Yale University Lihrnrv 39002006720305 A COLLECTION OF ENGRAVED PORTRAITS (FURTHER SELECTION) EXHIBITED BY THE LATE JAMES ANDERSON ROSE. toup.l a C" Pam 1^ A COLLECTION OF ENGRAVED PORTRAITS (FURTHER SELECTION) EXHIBITED BY THE LATE JAMES ANDERSON ROSE, AT THE OPENING OF THE NEW LIBRARY AND MUSEUM OF THE CORPORATION OF LONDON, November, 1872. ACCOMPANIED BY BIOGRAPHIES, AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY GORDON GOODWIN. LONDON: MARCUS WARD & CO., LIMITED, BELFAST, NEW YORK, AND SYDNEY. 1894. PORTRAITS. 4- 5- 6,!¦ 8.9- 10, 12, 13- 14, 15 16, 18 19, 20. 21, 22. 23. 24. 25'26. Pietro Aretino, after Tiziano Vecellio Miss Julia Bosvile, afterwards Viscountess Dudley, after Sir J. Reynolds, P. R.A. ... Frederic Maurice de la Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon Marie de Braguelogne George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, after M. J. Mierevelt Louis, Duke of Burgundy, after F. De Troy Robert Burns, after A. Nasmyth ... Samuel Butler, after G. Soest George Noel Gordon Byron, Lord Byron Mrs. Callander, of Craigforth, after Sir J. Reynolds, P.R.A Miguel de Cervantes - Saavedra, after Velasquez ... Charles I., King of Great Britain and Ireland, after Sir A. Vandyck ... Charles IX., King of France Charles XII., King of Sweden Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield Sir Edward Coke The Brothers Coligny, after C. Visscher... Cosimo de' Medici II., Grand Duke of Tuscany Mrs. (afterwards Lady) Crewe, after Sir J. Reynolds, P.R.A Oliver Cromwell Dante Alighieri Mrs. Davenport, after G. Romney, R.A. ... Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devon shire, after T. Gainsborough, R.A. John Dryden Edward, the Black Prince John Evelyn Engraver. Cornelis Van Dalen. James Watson. Robert Nanteuil. Robert Nanteuil. Willem Jacobszoon Delff. Girard Edelinck. William Walker. George Vertue. Charles Turner, A.E. Attributed to W. Dickinson- Nicolas Auguste Leisnier. Johann August Eduard Mandel. Mathias Ziindt. John Smith. John Raphael Sinith. David Loggan. S. Duval. Niccolo della Casa. Thomas Watson. Contemporary Broadsheet. Edoardo Chiosontie. John Jones. Robert Graves, A.E. Jacob Houbraken. Reginald Elstracke. Robert Nanteuil. VI Portraits. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31-32- 33-34.35-36.37-38. 39- 40.41.42. 43- 44.45-46. 47-48. 49.51-52. S3- 54-55- Miss Elizabeth Farren, afterwards Coun tess OF Derby, after Sir T. Lawrence, P.R.A Francois de Salignac de Lamothe Fenelon, after J. Vivien ... Nicolas Fouquet, Viscount of Melun and of Vaux, Marquis of Belle-Isle Galileo Galilei, after Passignano Pope Gregory XIII Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot, after P. Delaroche Gustavus II., Adolphus, King of Sweden, after M. J. Mierevelt Charles Montague, Earl of Halifax, after Sir G. Kneller Warren Hastings Catherine de' Medici Henry III., King of France Thomas Hobbes William MocAViTH., after himself Queen Jane Seymour, after Hans Holbein John Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale ... Hans Sebald Lautensack, after himself ... Thomas Osborne, Duke of Leeds Michel Le Tellier, after P. de Champaigne Abraham Lincoln Henry II., Duke of Lorraine Louis XV., King of France, when Dauphin, after Beaubrun Francois Henri de Montmorency-Boutte- 1 ville, Duke of Luxembourg Count Ernest of Mansfeld, after Sir A. Vandyck Maria Anna, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary Marie Antoinette, Queen of France ... Marie Jeanne Baptiste, Duchess of Savoy Mary, Queen of Scots Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange Michelangelo Buonarroti Francesco Bartolozzi. Audran Benoit, the Elder. Robert Nanteuil. Pietro Bettelini. Bartolommeo Passarotfi. Luigi Calamatta. Willem Jacobszoon Delff. Pierre Drevet, the Elder. Thomas Watson. Thomas de Leeuw. Win. Faithorne, the Elder. Benjamin Smith. Charles George Lewis. Gerard Valck. H. S. Lautensack. Robert White. Robert Nanteuil. W. E. Marshall. Thomas de Leeuw. Nicolas de Larmessin, the Elder. Cornelis Vermeulen, the Elder. Robert Van Voerst. Simon van de Passe, Elder. Louis Jacques Cathelin. Pieter Van Schtippen. Tliomas de Leeuw. Jan Miiller. the Portraits. vn 56. HoNOR^ Gabriel Riqueti, Count of M.iv.K'B^hV, after P. Delaroche 57. Matthieu Mol^ 58. Jean Baptiste Poquelin de Moliere, after S. Bourdon ... 59. George Monck, Duke of Albemarle, after F. Barlow ... 60. Pierre de Montargue, after A. Coypel ... 61. Napoleon I., Emperor of the French, after J. B. Isabey ... 62. Horatio Nelson, Viscount Nelson, after J. Hoppner, R.A. ... 63. Sir Isaac Newton, after Sir J. Tliornhill ... 64. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde 65. Axel, Count of Oxenstierna 66. Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, after Sir A. Vandyck ... 67. Samuel Pepvs 68. Peter I., the Great, Czar of Russia, after Sir G. Kneller ... 69. The Same, after Le Roy 70. Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough AND Monmouth 71. Philip, the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, after J. Van Eyck 72. Philip I., the Handsome, of Castile and Aragon, after P. Soutman 73. Joanna, the Mad, Queen of Castile, after P. Soutman 74. William Pitt, after Sir T. Lawrence, P.R.A. 75. Jeanne Antoinette Poisson le Normant d'Ltioles, Marchioness of Pompadour, after C. Coypel 76. Alexander Pope 77. John Pym, after E. Bower 78. Raphael Sanzio 79. Mrs. Robinson, after G. Romney, R.A. 80. Jean Jacques Rousseau, after A. Ramsay... 81. Peter Paul Rubens 82. Hermann Maurice, Count of Saxe, after H. Regaud ... Louis Pierre Henriquel- Dupont. Robert Nanteuil. Jacques Firmin Beauvarlet Robert Gaywood. Girard Edelinck. Pierre Alexander Tardieu. Henry Meyer. Jean Simon. David Loggan. Willem Jacobszoon Delff. Pierre Lombart. Robert White. Peter Van Gunst. Johann Friedrich Bause Jacob Houbraken. Pieter Van Sompel. Jonas Suij'derhoef Jonas Suijderhoef. Charles Turner, A.E. Pierre Louis Surugue. George White. George Glover. Rafaello Morghen. John Raphael Smith. David Martin. W. J. Roden. Johann Georg Wille. Vlll Portraits. 83. Sir Walter Scott, after Sir H. Raeburn, R.A 84. Mrs. Scott-Waring and Daughters, after J. Russell, R.A 85. Miss Anna Seward, after J. Opie, R.A. ... 86. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftes bury 87. William Shakespeare 88. Edmond Sheffield, Baron Sheffield, after wards Earl of Mulgrave 89. Mrs. Siddons 90. The Same, as Zara, after Sir T. Lawrence, P.R.A 91. Sir Philip Sidney 92. Henry Wriothesley, Earl of South ampton ... .. ... ... Simon van de Passe, the Elder. 93. Ambrosio, Marquis de Spinola, after M. J. Mierevelt ... 94. Miss Elizabeth Stephenson, afterwards Countess of Mexborough, after M. W. Peters, R.A 95. Thomas Sydenham, M.D., after Sir P. Lely 96. Jacques Auguste de Thou, after Ferdinand Jean Morin. 97. Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, after Barat 98. Albert Wenceslas Eusebius, Count of Wallenstein 99. Sir Robert Walpole, afterwards Earl of Orford IOO. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington IOI. William III., King of England and Prince OF Orange, when a boy 102. Edward Somerset, Earl of Worcester 103. John Wycliffe William Walker. Charles Turner, A.E. Robert White. George Vertue. Reginald Elstracke. John Raphael Smith. Jacob Houbraken. Jati Miiller. William Dickinson. Jacob Houbraken. Benoit Louis Henriquez. Pieter dejode, the Younger. Jacob Houbraken. Charles Turner, A.E. . A. Sivordtsma. Simon van de Passe, the Elder. . Alexander Van Haecken. INTRODUCTION. WHEN I was asked to write a few introductory lines to this volume, I felt it was one of the greatest com pliments that could have been paid to me. I looked on the request as a delicate mode of conferring upon me the privilege of expressing the respect and regard which I entertained for the kind friend whose sudden and unexpected loss was so deeply deplored by all who had the honour of knowing him. A scion of one of the oldest families in Great Britain — Rose of Kilravock, Nairnshire — James Anderson Rose was born in London on i8th May, 1819. After attending South wark Grammar School, Mr. Rose continued his education at University College. He was articled to Mr. J. Bebb, a solicitor in large business, was admitted in 1843, and practised in Salisbury Street, Strand. His active con nection with the City of London may be said to have commenced when his brother, the late Sir William Ander son Rose, was elected an Alderman of the Corporation. During his brother's shrievalty (1855-56) Mr. Rose served the office of Under-Sheriff. He was also one of Her Majesty's Commissioners of Lieutenancy of London, and a Governor of Christ's Hospital — an institution in which he was wont to take to the very last a considerable personal interest. Of late years Mr. Rose's active association with City life was limited to the circumstance that he was a member of the Cordwainers' Company, Admitted to the Livery in 1853, Mr. Rose, in the course of a few years, was elected on the Court, and became Master in 1889. Outside the City he was known more especially in connection with his political work. He was Chairman of the Strand Conservative Association, and of X Introduction. several Conservative bodies in the neighbourhood of Wands worth Common, where he resided. Eloquent, genial, and persuasive, he made an ideal chairman. Mr. Rose was a member of several political clubs, notably the Conservative, the Junior Carlton, and the Constitutional. For many years Mr. Rose was a prominent member of the Board of Management of the Solicitors' Benevolent Association, and had served the office of chairman. He was also a member of the Law Association. In 1875 he became a member of the Incorporated Law Society, and he regularly attended the general meetings, at which he was a frequent speaker. He was also a member of the Metropolitan and Provincial Law Association. At a meeting of the Association, held on 9th October, 1866, he read a paper marked by learning, acumen, and characteristic humour — " On the Neces sity for Additional Common Law Judges" — which was printed in the following year. An enthusiastic lover of literature, art, and science, Mr. Rose was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Society of Literature, the Royal Historical Society, and the Anthropological Society. He was likewise a member of the Arundel and the Burlington Fine Art clubs. To the Artists' General Benevolent Institution and the Royal Literary Fund he was a liberal donor. His taste for art brought Mr. Rose constantly into the society of painters and engravers, especially, as to the former, of that modern and grave school of which Dante Rossetti was a chief member. Many of Rossetti's fine drawings and some of his pictures were added to Mr. Rose's collection, which was remarkable for its choiceness and high intellectual standard. Of etchings and engravings of all classes, ancient and modern, he formed one of the most valuable collections belonging to an English amateur. He could not, in fact, be tempted by any thing that was inferior. The collection, which took thirty years to form, illustrated, first, the history and progress of etching by fine examples of the works of Rembrandt, the present century Introduction. xi being represented by Meryon, Rajon, Haden, and others, and an almost complete series of Mr. Whistler's masterpieces ; and, secondly, the progress of engraving, as displayed by rare historical portraits dating from 1500 to 1875. The sale of these works, which took place in 1876 and 1887, was one of the greatest on record in this country, and the catalogues of them, which Mr. Rose compiled himself with loving care, are documents of high character, much prized by amateurs and dealers alike. Mr. Rose's literary tastes were exercised in the formation of a large library, which contained also many fine speci mens of bookbinding by Leighton, Wright, Zaehnsdorf, Chambolle-Duru, and Lortic. Indeed, his energy never seemed to tire in adding to his treasures of all kinds. He made a point of indulging himself annually in a few weeks' ramble on the Continent, from which he seldom returned without some acquisition to his cabinets. His acquaintance with the picture galleries and museums of Europe was unrivalled. When, in 1872, the Corporation of London were about to open their new Library and Museum, and had decided to render the occasion all the more memorable by an exhibition of works of art, Mr. Rose lent for the purpose his large collection of engraved portraits. Mr. Rose catalogued his own exhibits in a most attractive form, and afterwards reprinted a limited impression of the book, with a Preface on Engraving and on the best Mode of arranging a Collection. An engraving by C. G. Lewis of the beautiful portrait of his mother, Mrs. Susanna Rose, by F. Sandys, formed the frontis piece, and the volume was further embellished with loi photographs of some of the rarest engravings of the collection. Ever ready to promote a knowledge and love of art among the many by the loan of his various treasures, artistic and literary, Mr. Rose lent to the Liverpool Art Club for exhibition in October, 1874, his collection of etchings, which, a month later, were transferred to the Corporation Art Gallery at xii Introduction. Birmingham, and in the following year to the Hartley Insti tution at Southampton, The catalogues were drawn up by Mr. Rose himself, and contain an interesting " Introduction on Etching," that prefixed to the Liverpool catalogue being by far the most elaborate. At a meeting of the Birmingham Town Council, held on nth May, 1875 — Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, mayor, in the chair — it was resolved that special thanks be presented to Mr. Rose for the loan. At the Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Bookbindings, promoted by the Liverpool Art Club in November, 1882, several examples from Mr. Rose's library were shown. His year of office as Master of the Cordwainers' Company was signalised by the Loan Exhibition, which was organised on his initiative, and to which he was the greatest contributor. It remained open two months, from the 21st April to the 20th June, 1890, and was in every way a great success. As long ago as 1886 Mr. Rose projected a companion volume to the Collection of Engraved Portraits issued in 1 874, and shortly before his lamented death (19th September, 1890) was revising the biographies prepared for it. The book is now sent forth in the hope that it may prove not less attractive than its predecessor. In private life Mr. Rose was one of the kindest and most courteous of men, the warmest of friends, and the most genial of hosts. No one could spend a day with him without realising what a fine character he was — how true a type of the frank, fearless English gentleman. G. G. Pietro Aretino. Mr, 1 COLLECTION OF ENGRAVED PORTRAITS. This Collection is arranged alphabetically under the Names of the Portraits. At the end is a List of the Engravers arranged alphabetically, with references to the Portraits in the Collection. I.— Pietro ARETINO. (1492—1557-) Painter — Tiziano Vecellio. ENGRAVER — C. Van Dalen. An Italian satirist, who had the modesty to style himself "the divine," and "the scourge of princes," was born on 20th March, 1492, at Arezzo, in Tuscany, from which place he took his name. He is said to have been the natural son of Luigi Bacci, a gentleman of the town, by a woman named Tita. Banished from Arezzo, when very young, for writing a satirical sonnet against indulgences, he went to Perugia, where he was employed to bind books, and, from looking occasionally into their contents, he managed to pick up a few scraps of know ledge. He still continued to render himself notorious by his daring attacks upon religion. At length, seized with a desire for becoming famous, he abandoned his occupation, and wandered through Italy in the service of various noblemen. At Rome, his talents, wit, and impudence commended him, oddly enough, to the Papal Court. This patronage, however, he lost in 1523 through c Collection of Engraved Portraits Aretino (continued) -. — writing the too famous Sonetti Lussuriosi, sixteen in number, intended to accompany as many obscene drawings by Giulio Romano. Aretino now went to Florence, where Giovanni de' Medici grew so fond of him that he even shared his bed with the adventurer, and, taking him to Milan, introduced him to Francis I. Shortly after this Aretino attempted to regain the favour of the Pope ; but, having come to Rome, he made love to a cook, and composed a sonnet against his rival in her affections, a Boiognese gentleman, by name Achille della Volta. The latter, finding Aretino one day alone, stabbed him five times in the breast and maimed his hands. Enraged at the refusal of the Pope to punish his assailant, the poet sought once more the court of Giovanni de' Medici. On the death of the Prince in December, 1526, he withdrew to Venice, which he was wont to call an earthly paradise, and where he and his sisters led a life of scandalous pleasure. Here he acquired more powerful friends. The Bishop of Vicenza not only soothed the irritation of the Pope against Aretino, but re commended him to the good graces of the Emperor Charles V. The latter, as well as his chivalrous rival, Francis I., and other great persons, pensioned the fortunate, though little-deserving wit, besides enriching him with handsome presents. He spent his time in writing comedies, sonnets, licentious dialogues, and even devotional works — the last with the view of winning the regard of the Pope. The very impersonation of licentiousness, he sought to procure the funds to satisfy his needs by writing begging letters to all the nobles and princes with whom he was acquainted. Nor was he unsuccessful, for large sums were given him, apparently from fear of his satire. His death, which occurred at Venice in 1557, accorded very fittingly with the character of his life. It is said that, while laughing heartily at some indecent story of his abandoned sisters, he fell from his chair and was killed on the spot. The reputation of Aretino, in his own day, rested chiefly on his satirical sonnets or burlesques Miss Julia Bosvile, afterwards Viscountess Dudley. No. 2. mil I IK '[y li^ I I Ir riL lu mi rntnnJ guaJaUtr, en- /uf. ten C/U f Frederic Maurice de la Tour d'Auvergne. Duke of Bouillon. Mr, Q Exhibited at Guildhall. Aretino {continued') : — Rime, Stanze, and Capitoli; but his comedies, five in number, are now considered the best of his works. He also wrote a tragedy of some merit, an epic (unfinished), Due Cante di Marfisa, and a considerable number of other pieces, some religious, but the greater part indecent. His letters, of which many have been printed, are com mended for their style. His dialogues and licentious sonnets have been translated into French under the title of Acadhnie des Dames I " It appears extraordinary that, in an age so little scrupulous as to political or private revenge, some great princes, who had never spared a worthy adversary, thought it not unbecoming to purchase the silence of an odious libeller, who called himself their scourge. In a literary sense, the writings of Aretino are unequal ; the serious are for the most part reckoned wearisome and prosaic ; in his satires a poignancy and spirit, it is said, frequently breaks out ; and though his popularity, like that of most satirists, was chiefly founded on the ill-nature of mankind, he gratified this within neatness and point of expression which those who cared nothing for the satire might admire." — Hallam. 2.— Miss Julia BOSVILE. {h. 1 754-) Painter — Sir J. Reynolds, P.R.A. Engraver—^/'. Watson. Second daughter of Godfrey Bosvile, Esq., of Gunthwaite, Yorkshire, by Diana, eldest daughter of Sir William Wentworth, Bart., of West Bretton, in the same county. Born 2 1st July, 1754, married at St. George's, Hanover Square, ist August, 1780, William Ward, third Viscount Dudley and Ward. 3.— Frederic Maurice DE LA TOUR D'AUVERGNE Duke of Bouillon. (1605— 1652.) Engraver — R. Nanteuil. Elder brother of the great Turenne. Born at Sedan on 22nd October, 1605, the son of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon and Marshal of France, by his second wife, Elizabeth of Nassau, Princess of Orange. He fought under his uncle, the Prince of Orange, distin- Collection of Engraved Portraits Bouillon (continued) -. — guished himself at the Siege of Bois-le-Duc (1629), a.nd again at Maestricht (1632). Entering the French service, he became, in 1635, Marechal de Camp, was present at the Siege of Breda (1637), and at the Battle of Marf^e (6th July, 1641). Appointed Lieutenant-General in 1642, he shared, with Prince Thomas of Savoy, the command of the army of Italy. After the death of Louis XIII. Bouillon quitted France for some years, from 1644 to the close of 1649. During the Wars of the Fronde he was an adherent of the Princes fighting against Mazarin. He died at Pontoise on 9th August, 1652. 4.— Marie de BRAGUELOGNE. (/?. 1656.) Engraver — R. Nanteuil. Widow of Claude Le Bouthilier, Intendant of Finance in the reign of Louis XIII. of France, who died 13th March, 1655. 5. — George VILLIERS, Duke of Buckingham. (1592— 1628.) Painter — M. J. Mierevelt. Engraver — W. Jacobszoon Delff'. Born on 20th August, 1592, the second son of Sir George' Villiers, of Brooksby, Leicestershire, by his second wife, Mary, daughter of Anthony Beaumont, of Glenfield, in the same county. His mother, who was left a widow early, had him carefully instructed in all courtierlike accomplishments, such as dancing and fencing, in which he excelled, and at the age of eighteen sent him to France to complete his education. In August, 1614, he was introduced at court, and by his good looks and good humour soon attracted the notice of James, who made him the constant companion of his leisure. He became a gentleman of the bedchamber, was knighted, and received a pension of ;^i,ooo a year. Upon the fall of the King's former favourite, Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset, Marie de Braguelogne. No. 4 George Villiers. Duke of Buckingham. Exhibited at Guildhall. Buckingham {continued) : — Villiers at once took his place. On 27th August, 161 6, he was created Viscount Villiers ; on 5th January, 1617, he became Earl of Buckingham ; on ist January, 1618, he was a Marquis by the same title. A year later he was made Lord High Admiral of England. Nor were these empty honours only. Estates to the value of some ;^i 5,000 a-year were settled on him; all the court patronage was placed in his hands ; and thus, when barely twenty-five years of age, he had become, with the exception of the Earl of Pembroke, the richest nobleman in England. " Never any man in any age, nor, I believe, in any country,'' wrote the astonished Clarendon, "rose in so short a time to so much greatness of honour, power, or fortune, upon no other advantage or recommendation than of the beauty or gracefulness of his person." In 1619 the Protestant revolution had taken place in Bohemia, the title of the Emperor Ferdinand had been declared void, and the crown bestowed on James's Pro testant son-in-law, the Elector Palatine. Accordingly, in the summer of 1620, a Spanish force prepared to invade the Palatinate. James hoped to get it restored to the Elector by marrying Prince Charles to the Spanish Infanta, Maria. Buckingham, who by this time was in close agreement with Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, warmly seconded the project, and having gained over the Prince an influence which he never lost, he persuaded James to let him and Charles go to Spain, in the expec tation that once there the cession of the Palatinate to the Elector would follow as a matter of course. Arrived at Madrid (February, 1623), Buckingham soon discovered that the Palatinate was not to be regained there. In his absence James conferred on him the title of Duke (i8th May). The new Duke and Charles sailed together from Santander in September with the firm resolve to declare war with Spain. The necessary support was asked from the Parliament which met in February, 1624, and for a time Buckingham found himself the most popular man in the kingdom. Collection of Engraved Portraits Buckingham {continued) -. — His popularity, however, was short-lived. Although he had many schemes for the recovery of the Palatinate, he lacked the statesmanship to give them effect. As soon as Parliament was prorogued, negotiations were opened for a marriage between Charles and Henrietta Maria, the sister of Louis XIII. The marriage was con sented to only on the condition that the English Roman Catholics were relieved from the operation of the penal laws. In return, Louis was expected to aid in winning back the Palatinate. Before anything could be done, James died on 27th March, 1625. The new King sum moned his first Parliament (17th May), only to dissolve it in displeasure because it complained of Buckingham's incompetency (12th August). A fleet sent out to attack Cadiz, and to seize the Spanish treasure-ships, returned unsuccessful. When Charles, for want of money, was obliged to summon a second Parliament (6th February, 1626), it impeached the Duke, and was dissolved like the first (15th June). Despite these checks, Buckingham, buoyant as ever, hoped, by achieving some signal success, to regain his lost popularity. War with France was now declared, and on 27th June, 1627, Buckingham sailed from Portsmouth at the head of a numerous fleet, and a considerable land force, to relieve the Huguenot city of Rochelle, which had rebelled against Louis. He laid siege to the fort of St. Martin's, on the Isle of Rhe ; had at first some prospect of success, but in the end was driven to retreat with heavy loss. The Parliament which met on 17th March, 1628, having passed the Petition of Right, proceeded to prepare a Remonstrance on the state of the nation, and on nth June informed the King that Buckingham had " so abused his powers " that it was no longer safe to continue him in office. The usual plan of prorogation was resorted to. Buckingham had now become an object of popular odium. With certain failure staring him in the face, he went down to Portsmouth to take the command of a second expedition for the relief of Rochelle. On the morning of Exhibited at Guildhall. Buckingham {continued) -. — 23rd August, as he left the room where he had break fasted, he was stabbed to the heart by a lieutenant named John Felton, who had served under him at Rhd, and had been disappointed of promotion. Such was the end of a man, the favourite of two kings, who for four years had been virtually the ruler of England. He lies buried on the north side of Henry VI I.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey. In 1620 Buckingham had married Lady Catherine Manners, only daughter and heir of Francis, sixth Earl of Rutland. "I saw everie thing in him full of delicacie and handsome features; yea, his hands and face seemed to mee especialie effeminate and curious. It is possible hee seemed the more accomplisht, because the French monsieurs that had invested him weere verie swarthie hard-favoured men. That he was afterwardes an instrument of much mischiefe, both at home and abroad, is soe evident upon recorde, as noe man can denie ; yet this, I doe suppose, proceeded rather from some jesuited incendiaries about him than from his owne nature, which his verie countenance promised to be affable and gentle. " — Journal of Sir Symonds D'Ewes, Bart. (Harl. M.S., No. 646.) "From that time almost to the time of his own death, the King admitted very few into any degree of trust who had ever discovered them selves to be enemies to the Duke, or against whom he had ever manifested a notable prejudice. And sure never any Prince manifested more a most lively regret for the loss of a servant than his Majesty did for this great man, in his constant favour and kindness to his wife and children, in a wonderful solicitous care for the payment of his debts (which, it is very true, were contracted for his service — though in such a manner that there remained no evidence of it, nor was any of the Duke's officers intrusted with the knowledge of it, nor was there any record of it but in his Majesty's own generous memory), and in all offices of grace towards his servants. "After all this, and such u transcendent mixture of ill-fortune, of which as ill conduct and great infirmities seem to be the foundation and source, this great man was a person of a noble nature and generous dispo sition, and of such other endowments as made him very capable of being a great favourite to a great King. He understood the arts and artifices of a Court, and all the learning that is professed there, exactly well. By long practice in business, under a master that discoursed excellently, and surely knew all things wonderfully, and took much delight in in doctrinating his young unexperienced favourite, who, he knew, would be always looked upon as the workmanship of his own hands, he had obtained a quick conception and apprehension of business, and had the habit of speaking very gracefully and pertinently. He was of a most flowing courtesy and affability to all men who made any address to him ; and so desirous to oblige them, that he did not enough consider the value of the obligation, or the merit of the person he chose to oblige ; from which much of his rnisfortune resulted. JHe was of a courage not to be daunted, which was manifested in all his actions, and his contests with particular persons of the greatest reputation; and especially in his whole demeanour at the Isle of Rhe, both at the landing and upon the retreat : in both of which no man was more fearless, or more ready to expose himself to the brightest dangers. His kindness and affection to his friends was so vehement, that it was [as] so many marriages for better and worse, and so many leagues offensive and defensive ; as if he thought himself obliged to love all his friends, and to Collection of Engraved Portraits Buckingham {continued) : — make war upon all they were angry with, let the cause be what it would. And it cannot be denied that he was an enemy in the same excess, and prosecuted those he looked upon as his enemies with the utmost rigour and animosity, and was not easily induced to a reconciliation. And yet there were some examples of his receding in that particular. And in [the] highest passion he was so far from stooping to any dissimulation, whereby his displeasure might be concealed and covered till he had attained his revenge (the low method of courts), that he never endeavoured to do any man an ill office before he first told him what he was to expect from him, and reproached him with the injuries he had done, with so much generosity, that the person found it in his power to receive further satisfaction in the way he would choose for himself." — Clarendon. "Nor were Buckingham's faults — great as they undoubtedly were — of a deeper dye or more disgusting kind than those of many of his contempo raries. His open and impetuous conduct, and even his haughty way wardness, stands out in refreshing and bold relief beside the mean, the selfish, the backbiting frequenters of the Court, or the vain and truckling leaders of the Commons." — J. S. Brewer. " In his personal relations he was kindly and jovial towards all who did not thwart his wishes. But James had taught him to consider that the patronage of England was in his hands, and he took good care that no man should receive promotion of any kind who did not in one way or another pay court to him. As far as can be ascertained, he cared less for money than for the gratification of his vanity." — S. R. Gardiner. 6. — LOUIS, Duke of Burgundy. (1682— 1712.) Painter — F, De Troy. Engraver — G. Edelinck. Son of Louis, Dauphin of France, by Maria Christina of Bavaria, and grandson of Louis XIV, was born at Ver sailles on 6th August, 1682. He had the misfortune to be deformed from his birth. In childhood he was un governable ; as he grew older, he grew worse, abandoning himself to all bad passions. The Duke of Beauvilliers was charged with the task of effecting a reformation. He called Fenelon and Fleury to his aid, T£^inaque was written, and if the courtly Saint-Simon can be credited, they completely succeeded. Other writers, however, give less pleasant reports, affirming that Louis, even when thirty years old, was accustomed to amuse himself with drowning flies in oil, and blowing up living frogs with gunpowder. In 1697 Louis was married to Marie Adelaide, of Savoy, and spent his time wholly in amuse ments in the: company of his wife and of the ladies of the court. Nevertheless, in 1701, he was sent to take '1\ MUillllliilJI iMIililiil i/n CJiic Oc . jow c/ot/i/i ¦? 1^ v^^ \^ lillllllllllH Louis, Duke of Burgundy. No. 6. Exhibited at Guildhall. Burgundy {continued) -.— the nominal command of the army in the Netherlands (the true head was Boufflers), and is said to have shown some spirit in the unsuccessful affiair of Nimeguen (1702). In 1708 he was again appointed generalissimo, with Vendome as his colleague ; but the campaign proved a succession of miserable failures, the most conspicuous being the defeat at Oudenarde (nth July). Louis quarrelled with Venddme, chiefly because he had once been compelled to establish his head-quarters in a nun nery. On the death of his father on 14th April, 1711, he became immediate heir to the crown. He died suddenly on I Sth February, 17 12. Six days previously his wife had died ; then their elder son, the Duke of Bretagne, followed his parents, and the same hearse carried father, mother, and child to St. Denis. His younger son, Louis, Duke of Anjou, afterwards succeeded to the throne as Louis XV. Immediately after his death, Louis's Jesuit confessor, Isaac Martineau, published a volume entitled " Recueil des Vertus de Louis de France!' " Choleric and impetuous, obstinate, determined, and intensely proud, his passions and vices in his earlier days were always in excess. With these qualities he joined great vigour, wit, and ability. His intelligence was re markable ; he grasped at all kinds of knowledge. On this vigorous but difficult nature, as a rich and germinant soil, the teaching of Fenelon worked wonders. The young man turned entirely towards his tutor. He became affable and gentle, humane and patient, modest, and a penitent. His whole energies — curbed, not destroyed — were now concentrated on religious matters : ' the day was ever too short for him ' : his austerities alarmed and almost scandalised the Court ; ' the King, with his skin-deep devotion and regularity, soon saw, with secret anger, that the life of so young a Prince was an unconscious censure on his own.' After a period of such unwonted exaltation and pious exercises, came a time when the Duke returned to the ordinary duties of Court life, though his religious impressions by no means faded away. He was sent into the Netherlands, and might have done fairly as a general, had he not been constantly thwarted and his influence undermined. The old King, never very fond of him, was now quite alienated from him ; ' it became odious and dangerous to say a word at Court in his favour.' His patience and admirable temper overcame this ill-will ; and at last he was completely reconciled to his grandfather, the whole hopes of France were centred on him and on his lively spouse, who would have seconded him to the best of her power in his schemes of govern ment." — Kitchin, from Saint-Simon. IO Collection of Engraved Portraits 7.— Robert BURNS. (1759—1796.) Painter— .4. Nasmyth. Engraver—^. 'Walker. The greatest poet of Scotland was born on 25th January, I7S9. in a clay-built cottage, reared by his father's own hands and still standing, about two miles from Ayr. He was the eldest son of a small farmer, William Burness, of Kincardineshire stock — a man of keen intelligence, as well as stubborn integrity, who, despite a life-long struggle with poverty, strove to give his children a good education, and to bring them up in the fear of God. His mother, Agnes Brown, was an Ayrshire lass of humble origin. Three places in Ayrshire, besides his birthplace, are memorable as the poet's successive homes — Alloway, Mount Oliphant, and Lochlea, in Tarbolton. Owing to his father's straitened means. Burns, though still a boy, had to do a grown man's full work, the result of which soon showed itself in bowed shoulders, in nervous disorder about the heart, and in frequent fits of despondency. About his sixteenth year he began composing verses in the Scottish dialect which attracted notice in the district in which he lived, and gained him many friends, some of whom, having found in him "no enemy to social life," did him little good. At Midsummer, 1 781, he went to Irvine to learn the trade of a flax-dresser. " It was," he says, " an unlucky affair. As we were giving a welcome carousal to the New Year, the shop took fire and burned to ashes, and I was left, like a true poet, without a sixpence." Burns returned to Lochlea to find misfortunes thickening round his family, and his father on his deathbed. A farming venture which he tried in March, 1784, with his brother Gilbert, at Mossgiel, near Mauchline, failed after three years' unceasing toil ; he became embittered and embarrassed by the results of an intimacy — which seems, however, to have been in reality a Scotch marriage — with Jean Armour, the daughter of a master mason of Mauch line, and the " Bonny Jean " of his verse; and he was on Robert Burns. No. 7. Exhibited at Guildhall. ii Burns {contiuued) : — the point of emigrating to Jamaica as book-keeper to a slave estate, when the favourable reception accorded to a collection of his poems, which he had published in 1786 at Kilmarnock to partly defray the expenses of his passage, withheld him from his project, and the current of his life was henceforth turned. The volume brought the author only ;£"20 direct return ; but it introduced him to all that was eminent in letters, rank, and fashion in Edinburgh, whither he was invited ostensibly to prepare a second edition. For a while he was the lion of Edinburgh society, and the brilliancy of his conversation excited little less admiration than his poetry. His new volume brought him nearly ;£'500 ; of this he gave ;^200 to his brother Gilbert, and with the remainder stocked the farm of Ellisland, near Dumfries, where he settled in 1788, having now publicly married his Jean. To his farm he united the office of exciseman, and, when the former failed him, he removed, towards the close of 1791, to a house in the Wee Vennel of Dumfries, where he supported himself and his family on his official salary of ;^SO — afterwards ;^70. The striking contrasts in the lot of the rich and the poor, with which his residence in Edinburgh had impressed him, made him hail the French Revo lution with enthusiasm, and some indiscreet speeches and actions, which were construed as evidence of his holding Jacobinical opinions, being reported to the Board of Excise, he seems to have been verbally threatened with dismissal, and his promotion to have been delayed, although no actual censure was ever recorded against him in the books of the Board. Nevertheless, his politics and his many social imprudences caused him to be shunned by the more refined class in Dumfries. Deeply wounded by what he considered to be injustice, he gave way now and then to his tendency to melancholy ; and, although regular in the performance of his duties, he ruined his constitution by bouts of drinking. Broken in health and in spirits, but with his muse tuneful to the last. Burns died in Dumfries on 21st July, 1796. His grave in a corner of 1 2 Collection of Engraved Portraits Burns {continued) : — St. Michael's Churchyard remained for a time unmarked by any memorial ; but eventually his widow placed over it a simple stone, inscribed with his name and age. Twenty years afterwards, public admiration found its expression in the erection of a hideous mausoleum at a little distance from the poet's humble tomb, to which his remains were ultimately transferred, after being desecrated by the craniologists. This pile of masonry is surmounted by a ridiculous figure in marble, representing "The Muse of Coila finding the poet at the plough, and throwing her inspiring mantle over him" (whatever that may mean). Beneath is a pompous Latin inscription, which, it may be safely said, no one has ever had patience to read through. " As for Burns, Virgilium vidi tantum, I was a lad of fifteen when he came to Edinburgh, but had sense enough to be interested in his poetry, and would have given the world to know him. I saw him one day with several gentlemen of literary reputation, among whom I remember the celebrated Dugald Stewart. Of course we youngsters sat silent, looked, and listened. ... I remember ... his shedding tears over a print representing a soldier lying dead in the snow, his dog sitting in misery on one side, on the other his widow with a child in her arms. His person was robust, his manners rustic, not clownish. . . . His countenance was more massive than it looks in any of the portraits. There was a strong •expression of shrewdness in his lineaments ; the eye alone indicated the poetic character and temperament. It was large and of a dark cast, and literally glowed when he spoke with feeling or interest. I never saw such another eye in a human head. His conversation expressed perfect self- confidence, without the least intrusive forwardness. I thought his acquaint ance with English poetry was rather limited ; and, having twenty times the abilities of Allan Ramsay and of Ferguson, he talked of them with too much humility as his models. He was much caressed in Edinburgh, but the efforts made for his relief were extremely trifling. " — Sir Walter Scott. " All that remains of Burns, the writings he has left, seem to us . . . no more than a poor mutilated fraction of what was in him ; brief, broken glimpses of a genius that could never show itself complete ; that wanted all things for completeness : culture, leisure, true effort, nay, even length of life. His poems are, with scarcely any exception, mere occasional effusions ; poured forth with little premeditation ; expressing, by such means as offered, the passion, opinion, or humour of the hour. Never in one instance was it permitted him to grapple with any subject with the full collection of his strength, to fuse and mould it in the concentrated fire of his genius. . . . In pitying admiration, he lies enshrined in all our hearts in a far nobler mausoleum than that one of marble ; neither will his Works, even as they are, pass away from the memory of men. While the Shakespeares and Miltons roll on like mighty rivers through the country of Thought, bearing fleets of traffickers and assiduous pearl-fishers on their waves ; this little Valclusa Fountain will also arrest our eye : for this also is of Nature's own and most cunning workm.inship, bursts from the depths of the earth with Samuel Butler. Exhibited at Guildhall. 13 Burns {continued)-.— a full gushing current, into the light of day ; and often will the traveUer turn aside to drink of its clear waters, and muse among its rocks and pines I"— Carlyle. "The generous verse of Burns springs out of the iron-bound Calvinism -Craik. The generous verse of Burns springs out of the of the land like flowing water from Horeb's rock."— C " Burns, with pungent passionings Set in his eyes. Deep lyric springs Are of the fire-mount's issuings." Mrs. Browning. 8.-— Samuel BUTLER. (1612 — 1680.) Painter — G. Soest. Engraver — G. Vertue. Of the life of the celebrated author of Hudibras very scanty notices remain. He was born at Strensham on the Avon in Worcestershire, in a house pulled down about 1873, and baptised on Sth February, 161 2. His father, of the same name, at that time churchwarden, is variously represented as a substantial farmer and as " a man of but slender fortune." Butler probably learned his rudiments at the Cathedral School of Worcester, but it is not certainly known whether he was sent to either of the Universities. From his early youth till about 1639 we find him acting as clerk in the service of Thomas Jeffries, of Earl's Croome, a flourishing Justice of Peace in his native county of Worcester. While in this service he is thought to have laid the foundation of his remarkable knowledge of law and law terms. He also read much, and practised painting, which he had some idea of adopting as a profession. His pictures do not seem to have been worth much, for, according to one of his editors, in 1774 they "served to stop windows and save the tax ; indeed, they were not fit for much else." From being law-clerk to Mr. Jeffries we find him trans ferred to a superior situation as gentleman in the house hold of the Countess of Kent, at Wrest, in Bedfordshire. Here, besides leisure to amuse himself with painting and music, he had the advantage of an excellent library, and 14 Collection of Engraved Portraits Butler {continued) '. — of the conversation of the learned John Selden, then Steward of the Countess's estates, and, according to Aubrey's account, privately married to her. In this service he may have remained till 165 1, in which year the Countess died. His third service — that of secretary or general man of business to Sir Samuel Luke, of Copie Hoo, in the same county of Bedford — was apparently the longest, as also the most important in its effects on his career and works. Sir Samuel was a rigid Presbyterian, " a colonel in the army of the Parliament, scout-master- general for Bedfordshire, and governor of Newport Pagnell," and was undoubtedly the original of Sir Hudi bras, while his cronies supplied the other portraits in the poem. Immediately after the Restoration, Butler was appointed secretary to the Earl of Carbery, Lord Presi dent of the Principality of Wales, who gave him the stewardship of Ludlow Castle. Tradition at Ludlow still points out a room in the entrance-gateway to the castle where Butler kept his pen, ink, and paper " for anything he had on hand." He does not appear to have held these situations for much more than a year, from January, 1 661, to January, 1662. About this time, being 50 years of age, he married a Mrs. Herbert, a widow of some fortune, which, however, was afterwards lost by bad investment. It was probably his marriage that broke Butler's connection with Ludlow and brought him to London, where, casual absences excepted, he seems to have resided till his death. Late in 1662 appeared the first part of Hudibras. Its success at Court was imme diate, and the fashion being thus set, it was read with avidity by the whole royalist party. In 1664 Butler published the second part with equal applause, and a third part was given to the world in 1678 ; but it was left unfinished, and its author died unrewarded from first to last by the party whom he had so brilliantly amused and served. It was only by the liberality of a friend, Mr. William Longueville, a bencher of the Middle Temple, that Butler escaped from actual starvation. Yet the Exhibited at Guildhall. 