicago; Archbishop Kenrick of St. Louis, and Bishop Henri, of Milwaukee, and 888 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY many other church dignitaries were present. Archbishop Kenrick celebrated solemn requiem high mass, and Bishop Duggan preached the funeral sermon. While his remains lay in state in the Cathedral thousands of people who loved him for his high character and great worth looked upon his marble features for the last time with tears and murmured blessings. In July, 1866, Rev. John Hennessy, pastor of the Catholic church at St. Joseph, Missouri, was appointed bishop of Dubuque. Rev. J. A. M. Pelamourgues supplied the congregation until the consecra tion of Father Hennessy, September 30, 1866. The latter was a native of Ireland and had served as professor of theology at Carondelet, Missouri. The ceremony at his consecration was very impressive. Archbishop Kenrick, and Bishops Duggan, of Chicago ; Henri, of Milwaukee, and O'Gorman, of Omaha, and scores of clergy were present. Rev. P. J. Ryan, of St. Louis, delivered the principal discourse. His peroration was said to be a masterpiece of eloquence. The music was specially sweet and grand. Sister Mary Catherine (Burns) died here in October, 1866. She was one of the four sisters to come here in 1843-4. She was greatly loved by all who knew her. In September, 1866, the Lattnerville members of Centralia Catholic church separated from the parent congregation and estab lished a church for themselves at Lattnerville in 1867. They were assisted by Father Meis, who was deputized by Bishop Hennessy. A church was begun and the corner stone was laid August 15, 1868, by Rev. J. B. McGowan, of Bankston. In 1869 the rock church was duly dedicated, Father Weikmann delivering the dedica tory sermon in German. The pastors in charge of this congrega tion have been Frauenhoffer, . Stritzelberger, Oberbroekling, , Heim- brucher, Heer, Nacke, Kuemper, Hemesath, Bauemler and Tier- ney. The latter made great improvements. Andrew McBreen gave five acres for the church site and the Lattner brothers two acres for a cemetery. The dedication of St. Mary's German Catholic church occurred February 10, 1867, and the ceremony was conducted by Bishop Hennessy. At this date about $50,000 had been raised and already spent, and approximately $20,000 more would be needed, it was estimated. The new church, located at White and Sixteenth streets, was a brick structure in florid Gothic style. The bishop preached the dedication sermon. Rev. Jesuit Fathers Smarius and Boudreaux, of Chicago, assisted by Rev. Fathers Lynch, of Cascade; Kinsella, of Garryowen; McGaunn, of Farley; Shields, of Cedar Rapids, and Gosher, of Independence, gave a mission in the new Catholic church at Cas cade in November, 1867. "Nothing can surpass the holy en thusiasm of the people in their attendance on the mission. First mass commenced at 5 o'clock in the morning, and from that hour HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 889 till ir o'clock at night the good fathers never ceased their labors of love, instructing, teaching, preaching and hearing confessions." The church was blessed November 15, 1867. Over 2,000 heard the services on Sunday, and over 1,000 each week day while the mis sion continued. There was collected $1,000 for church purposes. For the lecture, "St. Patrick and His Children," there was re ceived $475. In February, 1868, a large festival in Snyder's hall, Cascade, netted $570 for the Catholic church there. In 1868 there was or ganized in Dubuque the Catholic Pay and Free School Association, the object of which was to establish a system of Catholic public schools. At. the Monastery in February, 1868, Bishop Hennessy confirmed 260 persons. At this time Very Rev. Father Bernard was prior of the Abbey of New Melleray. When he was made so Bishop Hennessy preached the discourse, one of the most notable and powerful ever delivered in Dubuque. In 1 87 1 six sisters of the Visitation, at the request of Bishop Hennessy, came to Dubuque and opened a school at Bluff and Third streets, and there remained until 1879, when they moved to General Jones' old place. In 1883 they commenced work on their academy and finished in 1891. Rev. Father Donaghoe died here in January, 1869. His obse quies were very elaborate and impressive. Very few Catholics in the county did not know him personally and all revered and loved him. He was the real head of the movement of the Sisters of Charity in this diocese. In June, 1871, the Catholics of the county celebrated on a scale oi great magnificence the twenty-fifth anniversary of Pope Pius IX's accession to the pontifical chair. The proceedings in the churches were of great interest. In 1871 a branch of the Academy of Visitation of St. Louis was opened by the nuns of that organiza tion in a new building adjoining the Cathedral. These sisters were called "Nuns of the Visitation," who also established a convent of that order here. Their design was to give a general education re gardless of other religious views. They- were warmly recommended to the public by Bishop Hennessy. Sister Mary of the Visitation died in September, 1873. On Christmas day, 1873, Sister Mary Margaret died at St. Joseph's Academy. She was one of the four who came originally from Ireland to Philadelphia. In July, 1874, Bishop Hennessy authorized Peter Erschens and Nicholas Meyer to organize a Catholic congregation at Centralia. The former donated seven acres and more was bought of John Kisch. The building was immediately erected and was of brick with native stone foundation. In the fall the corner stone was laid by Very Rev. R. Ryan, V. G. Rev. G. W. Heer was first pastor. The congregation was $5,000 in debt. Gradually this was paid. In 1880 Fr. Nacke became pastor, then Kuemper, who built the Sisters'" 890 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY dwelling, the parochial brick school house and paid off old and new debts. Father Rottler took charge in 1887. After him came Hernesath, Bauemler and Tierney, all of whom made important improvements, Father Hernesath frescoing the church with his own hands, beautifying the cemetery, planting trees and paying debts. Father Tierney paid the last of the church debt. The Franciscan Sisters taught the schools. Pleasant Grove Catholic frame church, four miles south of Ep worth, was erected in 1874. The members previously had attended the churches at Melleray, Farley, Garryowen and Cascade. Under Father Hawe's supervision the church was built. In the meantime the mjembers met in the home of E. H. Horsefield. Late in 1874 the church was occupied. Fathers Hawe, O'Donnell, Comerford and others were pastors. The Catholic church in Liberty Township was commenced in April, 1874, but when partly up a storm leveled it to the ground, but another was immediately commenced and soon completed. Rev. Conrad Schulte was first pastor. Later Rev. Father Hannasch took charge and under him a new and better church building was erected. Under Father Oberbroeckling a school was attached. A parsonage was built in 1899 and a residence for the Sisters of the school in 1904. A fair held at Key West in 1875 netted about $800/ This sum assisted greatly in paying the church debt. Caggie Moore was largely instrumental in making the fair a success. In October, 1875, several large granite blocks brought from Ireland by Rev. Father Burke were received here to be placed in the foundation walls of St. Patrick's church. In 1875 the Catholics who had worshiped at New Melleray divided and a portion joined the church movement at Centralia. St. Paul's congregation at Worthington was organized in the early sixties and a small brick church was erected. The congrega tion was at first small and was attended by Rev. Fr. Kortencamp from Dyersville. In 1875 the first resident pastor arrived, Rev. J. S. Baurrian. His presence greatly stimulated the growth and an ad dition to the church was built and pastor's house erected. He was succeeded in 1880 by Rev. G. W. Heer, who built the next fine church in 1883. Schools were started by Rev: Bauman with the Sisters of St. Francis in charge, and in 1880 a fine school building was erected. Rev. J. B. Zigrang succeeded Rev. Heer in 1889 and under him great improvements were made. St. Raphael's tower and spire were completed in November, 1876. The corner stone of St. Patrick's church, Dubuque, was laid in April, 1877. The stones came from Dalkey, Dublin County, Ireland, one of them weighing 2,000 pounds. Bishop Hennessy officiated at the ceremonies. The church was duly dedicated in August, 1878, Bishop Hennessy preaching the sermon. All the HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 891 Catholic churches of the county held appropriate services in memory of Pope Pius IX in February, 1878. The ascension of Leo XIII to the pontifical chair in February, 1878, was celebrated throughout the county. St. Joseph's Mercy Hospital began operations in 1879. It was in charge of the Sisters of Mercy and had capacity for 200 patients. It filled at once a long felt want in this community. St. Mary's Orphan Home was established in 1879, as was also St. Francis' Convent the same year. St. Francis' Industrial Home for Young Ladies is a branch of St. Francis' Convent. In 1845 the St. Joseph Catholic church at Farley was established by Rev. C. McCurren, who was pastor of the flock for twenty years. Other pastors since then have been Fathers Brady, Cooney, Phelan and Slattery, the present priest in charge, who has been here for twenty-six years. The first church was a frame building which was used until 1862, when the present stone edifice was erected. The pastor's residence was built in 1893. This is the parent of the Bankston and Pleasant Grove parishes. At first the membership numbered about 125 families, but the formation of other parishes from this one cut down the congregation. There are now about 400 communicants of St. Joseph's parish. In the Sisters' School adjoining are about fifty children under Mother Margaret, Superior. During the spiritual retreat at St. Joseph's College in August, 1880, there were present a greater number of priests at one time than were ever here before. Among them were Archbishop Heiss, of Milwaukee; Bishop Hennessy, and P. J. McGrath, president of St. Joseph's College. Upon the return of Bishop Hennessy from Europe in May, 1881, he was tendered a fine' reception and presented with a beautiful team and carriage by Fathers Ryan, McGrath, Powers, Leahy, Roche, Brennan and others. The remodeling of the Cathedral in 1886 was succeeded by its dedication in November. By this time the diocese had grown enormously and had established branches and missions all over the West. The See of Davenport had been severed from that of Dubuque, but the development continued. The congregation here had outgrown the Cathedral and the addition and remodeling was necessary. The paintings and frescoings of the interior were genuine works of art done by a Roman artist. The marble altar was a feature. Rev. Father Burke greatly assisted in the improve ments made. By this time the parochial schools in all parts of the diocese had reached enormous proportions in the aggregate. Each of the parish churches— Cathedral, St. Patrick's, St. Mary's and Sacred Heart — had appended a' large school. In addition there were St. Joseph's College, Mt. St. Joseph's Academy for lady boarders, Mt. St. Joseph's Academy for day scholars, Academy of the Visitation, St. Vincent Presentation Convent, St. Mary's Academy, 892 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY St. Francis' Convent School and St. Malichi's School — in all twelve large educational institutions. The ceremonies of rededication in 1886 were attended by a large assemblage of Catholics and others. Many church dignitaries were present and the music was grand and inspiring. Bishop Hennessy preached a discourse of unusual eloquence and power, In his ser mon he recited a number of historic facts connected with the parish and the diocese. When he assumed charge of the diocese in 1866 there were about 50 priests and 45 church buildings and a number of missions. By 1888 there were about 175 churches and 200 clergymen. Then the diocese embraced the whole State of Iowa. Now it embraced less than half in the northern part. The new Sacred Heart church, on Eagle Point avenue, was dedi cated in July, 1888. The other was built seven years before, but now so great had been the growth of that part of the city a much larger structure was imperatively demanded. The new church seated 1,400, cost nearly $50,000 and was dedicated with imposing ceremony by Bishop Hennessy. On March 27, 1888, Rev. Father Alberie, prior procurator and treasurer of the New Melleray community of Trappist monks, died at Mercy Hospital, Dubuque. He had become temporal head of the order in 1880 upon the death of Brother Murphy. His remains were buried at the Monastery. The new Cathedral windows arrived from abroad early in 1889 and were detained at the custom house until Congressman Hender son explained their uses and secured their relinquishment. The corner stone of the new Catholic church at the Monastery was laid April 7, 1889, by Bishop Hennessy. The ceremonies were witnessed by 2,500 people, who were dined in the old church. The building was 42x100 feet. In 1889 the Sisters of Charity bought the Stout property, in the southern part of the city, and planned to erect thereon St. Joseph's Convent. Here was to be the mother house of the order, with ac commodations for from 1,000 to 1,500 sisters. The location was at the bend on West Locust street. There were no acres, which cost $15,000. "The place had been called "Summer Hill." Here in 1890- 91 the large, fine brick convent was built. In 1891 St. Francis' congregation at Balltown was organized by Rev. Joseph Kuemper. The church was erected in 1892 and was used as a school and later was remodeled. Pastors from Sherrills attend this congregation. Revs. A. J. Rubly and J. H. Schilmoeller have served as pastors. On September 30, 1891, Bishop Hennessy's silver jubilee was celebrated by all of Dubuque and vicinity. It was the twenty-fifth anniversary of his consecration. At this time there were in the Dubuque diocese 203 priests, 319 churches, 107 schools, 615 sisters and 12,257 pupils. The diocese was divided in 1881. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 893 Bishop Hennessy distinguished himself for his zeal in the cause of Catholic education. He was probably the foremost advocate of parochial schools in the country. During his long period of services from 1866 to 1900 here the following, advances were made, largely through his effort and influence : Visitation Nuns, Sisters of Mercy, Presentation Nuns, who arrived in 1875; Sisters of St. Francis, from Germany; Franciscan Sisters, from Kentucky; Sisters of Notre Dame, Sisters of the Holy Ghost, Sisters of Humility of Mary, St. Joseph's College, Visitation Academy and Monastery, on Alta Vista; Mercy Hospital, St. -Francis' Orphanage, Mt. St. - Joseph's Academy, Presentation Convent, and mother house of the Sisters of Charity on Summer Hill. In December, 1891, the residence of J. P. Farley, at Bluff and Sixth streets, was bought by the Sisters of St. Francis for $15,000. They had come here about 1880, had prospered and so expanded their good works that it was necessary now to secure much larger quarters. The building was at once transformed into school rooms and the new institution became known as St. Francis' Industrial School and Home for Young Ladies. A notable event was the convention here of the German Roman Catholic Central Society of North America in September, 1892, at St. Mary's School hall. About 250 Catholic benevolent organiza tions were represented. A plan of life insurance under the Woman's and Orphans' Fund was provided. In the procession were 1,884 men. The delegates sent here represented an immense constituency. St. Joseph's Mercy Hospital was opened early in the nineties. It cost about $25,000. St. Francis' Orphan Asylum was located near Linwood Cemetery. In December, 1892, the Archdiocese of Dubuque was created by the authorities at St. Louis and embraced Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. This necessitated the selection of an archbishop. The new Archdiocese of Dubuque embraced the sees of Dubuque, Daven port, Omaha, Lincoln and Cheyenne. Bishop Hennessy was elected the first archbishop of this diocese. The pallium, the insignium of the archiepiscopal dignity, arrived from Rome in July, 1893, in the possession of Father Darcy, of Clare, Iowa, who deliv ered it to Father Burke, of Dubuque. A pallium is made in Rome of lambs' wool by the Sisters of St. Agnes, and is a white woolen band about two inches wide worn around the shoulders and crossed in front. Thus Bishop Hennessy became the first Metropolitan of the Province of Dubuque. The investiture of Archbishop John Hennessy with the pallium September 17, 1893, was a ceremony of great dignity and magnifi cence It was in many respects the most notable Catholic event that ever occurred in the United States. The array of prelates and priests, -the beauty and solemn grandeur of the music and the pomp and holiness of the ceremony were impressive and soul-stirring in 894 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY the extreme. The sermon of Archbishop Ryan was full of pathos, eloquence and religious power. The banquet at St. Joseph's College was an ever-memorable affair. Present were Mgr. Satolli, the apostolic delegate; Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishops