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V MEMORIAL^---
COLLLCTION

Yale University Library

Delivered, January 7, 1869, before the Theological and Religious Library
Association of Cincinnati.
BY ISAAC M. WISE.

^f'HE Committee of the Theological and
^^ Keligious Library Association of our
city having bestowed the privilege upon me
to open a. course of lectures, in which so
many excellent and distinguished gentle
men participate, I must in the first place
express my thanks to the Committee; and
in the second place, make the humble con
fession, that looking upon the galaxy of
orators to come after me, (in time, of
course,) and the intelligent audience before
me, X do not consider myself equal to the
task so kindly conferred upon me.
Weak men, in battle, seek shelter behind
strong fortifications. I have been prudent
enough to profit by the experience of oth
ers. Conscious of my deficiencies I seek
shelter behind a strong subject — a subject
dear and precious to all of us, our country,
our promised land, the home and fortress
of freedom, the blessed spot which flows
with milk and honey, upon which we in
voke God's gracious blessings. " Our
Country's place in History " is the subject
of this lecture, to which I claim your kind
attention ; and I know you will bestow it,
on account of this important theme.
HISTORY AND A PLACE IN IT.
History is Providence realized. It is the
experience of the human family, because
it is the compendium of those events which
effected the progress of our race. Individ
uals and nations, by an undefined impulse,
are tbe actors who realize the plans of a
higher power, to the detriment of all that
is wicked, the development and preserva
tion of all that is good, and tends to the
elevation of man. I
A cursory glance upon this physical uni- ,
verse proves the existence of such an im- i
pulse in the vast domain of creation as a |
force of nature, a universal law. Primary f
matter, imagine it as ether, gas, mist or

chaos, — primary matier is potential,imbued
with the desire of individuation (although
no such term is known in physics), to form
bodies of k separate existence. So this
earth, those stars, and those suns were in
dividualized from primary matter, other
celestial bodies are, and will perpetually
be formed by the same law, the same "Word
of God." The great bodies of the universe,
in the architecture of heaven, are active
and co-operative individuals. The influ
ence of each contributes directly or indi
rectly to the rotation and life of the whole ;
while the primary or non-individualized
matter is apparently passive, without a
role in the grand drama of the universe.
The same law precisely governs the des
tiny of man. The human family is a
chaos of persons, each imbued with the de
sire, to rise above this chaos to individual
immortality. Tribes and nations, com
posed of persons, are continually stimu
lated by the same innate desire, to rise
above the level of the chaos to individual
existence, to an active and . co-operative al
titude. Many rise above the chaos, and
fulfill their destiny, to realize the designs
of Providence'; many more remain par
ticles of the chaos, or meteors in the celes
tial plan.
Like the stars in the solar system, the
nations who rose to individuality are clus
tered around the central and invisible om
nipotence, and complete their rotation in
obedience to immutable laws. Like the
stars, every people must be u, unit in the
sum total of history — a unit without which
the whole sum could not exist; an inde
pendent unit in its sphere, and an auxiliary
one, attracting and being attracted, bear
ing and being borne, in the moral universe
of Providence. So and not otherwise, we
can imagine a government administered

^

by the Shpreine Wisdom, this theory
rests upon the solid basis of analogy from
nature's revelations, and explains the phe
nomenon of history. In this sense nations
have their places in history.
NO FATALISM.
This theory has nothing In common with
fatalism, inasmuch as obedience to the
dicta of reason is its direct opposite. It is
not even inevitable necessity to the indi
vidual or the nation. Both are at liberty
to choose their own course ; although, if
persisting in the deviation, it amounts to
an entire failure of their existence to them
selves, while others take their places in the
realization of the Providential designs.
Particles must, man wills, the object is
God's. Let us explain. Every individual is
appointed to fulfill that destiny in society,
for which he is gifted with adequate
capacities. This destiny must be fulfilled,
although this or that particular individual
may revolt, and neglect his appointment to
the bitter end of self destruction. Others
gifted with the same capacities will take
that place in society and fulfill that same
destiny. This is individual freedom and
universal necessity. Nature ofiers many
an analogy in this respect, one of which
will sufSce. There is the forest with its
numerous trees. Every tree has the des
tiny to be a part of the forest. Trees die,
therefore saplings must grow up to take
their respective place.i. Every sapling has
the natural destiny to grow and to take its
place as a tree. But nature produces ten
saplings, only one of which fulfills its des
tiny as a tree of the forest, the other nine
die,, to nourish the roots of that tree. The
forest must; man wills. Precisely the
same is the case with nations. Every na
tion has that destiny, to which time, geo
graphical location and the capacities of the
race enable it. It may not know, not un
derstand, not attempt to fulfill its destiny,
or do it but partially. But then other na
tions who do fulfill this particular destiny,
will replace it, and the designs of Provi
dence must be realized, exactly as the for
est remains a forest, however many sap
lings perish before one becomes a tree.
The Philistines might have fulfilled the
destiny of the Hebrews, the Phcenicians
that of the Greeks, the Macedonians that of
Borne, and the Mexicans that of the United
states. But they did not, and the suo-