15 Butler {continued) : — truth seems to be that there was something about him, some peculiarity of temper, which unfitted him for making many friends, or being pushed on in the world. Butler died at his lodging in Rose Street, Long Acre, on 25 th September, 1680, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, and two days later was buried, at Mr. Longueville's own expense, in the churchyard of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. Three monuments have been erected to the poet's memory — the first in 1721, by Alderman Barber, in Westminster Abbey, which provoked some sarcasm from Pope and Samuel Wesley : in 1786 a tablet in St. Paul's, Covent Garden, by a few inhabitants of the parish, destroyed in 1845 ! ^"d between thirty and forty years ago, another at Strensham, by a Mr. Taylor of that place. Among Butler's smaller poems may be mentioned the satires on the Royal Society {The Elephant in the Moon) and on Critics, and Miscellaneous Thoughts. Of his few prose works, the Characters in the style of Overbury, Earle, and Hall are the most interesting and complete. "It was Butler's strange fate to flash all at once into a notoriety which lasted precisely two years ; to fill the Court and the town during that time with a continuous shout of laughter, intermingled with inquiries who and what he was ; and then for seventeen long years to plod on in industrious obscurity, still hearing his Hudibras quoted, and still preparing more of it, or of matter similar to it, but himself forgotten and unknown — a ' myth ' rather than a man. " — Masson. " It is a very humorous work, although the subject is the civil war of the time of Cromwell. A struggle which cost so much blood and so many tears originated a poem which obliges the most serious reader to smile. . . . The poem of Hudibras of which I speak, seems to be a composition of the satire of Menippus and of Don Quixote. . . . Butler, the author of this extraordinary poem, was contemporary with Milton, and enjoyed infinitely more temporary popularity than the latter, because his work was humorous, and that of Milton melancholy. Butler turned the enemies of King Charles II. into ridicule, and all the recompense he received was the frequent quotation of his verses by that monarch. The combats of the knight Hudibras were much better known than the battles between the good and bad angels in Paradise Lost ; but the Court of England treated Butler no better than the celestial Court treated Milton ; both the one and the other died in want, or very near it. " — Voltaire, 1 6 Collection of Engraved Portraits 9. — George Noel Gordon, Lord BYRON. (1788— 1824.) Engraver — C. Turner, A.E. Born in Holies Street, London, on 22nd January, 1788, the only son of John Byron, a profligate Captain of the Guards, and Catherine Gordon, heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire. The wife's fortune was soon squandered, and, separating from her husband (who died in Valenci ennes in 1 79 1), she retired to Aberdeen, there to bring up her little lame boy, whom she fondly loved, on an income of about ;^I30 a year. Better days, however, were in store, for on the death of William, fifth Lord Byron, in May, 1798, the title and estates passed to his grand-nephew, the poet, and mother and son immediately left the north for Newstead Abbey, the ancient family seat, a few miles distant from Nottingham. Before leaving Aberdeen — when only a child in his ninth year — Byron fell in love with his cousin, Mary Duff", who was slightly his senior. Six years afterwards he nearly went into convulsions on hearing of her marriage. In the summer of 1799 Byron was placed at Dr. Glennie's school at Dulwich, where he remained for two years. About this time he had contracted another passion for his first cousin, Margaret Parker, of whom years after wards he wrote as " one of the most beautiful of evan escent beings." In 1801 he went to Harrow, "a wild northern colt," as the head master said of him. While still a Harrow boy he again fell in love, this time with Miss Mary Anne Chaworth, whose grandfather his grand- uncle — "the wicked Lord Byron" — had killed in a duel. In October, 1805, Byron entered Trinity College, Cam bridge, where he led an irregular life, though always reading widely. Two years later his first volume of verse, the Hours of Idleness, was printed at Newark, and Brougham's stinging critique in the Edinburgh Review provoked in 1809 the satire, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. Byron, having now achieved some reputation, IIIIIIIH!! Ilii RS ¦ ^^K|.'.'t^9|^ "^^^ ^^1 ^^H I^H ^^SUH^ jjm H '^ ^-^^.^-.---i^Sl mh^^^hKi^^kZ^I^^^^^^^^^^^^^I ^1 George Noel Gordon Byron, Lord Byron No. 9. Exhibited at Guildhall. 17 Byron {continued) : — left London in June, 1809, for his travels on the Continent, and for two years wandered in Spain, Albania, Greece, Turkey, and Asia Minor. He returned in July, 181 X, and on 29th February in the following year appeared the first two cantos of Childe Harold, when, in his own words, " he awoke one morning and found himself famous." Seven editions were called for in four weeks. Next year came The Giaour, then The Bride of Aby dos. The Corsair, and Lara — all immensely popular. Of The Corsair 14,000 copies were sold in a day. On 2nd January, 18 15, Byron married Anne Isabella, only daughter of Sir Ralph Millbanke, a wealthy baronet, and granddaughter and heiress of Lord Wentworth, partly to better his fortunes, and partly by way of attempt at self- reform. His marriage proved singularly unhappy. On loth December a daughter, named Augusta Ida, was born. On 15th January, 18 16, Lady Byron left her husband's house in London on a visit to her father at Kirkby Mallory, in Leicestershire, and refused to return. This climax in the poet's domestic affairs subjected him to the censure of all uncharitable tongues, and to attacks in the press of the most scurrilous description. "The most popular poet, he was for a space the most unpopular individual in the country." Byron's own statement respecting the matter — " the causes were too simple ever to be found out" — has since been accepted by all sensible people as the literal truth. Unfortunately Lady Byron was, during the latter years of her long life, subject to hallucinations, and used to confide to various acquaint ances what she fancied to be the reasons that led to the separation. In an evil hour she repeated a version of her tale to an American woman, who had hitherto harmlessly occupied herself in the composition of stories inculcating the practice of Christian charity. The result of this misplaced confidence was the hideous tale that in September, 1869, scandalised the whole civilised world, and ultimately recoiled on the retailer of the scandal. It is sufficient to say that Lady Byron's statement impli- Collection of Engraved Portraits Byron {continued) : — eating a member of Byron's own family is flatly contra dicted by Lady Byron's own behaviour, as she remained on intimate terms with the relative referred to long after her husband's death. To escape the howling of a virtuous British public, Byron left England in April, 1816, resolving never to return. " Once more upon the waters, yet once more, And the waves bound beneath me as a steed That knows her rider. Welcome to the roar !" Misery and indignation only served to stimulate him to wondrous activity ; change of life and scene added fresh force to his genius. Six months' stay at Geneva pro duced the third canto of Childe Harold, the Prisoner of Chillon, and the greater part of Manfred. In November, 18 16, he removed to Venice, and lived there, with the exception of short visits to Ferrara and Rome, till December, 18 19, writing many of his more important works, including the fourth canto of Childe Harold and cantos 1-4 of Don Juan. Byron's life at Venice is represented as having been exceedingly irregular, until he was rescued by one of his many loves, the Countess Guiccioli, whom he first met in April, 18 19. With her he lived at Ravenna (January, 1820) ; two years later at Pisa ; and lastly, in September, 1822, at Genoa. Under her influence his life was comparatively happy, and even domesticated, while his literary activity was prodigious. Wearied at length of literary success, he began to long for other distinction. A glorious enterprise offered itself to him in the Greek struggle for independence. Raising 50,000 crowns, he bought an English brig of 120 tons, and sailed from Genoa with arms and ammunition on 14th July, 1823. Owing to the want of any fixed plans on the part of the Greeks, he was forced to waste five months at Cephalonia. Reaching Missolonghi in December, after a chase by Turkish cruisers, he found only confusion and contending chiefs ; but in three months he succeeded in evoking some kind of order, and Exhibited at Guildhall. 19 Byron {continued) : — was appointed commander-in-chief of an expedition against Lepanto. Before, however, anything could be done, he was seized with rheumatism and fever, the result of exposure. Copious bleeding might have saved him ; but this Byron, with characteristic wilfulness, opposed till too late. After twenty-four hours' insensibility, he died at six o'clock on the evening of 19th April, 1824, amidst the lamentations of his followers. His remains were carried to England, and, denied burial in Westminster Abbey, rest in the family vault of the Byrons in the village church of Hucknall, near Newstead Abbey. " I had fancied him taller, with a more dignified and commanding air, and I looked in vain for the hero-looking sort of person with whom I had so long identified him in imagination. His appearance is, however, highly prepossessing, his head is finely shaped, and the forehead open, high, and noble ; his eyes are grey and full of expression, but one is visibly larger than the other ; his mouth is the most remarkable feature in his face, the upper lip of Grecian shortness, and the comers descending, the lips full and finely cut. In speaking, he shows his teeth very much, and they are white and even ; but I observed that even in his smile — and he smiles frequently — there is something of a scornful expression in his mouth that is evidently natural, and not, as many suppose, affected His countenance is full of expression, and changes with the subject of conversation ; it gains on the beholder the more it is seen, and leaves an agreeable impression. He is very slightly lame, and the deformity of his foot is so little remarkable that I am not now aware which foot it is. His voice and accent are peculiarly agreeable, but effeminate^clear, harmonious, and so distinct that, though his general tone in speaking is rather low than high, not a word is lost. . , . . I had expected to find him a dignified, cold, reserved, and haughty person, resembling those mysterious personages he so loves to paint in his works, and with whom he has been so often identified by the good- natured world ; but nothing can be more different : for were I to point out the prominent defect of Lord Byron, I should say it was flippancy, and a total want of that natural self-possession and dignity which ought to charac terise a man of birth and education. " — Lady Blesstngton. " In spite of a good many surface affectations, which may have cheated the lighter heads, but which may now be easily seen through, and counted off for as much as they are worth, Byron possessed a bottom of plain sincerity and rational sobriety, which kept him substantially straight, real, and human, and made him the genuine exponent of that immense social move ment which we sum up as the Revolution. If Keats's whole soul was absorbed by sensuous impressions of the outer world, and his art was the splendid and exquisite reproduction of these ; if Shelley, on the other hand, ^stilled from the fine impressions of the senses, by process of inmost medi tation, some thrice ethereal essence, ' the viewless spirit of a lovely sound ;' we may say of Byron that, even in the moods when the mightiness and wonder of nature had most effectually possessed themselves of his imagina tion, his mind never moved for very long on these remote heights apart from the busy world of men, but returned again like the fabled dove from the desolate void of waters to the ark of mortal stress and human passion. Nature, in her most dazzling aspects or stupendous parts, is but the back ground and theatre of the tragedy of man It was the same 20 Collection of Engraved Portraits Byron {continued) : — impetuous and indomitable spirit of effort which moved Byron to his last heroic exploit, that made the poetry inspired by it so powerful in Europe, from the deadly days of the Holy Alliance onwards. Cynical and misan thropical as he has been called, as though that were his sum and substance, he yet never ceased to glorify human freedom, in tones that stirred the hearts of men, and quickened their hope and upheld their daring, as with the voice of some heavenly trumpet." — John Morley. " Poor, proud Byron — sad as grave, And salt as life : forlornly brave. And quivering with the dart he drave.'' Mrs. Browning. IO.— Mrs. CALLANDER, of Craigforth. Kd. 1773- ) Painter — Sir J. Reynolds, P.R.A. Engraver — W. Dickinson (?) Miss Harriet Dutens, who married, 4th June, 1772, cis his second wife. Col. James Callander, of Craigforth, Stirling shire. She died at Bristol, 17th August, 1773. II.— Miguel de CERVANTES-SAAVEDRA. (1547—1616.) Painter — Velasquez. Engraver — N. A. Leisnier. The illustrious author of Don Quixote, "whom his country starved, and who has made her immortal," was born of a respectable but impoverished family at Alcali. de Henares, a small university town in the province of New Castile, where he was baptised on 9th October, 1547. He was a younger son of Rodrigo de Cervantes and Leonora de Cortinas, a lady of Esquivias. He received some instruction from Lopez de Hoyos, a teacher of repute, and early displayed a taste for poetry. One of his compositions — a pastoral poem entitled Filena — attracted the attention of Cardinal Acquaviva, then on an embassy to Madrid (1568). With him Cervantes took service as a page, returning in the suite of his patron to Rome. The monotony of ecclesiastical life proving little to his liking, he joined, in the beginning of 1570, the company of the great Captain Don Diego de Urbina, of Mrs. Callander, of Craigforth. NO'. 10. Miguel de Cervantes-Saavedra No. 11. Exhibited at Guildhall. 21 Cervantes-Saavedra {continued) :— the regiment of Don Miguel de Moncada. His first campaign was the expedition which, in the summer of that year, made an unsuccessful attempt to succour Cyprus against the invasion of Selim II. But the engagement which he loved to speak of as the proudest event of his life was the famous battle of Lepanto, in which the allied forces of Spain, Venice, and the Papal States achieved such a brilliant victory. On the morning of the battle, 7th October, 1571, Cervantes was lying ill of fever on board the galley Marquesa, in which his company was embarked. Although besought to remain below, he exclaimed, " I would rather die fighting for God and the King, than think of my own safety and keep under cover." In the battle, where his bravery was conspicuously shown, he received two gunshot wounds in his breast and one in his left hand, which deprived him of the use of it for the rest of his life. He remained, however, in active service till September, 1575, when, on his way from Italy to Spain, the galley in which he sailed was captured by Algerine pirates. His captivity in Algiers lasted five years ; but although he was frequently treated with the utmost cruelty, his cheerfulness and courage never forsook him. By his fellow-prisoners, including all ranks, he was regarded with love and admiration. At length the ransom demanded, 1,000 ducats, was scraped together by the pious zeal of Father Juan Gil, the Redemptorist, and Cervantes returned to Spain towards the close of 1580, only to find himself forgotten. Without a moment's hesitation he joined his old regiment, which was marching into Portugal. The following year found him engaged in the unsuccessful expedition against the Azores, and on 25th July, 1582, he shared in the victory of Teceira. But by the end of 1583 Cervantes bade farewell to arms, having despaired of the promotion to which his services so justly entitled him. He resorted to literature as a livelihood, being now in his 36th year. His first work, Galatea, a prose pastoral interspersed with lyrics, is 22 Collection of Engraved Portraits Cervantes-Saavedra {continued) -. — said to have been written in honour of the lady who, in December, 1584, became his wife. Of her little is known, save that she bore the magnificent name of Dona Catalina de Palacios Salazar y Vozmediano, and was a native of Esquivias, of a good but reduced family. For some years after his marriage the life of Cervantes is buried in obscurity. He wrote for the stage, producing between twenty and thirty plays, mostly comedies, of which only two survive, and for a time was fairly successful until supplanted by Lope de Vega. Dis appointed once more in his hopes of a livelihood, Cervantes for twenty years published nothing. We know little of this period of his life, passed, as it only too surely was, in the direst poverty, borne with a noble resignation. In 1588 he had removed to Seville, where he acted as a commissary under Don Antonio de Guevara, the Proveedor-General of the Indian fleets. In this humble capacity he assisted in the victualling of the Invincible Armada. In 1 594 he was appointed collector of revenues for the kingdom of Granada. During the latter part of 1597 he suff"ered a short imprisonment at Seville for a small sum collected on account of the Government, and embezzled by a dishonest agent. From 1598, when he seems to have left Seville, to the beginning of 1603, we lose all trace of him. To this period is assigned the visit to La Mancha, "where occurred that new trouble of which Don Quixote is supposed to be the vengeance." The most authentic version of the story is that Cervantes " had a commission from the prior of St. John to collect his tithes in the district of Argamasilla, and that while he was employed in this ungrateful function the villagers set upon him, and after maltreating him threw him into prison, his place of imprisonment being a house still standing, called La Casa de Medrano. Here was conceived, if not written, the first part of Don Quixote, conformably to what the author says in the prologue of this ' child of his wit' being 'born in a gaol.'" In 1603 Cervantes had taken up his abode at Valla- Exhibited at Guildhall. 23 Cervantes-Saavedra {continued) : — dolid, vainly hoping to obtain from Philip III. the recognition due to his services, his works, and his mis fortunes, which had been persistently ignored by his predecessor. Doomed again to disappointment, Cervantes was reduced to well-nigh beggary. But by the beginning of 1604 he had completed part of the work which was to bring him, if not bread, immortality. The first part of Don Quixote was published at Madrid early in 1605, and immediately became popular among all classes. In the year of its publication no fewer than six editions were brought out, of which two were issued at Madrid, two at Valencia, and two at Lisbon. Cervantes now fixed his residence at Madrid, where he continued until his death, befriended by the Archbishop of Toledo, and another patron, the Count de Lemos. In 1613 he gave to the world his Novelas Exemplares, several of which had been written and circulated in manuscript many years before. In 16 14 was published his Viage al Parnaso, a burlesque poem. During the same year, while Cervantes was preparing for the press the second part of Don Quixote, a pretended continuation ap peared at Tarragona purporting to be by " the Li centiate Alonso Fernandez de Avellaneda of Torde- sillas." Its real author is supposed to have been a notorious friar, Luis de Aliaga, a creature of the Duke de Lerma. Its object was to blacken the character of Cervantes, and to destroy the credit of his book. When, in 161 5, Cervantes issued his own second part, the other was for ever forgotten. By this time Cervantes had won the admiration of Europe. Don Quixote had been translated into many languages, thus fulfilling the author's prediction "that there would be no nation or language to which his book would not be carried." Meanwhile his health was fast failing. His last act was to prepare for the press his Persiles y Sigismunda, a grave romance modelled after the Theagenes and Chari- clea of Heliodorus. On 23rd April, 1616, he died, nominally on the same day that England lost Shakspere, 24 Collection of Engraved Portraits Cervantes-Saavedra {continued) : — if we allow for the diff"erence of calendars. He received humble burial in the Convent of Trinitarian Nuns, in the Calle de Humilladero, of which his natural daughter, Isabel, was an inmate. In 1633 the nuns moved to a new convent in the Calle de Cantarrenas, carrying their dead with them, so that all clue to Cervantes' resting- place is lost. The house in which he died is in the Calle del Leon ; but the doorway, marked by a medallion, is in the Calle de Francos, now the Calle de Cervantes. His widow survived until 31st October, 1626. In his prologue to the Novelas Cervantes gives this portrait of himself in his 6sth year : — " Of aquiline features, chestnut hair ; a smooth and open forehead, with cheerful eyes ; a nose curved, though well proportioned ; long moustaches ; the beard of silver (which twenty years ago was of gold) ; the mouth small ; the teeth not much, for he has but six, and those in bad condition and worse placed, for they have no concert one with another ; the body between two extremes, neither large nor small ; the complexion lively, rather white than brown ; somewhat crooked in the shoulders, and not very light of feet, — this, I say, is the effigy of the author of Galatea and of Don Quixote de la Mancha." ' ' According to the interesting story told by the Archbishop of Toledo's Secretary . . . foreigners of distinction, when they visited Madrid, made it their first business to inquire after the author of Don Quixote. To a party of French gentlemen, members of the suite of the Ambassador, the Due de Mayenne, who were anxious to learn of the condition and mode of life of the celebrated writer, the Secretary of the Archbishop was obliged to respond that ' he who had made all the world rich was poor and infirm, though a soldier and a gentleman.' " — Cervantes, by H. E. Watts, Etuyclop. Brit, gth edit. "Before much time goes over our heads, there will not be a single inn, ale-house, road-side house, or hostelry, any barber's stall, or stall of any kind, where we shall not see held up the history of our wondrous deeds." — Sancho Panza. "He expressed the most unbounded admiration for Cervantes, and said that the Novelas of that author had first inspired him with the ambition of excelling in fiction, and that, until disabled by illness, he had been a. con stant reader of them." — Lockhart : Life of Sir Walter Scott. "The poet Rowe applied to the Earl of Oxford for some public employ ment. Oxford enjoined him to study Spanish ; and when, some time afterwards, he came again, and said that he had mastered it, dismissed him, with this congratulation : ' Then, sir, I envy you the pleasure of reading Don Quixote in the original.' " — Johnson : Life of Rowe. Charles I., King of Great Britain and Ireland No, 12. Exhibited at Guildhall. 2 J 12.— CHARLES I., King of Great Britain AND Ireland. (1600—1649.) Painter — Sir A. Vandyck. Engraver-^. A. E. Mandel. Born at Dunfermline, in Fifeshire, on 19th November, 1600, the second son of James I. and Anne, daughter of Frederick 1 1., King of Denmark. On the death of his elder brother Henry, in 161 2, he became heir-apparent to the Throne, was created Prince of Wales in 1616, and succeeded his father as King in 1625. The nation greeted his accession with great loyalty. His graceful bearing contrasted with the somewhat undignified manners of his father, and the failure of the Spanish match (although he subsequently married the Roman Catholic Henrietta. Maria of France) gratified the people, who hated Spain above all countries. His early popularity, however, waned when it was seen that he retained in all positions of trust his father's haughty and incompetent favourite, Buck ingham. Charles soon sought to put into practice those lofty notions about the rights of Kings and the duties of Parliaments which he had inherited from his father, but of which James had been content merely to talk. His aim was to become an absolute monarch. He lacked quickness of perception, and was very hard to convince or persuade : while his age was an age of transition, when new ideas were working, and new issues arising, demanding the most original as well as the most firm statesmanship. He had deeply imbibed his father's notion that an Episcopal Church was the most consistent with the proper authority of kings ; and he adopted severe measures against the Puritans in England and the Presbyterians in Scotland. His first Parliament, which assembled on i8th June, 1625, was not lavish in granting supplies, and was accordingly dissolved on I2th August. A second Parlia ment met on 6th February, 1626, and was as unready to vote money as the first. It also impeached Buckingham ; whereupon the King dissolved it, threw into prison two 26 Collection of Engraved Portraits Charles I. {continued): — of the boldest members of the opposition — Sir John Eliot and Mr. Dudley Digges — and then raised money by forced loans and a tax upon the seaports ("ship money"), imposed by the exercise of his own authority. But all expedients, legal or illegal, were inadequate, and Charles was at length forced to call a third Parliament, which met on 17th March, 1628. In this body the opposition was stronger than ever, and, resolute to maintain the liberties of the nation, it framed the Petition of Right. After some fencing, Charles reluctantly agreed to the petition. Meanwhile the English arms were covered with disgrace abroad ; yet the King still persisted in retaining Buckingham at the head both of his councils and of his army. The assassination of the favourite in August, 1628, removed at least one cause of strife. Parliament re-assembled after the recess on 26th January, 1629, but gave little comfort to the King, and on loth March he angrily dissolved it. He even caused some of the leading members of the Commons, including Coke and Eliot, to be imprisoned. Charles now tried to govern without a Parliament, having Strafford and Laud for his chief advisers. Strafford introduced a military despotism, re vived the Court of the Star Chamber, and organised the Council of York, by which the whole administration of justice was put under arbitrary control ; while the Court of High Commission, under Archbishop Laud, exercised a similar tyranny in ecclesiastical matters. By the extreme High Church assumptions of that prelate, the Puritans of England were led to believe that Charles was bent on re-introducing Roman Catholicism. At length, in 1638, Scotland, maddened by the King's attempt, at the instigation of Laud, to force Episcopacy upon her, rose in arms. Unable to do without supplies any longer, Charles summoned a Parliament in 1640, which, instead of listening to his demands, began to draw up a statement of public grievances. On 5 th May, within twenty days after its Exhibited at Guildhall. 27 Charles I. {continued) -. — assembling, Charles dissolved it, and mustered an army to resist the Scots, who had entered England ; but he was defeated at Newburn-upon-Tyne, and the Scots advanced southward. Much against his will, Charles was now compelled to call a Parliament, whose memorable sittings began on 3rd November, 1640. Both Houses were reso lute in their opposition to his proposals. The Commons first impeached, and then proceeded by attainder against Strafford and Laud; declared the decrees of the Star Chamber and Court of High Commission to be null and void, and passed a Bill in favour of triennial Parliaments, to which the King gave his assent. He also assented, although against his own convictions, to the execution of Strafford ; and in desperation allowed a plainly unconsti tutional Act to become law — an Act which provided that the present Parliament should not be dissolved, prorogued, or adjourned, except with its own consent. Early in August, 1 64 1, Charles, hoping to win the favour of the Scots, visited Scotland ; but whilst he was there a rebellion broke out in Ireland, accompanied by a fearful massacre of Protestants (October). The prospect of a peaceful arrangement was now almost destroyed ; Parlia ment insisted on further concessions ; the King, after seeming to yield, suddenly appeared on 4th January, 1642, with a force of armed men in the House of Com mons, and demanded that five members — Pym, Hampden, Hollis, Hesilrige, and Strode — should be surrendered to him on a charge of high treason. Both Houses of Parlia ment and the City of London espoused the cause of the five members, who had escaped ; and the King, a week later, left Whitehall for Hampton Court. Parliament forthwith declared the kingdom in danger. On 23rd April the King attempted to gain admission into the city of Hull. The military governor. Sir John Hotham, kept him out, an act which received the warm approval of the Commons. Parliament now prepared for war. They proposed terms to the King which they well knew he would refuse. On 12th July they voted to raise an army. 28 Collection of Engraved Portraits •Charles I. {continued) -. — On 22nd August, Prince Rupert having joined the King, the Royal standard was erected on Nottingham Castle. For some time the Royalists had the advantage; had they been united, they might have triumphed and utterly overthrown the Parliamentarians ; but in the end they were unable to stand against the "new model" army under Fairfax and Cromwell. Negotiations were from time to time opened or renewed, but always in vain. After the battle of Naseby, on 15th June, 1645, in which his army was almost annihilated, Charles was compelled to seek refuge in the Scottish camp, near Newark (April, 1646). There had previously been some attempts at negotiation with the leaders of the Parliament and of the army, neither of whom he chose to trust, while neither dared to trust him. The Scots were unwilling to take the side of the King as long as he refused to allow the establishment of a Presbyterian Church in England ; and on the withdrawal of their army into Scotland in January, 1647, they gave him up to the Parliamentary Commis sioners for the sum of ;^400,ooo (half cash down, half credit). Terms were offered him by the Independents, but the King refused to concede anything, broke off all communication with the army, and entered once more into negotiation with the Presbyterians. The discovery of a fatal letter to his wife, in which he assured her that he desired for those rogues, Ireton and Cromwell, no reward but that " for a silken garter they should be fitted with a hempen rope," hastened his doom. Having been taken on 4th June, by Cornet Joyce, out of the hands of the Commissioners, and brought to the army, then lying at Triploe Heath, near Cambridge, and now in open rebellion against the Parliament, he was carried on i6th August to Hampton Court, from which he escaped on I Ith November, fled to the Isle of Wight, and put himself under the protection of Colonel Hammond, the Governor of Carisbrooke Castle. Here he was confined till 30th November, 1648, when, by an order of the council of oiificers in the army, he was removed to Hurst Castle, on Charles IX., King of France. No. 13. Exhibited at Guildhall. 29 Charles I. {continued) -. — the opposite coast of Hampshire. The now dominant army promptly suppressed all risings in his favour. The Scots, led by the Duke of Hamilton as representing the Presbyterian interest, were routed by Cromwell at Warrington, in Lancashire, on 19th August. The House of Commons was invaded by Colonel Pride, with a strong detachment of soldiers, and a large number of Presby terians excluded (6th December). A court was com posed of men from the army, the " Rump," or remnant of the House of Commons, and the City of London, to try the King. The trial, presided over by John Bradshaw, a cousin of Cromwell's, took place publicly in West minster Hall, and lasted from the 20th to the 27th January, 1649. It resulted in the condemnation of Charles to death as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and enemy of his country. The Scots protested, the Royal family entreated, and the Court of France and States-General of the Netherlands interceded, but in vain. On 30th January, Charles was beheaded on a scaffold erected outside one of the windows of the Banqueting House, at Whitehall, in presence of a vast and pitying crowd. " The dignity which he had failed to preserve in his long jangling with Bradshaw and the Judges," says Mr. J. R. Green, "returned at the call of death. Whatever had been the faults and follies of his life," " He nothing common did, or mean, Upon that memorable scene, But with his keener eye The axe's edge did try ; Nor called the gods with vulgar spite To vindicate his helpless right. But bowed his comely head Down, as upon a bed." Andrew Marvell, His body was conveyed to Windsor, and on Sth February was buried in St. George's Chapel without any service. " This prince was of a comely presence ; of a sweet, but melancholy aspect : his face was regular, handsome, and well-complexioned ; his body strong, healthy, and justly proportioned ; and being of a middle stature, he was capable of enduring the greatest fatigues : he excelled in horsemanship and other exercises ; and he possessed all the exterior, as well as many of the essential qualities which form an accomplished prince. 30 Collection of Engraved Portraits Charles I. {continued)-.— " He deserves the epithet of a good rather than of a great man; and was more fitted to rule in a regular estabhshed government, than either to give way to the encroachments of a popular assembly, or finally to subdue their pretensions : he wanted suppleness and dexterity sufficient for the first measure ; he was not endowed with the vigour requisite for the second. Had he been born an absolute prince, his humanity and good sense had rendered his reign happy and his memory precious : had the limitations and prerogative been in his time quite fixed and certain, his integrity had made him regard as sacred the boundaries of the constitution : unhappily, his fate threw him into a period when the precedents of many former reigns savoured strongly of arbitrary power, and the genius of the people ran violently towards liberty : and if his political prudence was not sufficient to extricate him from so perilous a situation, he may be excused ; since even after the event, when it is commonly easy to correct all errors, one is at a loss to determine what conduct, in his circumstances, could have maintained the authority of the Crown, and preserved the peace of the nation. Exposed without revenue, without arms, to the assault of furious, implacable, and bigoted factions, it was never permitted him, but with the most fatal con sequences, to commit the smallest mistake ; a condition too rigorous to be imposed on the greatest human capacity. " — David Hume. " The stately reserve, the personal dignity and decency of manners which distinguished the Prince, contrasted favourably with the gabble and indecorum of his father. The courtiers indeed who saw him in his youth would often pray God that ' he might be in the right way when he was set ; for if he were in the wrong, he would prove the most wilful of any king that ever reigned.' .... In the marriage with Henrietta Maria lay the doom of his race. It was the fierce and despotic temper of the French woman that was to nerve Charles more than all to his fatal struggle against English liberty. It was her bigotry — as the Commons foresaw — that under mined the Protestantism of her sons. It was when the religious and the political temper of Henrietta mounted the throne in James the Second that the full import of the French marriage was seen in the downfall of the Stuarts."— _/. R. Green. " Perhaps the most bitter political enemy of Charles I. will have the candour to allow that, for a prince of those times, he was truly and eminently accomplished. His knowledge of the arts was considerable ; and, as a patron of art, he stands foremost amongst all British sovereigns to this hour. He said truly of himself, and wisely as to the principle, that he understood English law as well as a gentleman ought to understand it ; meaning that an attorney's minute knowledge of forms and technical niceties was illiberal. Speaking of him as an author, we must remember that the Eikon Basiliki is still unappropriated ; that question is still open. But supposing the King's claim negatived, still, in his controversy with Henderson, in his negotiations at the Isle of W^ight and elsewhere, he discovered a power of argument, a learning, and a strength of memory, which are truly admirable ; whilst the whole of his accomplishments are recommended by a modesty and a humility as rare as they are unaffected." — De Quincey. 13.— CHARLES IX., King of France. (1550— 1574-) Engraver — M. Ziindt. Born at St. Germain-en-Laye on 27th June, 1550. The second son of Henry II. and Catherine de' Medici, he Exhibited at Guildhall. 31 Charles IX. {continued) -. — succeeded his brother, Francis II., on 5 th December, 1560, when only ten years old. His mother became Regent, and Anthony of Navarre Lieutenant of the Kingdom. During Charles's youth there was fierce and continual war between the Huguenots, under Conde and Coligny, and the Duke of Guise and his adherents ; but after the battle of Moncontour, won by Henry, Duke of Anjou, the younger brother of the King, peace was for a while restored (1569). The King himself, his mother, and the whole Court, seemed to be reconciled to the Hugue nots ; Coligny was received into familiar friendship by his boyish sovereign, who fondly called him "father," and treated him as his chief adviser; the young Huguenot King of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., was married to the King's sister. Marguerite ; the other leaders of the party were welcomed at Court. Charles, above all, tried to foster concord and friendship between the recent enemies, so that those uninitiated in the secret councils of the Court were assured of their safety, when suddenly it was reported that Admiral Coligny had been shot at by a man commonly known as the King's assassin. This was an awful warning, but it was too late for the Huguenots to take measures for their security — they were unarmed and disorganised. About daybreak on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572, at a signal from the Louvre, the Catholics of Paris rose in arms, and mercilessly slaughtered their opponents, who had confided in the word of the King. It is difficult to determine what part Charles played in this fearful tragedy. His consent was wrung from him, it is said, in an agony of passion, by Catherine de' Medici. That terrible woman drew from him the frantic excla mation, which was construed as an order: "Well, then, kill all the Huguenots in France, that none may be left to reproach me. Mort Dieu! Kill them all." However, next day he avowed the act, declaring that it had been proved necessary in order to check a dangerous conspiracy against the throne. The memory of the event tortured 32 Collection of Engraved Portraits Charles IX. {continued) : — him till his death, which occurred at Vincennes on 30th May, 1574. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Maxi milian II., whom he married on 26th November, 1570, he had no children. Charles left a work on hunting, entitled La Chasse Royale, first printed in 1625; an edition of which, published in 1857, contains also several poems by him. "He was powerless : all he could do was to die. He was not yet twenty-five years old. In spite of all his vices and faults, we feel some pity, as we draw the veil over the features of this wretched king. He had a heart, — he was capable of remorse ; he might have been so much better and nobler, had he not come in such times. His last words were touching : ' he rejoiced that he left no heir in such an age : for he knew of his own sad experience how wretched the state of a child-king; how wretched the kingdom over which a child ruled.' He added that France needed a man for its ruler, — not a Henry of Anjou, however, but a Henry of Navarre." — Kitchin. "Charles . . . was (we are told) a good poet. It is quite certain that while he lived his verses were admired. Brantome does not, indeed, tell us that this king was the best poet in Europe ; but he assures us that ' he made very genteel quatrains impromptu, without thinking (for he had seen several of them); and when it was wet or gloomy weather, or very hot, he would send for the poets into his cabinet, and pass his time there with them.' Had he always passed his time thus, and, above all, had he made good verses, we should not have had a St. Bartholomew: he would not, have fired with a carbine through his window upon his own subjects, as if they had been a covey of partridges." — Voltaire. 14.— CHARLES XII., King of Sweden. (1682— 1718.) Engraver—:/. Smith. Born at Stockholm on 27th June, 1682, the eldest son of Charles XI. (1655 — 1697), by whose care he received an excellent education. It is said that his favourite book was Quintus Curtius's account of the exploits of Alexander, whose career his own so closely resembled. He was only in his 15th year when he was declared by the States- General to have attained his majority, and succeeded to the throne (1697). The first few months of his reign were chiefly devoted to amusement, such as bear-hunting. Before long, however, a league between Russia, Denmark, and Saxony was brought about by Patkul, a Livonian arOlK.S XII.2U. if. Svecmim^ (^athonun,, U lajzdaloTLun cR£0S.yV{^a/tiiMLffia6, Uucpaule plzuXVm'ffiutcu e£l^ra6cs a.&ce.dip-u^ '^^fas'te. .ium./PHtSc£naj: e^et} yfi6Syi>^n:^.suj5?denfraiileSjCanircL^oi etff'alcviej,v^^^ %}'iitvi.'J'-ri.i,e3K{}tifi iaicSir^euie..:^B'^'Paa9r , i^A^n,^ r^.j.A ,*w'l'-' -^^«/ ^a„^ Jlllllili (I Kl llll Charles XII., Kino of Sweden No, 14. Exhibited at Guildhall. 'H Charles XII. {continued) -. — noble who had been ill-used by Charles XL, and, taking shelter in Russia, had been appointed by the Czar his ambassador at Dresden. The Danes commenced hos tilities by invading the territories of Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who had married Hedwig Sophia, the sister of Charles. Frederick hurried to Stockholm for assistance, and Charles, entering with ardour into the enterprise, proposed immediate operations against Den mark. Having obtained by the treaty of the Hague promises of aid from England and Holland^ he embarked at Carlscrona in May, 1700, for the island of Zeeland. On nearing the place of landing he leaped into the sea, and was the first man on the enemy's soil. The Danes, inferior in numbers, withdrew at his approach, and their king, seeing Copenhagen besieged by land and sea, deserted the alliance, and sued for a separate peace, which was concluded at Travendal on Sth August, 1700. Charles was now free to turn his arms against Russia and Poland. From this time forth he affected those Spartan habits which distinguished him for the rest of his Wie. Wine was banished from his table ; coarse bread was often his only food ; at night he slept upon the floor, or even on the ground in the open air, with no other covering save his cloak. His whole wardrobe consisted of a suit of blue cloth, with huge copper buttons. Meanwhile Augustus IL, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, had laid siege to Riga, then a Swedish town, while Peter the Great was threatening Narva and the Swedish province of Livonia, on the Gulf of Finland. With lightning rapidity Charles dashed across Livonia into Esthonia, where he attacked the Russian army before Narva with but 10,000 men against 50,000, and completely routed it (30th November, 1700). Then turning southward, Charles marched against the Saxon and Polish armies, defeated them on the banks of the Dwina, and raised the siege of Riga. At Clissow he gained another victory against Augustus (19th July, 1702), which resulted in his occupying Poland, and con ferring the crown upon his friend Stanislas Leszczynski, G 34 Collection of Engraved Portraits Charles XII. {continued) :— the young palatine of Posnania. He now carried the war into Saxony, which so terrified Augustus that he was glad to meet Charles in conference at Altranstadt, where a treaty of peace was signed on 24th September, 1706. By it Augustus resigned all claims to the throne of Poland, and surrendered to the conqueror the unhappy Patkul, against whom the vengeance of Charles was par ticularly excited, and whom he cruelly sentenced to be broken on the wheel. The time was now come when Charles was to turn the weight of his arms and his military genius exclusively against Russia. By September, 1707, he was prepared to invade that country at the head of 43,000 men. It will be noticed that he marched almost by the very route which Napoleon followed with ten times the number of troops a little more than a century later, and shared pretty much the same fate. In January, 1708, Charles suddenly broke up his camp, surprised and almost captured the Czar at Grodno, and advanced with but little opposition from the retreating Russians. He next forced the Beresina at Borisov, and stormed the Russian lines at Golovtchin, wading through the Vabis up to his chin. The way to Moscow lay almost open before him, but, on reaching Smolensk, Charles was induced by Mazeppa, the hetmann of the Cossacks, to turn southward toward the Ukraine, where the hetmann promised to join him with 30,000 Cossacks and abundant supplies. But Mazeppa's designs were discovered and frustrated by the Russians, and soon afterwards Charles learned that General Leven- haupt, who was attempting to join him with a reinforce ment of 15,000 men, had been waylaid and defeated by the Czar at Liesna. After wasting the summer in useless warfare, the Swedes were forced to pass the severe winter of 1708-9 in an enemy's country, in constant want of provisions. Still Charles clung to the hope of being able to fight his way to Moscow. In the spring, with a force reduced by cold and privation to 23,000 men, he besieged Pultowa, but met with a stubborn resistance. In July the Czar appeared at the head of an army 70,000 strong. Exhibited at Guildhall. 