Ryan, Ireland, Elder, Kain, Chapelle, Corrigan, Katzer, Riordan and Redwood, and Bishops Fitzgerald, Scannell, Ryan, Marti, Cosgrove, Scanlon, Chatard, Zeininger, Nugent, O'Farrell, McGovern, Burke, Cotter, O'Donnell, Ludden, Hortsman, Schwebach, Gallagher, Hennessy, Moore and Bonacum. The address, toasts and responses at this ban quet were beautiful and eloquent- beyond the powers of description. "Your presence here has made this day a joy and happiness. You have invested it with a prestige and eclat long to be remembered by the priests and people of Dubuque. We have been honored beyond measure. We keenly feel it and can only thank you from the bot tom of our hearts. It is a great day for our city and diocese. As far as my judgment and knowledge lead me, the sentiments of Catholics at this hour are shared by the non-Catholics of Dubuque. They recognized when this city was raised to the dignity of a Metropolitan See that it was an event of very great importance. They rejoiced that it was so and felt proud and honored. I believe the day of prejudice against Catholics is waning fast. There is hardly a trace of it to be found among the best classes of non- Catholics, and by the best I mean the most intelligent. They meet with Catholics on the common ground governing all intelligent people, recognizing the enterprise, the character and the worth of the nian as a man. In the name of the Catholics and non-Catholics of our beautiful city, I bid your excellency (the apostolic delegate), your eminence (Cardinal Gibbons) and you most reverend fathers ten thousand welcomes to Dubuque." — Archbishop Hennessy 's ad dress at the banquet. Remarks were made by Cardinal Gibbons, Monsignor Satolli, Archbishop Feehan, Archbishop Ireland, Archbishop Corrigan, Monsignor Nugent, of England, and Archbishop Redmond, of New Zealand. Monsignor Satolli spoke in Latin. He said : "It affords me great pleasure to be with the archbishop and priests of the Arch diocese of Dubuque today, honored as they are by the presence of so many distinguished churchmen, not only from various parts of the United States but also from Europe and Australia. The magnificent demonstration of last night, which was participated in by non-Catholics as well as Catholics, showed that the church of Dubuque has a firm hold on the affections of the people and old- time prejudice was here a thing of the past." Cardinal Gibbons said : "This is a happy day for me, and it is a happy day for Iowa. My heart goes out to its people on this the first time I have stepped upon its soil. It has reason to rejoice, for it has been greatly honored. The Pope in raising Archbishop Hen nessy has greatly honored him, and well does he deserve the honor. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 895 Such honors by Leo XIII are not lavished indiscriminately. The raising of Archbishop" Hennessy was requested by the- venerable archbishop of St. Louis and joined in by all the archbishops. It was the desire of their hearts that Dubuque be so raised. The newly created Metropolitan is honored by the apostolic delegate's pres ence. He is honored by the presence of nearly all the archbishops and twice as many bishops. The city is honored by being made the center of a Metropolitan See and by having an archbishop made so solely on account of his personal merits. I congratulate the Catholic church of the United States that a new star has been added to the constellation." Upon the conclusion of his address he said further : "I have the honor to announce the receipt of a cablegram from our holy father, Leo XIII : " 'Rome, Sept. 17, 1893. " 'Cardinal Gibbons, Dubuque, Iowa. " 'The holy father most lovingly sends his apostolic benediction to the first archbishop of Dubuque. Leo XIIL' " Archbishop Ireland said: "I rise to my task, strengthened and inspired by the purest waters, and yet I am afraid of my subject. (Cheers and laughter. His subject was 'The Hierarchy of the United States.') It is a great subject, not that its greatness alarms. me, but it is a sensitive one — one to be handled with a great deal of care and reverence. (Applause.) It is well that we toast the hierarchy of the United States when a new honor has come to it. It is the fourteenth see created. y It is meet that we salute it. I am particularly pleased, for St. Paul was the last created and it was the thirteenth. Some regarded that as a most unlucky number, sug gesting storms and cyclones. ( Great applause and laughter. ) Now the fourteenth is added, and we enter upon the reign of gentleness,. benignity, justice and mercy. (Great laughter.) The great honor bestowed upon Dubuque brings gladness to us of the North, for St. Paul is the spiritual daughter of Dubuque. We received our first bishop froml her. Bishop Loras ruled Minnesota and Dakota, as- well as Iowa. St. Paul, was always a dutiful, obedient daughter, but somehow she got ahead of her mother. But today the mother has caught up with her. (Laughter.) It is well that Dubuque has- been made a Metropolitan See. It was the old see of the North long before that of St. Paul, or Milwaukee, or Chicago. Its priests were scattered far and wide and went outside of the limits to Wisconsin and other places in their divine work of religion." In addition to the above over 300 priests were present from all parts of America. The interior of the church was made grandly beautiful. The richest vestments, vessels, candelabra and ecclesias tical ornamentation and livery treasured in the sacristy were added with impressive and awe inspiring effect. The sanctuary and altars were resplendent with light and color and blossoms, and over all .896 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY sacred music threw its holy spell. The procession to the church was stately and ceremonious. The ceremony in the church during the investiture was watched by an immense and breathless audience. The enrobing of the celebrant in full pontificals, the solemn mass by Monsignor Satolli, the recitations and vows of the celebrant, the prayers and benediction, the eloquent sermbn by Archbishop Ryan, the solemn confession of faith by Archbishop Hennessy, the signifi cant and impressive consecration, the beautiful music chanted and sang by magnificent voices, the investiture of the celebrant with the sacred pallium, the distinguishing mark of archiepiscopal dignity and the plenitude of the apostolic power by Cardinal Gibbons, the solemn oath of fidelity and obedience to the holy see, and the bless ing of the audience by the new archbishop, were superb events, never before witnessed here. In about 1893 the St. Elizabeth Society was established to assist the poor and needy. It was a branch of the Sherman Circle. In the spring of 1893 a new church for St. Columbkille Catholic parish, on West Hill, was planned, the cost to be about $25,000. The old frame church there, under Father Fogarty, was outgrown. In August, 1893, sixteen young ladies took the Franciscan sisterhood. On this occasion Archbishop Hennessy, assisted by twelve priests, conducted the services in the chapel of St. Francis' convent, near Linwood. By November i,- 1893, the mother house of the Sisters of Charity, on Summer Hill, was nearly completed. Rev. Father Burke, who had been here since 1873, was transferred to Waterloo in November, 1893. He was greatly respected and admired. In 1894 Mothers Joseph and Agatha died here in Mercy Hospital. They were well known and greatly beloved. In June, 1895, there were here at the spiritual retreat in St. Joseph's College 180 priests. The Visitation fair at the City Hall in October, 1895, was an im mense success ; $9,546.44 was realized by the Visitation Nuns. The new Catholic Church on Couler avenue was projected in the autumn of 1895. It was to be 54x92 feet and to cost about $10,000. The corner stone of the new St. Joseph church, in West Dubuque, was laid in June, 1895. This year the Dubuque Catholic Benevolent Society became the Dubuque Benevolent Society and embraced all denominations. This year also the new Mercy Hospital for the Insane, to cost about $80,000, was commenced on Mineral street, in West Dubuque. St. Joseph's Asylum for the Insane was located the next year at Asbury, three miles from Dubuque. In 1895 Arch bishop Hennessy paid the second highest individual tax in Dubuque County — $2,738. In 1897 Father Thomas M. Linehan became bishop of Cheyenne. He was once an altar boy in the Cathedral. In 1895 the St. Joseph's Institute at Mt. Carmel had 970 mem bers scattered all over the West. In June, 1897, Rev. Father Alberic was elected abbot of New Melleray and was formally blessed by Archbishop Hennessy, " i ¦ i i ¦ it 1 1 ii HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 897 October 28, 1897. Very Rev. P. J. McGrath preached the dis course. The services occurred in the church across the road, where women could attend. Scores of clergy were present. Dennis Dunlea was his real name. In 1898 St. Joseph's College, five female semi naries and the Catholic Theological College were being erected. In 1899 St. Anthony's Catholic church, on the hill, was projected, and soon afterward work on the building was commenced. On March 4, 1900, Archbishop Hennessy died in Dubuque and his funeral was held four days later. In the meantime his remains lay in state in the Cathedral. There gathered here a large number of distinguished prelates to pay their respects to the distinguished dead. Cardinal Gibbons was here ; also Archbishop Ryan and scores of clergymen from all parts of the United States. Bishop Hennessy left a large estate, estimated at the time of his death at $742,000. He bequeathed nearly all to various needy and deserving Catholic institutions. In July, 1900, Bishop John J. Keane was duly made archbishop of Dubuque. On September 27, 1900, he was duly in stalled here and on April 17, 1901, was invested with the pallium. There were present on that occasion Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishops Ireland, Katzer, Kain and Elder, and twenty-two bishops. The ad dresses and the music were of the highest order. On October 28, 1900, St. Anthony's Catholic church in West Dubuque was dedicated by Archbishop Keane. On December 27 Archbishop Keane conferred the black veil on three nuns — three novices of the professions, they were denominated. The mother house of the Sisters of the Holy Ghost was blessed by Archbishop Keane, November 1, 1901. It stood in West Dubuque and cost about $50,000. In 1903-4 the Home for the Aged and the House of the Good Shepherd were erected. Dr. John Carroll became bishop of Helena in 1904. He was born here in 1864, educated at Father O'Reilly's school and St. Joseph's College and in Montreal. In 1899 he was ordained a priest, and in 1900 received the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He then became professor of mental philosophy in St. Joseph's College. , . , The Sisters of the Good Shepherd founded their home in Dubuque in 1903. They began in a small way, but have steadily tjrosfrcsscd. St Francis' Home for the Aged was completed, ready for oc cupancy, late in 1904. It was 124x140, erected west of the mother house and the Orphan Asylum. It is of red brick and Bedford stone and three stories high. The sisters in charge came here from Germany in 1875 under the direction of Mother Xaveria and first located in Iowa City. In 1878 the order made its home in Dubuque and built the beautiful mother house, connected with which is St. Mary's Orphan Asylum, the director being Father Johannes. In June, 1905, a temperance convention in Dubuque received the cabled ble sing of the Pope. At this time Bishop J. P. Carroll an- 898 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY nounced $25,000 in scholarships at St. Joseph's College. The Arch bishop went to Rome in 1905. In 1906 Rev. Daniel M. Gorman became president of St. Joseph's College. In 1807 an addition to the Visitation convent was erected. A new infirmlary in connection with the mother house, to cost about $70,000, was projected about this time. In September, 1907, the German Catholic convention convened in Dubuque. Archbishops, bishops and other clergymen in large numbers attended. Probably 15,000 people saw Mon signor Falconio, papal delegate, pass through the streets. Among the important Catholic improvements of 1908 were the mother house of the Sisters of Charity, the mother house of the Presentation Sis ters, additions by the Visitation Sisters, additions to Orphans' Home and to St. Joseph's College. The Presentation mother house, on West Hill, a beautiful structure, was dedicated August 15, 1909. In June Archbishop Ireland delivered the commencement "address at St. Joseph's College. In 1878 Rev. John J. Keane was made a bishop at Baltimore. Since he came to Dubuque he has effected vast advances and im provements. He has doubled the building and the faculty of St. Joseph's College. He established a missionary band of diocesan priests, welcomed the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the Sisters of the Order of St. Dominic and the Brothers of Mary. In 1902 the western part of the Dubuque Diocese became the Diocese of Sioux City. CLERGY, CHURCHES, MISSIONS AND SCHOOLS. CITY OF DUBUQUE. St. Raphael's Cathedral, Bluff and Second streets, Most Rev. John J. Keane, D. D., Very Rev. M. Barry, vicar general and chan cellor ; Rev. M. H. Carey, rector ; Revs. M. L. Kerper and Valentine Casey. School, sixteen Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 69 Emmet street ; pupils, 531. St. Anthony's, West Dubuque, Rev. Peter O'Malley. School, three Sisters of the Holy Ghost; pupils, 75. St. Columbkille's, Very Rev. M. Barry, V. G., Rev. M. O'Callaghan. School connected with St. Vincent's Academy. St. Mary's (German), Very Rev. Geo. W. Heer, M. R. ; Revs. W. J. Cremer, Aug. Bomholt. High School for boys; four Brothers of Mary; pupils, 102; school for boys and girls; sixteen Sisters of St. Francis and one lay teacher ; pupils, 850. St. Patrick's, Right Rev. Mgr. R. Ryan, V. G., M. R., Revs. D. Lundon, E. O'Donnell. School connected with St. Joseph's Academy. St. Philomena's, four 'miles west of Dubuque, Rev. A. Walsh. Sacred Heart (German), Revs. A. Boeding, Anton Werdehoff, H. J. Holthaus. School, six teen Sisters of St. Francis and one lay teacher; pupils, 720. Holy Ghost (German), Revs. W. J. Weirich, A. J. Thole. School, nine Sisters of St. Francis; pupils, 350. Holy Trinity (German), Rev. J. A. Dupont. Chapels with residence chaplains : Mount Carmel Convent, Rev. A. M. Clark; St. Francis' Convent, Rev. J. S. Baumann; St. Joseph's Insane Asylum, Rev. M. McCarthy; St. Anthony's Home for the Aged, Rev. A. Walsh; Mercy Hospital, Rev. M. C. Sullivan; Presentation Convent, Rev. P. Leahy. OUTSIDE OF THE CITY OF DUBUQUE. Balltown (Waupeton, Route 36), Dubuque County, St. Francis', Rev. Jos. Schilmoeller. School, three Franciscan Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration (Waupeton, Route 36) ; pupils, 70. Bankston, Dubuque County (Farley P. O.), St. Clement's, Rev. W. A. Ban- field. School, four Sisters of Mercy; pupils, 100. Cascade, Dubuque County, St. Martin's, Rev. L. Roche, M. R. School, six Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary; pupils, 190. St. Mary's (German), Rev. John B. Albers. School, five Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 140. Centralia, Dubuque County (P. O. Dubuque, Rural Route 3), St. John's, Rev. P. A. R. Tierney. School, three 899 900 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Sisters of St. Francis; pupils, 58. Mission, Lattnerville, Dubuque County, Annunciation. Dyersville, Dubuque County, St. Francis Xavier's, Very Rev. Theo. Warning, V. F., M. R., Rev. M. Am- brosy. Schools, Boys' High School, five Brothers of Mary; pupils, 165; eleven Sisters of St. Francis; pupils, 341. Farley, Dubuque County, St. Joseph's, Rev. D. Slattery. School, four Presentation Nuns; pupils, 45. Fillmore, Dubuque County (Bernard P. O, Route 29), Rev. G. A. Hauck. School, three Sisters of St. Francis; pupils, 60. Holy Cross, Dubuque County, Holy Cross Church, Rev. G. T. Nagle. School, six Sisters of St. Francis, one lay teacher; pupils, no. Mission, Buena Vista, Clinton County. Key West (R. F. D. Dubuque), Dubuque County, St. Joseph's, Rev. John Mc Namara. School, four Presentation Nuns; pupils, 35. Luxemburg, Dubuque County, Holy Trinity, Rev. F. W. Oberbroekling. School, five Franciscan Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration; pupils, 114; New Melleray (P. O. Box 273, Dubuque), Dubuque County, Holy Fam ily, attended from New Melleray Abbey, Rev. Father Placid, O. C. R., rector. New Vienna, Dubuque County, St. Boniface's, Rev. F. W. Pape, M. R. ; Rev. B. Luedtke. School, five Franciscan Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration and one lay teacher; pupils, 130. Placid, Dubuque County (Epworth P. O., Route 12), St. John's, Rev. P. McNamara. Mission, Epworth, Dubuque County. School, three Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 50. Rickardsville, Dubuque County, St. Joseph's, Rev. G. W. Clark. St. Catherine's, Dubuque County (Dubuque P. O., Route 6), Rev. H. Felder, D. D. School, three Sisters of St Francis; pupils, 75. St. Joseph's, Dubuque County ( P. O. Zwingle, Route 1 ) , Rev. L. Burke. Mission, Silva, Dubuque County. Sherrill's Mound, Dubuque County (Durango P. O., Route 34), SS. Peter and Paul's, Rev. Jos. Hagemann. School, three Franciscan Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration; pupils, 76. Station, Durango, Dubuque County. Worthington, Dubuque County, St. Paul's, Revs. J. Zigrang, N. Homan. School, five