oesslon -Was necessary to feaiize tlie desiglii
There is no fatalism. EXPLANATIONS.
Without entering upon the principles ol
just and successful government, the logi
cal sequence of our theory ; we will only
add this explanation : The destiny which
a nation realizes in the designs of Provi
dence, is its place in history. Further
more, however difierent the destinies of
the various nations, they are similar in one
chief characteristic, whose name is pro-
ORESS. Nations which contribute nothing
to the progress of humanity, fulfill no des
tiny. Nations contributing no longer to
tke progress of humanity, have ceased to
fulfill their destiny, and are in a state of
dissolution. Nations, which contribute
most to the progress of humanity, fulfill
the highest national destiny. For history,
as we have said already, " is the compen
dium of those events which effected the
progress of the human race." We are
ready now, to discuss our country's place
in history.
THE CLOSE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
Let us open our text book and cast a
glance on the state of affairs towards the
close of the fifteenth century. In the poli
tical arena, personal liberty was sub
merged in huge centralized empires with a
fair beginning of standing armies as the
right hand of despotism. From and after
the crusades, the small sovereignities van
ished, and with them the last trace of per
sonal freedom and patriarchal government,
without any beneficent change in the feudal
system. The serf, the peasant, and the
burgher, with the exception of a few cities,
was the beast of burden, the commodity, the
chattel of the lawless nobleman whose life
and fortune were property of the crown,
Tho law was barbarous, and barbarism
was the law, modified in exceptional cases
by conscientious or prudent rulers. It
was the time, when Iwan I., by the edge of
the sword, crushed the liberties of many
small nationalities, and laid the foundation
of the Russian empire, under whose iron
heels sixty millions of human beings
sigh ;— when Bajazeth II. was Sultan of
Turkey, and waged war against free na
tions and the Arabian literature ;—
when the last of the Oldenburg-Delmen-
horst dynasty, John, misgoverned Scan
dinavia, and drove the peasants into a

disastrous rebellion ;— when in Italy the
tyrant's sword was thrust into the very
heart of free cities, and in Spain Ferdinand
and Isabella extinguished the last spark of
freedom among independent Gothic and
Arabic tribes; — when Frederic III. wielded
his merciless scepter in Germany^ Richard
III. had just been killed (1485) without
any improvement in English government,
and the tyrant Lewis XI had just been
summoned before the eternal judge (1483)
without any benefit to the %'rench people.
The Church was no better than the State.
Europe was one huge despotism. John
Wikliff was dead (1384). His followers
were few and harmless. Huss and Hiero-
nimus of Prague had ended on the Pyre
(1415-16). The Taborites and Orphanites
were massacred and the Calextines sub
jected again to the sovereign church (1433).
A century of quarrels in the church was
successfully closed, the reforms proposed
by the councils of Basel and Kostnitz
were set aside and overcome, the head of
the church was so well established in his
rights and privileges, the lower clergy and
the people so well trained into submission
and silence, that Alexander VI occupied
undisturbed the highest dignity in Chris
tendom. The inquisition extended its pa
ternal arms from the North sea into the
Pyrenean peninsula; the Jews were driven
out of Spain, and everything was nicely
fixed for the perpetuation of despotism in
State and Church. There was no escape
from the terrible arm of absolutism. It
reached to the very ends of the then known
earth, and extended its horrible dominion
into the very realms of heaven. The na
tions failing to fulfili their destiny, the old
world having arrived at a dead look, a new
nation, a new world had to be born, and
born they were. THE TRAVAIL.
Mark the wonderful travail at the birth
of a new world and a new chapter of his
tory. In the chaos of that despotism, two
peculiar germs of a new creation were dis-
cernable. We can only call them two un
conscious passions. The love of knowledge
and of discovery, were those two germs.
Philosophy pressed in the straight jacket
of orthodox scholasticism, in the dogmatic
prison CGuld not be entirely expunged after
all. The long dispute of Nominalists and
Realists, as well as the dissensions among