35 Charles XII. {continued) -. — On the 7th, while reconnoitring the enemy, Charles was badly wounded in the thigh, and in the battle which took place next day had to issue his commands from a litter, instead of heading his troops and inspiring them with his impetuous courage. The battle ended in a complete victory for the Russians. Charles, escaping with the greatest difficulty, fled with a handful of followers across the Bug into Turkish territory, was hospitably received by the Turks at Bender, on the Dniester, and allowed to fix his residence by the Ottoman Porte. Charles now employed his energies in bringing about a war between Turkey and Russia. His efforts proved at first successful; the Turks, in 17 11, with an army of 200,000 men, hemmed Peter in on the Pruth, and the Czar would have been either killed or taken had not his as yet unacknowledged wife, afterwards empress as Catherine I., bribed the Grand Vizier with her jewels to conclude an armistice. Charles, deeply mortified, removed to Vranitza, where he lingered till 17 13, vainly endeavouring to produce another war with Russia. In the meantime, the Swedish provinces were being overrun by Danes, Saxons, Poles, and Russians. At length Charles received an intimation that he must quit Turkey, and on his per sistently refusing to do so, he was seized, after a desperate resistance (12th February, I7i3),and removed to Demotica, near Adrianople. Here he remained ten months in bed, shamming sickness, until, becoming convinced that nothing was to be gained from the Porte, he despatched polite adieux to Constantinople, disguised himself, and set out suddenly with only two attendants. By dint of hard riding by day, and sleeping in a carriage or cart at night, he arrived in sixteen days at his own town of Stralsund, in Swedish Pomerania. Immediately his return became known, the city was besieged by a combined army of Saxons, Danes, Prussians, and Russians. It was defended by Charles with wondrous skill for nearly a year; but, being forced to capitulate on 23rd December, 171 5, he retired to Lund, in Scania, where he set himself to defend his coasts. In March, 1716, he invaded Norway with a 3^ Collection of Engraved Portraits Charles XII. {continued): — small army, but with no important result. At this time his chief adviser was the Baron von Goi-tz, a German officer. Gortz's policy, with which Charles fully agreed, was to gain over Peter the Great by ceding to him the Baltic provinces of Sweden, by his aid to conquer Norway, and then to land a small army in Scotland, and with the help of the Jacobites dethrone George I. in favour of the Pretender. It proved no very difficult matter to negotiate a peace with the Czar. Charles thereupon advanced into Norway, occupied in turn several provinces, and in the eariy winter of 171 8 laid siege to the fortress of Fredriks- hall. On Sunday, 30th November, he was shot through the head while standing in the trenches at night exposed to the enemy's fire. His tomb is in the chapel opposite to that where the remains of Gustavus Adolphus lie, in the Royal mausoleum in the Ridderholms Church in Stockholm. "The walls," we learn, "are decorated with trophies of his various battles, including a standard taken with his own hands in Poland. The hat, clothes, and sword worn by him at the time of his death are preserved in the chapel." " Thus fell Charles XII., King of Sweden, at the age of thirty-six years and a-half, after having experienced the greatest share of prosperity, and the most cruel pangs of adversity, without being enervated by the one, or shaken, even for a moment, by the other. Almost all his actions, even those of his private life, bordered on the marvellous. He is perhaps the only one of all mankind, and hitherto the only one among kings, who has lived without a single frailty. He carried all the virtues of heroes to an excess, where they are as dangerous as their opposite vices. His resolution, hardened into obstinacy, occasioned his misfortunes in the Ukraine, and detained him five years in Turkey ; his liberality, degenerating into profiision, ruined Sweden ; his courage, approximating even to rashness, was the cause of his death ; his justice has sometimes extended to cruelty ; and, during the last years of his reign, the means he employed to support his authority differed little from tyranny. His great qualities, any one of which would have been sufficient to have immortalised another prince, proved the mis fortune of his country. He never was the aggressor; yet, in taking vengeance, he was more implacable than prudent. He was the first man who ever aspired to the title of conqueror, without the least de-sire of enlarging his own dominions ; and whose only object in subduing kingdoms was to enjoy the pleasure of giving them away. His passion for glory, for war, and revenge, prevented him from being a good politician, a quality without which the worid had never before known any one as a conqueror. Before a battle, and after a victory he was modest and humble; and, after a defeat, firm and undaunted ; inflexible towards others as well as towards himself, estimating as nothing the fatigues and lives of his subjects anv more than his own ; rather an extraordinary than a great man, and more worthy to be admired than imitated." — Voltaire. »<^ nv.mjr Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, No, 15, v/era Effiaies Viri Lqiuli.< .lur.ili nuper acL. Placita ¦coram arifi.EDQVRDI GOKl Capitalis lurticiani Rc^e tenenda alsipnat P L;i^..,J: Sir Edward Coke, Exhibited at Guildhall. 17 IS— PHILIP STANHOPE, Earl of Chesterfield. (1755—1815.) Engraver-^. R. Smith. Born 28th Novemljer, 1755, the son of Arthur Charles Stanhope, Esq., and his second wife Margaret, daughter and co-heiress of Charles Headlam, Esq., of Kexby, in Yorkshire. Succeeded his kinsman, the celebrated statesman and wit, as sth Earl, 24th March, 1773. In 1789 he held office as Master of the Mint ; in 1790, and again in 1794, he was appointed one of the Postmasters- General, and was made Master of the Horse in 1798, which ofiice he continued to hold until 1804. In January of the following year he received the Order of the Garter. Died at Bretby, Derbyshire, 29th August, 181 5. 16.— SIR EDWARD COKE. (1552— 1633-) Engraver — D. Loggan. Born at Mileham, in Norfolk, on ist February, 1552, the only surviving son of Robert Coke of that place, a barrister and bencher of Lincoln's Inn, by Winifred, daughter and co-heiress of William Knightley, of Morgrave Knightley, in the same county. From the grammar school of Norwich he passed in September, 1567, to Trinity College, Cambridge ; and after a course of three years and a-half, on 2 1st January, 1571, he was admitted a student of Clifford's Inn. In the following year, on 24th April, he was entered of the Inner Temple; on 20th April, 1578, he was called to the bar, and within a year after his call was chosen reader at Lyon's Inn. His wide and accurate legal knowledge, and the ability with which he argued the intricate cases of Lord Cromwell and Edward Shelley, soon secured him an immense practice, and caused him to be universally recognised as the greatest lawyer of his day. About 1585 he was chosen Recorder of Coventry; 38 Collection of Engraved Portraits Sir Edward Coke {continued) : — in 1586, Recorder of Norwich; and in 1592, Recorder of London, Solicitor-General, and autumn reader of the Inner Temple. The appearance of the plague soon after wards compelled him to withdraw from London to his seat at Huntingfield, in Suffolk ; and in his progress thither he says that " nine of the benchers, forty of the bar, and other fellows of the Inner Temple" accompanied him as far as Romford. In 1593 he was returned as member of Parliament for his native county, and was also chosen Speaker of the House of Commons. On loth April, 1594, he became Attorney-General, despite the claims of Bacon, who was warmly supported by the Earl of Essex. As Crown lawyer, his treatment of the accused was marked by more than the harshness and violence common in his time. In the trial of the Earls of Essex and Southampton for high treason (February, 1 601), Coke gave an early sample of that foul-mouthed style of oratory, fulsome adulation of Royalty, and undignified behaviour which he repeated in a still more disgusting degree at the trial of Raleigh (November, 1603), and at the trials of the conspirators in the Gunpowder Plot (January, 1606). In August, 1582, Coke had married Bridget, the daughter and heiress of John Paston, of Huntingfield, in Suffolk, receiving with her a fortune of £10,000. He lived happily with her until her death on 27th June, 1592. Within five months after this event he sought the hand of Lady Elizabeth Hatton, relict of Sir William Hatton, and daughter of Thomas Cecil, Lord Burleigh. Bacon was again his rival, and again unsuccessful ; the rich young widow became — not, however, to his future happiness — Coke's second wife on 6th November, 1598. It was on this occasion that, having been arraigned before the Archbishop's Court for irregularity in solemnising his marriage without license or proclamation of banns, he escaped by pleading ignorance of the law. In June, 1606, Coke was made Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas; but in October, 1613, he was removed to Exhibited at Guildhall. 39 Sir Edward Coke {continued): — the office of Chief-Justice of the King's Bench, which gave him less opportunity of interfering with the Court. The change, though it brought promotion in dignity, caused a diminution of income as well as of power ; but Coke received some compensation in being appointed a member of the Privy Council on 4th November. His conduct as a judge deserves high praise. Upright and independent, with a high notion of the dignity and importance of his office, he did not, in an age of judicial sycophancy, hesitate to oppose any illegal encroachment by Royalty. He has the credit of having repeatedly braved the anger of the King. At length his firm procedure — or "turbulent carriage," as James preferred to call it — in the celebrated case of the Commendams, in which he refused to be guided by the views of the royal prerogative as propounded by the King himself, was followed by his removal from office on 15 th November, 1 616. He regained, however, so much of the royal favour as to be re-appointed to the Privy Council in September, 16 1 7, and during the next three years was employed in various commissions. A new and even more eventful career now opened for him. In 1620 Coke was elected member of Parliament for Liskeard, and henceforth he was one of the most prominent of the Constitutional Opposition. It was Coke who proposed a remonstrance against the growth of Popery and the marriage of Prince Charles to the Infanta of Spain, and who led the Commons in the decisive step of entering on the Journal of the House the famous Petition of the i8th December, 162 1, insisting on the freedom of parliamentary discussion, and the liberty of speech of every individual member. In consequence he was committed to the Tower. His incarceration lasted seven months, at first without intercourse with his family or friends ; and even when he obtained his discharge in August, 1622, he was commanded to remain in his house at Stoke-Pogis, in Buckinghamshire, during the King's pleasure. In the Pariiament of February, 1624, Coke 40 Collection of Engraved Portraits Sir Edward Coke {continued) : — took his seat as member for Coventry. Of the first and second Parliaments of Charles I. he was again a member, sitting on both occasions for his own county. From the second Parliament he was excluded by being appointed Sheriff" of Buckinghamshire. In 1628 he was at once returned for both Buckinghamshire and Suffolk, and he elected to sit for the former county. Though now far advanced in years, he exerted himself with all the energy of youth in his various parliamentary duties. He originated and took a very conspicuous part in drawing up the famous Petition of Right, which, chiefiy by his arguments and perseverance, was carried through the House of Lords. The last act of his public life was to denounce the Duke of Buckingham, whose reckless policy .he exposed as the cause of much present and prospective misery to the country. At the close of the session he retired to Stoke-Pogis, where he occupied the five years that remained to him in preparing for the press those works on which his fame is lastingly established, and which are still of the utmost importance to all who would know anything of the history of English law and practice. He died on 3rd September, 1633, being then nearly eighty-two years of age, repeating with his last breath the words, " Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done," and was buried in the church of Tittleshall, in Norfolk, where a marble monument, bearing his effigy at full length, is erected to his memory. "James sent for them [the judges] to the royal closet. He rated them like schoolboys, till they fell on their knees, and, with a single exception, pledged themselves to obey his will. The one exception was the Chief Justice, Sir Edward Coke, a narrow-minded and bitter-tempered man, but of the highest eminence as a lawyer, and with a reverence for the law that overrode every other instinct. He had for some time been forced to evade the King's questions and ' closetings ' on judicial cases by timely withdrawal from the royal presence. But now that he was driven to answer, he answered well. When any case came before him, he said he would act as it became a judge to act."— y. R. Green. " His most learned and laborious works on the Laws will last to be admired by the judicious posterity whilst fame hath a trumpet left her and any breath to blow therein. His judgment lately passed for an Oracle in Law ; and if, since, the credit thereof hath causelessly been questioned, the wonder is not great. If the Prophet himself, living in an incredulous age, found cause to complain. Who hath believed our Report? it need not seem strange that our licentious times have afforded some to shake the authentical- ness of the Reports of any earthly Judge."— TV/owiw Fuller The Brothers Coligny, No, 17, Exhibited at Guildhall. 41 17.— THE BROTHERS COLIGNY. Painter — C. Visscher. Engraver — S. Duval. Odet de Coligny (1515 — 1571), Cardinal de ChdtiUon, was born on loth July, 1515, second son of the Marshal Gaspard I. de Coligny and Louise de Montmorency. On 7th November, 1533, he was raised to the purple by Pope Clement VII., having previously been made Archbishop of Toulouse in 1524, and Bishop-Count of Beauvais in 1525. He was also appointed Abbe Commanditaire of a large number of abbeys. In 1534 he assisted at the conclave which elected Paul III. In 1544 he ceded all his rights in the Chitillon succession to his two brothers. In 1550 he was again in Italy at the conclave which resulted in the election of Pope Julius III. Four years later he promulgated his Constitutiones Synodales, with a view to remedy the abuses of his diocese. Having embraced Calvinism, he was excommunicated by Pius IV. on 31st March, 1563. In 1565 he publicly espoused, "in his red robes," Elisabeth de Hauteville, who was some times called, in spite of the ecclesiastical curse, " Madame la Cardinale," or "la Comtesse de Beauvais." Shortly afterwards, Odet, arrayed in cardinal's robes, presented his wife at Court. In the civil wars that followed he took an active part. After the battle of St. Denis, on loth November, 1567, Odet sought refuge with his wife in England, where Elizabeth received him favourably, and where he continued to serve the cause of the reformed religion. Peace having been concluded in 1570, he determined to return to France, but died at Hampton Court on 14th February, 1571, from the effects of poison administered to him by one of his valets. " A politician, wary, persuasive, and h.x-%e.Axig.'"— Walter Besant. Gaspard II.de Coligny (1517— 1572), Admiral of France, was born at Chdtillon-sur-Loing, the hereditary domain of his house, on i6th February, 15 17. At twenty- two he was introduced at Court by his uncle, and there con- 42 Collection of Engraved Portraits The Brothers Coligny {continued) : — tracted a friendship with Francis of Guise. In the campaign of 1543 he distinguished himself greatly, and was wounded at the sieges of Montm^dy and Bains. In 1544 he served in the Italian campaign under the Due d'Enghien, and was knighted on the field of CerisoUes (1544). Returning to France, he took part in different military operations ; and having been made Colonel-General of the infantry in 1547 exhibited great capacity and intelligence as a military reformer. Indeed he may be said to have introduced the modern military discipline. On nth November, 1552, he was made Admiral in room of D'Annebaut At the battle of Renty (15 54) began the quarrel between him and Francis of Guise which was to bring such evil on both their houses and on their native land ; and the enmity was increased tenfold in 1556 by the rupture, at the instance of Guise, of the Treaty of Vauxcelles. Appointed Governor of Picardy, he displayed remarkable intrepidity in conducting the defence of St. Quentin against the Spanish troops (1557). Although all hopes of holding the town were gone, Coligny refused to surrender, and was taken prisoner while fighting desperately at the head of a few soldiers, and confined in the stronghold of L'Ecluse, but recovered his liberty on paying a ransom of 50,000 crowns. He wrote a memoir of the siege, which was first published in 1623. By this time he had become a Huguenot, through the persuasions of his brother Andelot, and he secretly endeavoured to secure a land of refuge for his co-religionists, a colony of whom he sent to Brazil, whence they were afterwards expelled by the Portuguese. After the death of Henry II., in 1559, Coligny came boldly forward as the leader of the Huguenots, and his attempts, in concert with Louis, Prince of Condd, to obtain religious liberty for his followers, having been defeated by the policy of Francis of Guise and Catherine de' Medici, he reluctantly took up arms in 1562. At the battle of Dreux, fought on 19th December in that year, the Prince of Conde was taken prisoner. In 1563, Exhibited at Guildhall. 43 The Brothers Coligny {continued): — however, the Pacification of Amboise was effected, Francis of Guise was assassinated, and peace was maintained for some years. The Huguenot attempt to seize on the person of Charles IX.,at Monceaux, brought about a resumption of hostilities. At St. Denis (1567), Coligny defeated Mont morency; on 13th March, 1569, he was defeated at Jarnac by the Duke of Anjou and Tavannes, and the Prince of Cond6 treacherously shot. Coligny thereupon repaired with the remains of his army to Cognac, where he was joined by the Prince of Navarre. The two laid siege to Poitiers, which was defended by Henry of Guise ; but the siege was raised, and the Huguenots were defeated at Mon contour on 3rd October, 1569, with terrible slaughter. In this last encounter, although severely wounded and unable to ride on horseback, Coligny led the retreat from his litter, preserving good order, and presenting an unbroken front to the enemy. It has been justly said of Coligny that he was never more to be dreaded than after a defeat, and he has been called the " general of retreats." A price of 50,000 crowns was set upon the Admiral's head; but the Peace of St. Germain was concluded in August, 1570, and he returned to Court. He was received with open arms by Charles IX. In order to withdraw the King from the pernicious influence of his mother and the faction of the Guises, the Admiral proposed to him a descent on Spanish Flanders with an army drawn from both parties, and commanded by Charles in person. Charles seemed to receive these counsels with great deference, but he was surrounded by courtiers who would not tolerate the influence of a Huguenot, and the great Admiral was destined to be the first victim of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. On 22nd August, 1 572, Coligny was shot in the street by Maurevert, a creature in the pay of Henry of Guise; the bullets, however, only tore a finger from his right hand and shattered his left elbow. The King called on him, appeared to sympathise with his misfortune, and swore that the assassin should not escape punishment; but his mother persuaded him that the 44 Collection of Engraved Portraits The Brothers Coligny {continued) : — Huguenots were about to attempt a massacre of the Catholics in order to gain possession of the throne, and that they must be anticipated. On the 24th August, the night of the massacre, the minions of Guise, led by a German named Behme, invaded the Admiral's house. On entering his room, they were at first overawed by the pres tige of his presence ; but Behme, soon recovering himself, stabbed him in the stomach with a boar spear, and again in the head. The other soldiers then rushed forward and despatched him with daggers. Behme threw the body out of the window into the courtyard to his master, who brutally kicked it with his foot. The head was severed from the body and brought to Catherine, who had it embalmed and sent to Rome. The mangled body, after being dragged through the streets for three days, was hung by the feet to the gibbet of Montfauqon, whither, it it is said, the King and all the Court rode to look at their victim. During the night some faithful retainers stole the headless trunk, and placed it in a leaden coffin. It was taken to Chantilly, the seat of Montmorency, whence it was removed to Chatillon, and walled up for better security. In 1786 the coffin was discovered, and given by the Duke of Luxembourg to the Marquis of Montesquiou, who built a fitting tomb for it in his park of Maupertuis. At the Revolution the remains were removed to Paris, but were finally taken back to Chatillon, where they now repose. Coligny left a history of the civil war — "tres-beau et tr^s-bien faict, et digne d'estre im- prim^," according to Brantome — but it was destroyed, along with other papers, by Catherine de' Medici. He was twice married — in 1547, to Charlotte de Laval, daughter of Guy de Laval and Antoinette de Daillon; and secondly, in 1571, to Jacqueline d'Entremont of Savoy. Francois de Coligny (1521— 1569), Sieur d'Andelot, was born on i8th April, 1521, at Chdtillon-sur-Loing. Exhibited at Guildhall. 45 The Brothers Coligny {continued) : — Andelot, as he was always called, fought with his brother Gaspard at Landrecy, Carignan, and CerisoUes. At the last-named battle both were knighted on the field. In 1547 he was made Inspector-General of Infantry. In 1 548 he took part in the expedition sent to Scotland in order to conduct Mary to France. In Scotland he fought at the battle of Haddington. In 155 1 he was sent to Italy with reinforcements for the Duke of Parma. While in this service he was taken prisoner, and confined for four years in the Castle of Milan. It was during this captivity that he read the works of Calvin, and became a Protestant. On his return to France, in 1555, he succeeded his brother as Colonel-General of Infantry. He escaped from the disastrous affair of St. Quentin by wading breast-deep through the marshes (1557). Next year he was present at the taking of Calais, where his ability evoked the warm praise of his brother's foe, Francis of Guise. Soon after this, Andelot was accused by Henry II. himself of being a Huguenot. His plain ness of speech provoked the King to such an extent that he is reported to have flung a plate at the offender's head. Andelot was sent to prison, his office of Colonel-General of Infantry was taken from him, and it needed all the influence of Montmorency to procure his release. After the battle of Dreux, Andelot, sick with ague and fever, fell back upon Orleans and held the place against Guise (1563). He also directed the siege of Chartres (1568), and was present at the battle of Jarnac (March, 1569). The gallant Andelot died at Saintes, either of fever or of poison, on 27th May, 1569. "Andelot," observes Mr. Besant, " did not possess the military genius of the Admiral, but he was a good soldier, rapid and impetuous, brave to rashness, and a Protestant with as much con viction as the Admiral, and perhaps more fervour. His last words were prophetic, ' La France aura beaucoup de maux . . . mais tout tombera sur I'Espagnol. Je ne r^ve point, mon frere, I'homme de Dieu me I'a dit' " 46 Collection of Engraved Portraits The Brothers Coligny {continued) : — Like his brother, Andelot was married twice — first, in 1 547, to Claude de Rieux, Countess of Laval and Mont- fort, a cousin of the Admiral's wife ; and secondly to Anne de Salmy. ' ' In truth, there is no grander figure in the sixteenth century than that of the great Admiral. One thinks of him as grave, but not stern ; severe ill speech, simple in life, but no bigot ; sadly working at what lies before him to be done, yet always hoping for better things ; trusted by all alike, friend and foe ; trusting all in turn, save when he could trust no longer ; always believing the best of everybody ; never afraid, never cast down, never losing his hold on hope, faith, and charity ; his mind continually full of high and lofty things. "Again, one turns from the stern picture of Coligny, stru^ling with adverse fate, to that quiet home-life which looks so fair and beautiful, but of which he could enjoy so little. He and his two brothers lived undivided, actuated by the same motives, hopeful of the same results. Their ambitions, their faith, their aims were one. There exists a medallion which figures the three brothers side by side ; but the Admiral is the central figure of the three. I think the world has never seen three brothers so remarkable. Or he is with his wife and children, directing their studies, watching them at their play ; talking with Charlotte de Laval over the brave days that may come when the oppressors are cast out ; seeking solace among his pictures, books, and statuary, or quietly working out some plan of relief for the Protestant Church. " Note again, that, in an age of treachery, dissimulation, and universal bad faith, not one has a word to say against any of these three brothers. Their lives were acknowledged by their enemies to be absolutely blameless ; their word was sacred. From the Pope to the most fanatic monk, not one had a charge to make against the Admiral, Andelot, or the Cardinal, except that they were heretics. ' ' There was no one like him ; not one, even among our Elizabethan heroes, so true and loyal, so religious and so steadfast, as the great Admiral. He has become a proverb for fidelity, honesty, and courage. His name has sunk into the hearts of Frenchmen more than that of any other man." — Walter Besant. 1 8.— COSIMO DE' MEDICI II., Grand Duke OF Tuscany. (1590 — 1621.) Engraver— iViVm Frtfjurr . .rnJ fnvrMrcicc h}i~dnnlf,hinjj tfi/rforc tltCM-fmJ \n n.-'inhr jwtlh the lnholc Notuih^ Ana Chiualnc of rrauiiu- -T/u- Timqc ti'u,^Jciirc vcrc ajhr raunfoni,Lat Uuc huiiArct' r^jvj^nrf ysuiuL ij6o . He Jtai the- d^^ cttjls c^c J-^-r^-' and' iuth lyuvioi ui 'CanUrynrw Edward the Black Prince. Exhibited at Guildhall. 67 25.— EDWARD, THE Black Prince. Engraver — R. Elstracke. (1330— 1376.) Son of Edward III. of England, and of Philippa of Hainault, was born at Woodstock on 15th June, 1330. In 1337 he was created Duke of Cornwall, and in 1343 Prince of Wales. He received his surname from the colour of his armour. In his sixteenth year he accompanied his father's fourth expedition against France, and held the nominal command of the largest and most actively engaged division of the English forces in the battle of Crecy. Among the slain was John of Luxembourg, the blind king of Bohemia, whose crest of three ostrich feathers, with the motto Ich Dien (I serve), was adopted by the Prince of Wales, and has ever since been borne by his suc cessors. In September, 1356, he gained the great victory of Poictiers, and took the French king, John, prisoner. Returning to England in 1357, he entered London in triumphant procession, accompanied by his illustrious captive. During the peace which followed the treaty of Bretigny he was married to his cousin Joan, "the Fair Maid of Kent," of whom he was the third husband. By this marriage, which was celebrated in 1 36 1, the Black Prince had one son, who succeeded to the throne as Richard II. In the same year, 1361, Edward III. united all his dominions between the Loire and the Pyrenees into one principality, and be stowed it upon his son, with the title of Duke of Aquitaine. There Pedro the Cruel sought refuge from Castile, and the prince undertook to replace him on his throne, on his promising to defray the cost of the ex pedition. Accordingly, in 1367 he marched through the valley of Roncesvallcs and by Pamplona to the frontiers of Castile, met and defeated Pedro's rival, Henry of Trastamare, on the plains between Navarrete and Najera, and, after waiting some months for the pro- 68 Collection of Engraved Portraits The Black Prince {continued) : — mised payment, returned into Guienne with an ex hausted treasury, the loss of four-fifths of his army, and a shattered constitution. To defray the expenses of his court, perhaps the most magnificent in Europe, and to fulfil his contracts with the troops that had followed him to Spain, he imposed taxes which made him unpopular with his vassals, the Gascon lords. Summoned in 1369 to answer their complaints before King Charles of France, he replied that he would obey and come, but it would be " with helmet on head, and with 60,000 men at his back." War was conse quently again declared between England and France. The city of Limoges, on English territory, was basely surrendered by its bishop to the Duke of Berri. Enraged at this treachery, the prince swore by the "soul of his father" that he would recover the city, and after a month's siege carried it by assault, and mercilessly put to the sword all the inhabitants, without distinction of age or sex. This was the end of his military career, for by the advice of his physicians he returned to England in 1371, his constitution being utterly broken. He lingered on to witness the loss of his duchy to England, and also to originate, but not complete, the measures of the " Good Parliament." Dying at Westminster, on 8th June, 1376, he was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, where his mailed effigy may still be seen. " Thisbatayle bytweene Broy and Cressy, this Saturday, was ryght cruell and fell, and many a feat of armes done, that carae not to my knowledge. . , . . In the mornyng the day of the batayle, certayne frenchemen and almaygnes, perforce opyned the archers of the princes batayle, and came and fought with the men of armes hande to hande ; than the seconde batayle of thenglysshmen came to socour the princes batayle, the whiche was tyme, for they had as than moche ado ; and they with y= prince sent a messanger to the kynge, who was on a lytell wyndmyll hyll ; than the knyght sayd to the kyng, sir, therle of Warwyke, and therle of Cafort, sir Reynolde Cobham, and other, suche as be about the prince your sonne, ar feersly fought with all, and are sore handled, wherfore they desyre you, that you and your batayle woUe come and ayde them, for if the frenchmen encrease, as they dout they woll, your sonne and they shall have moche ado. Than the kynge sayde, is my sonne deed or hurt, or on the yerthe felled ; no sir, quoth the knyght, but he is hardely matched, wherefore he hathe nede of your ayde. Well, sayde the kyng, retourne to hym, and to them that Exhibited at Guildhall. 69 The Black Prince {continued) : — sent you hyther, and say to them, that they sende no more to me Un any aduenture that faileth. as long as my sonne is alyve ; and also say to the, that they suffre hym this day to wynne his spurres, for if god be pleased, I woll this iourney be his, and the honoure therof, and to them that be aboute hym. Than the knyght retourned agayn to the, and showed the kynges wordes, the which gretly encouraged them, and repoyned in that they had sende to the kynge as they dyd. At Poictiers " whane the prince sawe that he shuld have batell, and that the cardynall was gone, without any peace or trewse makynge, and sawe that the frenche kyng dyd sette but lytell store by him, he said than to his men, now sirs, though we be but a small company, as in regarde to the puyssance of our ennemyes, let vs not be abasshed therfore : for y'= vyctorie lyeth not in the multitude of people, but wher as God wyll sende it ; yf it fortune that the iourney be ours, we shal be the moost honoured people of all the worlde ; and if we dye in our right quarell, I have the kyng my father and bretherne, and also ye have good frendes and kynsmen, these shall reuenge vs ; therfore sirs, for goddessake, I requyre you, do your deuoyers this day; for if god be pleased, and saynt George, this day ye shall se me a good knyght. These wordes, and suche other that the prince spake, comforted all his people. "Whan the kynge of Englande knewe of their comynge, he cSmaunded the of London to prepare theym, and their cyte, to receyue suche a man as the freche kyng was ; than they of London arrayed them.selfe by copanyes, and the chiefe maisters clothying dyfferent fro the other ; at saynt Thomas of Caunterbury, the frenche kyng and the prince made their offerynges, and there taryed a day, and than rode to Rochester, and tavyed there that day, and the nexte day to Dartforde, and the fourth day to London, wher they were honourably receyued, and so they were in euery good towne as they passed ; the frenche kynge rode through London on a whyte courser, well aparelled, and the prince on a lytell blacke hobbey by hym : thus he was conueyed along the cyte tyll he came to the Sauoy. ' ' The same season, on Trynite sonday, there past out of this Vf orlde the f.oure of chiualry of Englande, Edwarde prince of Wales and of Aquitaine, at the kynges palais of Westmynster, besyde London. And so he was em- bawmed and put in lead, and kept tyll the feast of saynt Michaell next after, to be entred with the greatter solenytie whan the parliament shulde be ther. " — Berners' s Froissart. Edward's beneficent influence in the " Good Parliament," 1376. " In this first great constitutional struggle, in which the Commons fairly measured their strength against the feudal nobles, the Prince himself, ' the mirror and type ' of feudal chivalry, had descended from his vantage ground of birth and privilege ; had taken the lead in the noble endeavour to sweep away the abuses and corruptions which had well-nigh ruined his country, and had been repaid by the most unbounded and enthusiastic affection on the part of his people. The work of this portion of his life is, beyond all question, his noblest title to fame, though he has been, and probably always will be remembered, not as the leader of the first great popular movement of reform, but as the hero of Creci and Poitiers." — Warburton: Edward III. 70 Collection of Engraved Portraits 26.— JOHN EVELYN. Engraver — R. Nanteuil. (1620 — 1706.) Celebrated as a philosopher, patriot, and learned writer of the seventeenth century. He was born at the family seat at Wotton, in Surrey, on 31st October, 1620, the second son of Richard Evelyn, a country gentleman of large estate, and Eleanor, or Ellen, daughter and heiress of John Stansfield, of the Cliff, near Lewes. At the age of ten he was placed under the care of his maternal grand mother, and sent to schools at Lewes and at the neighbouring village of Southover. In February, 1637, he was "especially admitted" of the Middle Temple, though still at school, and in the following May entered Balliol College, Oxford, as a fellow-commoner. In December, 1640, he lost his father. In July, 1641, having witnessed the trial and execution of Strafford, he set out for the Continent. He returned home as the civil war was breaking out, and joined the Royal army as a volunteer in Prince Rupert's troop ; but in 1643 he again went abroad, and spent the eight following years in travel, making, however, occasional visits to England. In June, 1647, he married Mary, sole daughter and heiress of Sir Richard Browne, the English ambassador at Paris ; and when that gentleman's estate of Sayes Court, Dept- ford, was sequestered by the Parliament, Evelyn was allowed to become the purchaser of it. Here he settled on his return to England in 1652, occupying himself in his favourite pursuits of gardening and planting, and studying sculpture, architecture, painting, engraving, numismatics, and various social questions. He wrote largely on all these subjects. On the death of Cromwell he published an Apology for the Royal Party, and tried in vain to persuade Colonel Herbert Morley, "who had two stout regiments entirely at h'is devotion," to declare for Charles II. At the Restoration he was graciously received by the King; indeed, from that time till his John Evelyn, M^ OG Exhibited at Guildhall. 7^ Evelyn {continued) : — death, in 1706, he enjoyed unbroken court favour, although he always refused to accept political office. He did, however, much excellent work as Commissioner for improving the streets and buildings of London, for " charitable uses" {i.e., for examining into the affairs of charitable institutions), and for tending the sick and wounded who were brought home during the Dutch war ; Commissioner for the rebuilding of St. Paul's after the great fire (of which an admirable account will be found in his Diary) ; Commissioner of the Mint, Commissioner of Trade and Plantations (Board of Trade), &c. On the incorporation of the Royal Society in 1662, Evelyn was placed on its first council, became its secretary in 1672, and was twice solicited to accept the presidency. At the request of the Society he wrote his Sylva, or a Discourse on Forest Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty s Dominions (1664), the object of which was to encourage planting throughout Great Britain. As a result, many landowners planted an immense number of young oak trees, which furnished the ship-yards of the next century. It was through Evelyn's influence that the Arundelian marbles were presented to the University of Oxford, and the Arundel library and MSS. to the Royal Society. In 1699, on the death of his elder brother, George, without issue, he succeeded to the family estate of Wotton, to which he removed from Sayes Court, where he had lived for upwards of forty years. Sayes Court was afterwards tenanted by Peter the Great, who, with his suite, made sad havoc among Evelyn's well- trimmed yew-hedges and elaborate parterres. It was one of Peter's amusements to demolish a " most glorious and impenetrable holly-hedge'' by riding through it on a wheelbarrow. After a long, studious, and highly useful life, Evelyn died, on 27th February, 1706, at Wotton, where his tombstone bears this inscription — " Living in an age of extraordinary Events and Revolutions, he learnt (as himself asserted) this Truth, which pursuant to his inten tion is here declared — That all is vanity which is not 72 Collection of Engraved Portraits Evelyn {continued) : — honest, and that there is no solid wisdom but in real Piety T By his amiable and talented wife, who survived him not quite three years, Evelyn had five sons and three daughters. The most valuable of his numerous works is his Diary, in which, during the greater part of his life, he related the events in which he was interested. Written without any thought of "publication, it embodies the frankest expression of its author's opinions during a period of about seventy years, and those years the most dramatic in the later history of England. " Evelyn, whose Sylva is still the manual of British planters, and whose life, manners, and principles, as illustrated in his Memoirs, ought equally to be the manual of English gentlemen."^&> Walter Scott. " In the midst of these contagious immoralities, Evelyn's life was a beautiful example of all public and private virtues. Whilst he enjoyed the intimacy and esteem of those who were highest in favour, the only advantage which he solicited for himself and his family was the fair settlement of his father-in-law's accounts with the King ; and those persons who derived benefit from his counsels when they were in authority, found him in their adversity a constant and affectionate friend. Thus he was the frequent visitor of Clarendon, when that admirable man was abandoned by the swarm of summer followers. Clifford, too, in his disgrace felt the sincerity of Evelyn's friendship, and wrung him by the hand, when (as it afterwards appeared) he had resolved upon suicide, with an earnestness that showed there was something in the world from which he could not part without a painful effort and a feeling that unmanned him. So, also, when Arlington's fortunes were on the wane, Evelyn dwells in his journal with delight upon the better parts of his character. Sandwich imparted his griefs to Evelyn when he embarked with a determination of seeking death in battle, and thereby compelling those to do justice to his character who had aspersed it ; and it was into Evelyn's ear that Ossory breathed the last overflowings of a wounded spirit and a broken heart. " The greater part of the woods, which were raised in consequence of Evelyn's writings, have been cut down : the oaks have borne the British flag to seas and countries which were undiscovered when they were planted, and generation after generation has been coffined in the elms. The trees of his age, which may yet be standing, are verging fast towards their decay and dissolution : but his name is fresh in the land, and his reputation, like the trees of an Indian Paradise, exists, and will continue to exist in full strength and beauty, uninjured by the course of time. Thrones fall, and dynasties are changed : Empires decay and sink Beneath their own unwieldy weight ; Dominion passeth like a cloud away. The imperishable mind Survives all meaner things. No change of fashion, no alteration of taste, no revolutions of science have impaired or can impair his celebrity. Satire, from which nothing is sacred, scarcely attempted to touch him while living ; and the acrimony of political and religious hatred, though it spares not even the dead, has never assailed his memory. How then has he attained this enviable inheritance of fame ? Miss Elizabeth Farren, afterwards Countess of Derby. ExMbited at Guildhall. 73 Evelyn {continued)-.— Not by surpassing genius ; not by pre-eminent powers of mind ; not by any great action, nor hy any splendid accident of fortune ; but by his virtue and his wisdom ; by the proper use of his talents, and of the means which God had entrusted into his hands ; by his principles and his practice. .... "All persons, indeed, may find in his character something for imitation; but for an English gentleman he is the perfect model. Neither to solicit pubhc offices, nor to shun them, but when they are conferred to execute their duties diligently, conscientiously, and fearlessly ; to have no amusements but such as, being laudable as well as innocent, are healthful alike for the mind and for the body, and in which, while the passing hour is beguiled, a store of delightfiil recollection is laid up ; to be the liberal encourager of literature and the arts ; to seek for true and permanent enjoyment by the practice of the household virtues — the only course by which it can be found ; to enlarge the sphere of existence backward by means of learning through all time, and forward by means of faith through all eternity, — behold the fair ideal of human happiness ! And this was realized in the life of Evelyn." — Robert Southey. 27.— MISS ELIZABETH FARREN, afterwards Countess of Derby. Painter— ^iV T. Lawrence, P.R.A. Engraver— i=: Bartolozzi. (1759— 1829.) Born in 1759 at Cork, where her father, George Farren, practised as a surgeon and apothecary. His drinking habits brought on bankruptcy and eariy death, and his widow, the daughter of a brewer named Wright, returned to her relatives in Liverpool, and went on the stage, to support herself and her three children. Elizabeth, when scarcely more than a child, became an actress, and gave so much promise of excellence, and was endowed with such delicacy of mind and refined manners, that she soon obtained a large share of public favour. After her early novitiate she never consented to appear in male attire. In June, 1777, she made her first appearance on the London boards, at the Haymarket, as Miss Hardcastle, in She Stoops to Conquer. Her reception, though favourable, was by no means enthusiastic. Next year she played at Drury Lane, and her talents were there fully appreciated : during the summer vacations she filled up her time at the Haymarket and in the provinces. She had not been many seasons on the London stage, when the M 74 Collection of Engraved Portraits Elizabeth Farren {continued): — purity of her life, no less than her professional success, gained her admittance into the highest circles. She now occasionally took part in, and conducted the stage arrangements at, the private theatricals of the nobility. In this way she first became acquainted with the Earl of Derby. Mr. Fox was also one of her ardent admirers. Lord Derby was at this time married, but separated from his wife, the union having proved most unhappy. Miss Farren is thus described at this period: " Her figure is considerably above the middle height, and is of that slight texture which allows and requires the use of full and flowing drapery, an advantage of which she well knows how to avail herself; her face, though not regularly beautiful, is animated and pre possessing ; her eye, which is blue and penetrating, either flashes with spirit or melts with softness, as its mistress decides on the expression she wishes to convey ; her voice we never thought to possess much sweetness, but it Is refined and feminine ; and her smiles, of which she is no niggard, fascinate the heart as much as her form delights the eye." On 14th March, 1797, the Countess of Derby died ; a month afterwards Miss Farren bade farewell to the stage in her favourite character of Lady Teazle, and on the 8th May she was married to the Earl of Derby. Soon afterwards she was presented at Court, and graciously received by Queen Charlotte. She died at Knowsley, 23rd April, 1829, aged 70, and was buried at Ormskirk on 30th April. Her husband survived her five years. 28.— FRANCOIS DE SALIGNAC DE LAMOTHE FfiNELON. Painter — J . Vivien. Engraver — A. Berwtt, the Elder. (1651-1715.) One of the most celebrated names in the intellectual and ecclesiastical history of France in the seventeenth century. He was born at the Chateau de Fenelon, in P^rigord, Francois de Salignac de Lamothe Fenelon No. 28. Exhibited at Guildhall. 