Sis ters of St. Francis; pupils, 170. INSTITUTIONS IN CHARGE OF RELIGIOUS ORDERS. orders of men. Dubuque. New Melleray Abbey, situated about twelve miles from Dubuque (P. O. Box 273, Dubuque), Rt. Rev. Alberic Dun lea, O. C. R. abbot ; Rev. Father Patrick, prior ; Rev. Father Fran cis, sub-prior; there are 35 mtembers in the community, 8 of whom are priests. High School for Boys, four Brothers of Mary; Bro. Francis Wohlleben, principal; pupils, 102. Dyersville. High School for Boys; five Brothers of Mary; Bro. Charles, director; pupils, 165. ORDERS OF WOMEN. Dubuque. St. Joseph's Convent of Mount Carmel, mother house and novitiate of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary; Mother Mary Cecelia, mother general; Sister M. Esther, local supr; in community, Sisters, 1,045; novices, 77; postulants, 35. Mt. St. Joseph College, boarding school for young ladies, con ducted by Sisters of Charity, B. V. M. ; 39 Sisters; Sister M. Ber- trand, supr; pupils, 202. St. Joseph's Academy, 1,265 Main street, 19 Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary; Sister M. Flavia, supr. ; pupils, 482. St. Vincent's Academy, Rush street, 10 Presentation Nuns; Sister M. Immaculata, dir ; pupils, 300. Convent of the Nuns of the Visitation of the B. V. M, Alta Vista street and Julien avenue, Sisters of the Visitation; 34 Sisters; Sister M. Antonia Ring, supr. ; connected with the convent is a boarding and select day school ; pupils, 160. St. Mary's Orphanage, under the management of the Sisters of St. Francis, for the orphans and friendless children of the Diocese of Dubuque; school for orphans only; 24 Sisters of St. Francis; 180 orphans. St. Francis Home for Young Ladies, 605 Bluff street, for the protection of young girls and women of good character; 10 Sisters of St. Francis; Sister M. Benedict, supr; inmates, 95. St. Joseph's Mercy Hospital, West Third street (125 beds), Sisters of Mercy, a branch of the order from Davenport, established a house in 1879 in Dubuque, Iowa. The institution comprises three departments, an infirmary for the sick and the aged, an orphanage for the education of destitute chil dren, and a House of Providence where homeless and unemployed girls are provided for; 25 Sisters, 15 novices, 3 postulants; Mother 901 902 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Mary Pius, supr. ; inmates, 200. St. Joseph's Mercy Asylum (200 beds), West Dubuque, Iowa; conducted by the Sisters of Mercy; in this institution acute and chronic forms of insanity are treated and cared for, also the epileptic and feeble minded; number of patients, 280; Sister M. Rose, supr; 16 Sisters. St. Anthony's Home for the Aged (West Dubuque, R. F. D.), 8 Sisters of Mercy; Sister M. Elizabeth, supr.; inmates, 120. St. Francis' Home for the Aged, 10 Sisters of St. Francis ; inmates, 90. Industrial School, 7 Sisters of St. Francis ; inmates, 60. The Marine Hospital of the city is in charge of the Sisters of Mercy. House of the Good Shep herd, Alta Vista street, Sister Mary de Lourdes Henry, supr. ; 7 Sisters; inmates, 50. RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN THE DIOCESE. COMMUNITIES OF MEN. Trappist Fathers, New Melleray Abbey, Dubuque. Brothers of Mary (St. Louis province), Dubuque, Dyersville. COMMUNITIES OF WOMEN. Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Dubuque, Iowa), mother house, college, academy, two schools, Dubuque, Ackley, Cascade, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Clinton, Cresco, Garryowen, Lyons, Waterloo. Sisters of St. Francis (Dubuque, Iowa), mother house, academy, orphanage and St. Francis' Home, Industrial School, three schools, Dubuque, Alta Vista, Brown Station, Cas cade, Centralia, Dyersville, Fillmore, Garnavillo, Haverhill, Holy Cross, Independence, Ionia, La Motte, Lyons, Meyer, North Wash ington, Norway, Ossian, Otter Creek, Petersburg, St. Catharine, Stacyville, Templehill, Waterloo, Worthington, Sisters of St. Fran cis (Clinton, Iowa), mother house, novitiate, academy and schools, Clinton, Epworth, Lourdes, New Hampton, Petersville ; Tama City. Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration (La Crosse, Wisconsin), Balltown, Bellevue, Festina, Guttenberg, Lansing, Luxemburg, New Vienna, Roseville, St. Lucas, Sherrill's Mound. ~#rJ c^<^/— EDUCATION. WISE provision was made at an early day for the support of public schools, so that it is possible for every community in the state to maintain a free school at comparatively rea sonable expense to the taxpayers. The public schools are supported by funds derived from various sources. The general government set apart the sixteenth section of every congressional township, or one thirty-sixth of the state, for school purposes. The government fixed the minimum price at $1.25 per acre. Congress made a further donation of 500,000 acres to the state, and in addi tion thereto an appropriation to the school fund of 5 per cent on all the sales of public lands. To the fund thus created the state added the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it ; the fund is further increased by the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money obtained from the above named sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the state, and cannot be used for any other purpose. The moneys collected for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund of the counties in which collected. Proceeds of land sales and the 5 per cent appro priation go into the state treasury, and are distributed among the counties as may be requested, which in turn loan the money for long terms. The. interest on all these loans is paid into the state treasury, and constitutes the available school fund of the state. Every county is responsible to the state for the money so loaned, and the state is in turn responsible to the school fund. The interest secured from said loans is apportioned semi-annually among the counties of the state in proportion to the number of children between five and twenty-one years of age. For many years the amount thus dis tributed has averaged a little more than one dollar per head of the ages named. The city of Dubuque last year received $14,536.35, and the entire county, $23,512.15. ... Other funds needed for the support of a school are obtained from a local district tax levied by the board of supervisors as esti mated by the board of directors of each school district. The happiness and prosperity of any community depend upon its citizenship, which is largely governed by the character of its schools. The real value of a school is in turn dependent upon the interest manifested by the people. A progressive community demands good schools, and is willing to support them liberal y. One of the first thoughts of every community of pioneer settlers m Iowa was to 9°3 yo4 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY provide a little schoolhouse for the children. Within a few years a . system was provided for the entire territory, which has devel oped with the passing years until today it stands forth the proudest boast of all Iowa. Statistics are said to be cold.; they may nevertheless be interest- , ing, and exhibit at least comparative effort and results. The fol lowing statistics gathered from reports of the state superintendent of public instruction show the great growth of the system, and the liberality of the people is indicated by the large amount paid annu ally for the free education of the children of the state. These sta tistics are for the years i860, 1885 and 1910, and show the changes by periods of twenty-five years each. It is interesting to note the fact that though there was only a slight increase in the enrollment and daily attendance of pupils from 1885 to 1910, the amount of money paid for the support of the schools in 1910 was more than twice as great as the amount paid in 1885. It is also somewhat significant that while there were a few more male teachers in i860 than female teachers, in 1885 the number of female teachers was three times as great as the number of male, and in 1910 nine times as great. It will also be noted that there was a remarkable increase in the number of volumes in the school libraries from 1885 to 19 10, and it may appear strange that of the total number in 19 10, 644,588 belong to the rural schools, and 441,699 to the city and village schools. i860. 1885. 1 910. Permanent school fund $4,788,818 •Interestof perma nent school fund $142,151 $248,260 $215,832 * Assessed valuat'n state. $193,385,000 $488,953,000 $693,859,714 Number school houses. . 3,208 12,309 . Value of school houses . . $1,206,840 $12,690,326 $27,233,239 Number of school rooms. 4.927 14,109 19,667 Amount teachers' salaries. $445,468 $3,777,092 $8,335,917 Amount paid for school houses, grounds, library and apparatus $158,291 $1,227,815 $1,135,522 Amount fuel and other contingencies ..,...;.. Total am't paid for sch'ls No. volumes in libraries. Number male teachers . . Number female teachers. Total number teachers . . Av. salary male teachers . Av. sal'y female teachers $52,179 $1,049406 $4,240,027 $655,938 $6,054,313 $13,711,466 2,325 57,o95 1,086,287 3,219 5,809 2,689 3,H5 1 7,906 24,909 6,334 23,7!5 27,598 $23.76 $37-95 $72.01 $15.28 $29.45 $45.21 * Actual value in 1910, $2,775,438,856. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 905 Av. salary all teachers. . $I9.56 $31.53 $47.g2 Av. No. months school . ' 8 6 Total population state... 674,913 1,753,980 2,224,371 No. persons 5 to 21 years 244,938 634,407 677,004 No. enrolled in Pub. Sch. 167,869 477,663 510,661 Av. daily attendance.... 77,113 281,794 360,178 The schools of Iowa have been under the general management of a superintendent of public instruction ever since its admission into the Union as a state, December 28, 1846, with the exception of the years 1859- 1 864, when the duties were performed by the State Board of Education, of which Thomas H. Benton, of Dubuque, acted as secretary. Indeed, there was a superintendent for the Territory of Iowa during the years 1841-1842, but not after that until the time named above. In like manner, the schools of a county are under the general management of a county superintendent of schools, elected by the people for a term of two years. The law creating this position was enacted in 1858. The prescribed duties of a county superintendent are to hold teachers' institutes as prescribed by law, conduct the examinations of teachers under direction of the State Department, which now grades all papers submitted by applicants for certificates, visit schools, hear appeals, and make an annual report to the State Department. STATISTICS FOR DUBUQUE COUNTY. 1887. I9IO. Number of school houses 134 149 Value of school houses $316,885 613,340 Number of schoolrooms — Rural 119 I27 Graded 86 130 Amount teachers' salaries — Male teachers $18,993.92 $23,090.80 Female teachers , $49,991.83 $106,795.07 Amount paid for school houses and grounds $448.83 $459-3» For fuel, repairs, insurance and janitors. .$21,338.36 $25,535.40 Salaries of secretaries and treasurers $3,I79-37 $3.32i-97 For records and apparatus $1,309.42 $213.41 For library books : $5-75 $I£8'I3' For free textbooks -. $97-65 For general supplies $1,123.40 $2,160.80 School building bonds and interest $495-00 $18,578.00 For other purposes $3,359-i6 $9,174-19 Total amount paid for schools Total $100,245.04 $189,584.92: 906 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Number volumes in libraries. ., 2,220 10,630 Value of appartus. $3,095 $12,197 Number male teachers. ., . . . 38 24 Number female teachers. .,. 213 282 Total number teachers . 251 306 Average number months taught by males . . 8.8 9.2 Average number months taught by females 8.8 8.5 Average salary male teachers. . . ., $56.80 $104.76 Average salary female teachers $26.53 $44- 72 Average salary all teachers $31.12 $49.78 Total population of county ,. . 45,496 57,450 Number persons, 5 to 21 years old I7,74I I7,352 Number enrolled in public schools (1888) . . 8,106 7,032 Average daily attendance 5,425 4,960 A careful study of the tables above reveals a number of inter esting facts. We call special attention to two of them: (a) The first table shows that the increase in the total number of persons of school age — 5 to 21 — has kept pace with the increase in the total population of the state, but the second table shows that though there was an increase of considerable in the total population of Dubuque county, there was a decrease of 389 in the number of school age. The figures are, of course, wrong and misrepresent the real facts. It is quite evident that there has been marked inefficiency or care lessness in taking the school census. (b) Another and more important fact lies in the enrollment. The first table shows that the actual enrollment in the state is 75 per cent of the total number of persons of school age, and the average daily attendance, 53 per cent; the second table reveals the fact that only 40 per cent of the total number of persons of school age in Dubuque county are enrolled in the public schools, and only 28 per cent in daily attendance. A natural inference is that there is but little interest manifested in the education of the children of this county. Both city and county have frequently been misrepresented . in journals published elsewhere, but the writers drew their con clusions solely from the state superintendent's reports of the public schools which state the truth but by no means the whole truth. There is no other county in the state, and there are but few in any other state, in which so large a percentage of the children attend church or parochial schools. Outside of the city of Du buque there are in this county eleven parochial schools of the Roman Catholic church with an enrollment of 1,600 pupils taught by forty-six sisters. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 907 c , . When No Total bcnool Established. Teachers. Enrollment. St. Boniface, New Vienna 1847 8 2;o St. Francis, Dyersville 1865 8 «0 St. Francis H. S., Dyersville.. 1903 4 « Holy Trinity, Luxemburg 1866 St. Francis, Dyersville 1865 ; St. Martin's, Cascade..0 1870 4 $1 Holy Cross, N. Buena Vista.. 1874 -i l2c St. Peter and Paul, Sherrill's * Mound j876 2 80 St John, the Baptist, Centralia . 1879 2 55 St. Mary's, Cascade 1883 4 150 Presentation, Farley . . 1888 2 56 St. Paul's, Worthington 1889 4 180 St. Francis, Balltown In addition to above there are in the city of Dubuque a few Ger man Lutheran and nine Roman Catholic parochial schools with an enrollment of approximately 3,500 children. These schools to gether with the higher institutions of learning will be found listed in the latter part of this chapter. By adding the 5,000 to the 7,032, we have an enrollment of 12,000 pupils acquiring a common school education. The real enrollment in this county, then, is about 70 per cent of the number of persons of school age. This is the basis on which comparison with other counties should be made. County Organization. — There is great lack of uniformity in organization of the school system, and an unnecessarily large num ber of officials. There are independent city districts of first and second class, independent town and village districts, independent rural districts, and school townships with sub-districts. An inde pendent district of a city of the first class has a board of seven mem bers ; an independent district of a city of the second class, or town, or village, has a board of five members ; an independent rural district has a board of three (in some instances, five) members; school townships have boards of as many members as there are schools or sub-districts. On the first day of July they meet to organize by electing a president, a secretary and treasurer. A school township may, however, have one or more independent districts, as any sub- district may become independent by vote of its people. There are eighteen townships in the county. Julien township (city of Dubuque) is an independent district with a board of seven members. Table Mound township is an independent district with a board of five members. There are ten townships organized as school townships: Center, Jefferson, Vernon, Mosalem, Cascade, Dodge, Prairie Creek, Whitewater, Washington and Liberty; the first four have no independent districts, but Cascade, Dodge, Prairie Creek and Whitewater have each one independent district with a 908 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY board of five members; Washington has one independent district with a board of five and two with a board of three each; and Liberty, one with a board of five and three with boards of three. Concord township has two independent rural districts with boards of five members each and five with boards of three each ; Dubuque, one of five, and six of three each; Iowa, one of five, and four of three each; New Wine, three of five and five of three each; Peru, four of three each; and Taylor, two of five and six of three each. This calls for an official force of 260 directors, 62 of whom serve as presidents, 62 secretaries and 62 treasurers, — a total of 384 officials for 306 teachers and 7,032 pupils. Following are the names of the directors in the various town ships in the order as listed above : Julien (City of Dubuque) — H. E. Tredway, John T. Adams, W. H. Meuser, F. E. Bissell, T. J. Fitzpatrick, F. N. Schroeder, J. J. Murray. Table Mound. — Jerome Feeney, Stephen O'Hea, James Mullen. Center. — Wm. Straub, Jake Schmitt, Nick Schrobilgen, Peter McGrath, Andrew Humke, John Baumgartner, George La Page. Jefferson. — W. C. Rumpel, G. Datisman, Albert Cummer, Tom Atkinson, Joe Blocklinger, Nick Fries, F. E. Boyes, H. C. Mori- hart, John Rowles. Vernon. — J. W. Brummer, M. M. Cottingham, W. J. Burns, R. C. Rosser, L. Schemmel, Robert Hall, John Logan, W. Weydert, Peter Ganson. Mosalem. — Tom Schuster, Valentine Kies, E. J. Pilard, S. B. Preston, Anton Kemp, C. L. Hilkin, Conrad Reeg. Cascade. — W. C. Aitchison, Michael Less, Chas. Sullivan, John Cavanaugh, Geo. D. Jones, Jacob Gearhart, Geo. Brookings, Peter Kurt, John Bessler West Cascade, (Ind.) — Jas. T. O'Brien, J. L. Fober, Henry Pinnell, Matt Bisenius, J. T. Dunigan. Dodge. — Jacob Krapfl, Frank Funke, Robt. Sherlock, Maurice Breen, J. W. Cropp, M. Lehmann, John Hogan, John Bergfield. Worthington (Ind.) — P. A. Besler, Chris. Baehler, Peter Baum, Geo. Hostert, John Kraus. Prairie Creek. — James Moloney, John Carr, Vincent Driscoll, John McCann, Patrick Kane, James Lynch, Nicholas Knepper, Mike Callahan, Joseph Klocker. Bernard (Ind.) — C. F. Smyth, P. C. Maloy, Ben Flannagan, Patrick McCarthy, Wm. Cannon. Whitewater. — Wm. McMullen, Thos. P. Carr, Peter Klein, Henry Gehl, D. Coohey. East Cascade (Ind.) — L. W. Will, Thos. Loham, W. A. Fairburn, E. Vogel, C. J. Winters. Washington. — R. J. Kennedy, Wm. Higgins, John McKittrick, Ed. Sweeney. Zwingle (Ind.) — E. E. Alspach, Jacob Kemmerer, Avery West, R. J. Lembart, Frank Chesterman. St. Joseph's (Ind.)