church authorities, and especially the
philosophical and scientific labors of the
Arabs, carried into Christendom by Span
ish Jews and their books— began to under
mine the authority of scholasticism and to
secularize philosophy. Men, although few
and far apart, especially in Italy and Ger
many, began to thirst passionately after
better knowledge. Although they were
unconscious of the object of their desire and
its influence upon the new state of affairs
which was to come ; nevertheless they
felt the desire after better knowledge, and
were compelled by an impulse from a
higher power, to seek it. This gradually
gave birth to the humanists, a class of doc
tors whose knowledge was quite limited,
and whose freedom of research was still
more so, because the despotism of Church
and State extended over all departments of
the mind, as well as over the youngest
daughter of that age, the child of Gutteu-
berg and Faust. Nevertheless they work
ed, although they knew not to what pur
pose. Popes, potentates and other mighty
men, with the iron rod of oppression in
one hand, assisted with the other in rear
ing a new fortress to humanity, without
knowing what they did. The same was
the case with that peculiar desire, to dis
cover unknown islands, unknown
roads on the high sea. Nobody knew
exactly why, wherefore or whereto. It
was a passion, an impulse from a higher
power, for which none could account, had
they even attempted it. The Italians and
especially the Portuguese, were almost
frantic with this passion. These were the
travails of that age. These were the silent
and seemingly insignificant causes which
inspired Columbus with the irresistible pas
sion to discover, he knew not what.
THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.
Contrary to the wisdom of all the wise
men of his age, contrary to the resolves of
the maritime experts and the maritime
nations of his days, Columbus, compelled
by the Irresistible power of that nameless
Spirit of the universe, steered out upon the
unknown multitudlness of water, with the
daring scheme to discover a direct route
to India. Again, contrary to the hopes of
those who sent him, of those who accom
panied him, and contrary to his own ex
pectation—to the most lofty flight of his
imagination— he discovered a new world.

A new world, in virgin purity, emerged
from the deep, burst upon the enlarged
horizon of human knowledge. A new
world, so much larger than old princess
Europe, and seated so much more .secure
between her wide oceans than Europe was
on the back of the disguised, arbitrary and
despotic Jupiter. A new world whose
plains are wider, whose rivers broader,
whose mountains higher and who.se destiny
so much loftier than those of her older sis
ters. A new world, the youngest daughter
of Rhea, the proud heiress of their fortunes
and their charms. A new world was dis
covered. Mankind had travailed and given
birth to a new world.
Who schemed this masterly design of
procress ? Who understood its im portance
at the time? Who comprehended the pas
sionate yearning of that age after knowl
edge and discovery? None on earth. God
alone did. There is no fatalism.
MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICA.
Mankind is very slow in comprehending
the designs of Providence. A century
passed over the discovery of America with
out deriving any durable benefit from that
great event. The love of discovery degen
erated into an adventurous and avaricious
spirit. Monarchs and violent men were
allied for the sole purpose of plundering
the new country, enslaving and extermi
nating its aborigines, and subjecting the
new world to the despotic scepter of the
old. Mexico, Peru, and other regions of
South America and the West Indies, were
thinly colonized to find gold, to acquire
new domains for tyrannical crowns, new
territory for defunct inhabitants. They
failed in the choice of a destiny and could
not succeed. THE REFORMATION.
Meanwhile the love for better knowledge
progressed rapidly in central Europe, es
pecially in Italy, Germany, France, Hol
land and England. Commerce, and with
it the free cities and municipal rights gained
considerable importance. The Jews driven
from Spain, Portugal and Naples, carried
their commercial spirit, their rich litera
ture, and Free Masonry with its cosmo- \
politan spirit into other parts of Christen- \
dom, especially to Holland and Italy. The j
love of learning, the growing power of the j
press, and the increase of commerce, liber- I
alized and humanized nations, and roused i