7S FENELON {continued) : — on 6th August, 165 1, the only child of the second mar riage of Count Pons de Salignac, and a nephew of the Marquis de Fenelon, a distinguished soldier and statesman, under whose care he received much of his education. At the age of twelve hg was sent for a short time to the College of Cahors, and thence to Pari? in order to complete his studies under the Jesuits at the College du Plessis. He next entered the seminary of Sulpice, under the direction of the Abb^ Trouson, and about 1675 received holy orders. He wished at first to devote himself to a missionary life, but his delicate health interfered with his longing, and after three years passed as a preacher and catechist at the Church of St. Sulpice, he was appointed by M. de Harlay, the Arch bishop of Paris, superior of the Society of Nouvelles Catholiques, a society established for the instruction of female converts. He spent here ten years of quiet but successful labour, from 1675 to 1685. Meanwhile, he cultivated the friendship of the Duke of Beauvilliers, the Abb6 Fleury, and of Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, and was a frequent guest at the brilliant reunions which took place at the bishop's country seat. The distinguished society in which he moved, the charm of his manners, and his eloquence in the pulpit brought him rapidly into notice. His first public service was in the capacity of missionary to the Protestants in Saintonge and Poitou after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. He was presented to Louis XIV. by Bossuet, and the only favours he asked of the king in accepting the office were that all troops should be withdrawn from the provinces, and that he should be allowed to choose his fellow- workers. Returning to Paris in 1688, after a moderately successful mission, he quietly resumed his old duties among the Catholiques Nouvelles, but in the following year he was appointed, on the recommendation of the Duke of Beau villiers, to the responsible position of preceptor to the Dauphin's son, the young Duke of Burgundy, a boy of apparently ungovernable temper. For his use Fenelon 76 Collection of Engraved Portraits FfiNELON {continued) : — wrote the Dialogues des Morts,the once famous Aventures de T/l/maque, and other works. The success with which he discharged his difficult and deHcate trust gained for him, in 1694, the rich abbacy of St. Val ery, and in February, 1695, the archbishopric of Cambray, which he only accepted on the express condition that for nine months of each year he should be exempted from all duties as preceptor of the prince, and left exclusively to the care of his diocese. It is to this period of F^nelon's life that the history of the unhappy controversy about Quietism belongs. In the words of Principal Tulloch — " The .system of religious mysticism known as Quietism was espoused in France amongst others especially by Madame Guyon, a remarkable woman devoted to the cause of religion, but of an erratic and restless tempera ment. Her writings on the subject attracted wide attention, and speedily called forth ecclesiastical condem nation. The Archbishop of Paris took up a position of violent hostility towards her; the severe and methodical character of the king was greatly offended by her ex cesses ; and Bossuet was by and by drawn into the circle of her vehement opponents. Strangely, it was by F^nelon's advice that the subject was first brought under Bossuet's notice. Attracted by Madame Guyon's genuine enthusiasm, and no doubt finding something in her view of disinterested mysticism which appealed to his own religious temperament, he recommended her to place her writings in the hands of the Bishop of Meaux, and to abide by his decision. Many con ferences were held on the subject, in which Fenelon at first took no part, and during the progress of which he held friendly communication with his old friend, and in fact supplied Bossuet, who professed his ignor ance of the mystical writers, with extracts from the fathers and others bearing on the controversy. . . . Gradually, out of this miserable business, there sprang up a host of embittered feelings. After his appoint ment as archbishop, Fdnelon had joined in the Exhibited at Guildhall. yj FENELON {continued) : — conferences at Issy, which finally condemned Madame Guyon's doctrines. He scrupled, however, to subscribe her condemnation ; he scrupled also to express approval of a publication of Bossuet attacking these doctrines ; and in vindication of his own position and principles he published his Maximes des Saints sur la vie interieure. The result was to kindle with greater fury the storm of controversy, to provoke the jealous and violent animosity of Bossuet, and to fan the suspicions with which the king had always more or less regarded him into such a vehement outbreak, as to lead to his permanent banishment from court, and his condemna tion at Rome. Immediately on receiving the pontifical decision, in March, 1699, Fenelon hastened to declare his submission, and to publish the condemnation of his own book in a mandatory letter. In the following month his Tele'maque, which had hitherto remained in manuscript, was given to the world by the dishonesty of a servant The king having been told that the book was from the pen of the Archbishop of Cam bray, regarded it as a masked satire upon his own court, and his anger knew no bounds. Fenelon was from henceforth strictly restrained within his diocese. It was now that his character was seen in its brightest light. He visited the peasants in their cottages, shared their humble fare, listened to their complaints, relieved their wants, and made his palace an asylum for the unfortunate. His liberality was great, yet enlightened. When his diocese was traversed by hostile armies during the war of the Spanish succession, he was allowed to pass unhindered through the ranks of the enemy on his errands of mercy, while strict orders were issued to leave unmolested the palace and stores of the Archbishop of Cambray. When his pupil, the Duke of Burgundy, became Dauphin by the death of his father, Fenelon addressed to him a "Plan of Government," proposing many reforms in public ad- m.inistration ; and had the prince lived to reign, it is 78 Collection of Engraved Portraits FfiNELON {continued) : — thought that Fenelon would have been his prime minister, but he was cut off prematurely in 171 2. Fenelon survived him but a short time, dying on 17th January, 1715. " He was a tall, thin man, well made, pale, with a large nose, eyes whence fire and talent streamed like a torrent, and a physiognomy the like of which I have never seen in any other man, and which, once seen, one could never forget. It combined everything, and the greatest contradictions produced no want of harmony. It united seriousness and gaiety, gravity and courtesy — the prevailing characteristic, as in everything about him, being refinement, intellect, gracefulness, modesty, and, above all noblesse. It was difficult to take one's eyes off him. All his portraits are speaking, and yet none of them have caught the exquisite harmony which struck one in the original, or the exceeding delicacy of every feature. His manner altogether corresponded to his appearance ; his perfect ease was infectious to others, and his conversation was stamped with the grace and good taste which are only acquired by habitual intercourse with the best society and the great world His manners to high and low were most affable, yet in everything he was a true bishop, in everything a grand seigneur, in every thing, too, the author of Telemaque. He ruled his diocese with a gentle hand, in no way meddled with the Jansenists ; he left all untouched. Take him for all in all, he had a bright genius and was a great man. His ad miration, true or feigned, for Madame Guyon, remained to the last, yet always without suspicion of impropriety. He had so exactly arranged his affairs that he died without money, and yet without owing a sou to any body." — Saint Simon. 29._NICOLAS FOUQUET, Viscount of Melun and OF Vaux, Marquis of Belle-Isle. Engraver — R. Nanteuil. (1615— 1680.) Born at Paris in 161 5, the son of Francis Fouquet, Viscount of Vaux, and Marie, daughter of Gilles de Maupeon, Lord of Ableiges, Comptroller-General of Finance. Destined to official life, he was carefully educated, and gave such proofs of ability that, at the age of twenty, he was appointed Master of Requests (1635), at thirty-five Procurator-General to the Parliament of Paris (1650), and at thirty-eight Intendant of Finance (1652), which last preferment he owed to the patronage of the queen- mother, Anne of Austria. The finances were then in the utmost disorder, owing to the civil wars, the greed of courtiers and officials, and the peculation of Mazarin. Fouquet was not the man to remedy the disorder ; he was Nicolas Fouquet, Viscount of Melun and of Vaux, Marquis of Belle-Isle, No, 29, Exhibited at Guildhall. 79 Fouquet {continued) : — a thief, and appropriated the public money with a cheerful alacrity. For many years he enjoyed the confidence of the first minister. Cardinal Mazarin, but soon after the marriage of Louis XIV. they quarrelled, and thenceforth each was bent on the other's destruction. The deficit in the treasury continued, and the king, seriously alarmed, instructed Colbert to institute a rigid inquiry into the cause. Colbert, who coveted Fouquet's place as Minister of Finance, was soon able to point out to the king the systematic false entries in the balance-sheets, which, by diminishing the receipts and exaggerating the outgoings, enabled Fouquet to pocket large sums of money. The extravagant expenditure and personal display of the intendant, and an attempt to rival Louis in the affections of Mademoiselle de la Valliere, contributed to further irritate the monarch against him. Fouquet had bought the port of Belle-Isle, and strengthened the fortifications, with a view of taking refuge there in case of disgrace. He had expended nearly thirty-six millions of livres (;^x 50,000) in building a palace on his estate of Vaux. He cherished the hope of succeeding Seguier as first minister, and wearied the king with his importunity. Louis visited him at Vaux, and was entertained with a fete more splendid than he was himself used to give, at which Les Fdcheux of Moliere was for the first time performed in a palace more beautiful than even St. Germain or Fontainebleau. From this moment Louis set himself to get rid of Fouquet as a dishonest and dangerous servant. The entertainment was given late in August, 1 66 1, and Fouquet was arrested at Nantes early in September. After several removals from prison to prison, he was committed to the Bastille. His trial lasted over three years, and excited immense interest. In 1664 he was condemned to perpetual banishment and confisca tion of his property ; but the king increased the severity of the sentence by ordering Fouquet to be imprisoned for life in the fortress of Pignerol — a far harder lot than free exile. He accepted his fate with resignation, and wrote 8o Collection of Engraved Portraits Fouquet {continued) : — in prison several devotional works. After nineteen years of captivity he died at Pignerol, 23rd March, 1680. It has been thought by some that he was the Man in the Iron Mask, and that the report of his death in 1680 was false. ' ' A man of civic origin who pretended to be noble, an ambitious Breton, the brilliant friend of all men of letters, dishonest, extravagant, immoral, and cultivated. . . . Behind and out of sight the dying Cardinal [Mazarin] had placed his trusty dependent Colbert, having warned the king that Fouquet was dangerous, and to be watched by the vigilant eye of the most keen-sighted and upright of servants, Louis knew that Fouquet was more than suspected of robbing the state, that his private affairs were in hopeless confusion, ' that he did not know to within a few millions of livres how much he owed ; ' he was aware that such a man might wish to be a Catiline, that he had great ambition, and aimed at the forbidden place of First Minister. Almost every one about the court, men and women alike, were in his pay, or bound to him by literary and other sympathies ; he was playing with the Jansenist movement, and encouraging the resistance of Cardinal Retz : Anne of Austria did not hesitate to say that, ' though he was a great thief, Fouquet would end by being master of the others.' Still, the king, as he says in his Memoirs, could not do without him, and hoped that he might mend his ways ; and, moreover, there was Colbert in the background . . . When Fouquet again begged for the seals, the king made one of the few jokes recorded of him — and it is but a poor and heartless one — for he told Fouquet to make himself happy, as he would certainly find the seals in his house when he returned to Paris ;— and so he did ; for after his arrest he found that the king's officers had placed seals on all his doors and cabinets, according lo the custom with state- prisoners ; and those were the only seals he got. ... He was arrested and shut up at Angers. Great was the amazement in Paris, at the court, in the literary world, among the fine ladies with whom he was so great a favourite ! So many were compromised in his papers, that no one felt safe. . . . But no disturbance ensued : the people warmly applauded the king ; the minister's trial, which followed in due course, excited immense interest ; we can see in Madame de Sevigne's letters how the polite world of the day took part with the fallen minister ; they had admired and basked in his splendour, had tasted of his liberality, and were not squeamish over his vices. So fell Nicolas Fouquet, whose cognisance, the squirrel, with the motto, ' Quo non ascendam,' seemed to have led him up to such giddy heights, only to plunge him to irremediable ruin. " — Kitchin. 30.— GALILEO GALILEI. Painter — Passignano. Engraver — P. Bettelini. (1564 — 1642.) The creator of experimental science, was born at Pisa, 1 5th or 1 8th February, 1564, of a noble but impoverished Floren tine family, whose original .surname, Bonajuti, had been exchanged for that of Galilei about the middle of the Galileo Galilei. No. 30. Exhibited at Guildhall. Galileo Galilei (continued): — fourteenth century. His father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a good mathematician and the author of a number of treatises on music ; his mother was Giulia de' Ammannati of Pistoja. In the monastery of Vallombrosa, near Florence, where his education was principally conducted, Galileo acquired a good knowledge of the classics and logic, in addition to music, drawing, and painting, and had even joined the novitiate of the order. But his father designing him to follow the study of medicine, he matricu lated, 5th November, 1581, at the University of Pisa, and attended the lectures of the well-known physician and botanist, Andrea Cesalpino. His first discovery was made in 1583, when happening to observe, in the Cathedral of Pisa, the oscillation of the great bronze lamp still to be seen swinging from the roof, he was struck with the apparent measured regularity of its vibrations ; and having tested the correctness of this observation by com paring the beat of his own pulse with the action of the pendulum, he concluded that by means of this equality of oscillation a simple pendulum might become an invaluable agent in the exact measurement of time. This discovery he turned to account more than fifty years later by the succesful application of the pendulum in constructing an astronomical clock. A chance attendance at a lesson in geometry, given by Ostilio Ricci, led him to rapidly master the elements of the science, and, becoming absorbed in a study from which he had hitherto been carefully held aloof by his father, he abandoned all thoughts of following medicine as a profession. In 1586 he was compelled, from lack of means, to quit the university without a degree and return to his family at Florence. Some time afterwards, having read the treatise of Archimedes on floating bodies, he invented a hydrostatic balance, and wrote a description of it, which obtained for him the patronage of the Marchese Giudu- baldo del Monte of Pesaro, a man eminent for his scientific attainments. A treatise on the centre of gravity, written at his patron's request in 1588, was indirectly the N 82 Collection of Engraved Portraits Galileo Galilei (continued) : — means of securing for him the honourable though poorly- paid post of mathematical lecturer at the University of Pisa. His sarcastic attacks upon the notions of the Aristotelians (the clergy), although his arguments were fortified with careful experiments, raised about him a host of enemies, whose animosity pursued him for the rest of his life. From the top of the leaning tower of Pisa he demonstrated the error of supposing that the velocity of falling bodies is proportional to their weight, by letting fall unequal weights at the same time, explaining that the trifling difference of time noticed in their respective descents was owing solely to the resistance of the air. But while he convinced, he failed to conciliate his adver saries. He also gave offence to the Grand-Ducal family by condemning in no measured terms a machine for clearing the port of Leghorn, invented by Giovanni de' Medici, an illegitimate son of Cosmo I. He therefore found it prudent to resign his lectureship and withdraw to Florence in 1591. The death of his father in July of that year imposed upon him, as eldest son, the duty of supporting the family. Soon after this, the influence of the Marchese Giudubaldo procured his nomination to the chair of mathematics at the University of Padua, an appointment which he held with the highest distinction for over eighteen years, from 1592 to 1610. In 1597 he invented the proportional compasses, and his con struction of the first thermometer dates from this time. Probably between the years 1593 and 1597 Galileo became a convert to the Copernican theory of the revolu tion of the earth about the sun ; but it is impossible to fix the date of this important event in his life, for he says, in a letter to Kepler of 4th August, 1597, that in defer ence to public opinion he did not declare his conviction of the truth of the new doctrines for some years after he had formed it. In April or May, 1609, a report reached him from Venice that an optician of Middleburg, one Hans Lippershey, had constructed an instrument which had the property of making distant objects seem Exhibited at Guildhall. 83 Galileo Galilei {continued) : — near. He forthwith applied himself to the solution of the mystery, and, after trying several combinations of lenses, succeeded in producing a telescope of threefold magnifying power. It consisted merely of a leaden organ pipe, with a plano-convex glass at one end and a plano-concave glass at the other. Upon this first attempt he rapidly improved until he attained to a power of thirty-two, and his instruments, of which he manufactured hundreds with his own hands, were soon in request in every part of Europe. The wonders of the heavens now unfolded to him, which no man had ever seen before, filled him with " unspeakable delight." Discovery followed upon discovery with astounding rapidity, an account of which, entitled Sidereus Nuncius, was published at Venice in the early part of 16 10. In the words of a distinguished scientific writer — " The mountainous configuration of the moon's surface was there first described, and the so-called ' phosphorescence ' of the dark portion of our satellite attributed to its true cause — namely, illumination by sunlight reflected from the earth." (Leonardo da Vinci, more than a hundred years earlier, had come to the same conclusion.) All the time-worn fables and conjectures regarding the composition of the Milky Way were at once dissipated by the simple statement that to the eye, reinforced by the telescope, it appeared as a congeries of lesser stars, while the great nebulae were equally declared to be resolvable into similar elements. But the discovery which was at once perceived to be most important in itself, and most revolutionary in its effects, was that of Jupiter's satellites, first seen by Galileo, 7th January, 1610, and by him named Sidera Medicea, in honour of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosmo II. Before the close of 16 10, the memorable cycle of discoveries begun in the previous year was completed by the observation of the ansated or, as it appeared to Galileo, triple form of Saturn (the ring-formation was first recognised by Huygens in 1655), of the phases of Venus, and of the spots upon the sun." Galileo's researches were rewarded 84 Collection of Engraved Portraits Galileo Galilei {continued) : — by the Venetian Senate with the appointment for life to his professorship at the salary of 1,000 florins. His dis covery of the " Medicean Stars" was acknowledged by his nomination, 12th July, 1610, as philosopher and mathematician extraordinary to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, a comfortable sinecure of 1,000 scudi. Galileo now removed to Florence (Sept., 1610). In the spring of the following year, 16 11, he paid his first visit to Rome, where he erected his telescope in the gardens of the Quirinal Palace, and received everywhere the most flattering reception. With this period of his life Galileo may be said to have reached the zenith of his prosperity, while at the same time the malice of his enemies began to acquire a dangerous intensity. The Copernican system, which he had long taught in public, afforded a good pretext for attacking him. The sun's revolution round the earth was thought to be a truth of Scripture. Certain Tuscan ecclesiastics began to preach against the wickedness of sending our world spinning through space. In December, 1613, Galileo addressed a letter to his friend and disciple, a Benedictine monk named Bendetto Castelli, at that time professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa, showing that the language of the Bible should be interpreted according to popular ideas, and that the Ptolemaic system is really as much at variance with it as the Copernican. This letter was followed in 1614 by a more elaborate apology addressed to Christina of Lorraine, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany. A Dominican monk named Lorini laid a copy of the letter to Castelli before the Inquisition, 5th February, 1615 ; but, influenced by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, Galileo's personal friend, the Inquisitors refused to act in the matter, remarking that by confining himself to the system and its demonstration, and letting alone the Scriptures, Galileo would be secure from moles tation. His enemies, however, continued their intrigues, and in December, 161 5, he repaired to Rome, hoping by the weight of his arguments and the vivacity of his elo- Exhibited at Guildhall. 85 Galileo Galilei {continued) : — quence to obtain a formal sanction of his opinions. His case came again before the Holy Office in February, 1616. He was charged with teaching that the sun is the centre of the planetary system, and with interpreting Scripture to suit his own theory. In the result, Galileo was forbidden ever again to teach the motion of the earth and the stability of the sun. Thenceforward he was not permitted to express himself as though Copernicanism were, in the words of the tribunal, " an actually grounded hypothesis." But he was permitted and encouraged to use the hypothesis most actively as his clue to fresh scientific results, and to treat with the most ample justice the scientific arguments for and against. After an audience with the Pope, who assured him of his protec tion, Galileo returned to Florence, not ill-pleased with the result of his visit. On the accession of his friend. Cardinal Mafifeo Barberini, to the Pontificate under the title of Urban VIIL, he went again to Rome to offer his congratulations, arriving in the spring of 1624, and receiving during the two months of his stay every mark of favour. The Pope granted a pension to his son Vincenzo, which was afterwards transferred to himself, and paid more or less regularly to the end of his life. On his return to Florence, Galileo set himself to com plete his famous work, the Dialogo dei due Massimi Sistemi del Mondo, which was published at Florence in January, 1632. It at once became evident that the whole tenor of the book was in flagrant contradiction with the edict passed sixteen years before ; at the end of August the sale was vetoed, and on ist October Galileo was cited to Rome by the Inquisition. In vain he pleaded the weight of nearly seventy years, his failing health, and the dangers of the journey ; the Pope would hear of no excuse. He arrived on 13th February, 1633, taking up his quarters with NiccoHni, the Tuscan ambassador to the Pontifical Court, and there passed two months in miserable uncertainty as to his fate. His trial was short. On 2 1st June he was finally examined under menace of Collection of Engraved Portraits Galileo Galilei {continued) -. — torture ; on the following day, clad in sackcloth and kneeling, he read his recantation, and received his sen tence in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. He was declared to be " vehemently suspected of heresy," condemned to imprisonment at the pleasure of the Inquisition, and to recite once a-week for three years the seven penitential psalms. The popular story, according to which Galileo, " rising from his knees after repeating the formula of abjuration, stamped on the ground and exclaimed: " E pur si muove 1" ("It does move for all that ! ") is, like all popular stories, a silly invention. It occurs for the first time in the seventh edition of an Historical Dictionary, published at Caen in 1789. After a few days' confinement under the eyes of the Inquisition, Galileo was allowed, on 6th July, 1633, to depart for Siena, where he abode with his friend, the Archbishop, Ascanio Piccolomini, for several months. At length, in December, he gained permission to return to Florence, and there, in the Villa Martellini at Arcetri, he remained until the close of his life, but always under strict surveil lance. He seems now to have paid little attention to astronomy, employing himself in other branches of natural philosophy, especially mechanics. In 1638, his in many respects most valuable work, the Dialoghi delle Nuove Scienze, completed two years before, was printed by the Elzevirs at Leyden. In 1636 also he made his last telescopic discovery, that of the moon's diurnal and monthly librations. A few months afterwards, a disease which had impaired his right eye for some years attacked the left also, and he became totally blind. The severity of the Inquisition was somewhat relaxed in his affliction ; he was visited by eminent men of his own and other countries, by Milton, Hobbes, Gassendi, and Diodati ; and in the last years of his life, his disciples Viviani and Torricelli formed part of his household. On 8th January, 1642, he died, after two months' suffering from slow fever, and it has been well observed that " the coincidence of the day of his birth with that of Exhibited at Guildhall. 87 Galileo Galilei {continued) : — Michel Angelo's death, was paralleled by the coincidence of the year of his death with that of the birth of Isaac Newton." He was buried in the church of Santa Croce, in Florence, where, nearly a century after his death, a majestic monument was erected over his remains, and those of his pupil Viviani, symbolising his great achievements. His house at Arcetri is still standing, and is marked by a monumental tablet. Galileo was never married ; but by a Venetian woman named Marina Gamba he had three children — a son who married and left descendants, and two daughters who took the veil at an early age. His writings are distinguished for their brilliant, elegant style. -the moon, whose orb Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views At evening, from the top of Fesol^, Or in Valdarno, to descry new lands. Rivers, or mountains, in her spotty globe." Milton : "Paradise Lost." " There [in Italy] it was that I found and visited the famous Galileo grown old, a prisoner to the Inquisition, for thinking in astronomy otherwise than the Franciscan and Dominican Licensers thought." — Milton's Areopagi- tica : a Speech for the Libe^-ty of Unlicensed Priiiting. " One of the most prominent traits in the character of Galileo was his invincible love of truth, and his abhorrence of that spiritual desjjotism which had so long brooded over Europe. His views, however, were too liberal, and too far in advance of the age which he adorned ; and however much we may admire the noble spirit which he evinced, and the personal sacrifices which he made, in his struggle for truth, we must yet lament the hotness of his zeal and the temerity of his onset. In his contest with the Church of Rome, he fell under her victorious banner ; and though his cause was that of truth, and hers that of superstition, yet the sympathy of Europe was not roused by his misfortunes. Under the sagacious and peaceful sway of Copernicus, astronomy had effected a glorious triumph over the dogmas of the Church ; but under the bold and uncompromising sceptre of Galileo, all her conquests were irrecoverably lost. "The scientific character of Galileo, and his method of investigating truth, demand our warmest admiration. The number and ingenuity of his inventions, the brilliant discoveries which he made in the heavens, and the depth and beauty of his researches respecting the laws of motion, have gained him the admiration of every succeeding age, and have placed him next to Newton and Kepler in the lists of original and inventive genius. To this high rank he was doubtless elevated by the inductive processes which he followed in all his inquiries. Under the same guidance of observation and experiment, he advanced to general laws ; and if Bacon had never lived, the student of nature would have found, in the writings and labours of Galileo, not only the boasted principles of the inductive phil osophy, but also their practical application to the highest efforts of invention and discovery." — Sir David Brewster. 88 Collection of Engraved Portraits 31.— GREGORY XIII. [Ugo Buoncompagno.] Engraver — B. Passarotti. (1502—1585.) Pope from 1572 to 1585, was born on 7th February, 1502, at Bologna, where he studied law and graduated in iSS^- He had taught jurisprudence with success for some years, Alexander Farnese and Charles Borromeo being among his pupils, when, at the age of thirty-six, he was summoned to Rome by Paul III., under whom and Paul IV. he held several honourable appointments. By Pius IV. he was created cardinal priest and sent to the Council at Trent. On the death of Pius V., in May, 1572, the choice of the conclave, as directed by Cardinal Granvella, fell upon Buoncompagno, who thereupon assumed the name of Gregory XIII. Though formerly far from an ascetic in his life, he entered with zeal into the great work of Catholic restoration. The chief acts of his pontificate were his intervention in the affairs of Great Britain through Ireland, and by means of his tool, Philip II., and also the league which he sought to cement against France. He celebrated the massacre of St. Bartholomew by a Te Deum, by processions and medals. He was a liberal patron of the Jesuit order, for which he founded no less than twenty-two new colleges. He was enthusiastic, too, in the cause of foreign missions. Indeed, not one among the post-Reformation pontiffs has surpassed Gregory XIII. in zeal for the promotion and improvement of education ; his expenditure for that purpose alone is said to have exceeded 2,000,000 Roman crowns. The new and greatly improved edition of the Corpus juris Canonici was due to Gregory XIII.; but the work with which his name is most intimately associated is that of the reformation of the Julian calendar. In order to raise funds for his many under takings, he confiscated a large proportion of the houses and other property throughout the States of the Church, and in the end plunged his temporal dominions into a state bordering upon anarchy. Dying on loth April, 1585, he was succeeded by Sixtus V. ) Pope Gregory XUI. No. 31 lilll Franc^ois Pierre Guillaume Guizot, No, 32. Exhibited at Guildhall. 89 32.— FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT. Painter — P. Delaroche. Engraver— Z. Calamatta. (1787-1874.) Historian, orator, and statesman, was born at Nimes, 4th October, 1787. His father, an advocate, of an honour able Protestant family belonging to the bourgeoisie of that city, having perished on the scaffold, 8th April, 1794, he was taken by his mother to Geneva, where he received his education. Coming to Paris in 1805 to study law, Guizot was at first obliged to eke out his means by entering as tutor into the family of M. Stapfer, formerly Swiss Minister in France ; but turning to literature, he had by 181 1 published two original works, in the following year a translation (from various pens), with additional notes, of Gibbon's Decline and Fall, besides numerous articles in the periodical press. His connexion with M. Suard's journal, the Publiciste, introduced him to the accomplished Mademoiselle de Meulan, and this lady, though fourteen years his senior, he married in 1812, in the same year becoming, at the instance of M. de Fontanes, professor of modern history in the University of France. On the fall of Napoleon, in 18 14, Guizot received, through the good offices of Royer-Collard, the Secretaryship of the Interior, which he resigned, 25th March, 181 5, upon the return of the Emperor from Elba. After the second Restoration he again took office as Secretary-General of the Ministry of Justice, being subse quently advanced to the Council of State and to the General Directorship of the Departmental and Com munal Administration of the Kingdom. A Constitu tional Royalist, and with Royer-Collard a founder of the party known by the title of the " Doctrinaires," which, adhering to the great principles of liberty and toleration, was sternly opposed to the anarchical traditions of the Revolution, Guizot went out with the Decazes Ministry in February, 1820, and for ten years resumed his literary labours, maintaining, however, by his writings and by his o 90 Collection of Engraved Portraits Guizot {continued) : — speeches so firm an opposition to the illegal measures of the Villele Government as to evoke, in 1825, a three years' interdict on his lectures. He was also deprived of all his offices. In 1828 the Martignac Administration restored to him his chair at the Sorbonne and his seat in the Council of State. In January, 1830, he entered the Chamber of Deputies for the first time as representative of Lisieux, a seat which he retained during the whole of his political life. The July Revolution of 1830, which ended in the fall of Charles X., brought Guizot prominently to the front. Named Minister of the Interior in the first Cabinet of Louis Philippe, an office at that time the most difficult and important in the State, Guizot for eighteen years held a portfolio under every administration, except during a brief residence in London as French Ambassador (February to October, 1840). He was the first Protestant who served in that capacity since the time of Sully. From London he was soon sum moned by Louis Philippe to succeed M. Thiers in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and to aid his Majesty in what he termed "ma lutte tenace contre I'anarchie." " Thus began," says Mr. Reeve, " under dark and adverse circumstances, on 29th October, 1840, the important administration in which Guizot remained the master spirit for nearly eight years." He was never a popular minister. His adhesion to the peace-at-any-price policy, his action in the Tahiti question, and again in the Spanish marriages, estranged and embittered his former partisans, and the part he took in the prohibition of the Reform Banquet (22nd February, 1848) led not only to his fall, but to three years of exile in England. He returned to France shortly after the coup d'etat, and stood for Calvados in 1852, but being defeated, retired to his country seat of Val Richer, an Augustine monastery near Lisieux, in Normandy, whence he only issued to attend the sittings of the French Academy or of the Protestant Consistory, and where he died on 12th September, 1874. In the March before his death he objected to t /7 wljl;'^! O, — Gustavus II,, Adolphus. King of Sv M^ oo Exhibited at Guildhall. 91 Guizot {continued) : — M. Ollivier's panegyric of the ex-Emperor, Louis Napoleon, in the Academy ; and learning afterwards that the latter had paid his son's debts, he insisted upon refunding the amount, and for that purpose sold for 120,000 francs a masterpiece by Murillo, the gift of the Queen of Spain. Guizot wrote between thirty and forty works, most of which have been translated into English, and the more important ones into several other languages. "Guizot," remarks a writer in the Times, "was something more as well as something less than a statesman. His political career once for all at an end, he resumed his earlier and more natural position of a critic of national history. It is easy to impute his shortcomings as a statesman to the mental qualities which made him an historian. But if he fell low he had first risen high, and the same philosophical subtlety of intellect, if it must be charged with the defeat, has a right to be credited equally with the triumph. A career can only in a qualified sense be deplored as a failure which has engaged the attention of Europe for sixty years. It would be idle to inquire whether Guizot could have played a grander part. The real wonder is that a half Swiss writer, tutor, professor, lecturer, full of theories and dogmatism, seldom rising to eloquence, not always to grace of style, without much presence or manner, not of a noble family, without wealth, and without even a large circle of personal adherents, should have attained so high a position, kept it so long, done so much good and so much evil, and, after all, should in his fall have kept so lofty an estate as to be dis qualified thenceforward from accepting any lower rank. " — Times, 14th September, 18^4. , ' ' Public life, ambition, the love of power, and the triumph of debate no doubt shook and agitated his career, and sometimes misdirected it ; but they produced no effect upon the solid structure of his character, which remained throughout perfectly simple, indifferent to wealth, and prouder of its own integrity than of all the honour the v(!orld could bestow. M. Guizot will be remembered in history less by what he did as a politician than by what he wrote as a man of letters, and by what he was as a man ; and in these respects he takes rank amongst the most illustrious represen tatives of his nation and his age. " — Henry Reeve. 33.— GUSTAVUS II., Adolphus, King of Sweden. Painter — M. J. Mierevelt. Engraver — W. Jacobszoon Deljf. (1594—1632.) Celebrated as " the hero of Protestantism in the Thirty Years War, and the first king of Sweden who played a great role in European history, was born at Stockholm on 9th December, 1594, the grandson of Gustavus Vasa, by his youngest son Charles IX., at whose death in 161 1 he 92 Collection of Engraved Portraits Gustavus Adolphus {continued): — succeeded to the throne of Sweden. Gustavus had been strictly brought up in the Lutheran faith, and carefully trained in habits of business, and was one of the most accomplished princes of his age. As we learn from his friend and chancellor, Oxenstierna, he gained in his youth a complete and ready knowledge of many foreign languages, so that he spoke Latin,German, Dutch, French, and Italian as purely as a native, and, besides, had some foretaste of the Russian and Polish tongue. At his accession to power he found the country involved in war with the Poles and Russians, besides a long-standing feud with the Danes. Securing the alliance of his nobles by confirming their privileges, he made peace with Denmark on fairly favourable terms in 1613, and then, turning his arms against the Russians, drove them from Ingria, Karelia, and part of Livonia. He concluded a treaty with the Czar at Stolbova in 1617, by which he retained possession of the Baltic provinces stretching from Finland to Livonia. In 1620 Gustavus married Maria Eleonora, a sister of the Elector of Brandenburg, whose court he had visited in disguise for the purpose of choosing a wife. In the following year he entered upon active warfare with Poland. He overran the Baltic coast from Riga to Dantzic, made himself master of a large part of Polish Prussia, and routed the enemy in several engagements. The struggle lasted until 1629, when, by the mediation of Richelieu, a six years' truce was concluded at Altmark in September, on terms highly favourable to the Swedes. Meanwhile, the expense of the war had caused discontent and disaffection at home, which the King quelled by alternate mildness and severity. Leaving the care of his kingdom to his chan cellor, Oxenstierna, Gustavus now turned his attention to fresh conquests. The growing power of Austria on the Baltic, the affront put upon him by the Emperor Ferdinand II. in the late war, and the danger that threatened the Protestant cause in the great religious contest which then divided Germany, joined to an Exhibited at Guildhall. 93 Gustavus Adolphus {continued) : — ambition to aggrandize his country, induced him to declare war against the Emperor, and having presented to the states assembled at Stockholm his daughter Christina as the heiress of his throne, he set sail with a little army of 15,000 men, and landed at the mouth of the Oder on 24th June, 1630. By July loth he had seized almost the whole of Pomerania. He levied a heavy tribute on this province, disciplined and drilled his troops, and then, having received an accession of six Scottish regiments under the Duke of Hamilton, led a division of his army into Mecklenburg. Ferdinand, who at first affected to look with contempt upon the move ments of this " king of snow and his body-guard," as he designated Gustavus and his small army, now proposed a truce ; but Gustavus preferred to follow up his successes, and in eight months from the time of his landing he had taken eighty fortified places. The Imperialists, under Tilly and Pappenheim, gained several successes, but many of the Austrian magazines fell into the hands of the Swedes ; and Gustavus, having first carried Frankfort- on-the-Oder by assault, pushed on towards Magdeburg, which Tilly was then investing. Before he could reach it the city was stormed, and more than 25,000 of the inhabitants ruthlessly massacred. In September, 1631, Gustavus was joined by the Elector of Saxony, with whom he at once gave battle to Tilly, defeating him at Breitenfield,. near Leipzig, on 7th September. This signal victory established his reputation as a general. While the Saxons overran Bohemia, Gustavus, now hailed as the liberator of Protestantism, marched into Franconia and the Palatinate, defeated Tilly again at Wiirtzburg, and wintered at Mainz. Ferdinand now determined to recall Wallenstein ; but before he could obey the summons, Gustavus had attacked the Austrians at the river Lech in April, 1632, and had driven them into Ingoldstadt, Tilly receiving his death-wound in the action. Munich surrendered to the Swedes in May ; almost the whole of Bavaria was in their hands, and the 94 Collection of Engraved Portraits Gustavus Adolphus {continued) : — Elector was forced to take refuge in Ratisbon. In the meantime, the Swedish standard was being triumphantly carried by Bernhard of Weimar to Lake Constance and the Tyrol. At this juncture Wallenstein appeared at the head of a mighty host, drove the Saxons from Bohemia, entered Prague on 4th May, effected a junction with the Elector of Bavaria at Eger on iith June, and thence advanced towards Nuremberg, where he found Gustavus strongly entrenched. Here the great captains watched each other for several weeks, each hoping to conquer by famine and disease. At last Gustavus, having made an unsuccessful attempt to storm the position of the enemy, retired towards the upper Danube, and in November entered Saxony, where Wallenstein was spreading carnage and desolation. On the 5th November Gustavus found himself face to face with the enemy at Liitzen, near Leipzig. The night was spent in preparing for battle. The morning of the 6th broke foggy, and when the mists rose about ten o'clock, the Swedes were seen kneehng in their ranks. They sang Luther's hymn, Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott, and a hymn composed by the King, and then charged the enemy, Gustavus leading the right wing and Bernhard of Saxe -Weimar the left. The Imperialists were driven from their entrenchments, but meanwhile Pappenheim appeared on the field with a body of cavalry from Halle, and the Swedes were hurled back in confusion. Gustavus rallied them, and with a small body of horse rode forward to support the infantry in a fresh attack, when, having come too near a squadron of Croats, he received a shot in his arm, and as he was turning aside, another in the back, which caused him to fall from his horse. The sight of the riderless animal spread rage and sorrow among the Swedes ; but before they could advance to his rescue a party of Croats had thrown themselves between the King and his army ; and it was not till after many hours' hard fighting, and when the field was strewn with 10,000 dead and wounded, that they recovered the body of the King, which had been Exhibited at Guildhall. 