— Chas. Herzog, Michael Welsh, Matt Fagan. Washington Mills (Ind.) — James Melloy, James Cannon, Francis Ronek. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 909 Liberty.— Matt Weber, James Kearns, Louis Noeses. St. Mary's (Ind.)— -Henry Fangman, Barney Herbers, Wm. Segbers, Henry Klosterman, John Nillenbring. Douglas (Ind.)— John Mories, John Griener, Joseph Froeble. Jackson (Ind.)— Anton W. Steffen Frank Kluesner, John Ries. Webster (Ind.)— -Theo Zewen, Jos. Nieses, Nick Bries. Concord. Cottage Hill— Nick Wilwert, Herman Wilkenbush, Beecher Boyes, Peter Crippes, Geo. Pfeiler. Flanagan— Sumner Stuart, Charles Ager, F. W. Haselow, Frank Reagen, Jonathan Paisley. Floyd— Peter Meyer, Matt Pfeiler, Charles Davidschoefer. Germania.— -Peter Disburg, P. P. Schmitt, P. M. Schmitt. Holy Cross. — Matt Theisen, J. P. Sweeney, George J. Maiers. Plum Creek. — Nick Jecklin, Peter Breimeyer, Matt Gager. St. John's. — Peter Clemens, Henry Schulte, Lewis Sweeney. Dubuque. Stone Hill. — Wm. Avenarius, Wm. Handel, Arnold Muntz, Sam Cartigny, Charles Dubler. Asbury. — Frank Gladwin, Geo. Lewis, Edw. Lewis. Center Grove. — Thos. Winders, Ray mond Daykin, A. J. Lampe. Dirby Grange. — Peter Weiland, Peter Majerus, George Jungwirth. Julien. — Jas. F. Crider, J. T. Daykin, George Roussel. Oakville. — H. J. Jecklin, Wm. Gregory, Jas. Larkin. Wilton. — T. E. Kingsley, Ralph Spensley, J. J. Noel. Iowa. Tivoli. — Chas. Pins, M. A. Duggan, Geo. Miller, Frank Osterhouse, Frank Klosterman, Jr. Lincoln. — Michael Wolf, Chris Baier, John Strief. Millville. — Thos. Beresford, Samuel Strief, H. M. Bradley. Bankston. — James Kierman, John McMahon. Eagle. — N. M. Smith, J. Ilgen. New Wine. Dyersville. — J. C. Muehe, S. L. Vickers, Henry Goerdt, Sr, Henry Wilhelm, Peter Esch, Sr. New Vienna. — John Ahlers, Henry Mescher, C. J. Vaske, Ferd Freking, Jno. Ploessel. Union. — Chas. Kramer, Barney Fortman, Tony Kramer, Geo. Kramer, Jas. Stratton. Carroll. — Michael Ries, Jos. Hoefer, Nic Hennen. Columbus. — Wm. Hullermann, Andrew Recker, Barney Menke. Hickory. — J. H. Koch, Frank Bunker, Bernard Noethe. Rock.— Geo. Naderman, B. Beckmann, John Hille. St. Francis.— Frank Kruse, Joseph Thier, Caspar Klostermann. Peru. Bloody Run. — Cornelius Ball, John Harvey, Louis Spoerl. Knollville — Ernest Hammerand, John Banworth, Valen tine Lochner. Riverside.— -Henry Henkels, John Thiltgen, J. A. Mueller. Sageville. — Emil Hedrick, Louis Foell, Leo Hednck, Taylor. Epworth.— C. W. Moore, Thos. J. Hinde, Frank C. Edwards E W. Brown, Frank Wilkinson. Farley.— R. E. Knapp, John B. Walter, Chas. L. Kay, Jas. O'Connell, A. F. Reichmann. Burr Oak.— Nat. Bradfield, Wm. King, Robt. Woodhouse. Hogan. — Tohn Walsh, Michael Griffin, John Duenser. Pleasant Grove.— John Healey, Sr., John Healey, Jr., Michael McDermott. Pleasant View — T. H. Greenwood, Jas. Gibson, Hugh Coyle. Scott.— Mar- 910 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY tin Burge, Martin Hurley, James Greenwood. Taylor. — David Chapman, James Casey, Morris Urban. At date of writing this chapter, June, 191 1, the first-named in each of above sixty-two lists was president of his board. Following are the names of the teachers of the county, outside of the city of Dubuque, for the year 1910-1911 : Table Mound Township — Mary F. Kane, Verna H. Smith, Viv ian I. Powers, Caroline E. Fritz, Mamie Woodhouse, Mae Mc Donald, Vetura C. J. McCabe, Mary Sweeney, Marie McCullough, Sister V. Albie, Sister Philomena Hayes. Center Township — Caroline L. Kotze, Margaret Rooney, Neva M. Hoes, Euphemia Cox, Margaret A. Kile, Louise Roussel, Tessie E. Hauser, Ethel A. Lewis. Jefferson Township — Regina R. Wand, Edna Voss, Dora Jecklin, Catherine McNamara, Isabella Rupp, Grace Chalfield, Minnie Schepple, Nellie Triek. Vernon Tozvnship — Sophia Toennes, Leona Breitbach, Ella Greenley, Mollie Miehe, Irene Rooney, Kathryn Bradley, Anna Casey, Virginia Noonan, Corena J. McGinnis. Mosalem Township— -Marie Zernecke, Mabel Dolan, Mary A. McGovern, Fannie J. Klein, Bernice M. Ehret, Sister M. Francisco. Cascade Township — Mary Zoller, Anna M. Aitchison, Elizabeth Aitchison, Rose Printy, Rose A. Hemmer, Clara G. Loy, Margaret Callahan, Florence Brown, Mary Schwind, Celestine C. Faber. Dodge Township — Mary M. Wuchter, Marguerite Bell, Madge Waterhouse, Rita Bailey, Irene Hogan, Mary Krinkner, Agnes Hogan, Clara Mieding, Edna B. Pitman. Prairie Creek Township — Lizzie M. Feeney, Lizzie McClain, Mary Carman, Josephine E. Grace, Loretta Larkin, Marguerite Moloney, Nellie Powers, Sister M. Anna, Mary A. Molony. Whitewater Township — Mary E. Horsfield, Marjorie Henne- berry, Anna T. Murphy, Rita Brown, Marjorie Goggin, Genevieve Conlin, Blanche L. Pierce, Florence Curoe. Washington Township — Edna Donahue, Mary Sullivan, Irene Sullivan, Mary Cannon, Rita Sweeney, Mary M. Moloney, Grace I. Cannon, U. J. Barkel, Gertrude Sullivan, Ada Bradley. Liberty Township — Florence McGovern, Sister M. Eugenie, Evelyn Blake, Mary G. Hoefer, Mary Fitzgerald. Concord Township — Loretta C. Regan, Gertrude Niedemer, Stella B. Blake, Katherine Cooney, Sister M. Adele, Sister M. Scholastica, Rose M. Flanagan, Christian Davidsaver. Dubuque Township — Sara Larkin, LeVerne Bennett, Mary Byrne, Agnes McCaffrey, Helen M. Clark, Caroline Hussey, Jen nie E. Welsh, Leila M. Mink. Iowa Township — Nona Daly, Frances Noesges, Anna Phillips, Hannah Spear, Leila Armstrong. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 911 New Wine Tozmiship— Katherine Hoefer, Theresa M. Wuchter, E. C. Greene, Antoinette M. Streit, Tessie Westemyer, Annella C. Rohenkahl, George F. Gerken, Emma Goerdt, Anna Schenner. Nel lie Bahning. Peru Township — Frances McGovern, Marcella Dunn, Mary Bis- anz, Katherine Sauer, Susie M. Haggerty. Taylor Township — Maria Downey, Bertha C. McNeill, Anna F. Jackson, Mae Cecil Tench, Ella Burrell, Alice Strather, Vivian Pal mer, Sister M. Michael, Alice Connolly, Katherine B. Duffy, Anna Hurley, Mary Devaney. The City of Dubuque — To maintain an institution after it has been well established and after it has secured such a strong hold on the affections of the people that they want the best and are willing to pay for it, is comparatively easy. To lay the foundations when there is absolutely nothing to encourage or to impel but a sense of duty is another matter. The first settlers of 1833 were surely brave and endured many hardships. They had barely built the cabins for the protection of their families when some of them declared their next business must be to provide some means for the education of the children. A subscription paper was circulated and money raised to put up a building which was the first in the state to be used for school purposes. It was an unpretentious log building in what is now known as Washington Square and on "Sundays was used for church purposes. For twenty-five years, the masses were not disposed to make provision for free schools. There were, how ever, enoughmen here like the Langsworthys, the McCraneys and others who even in that first year were inspired with the necessity of laying the foundation without even dreaming of the Dubuque of 191 1 as an educational center with a system of public schools ranking with the best in the state, a large number of excellent pri vate and parochial schools, well-known academies, colleges and the- logical seminaries — nearly all with modern commodious buildings, the pride of the city. To George Cubbage must be awarded the honor of having been the first teacher in Dubuque and probably the first in the state. He taught a school of thirty-five pupils in the little log building in the winter of 1833-34. An old citizen says he was bald headed and tnat, after having been captured by the Indians, he was exchanged "by them for a plug of tobacco because he presented no scalping in ducements. Barrett Whittemore taught a school here in 1834. The next year Mrs. Caroline Dexter taught a school in a little building on the corner of Sixth and Locust. She had classes in reading, arithmetic, writing and needlework. Mrs. Dexter was doubtless Iowa's first female teacher. She taught but a short time as she married, a Mr. Graves and lived till 1879. On the first Monday of November, 1837, Mrs. Louisa King, who had taught near Balti- 912 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY more with Miss Louisa C. F. King as assistant, opened the Du buque Academy, offering a "good English education to young peo ple of either sex and instruction in needlework and on piano for ladies." Like the other early pioneer educational institutions, it had a brief existence. The Dubuque Seminary was incorporated January 15, 1838. The incorporators were P. A. Lorimier, Ezekiel Lockwood, Joseph T. Fales, Patrick Quigley, Benjamin Rupert, Thomas S. Wilson and Lucius H. Langworthy. Alonzo P. Phelps opened the seminary in September, 1838, in the Methodist chapel and advertised to teach all branches of a liberal education. In No vember, 1839, Mrs. O'Reilly opened "a school for the instruction of young ladies in all the branches of an English and ornamental education." She had the endorsement of Rt. Rev. Dr. Loras, Rev. Mazzuchelli, Patrick Quigley, George W. Jones and others. T. B. Burr, a graduate of Yale, opened a school in the basement of the Presbyterian church, July 29, 1840. He had a lady assistant and admitted both sexes. A few years later the first brick schoolhouse was erected in Dubuque. It was built mainly at the expense of the Langworthy brothers and Thomas McCraney and was located near Seventeenth and White. Mrs. Ada Langworthy Collier in describing the school says : "A long red bench ran around the sides and one end. Long and low it was for upon it the smaller ones sat, while the older ones filled seats placed where space could be best utilized. There are still among us a few of its boys and girls." Tom and Bud Shields, the McCraneys, Thompsons, Langworthys and many more added to the hubbub of the little school and loved the little teacher, who was a very young, blonde and pretty widow, Mrs. Margaret Carter, daughter of old Squire Bemis and sister of Mrs. Lucius Langworthy. How she ruled her scholars many of whom looked down upon her from a physical standpoint, no one knew, but she did rule them. I never knew her authority defied more than once, and that was by one of the big boys, "Billy T." For some repeated offense she told Billy he must remain after school for punishment. Billy vaulted through the window, ran up to the top of the "burial mound" (Jackson Square) and executed a de risive war dance. The teacher was "game" and followed in hot pursuit; the boy made a bee line for home and took refuge under the family bed. She panted after him ; his father appearing on the scene, the boy was drawn from his retreat and made to stand up and take his "punishment like a man." Then, too, he was required to ask her pardon before the awe-struck school. Years afterwards, when the little teacher was a happy wife in another town, Billy went many miles to do her a kindness and to testify to his unchanging regard for her. Not long after Mrs. Carter married T. J. Chew and the house was sold. Part of it still stands, but "mound" and nearly all the scholars are gone. Of the boys in that school "Bud," HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY , 913 for many years the Hon. J. H. Shields, is the only remaining one in Dubuque. In October, 1847, Mr. and Mrs. P. Wiley announced the open ing of a "high school" for both sexes in the basement of the Meth odist church. In the spring of 1849 there were six private schools here, but not one public school. In 185 1 J. Nichols opened a private school in the Baptist church. He had been a teacher in Manchester, England; and in New Orleans. In this year B. McGowan, A. M., conducted a young men's school, and a Miss Cutter had a school for young ladies on the second floor of a home on Main street. In 1853 Alexander College was projected under Presbyterian man agement in the Langworthy block at corner of Twelfth and Iowa streets, now Rowan's dry goods store. Dr. Phelps was president and was a popular lecturer at state teachers' institutes. He resigned in 1857 and was succeeded by Rev. V. D. Reed. A three-story stone building was erected near where Finley Hospital now stands. The college closed in 1859, after which the building remained un occupied. The walls fell in September, 1874. Three years ago a middle-aged man of New York came to Dubuque and surprised some of the old citizens by telling them he had come to pay some debts contracted by his father while a professor in this college fifty years ago. The father had been unfortunate and could not pay, but the son had prospered and could and woidd pay. City's Public Schools — Iowa's first school law was enacted Jan uary i, 1839, "providing for the establishment of common schools." A second act was passed January 16, 1840, "establishing" a system of schools. Under these acts the schools were to be for all white citizens from four to twenty-one years of age. The people of Du buque paid no attention to the law until 1844, when at a meeting of citizens it was decided to organize. A small tax was levied for school purposes and the following were chosen directors: Warner Lewis, president; J. J. E. Norman, secretary; William A. Carter; Timothy Mason, treasurer. The board had no buildings, no lots on which to build and but little money. They accordingly arranged with some private schools then in the city for them to regard their schools as public schools and to receive all who might apply, the board to pay per capita. At the close of the year the balance in the treasury was used to buy lot 602, part of the ground on which Franklin school now stands, and the north fifth of lot 447- south west corner of Twelfth and Clay streets. Nothing more was done until 1849, when at a meeting of the citizens it was decided to levy a tax of two and a half mills- on the dollar for the Purpose of budd ing three schoolhouses-one in each of the three wards of the city The amount realized was $1,396.59- The next year, 1850, it was decided to build only two schoolhouses— one in the first and one 914 - HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY in the third ward. They were built on the lots named above at a contract cost of $500 each. The directors failed to pay the bill of $275 for seating the buildings and the houses were sold under the lien law. In 1 85 1 the city was divided into three districts coterminous with the then three wards of the city. The officers of District No. 3, H. A. Wiltse, Edward Langworthy and James Burt, redeemed the house in that district and maintained a school for a few years. Dur ing this period there was sustained a small school in some base ment of the second ward also, partly with public and partly with private funds. Between 1849 and 1856 there was shown but little if any interest in public education; no local tax was levied; the only money received by the directors of the several districts was obtained from the annual state appropriation. Thomas H. Benton, state superintendent of public instruction, said: "In March, 1849, Du buque had a population of about 3,500 and the assessed value of its real estate and capital invested in merchandise was about $500,- 000, and yet it is destitute of even one public schoolhouse." A pub lic meeting was held May 14, 1849, at which, chafing under criti cism by the state, a committee was appointed to prepare plans for a schoolhouse. At a subsequent meeting the committee, consisting of J. J. Dyer, David Jones, J. J. E. Norman, Henry A. Wiltse, Benjamin Rupert, M. Mobley and Lincoln Clark, reported that there were nearly 1,000 children of school age in the city and that a suit able schoolhouse would cost from six to eight thousand dollars and that the funds would have to be raised by taxation or voluntary contributions. The committee, furthermore, recommended the pub lic square as the site for the schoolhouse. After a prolonged dis cussion, it was decided the amount required was too much. The chase after the almighty dollar outweighed decent consideration for the welfare of the children. The few small schools that were maintained part of the year were denounced as "poor schools," "god