in them that spirit of liberty whioh,|in the
first instance, resulted in the Protestant
Reformation, which .severed the sinews of
ecclesiastical despotism, and paralized the
right arm of worldly tyranns'. From the
day when Martin Luther nailed his theses
to the church door, to the outbreak of the
Thirty Years' War was a century of fierce
contest between growing freedom and
tenaci»us despotism, rising philosophy and
declining dogmatics, which roused a feel
ing of independence, a spirit of liberty, and
conscious sentiment of self-respect in the
hearts of tens of thousands, who could no
longer find a home in Europe, and they
were driven to America.
THE PURITAN FATHERS.
During and after the Thirty Years' War
in Germany and thu concomitant convul
sions in other countries, the liberal element
lost considerable ground in Europe. The
persecuted of all classes and denorainations
sought refuge in North America. True,
not all like the Puritan Fathers, came to
these shores with the pure desire to be free,
and unmolested in their form of worship :
nevertheless the vast majority of immi
grants came to avoid persecution. Also
most of the mere adventurers, to say
nothing of English Catholics, French
Huguenots, German, I)ntch and Sclavonic
sects, Jews, Quakers and Deists ; also most
of the mere adventurers came to these
shores with a certain spirit of liberty and
independence, which was strengthened
here by the influence of society and by the
circumstances, that every pioneer in the
forests of the Atlantic shore, or on the
broad plains of the West, was sovereiecn on
his domain, oat of every foreign govern
ment's reach, and compelled to be his own
governor, cabinet, legislature, general and
army of defence. This made of the ori
ginal settlers not only matter-of-fact men,
capable of self-government, but also inde
pendent sons of freedom who abhorred the
very idea of subjection and persecution.
This spirit increased in intensity with the
growth of the population in number and
intelligence. The martial spirit also was
developed by the course of events. The
combat against ferocious beasts ; the wars
of " the Israelites against the Philistines,''
of " God's chosen people against the Indian
Gentiles," and the struggles of France and
England on this continent, made the Amer-

ican soldier. To all these growing ele
ments in the early stage of American his
tory one more must be counted, and that
is the preservation of one language for all
the colonies. This was the corner-stone to
national ereatnpss. THE REVOLUTION.
It is, therefore, quite natural, that the
slightest irritation by the British Gov
ernment, reaching outside of the commer
cial centers to the sovereigns of the forests
and the broad plains, should arm them to
resolute resistence. Being all sovereigns
and soldiers themselves, and having learned
an excellent lesson of Oliver Cromwell and
his ironsiders, the only true oousins of
Americans — the tea pennies and the stamp
shillings which among any other people
would have passed unnoticed, sufliced to
set the colonies ablaze, and to enact one of
the brightest chapters in history. Glory
to the memory of the heroes of the revolu
tion, to the generous god-fathers of liberty.
Glory to the memory of George Washing
ton and his heroic compatriots. They were
the chosen instruments in the hands of
Providence, to turn the wheel of events in
favor of liberty forever; and they proved
worthy of their great mission, of their im
mortal work. The hearts of a grateful
people, canonized with honor and glory,
are the indestructible materials uf the
monument of George Washington and
his compatriots. The millions of op
pressed men and women in all ootm-
tries, whose chains have been broken and
whose prisons have been razed, are the
grand chorus, who sing the praise of the
American revolution ; and we, the lords
and ladies of this broad land of freedom,
re-echo the Hallelujah from ocean to ocean, '
from Maine's rocky coast to the silvery
mirror of tbe Pacific and the sunny gulf
of Mexico. THE CHOICE OF DESTINY.
The revolution was the first grasp after
the destiny of the nation, to which it was
fully prepared by the spirit of the age,
geographical location and special capaci
ties, growing out naturally of former
events in the regular routine of cause and
effect. But now the question rose what to
make of the thirteen independent repub
lics. A new kingdom was the natural sug
gestion. But who besides God was to be
the king of kings and the lord of lords ? i