95 Gustavus Adolphus {continued): — plundered, stripped, and covered with wounds. The artillery of the enemy fell into the hands of the Swedes, who remained masters of the field. After having been embalmed at Weissenfels, the King's remains were carried to Stockholm, and there interred in the Riddarholm Church. The spot where he fell was long marked by the Schwedensiein, or Swede's Stone, erected by his servant, Jacob Erichsson, on the night after the battle. Its place has now been taken by a noble monument raised to his memory by the German people on the occasion of the bi-centennial celebration of the battle, held on 6th November, 1832. At the same time was founded the Gustavus Adolphus Union, a society formed of members of the Evangelical Protestant Churches of Germany, which has for its object the aid of feeble sister churches, especially in Roman Catholic countries. Though emi nently a warlike king, Gustavus devoted his short intervals of peace to the improvement of the internal affairs of Sweden ; he encouraged commerce and manufactures, made excellent regulations for the mines, and endowed the University of Upsal. He was succeeded by his daughter Christina. " Gustavus was incontestably the first commander of his century, and the bravest soldier in the army which he had created. His eye watched over the morals of his soldiers as strictly as over their bravery. In everything their lawgiver was also their example. In the intoxication of his fortune he was still a man and a Christian, and in his devotion still a hero and a king." — Schiller. " Thus fell Gustavus Adolphus, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, one of the greatest monarchs who ever adorned a throne. As an individual, he was religious without bigotry or affectation, temperate, and a pattern of conjugal fidelity and domestic affection. Though unable to conquer at all times a constitutional warmth of temper, he possessed all the social virtues, and the conciliation of courtesy in so high a degree that no individual was ever admitted to his converse without being charmed, or left his presence dis satisfied. To all these amiable qualities he united the learning of a scholar and the accomplishments of a gentleman. As a statesman, he was firm, sagacious, and provident, embracing equally the grand features and minute details of the most extensive plans. As a general, he surpassed his contem poraries in his knowledge of all the branches of the military art, in a bold, inventive, and fertile genius. His intuitive sagacity, undisturbed presence of mind, and extensive foresight were warmed and animated by an intrepidity more than heroic. No commander was ever more ready to expose his person to dangers, or more willing to share the fatigues and hardships of his troops. He was accustomed to say—' Cities are not taken by keeping in 96 Collection of Engraved Portraits tents : as scholars, in the absence of the master, shut their books ; so my troops, without my presence, would slacken their blows.' Like many other great men, he was a predestinarian, from a pious submission to the inevitable decrees of an all-wise Providence : to those who urged him to spare his person, he rephed, ' My hour is written in heaven, and cannot be reversed on earth.' " Gustavus created a new system of tactics, and formed an army which was without a parallel for its excellent discipline and for its singular vigour, precision, and unity in action. He conquered, not by dint of numbers, or the influence of a fortunate rashness, but by the wisdom and profoundness of his combinations, by his irresistible yet bridled spirit of enterprise, by that confidence and heroism which he infused into his troops. Since the days of Alexander, the progress of no conqueror had been equally rapid ; since the time of Csesar, no individual had united, in so consummate a degree, all the qualities of the gentleman, the statesman, and the soldier. " — Coxe. " Gustavus Adolphus is justly regarded as one of the noblest and greatest figures in history. Even in the art of war he made an epoch. "To the huge and unwieldy masses of Tilly he opposed a light and flexible formation of three deep, which he manoeuvred with unwonted rapidity. The activity of his movements was equalled by the dexterity with which his artillery and muskets were handled ; at Leipsic his guns fired three shots for the enemy's one. The political plans wliich Gustavus entertained have been the subject of some discussion. That he aimed at founding a .Swedish empire of the Baltic, and succeeded in doing so, is certain ; he meant also to unite under his protection the corpus evangelicum of Germany. Probably too he aspired to become a candidate for the empire ; and if so, he had only one disqualification, that he was a foreigner. Even with this drawback it would have been the best course available for Germany ; to have enjoyed for a generation the rule of such a man would have been an unspeakable blessing, at any rate infinitely better than the supremacy of Austria, or that process of desolation and disunion which actually took place. In any case, his premature death at the age of thirty-eight was an irreparable loss for German Protestantism. The Thirty Years' War, which for two years had been rendered heroic by his presence, degenerated again into a scene of the wildest barbarism, by which Germany was reduced to a wilderness, and flung back at least a century in the march of civilisation." — Kirkup. 34.— CHARLES MONTAGUE, Earl of Halifax. Painter — Sir G. Kneller. Engraver — P. Drevet, tlu Elder. (1661— 1715.) Statesman and poet, and probably the greatest financier of his time, was born at Horton, in Northamptonshire, on 1 6th April, 1661, the fourth son of the Hon. George Montague, who was fifth son of the first Earl of Man chester, and Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Anthony Irby, Knt. After some schooling in his native county, he was sent in his fourteenth year to Westminster, where he was elected King's Scholar in 1677, and distinguished himself for his extempore epigrams " made upon Theses appointed for the King's Scholars at the time of Election." Charles Montague. Earl of Halifax, No, 34, Exhibited at Guildhall. 97 Halifax {continued) : — In 1682 he was admitted a fellow commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge, and acquired a solid knowledge of the classics, logic, and ethics. He there began a friend ship with Sir Isaac Newton which continued through life, and was one of the small band of students who assisted Newton in forming the Philosophical Society of Cambridge. His verses on the death of Charles II. in 1685 attracted the attention of the Earl of Dorset, who invited him to town ; and two years later the happy parody on Dryden's Hind and Panther, entitled The Town and City Mouse, of which he was joint author with his old schoolfellow Matthew Prior, gained him a wider reputation. He had intended to enter the Church, as it afforded a regular income, but, tempted by Dorset's offer of a seat in the House of Commons, he became member for Maldon in the Convention Parliament which offered the crown to William and Mary. Soon afterwards, having married the Countess-Dowager of Manchester, the widow of his cousin, he gave up all thoughts of the Church, and purchased a clerkship to the Council. On the publication of his poetical Epistle occasioned by His Majesty's Victory in Ireland, Dorset took the opportunity of introducing him to William, remarking that he had " brought a mouse to kiss his Majesty's hand ; " to which the King replied, " You will do well to put me in the way of making a man of him," and added a pension of ^^500 a-year to this gracious reception. He was appointed a Privy Councillor in February, 1689, and a Commissioner of the Treasury in March, 1692. For some years his parliamentary life was a series of triumphs. In Macaulay's words, "the extra ordinary ability with which, at the beginning of the year 1692, he managed the conference on the Bill for regulating Trials in cases of Treason, placed him at once in the first rank of parliamentary orators." On 15 th December, 1692, he proposed, in the House of Commons, to raise a million sterling by way of loan. William wanted money for his wars — the moneyed classes were tired of lotteries and bubble companies, and knew not where to invest 98 Collection of Engraved Portraits Halifax {continued) : — safely, while the landowners were weary of heavy taxation ; so the National Debt was established. In the spring of 1694, money was again wanted, and Montague was ready to supply it. This time he did so by originat ing a national bank, a scheme for which had been laid before Government by William Paterson, a Scotchman, three years before. The capital was to be ;^ 1,200,000, and the shareholders were to be called the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. After some opposi tion, the bill passed the House of Lords, in May, 1694, and Montague was rewarded with the Chancellorship of the Exchequer. In the following year he was triumphantly returned for Westminster in the new Parliament, and succeeded in passing his celebrated measure to remedy the depreciation which had taken place in the currency. To provide for the expense of recoinage, Montague, instead of reviving the obnoxious impost called hearth-money, introduced the window tax. The difficulties caused by the temporary absence of a metallic currency he met by issuing for the first time exchequer bills bearing interest daily, and ranging in amount from £ty to ;^500. He also appointed Newton Warden of the Mint. In May, 1697, he succeeded Godolphin as First Lord of the Treasury; but success had made him so vain and arrogant, that he gradually lost the influence he had acquired by his administrative ability and his masterly eloquence. In 1698 and 1699, he acted as one of the Council of Regency during the King's absence from England. In February of the former year he was accused of peculation in connection with the issue of exchequer bills, but was acquitted on all points, and even received the thanks of the House for his services. He now proposed to reorganise the East India Com pany by combining the new and the old companies. " The success of this scheme," says Macaulay, " marks the time when the fortunes of Montague reached the meridian." His continued unpopularity obliged him to resign his offices in the Government in 1699, and fall Exhibited at Guildhall. 99 H.4.LIFAX {continued) : — back upon the lucrative sinecure of Auditor of the Exchequer, which his brother had been nursing for him since the previous year. In April, 1701, he was impeach ed, together with Lord Somers and the Earls of Portland and Oxford, for advising the King to sign the partition treaties and other malpractices, but the charges were dismissed by the House of Lords ; and in 1703 a second attempt to impeach him proved still more unsuccessful. Although out of office during the whole of Queen Anne's reign, Montague rendered effective service as a com missioner to negotiate the union with Scotland ; he also warmly supported the Hanoverian succession. On the Queen's death, in 17 14, he was appointed one of the Council of Regency, and, after the accession of George I., received in October the office of First Lord of the Treasury in the new ministry, being also advanced in the peerage to be Earl of Halifax and Viscount Sunbury. At the same time, he was elected Knight of the Garter. Dying without issue, 19th May, 171 5, he was buried by his own desire in the vault of Monck, Duke of Albemarle, in Westminster Abbey. Montague has the great merit of being the originator of a design for a public library in London. He submitted his plan to the House of Lords, in connection with one for the better arrangement of the Records and Public Offices of the Kingdom. Through Godolphin he procured a com- missionership for Addison. His patronage of letters was prompted by a sincere love of intellectual merit ; that it was often ill bestowed is evidenced by the many merciless attacks upon his character. Pope, who was but a boy when Montague retired from the House of Commons, has assailed him in some famous lines which cannot well be omitted even in the most compressed account of this distinguished statesman : — " Proud as Apollo on his forked hill, Sat full-blown Bufo, puffed by every quill ; Fed with soft dedication all day long, Horace and he went hand in hand in song. IOO Collection of Engraved Portraits Halifax {continued) : — His library (where busts of poets dead And a true Pindar stood without a head) Received of wits an undistinguished race. Who first his judgment asked, and then a place : Much they extolled his pictures, much his seat. And flattered every day, and some days eat: Till grown more frugal in his riper days. He paid some bards with port, and some with praise, To some a dry rehearsal was assigned, And others (harder still) he paid in kind. Dryden alone (what wonder?) came not nigh, Dryden alone escaped this judging eye : But still the great have kindness in reserve. He helped to bury whom he helped to starve." Prologue to the Satires, 131-48. "It may seem strange that a man who loved literature passionately, and rewarded literary merit munificently, should have been more savagely reviled both in prose and verse than almost any other politician in our history. But there is really no cause for wonder. A powerfiil, liberal, and discerning protector of genius is very likely to be mentioned with honour long after his death, but is very likely also to be most brutally libelled during his life. ... It may well be suspected that, if the verses of Alpinus and Fannius, of Bavius and Msevius, had come down to us, we might see Miecenas represented as the most niggardly and tasteless of human beings— nay, as a man who, on system, neglected and persecuted all intel lectual superiority. It is certain that Mi;ntague was thus represented by contemporary scribblers. They told the world in essays, in letters, in dialogues, in ballads, that he would do nothing for anybody without being paid either in money or in some vile services ; that he not only never rewarded merit, but hated it whenever he saw it ; that he practised the meanest arts for the purpose of depressing it ; that those whom he protected and enriched were not men of abiUty and virtue, but wretched, distii^;uished only by their sycophancy and their low debaucheries. And this was said of the man who made the fortune of Joseph Addison and of Isaac Newton. " When Somers had quitted the House of Commons, Montague had no rival there. To this day we may discern in many parts of our financial and commercial system the marks of that vigorous intellect and daring spirit. The bitterest enemies of Montague were unable to deny that some of the expedients which he had proposed had proved highly beneficial to the nation. But it was said that these expedients were not devised by himself. He was represented, in a hundred pamphlets, as the daw in borrowed plumes. He had taken, it was affirmed, the hint of every one of his great plans from the writings or the conversation of some ingenious speculator. This reproach was, in truth, no reproach. We can scarcely expect to find in the same human being the talents which are necessary for the making of new discoveries in political science, and the talents which obtain the assent of divided and tumultuous assemblies to great political reforms. To be at once Adam Smith and William Pitt is scarcely possible. " Yet it must be acknowledged that Montague, with admirable parts, and with many claims on the gratitude of his country, had great faults, and, unhappily, faults not of the noblest kind. His head was not strong enough to bear without giddiness the speed of his ascent and the height of his posi tion. He became offensively arrogant and vain. He was too often cold to his old friends, and ostentatious in displaying his new riches. Above all, he was insatiably greedy of praise, and liked it best when it was of the coarsest and rankest quality." — Macaulay. Warren Hastings, No, 35. Exhibited at Guildhall. loi 35.— WARREN HASTINGS. Engraver — T. Watson. (1732-1818.) The first Governor-General of British India, was born on 6th December, 1732, in the little hamlet of Churchill, in Oxfordshire. He belonged to the old family of Hastings of Daylesford, in Worcestershire, whose loyalty during the Civil War had brought them little else but poverty. The estate had been sold, and of all their possessions the grandfather of Warren held only the rectory of Dayles ford, to which he had been presented by his father. He had two sons — Howard, who held a post in the Customs, and Pynaston, the father of Warren. Pynaston, at the age of fifteen, married Hester Warren, the daughter of a small farmer, and, being penniless, left the country to find an obscure grave in the West Indies. The rector, im poverished by a lawsuit, quitted Daylesford, and became curate at Churchill, where Warren (whose mother had died in giving him birth) was sent to the charity school of the village. In 1740, his uncle Howard having taken charge of his education, he was placed at a school at Newington Butts, where he was well taught but badly fed : to the latter circumstance he used to attribute his diminutive stature and feeble health. At the age of ten he was removed to Westminster, and at fourteen he stood first among his fellows, of whom Lord Thurlow and Lord Shelburne, Sir Elijah Impey, and the poets Cowper and Churchill are mentioned. In 1749, when about to quit school for the university, his uncle died, leaving him dependent upon a distant relative named Chiswick, who was in the direction of the East India Company, and who procured for his ward a writership in Bengal. The next few years he spent at Fortwilliam and Cossimbazar, doing purely mercantile work. His political services during the virar with Surajah Dowlah brought him under the notice of Clive, who appointed him agent at the court of Meeraffier. From 1761 to 1764 he served at Calcutta as 1 02 Collection of Engraved Portraits Hastings {continued) : — member of council, taking no part in the systematic plunder of the natives, which, during the period of Vansittart's government — "the most revolting page of our Indian history" — was permitted to English officials. On one occasion he was openly insulted on this account, and struck in the face in the council chamber. Shortly afterwards he resigned his seat and sailed for England in November, 1764. In 1756 he had married the widow of a Captain Campbell, who, together with the two children she had borne him, died before his return home. After remaining in England nearly five years, during which time he cultivated the friendship of Dr. Johnson and Lord Mansfield, he received, in the winter of 1768, the appointment of second in council at Madras. On his way out he fell in love with a Mrs. Imhoff, the wife of one of that numerous race, the German "baron," by profession a roving portrait-painter, who was easily persuaded to obtain a divorce that his lady might become the second Mrs. Hastings. Imhoff" re turned to "the Fatherland" richer by .^10,000 — the price of his infamy. Appointed president of the Supreme Council of Bengal in April, 1772, Hastings found, in the fall of the Mussulman minister, Mohammed Reza, an opportunity of establishing a system of internal administration by English servants. As a deliberate measure of policy, he reduced by one-half the stipend paid to the titular Nabob of Bengal, and re-sold Allaha bad and Corah to the Wazir of Oude. The assistance which he gave the Wazir in his quarrel with the neighbouring tribe of Rohillas, in consideration of a sum of money to be paid into the Bengal treasury, was severely condemned by Clavering, Francis, and Monson, the majority of the new council which, from October, 1774, acted with Hastings as Governor-General over all the presidencies, only to attack and thwart him at every turn. Then began the disgraceful strife in which Nuncomar, a Bengali Brahman of bad repute, was encouraged by the three members of council to bring Exhibited at Guildhall. 103 Hastings {continued) : — charges of peculation against Hastings. The latter retorted by prosecuting Nuncomar and others for false accusations. Meanwhile, one Mohan Prasad renewed against the Brahman a suit for forgery which he had begun a few years earlier in the Mayor's Court. The trial came off in the new Supreme Court, before Hastings' old school-fellow. Sir Elijah Impey, now Chief Justice, and three other judges, aided by a full jury of British subjects. The Chief Justice summed up the evidence, the jury convicted the prisoner, and Nuncomar was hanged under a law which ten years before had been applied to a like offence in the same part of Bengal. Hastings' enemies did not fail to make capital out of these proceedings. His London agent, fearing an impeachment, now sent in a formal resignation by his principal, which was accepted ; but events having restored Hastings to the supreme management of affairs, he refused to ratify his resignation. He judiciously obtained an opinion of the Supreme Court in his own favour, and, in spite of the opposition of Clavering, continued to act as Governor-General. This was acquiesced in at home, where troubles with the American colonists had led to war. When France took up arms, Hastings lost no time in fortifying the settlements, seizing the French factories, and countermining French influence in the west and centre by taking a side in a great feud among the Mahratta chiefs. He was able to send Sir Eyre Coote to Madras in time to check the victorious advance of Hyder Ali, the usurper of Mysore. The expenses of this exhausting war he met by demanding tribute from Cheyte Sing, Rajah of Benares, who rose in revolt, but was ultimately defeated and deposed, and an augmented permanent tribute was imposed upon his successor. The Begum of Oude was next charged with having abetted Cheyte Sing in his rebellion, and, after the severest pressure, a fine of more than a million sterling was squeezed out of her. Hastings, despite these somewhat I04 Collection of Engraved Portraits Hastings {continued) : — high-handed acts, rendered necessary by the exigencies of a peculiarly harassing war, retained the confidence of the Company till 1785. In fact, he voluntarily resigned, and found on his return that the Company, the Govern ment, and the Court were friendly. The Whig opposition, were, however, loud and vehement against him. Burke, at the instigation of Francis, who supplied him with the " immortal hatred " which he vowed against Hastings and with the knowledge of details, undertook an impeach ment. He was assisted by Fox, Sheridan, Windham, and Grey, in speeches which have become classical. After nearly eight years' trial, Hastings was acquitted on the 149th day of all the charges laid against him. The expenses — £y6,ooo — had, however, consumed all his fortune. At length, but not too soon, the East India Company granted him an annuity of ;£^4,ooo for 28 J years, with ;^90,000 paid down in advance. He had been able, before the close of his trial, to realise the dream of his boy hood by buying back the ancestral manor of Daylesford, where, in the pursuits of literature and in the occupations of a country gentleman, he serenely passed the evening of his stormy and chequered career. There he died on 22nd August, 1818, in his 86th year, and was buried behind the chancel of the parish church. Sir James Stephen, in his Story of Nuncomar and the Impeachment of Sir Elijah Impey, which is only a part of a yet more arduous undertaking, has conclusively shown, against the allegations of Burke, Elliot, Mill,_ and especially Macaulay, that no sort of conspiracy or understanding existed between Hastings and Impey touching Nuncomar's trial or execution. The trial was perfectly fair, and the Chief Justice's conduct even indulgent to Nuncomar. From the above work the following sketch of Hastings is selected : — " If a man's ability is measured by a comparison between his means of action and the results of his action, Hastings must, I think, be regarded as the ablest Englishman of the eighteenth century. . . . The difficulties under which Hastings' achievements were performed were as remarkable .is the achievements themselves. He was called upon to act the part of an absolute sovereign, when both in fact and in law he was merely a private man with no defined legal powers whatever, except those of one of the managing directors of a commercial company. His masters were divided into parties of the bitterest kind, and gave him an intermittent and doubtful support. When he received by Act of Parliament some degree of legal power, he had to share it with colleagues who waged against him a war bitter and persistent beyond example. They put him several times in a minority. Iii! T~ous les SiecLer va/?ez. aes 1^0'au/ez numemes, yJont rien jJeu^-ae.pareil aid T^rt^.'ae cr "T^f/ecw.: Ce/} M ydere des A.^w , ct /a I^ eyne aes l^eynes , Qui par /es arands cffetz , devite Jon ITom^eau Tia. Jr-.LVir. ct CVL Catherine de' Medici. No. 36. Exhibited at Guildhall. 105 Hastings {continued): — reversed his policy, and displaced the officers whom he had appointed. He was hampered in his operations by having to work with, and by means of, men who had hardly any other object in view than their own immediate money interests, and the protection of those interests was the point which principally engaged the attention of the most influential persons at the India House. Parliament was so liltle disposed to support him, that on one occasion the House of Commons passed resolutions requiring the Company to recall him. Upon the innumerable questions, financial, economical, military, diplomatic, and legal, which he had to decide, he had to act almost entirely on his own judgment, and with little trustworthy or friendly advice. Under all these difficulties he never lost courage, and never failed in devising means of success, or, at the worst, of escape. "He was one of the most pleasing, amiable, and light-hearted of human beings. ' In private life,' says Wraxall, ' he was playful and gay to a degree hardly conceivable, never carrying his political vexations into the bosom of his family. Of a temper so buoyant and elastic that, the instant he quitted the Council Board, where he had been assailed by every species of opposition, often heightened by personal acrimony, oblivious of these painful occurrences, he mixed in society like a youth on whom care never intruded.' " Few men have been more devotedly loved. The letters in which his firiends announced his death are evidence of this He was probably as patient and sweet-tempered a man as ever lived, and it is also probable that no man's temper was ever tried more severely. "The faults attributed to him by Burke and his friends were, amongst other things, that he was corrupt to the last degree, fraudulent, oppressive, 'wild, savage, unprincipled,' a 'wild beast who groans in a corner over the dead and dying,' 'a captain-general of iniquity, thief, tyrant, robber, cheat, sharper, swindler, — we call him these names, and are sorry that the English language does not afford terms adequate to the enormity of his offences. . . . . Sir Walter Raleigh was called a spider of hell. This was foolish and indecent in Lord Coke. Had he been a manager on this trial, he would have been guilty of a neglect of duty had he not called the prisoner a spider of hell. ' Burke certainly did not fail in the duty of calling names. "The calmer and more ferious charge against Hastings is that he was wholly unprincipled, and that, so far as he succeeded in his enterprises, he did so by unscrupulous ingenuity, and by occasional acts of downright tyranny and fraud. It might be said by a calm and serious critic, that his character probably was attractive and amiable in private life, but that he was capable of selling the services of a British force to exterminate the Rohillas ; that he acted consistently on the principle that the East India Company was entitled, when in want of money, to plunder any one who happened to have it ; and that, in order to protect his own reputation, he conspired with Impey to bring about the judicial murder of Nuncomar. The truth of this view of Hastings' character depends on the question whether these charges are proved." — Sir J. F. Stephen, 36.— CATHERINE DE' MEDICI. Engraver — T. de Leeuw. (1519— 1589.) The wife of one French king, and the mother of three, was born at Florence in 15 19, the only daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici and Madeleine de la Tour, daughter of John, Count of Auvergne and Boulogne. Having lost both Q io6 Collection of Engraved Portraits Catherine de' Medici {continued): — her parents at an early age, Catherine was brought up in a convent, and she was only fourteen when, by the influ ence of her uncle. Pope Clement VII., she was married on 27th October, 1533, to the Duke of Orleans, afterwards Henry II., second son of Francis I., King of France. During the reign of her husband (1549-1559), Catherine lived a quiet and passive but observant life. Henry being completely under the influence of his mistress, Diana of Poitiers, she had little authority. In 1559 Henry was accidentally killed at a tournament, and his son, Francis II., a delicate stripling, weak both in health and intellect, succeeded to the throne. During his short reign Catherine did not exercise much influence at Court, for the king was ruled by his wife, Mary Stuart, and she in turn was managed by her two uncles, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Gui.se, the leaders of the Catholic party. Catherine, who cared nothing for religion but much for power, connected herself with the Huguenot leaders — Conde, Coligny, and Henry of Navarre — and a plan was laid for seizing and imprisoning the young sovereigns at Amboise, bringing the Guises to the scaffold, and governing the realm by a council com posed of the Huguenot princes under the guidance of Catherine. The plot, however, was detected ; the princes were compelled, in order to avoid the suspicion of com plicity in the conspiracy, to witness the slaughter of their partisans ; while Catherine immediately deserted them, and joined the party of the Catholic league. The next plan was to assassinate the Duke of Conde in the presence of both Francis and Mary at Orleans, which city they were about to visit in state ; and on Francis positively refusing to give his assent to the murder, one of the Guises is said to have exclaimed : " Now, by the double cross of Lorraine, but we have a poor creature for our king!" Francis II. died soon after, and such was the condition of court morals at the time, that his death was attributed to poison dropped into his ear while sleeping, not without the privity of Catherine, who, by Exhibited at Guildhall. 107 Catherine de' Medici {contittued) : — the accession of her second son, Charles IX., a boy of ten, became Regent (1560). Her career may now be said to have fairly begun. On the occasion of the marriage of her daughter. Marguerite of Valois, with Henry of Navarre, Catherine is supposed to have prevailed on Charles to give the orders for the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 24th August, 1572, an event which greatly increased her power, of which she boasted to Catholic Governments and which she excused to Protestant ones. Charles IX. died in 1 574, and the belief was that he had been poisoned by his brother Francis, Duke of AleuQon, with the connivance of his mother. Her favourite third son, Henry of Valois, then King of Poland, left that country secretly, returned to France, and claimed the throne. During his reign Catherine had, until her death, an important yet secret share'in the plots and party con tests which distracted France. She is thought to have instigated the death of Henry of Guise and his brother, the Cardinal, who were assassinated by the king's orders. This was the ruin of Henry and of the schemes of Catherine. It united all Catholic France against the king, and made Catherine an object of aversion to both parties. She died at Blois on 5th January, 1589, just seven months before the assassination of Henry, and the consequent extinction of the House of Valois. " \\. once credulous and sceptical, Catherine belonged to a numerous class who in that age placed more confidence in the powers of witchcraft than in the precepts of morality and religion. She was a firm believer in astrology, and thought herself endowed with second sight. She had, nevertheless, that native taste for art, and especially architecture, which distinguishes the Italians, but her influence in France can be regarded only as an unmitigated evil." — Dyer. "At first she really sought the welfare of France, and strove to lift the monarchy above the din of contending factions. In working for these ends she showed more circumspection than enterprise ; she was crafty, flexible, cat-like ; but ' not cruel or bad-natured on the one side ; nor, on the other, well-principled or naturally good ; her virtues and vices always depended on circumstances external to herself.' The portraits we have of her in her later life do her no justice : she raust have grown coarse and heavy-looking, for when she first came into France she is described as handsome, tall, always well dressed, ' with the prettiest hand that ever was seen ' ; a cheerful, pleasure-loving woman, with winning manners and a ready laugh : ' of her own nature she was jovial : ' she was a beautiful rider, played well at all io8 Collection of Engraved Portraits Catherine de' Medici (continued) : — games, excelled at ' Palle mail,' could shoot with the crossbow ; dearly loved a new dance ; was ever getting up gay little ballets for bad weather : she embroidered in silk with marvellous skill : she was sparkling and clever in talk, very intelligent and subtle : she delighted in astronomy, and built an observatory for her 'astrologer' Ruggieri, and listened eagerly to his science and predictions. With all this, she was exceedingly ambitious, and desirous of power. Her early life in France must have been very trying : she was a foreigner, something of a parvenu ; the Constable treated her ' as a merchant's daughter ; ' she bore no children for years, and men wished Fraiicis I. lo send her back to Italy ; her husband neglected her for Diana of Poitiers. But she had infinite tact ; her prudence was only equalled by her patience. . . . Her career has been called ' Macchiavellianism put in action,' for she deceived now this side and now that ; both avenged them selves by abusing, perhaps by slandering, the ablest woman of their day." Kitchin. " The judgment of the world upon this woman has been hard indeed. No other name of woman in the history of the world is more loathed and execrated than that of Catherine. Nor would I seek to remove the monument of hatred which makes her tomb conspicuous. But one is compelled to pity her. From the time when she lived, neglected by her husband, to the day when she died, just before the last of her sons completed by a violent death the history of her brood, no rest, or ease, or cessation from anxieties ever came to her. Trouble was heaped on trouble, and each, as it came, found her more afraid than ever ; each, by reason of her cowardice, duplicity, and treachery, became the parent of new and ever- increasing troubles. Of all women who have ever been queen, she was, perhaps, the most mischievous ; of all women who ever lived, she must have been the most miserable." — Walter Besant. " When Henry III. hastened to her, . . . exclaiming, ' I am once more King of France, for I have killed the King of Paris,' the dying woman gathering up her strength replied, ' You have killed the Duke of Guise ? God grant you have not thereby made yourself king of nothing' ('Roy de neant ')."— Kitchin. 37.— HENRY III., KING OF FRANCE. (1551—1589.) Born at Fontainebleau on 19th September, 1551, the third son of Henry II. and Catherine de' Medici, whose favourite he was. Before his accession to the throne of France, as Duke of Anjou, he favoured Huguenot opinions ; but his unstable character soon gave way before his mother's will, and he remained as a choice ornament of the Catholic Church for the rest of his life. Being placed at the head of the Catholic army, with Tavannes as his colleague, he won, in 1569, the victories of Jarnac and Moncontour over the Protestants. His military reputation, aided by his mother's intrigues, procured his election to the throne of Poland in 1573. He went to Warsaw; but on the death of his brother, Charies IX., in 1574, came back to C Lmgai CeUbvat qV, LVCc cCCL est Cetfcr VIirCLa CVCVLUerrl HC ^Ccptdper etiTe 1.C et IJammfmtmc^ier.^M'enfuf ^6Uesaatien icr iif fcd^ei trig 'K^in^etHn-'ierem/imfsfimtruj itt^nmc^einm i^mu er/cjS&g IJer ies '^if^Sfm nijcepter frug . .'L.fjnr leS. Vienr^nCj-'ins Va Uitrm mt^U Sets \^Tf}c nmthdMpcrtKt 'VK^cntithfime « turt mttnit Q«i Cnrme ^Jccptrc prtn't Henry 111., King of France. No. 37. Exhibited at Guildhall. 109 Henry in. (continued):— France and assumed the crown. His arrival was marked by the renewal of civil war. In these days the famous " Holy League " was organised, which, under pretence of protecting religion, aimed chiefly at furthering the ambi tious designs of the House of Guise. Henry attempted to avert the danger by declaring himself chief of the League (December, 1576). He took but a feeble part in the sixth and seventh civil wars, and was little in earnest till, in 1584, the death of his younger brother, Francis, Duke of Alen^on, made the Huguenot Henry of Navarre next heir to the throne, and excited to the utmost the fierce passions of the Guises and the League. The Parisian development of the League under the " sixteen " (1585), with its devotion to Henry, Duke of Guise, and its determination to exclude the heretic of Navarre, to depose the wavering Henry III., and to make Cardinal Bourbon king — this, as well as the menancing attitude of Philip II. of Spain, forced Henry III. to draw towards his distant cousin, Henry of Navarre. His unbounded licentiousness and prodigality rendered him an object of detestation among all classes. Driven to desperation — his life and crown at stake — he resorted to violent means, and towards the close of 1588 caused Henry of Guise and his brother, the Cardinal, to be assassinated. This proved only a new incentive to the League. Henry, branded as an assassin, anathematised by the Pope, deposed by decrees of the Sorbonne and the Parliament, had no alternative but to unite with Henry of Navarre, which he did in the early part of 1589, and they marched in concert against Paris, the principal seat of the League. During the siege of that city, one Jacques Clement, a Dominican monk, whose fanaticism had been fanned by Guise's own sister, the Duchess of Montpensier, presented himself at St. Cloud to the king as the bearer of an important letter, ist August, 1589, and stabbed him with a knife, inflicting a wound of which he died on the following day. With Henry III. ended the direct line of the House of Valois, for by his marriage in February, no Collection of Engraved Portraits Henry III. {continued): — 1 575, to Princess Louise de Vaudemont he had no issue. He was one of the many suitors of Queen Elizabeth. "Wherever he went he flaunted before the people his ardent Catholic ism ; processions, prayers, church festivals, had no attendant so devout : he was ever either sinning or doing penance for his sins ; and it was hard to say in which he showed tlie greatest fervour. He attached himself in policy, in opinion, and by marriage, to the dominant House of Guise. But he made no attempt to put an end to the loose irregular war which was eating up the vitals of the kingdom : his court was more bestial and corrupt than anything France had seen for ages. Nothing could be more scandalous and effeminate than this idle king : he and his unworthy favourites made night hideous within and abroad in the streets : the home of bloodshed and intrigue, of love and murder, of the worst passions in fullest licence,— such was the Court of Henry III. When his amusements were not vicious they were criminal ; if not criminal, puerile. All parties alike fell off from him : in him the French monarchy reached its lowest point. "Yet, though ill-government under Henry III. reached its height, though all virtues seemed turned to gall, all vices to corruption ; though the people were oppressed, taxes heavier and heavier, money gotten anyhow, squandered anyhow ; still Henry HI., like the others of his family, had some higher tastes, overwhelmed though they were by the heavy weight of vice. He was the first sovereign who returned to Paris and did much for the capital. He befriended learning : under him we find such scholars as Henry Stephanus (Etienne) and Scaliger ; the classical tastes of the time found expression in their labours. The Platonist Ramus had perished ; but Hotmann and Bodin introduced to the notice of France the field of political science and speculation ; while the great Pohtique lawyers and writers, Cujas, Pasquier, and Du Moulin, laboured hard to advance good ideas as to law and administration. Poetry smiled on either party : each side had its ' Prince of French Poets : ' the Catholics claiming that proud title for Ronsard, the Huguenots for Du Bartas, whom Bacon and Milton studied, and Spenser must have known." — Kitchin. 38.— THOMAS HOBBES. Engraver — W. Faithorne, the Elder. (1588-1679.) Born at Westport, now part of Malmesbur}', in North Wilts, on Good Friday, 5th April, 1588 — his mother's fright at the rumours of the coming Spanish Armada having hastened his appearance in the world. He was the second son of the then Vicar of Charlton and Westport, a man whose quarrelsome disposition had obliged him to quit his charge and leave his children to the care of an elder brother, a prosperous glover in Malmesbury. After some schooling at Westport Church, Malmesbury, and again at Westport, under Robert Latimer, "a good Thomas Hobbes. No. 38. Exliibited at Guildhall. 1 1 1 Hobbes {continued) : — Grecian," Hobbes, when about 15, was entered at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he remained five years, taking his bachelor's degree on 5th February, 1608. In the same year, soon after leaving Oxford, Hobbes was recommended by Dr. John Wilkinson, the principal of Magdalen Hall, as tutor or rather companion to the son of William Cavendish, Baron of Hardwick, but some years later Earl of Devonshire, this being the commence ment of an intimate connection with that great family, which lasted through his long life. In 1610 he went abroad with his pupil, and travelled through France, Germany, and Italy. On his return he became intimate with Bacon, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Ben Jonson, and other eminent men. His first work, a translation of Thucydides, appeared in 1628. Severely afflicted by the death both of his patron and pupil, he again visited France and Italy in 1629, with a son of Sir Gervase Clifton, but returned to England in 163 1, at the desire of the Countess Dowager of Devonshire to undertake the education of the young earl, the son of his former pupil, now thirteen years old. With his new pupil he v/ent abroad again in 1634, and during an absence of three years enjoyed the friendship of Father Mersenne, Gassendi, and Galileo. In 1640, when the civil war was inevitable, he hastened away from England and lived for more than ten years in or about Paris, where he cor responded a while with Descartes. During all the time he was abroad, he received from his patron, the Earl of Devonshire, a yearly pension of .if 80, and they remained in steady correspondence. Among his friends at this time are specially mentioned Selden and Harvey, who each left him a legacy of ;£'io on dying. In 1642 a few copies of his De Give were printed at Paris for distribution among his friends, and the work was published by the Elzevir press at Amsterdam in 1647. In the last-named year he was appointed mathematical instructor to the Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II., who had reached Paris from Jersey about July. In 1650 his treatises on 112 Collection of Engraved Portraits Hobbes {continued) : — Human Nature and De Corpore Politico appeared in London, and prepared the way for the reception of his magnum opus, which came out about the middle of the next year, 165 1, under the title of Leviathan, or the Matter, For7n, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesias tical and Civil. " It appeared," to use the words of Prof. Croom Robertson, "and soon its author was more lauded and decried than any other thinker of his time ; but the first effect of its publication was to sever his connexion with the exiled royalist party, and to throw him for protection on the revolutionary Government. No sooner did copies of the book reach Paris than he found himself shunned by his former associates, and though he was himself so little conscious of disloyalty that he was forward to present a manuscript copy* ' engrossed in vellum in a marvellous fair hand ' to the young King of the Scots (who, after the defeat at Worcester, escaped to Paris about the end of October), he was denied the royal presence when he sought it shortly afterwards. Straightway, then, he saw himself exposed to a double peril. The exiles had among them desperadoes who could slay; and, besides exciting the enmity of the Anglican clergy about the king, who bitterly resented the secularist spirit of his book, he had compromised himself with the French authorities by his elaborate attack on the papal system. In the circumstances, no resource was left him but secret flight. Travelling with what speed he could in the depths of a severe winter, and under the effects of a recent (second) illness, he managed to reach London, where, sending in his submission to the Council of State, he was allowed without trouble to subside into private life." In 1654 he issued a small treatise. Of Liberty and Necessity, which involved him in a long strife with Bishops Bramhall and Laney. He had also a twenty years' warfare with Dr. John Wallis, Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford, which gained him little honour among mathematicians ; his claim was that he had squared the circle and other such feats. His opinions were, during this period, assailed by all sects of theo logians and many eminent writers ; and in 1666 his Leviathan and De Give were censured by Parliament. Hobbes, however, was not without his consolations. His former pupil, the King, received him back into favour, granted him a yearly pension of ;^ioo, and had his portrait hung up in the royal closet. Visitors from * Doubtless the beautifully written and finely bound MS. now pre served in the British Museum as Egerton MS. 1910. Exhibited at Guildhall. 113 Hobbes {continued) : — abroad, illustrious either by birth or by learning, sought to pay their respects to him ; and Cosmo de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, visited him in 1669, and asked for his portrait and a collection of his writings to take to Florence. The last four years of his life were tranquilly passed at Chatsworth, his patron's seat in Derbyshire ; but he died at Hardwick Hall, on 4th December, 1679, in his 92nd year, and was buried in the neighbouring parish church of Hault Hucknall. He continued to write to the last. His principal later publications are a rhymed version of the Iliad and Odyssey (1675-77) which was eagerly received, though justly characterised by Pope as " too mean for criticism ;" the Decameron Physiologicum (1678); an autobiography in Latin verse, thrown off at the age of eighty-four (1679); and a lively dialogue to which he gave the title Behemoth : the History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England, and of the Counsels and Artifices by which they were carried on from the year 164.0 to the year 1660, which saw the light just before his death in 1679. " What more massively notable figure in the English world of letters at that time than Davenant's nominal subject, but real master and mentor, Thomas Hobbes? In his seventy-third year at the Restoration — a tall, strong-looking old man, of ruddy complexion, though with hands shaking from palsy, his head very bald atop, but with yellowish-grey hair in plenty at the sides — Hobbes, too, had already accomplished the best part of his work. Known to the public before the Civil Wars chiefly by his translation of Thucydides, he had since then — in a series of books, written either during his eleven years of voluntary retreat in Paris from the uncongenial strife at home (1641-1652), or afterwards in England during his renewed residence there by Cromwell's leave under the Protectorate — taken the world by storm in his true character of philosopher or systematic thinker. Called the ' atheist Hobbes' as long ago as 1646, when only the first of this series of books, the Elementa Philosophica de Cive, had been published, he had become more and more 'the atheist Hobbes,' with all who found advantage in that style of epithet, by his Human Nature and De Corpore Politico of 1650, his all- comprehensive Leviathan of 1 65 1, and some subsequent writings, while this dreadful fame of his for general Atheism had been fringed latterly by a special reputation for mathematical heterodoxy. We can now judge of Hobbes for ourselves. He was indubitably the most important philosophical or systematic thinker that England had produced since Bacon, and a bolder and a more thorough thinker in some respects than Bacon had been ; one decries him among his English contemporaries as a grim and very irascible old Aristotle ; and one can trace the descent of his main notions through the whole subsequent course of English Philosophy. 