less schools," etc. Their condition was expressed in the following sentence from the Express and Herald of September 11, 1855: "The condition of the public schools of our city is a subject to which strangers turn with astonishment and citizens of Dubuque with shame." In 1855 a few public-spirited citizens induced the legislature to pass an act constituting the city of Dubuque a school district and authorizing the city council to provide for a board of education. The three districts were thereupon united and some interest in schools began to manifest itself. The council appointed a board of five members — one from each ward. The city had been redistricted into five wards. The new board, consisting of D. A. Mahony, James A. Reid, James Burt, James R. Goodrich and R. C. Waples, met in the council chamber, February 7, 1856. D. A. Mahony was HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 915 chosen president pro tempore and P. W. Crawford, city recorder, was ex-officio secretary. R. C. Waples was authorized to buy the fifth of lot 447 adjoining the fifth then owned at the corner of Twelfth and Clay streets. The purchase was made subsequently at a cost of $2,000. On the third of March the board voted to open schools in the third and fifth wards with two teachers each. At this time a serious clash occurred with the council. Upon ask ing the council for a statement of the amount of money at the dis posal of the board of education the council, through Ben M. Sam uels, chairman of its committee on schools, replied that there had been a fund of $7,000 which had been used for other than school purposes, but would be restored as soon as a loan for $100,000 could be negotiated. The board of education then adopted the follow ing resolution : "Resolved, That under the construction put upon the power and duties of this board by the city council, we see no prospect of effecting anything for the establishment of public schools in this city by any work this board can do and that we adjourn sine die." The council on March 10 adopted a new ordinance and appointed H. A. Wiltse, F. E. Bissell, S. M. Case, J. J. E. Norman and J. A. Reid as a new board to serve until the regular election in April. Although they were in office only a -month, they started something. They voted to open schools in the first ward, West Dubuque, and on Dodge street in rented rooms, reported plans and specifications for a school building in the third ward and asked the council for $10,000 for such building. At the April election the following were chosen members of the new board, one from each ward: J. A. Langton, C. Childs, H. A. Wiltse, F. E. Bissell and John King. The council levied a tax of $8,810 for teachers and a tax of $17,620 additional to a regular appropriation of $30,000 for schoolhouses. Plans for three-story, twelve-room buildings in the first and third wards were drawn by J. F. Rague and contracts let to Berry, Playter & Longhurst. Previous to this year Dubuque owned but two schoolhouses, nei ther of which could seat comfortably more than seventy pupils, al though the city claimed a population exceeding 12,000. The school census of 1856 showed 2,808 of school age, but there were only 264 in school. These were taught by eight teachers, two male and six female, in the two buildings owned by the city and in several rented rooms. The Express and Herald, February 27, 1856, said: "There is at last a prospect that public free schools will soon be es tablished in this city. At present there is not a single school build ing worthy of the name at the disposal of the board." In 1857 the buildings in the first and third wards were completed and another of the same size and style was erected in the fifth ward. The complete cost of first ward building was as follows : 9i 6 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Building , $17,114.93 Filling lot , 717-50 Protection wall « , 1,197.66 Sewer , . 161.50 Inside walk , . 78.75 Furnishing 5>35i-92 $24,633,36 The total cost of the third ward building, including furniture, was $27,067.91, and of the fifth ward building, $23,026.56. The building in the third ward is still in use and apparently as strong as ever. Those in the other two wards gave way in 1906 to beau tiful, modem, well-lighted, well-ventilated and well-furnished structures. School opened in the first ward in June, 1857, with the following corps of teachers : George W. Hough, principal; Ad- die Warner, Mrs. Helen S. Allen, Sarah E. Cantillon, Hannah A. Gillingham, Anna E. Childs, Eliza M. Rogers, Jane M. Butler and Lizzie M. Cantillon. The principal received $100 and the teachers from $30 to $45 per month. In the third ward school was opened February 2, 1857, with the following corps of teachers : A. F. Townsend, principal ; E. Jane Thomas, Melissa Eggleston, Frances A. Cogswell, Eliza Hawley, Mrs. Sarah J. Taylor, Josephine L. Dorr, Lois Bissell, Sarah E. Weston and Daphne L. Churchill. The fifth ward school was opened in September, 1858, with the following eorps : I. C. Sny der, principal; Emily A. Temple, Eliza A. Phipps, Harriet D. Bul- lard and Jane Thomas. The principals of these first three schools have been, first ward, now called Franklin school : George W. Hough .**. -June, 1857- June, 1858 J, J. Jewett .September, 1858- June, 1859 H. H. Belfield . .September, 1859- June, i860 Charles McKenzie September, i860- June, 1861 No school September, 1 861 -December, 1861 H. H, Belfield January, 1863- June, 1863 J. H. Sanborn September, i863-June, 1864 O, A. Brownson September, 1864- June, 1878 James E. Welsh September, 1878-December, 1903 Annie A, O'Shea .January, 1904 — Third ward, now called Prescott school : A. F. Townsend February 2, 1857- June, 1858 S. M. Case —. September, 1858 Jasper Fisk , . . .October, 1858-March, 1859 Miss E. A. Phipps April, 1859- June, 1859 A. F. Townsend , • , September, 1859- March, i860 J. M. Woodruff April, 1860-June, 1861 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 917 N° school September, 1 861 -December, 1861 Albert Stebbms January, 1862-June, 1863 J. H. Goodrich September, 1863-April, 1864 David Parsons May, 1864-September, 1865 H. H. Belfield October, 1865-June, 1866 C. W. Demon September, 1866- Jurie, 1867 Thomas M. Irish September, 1867 Fifth ward, now called Audubon school : I. C. Snyder September, 1858-January, 1859 H. H. Belfield February, 1859- June, 1859 Charles G. Kretschmer September, 1859-December, 1897 B. J. Horchem January, 1898 - In the spring of 1858 a high school was opened in the upper room of the third ward school. "This school, as we understand, is opened as an auxiliary, or rather a higher department of the public schools of the city." (E. and H., May 22, 1857.) The school was in charge of the principal of the third ward school until October, when S. M. Case was made principal of the high school department with one assistant. In January, 1859, the high school department was transferred to the female seminary building on Seventeenth street at the head of Iowa. The board had purchased this building for $12,000. The school opened with no students in charge of S. M. Case and two assistants. Charles G. Kretschmer, who had been teaching a private school, taught the German classes throughout the year and then was appointed principal of the fifth ward (Audubon) school. In April Mr. Case was succeeded by Dr. W. C. Catlin, who resigned after two weeks of service on account of ill health. A. F. Townsend served as principal during the remainder of the year. On account of lack of funds the high school was discontinued in 1859 and the build ing on Seventeenth street reverted to former owners. The teach ers were paid in scrip and salaries were reduced about 50 per cent. From 1859 to 1865 principals received from $40 to $50 per month and teachers from $20 to $30. The high school course of study in 1859 was: FIRST YEAR. First Term. Second Term. Third Term. Higher arithmetic, Algebra, Algebra completed, Analytical grammar, Bookkeeping, Geometry, Word analysis, Language analysis, Language analysis, English history, English history, English composition, Latin lessons, English composition, Latin lessons, German. Latin lessons, German, German, Review of all. Constitution U. S. 918 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Composition and declamation by sections once in three weeks; penmanship twice a week; vocal music once a week; lectures by the principal on common things, morals, manners, etc., once a week. SECOND YEAR. First Term. Geometry,Natural philosophy, Physical geography, General history, Physiology, Latin, grammar and Caesar, German. Second Term. Geometry, Natural philosophy, Physical geography, General history, Physiology, Latin, grammar and Csesar, German, Bookkeeping (double entry). Third Term. Higher algebra, Natural philosophy, General history, Botany,Virgil,German,Greek (optional), Review of year's studies. Composition and declamation, penmanship, music and lectures as in first year. ( It should be said that the class in physiology re cited only twice a week.) THIRD YEAR. First Term. Higher algebra, Mensuration, Plane trigonometry, Astronomy, Chemistry, Critical readings, Virgil, Greek (optional), French ( optional ) , Second Term. Spherical trigonom etry, Surveying,Astronomy,Chemistry,Geology, Moral philosophy, Virgil, Greek ( optional ) , French ( optional ) . Third Term. Surveying,Geology, Agricultural chem istry, Moral philosophy, Intellectual philosophy, Review of ancient history, Cicero's orations, Anabasis (optional), French ( optional ) . Moral philosophy and intellectual philosophy, each twice a week. Compositions and critical readings by sections once in three weeks, original addresses once in three weeks, vocal music once a week. Those who complain of the present "crowded" courses of study should read the above. What shall be said about the three teachers of 1859? Perhaps it was fortunate, that the board was compelled to close the school after an existence of one year. Candidates for admission to the high school were required to pass an examination (ten questions each, approved by the board) in definitions, geography, mental arithmetic, principles of arith- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 9iy rnetic, written arithmetic, English grammar, U. S. history, general History lhe text books used in the grades were Sanders's read ers and speller, Sanders & Merrill's elocutionary chart, Sargent's charts for teaching the alphabet, Webster's dictionary, Davies's series of arithmetics, Cornell's series of geographies, Payson, Dun- ton and Scnbner's penmanship, Green's series of English gram mar, Willson's history of the United States. Among the rules of the board were the following: "The teachers shall meet on Saturday forenoon of each week and occupy three hours in receiving instructions from the board, discussing methods of teaching and in exercises in the branches taught in their respective schools, with a view to the introduction of uniform and the promotion of better methods of instruction and in hearing reports and essays on educational topics." _ . "Any teacher who shall fail to be present at the time for open ing school or be absent from a teachers' meeting shall forfeit the amount of one-half day's salary." "Principals shall render to the board of directors a weekly list of all pupils in their respective schools who have been absent five hours during the preceding week without having been excused. Such pupils may, at the discretion of the board, be dismissed from school for the remainder of the term." "The school year shall commence on the last Monday in August and shall consist of forty-four weeks of five days each week and six hours each day. The fall term shall commence with the school year and close on December 24; the winter term shall commence on the first school day after the January 1 and close on the first Friday of April; the summer term shall commence on the first Monday after the second Friday in April and close precisely six weeks before the last Monday in August." "The several teachers may open their respective schools by read ing either the Protestant or Douay version of the Bible, by repeat ing the Lord's prayer in concert and by singing, the exercise to be limited to eight minutes. In case a majority of the parents or guardians of the pupils under the instruction of any particular teacher shall remonstrate in writing against the use of the Bible and repeating the Lord's prayer, such teacher shall intermit these exercises. The Bible shall be read without note or comment." The last rule quoted caused a tempest. The Bible accompanied with prayer and psalm singing was introduced in September, 1858. A call for a meeting of all those opposed to such introduction and in favor of a purely secular education to be held in the court house on the evening of September 18 was signed by forty of the most prominent citizens. Gen. George W. Jones called the meeting to order and General Hodgdon was called to the chair. Speeches in opposition to the new rule of the board of directors were made by General Hodg- 920 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY don, Judge Corkery, General Jones and B. M. Samuels. Strong resolutions were adopted unanimously and a committee consisting of Ben M. Samuels, George W. Jones, Charles Corkery, Warner Lewis and D. A. Mahony appointed to interview the board of directors. The members of the school board replied, trying to justify their action on religious grounds. Great confusion was caused in 1858 by a strange order of the board calling the school in the third ward the first public school, that in the first ward the second public school and that in the fifth ward the third public school. An important movement was started May 19, 1858, at a meet ing of the county board of directors, composed of the presidents of the boards of directors of all school districts in the county. Judge Lovell was chairman. The object of the convention was to consider the best course of instruction, methods of school gov ernment and qualifications of teachers. Before the convention some one suggested a county high school. A committee was ap pointed to consider the propriety of establishing such a school. The next day the committee, through its chairman, reported in favor of the proposition and suggested the city of Dubuque for its location. Delegates were present from every township in the county. There was considerable enthusiasm and a board of trus tees, one from each township, was chosen. The convention ad journed to meet at Caledonia at the call of the chairman. In July C. Childs, secretary, called for sealed proposals from towns or in dividuals offering lands or buildings for a county high school, said proposals to be in his hands by August 10. Offers were made by Caledonia, Epworth, Cascade, Dyersville, Farley and the Lang worthy brothers. At a meeting of the trustees in September, all the proposed plans were voted on and every one failed to secure a majority. The vote on Dyersville was a tie, five to five, and there was a majority against Cascade, Epworth, Farley and Caledonia. By a vote of six to four the whole matter was finally postponed until April, 1859, and by that time the proposition was killed by the rivalry as to location, contemplation of increased taxation and the full realization of the financial panic. The idea, however, was so good that the writer wishes he could give the name of the man who first suggested it in that Dubuque convention. Yet there are in various sections of the country advocates of such a school to day who believe they have a panacea entirely new and modern. All schools were suspended in the fall of 1861 on account of lack of funds, but reopened in January with the exception of the high school. In 1864 a tornado unroofed the fifth ward building, causing the district an additional expense of $3,000; this building was again hit by a tornado in April, 1869, partly unroofing it, re pairs for which cost $625. In 1865 the board purchased Turner Hall at the northeast corner HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 921 f^W^ ""J ^1 ^T* f0r $6'°°°; the board al*> paid $500 for a five-year lease held by a theatrical manager and nearly $7 000 cost Tth UCtmg.an* fUmishing the buildinS' makinS thf oS S %eJTT?y $I3uS°a Xt and the old third ward ^hool, built in 1856 at the southwest corner of these streets— the two to gether now known as the Prescott school-are the only old large school buildings in the city. The location of the proposed county high school caused a spir ited controversy in the newspapers. County members objected to sending children to the city on account of exposure to temptations. the Langworthy brothers offered a site free in the northwestern part of the city and F. E. Bissell and W. Spaulding, trustees of the female Seminary, offered their building at less than cost. Mr. Bis sell said, "County people should send their children to the city for the very purpose of exposing them to temptation so they may try to resist temptation; that virtue exists only in the man who wanted to sin but dare not." Some said, "Whether in city or county, do not buy the Dubuque Female Seminary with its martello towers. The people of the county should not be saddled with the mistakes in school architecture of a few gentlemen in the city who wish to get out of an unpleasant predicament." In March, 1866, the school board established a school for negro children in the basement of the Methodist church on Seventh street. This action was taken in response to a petition circulated by some negroes. A writer in the Herald of February 2 said: "If such a school is established here, niggers will flock here in swarms to get 'larnin',' and the gas will have to be kept lighted all day to enable one to find his way through town." Miss McLaughlin was the first teacher. The Herald of March 7 says : "The school numbers seventeen scholars of all sizes, ages and shades of complexion, straight hair, curly hair and wool. The largest in attendance are a couple of barbers who are pitching in on A, B, C" In 1870 a petition signed by fifteen colored citizens asking to have their children admitted to the ward schools and the separate negro school discontinued was granted July 25, but on August 25 on account of emphatic opposition among the whites, the question was reconsidered and the negro school continued. The school was ordered discontinued February 22, 1877. The State Teachers' Association met in the third ward school building in August, 1864. The high school department which had been discontinued in 1859 was reopened in September, 1866, with J. M. Erainerd as principal, in a room on the second floor of Tur ner Hall, which became known as the High School building, and was so used until 1895.