Washington, like Gideon, was too good a
man to be a king. Still had he accepted
that dignity, he could not have maintained
it for any length of time. Those who un
derstood the spirit of the people which
came forth victoriously from the revolution
could think of a republic only, on the
broadest principles of personal freedom
and municipal rights, civil and religious
liberty in the most extensive sense of these
terms. The framers ot the Constitution
were wise enough to understand the spirit
of their people, courageous enough to con
front the destiny of the nation, and honest
enough to express their full conviction in
the paragraphs of the Constitution and its
Immortal preamble. The people of the
United States, on accepting this Constitn-
tion, had formally and solemnly chosen its
destiny, to be now and forever the palla
dium of liberty and its divinely appointed
banner-bearer, for the progress and redemp
tion of mankind. It is a glorious destiny,
a lofty ideal, which the fathers of onr
country have chosen for her ; an ideal
which must inspire every citizen with the
holy desire, to take his proper place in the
ranks of the people which follows this
ideal, this guiding star, this glowing sun
of human prosperity; an ideal which in
the midst of selfishness, passion, avarice
and debasing materialism, must be and
was powerlul enough, to rally the myriads
of free men around the banners of onr
country and, with death-defying bravery,
wield the sword in her protection to the
undisturbed fulfillment of her destiny.
ILLUSTRATION.
With the adoption of the Constitution,
our country assumed her place in history.
It was done by the free choice of the people.
Although it must be admitted that a chain
of natural causes and effects, from the fif
teenth century to the end of the eighteenth,
together with geographical causes, edu
cated the colonistfs to this destiny; neverthe
less it can not be denied that every import
ant step in the progress of onr early his
tory resulted from free choice, from per
sonal freedom, demonstrating clearly the
theory of individual freedom and univer
sal necessity in the government of man
kind. This theory, in the government of
a nation, is reduced to the practical prob
lem of finding the just equilibrium of per
sonal freedom and the necessary power of

the government, the solution of which is
the great object of constitutional states
manship. Our Constitution of the United
States is the original American attempt in
solution of that problem. This being of
itself a contribution to the progress of man
kind, it entitled our country to a place in
history. But she occupies a larger chapter
in the records of humanity than a written
document confers ; a place which might be
best illustrattd by historical parallels.
Being the heiress of the preceding phases
of civilization, numerous parallels suggest
themselves. Let us select one.
The United States occupy the same place
in modern history as Greece did in an
tiquity. Greece, surrounded by water and
blessed with numerous harbors, was fa
vored with an extensive commerce and
continual intercourse with the world. The
same precisely is the case with our coun
try. The oceans are broad enough to pro
tect us against foreign interference in our
domestic affairs, which no conneil of Eu
ropean powers will ever arrange. At the
§ame time our harbors are numerous
enough to shelter the navies of the whole
world, and to keep us in constant inter
course with all nations. Distances were
the great obstacles in onr way. But the
American mind removed them. The ap
plication of steam to navigation and the
electro-magnetic force to the telegraph
brought us in connection with the world,
as closely as Greece ever was, to Egypt,
Phoenicia or Italy, and reduced our wide-
stretched territories, for all practical pur
poses, to a compass no larger than that of
ancient Greece. Greece was the heiress of
an ancient civilization, which was poured
into her lap by immigrants from Egypt,
Phcenicia, Assyria, Syria and Asia Minor,
and the constant intercourse with all those
and other nations. Our country is the
heiress of the European civilization. AU
her shipwrecked men and shipwrecked
ideas continually pour into our lap with n
wealth ol' thoughts, designs, energies, learn
ing, skill and enterprise which steadily
fill our mental coffers, and enlarge our
horizon of conceptions. Greece remoulded
all those fareign elements into one pre
eminently Grecian form ; so do we contin
ually assimilate and Americanize, absorb
and recast all the foreign elements which
we receive. So powerful is the affi