114 Collection of Engraved Portraits Hobbes {continued) : — " Hobbism . . . was partly a reproduction, partly a most original version, of an eternally base philosophy. Yet in what a style, and with what vigour, this ph losophy was taught ! Among English writers there are few comparable to Hobbes for combined perspicuity and strength. Every sentence is as clear as can be, and yet full of independence and character. Happy and memorable expressions abound, and in page after page there breaks out the sarcastic humour of one who sees the faces of his readers as he writes, and of some readers in particular, and hits the harder the more they wince. . . . Hobbes remains a kind of unique figure in English philosophy, with a personality quite distinguishable from that of any fore runner or any successor. His very face in the portrait is one of the strongest and most astute ever seen. Strong and low, we may call Hobbes, but great in that kind. " From the Restoration onwards, Hobbes lived much as he had done before at Chatsworth, in Derbyshire, the honoured guest of William the third Earl of Devonshire. . . . His method of life there was somewhat eccentric. He devoted the mornings to vigorous walking and exercise out-of-doors ; returned to breakfast ; and then ' went round the lodgings, to wait upon the Earl and Countess and all the children, paying some short addresses to them,' till about twelve o'clock, when 'he had a little dinner provided for him,' which he always took alone. ' Soon after dinner, he had his candle and twelve pipes of tobacco laying by it ; then, shutting his door, and darkening some part of the windows, he fell to smoking, and thinking, and virriting, for several hours.' So in the country ; but he was also a good deal in London, living in the Earl's town-house in Bishopsgate Street Without, and going about with him daily. ' I should sooner have given you an account of an interview I had of Mr. Hobbes,' writes Hooke to his patron Robert Boyle, ' which was at Mr. Reeve's, he coming along with my Lord Devonshire to be assistant in the choosing a glass. I was, I confess, a little surprised at first to see an old man so view me and survey me in every way, without saying anything to me ; but I quickly shaked off my surprise when I heard my lord call him Mr. Hobbes, supposing he had been informed to whom I belonged. I soon found, by staying that little while he was there, that the character I had formerly received of him was very significant. I found him to lard and seal every asseveration with a round oath, to under value all other men's opinions and judgments, to defend to the utmost what he asserted, though never so absurd, to have a high conceit of his own abilities and performances, though never so absurd and pitiful, &c. He would not be pursuaded but that a common spectacle-glass was as good an eye-glass for a thirty-six foot glass as the best in the world, and pretended to see better than all the rest by holding his spectacle in his hand, which shook as fast one way as his head did the other ; which, I confess, made me bite my tongue.' This is from an unfriendly quarter, but it is trustworthy. We see the strong old fellow in the optician's shop, dogmatic even about the best glasses for telescopes, glaring at Hooke ferociously because he knew him to be a client of Boyle's, and blaspheming like a Trojan. He had outlived all his vices, except those of temper, and seems never to have had many of an unphilosophical kind. One natural daughter, whom he called his delictum juvetitutis, or 'slip of youth,' he had duly provided for somewhere "Aubrey's anecdotes about Hobbes, whom he knew intimately, confirm Hooke's description of his ferocious manner and his habit of swearing, but leave altogether a kindlier impression. ' He had two kinds of looks, says Aubrey : ' when he laughed, was witty, and in a merry humour, one could scarce see his eyes ; by and bye, when he was serious and earnest, he opened his eyes round his eye-lids.' When he appeared at Court, 'Here comes the bear ' the wits would say, and would gather round for .-i baiting-match ; on which occasions ' he would make his part good,' says Aubrey, ' being William Hogarth. No. 39. Exhibited at Guildhall. US Hobbes {continued) : — marvellous happy and ready in his replies, and that without rancour, except provoked.' Aubrey adds that he was very charitable with his money. " — Masson. "So to my bookseller's, for 'Hobbes's Leviathan,' which is now mightily called for ; and what was heretofore sold for 8s. I now give 34s. for, at the second hand, and is sold for 30s., it being a book the Bishops will not let be printed again. " — Pepys, 3rd September, 1668. 39.— WILLIAM HOGARTH. Painter — W. Hogarth. Engraver — B. Smith. (1697— 1764.) The life of this "Juvenal in oils," "the greatest English pictorial satirist," was chequered by few incidents of note. He was born in Ship Court, Old Bailey, London, on loth November, 1697, and baptized on the 28th in the church of St. Bartholomew the Great, being the son of Richard Hogarth, who had drifted from his native Westmoreland to London, there to eke out a scanty subsistence as schoolmaster and bookseller's hack. Almost from his cradle Hogarth seems to have shown remarkable aptitude for those talents which were to make him famous. As he himself tells us — " Shows of all sorts gave me uncommon pleasure when an infant, and mimicry, common to all children, was remarkable in me. . . . My exercises when at school were more remarkable for the ornaments which adorned them than for the exercise itself" He was accordingly bound apprentice to Ellis Gamble, a silver-plate engraver, carrying on his trade at the sign of the Golden Angel in Cranbourne Street, or Alley, Leicester Fields. Starting in business on his own account in April, 1720, as an engraver of arms, shopbills, and plates for booksellers, Hogarth presently applied himself to copper-engraving, his twelve illustrations to Butler's Hudibras appearing in 1726. These are not particularly happy examples of his art, as he was always more successful in illustrating his own ideas than those of others. On 23rd March, 1729, he was secretly married at Old Paddington Church, to Jane, only daughter of Sir 1 1 6 Collection of Engraved Portraits Hogarth {continued) : — James Thornhill, serjeant-painter to the King, at whose Art School, in St. Martin's Lane, he had formerly studied. This "stolen union," although apparently favoured by Lady Thornhill, proved at first very unpalatable to the court painter ; but when his son-in-law began to gain distinction. Sir James became reconciled to the young couple. Shortly after his marriage, Hogarth successfully adopted portrait-painting as a profession, though he never cared much for this branch of art ; and also commenced what he called "small conversation pieces," in which the figures were drawn from the life, and often in humorous attitudes, though not burlesques. In 1733, Hogarth took up his abode at the Golden Head in Leicester Fields, where he continued, with occasional migrations to a house at Chiswick (bought in 1757), until the day of his death. In this same year appeared the first of those great series of "dramas on canvas," A Harlot's Progress, in six pictures, which, like his other works, were engraved by himself Its extraordinary popularity prompted A Rake's Progress, in eight plates, which had not a like success. Other admirable perform ances were A Midnight Modern Conversation, Southwark Fair, Strolling Actresses dressing in a Barn, which in Walpole's opinion, is, " for wit and imagination, without any other end, the best of all the painter's works ;" and lastly, the plates of the Distrest Poet, toiling amid difficulties at a poem on "Riches" in a garret, and the Enraged Musician anathematising from his window a motley orchestra on the pavement outside. After a few mistaken essays in the field of historical painting, Hogarth returned to the more congenial line of social satire, and in 1745, appeared his masterpiece Marriage a la Mode, now in the National Gallery, as is also the inimitable portrait of himself with his pug-dog Trump, which this brief biography is designed to illustrate. It was by the engravings alone, not by the original paintings, that Hogarth acquired his fortune : the few Exhibited at Guildhall. 117 Hogarth {continued): — people who bought pictures in his day preferring to adorn their walls with " old masters " of doubtful manufacture. On the last day of February, 1745, Hogarth disposed of the two Progresses, the Four Times of the Day, and the Strolling Actresses for the trifling sum of ;^427 7s. " No better fate attended Marriage a la Mode, which five years later became the property of Mr. Lane of Hillingdon for 1 30 Guineas, being then in Carlo Maratti frames, which had cost the artist four guineas a-piece." In 1747 the series of twelve plates entitled Industry and Idleness, depicting the career of two London apprentices, won much applause, and were followed by other admirable works, among them being the Four Prints of an Election, 1755-58, which tell a lively tale of election humours in the days of Sir Robert Walpole. In 1757 Hogarth succeeded John Thornhill, his brother-in-law, as serjeant- painter. Towards the close of his life he again forsook the path which nature had marked out for him to depict the story of Sigismonda weeping over the heart of her murdered lover Guiscardo, in competition with a picture on the same subject by Furini, recently sold for £\oo, and in direct illustration of his principle that no preliminary training was necessary to produce a good historical painting. The ridicule which this picture (now in the National Gallery) evoked, equalled that bestowed upon his ill-starred Analysis of Beauty (4to, London, 1753), the leading principle of which is that a curved line in shape somewhat like the letter S, is the foundation of all beauty. In 1762 occurred his unhappy political squabble with his quondam friends, John Wilkes and Churchill the poet and ex-clergyman, on whom he amply revenged himself by his pencil — depicting the former simply in his native hideousness, with a Satanic leer which the demagogue could not but acknowledge was genuine, and the latter as a bear in tattered canon icals, holding a pot of porter, and hugging a post inscribed with an ascending scale of lies. "The pleasure, and II 8 Collection of Engraved Portraits Hogarth {continued): — pecuniary advantage," wrote the old artist, "which I derived from these two engravings, together with occasional riding on horseback, restored me to as much health as can be expected at my time of life." He died on 26th October, 1764, at his house in Leicester Fields, and lies buried in Chiswick churchyard, where his tomb bears an oft-quoted epitaph by his friend Garrick. Another friend. Dr. Johnson, wrote a still better one — "The hand of him here torpid lies. That drew th' essential forms of grace ; Here, closed in death, th' attentive ej'es, That saw the manners in the face." His wife survived him until 1789. The villa at Chiswick, where he was wont to pass the summer, still exists. " I was pleased with the reply of a gentleman, who, being asked which book he esteemed most in his library, answered— ' Shakspere : ' being asked which he esteemed next best, replied — ' Hogarth.' His graphic representa tions are indeed books : they have the teeming, fruitful, suggestive meaning of words. Other pictures we look at^his prints we read. " The quantity of thought which Hogarth crowds into every picture would almost unvulgarise every subject which he might choose "I say not that all the ridiculous subjects of Hogarth have necessarily something in them to make us like them ; some are indifferent to us, some in their nature repulsive, and only made interesting by the wonderful skill and truth to nature in the painter ; but I contend that there is in most of them that sprinkling of the better nature, which, like holy water, chases away and disperses the contagion of the bad. They have this in them besides, that they bring us acquainted with the every-day human face — they give us skill to detect those gradations of sense and virtue (which escape the careless or fastidious observer) in the circumstances of the world about us ; and prevent that disgust at common life, that tadium quotidianarum fomiarum, which an unrestricted passion for ideal forms and beauties is in the danger of producing. In this, as in many other things, they are analogous to the best novels of Smollett and Fielding." — Charles Lamb. "What manner of man was he who executed these portraits — so various, so faithful, and so admirable ? In the National Collection of Pictures most of us have seen the best and most carefully finished series of his comic paintings, and the portrait of his own honest face, of which the bright blue eyes shine out from the canvas and give you an idea of that keen and brave look with which William Hogarth regarded the world. No man was ever less of a hero; you see him before you, and can fancy what he was — a jovial, honest London citizen, stout and sturdy ; a hearty, plain-spoken man, loving his laugh, his friend, his glass, his roast beef of Old England, and having a proper bourgeois scorn for French frogs, for mounseers, and wooden shoes in general, for foreign fiddlers, foreign singers, and, above all, for foreign painters, whom he held in the most amusing contempt. "It must have been great fun to hear him rage against Correggio and the Carracci ; to watch him thump the table and snap his fingers, and say, ' Historical painters be hanged : here's the man that will paint against any Exhibited at Guildhall 119 Hogarth {continued) : — of them for a hundred pounds. Correggio's Sigismunda ! Look at Bill Hogarth's Sigismunda ; look at my altar-piece at St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol ; look at my Paul before Felix, and see whether I'm not as good as the best of them.' " Posterity has not quite confirmed honest Hogarth's opinion about his talents for the subhme. Although Swift could not see the difference between tweedle-dee and tweedle-dum, posterity has not shared the Dean's contempt for Handel ; the world has discovered a difference between tweedle-dee and tweedle-dum, and given a hearty applause and admiration to Hogarth, too, but not exactly as a painter of scriptural subjects, or as a rival of Correggio. It does not take away from one's liking for the man, or from the moral of his story, or the humour of it — from one's admiration for the prodigious merit of his performances — to remember that he persisted to the last in believing that the world was in a conspiracy against him with respect to his talents as an historical painter, and that a set of miscreants, as he called them, were employed to run his genius down. They say it was Liston's firm belief that he was a great and neglected tragic actor ; they say that every one of us believes in his heart, or would like to have others believe, that he is something which he is not. One of the most notorious of the ' miscreants,' Hogarth says, was Wilkes, who assailed him in the North Briton ; the other was Churchill, who put the North Briton attack into heroic verse, and published his Epistle to Hogarth. Hogarth replied by that caricature of Wilkes, in which the patriot still figures before us, with his Satanic grin and squint, and by a caricature of Churchill, in which he is represented as a bear with a staff, on which, lie the first, lie the second — lie the tenth, are engraved in unmistakable letters. There is very little mistake about honest Hogarth's satire : if he has to paint a man with his throat cut, he draws him with his head almost off; and he tried to do the same for his enemies in this little controversy. " — Thackeray. "Mr. Hogarth, among the variety of kindnesses shown to me when I was too young to have a proper sense of them, was used to be very earnest that I should obtain the acquaintance, and, if possible, the friendship, of Dr. Johnson ; whose conversation was, to the talk of other men, like Titian's painting compared to Hudson's, he said. ' But don't you tell people now that I say so,' continued he ; ' for the connoisseurs and I are at war, you know ; and because I hate them, they think I hate Titian — and let them ! ' . . Of Dr. Johnson, when my father and he were talking about him one day, ' That man,' says Hogarth, ' is not contented with believing the Bible; but he fairly resolves, I think, to believe nothing but the Bible.' ' Johnson,' added he, ' though so wise a fellow, is more like King David than King Solomon, for he says in his haste, all men are liars.'" — Mrs. Pio%zi. Coleridge speaks of the " beautiful female faces " in Hogarth's pictures, " in whom," he says, " the satirist never extinguished that love of beauty which belonged to him as a poet." — The Friend. " It has been observed that Hogarth's pictures are exceedingly unlike any other representations of the same kind of subjects — that they form a class, and have a character, peculiar to themselves. It may be worth while to consider in what this general distinction consists. " In the first place, they are, in the strictest sense, historical pictures ; and if what Fielding says be true, that his novel of Tom Jones ought to be regarded as an epic prose poem, because it contained a regular development of fable, manners, character, and passion, the compositions of Hogarth will, in like manner, be found to have a higher claim to the title of epic pictures than many which have of late arrogated that denomination to themselves. When we say that Hogarth treated his subjects historically, we mean that his works represent the manners and humours of mankind in I20 Collection of Engraved Portraits Hogarth {continued) : — action, and their characters by varied expression Everything in his pictures has life and motion in it. Not only does the business of the scene never stand still, but every feature and muscle is put into full play; the exact feeling of the moment is brought out, and carried to its utmost height, and then instantly seized and stamped on the canvas for ever. The expression is always taken en passant, in a state of progress or change, and, as it were, at the salient point. . . . His figures are not like the back ground on which they were painted : even the pictures on the wall have a peculiar look of their own. Again, with the rapidity, variety, and scope of history, Hogarth's heads have all the reality and correctness of portraits. He gives the extremes of character and expression, but he gives them virith perfect truth and accuracy. This is, in fact, what distinguishes his composi tions from all others of the same kind, that they are equally remote from caricature, and from raere still life. . . . His faces go to the very verge of caricature, and yet never (we believe in any single instance) go beyond it." — Hazlitt. " It happened in the early part of Hogarth's life, that a nobleman, who was uncommonly ugly and deformed, came to sit to him for his picture. It was executed with a skill that did honour to the artist's abilities ; but the likeness was rigidly observed, without even the necessary attention to com pliment or flattery. The peer, disgusted at this counterpart of himself, never once thought of paying for a reflection that would only disgust him with his deformities. Some time was suffered to elapse before the artist applied for his money ; but afterwards many applications were made by him (who had then no need of a banker) for payment without success. The painter, however, at last hit upon an expedient. ... It was couched in the following card : — " ' Mr. Hogarth's dutiful respects to Lord . Finding that he does not mean to have the picture which was drawn for him, is informed again of Mr. Hogarth's necessity for the money. If, therefore, his Lordship does not send for it in three days it will be disposed of, with the addition of a tail, and some other little appendages, to Mr. Hare, the famous wild-beast man : Mr Hogarth having given that gentleman a conditional promise of it, for an exhibition-picture, on his Lordship's refusal.' "This intimation had the desired effect." — Works by Nichols and Steevens. " Frora such records of him as survive, Hogarth appears to have been much what, from his portrait, one might suppose him to have been — a blue- eyed, honest, combative little man, thoroughly national in his prejudices and antipathies, fond of flattery, sensitive like most satirists, a good friend, an intractable enemy ; ambitious, as he somewhere says, in all things to be singular, and not always accurately estimating the extent of his powers. With the art connoisseurship of his day he was wholly at war, because, as he believed, it favoured foreign mediocrity at the expense of native talent ; and in the heat of argument, he would probably, as he admits, often come ' to utter blasphemous expressions against the divinity even of Raphael Urbino, Correggio, and Michelangelo.' But it was rather against the third- rate copies of third-rate artists — the ' ship-loads of manufactured Dead Christs, Holy Families, and Madonnas '• — that his indignation was directed. " But no doubt it was in a raeasure owing to this hostile attitude of his towards the all-powerful picture-brokers, that his contemporaries failed to adequately recognise his merits as a painter, and persisted in regard ing him as an ingenious humorist alone. Time has reversed that unjust sentence. He is now held to have been an excellent painter, pure and harmonious in his colouring, wonderfully dexterous and direct in his hand ling, and in his composition leaving little or nothing to be desired. As an Queen Jane Seymour. Nn 40 Exhibited at Guildhall. I2I Hogarth {continued) : — engraver, his work is more conspicuous for its vigour, spirit, and intelligi bility than for finish and beauty of line. He desired that it should tell its own tale plainly, and bear the distinct impress of his individuality, and in this he thoroughly succeeded. As a draughtsman his skill has sometimes been debated ; and his work at times undoubtedly bears marks of haste, and even carelessness, If, however, he is judged by his best instead of his worst, his work will not be found to be wanting in this respect. But it is not after all as a draughtsman, an engraver, or a painter that he claims his pre-eminence among English artists — it is as a wit, a humorist, a satirist upon canvas. Regarded in this light, he has never been equalled, whether for his vigour of realism and dramatic power, his fancy and invention in the decoration of his story, or his merciless anatomy and exposure of folly and wickedness. If we regard him — as he loved to regard himself — as ' author ' rather than ' artist,' his place is with the great masters of literature — with the Thackerays and Fieldings, the Cervantes and Molieres." — Austin Dobson. 40.— JANE SEYMOUR, Queen of England. Painter — Hans Holbein. Engraver — C. G. Lewis. {d. 1537- ) The eldest of the eight children of Sir John Seymour, Knt, of Wolf Hall, in Wiltshire, Groom of the Chamber to Henry VIII., by Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Wentworth, of Nettlested, in Suffolk. She probably received her education at the court of France. Her connections and accomplishments procured for her the office of a maid of honour to Anne Boleyn, and her beauty made her the cause of her mistress's ruin. Henry became attached to her and weary of his wife. The unhappy Anne Boleyn was accused of adultery and sent to the scaffold, and Henry married his new love the day after the execution. This union took place on 20th May, 1536, and on the 8th of the following month the parliament passed an act to settle the crown on its issue, to the exclusion of the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth. On 1 2th October, 1537, the queen was delivered of a son, afterwards Edward VI. ; but the joy for his birth was soon abated by the death of his mother twelve days later, in consequence of the excitement attendant on his christening. She was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on Sth November, 1537. 122 Collection of Engraved Portraits Jane Seymour {continued) : — The original outline sketch of Jane by Holbein, from which our engraving is taken, was probably made shortly before her accouchement — a time most unfavour able to the beauty of the sitter : indeed, it is difficult to trace any beauty in the portrait. " I shall out of our Records produce the censure of Sir John RusseU (afterwards Earl of Bedford) who having been at Church, observed the King to be the goodliest Person there ; but of the Queens gave this note, that the Richer Queen Jane was in Clothes, the fairer she appeared, but that the other [Anne Boleyn], the Richer she was apparel'd, the worse she look'd ; but this Queen certainly deserv'd all the Favour done her, as being reputed the Discreetest, Fairest, and Humblest of the King's wives ; though both Queen Katherine in her younger dayes, and the late Queen were not easily Parallel'd." ^ " Her " losse much afflicted the King, as having found Her alwaies dis creet, humble, and loyall ; for which reason also, he was not so forward to match again. Insomuch that notwithstanding some good offers made him, he continued a widower more than two yeares ; which in his declining age and corpulence (for He grew now very unweildy) was a long space." — Lord Herbert of Cherbury. "It is currantly traditioned, that at her first coming to Court, Queen Anne BoUen espying a Jewell pendant about her neck, snatched thereat (desirous to see the other unwilling to show it), and causually hurt her hand with her own violence ; but it grieved her heart more, when she perceived it the King's Picture by himself bestowed upon her, who &om this day for ward dated her own declining and the others ascending in her husband's affection. " It appeareth plainly by a passage in the Act of Parliament, that the King was not onely invited to his marriage, by his own affections, but by the Humble Petition and intercession of most of the Nobles of his Realme, moved thereunto, as well by the conveniency of her years, as in respect that by her excellent Beauty and Pureness of Flesh and Bloud, (I speak the very words of the Act itself,) she was apt (God willing) to Conceive Issue. And so it proved accordingly. " Of all the Wives of King Henry she only had the happiness to dye in his fiiU favour, . . . the King continuity in real mourning for her, even all the Festival of Christmas." — Thomas Fuller. 41.— JOHN MAITLAND, DuKE OF Lauderdale. Engraver — G. 'Valck. (1616— 1682.) Eldest son of John, first Earl of Lauderdale, by Isabel, only daughter of Alexander, Earl of Dunfermline, and grand son of John, first Lord Thirlestone (brother of Maitland of Lethington), was born at Lethington on 24th May, John Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale, No, 41 Exhibited at Guildhall 123 Lauderdale {continued) : — 16 16. After receiving an excellent education under Presbyterian influences, he entered public life as a supporter of the Covenant, became one of the Scotch representatives in the Westminster Assembly, and commanded a Scotch infantry regiment at the Battle of Marston Moor. In the following year he was one of the commissioners employed to treat with the king at Uxbridge, and again, in December, 1647, one of those sent to persuade him to sign the Covenant at Caris brooke. Thereafter he joined arms with Hamilton and the " Engagers." Compelled to quit Scotland when Argyle regained power, he returned with Charles II. in 1650, was taken prisoner at the Battle of Worcester, and remained in confinement until released by Monck in March, 1660. He forthwith repaired to the Hague, and ingratiated himself with Charles. He was rewarded for his services by being made Secretary of State for Scotland, and by degrees, after the fall of Middleton in 1662, and Rothes in 1667, all authority in that country fell into his hands. By arbitrary and merciless measures against the Covenanters, he gained unbounded favour at Court, and on 2nd May, 1672, he was raised to the dignity of Marquis of March and Duke of Lauderdale, being subsequently made a peer of England by the titles of Viscount Petersham and Earl of Guildford, and placed on the Privy Council. He was a member of the Cabal Ministry, after the fall of which he still retained his power in Scotland. Suspected of advising the king to use the forces of Scotland against the English parliament, and being generally detested by reason of his venality and arrogance, his removal from the king's service was demanded by the Commons in 1674. Despite all attacks, he remained in power until the Scotch Insurrection of 1679. If we may credit Burnet, "the king found his memory failing him, and so he resolved to let him fall gently, and bring all the Scotch affairs into the Duke of Monmouth's hands." He died near Tunbridge Wells on 124 Collection of Engraved Portraits Lauderdale {continued) : — 24th August, 1682, and was buried in the family vault at Haddington. " The Earl of Lauderdale, afterwards made Duke, had been for manjr years a zealous Covenanter ; but in the year '47 he turned to the King s interests ; and had continued a prisoner all the while after Worcester fight, where he was taken. He was kept for some years in the Tower of London, in Portland Castle, and in other prisons, till he was set at liberty by those who called home the King. So he went over to Holland, and since he continued so long, and contrary to all men's opinions, in so high a degree of favour and confidence, it may be expected that I should be a little copious in setting out his character, for I knew him very particularly. He made a very ill appearance ; he was very big : his hair red, hanging oddly about him ; his tongue was too big for his mouth, which made him bedew all that he talked to : and his whole manner was rough and boisterous, and very unfit for a court. He was very learned, not only in Latin, in which he was a master, but in Greek and Hebrew. He had read a great deal of divinity, and almost all the historians, ancient and modern : so that he had great materials. He had with these an extraordinary memory, and a copious but unpolished expression. He was a man, as the Duke of Buckingham called him to me, of a blundering understanding. He was haughty beyond expression, abject to those he saw he must stoop to, but imperious to all others. He had a violence of passion that carried him often to fits like madness, in which he had no temper. If he took a thing wrong, it was a vain thing to study to convince him : that would rather provoke him to swear, he would never be of another mind : he was to be let alone : and perhaps he would have forgot what he had said, and come about of his own accord. He was the coldest friend and the violentest enemy I ever knew : I felt it too much not to know it. He at first seemed to despise wealth : but he delivered himself up afterwards to luxury and sensuality : and by that means he ran into a vast expense, and stuck at nothing that was necessary to support it. In his long imprisonment he had great impressions of religion on his mind : but he wore these out so entirely, that scarce any trace of them was left. His great experience in affairs, his ready compliance with every thing that he thought would please the King, and his bold offering at the most desperate counsels, gained him such an interest in the King, that no attempt against him, nor complaint of him, could ever shake it, till a decay of strength and understanding forced him to let go his hold. He was in his principles much against Popery and arbitrary government ; and yet, by a fatal train of passions and interests, he made way for the former, and had almost established the latter. And, whereas some by a smooth deportment made the first beginnings of tyranny less discernible and unacceptable, he by the fury of his behaviour heightened the severity of his ministry, which was liker the cruelty of an inquisition than the legality of justice. With all this he was a Presbyterian, and retained his aversion to King Charles I. and his party to his death.'' — Burnet. 42.— HANS SEBALD LAUTENSACK. Painter and Engraver- .ST. .5". Lautensack. (I524?-I563?) Little is known of the life of this old German engraver. He was born in or about 1524, the son of Paul Lautensack, Hans Sebald Lautensack, No, 42, jHO-iTAs '>rif r^iFn^ iiii i_i / i r i" n \n; iHt\ (I' iiif ot J) inb .'Ind Xmjkt Pf th-i n.o.t Tibbie Ord,,- oJ tl,„ ^ar '' '^ - J ' T" Thomas Osborne, Duke of Leeds, M ^ .1 Q Exhibited at Guildhall 125 Lautensack (continued) :— an obscure painter of Bamberg, who, four years after his son's birth, removed to Nuremberg. By his father he was taught the rudiments of design. In 1556 he is found at Vienna as one of the Royal artists, and he is supppsed to have died in that city between 1560 and 1563. The best of his landscapes are — David and Goliath, 1 5 5 1 ; Landscape, with Farm-yard, 1 5 5 1 ; Nuremberg from the west and east, two views, each in three sheets, 1552, 1555 ; two Landscapes dated 1553 and 1555; Christ curing the bhnd at Jericho, 1559 ; Balaam, 1559; Villagers occupied in the Vintage, "15 59 ; A Grand Tournament, 1560; Public Games, 1560. Of his portraits may be mentioned : Paul Lautensack, his father ; his own portrait, 1552; and that of a German nobleman, a half length, published in 1554. His landscapes are etched in a dark, unpleasant style ; but his portraits, etched and finished with the engraver, possess considerable merit. He followed the style of Altdorfer. 43- THOMAS OSBORNE, Duke of Leeds. Engraver— J?. White, (1631— 1712.) Born in 163 1, the eldest son of Sir Edward Osborne, Bart, of Kiveton, in Yorkshire, by his second wife Anne, widow of William Midelton, of Stockeld, in the same county, and second daughter of Thomas Walmesley, of Dunkenhalgh, in Lancashire. His father was a zealous royalist, and introduced him at court at an early age. After the Restoration he was patronised by the Duke of Bucking ham, and being elected member for York in 1661, busied himself in procuring the downfall of Clarendon, their common enemy. His official career began with his appointment as commissioner for examining the public accounts in 1667, He was knighted by Charles 1 1., made Treasurer of the Navy in 167 1, and on 3rd May, 126 Collection of Engraved Portraits Duke of Leeds (continued) : — 1672. a Privy Councillor. The next year, on 1 5 th August, he was raised to the peerage by the titles of Baron Osborne of Kiveton, and Viscount Latimer of Danby, Yorkshire, and on 19th June, 1674, succeeded Lord Clifford in the office of Lord High Treasurer. A few days later he became Earl of Danby, being subsequently installed K.G. on 29th April, 1677. " He set up," says Burnet, " to be the patron of the church-party, and the old cavaliers;" he adds that "he was directed by Sir William Temple in all his notions of foreign affairs ; for no man ever came into the ministry, that understood so Httle of the affairs of Europe, as he did." At home he enforced the penal laws against Catholics and Non conformists, strove to impose a non-resistance test on all public officers, and introduced a bill to give securities to the Church in the event of the succession of a Catholic King. Abroad he opposed the aggressive policy of France so far as the King permitted him, and with that object arranged the marriage between Princess Mary and William of Orange in 1677. Yet he scrupled not to buy his majority in the House of Commons, and degraded himself still further by acting as agent of Charles II. in his secret agreements with Louis XIV. The French King, finding Danby strongly opposed to his designs, contrived his downfall through Ralph Montagu, the ambassador at Paris, who revealed the secret despatch by which Danby, at the King's command, asked payment for England's neutrality. He was impeached in 1678 at the instigation of the Earl of Shaftesbury, his capital enemy. Accused of treating with France for a pension to Charles he had become, in Burnet's words, " the most hated minister that had ever been about the King. All people said now, they saw the secret of that high favour he had been so long in ; and the black designs, that he was contriving. In the following year (1679) a new parlia ment being summoned, Danby resolved to quit office at Lady Day, and take out a pardon from the great Exhibited at Guildhall. 127 Duke of Leeds {continued): — seal, hoping by such devices to escape punishment. Nevertheless the Commons insisted on their right to prosecute him, and a bill of attainder was brought in, but before it had passed, Danby gave himself up, and was sent to the Tower, where he lay five years, until 1684. In the next reign, disapproving of James II.'s interference with the Church, he took a very prominent part in bringing about the Revolution and placing William of Orange on the throne. As his reward he was appointed President of the Council in February, 1689, and created Marquis of Carmarthen in May, thus becoming, observed Macaulay, "as nearly Prime Minister as any English subject could be under a prince of William's character." The corruption by which he maintained his position and enriched himself made him many enemies. In 1690 an attempt was made to revive the impeachment against him, for " he was believed to have the greatest credit with the King and Queen, and was again falling under an universal hatred." Five years later, in 1695, it was proved that he had received a bribe of 5,500 guineas from the East India Company ; but he escaped condemnation, and caused the suspension of the proceedings by contriving the flight of the principal witness. On 4th May, 1694, he had been created Duke of Leeds " to colour," according to Burnet, "the dismissing him from business with the increase of title ;" but although he had completely lost his power, he did not actually resign office until 1699. "Though his eloquence and knowledge always secured him the attention of his hearers, he was never again, even when the Tory party was in power, admitted to the smallest share in the direction of affairs." Some time after the Union with Scotland he was restored to his seat on the Privy Council. His last important appearance in debate was in defence of Sacheverell in 17 10, when he made an ingenious explanation of his alliance with the Whig lords in i688. He had, he said, a great share in the late Revolution, but he never thought that things 128 Collection of Engraved Portraits Duke of Leeds {continued) : — " would have gone so far as to settle the crown on the Prince of Orange, whom he had often heard say that he had no such thoughts himself That they ought to distinguish between resistance and revolution, for vacancy or abdication was the thing they went upon, and therefore resistance was to be forgot ; for had it not succeeded it had certainly been rebellion, since he knew of no other but hereditary right." He died in the 8 ist year of his age, on 26th July, 171 2, at Easton, in Northamptonshire (the seat of his grandson, the Earl of Pomfret), when returning to his estate in Yorkshire. By his marriage to Lady Bridget Bertie, second daughter of Montague, Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, Earl of Lindsey, he had a family of three sons and six daughters. " He had founded his Policy upon the Protestant Cavalier Interest, and Opposition to the French ; which he carried on steddily, so far as he thought consistent with his post at Court, and also with a popular Interest in Parliament. And that Management of himself, and also a Care to appear opposite to Popery, had rendered him very strong. He was the first Prime Minister (if I may except old Clarendon who came in with the King) that built upon that Foundation, and never wrought with either Fanatics or Papists, but courted the loyal Gentry ; and perhaps too much, if the Unfitness of some of them, for the Employments lie put them in, might carry that Construction. It is most certain that, whether Judgment or Policy directed his Conduct, it was so far very well chosen ; and his great Parts and Abilities to manage in Public, were much set off by the Advantage of so Good a Cause at the Bottom." — Roger North. " A gentleman of Yorkshire, whose estate was much sunk. He was a very plausible speaker, but too copious, and could not easily make an end of his discourse. He had been always among the high cavaliers : and missing preferment, he had opposed the court much, and was one of Lord Clarendon's bitterest enemies. He gave himself great liberties in discourse, and did not seem to have any regard to truth, or so much as to the appearances of it ; and was an implacable enemy : but he had a peculiar way to make his firiends depend upon him, and to believe he was true to them. He was a positive and undertaking man : so he gave the king great ease, by assuring him all things would go according to his mind in tlie next session of Parliament. And when his hopes failed him, he had always some excuse ready to put the miscarriage upon. And by this raeans he got into the highest degree of confidence with the king, and maintained it the longest of all that ever served him." — Burttet. "He was not a man whose character, if tried by any high standard of morality, would appear to merit approbation. He was greedy of wealth and honours, corrupt himself, and a corrupter of others. The Cabal had bequeathed to him the art of bribing Parliaments, an art still rude, and giving little promise of the rare perfection to which it was brought in the following century. He improved greatly on the plan of the first invention They had X m Michel Le Tellier. No. 44. Exhibited at Guildhall 129 Duke of Leeds {continued):— merely purchased orators : but every man who had a vote, might sell himself to Danby. Yet the new minister must not be confounded with the negotiators of Dover. He was not without the feelings of an Englishman and a Protestant ; nor did he, in his solicitude for his own interests, ever wholly forget the interests of his country and of his religion. He was desirous indeed to exalt the prerogative : but the means by which he proposed to exalt it were widely different from those which had been contemplated by Arlington and Clifford. The thought of establishing arbitrary power, by calling in the aid of foreign arms, and by reducing the kingdom to the rank of a dependent principality, never entered into his mind. His plan was to rally round the monarchy those classes which had been the firm alhes of the monarchy during the troubles of the preceding generation, and which had been disgusted by the recent crimes and errors of the Court. With the help of the old CavaUer interest, of the nobles, of the country gentlemen, of the clergy, and of the Universities, it might, he conceived, be possible to make Charles, not indeed an absolute sovereign, but a sovereign scarcely less powerful than Elizabeth had been." — Macaulay. 44.— MICHEL LE TELLIER. Painter-/', de Champaigne. Engraver — Robert Nanteuil. (1603— 1685.) Born on 19th April, 1603 ; the son of a judge of the Board of Excise, and lord of Chaville. He was patronised by, and served under. Cardinal Mazarin. In 1640 he was ap pointed Intendant of Piedmont. " A severe and fanatical official, good at putting down civil troubles," he obtained, on the accession of Louis XIV. in 1661, the Secre taryship of War ; " though he was not thought strong enough for the place, he had at his right hand his able and dangerous son, the harsh Louvois." Together with Louvois he completely re-organised the army. In 1677 he became Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals. Through out his long life he ever showed himself a bitter foe to Calvinism. On the signing of the final edict formally revoking that of Nantes, 12th October, 1685, he thanked God that he had lived to see the day on which he affixed the great seal to the document, exclaiming — " Now let Thy servant depart in peace ! " He died twelve days later. 130 Collection of Engraved Portraits 45.— ABRAHAM LINCOLN. Engraver — W. E. Marshall. (1809—1865.) Sixteenth President of the United States, was born in a cabin in Hardin county, Kentucky, on 12th February, 1809. His father, Thomas Lincoln, and his mother, Nancy Hanks, were Soth natives of Virginia. In 18 16 they moved to what is now Spencer county, Indiana, settling in the forest near the present village of Gentryville. Abraham worked with his father in clearing up the new farm, and received about one year's schooling, which was all the regular instruction he-ever had. " Of course, when I came of age I did not know much," wrote the future president ; " still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher to the rule of three, but that was all. The little advance I now have upon this store of education I have picked up from time to time under the pressure of necessity." Of unusual stature (6ft. 4in.) and strength, Lincoln could turn his hand to any kind of manual labour. With another man, he is said to have performed the feat of splitting 3,000 rails in a day, which gave him the popular sobriquet of the " Railsplitter." In 1825 he was employed, at six dollars a-month, to manage a ferry across the Ohio, at the mouth of Anderson's creek. At nineteen he went to New Orleans, as " bow hand," on a flatboat with a cargo of provisions. In March, 1830, the family migrated to Macaon county, Illinois, where Lincoln assisted in building the cabin on the north fork of the Sangamon, clearing fifteen acres of land, and splitting rails for fencing it. He next helped one Offutt to build a flatboat and navigate it to New Orleans. Offutt eventually made him clerk of his country store at New Salem, in which capacity he continued until the spring of 1832, when his employer became bankrupt. In the Black Hawk Indian War Lincoln was elected captain of one of the Sangamon county volunteer companies, and served three months, Abraham Lincoln. No. 45, Exhibited at Guildhall. 