- A three-year course of study was adopted and embraced the following: Mathematics (three years) : Algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and surveying; science (three 922 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY years), natural philosophy, botany, geology, chemistry; history (one year), United States history, universal; Latin (two and a half years), Greek (one and a half years), German (one and a half years), French (one year), English (one-half year). Principals of the high school have been : Number assistants. S. M. Case October, 1858-March, 1859 1 A. F. Townsend April, 1859- June, 1859 2 J. M. Brainerd September, 1866- June, 1867 1 M. H. Beach September, 1867-June, 1875 1 to 2 J. D. Wells September, 1875- June, :877 2 to 3 H. L. Peet September, 1877- June, 1885 3 to 4 F. A. Parker September, 1885-June, 1888 4 to 5 D. Compton .September, 1888- June, 1895 5 to 7 E. D. Walker .September, 1895-June, 1896 8 F. L. Smart September, 1896-June, 1900 10 to 14 J. S. Gochenauer September, 1900- June, 1902 14 F. L. Smart September, 1902- June, 1906 15 to 18 J. A. Anderson September, 1906 17 to 18 The growth of the high school is indicated in the following fig ures of total enrollment: 1870, eight-one; 1880, 175; 1890, 256; 1895-6, 372; 1900-01, 487; 1905-06, 575; 1910-11, 477. The pres ent high school building, one of the finest looking school buildings in the state, was erected in 1894. Bonds for $75,000 were voted in March, 1893; the last one was redeemed July 11, 1905. In 1870 the high school graduated its first class, consisting of two mem bers, Sarah M. Belden and Mary A. Dorgan. From 1870 to 1876 there was a three-year course and the number graduating dur ing that time was twenty-five. From 1877 to 1885 there were three courses — a four-year classical, a four-year Latin scientific and a two-year business — and the number graduating in those years was, classical, nineteen; Latin scientific, 100; business, 100. From 1886 to 1895 there were but two courses — a four-year Latin scientific and a two-year business — and the number graduating in those years was, Latin scientific, 171 ; business, 207. When Superintend ent Oldt took charge of the schools in 1895 and discovered that the great majority of the pupils. were enrolling in the two-year course, he arranged five parallel four-year courses with the hope of inducing pupils to remain longer in school by selecting one of the new courses. Three years later all pupils were in a four-year course, and the two-year course was discontinued; The number graduating from the two-year course in 1896-1898 was 101, and from a four-year course in 1896-1911, 685. The total number of graduates from the high school to July 1, 191 1, therefore is : Orig inal three-year course, twenty-five; two-year business course, 408; HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 923 tdTKSSTA l75, or a frand total of ^°8- The sch0Ql » well equipped and has a good corps of instructors; its graduates are accepted without examination by the great majoritf of our colleges and universities. majuiuy 01 our On May 21 1868, Dr. H. Rischatsch and John Ruegamer ap- ™kr f Catholics, asking to have their school recognized as a public school and to have a portion of the school fund-set apart for its fPPort The petition was referred to a committee com posed of John Hodgdon, J. P. Quigley and J. H. Thedinga. At the next meeting June 18, the committee made a lengthy report concluding as follows: "The school fund and the school taxes are by law devoted to the support of the public schools, open and ac cessible to all youth between the ages of five and twenty-one years irrespective of their religion, nationality or social standing; to di vert the same to any other purpose would be, as your committee believe, a violation of existing laws. Your committee, therefore, are constrained to report adverse to the prayer of petitioners." The report was adopted unanimously. In 1865 the Dodge street school was opened in a room fur nished free of rent. In this year two acres of land were purchased in West Dubuque for $750 and a one-story, two-room frame build ing put up for $4,000; this school is now called the Irving school; in the same year a house just like the West Dubuque house was built on land the board had owned for many years at Wilde street near the end of South Dodge. The. cost was $4,000 and the school was called the South Dodge (now Bryant) school. In 1866 the board built the old (front) part of what is now known as the old Lincoln school at a cost of $18,000 and the school was opened February 11, 1867, with T. M. Irish as principal; at the end of the year he was transferred to the third ward (Prescott) school and has remained there to date. In October, 1868, the board purchased a lot on Fremont avenue near Dodge street for $250 and in 1870 built a one-room brick house for $2,000. This school was called Dodge street school, now the Morse. In May, 1870, the board bought the lot "adjoining the old high' school building for $2,000. On September 22, 1870, the board rented a room ori Couler avenue from J. Zugenbuehler for $11 per month, including jani tor service. The committee was "pleased to report that it was not necessary to buy any new' furniture except a clock, two chairs and a stove." September 26, 1871, the board voted to build an additional room to the one-room frame building on the fifth ward (Audubon) grounds. It was built by Bell, Holland & Green at a cost of $584.25. In March, 1874, a tax of $3,500 was voted for a building on Couler avenue. The board purchased three lots on which the pres ent old Fulton school stands for $1,000 and erected a building 924 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY (the rear part of what is now known as the old Fulton) for $7,780. School opened November 16, 1874. In October, 1877, the board completed the purchase (begun in 1858) of lot adjoining the third ward school for $2,500. In 1879 the two lots in the rear of the original fourth ward (Lincoln) school were purchased for $2,000. It was then thought they had exceptionally large playgrounds. In December, 1880, the West Dubuque school was destroyed by fire; in July, 1 88 1, the contract for a new and larger building was let to James Howie, the cost to be $6,697. This building was also burnt, March 11, 1892; the present building was erected the same year by G. S. Weaver at a cost of $17,404. The contract for building the Marshall school was let to Reford & Johnson April 23, 1883, for $11,240. In 1886 the rear part of the present old Lincoln school was built by A. Ney & Co. for $7,400; the fur naces cost $950. In 1889 the Peter Cooper school on the corner of Cedar and Seventeenth streets was built by H. Geiger for $2,340 ; in the same year the Jackson school on West Locust street was built by James Crawford at a cost of $15,075; the additional cost for the heating plant was $2,198. In 1891 the front part of what is now known as the old Fulton was built by Oeth and Hartman for $12,890. In 1894 the high school was built. In March, 1901, the people voted in favor of an extra tax of $18,000 for an addition to the Fulton school. The board did not think it advisable to build an addition to the Fulton on account of lack of limited room, and therefore bought land on the opposite side of the street for which they paid as follows : C. J. Even, corner lot, $1,650; George and Theodore Schrup, lot No. 2, $1,400; Alphons Schmid, lot 3, $1,400; Mrs. Louisa Traut, lot 4, $1,400; C. J. W. Saunders, two lots, one of which to be used for the Even residence on the corner lot, $2,100, a total of $7,950. The con tract with L. Hartman & Son for the building, smokestack and tun nel was $25,633 ; steam heating and plumbing for both buildings, $7,000; retaining wall, $894.85; grading, $357; sodding, $179.28. The total cost slightly exceeded $40,000. The Franklin and Audubon buildings, built in 1856 and 1857, being deemed unsafe and the Lincoln school being in need of addi tional accommodations, the people voted in 1905 to empower the board to issue bonds for $120,000 to erect three new buildings; a few months later an additional issue of $25,000 was authorized. Recognizing the need of larger playgrounds at Lincoln and Frank lin, the board made the following purchases : LINCOLN. September 1, 1902, Elizabeth Henion et al., Dilranz property $ 2,700.00 May 24, 1905, Elizabeth Hitchins, Zangmeister property 1,040.00 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 925 August 21, 1905, F. W. Coates and Mrs. Kiesel, adjoin ing lots J TJ, ° ' 2,100.00 February 22, 1907, F. W. Coates and Mrs. Kiesel, ad- joining lots 0 October 17, 1910, F. W. Coates and Mrs. Kiesel, adjoin- Inelots 1,100.00 $10,340,00 FRANKLIN. November 24, 1905, James Hayes and Henry Gehrig, adjoining lots $ 3,250.00 December 31, 1907, James A. Hayes, adjoining lots 1,300.00 May 9, 1908, James A. Hayes, part of lot to square ground 7 6o May 9, 1908, Mrs. Mary Collins, part of lot to square ground . .- -. 28.00 May 9, 1908, John F. Sloan, part of lot to square ground 49.00 $ 4,634-60 Contracts for the new buildings were let as follows : C. Burdt & Son, Audubon building $47,027.00 C. Burdt & Son, Franklin building 31,022.00 F. W. Brunkow & Sons, The New Lincoln 23,566.50 Hartman & Sons, alterations, old Lincoln. ... . 3,496.80 Linehan and Molo, heating the four buildings and plumb ing and gas fitting Franklin and Audubon. . 23,508.00 Gow & Curtis, plumbing and gas fitting, Lincoln 3,211.00 E. P. Smith, hiring for lights, telephones, four buildings 2,059.40 Architect's plans and specifications 2,677.80 Architect's superintendence , 2,008.35 These buildings and grounds rank among the finest grade schools in the state. The board has already taken up fifty-seven of the bonds and therefore at this time (June, 191 1) owes only $88,000. TEXT BOOKS. The selection of text books seems ever to have been a delicate problem. It is interesting to note that on this question at least the people of today do not differ from those of forty or fifty years ago. The writer happens to have in his possession a copy of a re port published in the local papers in 1867 by Thomas Hardie, sec retary of the board of directors. It seems that a very general 926 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY change of text books had been made by the board and that the fault finder was abroad. Mr. Hardie says: "As some of the patrons of the public schools are disposed to cavil at the recent exchange of school books on account of the supposed great expense the peo ple are put to by such an operation, I will state the changes that have been made, the terms, the number and value of the books." He then gives a statistical table showing that a grand total of 10,350 books — readers, spellers, arithmetics, geographies, gram mars and algebras — having a total value of $7,530, had been se cured for a like number of the old books having an estimated value of $2,070. The only money patrons had to pay was fifty cents for an exchange of Peter Parley's history of the United States for Willson's history. It is also interesting to note the prices then and now : Then. Now. First reader 25 .32 Second reader 40 .40 Third reader 60 .50 Fourth reader _. 75 .60 Fifth reader. .$1.25 .60 Speller 20 .20 Grammar .75 .60 Geography 2.00 1.20 Algebra 1.50 " 1.00 Arithmetics 1.50* i.2of $9.20 $6.42 Prior to 1895 the Dubuque schools were without a superintend ent, the affairs being managed directly by the board of education; every school had a principal subject only to the board. In 1893 one of the members of the board declared the schools needed a superintendent. The proposition was discussed for about a year; the Herald opposed and the Times and Telegraph favored the plan. After having decided to choose a superintendent, a number of months were lost in discussing the question of local man or out sider. It finally ended in the election of F. T. Oldt, of Freeport. Many expressed the fear there would be much trouble in inaugu rating the new order of things, that the superintendent would soon wish he had remained in some more congenial field and that his official life here would be short. Mr. Oldt, however, was the su perintendent from 1895 to 19 10, when he was succeeded by J. H. Harris, who had been superintendent of several cities in Michigan and at the time of election here was supervisor of the grammar * Two books, f Three books. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 927 grades in Minneapolis. The idea of supervision seems to have be come popular, as now the board employs not only a superintendent, but also seven supervisors, additional to the principals, as follows : Drawing, kindergarten, music, physical training, domestic science, manual training and penmanship. The schools have undergone many changes since 1895. Much attention has been given during all these years to the physical comfort of the children. The water pails were banished and every school supplied with running water; the old desks gave way to new, most of the rooms with sufficient adjustable seats and desks to accommodate pupils not of the nor mal size; the walls tinted and woodwork painted; playgrounds en larged and beautified; new buildings with the latest improvements erected ; all rooms liberally supplied with slate blackboard ; the walls decorated with beautiful pictures and statuary. The natural grad ual improvement in methods of discipline and instruction are largely due to faithful teachers, whose honest, intelligent efforts are nec essary to make of real value any plans or methods, be they ever so good; they are reading professional books, studying methods; many attend the state and section meetings and a few of them national. . . In the fall of 1899 the superintendent arranged for an exhibit of pictures in Temple Hall to which an admission of ten cents was charged. The net proceeds were $185, which amount was ex pended for pictures; they were framed by the board at a cost of $225 and distributed among the schools. This was the beginning of better things in schoolroom decoration. A few months later casts were presented to all the kindergartens. In the winter of 1900-01 the educational committee of the Dubuque Women's Club, then consisting of but three members, Mrs. J. I. Mullany, Mrs F T Oldt and Mrs. F. D. Stout, planned an entertainment called "A Trip Around the World." The Daughters of the Revolution, the D L L A., Friday Music Club, the Conversational Club and the Monday Afternoon Club united with the educational division in giving the entertainment in the parlors and Sunday school and classrooms of St. Luke's M. E. church, May 11-12 1901. The entertainment was the most successful ever given in Dubuque and netted $810 all of -which was spent for pictures and statuary - every schoolroom in the city shared in the distribution. The conversion of a dingy room in Prescott into a model room was desired in August 190.0. Mrs. F. D Stout said, Do it; III nav the bills " It was done at an expense of $400. Prior to '1867 all examinations in the schools were conducted by members of the board and citizens appointed by the board; from i8<£ to i'895 all the examinations were conducted by the principals hut citkens were appointed to visit and assist the principals. One of the oW crii ens delated many interesting incidents to the writer. 