nity of A-eedom among men that it unites
and amalgdmates them quicker than any
other agency. While the German in Po
land, after centuries of domicil, is stiU a
German, the first American born genera
tion of Germans is American. While the
Poles in France remain foreigners, among
us they are lastly incorporated. While
Czechs in the heart of Germany, after cen
turies of mutual intercourse, are still Bo
hemian in feeling, language, customs and
ideals ; it is extremely easy for us to sus
tain one language for the whole country.
This is one of the most wonderful influ
ences which we know liberty to exercise
on man.
Greece did not sto)) short at her heritage
from abroad, but enlarged it, hy native
genius, to Grecian art, philosophy, science,
government and religion; so do we. Our
form of government is new. The patent-
office at Washington, that great museum
of mind, speaks volumes in praise of na
tive genius. The practical sphere, to which
necessity has confined and schooled us,
testifies sufficiently, that whenever oar
turn shall come in the idealistic sphere, we
will not be found missing in the production
of an originally American art, science, phi
losophy and religion. Greece educated ten
thousands of emissaries, to carry her wealth
into Asia, Africa and Europe ; so do we.
We educate millions of free men, to carry
our national wealth all over tbe earth.
The very example of our successful revolu
tion set France and all Europe ablase with
hopes of liberty. The millions of letters
and journals which we send annually
across the ocean, are so many rays of light
to oppressed nations, and rouse the millions
to think, reflect, wish and hope for free
dom, and to appreciate its blessings. Every
negro in our midst is an emissary for the
future human ization and civilization of
Africa. Those very Chinamen who do now
the work of washerwomen in the far West,
are our bORrding scholars, to become the
future teachers of Eastern Asia, which is
already near our doors. The very result of
our late rebellion encouraged and inspired
millions of European hearts with hopes of
redemption, and proved that the republic is
stronger than any monarchy. This is as
important to humanity as our declar.ition
of independence was. Greece, by the con
flux of the various families of man, was in-

liabited by a peculiar people ; so is our
country. We are originally English, Irish,
French, Dutch, German, Polish, Spanish, or
Scandinavian ; but we are neither. We
are Americans. Every child born on this
soil is Americanized. Our country has a
peculiar people to work out a new and pe
culiar destiny.
The heiress of the civilized world's blood,
experience and wisdom, as Greece was in
days of yore ; the mistress of the vast do
main fortified by heaving oceans, really
wealthy as none was before her ; the fa
vored high priestess of the goddesa of lib
erty, with the diadem of honor and the
breast-plate of justice — though young, gay,
fast, blundering and wild— occupies al
ready a prominent place in history. Her
commerce influences the commerce of the
world, as only a few old countries do. But
commerce, the source of wealth and the
missionary of civilization, is one of the
handmaids of progress. Her inventions in
the mechanical arts, her strikes and asso
ciations of mechanics and laborers, revolu
tionize the system of labor all over the
world, and redeem the laboring man from
the oppression of hard labor, the despotism
of capital and cunningness. These are
powerful contributions to the progress of
humanity. Still, industry herself is but
another handmaid of progress. Liberty is
the cause, progenitor, preserver and pro
tector of all the blessings which we enjoy
and impart to others. Liberty is progress
itself. The chapter of liberty in the mod
ern record of nations is our country's place
in history. All other blessings of the hu
man family grow from the soil of liberty,
warmed by the genial rays of this glorious
sun, and fructified by the stream of justice.
Liberty is our place in history, our na
tional destiny, our ideal, the very soul of

our existence. A a long a» we ciing tenaC^
lously to our destiny and long steadily af
ter onr ideal, we will maintain our
country's place in history. Greece, Rome
and all the other empires afford no prece
dences to onr future, for ours is a new
world and a new destiny, which is entirely
in our hands. Political parties may strug
gle and strive for the ascendancy. The
conservative and the progressive elements
of society are its centerpetal and center-
fugal forces which cause regular rotation,
as long as they are governed by the center
of gravity, the ideal of liberty. Money
may govern the actions of tens of thou
sands ; it is after all the mere foam on the
surface which invariably disappears, as
often as the ocean exerts its freedom of
heaving up its billows. Sects may quarrel
over particular dogmas, doctors disagree
on the precise nature of the center of the
earth. Liberty neutralizes their disputes,
and begets new forms of religion and sci
ence. Nothing can arrest our progress,
nothing drag down our country from her
high place in history, except our own
wickedness working a wilful desertion of
our destiny, the desertion from the ideal of
liberty. As long as we cling to this ideal,
we will be in honor, glory, wealth and
prosperity. In the family, in school, in the academy,
in church, on tho public forum, in the
press and everywhere else educate cham
pions for the host of freedom ; they are our
country's guard. Warm, rouse, inspire
every heart for liberty ; this is our strength,
our prosperity, our future, our destiny.
Freedom to all nations ; freedom to every
man, this is our country's place in history ;
liberty in the name of m.y Gnd ahd my
country.

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