131 Abraham Lincoln {continued) : — after which he bought a store, with a partner named Berry, and was post-master of New Salem from May, 1833, till 1836. The store proved a failure, and burdened him with debt. At this juncture the county surveyor of Sangamon offered to make him one of his deputies. After six weeks' close application, Lincoln entered upon the work, and soon became known as an expert surveyor. Chosen one of the members of the Illinois legislature in 1834, he studied law, and having been admitted to the bar in the autumn of 1836, he settled at Springfield as an advocate in 1837. Lincoln took an active part in local politics, and was elected in August, 1846, as representative to the Congress of the United States, where he supported abolition, and opposed the Mexican War. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in the winter of 1854. In i860 he secured the Republican nomination for the Presidency, and, owing to the divided state of the Democratic party, was elected on 6th November. The election of so strong an abolitionist gave violent dissatis faction in the South, and was the signal for secession. In December, i860. South Carolina declared its independ ence, a step followed afterwards by ten other slave States. A provisional government, under the designation of " The Confederate States of America," with Jefferson Davis as president, was organised by the seceding States, who seized, by force, nearly all the forts, arsenals, and public buildings within their limits. On 4th March, i86r, Lincoln was inaugurated at Washington, and mooted a compromise — the maintenance of the Union and the continuance of slavery. Neither Abolitionists nor Secessionists were satisfied. On 13th April, 1861, the Confederates, under General Beauregard, seized Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbour, an act which decided all parties in the North for war. On 15th April Lincoln called out, by proclamation, 75,000 three months' militia under arms, and on 4th May ordered further enlistments for three years' service. On 4th July he obtained, in a 132 Collection of Engraved Portraits Abraham Lincoln {continued) : — special session pf Congress, a vote for 40,000 men and 400,000,000 dollars to make the war " short, sharp, and decisive." The Four Years' Struggle which followed forms the greatest event in American history since the War of Independence. On 1st January, 1863, Lincoln declared the entire abolition of slavery. In November, 1864, he was re-elected President. The war ended by the surrender of Richmond, in the beginning of April, 1865, and Lincoln, returning to Washington, made on the evening of the nth what was destined to be his last public address, devoted mainly to the question of re-con structing loyal governments in the conquered States. On the evening of Good Friday, 14th April, he visited Ford's theatre in Washington, accompanied by his wife and two or three personal friends. The play was " Our American Cousin." A few minutes past ten o'clock an actor named John Wilkes Booth, who with others had prepared a plot to assassinate the several heads of government, stealthily entered the box, having first barred the corridor leading to it, approached the President from behind, placed a pistol close to his head, and fired. He then leaped from the front of the box upon the stage, brandishing a huge knife, shouted " Sic semper tyrannis ! The South is avenged ! " disappeared behind the scenes, passed out at the stage door, and for the time escaped. The President's head fell slightly forward, his eyes closed, and conscious ness never returned. He was borne to a house on the opposite side of the street, where he died at twenty-two minutes past seven o'clock the next morning. " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposi tion that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we ^yHimc^iw prinu'xH'.hcnnairdcvcj-tir finance, •Dujnc foeitr ditvjra n d 'P^: cc min cc cj cncrcuy .^fiiict,j!Our jii LoiraincpjitfclouMir/llliacir """' ?drvn SiWhtHymcnu, ujdlliVicnT hi'urcux. Henry II,, Duke of Lorraine, Louis XV., King of France, when Dauphin. No. 47 Exhibited at Guildhall I33 Abraham Lincoln {continued) : — say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, ratjier to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honoured dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion ; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." . Abraham Lincoln (at Gettysburg). 46. — HENRY IL, Surnamed The C^o^,-Duke of Lorraine. Engraver — Thomas de Leeuw. (1563— 1624.) Born at Nancy, 20th November, 1563, the son of Charles III. of Lorraine, and Claude, daughter of Henry II. of France. During his father's lifetime he bore the title of Duke of Bar, He won his first success in arms against the German troops who were stationed in Lorraine and other districts of France to protect the reformers. In 1 599 he married Catherine of Bourbon, a staunch Protestant, who died childless in 1604. Two years later Henry took as his second wife Margaret of Gonzague, daughter of Vincent I., Duke of Mantoue, by whom he had two daughters. In 1608 he succeeded his father; dying at Nancy, 31st July, 1624. 47.— LOUIS XV., King of France. Painter — Beaubrun. Engraver — Nicolas de Larmessin, the Elder. (1710— 1774.) Great-grandson and successor of Louis XIV, was born at Versailles, on 15th February, 1710, the third son of Louis, Duke of Burgundy, and Maria Adelaide of Savoy. His father became Dauphin in 171 1, and died in 1712, and he himself succeeded to the throne on ist September, 171 5. On his deathbed, Louis XIV, instructed the child to remember the obligations he owed to God, to try to keep 134 Collection of Engraved Portraits Louis XV. {continued): — peace with his neighbours, and to keep down expenditure. Under the regency of Philip of Orleans, Cardinal Fleury became the young king's tutor, and Villeroy his governor. His majority was declared in February, 1723, and on 5th September, 1725 (his cousin, the Infanta, to whom he had been engaged since 1721, having been sent back to Spain), his marriage to Maria, daughter of the ex-king of Poland, Stanislaus Leczinski, his senior by seven years, was solemnized at Fontainebleau. This union continued to subsist, after a fashion, until the queen's death, in 1768. Through the influence of Fleury, the court for a time was regulated upon principles of economy and simplicity ; but in January, 1743, he died, and Louis, who declared he would thenceforth have no First Minister, subjected his government " to a series of boudoir-conspiracies and female revolutions, worthy of the most degraded of Orien tal courts." First of all, Louis came under the spell of the Duchess of Chateauroux, who, both brave and proud, stirred up his ambition for arms until he joined his army then operating in Flanders. His surname of " Le Bien- Aim^ " is said to date from August, 1744, when he was seized with a dangerous illness at Metz ; and, as he was supposed to be dying, his mistress, who had tended him with much loving care, was banished, and his wife sum moned from court to witness his edifying end. The people of Paris rushed in crowds to the churches to pray for his recovery ; nor could they sleep, eat, or enjoy any amusement until the " well-beloved king " was out of danger. He recovered ; the queen was dispatched home, the duchess recalled, and he was just in time to be present at the battle of Fontenoy, loth May, 1745, where he showed " plenty of spirit and bravery." Meanwhile, Madame de Chateauroux dying, a new mistress, Madame d'fitioles, or as she was entitled, Madame de Pompadour, stepped into her place ; and, under her baneful influence, the king lost what little vigour he had previously shown, becoming a mere cypher Exhibited at Guildhall. 135 Louis XV. {continued) : — in the state, and devoting his days to the chase and the salon. Among other accomplishments he boasted of being the best cook in France, and was much gratified when the courtiers ate eagerly of the dishes which he had prepared. The debaucheries of the king culminated at length in the establishment at Versailles of the pare aux cerfs, or deer park, as it was humourously called — a harem. Amid such surroundings it is no wonder that Louis declined to get through any business, and shrank more and more from contact with his people. " No magistrate or burgher could get audience : Louis XIV had been hard of access — his successor was inaccessible." So far did he carry this morbid hatred of the nation entrusted to his charge, that he actually had a road (named " le chemin de la revolte ") built from Versailles to St. Denis, skirting Paris, so that when he went to Compi^gne he should not be obliged to pass through his capital, and see the glowering faces of his subjects. By the year 1764, when Madame de Pompadour died, France had lost many fleets and colonies. To her succeeded the low-born Du Barry, with the result that a new internal policy was adopted ; Choiseul was exiled in 1770 ; and before long, to the astonishment of all France, the members of the Parliament of Paris were suddenly arrested, 19th January, 1 77 1, declared to be deposed from their high functions, and sent into exile. An interim parliament was appointed which duly obeyed the court. Princes and peers pro tested, the provincial parliaments remonstrated, and there resistance ended. The king, when told of the ruin of the country and the misery and discontent of his people, placidly remarked — " All this will last as long as I shall." At last he died, as he had lived, in vice, loth May, 1774, having been predeceased for some years by his only son Louis. He had been King of France for nearly fifty stirring years, " inheritor of all the grandeur of the absolute monarchy, and its true destroyer." His successor was his grandson, the ill-starred Louis XVI. 136 Collection of Engraved Portraits Louis XV. {continued) : — " The king had some chances given hira : he had good preceptors and intelligent people around his youth. His temperaraent was, however, entirely bad : the religious element in him was superstition and fear, which led him to mix up piety and debauchery in most ghastly connexion ; he was coldly selfish, indolent, vicious ; the absolutions of his courtly con fessors and directors gave him an easy conscience, if he had a conscience at all, and encouraged him to continue his career of shameless immorality, till at last his vices did what religion seemed unwilling to do — they arrested the scandal of his life by bringing him suddenly and directly to his grave." — Kitchin. 48.— FRANC^.OIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCY- BOUTTEVILLE, Duke of Luxembourg. Engraver — Cornelis l^ermeulen, the Elder. 1628 — 1695. Marshal of France, " the comrade and successor of the great Conde," was born at Paris on 8th January, 1628, the posthumous son of Fran5ois, Count of Montmorency- Boutteville, who, six months before his birth, had been sent to the scaffold for killing the Marquis of Beuvron in a duel. The young Montmorency was, however, cared for by his aunt, the Princess of Cond^, and was brought up with her son, the Duke of Enghien, whose varied fortunes, during the troubles of the Fronde, he was destined to share. In 1659 he was pardoned and re turned to France ; and, by the interest of Cond^, gained the hand of the greatest heiress in France, Madeleine, Princess of Tingry, being subsequently created Duke of Luxembourg and Peer of France. In the second cam paign of the war of devolution, Luxembourg acted as one of Condi's lieutenants in the conquest of Franche Comte. In 1672, by the favour of Louvois, he received the command of the expedition sent against the Dutch. He defeated the Prince of Orange, whom he was to beat again and again, at Woerden, and overran Holland, and in 1673 made his brilliant retreat from Utrecht with only 20,000 men in face of 70,000. In 1674 he was chosen captain of the gardes du corps, and in 1675, after the death of Turenne, was made Marshal of France. In Fran90is Henri de Montmorency-Boutteville, Duke of Luxembourg, No, 48, Exhibited at Guildhall. 137 Duke of Luxembourg {continued) : — 1676 he commanded the army of the Rhine, but was out manoeuvred by the Duke of Lorraine at Philipsburg ; in 1677 he captured Valenciennes by storm ; and in 1678 he defeated the Prince of Orange at St. Denis, the Stadt- holder having attacked him after the peace of Nimeguen had been signed, and thus caused much blood to be needlessly spilt. In 1680, when at the height of his reputation, he was sent on a ridiculous charge of sorcery to the Bastille, where he spent some months. The reason of this disgrace was probably owing to a quarrel with the all-powerful Louvois, who was jealous of the other's popularity. After living forgotten on one of his domains for ten years, he was recalled by Louis in 1690 to again take command of the army of Flanders, and defeated on 1st July in that year the Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus, with the loss of 14,000 men and 49 pieces of cannon. The captured standards, more than a hundred in number, which he sent to Paris on this occasion, obtained for him the name of the Tapissier de Notre Dame. Next year he defeated the Prince of Orange (now William III. of England) at Leuze, on i8th September, 169 1, and again at Steenkerk on 5th June, 1692 ; while on 29th July, 1693, he won his greatest victory over his old adversary at Neerwinden, in which he took "^6 pieces of cannon and 80 flags. He closed the campaign on 12th October with the conquest of Charleroi. In the campaign of 1694, Luxembourg did comparatively little, except his famous march from Vignamont to Tournay in face of the enemy. Returning to winter at Versailles he fell ill, and died on 4th January, 1695, the greatest general then in the French service, who had gained almost every battle he fought. Of his four sons the youngest was a Marshal of France, as Mardchal de Montmorency. " In his last moments he was attended by the famous Jesuit priest Bourdaloue, who said on his death, ' I have not lived his life, but I would wish to die his death.' The holy father certainly had not lived like Luxem bourg, whose morals were conspicuously bad even in those times, and whose U 138 Collection of Engraved Portraits Duke of Luxembourg {continued): — life had shown very slight signs of religious conviction. But as a general he was Conde's grandest pupil. Utterly slothful, like Cond^, in the manage ment of a campaign, and therein differing firom Turenne, at the moment of battle he seemed seized with happy inspirations, against which no ardour of William's and no steadiness of Dutch or English soldiers could stand. . He was distinguished for a pungent wit. One of his best retorts referred to his deformity ; ' I can never beat that cursed humpback,' William was reputed to have said of him. ' How does he know I have a hump ? ' retorted Luxembourg, 'He has never seen my back.'" — Encyclopedia Britannica. 49.— COUNT ERNEST of Mansfeld. Painter — Sir A. Vandyck, -Engraver — Robert Van Voerst. (1585— 1626.) A natural son of Peter Ernest, governor of Luxemburg and Brussels, was born in 1585. Brought up as a Roman Catholic by his godfather, the Archduke Ernest of Austria, he at first gave his services to Philip III. of Spain in the Netherlands and to the Emperor, Rudolph II., in Hungary, for which the latter conferred on him the rights of legitimate birth. But being denied possession of his father's lands in the Netherlands, which had been promised to him, he embraced Calvinism, and in 1610 formally associated himself with the Protestant princes, subsequently becoming one of the most active enemies of the House of Austria, by which he was called " the Attila of Christendom." At the commencement of the Thirty Years' War in 16 18 he fought steadily on behalf of the Elector of the Palatinate both in Bohemia and in the Rhine country. In 1625 he succeeded in raising subsidies in England, and was thus able to muster a powerful force with which he designed to attack the hereditary territories of Austria. Defeated by Wallenstein at Dessau on the Elbe, 25th April, 1626, he nevertheless pursued his march to Hungary to effect a junction with Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania, but as the latter made peace, Mansfeld had no choice but to disband his army. When preparing to go to England by Venice, he fell ill at a village near Zara, in Dalmatia, and died on 20th &RN£STO PRINCIPI ET COMITI MANSFELDI^,MARCHION^ CASTI/LLI-NCfVI XT BVTIGLIRI^, BARONI AB HXLDRVNGEN, GE,NEK.AXI XTC. .4jit. fan Dyk piac^- Sjtiertus vm Vier^Jh^H:. \\\\\\\ ,! I 1 Count Ernest of Mansfeld, No, 49, Ic ^MAHJAM cxccllant maani parj orbu" adoral ; ..Qu-cz pairice lumen, lux cojumaiq patris : Cut charites /orntam^ nicntcin dcJit in clyra JP alias, ( jnacnrcj mentis spotidct .Amor Thdlamas . ^. ~/6x X . CrihjzJt ^gaarftthrtfSnHtA^...t ¦ Maria Anna, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary. Nn 50, Exhibited at Guildhall '39 Mansfeld (continued) : — November, 1626. His end was as singular as his life. Pre pared for death for some time, when he perceived its approach he caused himself to be dressed in his uniform, aijd his sword girded by his side. He desired his remaining officers to be collected, between two of whom he was supported upright ; he then harangued them, bidding them to continue to signalise themselves in battle and die gloriously. In this manner and posture he_ expired. "Thus was Ferdinand delivered from an irreconcilable enemy, who, without subjects or revenues, had found inexhaustible resources in his own genius ; who, though often defeated, was never dismayed nor discouraged ; who had risen with new vigour from every depression, and for seven years had always baffled the designs, and even endangered the safety of the House of Austria. " — Coxe. " The already notorious condottiere Ernest Mansfeld . . . was thenceforth to be a leader and a master in that wild business of plunder, burning, blackmailing, and murder, which was opening upon Europe. . . . The Spanish soldier of a year or two before found much satisfaction and some profit in fighting Spanish soldiers. He was destined to re-appear in the Netherlands,.in France, in Bohemia, in many places where there were villages to be burned, churches to be plundered, cities to be sacked, nuns and other women to be outraged, dangerous political intrigues to be managed. A man in the prime of his age, fair-haired, prematurely wrinkled, battered, and hideous of visage, with a hare-lip and a hump-back ; slovenly of dress, and always wearing an old grey hat without a band to it ; audacious, cruel, crafty, and licentious — such was Ernest Mansfeld, whom some of his contemporaries spoke of as "Ulysses Germanicus," others as "the new Attila," all as a scourge to the human race. The cockneys of Paris called him " Machefer," and nurses long kept children quiet by threatening them with that word. He was now enrolled on the Protestant side, although at the moment serving Savoy against Spain in a question purely personal. His armies, whether in Italy or in Germany, were a miscellaneous collection of adventurers of high and low degree, of all religions, of all countries, unfrocked priests and students, ruined nobles, bankrupt citizens, street vagabonds — earliest type perhaps of the horrible military vermin which were destined to feed so many years long on the unfortunate dismembered carcass of Germany." — Motley, Life of John of Barneveld, 50. — MARIA ANNA, QuEEN OF Bohemia and Hungary. Engraver — Simon van de Passe, the Elder. (1606—1646.) Born in 1606, the daughter of Philip III., King of Spain, and the princess who makes so conspicuous a figure in English 140 Collection of Engraved Portraits Queen of Bohemia {continued) : — history as the object of the romantic expedition of Charles I., when Prince of Wales, to Madrid. In 163 1 she was married to Ferdinand III., King of Bohemia and Hungary and Emperor of the Romans, and died in child bed on 13th May, 1646. " She was equally remarkable for beauty of person and purity of morals ; and, with less flattery than the compliment is usually applied, is said to have resembled the angelic nature, both in body and mind." — Coxe. 51.— MARIE ANTOINETTE, Joseph Jeanne, Queen OF France. Engraver — Louis Jacques Cathelin. (1755-1793.) Fourth daughter of the Emperor Francis I. and Maria Theresa, was born in Vienna on 2nd November, 1755, on the day of the great earthquake at Lisbon, and in the year in which an alliance was formed between France and Austria. Her marriage with a French prince was early determined upon by her mother, with a view of strength ening Austria against Prussia. In 1770 Choiseul negotiated her marriage to the young French Dauphin, the future Louis XVI., which was celebrated with sumptuous festivities at Versailles on i6th May, marred, however, by a terrible casualty in Paris, at the fSte given in honour of the nuptials. Her unaffected vivacity, and her dislike of the restraints of court life, alienated from her the rigid upholders of etiquette among the nobility ; while no greater contrast could be imagined than that between the joyous and impulsive young Dauphine — fond of pleasure, excitement, and society — and her sedate husband, who delighted chiefly in mechanical pursuits, and in a life of good fare, seclusion, and meditation. The young couple came to the throne in May, 1774, inheritors of the terrible destiny which Louis XV. had prepared for his grandchildren. The queen soon gained complete ascendency over her well-meaning and upright, but weak Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, No. 51. Exhibited at Guildhall 14 1 Marie Antoinette {continued):— and vacillating husband. As time went on it was plainly seen that she came between him and his tendencies to reform, made and unmade ministers with no regard for the feelings of France, and showed no preferences, except for the worse, over the bett,er public servants. " Left to himself," it has been well observed, " Louis would, frora the beginning of his reign, have been a reforming king, like Charles III. of Spain, and the great outbreak might haye passed over." By the people she was ever regarded as an " Austrian spy in a high position," and her unpopu larity was increased by her extravagant, frivolous mode of life. " Her passion for play, her love of amusement, her intimacy with the Polignacs and their wild and dissipated society, her night visits to masked balls in Paris, and her favours to many ofiicers of her guards and young foreigners of her court, were the subject of ribald conversation in every coterie of Paris." In 1785 the affair of the diamond necklace, in which the queen was scandalously and most unjustly implicated by the woman Lamotte and the Cardinal de Rohan, became a con venient weapon in the hands of her enemies. Her famous parties at the Trianon were described as orgies, and her fondness for private theatricals, the card-table, and other amusements became pretexts for atrocious calumnies. Among the people her extravagance was regarded as a potent cause of their poverty and destitution. At the same time she was denounced as hostile to France, and as solely labouring in the interests of Austria. At the opening of the States-General, 5th May, 1789, she was received in a manner which deeply offended her pride ; and so low had she already sunk in public estimation that the habitual expressions of sympathy, on occasion of bereavement in the royal family, were withheld by that body on the death of her first-born son, the Dauphin, on the foUowing 4th July. It was the queen who ordered, against the king's wish, the collection of foreign troops round Paris, and thus brought on the taking of the 142 Collection of Engraved Portraits Marie Antoinette {continued) : — Bastille ; she was present, too, at the banquet of Versailles, which caused the march of the women to Versailles, and the transference of the royal family to Paris. When too late, she attempted to conciliate Mirabeau ; after his death she did exactly what he had advised her not to do, fled towards the frontier, and to Bouilld's army. Recognised and stopped at Varennes, the royal family were brought back to Paris, and thence forth regarded as traitors to France. During the attack upon the Tuileries, 20th June, 1792, she overawed the abandoned women who came to insult her by her firm and noble attitude, which she also displayed on loth August, when the palace was sacked, and she and her family forced to take refuge in the National Assembly. On 13th August they were removed to the Temple prison, where the queen was separated from her friends, including Madame de Lamballe, who quickly fell a victim to the September massacre, and whose bleeding head was paraded before the queen's windows. She was also separated from her husband, not to see him again until 20th January, 1793, the eve of his execution. In the night of 1-2 August, having long been parted from her children, she was taken to a cell in the Conciergerie, when she bade farewell to Madame Elizabeth and her daughter with heroic firmness. Before the revolutionary tribunal (14th October) she preserved the same calmness and resignation, showing by her attitude that she regarded the trial as a farce, and her death-sentence as a foregone conclusion. The proceedings lasted two days : at noon on the second day, i6th October, she was guillotined. The parting scene with the King : " Let the Reader look with the eyes of Valet Clery through these glass-doors, where also the Municipality watches ; and see the crudest of scenes : ' At half-past eight, the door of the ante-room opened : the Queen appeared first, leading her Son by the hand ; then Madame Royale and Madame EUzabeth : they all flung themselves into the arms of the King. Silence reigned for some minutes ; interrupted only by sobs. The Queen made a movement to lead his Majesty towards the inner room, where M. Exhibited at Guildhall. 143 Marie Antoinette {continued) : — Edgeworth was waiting unknown to them : " No," said the King, " let us go into the dining-room ; it is there only that I can see you. " They entered there ; I shut the door of it, which was of glass. The King sat down, the Queen on his left hand, Madame Elizabeth on his right, Madame Royale almost in front ; the young Prince remained standing between his Father's legs. They all leaned towards him, and often held him embraced. This scene of woe lasted an hour and three quarters ; during which we could hear nothing ; we could see only that always when the King spoke, the sobbings of the Princesses redoubled, continued for some minutes ; and that then the King began again to speak. ' ' ' For nearly two hours this agony lasts ; then they tear themselves asunder. ' Promise that you will see us on the morrow.' He promises : — ' Ah yes, yes ; yet once ; and go now, ye loved ones ; cry to God for yourselves and me ! ' — It was a hard scene, but it is over. He will not see them on the morrow. The Queen, in passing through the ante-room, glanced at the Cerberus Municipals ; and, with woman's vehemence, said through her tears, ' Vous etes tous des scHerats.' " Her Trial and Execution : " On Monday the Fourteenth of October, 1793, a Cause is pending in the Palais de Justice, in the new Revolutionary Court, such as those old stone walls never witnessed : the trial of Marie Antoinette. The once brightest of Queens, now tarnished, defaced, forsaken, stands here at Fouquier-Tinville's Judgment-bar ; answering for her life. The Indictment was delivered her last night. " Marie Antoinette, in this her utter abandonment, and hour of extreme need, is not wanting to herself, the imperial woman. Her look, they say, as that hideous Indictment was reading, continued calm ; ' she was some times observed moving her fingers, as when one plays on the piano.' You discern, not without interest, across that dim Revolutionary Bulletin itself, how she bears herself queen-like. Her answers are prompt, clear, often of Laconic brevity ; resolution, which has grown contemptuous without ceasing to be dignified, veils itself in calm words. ' You persist, then, in denial ? ' — ' My plan is not denial : it is the truth I have said, and I persist in that.' Scandalous HAert has borne his testimony as to many things : as to one thing, concerning Marie Antoinette and her little son — wherewith Human Speech had better not farther be soiled. She has answered Hebert ; a Juryman begs to observe that she has not answered as to this. ' I have not answered,' she exclaims with noble emotion, ' because Nature refuses to answer such a charge brought against a Mother. I appeal to all the Mothers that are here.' Robespierre, when he heard of it, broke out into something almost like swearing at the brutish blockheadism of this Hebert ; on whose foul head his foul lie has recoiled. At four o'clock on Wednesday morning, after two days and two nights of interrogating, jury-charging, and other darkening of counsel, the result coraes out : sentence of Death. ' Have you anything to say ? ' The Accused shook her head, without speech. Night's candles are burning out ; and with her too Time is finishing, and it will be Eternity and Day. This Hall of Tinville's is dark, ill-lighted, except where she stands. Silently she withdraws from it, to die. " Two Processions, or Royal Progresses, three-and-twenty years apart, have often struck us with a strange feeling of contrast. The first is of a beautiful Archduchess and Dauphiness, quitting her Mother's City, at the age of Fifteen ; towards hopes such as no other Daughter of Eve then had : ' On the morrow,' says Weber, an eye-witness, ' the Dauphiness left Vienna. The whole city crowded out ; at first with a sorrow which was silent. She appeared : you saw her sunk back into her carriage ; her face bathed in 144 Collection of Engraved Portraits Marie Antoinette {continued) : — tears ; hiding her eyes now with her handkerchief, now with her hands ; several times putting out her head to see yet again this Palace of her Fathers, Whither she was to return no more. She motioned her regret, her gratitude to the good Nation, which was crowding here to bid her farewell. Then arose not only tears ; but piercing cries, on all sides. Men and women alike abandoned themselves to such expression of their sorrow. It was an audible sound of wail, in the streets and avenues of Vienna. The last Courier that followed her disappeared, and the crowd melted away.' " The young imperial Maiden of Fifteen has now become a worn dis crowned Widow of Thirty-eight ; gray before her time : this is the last Procession : Few minutes after the Trial ended, the drums were beating to artns in all Sections ; at sunrise the armed force was on foot, cannons getting placed at the extremities of the Bridges, in the Squares, Crossways, all along from the Palais de Justice to the Place de la Revolution. By ten o'clock, numerous patrols were circulating in the streets ; thirty thousand foot and horse drawn up under arms. At eleven, Marie Antoinette was brought out. She had on an undress o{piqui blanc : she was led to the place of execution, in the same manner as an ordinary criminal ; bound, on a Cart ; accompanied by a Constitutional Priest in Lay dress ; escorted by numerous detachments of infantry and cavalry. These, and the double row of troops all along her road, she appeared to regard with indifference. On her countenance there was visible neither abashment nor pride. To the cries of Vive la Republique and Down with Tyranny, which attended her all the way, she seemed to pay no heed. She spoke little to her Confessor. The tricolor Streamers on the housetops occupied her attention, in the Streets du Roule and Saint- Honore ; she also noticed the Inscriptions on the house-fironts. On reach ing the Place de la Revolution, her looks turned towards the Jardin National, whilom Tuileries ; her face at that moment gave signs of lively emotion. She mounted the Scaffold with courage enough ; at a quarter past Twelve, her head fell ; the Executioner showed it to the people, amid universal long-continued cries of Vive la Republique." — Carlyle's "French Revolution." "It is hard to speak of Marie Antoinette with justice ; her faults were caused by her education and position rather than her nature, and she expiated thera far more bitterly than was deserved. She was thoroughly imbued with the imperial and absolutist ideas of Maria Theresa, and had neither the heart nor the understanding to sympathise with the aspirations of the lower classes. Her love of pleasure and of display ruined both her character and her reputation in her prosperous years, and yet, after a careful examination of many of the libels against her, it may be asserted with con fidence that she was personally a virtuous woman, though always appearing to be the very reverse. Innocence is not always its own protection, and circumspection is as necessary for a queen as for any other woman. Her conduct throughout the Revolution is heart-rending ; we, who live after tha troubled times, can see her errors and the results of her pride and her caprice, but at the time she was the only individual of the royal family who could inspire the devotion which is always paid to a strong character. In the Marie Antoinette who suffered on the guillotine we pity, not the pleasure- loving queen, not the widow who had kept her husband against his will in the wrong course, not the woman who throughout her married life did not scruple to show her contempt for her slow and heavy but good-natured and loving king, but the little princess, sacrificed to State policy, and cast unedu cated and without a helper into the frivolous Court of France, not to be loved, but to be suspected by all around her, and eventually to be hated by the whole people of France."— A^. Morse Stephens. Marie Jeanne Baptiste, Duchess of Savoy, No, 52, Exhibited at Guildhall. 145 52.— MARIE JEANNE BAPTISTE, DucHESS OF Savoy. Engraver— i'iV/fi?- Van Schuppen. {d. 1724.) Daughter of Charies Am^dde, Duke of Nemours and of Aumale. On. nth May, 1665, she became the second wife of Charies Emmanuel II., Duke of Savoy, by whom she had the ill-stared Victor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy, afterwards King of Sardinia. Left a widow in June, 1675, she acted as regent during her son's minority. She died on 15th March, 1724. 53.— MARY, Queen of Scots. Engraver — Thomas de Leeuw. (1542-1587.) Daughter of King James V. and Mary of Lorraine, was born in the Palace of Linlithgow in Dec, 1542, a few days before the death of her father, broken-hearted by the disgrace of his arms at Solway Moss. She became Queen of Scotland when a week old, was demanded by Henry VIII. as wife to his son Edward, and, after being removed from Stirling Castle to the Monastery of Inch- mahome, was taken to France, 13th August, 1548, where she was affectionately received by Henry II., who treated her as a daughter. The French Court was brilliant, learned, and licentious. Mary's Latin tutor was George Buchanan, one of the first scholars of that time ; and Ronsard taught her poetry. In her thirteenth year she is said to have declaimed in Latin before the Court upon the desirability of women studying letters and the liberal arts. On 24th April, 1558, Mary married the Dauphin of France, who received the title of King of Scots, while she was created Reine- Dauphine. It happened, too, at the same time that " the title of Queen of England was taken by the Court of France for Queen Mary in a quiet, X 146 Collection of Engraved Portraits Mary, Queen of Scots {continued) : — off-hand way." Henry II. dying on loth June, 1559, Mary became Queen of France from that date till the death of her husband, Francis II., 5th December, 1560. Owing to the ascendency of Catherine de' Medici, never her friend, the Court now looked coldly upon her, and, being refused a safe-conduct by Queen Elizabeth through her dominions, unless she would ratify the treaty of Edin burgh, Mary embarked for Scotland, 15th August, 1561, not without bitter regrets at quitting " fair France." On her arrival in Edinburgh she found her position to be one of the greatest embarrassment. A staunch Catholic, she was the sovereign of a people who had accepted the Reformation, and who had displayed the utmost abhor rence to the old faith. Her joyous modes of life were regarded with suspicion by most of her subjects, and pre pared them to believe the worst that could be alleged against her. Yet, through her illustrious origin, her personal charms, and her regal pageants, Mary steadily advanced in popularity. A good understanding was effected with Elizabeth. Circumstances made it necessary that Mary should marry again, and numerous foreign princes and English and Scotch noblemen were proposed for her acceptance. Having suddenly fixed upon Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, a descendant of Henry VII. of England through the marriage of Earl Lennox with a granddaughter, Mary wedded him at Holyrood, on 29th July, 1565. This marriage was the cardinal mistake of Mary's life. Darnley wished for the Crown matrimonial, which Mary had promised him in the early days of their attachment. This promise, from conviction of her husband's utter worthlessness, she now refused to keep, and Darnley attributed her decision to the influence of Rizzio, the Queen's Italian secretary. He thereupon entered into a conspiracy with the chiefs of the Protestant party, by which it was arranged that they should murder Rizzio, and fix the Crown upon Darnley and his house. On the evening of 9th March, 1566, several of the con- Exhibited at Guildhall. 147 Mary, Queen of Scots {continued): — spirators, headed by Darnley, burst into the room where Mary was supping with Rizzio and others in Holyrood Palace, and dragged the Italian to the entrance of the presence-chamber, on the stairs of which he was slain, receiving fifty-six wounds. Indignant at first to the extent of repudiating Darnley as a husband, Mary after wards resolved on having him back, along with such of the other enemies surrounding her as she could win over. Darnley forsook the confederate lords, and escaped with the Queen to Dunbar, and on his return to Edinburgh declared his innocence of the crime before the Privy Council. At the same time Mary's hatred of him in creased in intensity, though it was suspended for a short time when a son was born to her on 19th June, 1566, but only to break out by the end of the year in greater force. Darnley now grew alarmed. " He resolved to go to France in a sort of desperation, as the French Ambassador called it — in short, to escape." But he was struck down with smallpox at Glasgow,in January, 1 567, visited by Mary with much apparent kindness, advised by her to remove to Craigmillar Castle, where he would have the benefit of medicinal baths, and actually taken to a place close to the city wall of Edinburgh, called the Kirk o' Field, where, after the Queen had been at his bedside, 9th February, before attending a ball at Holyrood, he was strangled in trying to escape from an explosion which shattered the house to fragments. The Earl of Bothwell, that " hardy and able ruffian," to whom on the best grounds the murder was imputed, immediately took upon him the functions of Governor of Scotland. On 1 2th April he was put on his trial, but acquitted for want of evidence. Between the 24th April and 15th of May he waylaid Mary on her return from Stirling, fled with her, she nothing loth, to Dunbar, received a public pardon for the seeming outrage, and, after obtaining a divorce from his own wife, married her. " The beginning of this wedded life," says Burton, "resembled that of any innocent young couple affluent 148 Collection of Engraved Portraits Mary, Queen of Scots {continued): — in the sources of magnificence and luxury." " It may,' he continues, " be accounted one of the most remarkable phenomena of the whole situation that one of the subtlest and acutest women ever born should, in her fool's para dise, have been totally unconscious of the volcano she was treading on." The marriage created universal disgust. A conspiracy which had been formed against Bothwell by the chief nobles now assumed serious pro portions, and hostilities broke out early in June. The confederates seized Edinburgh, and when the two armies met on Carberry Hill, 15th June, Mary was deserted by most of her troops and compelled to sur render. Bothwell fled, and never returned. The Queen was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle, where on 24th July she was forced to sign an act of abdication in favour of her son. On 2nd May, 1568, she made her escape, and rallied a powerful force to her support, which was defeated at Langside, 13th May. Despite the entreaties of her best friends, Mary fled to England, which she entered May i6th. There was no occasion for this, the unwisest course she could possibly have taken. She threw herself on the protection of Queen Elizabeth, only to find herself a prisoner for life. " Let me go," she wrote to Elizabeth from Fotheringay, in 1586, "let me retire from this island to some solitude where I may prepare my soul to die. Grant this, and I will sign away every right which either I or mine can claim." But the only release came to her through the block, 8th February, 1587. She met her doom with rare heroism, and even when the trembling executioner struck her at first on the head, inflicting a ghastly wound, she did not shrink or groan. After being contemptuously neglected for five months, her remains were buried in Peterborough Cathe dral, Elizabeth acting as chief mourner through Lady Bedford ; whence, in 161 2, they were removed to King Henry VI I.'s chapel at Westminster, where they still lie in a sumptuous tomb erected by her son, James I. Exhibited at Guildhall. 149 Mary, Queen of Scots (continued):— " She was confessed by every one to be the most charming princess of her time. Her large, sharp features might perhaps have been thought hand some rather than beautiful, but for the winning vivacity and high joyous spirit which beamed through them. It has been questioned whether her eyes were hazel or dark grey, but there is no question as to their star-like brightness. Her complexion, although fresh and clear, would seem to have been without the brilliance so common among our island beauties. Her hair appears to have changed with her years from a ruddy yellow to auburn, and from auburn to dark brown or black, turning grey long before its time. Her bust was full and finely shaped, and she carried her large stately figure with majesty and grace. She showed to advantage on horseback, and still more in the dance. The charm of her soft, sweet voice is described as irresistible ; and she sang well, accompanying herself on the harp, the virginals, and still oftener on the lute, which set off the beauty of her long, delicate, white hand. The consciousness how that hand was admired may have made it more diligent in knitting and in embroidery, in both of which she excelled. Her manner was sprightly, affable, kindly, frank perhaps to excess, if judged by the somewhat austere rule already beginning to prevail araong her Scottish subjects. She spoke three or four languages, was well and variously informed, talked admirably, and wrote both in prose and verse, ahvays with ease, and sometimes with grace or vigour. In the ring of which she was the centre, were statesmen like Murray and Lethington, soldiers like Kyrkcaldy of Grange, men of letters like Buchanan, Lesley, Sir Richard Maitland, and Sir James Melville. The first poet of France published verses deploring his absence from her brilliant Court ; Damville. the flower of French chivalry, repined at the fate which called him away from it so soon ; Brantome and the younger Scaliger delighted to speak, in old age, of the days which they passed beneath its -cool."— Joseph Robertson. " Mary Stuart was in many respects the creature of her age, of her creed, and of her station ; but the noblest and most noteworthy qualities of her nature were independent of rank, opinion, or time. Even the detractors who defend her conduct on the plea that she was a dastard and a dupe are compelled in the same breath to retract this implied reproach, and to admit, with illogical acclamation and incongruous applause, that the world never saw raore splendid courage at the service of more brilliant intelligence, that a braver if not ' « rarer spirit never did steer humanity.' A kinder or more faithful friend, a deadlier or more dangerous enemy, it would be impossible to dread or to desire. Passion alone could shake the double fortress of her impregnable heart and ever active brain. The passion of love, after very sufficient experience, she apparently and naturally outlived ; the passion of hatred and revenge was as inextinguishable in her inmost nature as the emotion of loyalty and gratitude. Of repentance it would seem that she knew as little as of fear, having been trained from her infancy in a religion where the Decalogue was supplanted by the Creed. Adept as she was in the raost exquisite delicacy of dissimulation, the most salient note of her original disposition was daring rather than subtlety. Beside or behind the voluptuous or intellectual attractions of beauty and culture, she had about her the fresher charm of a fearless and frank siraplicity, a genuine and enduring pleasure in sraall and harmless things, no less than in such as were neither. In 1562 she amused herself for some days by living ' with her little troop ' in the house of a burgess of St. Andrews ' like a burgess's wife,' assuring the English ambassador that he should not find the queen there — ' nor I know not myself where she is become.' From Sheffield Lodge. twelve years later, she applied to the Archbishop of Glasgow and the Cardinal of Guise for some pretty little dogs, to be sent her in baskets very warmly packed—' for besides reading and working, I take pleasure only in all the little animals that I can get. ' No lapse of reconciling time, no extent cf comparative indulgence, could break her in to resignation, submission, cr 1 50 Collection of Engraved Portraits Mary, Queen of Scots {continued) : — toleration of even partial restraint. Three months after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew had caused some additional restrictions to be placed upon her freedom of action, Shrewsbury writes to Burghley that ' rather than continue this imprisonment she sticks not to say she will give her body, her son, and country for liberty ; ' nor did she ever show any excess of regard for any of the three. For her own freedom of will and of way, of passion and of action, she cared much ; for her creed she cared something ; for her country she cared less than nothing. She would have flung Scotland with England into the hellfireof Spanish Catholicism rather than forego the faintest chance of personal revenge. Her profession of a desire to be instructed in the doctrines of Anglican Protestantism was so transparently a pious fraud as rather to afford confirmation than to arouse suspicion of her fidelity to the teaching of her church. Elizabeth, so shamefully her inferior in personal loyalty, fidelity, and gratitude, was as clearly her superior on the one all- important point of patriotism. The saving salt of Elizabeth's character, with all its well-nigh incredible mixture of heroism and egotism, meanness and magnificence, was simply this, that, overmuch as she loved herself, she did yet love England better. Her best though not her only fine qualities were national and political, the high public virtues of a good public servant ; • in the private and personal qualities which attract and attach a friend to his friend and a follower to his leader, no man or woman was ever more constant and more eminent than Mary Queen of Scots." — A. C. Swinburne. " Her beauty, her exquisite grace of manner, her generosity of temper and warmth of affection, her frankness of speech, her sensibility, her gaiety, her womanly tears, her man-like courage, the play and freedom of her nature, the flashes of poetry that broke from her at every intense moraent of her life, flung a spell over friend or foe which has only deepened with the lapse of years."