928 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY He took special delight in telling the following: "One day while conducting an examination in geography I asked a boy, 'Where is Key West and for what noted?' The boy replied: 'Key West is near Dubuque and noted as the burial place for dead Catholics.' I gave him 10; how would you have marked him?" "10 plus." As the board had been employing as teachers, graduates of the high school without experience or normal training the superin tendent organized a two-year training course for high school grad uates in 1895. The total number of graduates of this course is ninety-four. Of this number forty-nine are now teaching in the Dubuque schools; fourteen are teaching elsewhere; twenty-four are married. There are now employed in the city schools a superintendent and seven supervisors, seventeen for the high school faculty, nine grade principals, 104 grade and kindergarten teachers, and two special teachers of German. The amount of money paid teachers for the year ending June 30, 191 1, is as follows : Superintendent and supervisors $ 9,450 High school faculty , 17,300 Grade principals 10,600 Grade and kindergarten teachers 5 1 ,945 Special German teachers . . , 500 $89,795 For many years the salaries in this city were lower than in other cities of like rank. There has been gradual improvement, however, during the past ten years. A schedule giving some increase was adopted July 27, 1903; then again, September 23, 1907; and again, May 9, 191 1. Under the last schedule kindergarten directresses will receive a maximum salary of $550, and kindergarten assistants, $400 ; teachers below the seventh grade, holding a grammar certifi cate, will receive a minimum of $400 with an annual increase of $40 until the maximum $600 is reached ; teachers of these grades hold ing a secondary certificate will receive a minimum of $350 and a maximum of $550 ; teachers of seventh and eighth grades have a minimum of $400 with an annual increase of $50 until the max imum of $650 is reached; first assistant principals will receive $700. Following is a statement of the total expenditures, for the past year : Teachers and superintendent $ 69,023.48 Bonds and interest 18,220 Secret'ry, treasu'er, stenogr'pher, truant officer 2,330 High school librarian 375. Janitors . 8,490 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 929 SranCe 4,214-72 z, .... : 4,969.41 Building repairs and grounds 1 804.60 Water ' ofce rent'::::::::::::;:;:;;;:;;;;;;;; So31 Manual training department ,. 649.05 Domestic science 283 7^ Supplies for high school laboratories 299.58 Kindergarten supplies 1 14 78 MaPs 269.25 Typewriters for high school 400 Books , 235.15 Miscellaneous 5,628.80 $138,666.86 Three public demonstrations by the schools which attracted marked attention must be noted. On October 16, 1899, President and Mrs. McKinley and the president's cabinet spent a few hours in Dubuque. The city superintendent had all, the students of public and parochial schools, academies and colleges on both sides of Main, Ninth and Locust street, from corner of Eighth and Main to corner of Seventh and Locust on June 2, 1903. President Roosevelt visited the city. At this time all the schools were arranged in Jackson Square where the president briefly addressed the very enthusiastic and inspiring "throng. In June, 1908, the state encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic was held here. All the school children were massed on Clay street from Eleventh to Fifteenth, every one supplied with a flag. Many an old veteran in the long procession was moved to tears by the children's hearty greeting with songs and cheers and waving of flags. The superiority of work done in these schools was shown in the competitive exhibition at the St. Louis World's Exposition in 1904. All the cities of the state were represented but only five of them received gold medals, and Dubuque was the only city which received more than one. While it is true that exactly two-thirds of the present teachers began service within the past sixteen years, it is doubtful whether there is another city that has a larger proportion distinguished for length of faithful service, — a matter of no little moment to teachers. There are fifteen who began before 1880, two in 1875, two in 1867, one in 1868, two in 1872, one in 1874, three in 1875, two in 1878 and two in 1879. Following is a list of names of the presidents, secretaries and treasurers of the boards of directors. There was no city school organization between 1840 and 1856. 93° HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY Year. President. 1840 Warner Lewis 1856 H. A. Wiltse 1857 J. D. Jennings 1858 H. A. Wiltse 1859 H. A. Wiltse i860 Dr. C. W. Belden 1 86 1 Dr. C. W. Belden 1862 Dr. C. W. Belden 1863 John Hodgdon 1864 J. D. Jennings 1865 Austin Adams 1866 Patrick Robb 1867 Dr. C. W. Belden 1868-70 John Hodgdon 1 87 1 John Hodgdon 1872-73 John Hodgdon 1874-75 Christian Millwebe 1876 J. D. Jennings 1 877-79 M. M. Ham 1880 J. D. Jennings 1 88 1 Jno. H. Thompson 1882 D. C. Cram 1883 P. J. Quigley 1884 S. S. Wemott 1885-6-7 J. K. Graves 1888-89 Alphons Matthews 1 890- 1 -2-3 F. B. Daniels 1894-95 Paul Traut 1896 Dr. C. J. Peterson 1897 N. J. Schrup 1898 Dr. Allen Staples 1899 D. D. Myers 1900 L. G. Hurd 1901 H. J. Fuchs 1902 J. R. Lindsay 1903 Jno. I. Mullany 1904 J. K. Deming 1905 Glenn Brown 1906 J. J. Murray 1907 A. Y. McDonald 1908 W. H. Meuser 1909 T. J. Mulgrew 1 910 John T. Adams 191 1 H. E. Tredway Secretary. Treasurer. J. J. E. Norman Timothy Mason C. Childs Timothy Mason C. Childs Timothy Mason P. B. Cook Jas. Mullen T. C. Snyder J. W. Taylor A. F. Townsend J. W. Taylor G. B. Grosvenor J. W. Taylor G. B. Grosvenor D. K. Cornwell Thos. Hardie D. P. Noyes Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie rThos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie Thos. Hardie T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy T. C. Murphy M. H. Beach M. H. Beach M. H. Beach Timothy Mason H. P. Ward Timothy Mason H. P. Ward H. P. Ward Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Joseph Herod Horace Poole Horace Poole Horace Poole Horace Poole C. W. Walton C. W. Walton C. W. Walton C. W. Walton C. W. Walton C. W. Walton HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 931 After 36 years of most faithful and intelligent service as secre tary, Mr. Hardie died April 12, 1899, at the age of 80 years 2 months and 17 days. During the four months of his illness and tor two months succeeding his death, the city superintendent acted as secretary pro tem. In 1897 an unwritten law went into effect by which every member becomes president for one year. The list of presidents from that year to the present therefore is a complete list of the members of the board during the past fourteen years with the exception of F. E. Bissell, F. N. Schroeder, and T. J. Fitzpatrick who were but recently elected. STATISTICS FOR 1857-58. Admitted Av. No. during year. Att. Teachers. First public school (Prescott) 1,285 613 12 Second public school (Franklin) 500 311 8 Third public school (Audubon) 163 53 1 West Dubuque school (Irving) 87 72 2 2,035 i,049 23 There were four male and nineteen female teachers. The aver age compensation of male teachers was $25 per week, and of female teachers, $9.27. The following table shows the total enrollment in 1866-67 and 1910-11. 1867 191 1 High school 61 477 First Ward school (Franklin) 683 312 Third Ward school (Prescott) 852 600 Fourth Ward school (Lincoln) 428 574 Fifth Ward school (Audubon) 699 474 West Dubuque school (Irving) 101 337 South Dodge St. school (Bryant) 115 29 Dodge street school (Morse) 39 20 Negro school J8 Fulton school 5°3 Jackson school I33 Marshall school 224 Peter Cooper school , 61 2,996 3>744 As the population in 1870 was only 18,434 and in 1910, 38,494, the above table does not indicate a satisfactory increase. The reader, however, must not lose sight of the fact that Dubuque is a city of parochial schools. Within the past fourteen years seven large Total ehers . Enrollment. 13 531 12 700 11 268 6 247 6 224 LS 687 8 287 7 300 7 140 4 100 932 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY school buildings have been erected by the Roman Catholics. These schools use the public school course of study and with a few ex ceptions have used the outlines and test questions prepared by the city superintendent. Following is a statistical report of their schools : Schools. Established. St. Raphael's 1846 St. Mary's 1866 St. Joseph's 1867 St. Patrick's . . 1867 St. Mary's Orphanage 1878 Sacred Heart 1880 St. ColumbkiU's 1880 Holy Ghost 1896 St. Anthony's 1899 St. Mary's high school .... 1906 89 3,484 The St. Paul's German Lutheran school has an enrollment of thirty-six. There are, therefore, 7,264 pupils enrolled in the public and parochial schools of Dubuque. The reader may wonder whether there were any parochial schools here in 1867. The Hebrews had a small school on Bluff street; the German Lutherans had two schools with a total enrollment of 77 ; and the Roman Catholics had two with a total enrollment of 400. St. Joseph's College was founded by the most Rev. Archbishop Hennessy, September 8, 1873. ¦"•* 's beautifully located on West Fourteenth street, between Henion and Walnut streets, and com mands a magnificent view of the city, river and surrounding coun try. The new College, built in 1878, was soon found inadequate to accommodate the increasing number of students, and in 1884 the east wing was added. In 1902 the west wing was erected, and in 19 10 the new Chapel and Auditorium, making St. Joseph's one of the finest and best equipped colleges in the state. The grounds are well laid out, with three baseball fields, running track, tennis courts, walks, etc., to furnish opportunity for sports and for the physical development of the students. There are two departments, the academic and the collegiate, each covering a period of four years. The academic corresponds to the full four-year high school course, while the collegiate comprises the regular classical and sci entific course, including two years of philosophy. The corps of teachers consists of sixteen professors and seven instructors, and the enrollment for 1910-1911 was above 300. The class graduat ing from the collegiate department in June, 191 1, numbers eighteen, while fifty will graduate from the academic department. HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 933 German Presbyterian College and Seminary— In 1852 Rev. Ad- nan Van Vliet, pastor of the German Presbyterian church of Du buque, feeling the need of an educated ministry in our German settlements, conceived the idea of starting a school for the train ing of young men willing to devote themselves to that cause. The school began with two students and became known as the German Theological School of the Northwest. In 1872 the female semi nary at the head of Iowa street was purchased for $10,000. This building was used till 1907, when the school was removed to the beautiful building on Dehli street, erected in 1906 largely through the efforts of the president, Dr. C. M. Steffens. The building is well equipped, has all the modern conveniences and is located on the highest ground in the city. This institution has three departments — academy, college and seminary. The college course leads to the degree of A. B. After graduating from the college department, the great majority take the seminary course of three years to prepare for the ministry — German, Bohemian or English. There are more nationalities rep resented than in any other school in the West. Besides the stu dents from many of the states and Mexico, the institution draws many from Europe who desire to locate in America because of the superior opportunity afforded for the study of the German and Bohemian languages. The curriculum is being constantly improved, the faculty enlarged and the standard of scholarship raised to meet the demands of the day. The attendance has doubled within the past three years. Mt. St. Joseph's College and Academy — This is one of the finest schools for young women in the state and draws students from all sections of the United States. It has commodious and well equipped buildings on an imposing site at the intersection of Semi nary and West Locust streets. It was founded in 1868 and is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. The attendance is large and increasing so rapidly that a new building or addition is required frequently. One of the finest conservatories in the country was built recently. The institution has three departments — preparatory, academic and collegiate. Academy of Visitation — A little band of six sisters from the Monastery of the Visitation in St. Louis arrived in Dubuque Au gust 26, 1 87 1, to found a new community and open an academy for the education of young ladies. The school was established in a small brick house near St. Raphael's cathedral, where it remained till 1879, when it was removed to General Jones's home on the present site of the school. In 1883 the first wing of the present academy was built; a second wing was added in 1886; in 1890 a very commodious structure was erected; in 1907 another addition was built. These facts clearly indicate its popularity and prosperity. Wartburg Theological Seminary— This institution was estab- 934 HISTORY. OF DUBUQUE COUNTY lished here in 1856 and is therefore one of the oldest educational institutions in the city. The object of the institution is to prepare young men for the German Lutheran ministry. Three years are required for the completion of the course. The preparatory work is done in the preparatory seminary at Waverly, Iowa, and in the Lutheran college at Clinton, Iowa. Most of the students in the seminary come from these two schools. Rev. Max Fritschel is president of the seminary. Academy of the Immaculate Conception — This institution was established in 1907 and is conducted by the Sisters of St. Francis in the building occupied a few years by the Dubuque Female Semi nary and for many years by the German Presbyterian Theological Seminary. The Sisters of St. Francis greatly improved the build ing and grounds and the school is prospering far beyond the most sanguine expectations of its founders. The Cutler Business School is located at the southeast corner of Ninth and Main streets and is under the sole management of Mrs. Ida McLenan Cutler, principal. The school does superior work and is rapidly increasing in popularity. Epworth Seminary is one of the oldest educational institutions in the state. It is located at Epworth and is under the control of the Methodist church. It is a good preparatory school and has academic and music departments. Dubuque Female Seminary — Though no longer in existence, so frequent reference has been made to it in this chapter that a short account seems advisable. In February, 1853, Catherine Beecher, sister of Henry Ward Beecher, visited this city to establish a fe male seminary. The proposition was well received and Asa Horr, L. H. Langworthy, H. S. Hetherington, F. E. Bissell and H. A. Wiltse were prominent in the moveriient. The cornerstone was laid in July and a school was begun in 1854. Miss Beecher again visited the city in December, 1855, and explained the conditions of the promise of an endowment of $20,000 and library and ap paratus. The conditions were never fully met and the endowment was not given. Though there were eighty students in the year 1857-58, the trustees decided they could not maintain the school and sold the property to the board of directors of the public schools in 1859 for $12,000. On account of the inability of the board .to pay for it the property reverted to the trustees the next year. In July, 1863, the trustees of Griswold college, Davenport, pro posed to buy the building and grounds and establish a seminary under the auspices of the Episcopal church. The institution was maintained till 1872, when the property passed into the hands of the Presbyterians and was used as a theological school till 1907. Since that year it has been the home of the Academy of the Im maculate Conception. MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. THE CARNEGIE-STOUT FREE LIBRARY is the joint gift of Andrew Carnegie, Frank D. Stout and the citizens of Dubuque represented by the Young Men's Library As sociation. In 1899 the latter association made the follow ing proposition to the city : ( 1 ) City to raise $50,000 for a library building; (2) city to raise $7,000 at once for a lot; (3) Young Men's Association would surrender all its possessions to the pro posed new library; (4) city to levy annually one-fourth of a mill for the support of the library. This offer substantially was ac cepted by the city. Committees began work and in the end se cured the following donations : Sixty thousand dollars from An drew Carnegie; building site valued at $17,000 from Frank D. Stout; $12,500 from the citizens of Dubuque; _$ 10,000 from the old subscription library fund. The present building, one well adopted for its intended uses, was commenced and completed in 1902. Mr. Carnegie's donation was conditional on an annual levy of a tax of one-tenth of his donation; the vote whether to accept his offer was 2,356 in favor of acceptance out of 3,238 votes polled. Women east 1,224 votes for acceptance and only forty-seven against it. The library is in excellent working condition. The art room was furnished by donations. In 1909 the library had 28,164 vol umes and had an income from taxation of $8,201.93; its circu lation in 1909 was 102,710. In 1910 bequests of $1,000 were re ceived from each W. B. Allison and John B. Glover. In 1910 there was an enrolled membership of 825, the full mem bership being 13,1 12. The total expenditures were $8,673.95 ; total receipts, $11,955.17; total tax collections, $8,090.64; total circula tion, 99,484; accessions, 1,989 volumes; volumes in the library, 29,793; total books, including pamphlets and unbound books, 41,- 950. The library received valuable gifts from Judge O. P.. Shiras, Mrs. Emma Ward and others. Special attention is paid to the children's department. Jacob Rich is president of the board of trustees and Miss Lillian B. Arnold, librarian. The public schools' exhibit in the spring of 191 1 was a most praiseworthy success ; it covered three departments of school work : Art, penmanship, domestic science. The exhibit was made in the art rooms of the public library. The Dubuque Town Clock Company was organized December 935 936 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY n, 1865. The officers elected were: P. Smith, president; R. A. Babbage, secretary and treasurer; Dr. Asa Horr, regulator; trus tees, Dr. Horr and G. D. Wood. The clock was regulated every Saturday evening by means of a well-mounted astronomical in strument and seldom varied five seconds in a week. The latitude of Dubuque was determined as 420 30' at a point near the junc tion of Iowa and Seventeenth streets, and the longitude as 900 39' 50.7" at the center of the crossing of Main and Seventh streets. In 1855 C. H. Rodgers & Co. began building a shot tower on Commercial avenue, or Seventh street extension, at side of one of the yards of the Standard Lumber Company. The new enterprise did not prove to be very successful. Up to this time Chadbourne & Foster, of St. Louis, enjoyed a monopoly of shot manufactur ing. The smelters of Dubuque had to send their lead by boat to St. Louis, where the shot was made. When Chadbourne & Lewis learned of their Dubuque competitor they reduced the price of shot in order to crush the rival concern here; for a time they actually sold at less than cost. No "trust" today can work more effectively. Under the circumstances Rodgers & Co. did not continue the busi ness. In the spring of 1859 it was leased to Peleg Tallman & Co., who conducted the business for only a few months, after which Cook & Langworthy managed the industry for the rest of the year, when it fell into the hands of J. K. Graves, who proved him self equal to a contest with the St. Louis firm. He manufactured shot on a large scale for a time, when the St. Louis people again reduced the price to a losing basis. Mr. Graves then advised all customers who quoted the St. Louis prices to buy of those people at prices named. Chadbourne & Lewis soon grew tired of the losing venture and bought the, local tower for $3,000, after which not a shot was made in that tower. In 1874 Mr. John Deery ob tained permission from the new owners to place on top of the tower an equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson, made by Thomas Kav- anaugh, father of J. J. Kavanaugh, the artist. The statue was placed on the tower by John Dreyhouse and remained there till 1 88 1. The tower was destroyed in the disastrous fire in the Stand ard Lumber yard on the morning of May 27, 191 1, so that noth ing now remains but the bare walls. When Chadbourne & Lewis bought the tower simply to crush the local industry they had no thought of the possibilities of a mineral shaft. J. K. Graves, Will iam Carter, Gen. C. H. Booth and Richard Cheney erected a build ing over the 157-foot mineral shaft on the south line of Highland farm on Asbury road and conducted the business from 1861 to> 1886. Graves, however, soon disposed of his share to Carter, who then owned half the stock and was known as the superintendent, with E. J. Royce actively superintending the work. In 1863 "Jim" Hughes began making shot in a similar way HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 937 near where now stands a brick house near the junction of West engine hLfe ^^ * ^ T°dS WCSt °f the West Dubuclue L°CATI0N °F CHURCHES IN 1859. bt. Johns Episcopal, corner Locust and Ninth streets Congregational, corner Locust and Tenth streets First Presbyterian, corner Locust and Eleventh streets Second Presbyterian, Ninth between Locust and Bluff streets German Presbyterian, corner Iowa and Seventeenth streets Methodist Episcopal, Main between Eleventh and Twelfth streets. Centenary, corner Locust and Seventh streets. German Methodist, Clay between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets. Baptist, corner Main and Tenth streets. Christian, Locust between Sixth and Seventh streets. Universalist, Globe building, corner Main and Fifth streets. German Lutheran, Clay between Eleventh and Twelfth streets. The Bishop's church, Bluff between First and Second streets. St. Patrick's, corner Iowa and Fourteenth streets. German Catholic, corner White and Eighth streets. PUBLIC HALLS IN 1 859. City hall, southeast corner Iowa and Thirteenth streets. Globe hall, northeast corner Main and Fifth streets. Julien theater, corner Locust and Fifth streets. Lorimier hall, southwest corner Main and Second streets! Masonic hall, southeast corner Bluff and Eighth streets. Odd Fellows' hall, southeast corner Bluff and Eighth streets. Turners' hall, corner Iowa and Sixth streets. People's theater, southeast corner Bluff and Eighth streets. Postoffice, corner Bluff and Eighth streets. On Sunday, January 29, 1899, there was published in the Chi cago Tribune an account substantially as follows : There was then living at 310 South Illinois street, Belleville, 111., a lady named Mrs. Adeline (La Croix) Chandler, who was born at Marievoais Ferre, near the present site of Peoria, 111., on December 6, 1806, and was the daughter of Michael and Catherine (Dubuque) La Croix.. She was reported to be the granddaughter of Julien Dubuque, the founder of Dubuque, Iowa, her mother, it was alleged, being Cath erine Dubuque, daughter of Julien. Michael La Croix was an Indian agent at Peoria before Thomas Forsythe received the ap pointment and after that date kept a store there. With other French settlers he left that locality in 1812 and established him self at Cahokia and there soon died. In 18 17 his widow, Catherine, married Governor John Reynolds, moved to Belleville in 1832 and there died about 1834 or 1835, aged forty-five years. Adeline was 938 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY sent to school at Kaskaskia and came to Belleville with her mother and stepfather in 1832, and two years later, January 21, 1834, married Samuel Chandler and resided at Belleville until her death. Upon receiving the above information the publishers of this book wrote a letter of inquiry to Belleville, 111., and received the fol lowing reply: 1 5 12 East St. Louis Ave., East St. Louis, June 10, 191 1. Dear Sirs : Your letter was turned over to me to answer by my son, Judge Boneau. I am the great-grandniece of Julien Dubuque. John Baptist Dubuque, a brother of Julien Dubuque, was my great grandfather. The family came to Cahokia in very early times and there John Baptist Dubuque passed the remainder of his life, but Uncle Julien went to Iowa and there lived and died; he was never married; this fact we know. Adeline Chandler and my father, Rene Lacroix, were the children of Catherine Dubuque and Michael Lacroix. The father of Catherine was John Baptist Dubuque. Grandmother Catherine was born in Cahokia September 13, 1783, and moved here in 1805. Aunt Adeline and my father were born at a trading post on the Illinois river at a place called Marievois Terre near Peoria. Their father (Michael Lacroix) was an In dian trader. Aunt Adeline died eleven years ago, having lived with me twenty years, being ninety-five years old at the time of her death. My stepgrand father, Governor John Reynolds, as you know, wrote one of the earliest histories, if not the earliest history, of, Illinois; so we have always kept in touch with its history. Yours truly, (Mrs.) H. A. Boneau. Missing Its Aim? — Is .this Greater Dubuque movement to be converted into a city beautiful movement? Are we forgetting that the Dubuque Industrial Corporation was organized primarily to secure new industries and not to convert every possible factory site into a park? Now at all. There is no danger whatever that the main purpose of the Dubuque Industrial Corporation will be overlooked. The directors are giving their attention primarily to the matter of securing new industries. The matter of civic im provement is getting most attention in the newspapers because this is a matter that rests with the community itself, requires commu nity co-operation, and for this purpose a general community knowl edge of the aims of the committee. One thing which cannot be too strongly impressed on the public mind is the value of a clean, sanitary and attractive city, considered as a commercial asset. If we had the best kept town in the state we couldn't provide the ground demanded by manufacturers in search of new locations. The manufacturer is interested in labor supply and therefore in the attraction the city offers the working people. Finding the town HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 939 well kept puts his mind at ease on this point. He knows he will have no trouble finding help in a town in which it is a pleasure to live because it possesses nataral beauty, river and dale, good public institutions, well-kept public resorts, adequate transportation to places of amusement and is up to date in the matter of public com fort, sanitation and civic cleanliness. Dubuque has between ninety and 100 miles of improved streets. (Times- Journal, May 10, 191 1.) A Memorial Hall — It is said that patriotic societies other than the Grand Army and the Spanish- American War Association would use a new building, but they don't need it. The town is already full of halls suitable as meeting places for such societies and the building of more would be a pathetic waste of good money that could more profitably be employed in beautifying the city. The fund the Soldiers' Memorial Association has on hand should be turned oyer to the library trustees for the institution and perma nent maintenance of a war relic room at the public library. Here the owners could deposit all war relics they desire preserved for the benefit of posterity. Such a room would be open at all times for the benefit of visitors to the library and would be visited pe riodically by the history classes in the schools. If it were pro posed to build an auditorium and armory and call it a memorial hall that would be another matter. Dubuque needs an auditorium. (Times-Journal, May 10, 191 1.) In the annual contest of the students of the German department of St. -Joseph's college, held in May, 191 1, John Theobold captured the first prize, a gold medal. The second prize, a silver medal, was awarded to Casper Brenner. There were four contestants, Will iam Goetzinger and Stephen Mauer being the other two. All the young men acquitted themselves in a most creditable manner and displayed a familiarity and knowledge of the German language remarkable in American born students. The judges were: Rev. N. J. Ries, of Bellevue; Rev. Fr. Holthaus, assistant pastor at the Sacred Heart church, and Mr. N. C. Gindorf. In 191 1 Henry Riker bequeathed his home and eight lots at 305 Wilde street "to be used and appropriated to either of the follow ing purposes : A college of learning or academy of learning, or a home devoted to charity for the needy." Earnings of the Water Works— The revenues of the water de partment will this year (1911) approximate something over $60,- 000 and the operating expenses $40,000, insuring net earnings of about $20,000. This is equal to 4 per cent on the purchase price. of $545 000 If the city were paying, less taxes that would be re- 940 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY ceived, what it would be paying a private company for the water used for fire purposes, street sprinkling, sewer flushing, etc., the net revenue would be a sum about equal to 7^ per cent on the purchase price. From the dollars and cents viewpoint municipal ownership is paying. There is a surplus of some $40,000 in the city treasurer's hands to the credit of the water department. It is the purpose to use $5,000 of it in the retirement of outstanding water bonds and thus reduce the city's interest obligation. Exten sions of mains already planned will take a good many thousand dollars more. A new pump for use in furnishing water to the hill districts will be bought soon. Then there is in prospect a res ervoir to create a high pressure downtown system and which shall hold from four to six million gallons of water and will cost per haps $10,000 per million gallons to build. A reservoir must be complemented with a new 20-inch or 16-inch main laid through town and feeding other smaller mains, the cost of which will ap proximate $50,000 — the two items together involving an outlay of some $100,000 more or less. The idea is that these improve ments should be paid for out of the net revenues of the water de partment, and not from the proceeds of new taxation. With these objectives in view the trustees will from year to year slightly in crease their surplus, but all the time meet demands for main ex tensions where the conditions the trustees impose preliminary to the making of extensions are complied with. It ought to be very gratifying to the people of Dubuque that the water works is be ing so admirably managed, and it ought to suggest to them the wisdom of broadening the application of the principle of honorary service. (Times-Journal, May, 191 1.) On May 27, 191 1, an extensive fire probably of incendiary origin destroyed in the eastern part of the city five to seven blocks of finished lumber mostly, the Standard Lumber Company being the heaviest loser. The next day another incendiary fire, still more dis astrous, swept the Standard company's yards at the south. The estimated loss at both fires aggregated over $500,000. Other losers were Conklin & Kearn, Star Brewing Company, telephone and telegraph companies, several house boat owners, etc. A reward of $5,000 was offered for the arrest and conviction of the in cendiary. The fire department did desperate work, but could not wholly stop the conflagration. Immense crowds witnessed both fires. The cause of the fires was a matter of conjecture; several arrests were made. Dubuque many times in the past and at present has been torn with labor dissensions and troubles; it is not improbable that re cent fires and other disasters are the misdirected and ungoverned HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 941 outgrowth of the differences here between labor and capital, or perhaps between anarchy and capital. The Dubuque County Medical Society held its annual meeting in 191 1 and elected officers for the coming year. The reports of the officers were given and then the election took place. The officers named follow: President, Dr. E. R. Lewis; vice-president, Dr. J. R. Guthrie; second vice-president, Dr. McNeil, Epworth; secre tary, Dr. M. J. Moes; treasurer, Dr. Joseph Loes; delegate, Dr. H. B. Gratiot; librarian, Dr. H. G. Langworthy. Dr. Kime, of Fort Dodge, lectured before the society on Thursday night on "Tuberculosis." The recent organization and activities of the Dubuque Industrial Corporation are events of great importance. The board of trade subscribed about $170,000 to aid the objects of the organization. Clarence A. Cotton, an expert in industrial work, was secured to act as secretary. He said : "The leading men of the commercial world are coming to know that cities which are beautiful, well governed, healthful and generally attractive to live in and visit are the ones which will do the business of the future. There is a wave of sentiment along the line whereby good citizenship will come to be necessary to good business. Everything else being equal, buyers will make their purchases in the city which is the most pleasant to visit, conventions will go to the town which is the most beautiful and has the most points of interest; while there is no question that as labor becomes more advanced intellectually factories will find it more difficult to obtain enough satisfactory help in communities which are lacking in which is ideal. Men are coming, more and more, to believe that life itself and happy living come first of all." In the early part of 191 1 the people of Dubuque looked forward with pleasurable anticipation to the coming regatta in July under the auspices of the Mississippi Valley Power Boat Association. Trophies and prizes were offered and a large reception fund was raised. The acquirement by Dubuque in 191 1 of the works of the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company was a triumph of the indus trial movement actively at work in this eity. POPULATION OF DUBUQUE COUNTY. 1 910. 1900. 1890. Cascade Township, including part of Cascade town 1,179 1'250 1,196 Cascade town, part of 583 584 514 Total for Cascade tozvn in Cascade and White Water Townships, and Richland Townships, Jones County. 1,268 1,266 955 Center Township 1,046 1,210 1,165 Concord Township, including Holy Cross town 960 1,049 L005 Holy Cross tozvn. . .- 143 115 Dodge Township, including Worthington town and part of Farley town 979 1,062 1,048 Farley town, part of : 29 Total for Farley town in Dodge and Taylor Townships 676 513 582 Worthington town 314 288 Dubuque Township I>517 !,5To 1,484 Iowa Township 688 738 703 Jefferson Township 1,200 1,300 1,491 Julien Township, coextensive with Du buque City 38,494 36,297 30,311 Dubuque City — Ward 1 5,454 Ward 2 5,240 Ward 3 6,627 Ward 4 7,719 War& 5 13,454 Liberty' Township 806 955 940 Mosalem Township 724 942 814 New Wine Township, including Dyers ville and New Vienna towns 2,829 2>724 2,579 Dyersville tozvn 1,511 J,323 1,272 New Vienna town 188 245 Peru Township 848 976 1,020 Prairie Creek Township, including Bern ard town 735 872 803 Bernard town 95 113 Table Mound Township 973 951 1,068 942 HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY 943 Taylor Township, including. Epworth town and part of Farley town 1,888 1,884 1,606 Epworth tozvn 520 549 348 Farley tozvn, part of 647 513 582 Vernon Township 812 853 882 Washington Township, including part of Zwingle town 692 737 749 Zwingle town, part of 46 Total for Zwingle town, in Washing ton Township and Otter Creek - Township, Jackson County 69 White Water Township, including part of Cascade town 1,080 1,093 984 Cascade town, part of 533 534 441 Dubuque County total 57>450 56,403 49.848 YALE UNIVERSITY 3 9002 00648 6725