— ^. R. Green. 54.— MAURICE OF NASSAU, Prince of Orange. ENGRAVER-^a» Miiller. (1567—1625.) Born at Dillenburg on 14th November, 1567, the younger son of William the Silent, by Anna, daughter of Maurice of Saxony. After the assassination of his father in 1584, he was proclaimed Governor and Captain-General by the States of Holland and Zeeland, his elder brother Philip William having been carried by the Duke of Alva to Spain. Maurice, though commencing his military career under the control of the Count Hohenlohe, was elected by the States in 1587 Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Republic, during the temporary absence of Leicester ; and after the latter's recall by Queen Elizabeth he was acknowledged as Stadtholder and Com mander-in-Chief by all the provinces, Lord Willoughby Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, No, 54, Exhibited at Guildhall. 151 Prince of Orange {continued): — commanding the English auxiliaries. Opposed to the greatest captain of the time, Alessandro Farnese, Maurice surprised and captured Breda in 1590, and in the follow ing year took Zutphen, Deventer, Nimeguen, and other places. The conquest of Gertruidenberg in 1593 and Groningen in 1594, after protracted sieges, manifested still more clearly his capacity for generalship ; and his camp soon became, like that of Farnese, who had died in 1592, one of the great military schools, to which warlike youth flocked from every Protestant country. In these and many subsequent conquests, Maurice was assisted by the English auxiliaries under Sir Francis Vere, and he was still more indebted to the aid of the latter in his first battle in the open field, before Turnhout in Brabant, where he routed the Spaniards and compelled the fortress to surrender (1597). In 1598 Albert of Austria, Governor of the Netherlands in right of his wife Isabella, on whom the sovereignty had been bestowed by her father, Philip II., demanded from the United Provinces a voluntary submission to their new rulers. The Republic answered only by a more vigorous prosecution of the war by land and sea. Maurice routed the Archduke of Nieuport near Ostend in 1600, the issue of the battle being long disputed, and the English, under Sir Frances Vere, claiming the principal honour of the victory. The Protestant army however, was exhausted, and Albert was allowed to resume the field with superior forces, and to commence the siege of Ostend, while Maurice successively laid siege to other places. The resistance of Ostend lasted more than three years ; but when the Italian Spinola took the command of the besieging army, all efforts to save the town proved vain, and an honourable capitulation ended the struggle which had cost the King of Spain 80,000 men. In the meantime, Maurice had won many successes, which more than balanced the loss of Ostend, while the Dutch colonial possessions had been much extended, largely at the expense of Spain and Portugal. Spinola himself 152 Collection of Engraved Portraits Prince of Orange {continued): — advising peace, Philip III. finally yielded, and a twelve years' truce was concluded at the Hague in 1609, under which the Dutch retained their liberty and conquests. The termination of the struggle on such favourable terms was chiefly due to the diplomacy of Barneveldt, Maurice resisting to the last. Bent on usurping supreme power, Maurice, who had succeeded his brother as Prince of Orange in 16 18, was ready to sacrifice the interests of his country in order to retain his command ; and when checked by the energy of the veteran statesman, he eagerly plotted his destruction. Maurice flattered and excited the passions of the Gomarists, while Barneveldt adhered to the Arminians. The Synod of Dort was con vened in 161 8, a mock trial was held, and Barneveldt perished on the scaffold in 1619. Grotius and others were thrown into prison. A son of Barneveldt, who sought to avenge his murder, met his parent's fate. The scandal of these crimes spread Maurice's name with infamy all over Europe. Only the renewal of the war after the expiration of the truce in 1621 restored him to popularity. He compelled Spinola to raise the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in 1622, for the conquest of which he had sacrificed 10,000 of his best troops, but was unable to rescue Breda, his grief on the approaching fall of which, in 1625, is believed to have hastened his death. He died at the Hague on 23rd April, 1625. " During the war Maurice had been, with exception of Henry IV., the most considerable personage in Europe. He was surrounded with that visible atmosphere of power the poison of which it is so difficult to resist, and through the golden haze of which a mortal seems to dilate for the vulgar eye into the supernatural. The attention of Christendom was perpetually fixed upon him. Nothing like his sieges, his encampments, his military discipline, his scientific campaigning had been seen before in modern Europe. The youthful aristocracy from all countries thronged to his camp to learn the game of war, for he had restored by diligent study of the ancients much that was noble in that pursuit, and had elevated into an art that whichhad long since degenerated into a system of butchery, marauding, and rapine. And he had fought with signal success and unquestionable heroism the most im portant and most brilliant pitched battle of the age. He was a central figure of the current history of Europe. Pagan nations looked up to him as one of the leading Sovereigns of Christendom. The Emperor of Japan addressed him as his brother monarch, assured him that his subjects trading to that Exhibited at Guildhall I53 Prince of Orange {continued): — distant empire should be welcomed and protected, and expressed himself ashamed that so great a Prince, whose name and fame had spread through the world, should send his subjects to visit a country so distant and unknown, and offer its Emperor a friendship which he was unconscious of deserving. " He had been a commander of armies and a chief among men since he came to raan's estate, and he was now in the very vigour of life, in his forty-second year. Of Imperial descent and closely connected by blood or alliance with many of the most illustrious of reigning houses, the acknow ledged master of the most royal and noble of all sciences, he was of the stuff of which kings were made, and belonged by what was then accounted right divine to the family of kings. Plis father's death had alone prevented his elevation to the throne of Holland. " His life had been regularly divided into two halves, the campaigning season and the period of winter quarters. In the one his business and his talk was of camps, marches, sieges, and battles only. In the other he was devoted to his stud, to tennis, to mathematical and mechanical inventions, and to chess, of which he was passionately fond, and which he did not play at all well. A Gascon captain serving in the States' army was his habitual antagonist in that game, and, although the stakes were but a crown a game, he derived a steady income out of his gains, which were more than equal to his pay. The Prince was sulky when he lost, sitting, when the candles were burned out and bedtime had arrived, witli his hat pulled over his brows, without bidding his guest good-night, and leaving him to find his way out as he best could ; and, on the contrary, radiant wilh delight when successful, calling for valets to light the departing captain through the corridor, and accompanying him to the door of the apartment himself. That warrior was accordingly too shrewd not to allow his great adversary as fair a share of triumph as was consistent with maintaining the frugal income on which he reckoned. " He had small love for the pleasures of the table. He was methodical in his household arrangements, and rather stingy than liberal in money matters. He personally read all his letters, accounts, despatches, and other documents trivial or important, but wrote few letters with his own hand, so that, unlike his illustrious father's correspondence, there is little that is characteristic to be found in his own. He was plain but not shabby in attire, and was always dressed in exactly the same style, wearing doublet and hose of brown woollen, a silk under-vest, a short cloak lined with velvet, a little plaited ruff on his neck, and very loose boots. He ridiculed the smart French officers who, to show their fine legs, were wont to wear such tight boots as made them perspire to get into them, and maintained, in precept and practice, that a man should be able to jump into his boots, and mount, and ride at a moment's notice. The only ornaments he indulged in, except, of course, on state occasions, were a golden hilt to his famous sword, and a rope of diamonds tied around his felt hat. "He was now in the full flower of his strength and his fame, in his forty-second year, and of a noble and martial presence. The face, although unquestionably handsome, offered a, sharp contrast within itself ; the upper half all intellect, the lower quite sensual. Fair hair growing thin, but hardly tinged with grey, a bright, cheerful, and thoughtful forehead, large hazel eyes within a singularly large orbit of brow ; a straight, thin, slightly aquiline, well-cut nose — such features were at open variance with the broad, thick-lipped, sensual mouth, the heavy pendant jowl, the sparse beard on the glistening cheek, and the moleskin-like raoustachio and chin-tuft. Still, upon the whole, it was a face and figure which gave the world assurance of a man and a commander of men. Power and intelligence were stamped upon him from his birth." — Motley. 1 54 Collection of Engraved Portraits 55.— MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI. (I47S— 1564-) Sculptor, painter, and poet, the last and most renowned of the great artists of Florence, was the second son of Ludovico Buonarroti, a poor gentleman of Florence, and of his wife Francesca di Neri, and was born at Caprese, in the Casentino, on 6th March, 1475. His father, observing the bent of his genius, consented, though reluctantly, to place him under the care of Domenico Ghirlandaio, of Florence, as a pupil for three years, beginning on ist April, 1488, and the master, an unusual thing in those days, agreed to give him twenty- four florins for his services. When Lorenzo de' Medici opened a garden in Florence for the use of artists, filled with antique statues and busts, Michelangelo made it his favourite haunt, and there so distinguished himself by his first attempt at sculpture, a copy in marble from an old mask of a laughing fawn, that Lorenzo took him under his especial patronage, assigned him rooms in his palace, and treated him in all respects like a son. Soon after the death of his patron, in 1492, he returned to his father's house. His statue, the Sleeping Cupid, executed about 1494-95, was sent to Rome, exhibited there as an antique, and was accepted by the connoisseurs as genuine, and as superior to anything in contemporary art. The real history of the work becoming known, the now famous sculptor was invited to Rome, in 1 508, where he found liberal patrons, and executed several works, the most renowned of which is the Pietdt, now forming the altar- piece in a chapel near the entrance of St. Peter's. Other works undertaken at this time are unfinished or unknown ; but a Holy Family, believed until recently to be his and his only extant work in oils, is still in the Florentine gallery. Again repairing to Florence, he executed his magnificent historical cartoon of the hostile Pisans sur prising young Florentines while bathing in the Arno for Michelangelo Buonarroti No. 55. Exhibited at Guildhall. 155 Michelangelo Buonarroti {continued): the end of a hall in the ducal palace, Leonardo Da Vinci being engaged to fill the other end. This work, of which only a few fragments remain, was said by Benvenuto Cellini to have been Michelangelo's masterpiece. The painting of the picture itself was never commenced, the artist having left it to go to Rome by invitation of Julius II., the new pontiff, who gave him an unlimited com mission to construct a mausoleum. The design was too magnificent for the church it was to adorn, and the Pope resolved to re-build St. Peter's as a fitting shrine for his superb tomb, which was to be completed according to the original design ; and Michelangelo passed eight months at Carrara procuring the marble. Julius afterwards persuaded Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which he did with his own hand in twenty months, filling the twelve compartments of the roof with glorious designs, illustrating the history of the antediluvian world. In 1527-30 Michelangelo showed still further the versa tility of his genius by fortifying the City of Florence against the assaults of the Imperial troops. His Last Judgment, painted for the altar of the Sistine Chapel, and opened to public view on the Christmas Day of 1541, was regarded as one of his greatest works. In the ponti ficate of Paul III. this extraordinary man, now seventy years of age, entered upon a new field of art. San Gallo died in 1 546, and Michelangelo was chosen to succeed him as architect of St. Peter's. This office he held through five pontificates, accepting no emolument, and nearly all the time worried by professional jealousy and intrigue. " With this stupendous work on his hands, he had also to carry forward the Palazzo Farnese, construct a palace on the Capitoline Hill, adorn the hill with antique statues, make a flight of steps to the church of the convent of Ara Cceli, rebuild an old bridge across the Tiber, and last, and perhaps greatest, convert the baths of Diocletian into the magnificent church of Sta. Maria degli Angeli. Under Pius IV. St. Peter's was carried up as ¦ \ ¦ I 1 56 Collection of Engraved Portraits Michelangelo Buonarroti {continued) : — far as the dome, which was modelled in clay, and carefully executed to a scale in wood." He subsequently painted the Martyrdom of St. Peter and the Conversion of St. , , Paul. But Michelangelo did not live to witness the completion of this splendid edifice, the greatest and most magnificent -Christian temple. on earth. He was carried off by a slow fever, when on the threshold of his ninetieth year, on 1 8th February, .1564. His obsequies were cele brated as became the memory of so unrivalled a genius. ^ } His remains, after lying a short time in the church of SS. Apostoli, were conveyed to Florence, and laid in a vault in the Santa Groce. Michelangelo had applied himself to every branch of knowledge connected with his twin arts, painting and sculpture. His acquaintance with anatomy was great, and also with the science of mechanics. He was likewise an author, and excelled both in verse and prose, his sonnets being among the noblest of their kind. The chief inspirer of his poetry was the accomplished and admirable lady, Vittoria Colonna, widow of the Marquis Pescara. For twelve years until her death, which happened in 1 547, her friend ship was the great solace of his life. The fourth celebra tion of the centenary of the birth of Michelangelo was held on 12th September, 1875, at Florence, when many distinguished representatives of Continental and British art assembled to honour the memory of the great master. " The great Michelangelo Buonarroti, justly styled by his countrymen ' the divine ' — a man whom, as an artist, I place on a level with, and in some respects above, the greatest known of Greek artists. " In Greek art the love of design seems to predominate over that of imitation ; in Michelangelo's, the two seem to hold an equal place. I do not mean that the Greeks had less of the imitative faculty, but that they kept it in subordination to that of design. Nor do I say that Michelangelo in .any way excelled the Greeks in anything that he did in the way of study from Nature. . . . But this I say, that Michelangelo's best work is in no way inferior to the very highest Greek work in point of design, and that his imitative faculty not being kept in subordination, he was enabled to see truths that no Greek ever dreamed of expressing. Above all, his vast imaginative gift, the stormy poetry of his mind, the passionate Italian nature that was in hira, the soul of Dante living again in another form and finding its expression in another art, led him to contemplate a treatment of the human form and face which the intellectual Greek considered beyond the range of his art. Honore Gabriel Riqueti. Count of Mirabeau, No, 56, Exhibited at Guildhall. 157 Michelangelo Buonarroti {continued): — " In Michelangelo we have an instance of a raind gifted with the highest iraaginative faculties, and with the raost profound love and veneration for all that is raost noble, most beautiful, and grandest in Nature, following with unwearying perseverance the road best calculated to develop these faculties, by studying with accurate minuteness the construction of the human form, so as to be able to give the highest reality to his conceptions. " Michelangelo I consider the greatest realist the world has ever seen. The action, expression, and drawing of his figures, down to the minutest folds of drapery and points of costume, down to the careful finish given to the most trivial accessories (where used), such as the books his figures hold, and the desks they write on, are all studied from the point of view of being as true to Nature as they can be made. He left it to his imitators and followers to make huraan bodies like the sacks of potatoes I have alluded to ; he who never raade, never could raake, a fault of anatomy in his life, has had such followers, who gloried in thinking how Michelangelesque Was their work. It is his followers, again, and not he, who make their saints and prophets write with pens without ink, on scrolls of paper without desks, and such-like absurdities. " Raphael has been considered the master of expression and beauty of face ; Michelangelo of grandeur of form. I find the latter supreme in all. He it was who found in Nature what beauty and what grandeur lie in the most trivial actions, and first had the power to depict thera. Raphael's receptive mind seized at once on the idea, adapted it to his style, and followed close on the great master's steps. "All other painters — except, perhaps, Raphael, and he only when he had caught the inspiration from Michelangelo is to be excepted— seem to place their figures in poses ; it is his amazing and almost incredible power of seizing the passing movement that makes Michelangelo's figures appear positively alive : an instant more and the position is changed ; for this reason, to draw from one of his figures is like drawing from Nature itself, and to achieve a result like this is to achieve that highest form of Realism, by which alone he has arrived at the expression joi the highest Beauty. These are the raighty works that, like the gorgeous symphonies of Beethoven and the choruses of Handel, stand out in sublime solitude above the efforts of other men." — Edward J. Poynter, R.A. 56. HONORS GABRIEL RIQUETI, Count of Mirabeau. Painter — P. Delaroche. Engraver— Zojm'j Pierre Henriquel Dupont. (1749—1791-) One of the greatest statesmen and orators of France, was born at Bignon, near Nemours, on 9th .March, 1749, the elder surviving son of Victor, Marquis de Mirabeau (" 1' Ami des Hommes "), and his wife Marie Genevieve, daughter of a M. de Vassan, a brigadier in the army, and widow of the Marquis de Saulveboeuf He seemed destined, from his entrance into the world, to excite perplexity and wonder. " Don't be afraid ! " said the nurse, as she presented to his ^S8 Collection of Engraved Portraits HoNORfi Gabriel Riqueti {continued) : — father a huge-headed infant, already armed with a pair of grinders, one foot twisted, and tongue-tied. His calami ties began eariy : at the age of three his remarkable face was seamed and disfigured by confiuent small-pox, mis managed through the impatient anxiety of his mother. "Your nephew," wrote the Marquis to his brother the Bailli, " is as ugly as the nephew of Satan." No child had probably a worse bringing up. His father, the self-styled " Friend of Men," was a domestic tyrant of the maddest kind, who wrote philanthropic and economic pamphlets, but who treated his wife and children with unspeakable cruelty. In the course of his life he caused to be issued against them no fewer than fifty-four Uttres de cachet. Mirabeau was placed under a succession of tutors who could not manage him. He was then entered in the Berri regiment of the Marquis de Lambert, a colonel notorious for his severity ; and henceforth his career, till the out break of the Revolution, is " a miserable record of vicious indulgence, varied by imprisonment, attacks of disease, and the production of literary essays." In 1784, to escape from troubles at home, he made sail for England, accom panied by his fair friend Madame de Nebra. In England he resided eight months, of which some record is preserved in a collection of letters written during that period. Among his most intimate friends were Romilly, Sir Gilbert Elliott (afterwards Lord Minto), and the Eari of Peterborough ; and, despite his formidable fame, he had access to what is known as " good society." He left our shores in the spring of 1785, reaching Paris on ist April. After some stay at Brussels, he proceeded to Berlin, where he was graciously received by the great Frederick. His La Monarchie Prussienne sous le FrMiric le Grand {17%%) and Histoire SecrHe de la Cour de Berlin (1789) were the result of his sojourn in Prussia. The latter work, which contains his confidential letters to the French ministry, was doubtless issued under the pressure of sheer penury. Its publication excited intense wrath Exhibited at Guildhall. 159 H0NOR6 Gabriel Riqueti {continued): — against the author ; it was forthwith commanded to be burnt by the public executioner. It was not until 1789 that the fiery and unquench able genius of Mirabeau found fit expression. Rejected by the nobles of Provence as their representative, he suddenly denounced the order as " in all countries and in all ages the enemies of the people," and threatened them with the vengeance of another Marius. Elected by the Third Estate as deputy for Aix and Marseilles, he swayed the Assembly on almost every important occasion by the force of his logic and the fire of his eloquence. On the memorable 23rd of June, when De Br^zd entered the Assembly with the King's orders for them to depart, Mirabeau bellowed through the tempestuous uproar : " Go, tell those who sent you that we are here by the will of the nation, and that nothing but the force of bayonets can drive us hence ! " But, detesting mob license no less than tyranny, he advocated the royal prerogative of the veto, and, while " utterly opposed to a counter revolution,'' declared himself ready to make an effort for " the restora tion of the King's legitimate authority as the only means of saving France." Gradually the Court drew towards him in its helplessness and despair, and the brief re mainder of his life was spent in an effort — hopeless indeed, but carried on with dauntless courage and unconquerable will — " to restrain the ever-increasing madness of the Revolution, and to force upon the nation some form of constitutional life and some wreck of royalty." From Mr Andrew Nicolson's admirable sketch of Mirabeau in the eighth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica the following graphic paragraphs are extracted : — " About the end of May [1790] took place his celebrated interview with the Queen. What had passed between tliem none ever knew, save that the Queen was delighted with Mirabeau, and he with her. But neither Queen nor Court thoroughly or sincerely co-operated in the great schemes of Mira beau ; they had their own little schemes, ever varying with the feelings and changes of the hour. On the 30th December he addressed a long memorial to the Queen, expounding in detail his plans, and offering advices — plans and advices far too wise and simple to be followed, though perseveringly urged up to the time of his death. | l6o Collection of Engraved Portraits HoNORfi Gabriel Riqueti {continued) : — "On the 1st February, 1791, he took his place as President of the Assembly, u distinction hitherto withheld through envy, and now yielded in the hope of lessening his influence by compelling him into silence. A foolish miscalculation ; there, racked by internal pains, his neck swathed in linen to stanch the blood of leech-bites, administered between the sittings, his life consuming fiercely as it neared the close, the great tribune, never so great as now, sat and swayed the elements that raged around him. ' Never,' says Dumont, 'had this office been so well filled. He displayed in it a new kind of talent. He introduced a degree of order and clearness into the proceedings of which no member had previously the least conception. He simplified forms, could render the question clear by a single word, and also by a single word put down tumult.' " The end was approaching ; for many weeks he had felt that his life- blood was being drained. Confident in his great strength, he had never slackened his pace, never stinted his labours or his indulgences. ' Had I not lived with Mirabeau,' says Dumont, ' I never should have known all that can be done in one day, or rather in an interval of twelve hours. A day to him was more than a week or a month to others. The mass of business he carried on simultaneously was prodigious ; from the conception to the execu tion not a moment was lost.' And now, added to frightful anxiety, toil, and excitement, came fever, ophthalmia, rheumatic swellings, and fiery pains. ' If I believed in slow poisons,' he said to Dumont, ' I should think myself poisoned ; for I feel that I ara dying by inches — that I am being consumed in a slow fire. ' But there was no rest for him : on the Sundays, indeed, he was down at Argenteuil, among his flowers ; on all other days " not an instant of rest from seven in the morning till ten or eleven at night ; continual con versations, agitations of raind, and excitement of every passion ; too high living — in food only, for he was very moderate in drink.' On the 27th of March, though frightfully ill, he proceeded to the Assembly, where he spoke five times ; lie left it exhausted, and had a bath ; thought he could sit out the Italian opera, but had to go homeward after a few minutes to bed, to rise no more. His friend and physician Cabanis found death written on his face. The sensation throughout Paris was indescribable ; all day the Chausee d'Antin was thronged with sad inquirers ; bulletins were handed out every three hours to the eager multitudes, and messengers from the King came twice a-day for tidings. All medicines were tried in vain, and Cabanis sat despondingly by the bedside. ' Thou art a great physician,' said his patient, gazing on him, ' but the Maker of the wind that overthrows all things — of the water that penetrates and fructifies— of the fire that quickens or decomposes all things — He is a greater physician than thou ! ' Even in the intervals of convulsive agony, with the sweat of death on his brow, and its shadows gathering around him, his supreme self-consciousness never forsook him ; he was himself to the end. ' He dramatised his death,' said Talleyrand. His friend Frochot supported his head. 'Yes,' said the sick man, ' support that head ; would I could bequeath it thee ! ' At day break of the 2nd April his windows were opened to let in the fresh breath of spring. He called Cabanis : ' My friend,' he said, ' I shall die to-day ; there remains but one thing raore to do ; perfume me, crown me with flowers, environ me with music, so that I may enter sweetly on that sleep for which there is no awaking.' For three-quarters of an hour he discoursed with Lamarck and Cabanis on his own and the public affairs. 'I carry in my heart,' he said, ' the dirge of the monarchy ; its remains will now be the spoil of the factions.' Towards night he was speechless, and in his dreadful pain he signed convulsively for drink ; he waved the offered potions away, and hastily put down the word ' Domir ! ' He prayed for opium, but the doctor resisted ; recovering utterance, he reproached his friend for hesi tating to cut short his agony. For some tirae lie lay silent, till the sound of distant guns broke upon liis ear, and he asked — ' Have we already the Achilles Funeral ? ' A moment after, he had ceased to breathe. Eiihibited at Guildhall, i6l HoNORfi Gabriel Riqueti {continued):— " So passed away, at the age of forty-two, the last Count of Mirabeau. Ainid the tears of the French nation, with honours never before paid to any citizen, seldom to any king, his body was laid in the church of Ste. Genevieve, the newly-consecrated Pantheon of France. Thence it was removed at the dead of night, in September, 1794, to the churchyard of St. Catherine, in the Faubourg St. Marceau, the resting-place of criminals." Of his numerous writings his Traits de la Mythologie, Traits de la Langue Franqaise, Essai de la Litt^rature Ancienne et Moderne, may still possess an interest as the work of a man whose name will ever live in the annals of his country. " The Constituent Assembly, when his name was first read out, received it with murmurs ; not knowing what they murmured at ! This honourable member they were murmuring over was the member of all members ; the august Constituent, without him, were no Constituent at all. Very notable, truly, is his procedure in this section of world-history ; by far the notablest single element there : none like to him, or second to him. Once he is seen visibly to have saved, as with his own force, the existence of the Constituent Assembly ; to have turned the whole tide of things : in one of those moments which are cardinal ; decisive for centuries. . . . But this, cardinal moment though it be, is perhaps intrinsically among his smaller feats. In general, we would say once more with emphasis, he has ' hume toutes les formules ' (swallowed all formulas). He goes through the Revolution like a substance and a force, not like a formula of one. While innumerable barren Sieyeses and Constitution-pedants are building, with such hammering and trowelling, their august Paper Constitution (which endured eleven months), this man looks not at cobwebs and Social Conti-cuts, but at things and men ; discerning what is to be done — proceeding straight to do it. He shivers out Usher De Br&e, back foremost, when that is the problem. ' Marie Antoinette is charmed with hira,' when it coraes to that. He is the man of the Revolution, while he lives ; king of it ; and only with life, as we compute, would have quitted his kingship of it. Alone of all these Twelve Hundred, there is in him the faculty of a king." — Carlyle. After reading Dumont's Souvenirs sur Mirabeau Goethe remarked to Eckermann : — " At last the wonderful Mirabeau becomes natural to us, while at the same time the hero loses nothing of his greatness. Some French journalists think differently. . . . The French look upon Mirabeau as their Hercules, and they are perfectly right. But they forget that even the Colossus consists of individual parts, and that the Hercules of antiquity is a collective being — a gigantic personification of deeds done by himself and by others." "There was something gigantic about all Mirabeau's thoughts and deeds. The excesses of his youth were beyond all bounds, and severely were they punished; his vanity was immense, but never spoilt his judgment ; his talents were enormous, but could yet make use of those of others. As a statesman his wisdom is indubitable, but by no means universally recognised in his own country. Lovers of the ancien regime abuse its most formidable and logical opponent ; believers in the Constituent Assembly cannot be expected to care for the most redoubtable adversary of their favourite theorists, while admirers 1 62 Collection of Engraved Portraits HoNORfi Gabriel Riquet {continued): — of the republic of every description agree in calling him from his connexion with the court the traitor Mirabeau. As an orator more justice has been done him : his eloquence has been likened to that of both Bossuet and Vergniaud,' but it had neither the polish of the old seventeenth -century bishop nor the flashes of genius of the young Girondin. It was rather parliamentary oratory in which he excelled, and his true compeers are rather Burke and Fox than any French speakers. Personally he had that which is the truest mark of nobility of mind, a power of attracting love and winning faithful friends. ' I always loved him,' writes Sir Gilbert Elliott to his brother Hugh; and komilly, who was not given to lavish praise, says, ' I have no doubt that in his public conduct, as in his writings, he was desirous of doing good, that his ambition was of the noblest kind, and that he proposed to himself the noblest ends.' What more favourable judgment could be passed on an ambitious raan ! What finer epitaph could a statesman desire ! " — H. Morse Stephens. Alluding to the resemblance between Mirabeau and Chatham, Macaulay observes : — " Sudden bursts which seemed to be the effect of inspiration, short sentences which came like lightning, dazzling, burning, striking down every thing before them, . . , in these chiefly lay the oratorical power both of Chatham and Mirabeau. ... In true dignity of character, in private and public virtue, it may seem absurd to institute any comparison between them ; but they had' the same haughtiness and vehemence of temper. In their language and manner there was a disdainful self-confidence and im- periousness before which all comraon minds quailed. . . . There have been far greater speakers and far greater statesmen than either of them ; but we doubt whether any men haye, in modem times, exercised such vast personal influence over stormy and divided assemblies." — Macaulay. " Where others grope darkly, he aims surely, he advances directly. . . The philosophy of the eighteenth century, modified by prudence and policy, flows out all formulized from his lips. His eloquence, imperative as law, is only the gift of impassioned reasoning." — Lamartine. 57.— MATTHIEU MOLE. Engraver — Robert Nanteuil. (1584-1656.) One of the most illustrious magistrates of France, belonging to an old legal family, was born in 1584, the son of Edward Mold, a Parisian, the son of a counsellor of Par liament and himself a counsellor. While holding the office of procureur-general, Richelieu, in 1641, appointed him First President of the Parliament of Paris. During the stormy period of the Fronde, he defended with equal zeal the interests of the people and the rights of the Hlllfl lilll Matthieu Mole, No, 57, lillllllllHlllllll ) Jean Baptiste Poquelin de Moliere, No, 58, Exhibited at Guildhall 163 Matthieu Mol£ {continued): — Crown, and in consequence had to struggle at times against both. " The happiness of France has been that, in her worst times, when her natural chiefs abandon or betray her, she has had, usually among the ranks of the official world,' some upright and noble citizen ready to place himself in the breach and to save her from herself Such was Matthieu Mold, ... a man of the utmost firmness, ' the most fearless of his age,' entirely loyal to his duty, respectful towards authority. . . . He was the Selden of the time : he was not afraid once more to put his foot within the threshold of the Court : as before he had gone to demand the release of Broussel, so now he went to Ruel to mediate for peace. His efforts were successful : the fitet draft of the Peace of Ruel was signed in March, 1649." (Kitchin.) In 165 1 he was made Keeper of -the Great Seal, and although his sense of justice was at times embarrassing to the Court and the « nobles, it won for him a national respect which secured his position against assault. Mold died on 30th January, 1656. 58. — JEAN BAPTISTE POQUELIN DE MOLIERE. Painter — S. Bourdon. 'E^g^r.a.^V'B.v.— Jacques Firmin Beauvarlet. (1622 — 1673.) Born in Paris, probably in January, 1622, the son of Jean Poquelin, an upholsterer, who in 163 1 succeeded his own uncle as "valet tapissier de chambre du roi," and his wife Marie Cresse. Young Poquelin, being designed for his father's trade, received at first but a scanty educa tion, and remained in the paternal shop until he was fourteen. In 1637 he entered himself as a student at the College of Clermont, better known as that of Louis le Grand, where he resided for five years, enjoying the private instruction of Gassendi, the celebrated philoso- 1^4 Collection of Engraved Portraits Jean Baptiste Poquelin de Moliere {continued):— pher, and numbering among his class-fellows such men as Chapelle, Bernier, Cyrano de Bergerac, Hesnaut, and the great Condd's brother, the Prince Armand de Conti, who was hereafter to prove his liberal patron and friend. On leaving college, Poquelin applied himself to law, which he studied more or less regularly during the next three years, but whether with any definite object in view it is hard to say. " At all events, a circumstance occurred, just when he had reached his twenty-third year, which proved the turning-point in his history. It so happened that one Madeleine Bdjart, a provincial actress of some celebrity, visited Paris in 1645, when ' a young fellow named Moliere,' as old Tallemant des Rdaux drily informs us, finding greater attractions in this interesting lady than he had yet discovered in the dull pages of Cujas and Trebonian, renounced his legal studies, followed the charmer to the provinces, and subsequently joined her troupe. Thus it was that Jean Baptiste Poquelin, or, as he now called himself, Moliere, was led, what ever may have been his previous leanings, to assume a profession which from that hour became the business of his life." Failing in an attempt to establish himself at Paris in connection with the ThMtre Illustre, he betook himself to the provinces, and ultimately became a member of the same company with his old love, Madeleine Bdjart. Little is known of his provincial life from 1646 to 1658, when he returned to Paris. From the first, Moliere determined to combine the functions of actor and author. He accordingly began by converting Italian pieces into acting plays for his company ; but his first regular comedy was L'Etourdi, played at Lyons in 1653, when its success induced the principal members of a rival company to join that of Moliere. Having continued for some time in the South of France, Moliere entered the capital in 1658, hoping to attain "better fortune and greater fame." The performance of his Docteur Amoureux, a one-act farce now lost, before their Majesties and the Exhibited at Guildhall. i.6^ Jean Baptiste Poquelin de Moli£re {continued) : — Court on 24th October, gained such applause that his company was permitted to establish itself in Paris under the title of Troupe de Monsieur, the king's brother. " So this author-actor, with his squat, ungainly figure, coarse features, and melancholy countenance, finds that his reception by the fastidious public of Paris has not been inferior to that given him by the provinces. There was a fascination in Moli^re's person despite all its natural defects. Every limb and muscle of that awkward figure had something to say for itself ; and, as a contemporary remarked of him, ' he is an actor every inch of him, from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet.' . . . He produced his celebrated Pr^cieuses Ridicules in November, 1659, which had such an extraordinary success that, though the prices of admission were trebled on the second day, the piece had a run of four months. The fame of Moliere and genuine French comedy began alike with this play. Its author was hailed enthusiastically from the parterre with ' Courage ! courage 1 Molihe, voila la vraie com&die,'" His next piece, Sganarelle, ou le Cocu Imaginaire, was produced on 28th May, 1660, and obtained forty successive representations. In 1 66 1, Moliere, having taken possession of his new theatre, the Salle du Palais Royal, brought forward a heroic comedy, Don Garde de Navarre, which, much to the delight of his enemies, proved a dead failure. Nothing daunted, the great dramatist speedily retrieved his repu tation by the brilliantly successful L'£cole de Maris, produced on 24th June, in which the leading idea is borrowed from the Adelphi of Terence. It was followed by Les Fdcheux, a piece written in five days for the mem orable fete given by the unfortunate Fouquet to Louis XIV. at Vaux le Vicomte (i6th-20th August, 1661). In February, 1662, Moliere became united to Armande Bdjart, a sister of Madeleine, whom the slanders of the time charged with being a daughter of his former mistress. This loathsome scandal has been completely ^66 Collection of Engraved Portraits Jean Baptiste Poquelin de MoliEre {continued):— disproved by the testimony of certain legal docu ments brought to light in 1821. The King tacitly condemned these reports by deigning, in February, 1664, together with Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orleans, to be the sponsor of Moli^re's child. The mar riage, however, added nothing to his domestic happiness. His next three plays, L' Ecole des Femmes (26th December, 1662), La Critique de I'Bcole des Femmes (5th January, 1663), and L' Impromptu de Versailles (October, 1663), increased the animosity of his enemies. The first and second roused to fury the church party, and the third drew down upon him the reckless assaults of the rival troupe at the Hotel de Bourgogne. During a royal fete at Versailles, in May, 1664, the first three acts, or rough sketch of the celebrated Tartufe were presented, and regarded by the King as " fort divertissante," though on religious grounds he forbade its representation in public. The same year saw the production oi Le Marriage Force, which was followed in 1665 by Le Festin de Pierre, De spite the openly expressed censure of the authorities, both spiritual and civil, the King continued to support Moliere, allowed his company to assume the title of Troupe du Roi, and bestowed upon it a pension of seven thousand livres, in addition to the thousand livres previously granted Molidre as a crown pension. L' Amour M^dicin, the work of five days, appeared by royal command in September, 1665, and was the commencement of the war with the medical faculty which lasted throughout Moli^re's life. Within the next three years followed Le Misan thrope, acted at the Palais Royal on 4th June, 1666, and accounted his masterpiece by French critics ; Le Midecin malgri lui ; Amphitryon, an imitation of Plautus ; L'Avare; and Georges Daudin. By the King's per mission the long-suppressed Tartufe made its appearance at the Palais Royal on 5th August, 1667, and was received with a storm of applause ; " and yet twenty-four hours did not elapse before the prdmier president interdicted Exhibited at Guildhall. idy Jean Baptiste Poquelin de Moliere {continued): — a second representation, and the archbishop had ex hausted his thunders of excommunication by the week's end against all who should act, read, or listen to, in public or private, the said comedy of Tartufe." It was, how ever, allowed to be represented again on 5th February, 1669. Passing over some less important pieces, we come to two of the most popular of Moli^re's compositions, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomtne, first presented before the Court at Chambord on 14th October, 1670, and Les Femmes Savantes, acted on nth March, 1672. Molidre's dramatic career closed with the Malade Imaginaire. Always very delicate, his health had been gradually weakened by an affection of the lungs, which had increased in severity during the progress of this his last work. When the play appeared in February, 1673, his friends vainly endeavoured to dissuade him from taking a part. " But Moliere, who had sacrificed personal comfort so often for the benefit of those dependent on him, could not forget even in the hour of death ' those fifty people who must want their daily bread if the spectacle is put off.' He had accordingly appeared as Argon, the Malade Imagin aire, for the fourth time ; and before the conclusion of the piece, through which he had laboured with great pain, his cough overcame him, and being threatened with choking, he was carried off the stage and conveyed to his own house. The clergy were summoned, but in vain : it was the author of Tartufe who was dying, and the last offices of religion must be withheld. Two poor Sisters of Charity, who in past days had never come to his door in vain, try to smooth the pillow of the dying man with their words of peace. His cough soon returned with increased violence, and having burst a blood-vessel, he died, apparently of suffocation, on 17th February, 1673, in the fifty-second year of his age. . . . Ecclesiastical sepulture was refused the comedian's remains by Harlai, Archbishop of Paris, a man who, after a life of licentious ness, himself died of debauchery. . . . The interdict 1 68 Collection of Engraved Portraits Jean Baptiste Poquelin de Moli6re {continued): — was revoked, however, by the private orders of the King. . . . It was, nevertheless, with great difficulty that the remains of one of the truest men France had known were ultimately got interred in the cemetery of St. Joseph." " Moliire, according to MUe. Poisson, who had seen him in her extreme youth, was ' neither too stout nor too thin, tall rather than short ; he had a noble carriage, a good leg, walked slowly, and had a very serious expression. His nose was thick, his mouth large with thick lips, his complexioti brown, his eyebrows black and strongly marked, and it was his way of moving these that gave him his comic expression on the sts^e.' ' His eyes seemed to search the deeps of men's hearts,' says the author of Zilinde." " Somebody made an epitaph on him, and took it to the Prince de Cond^. 'I have brought you,' he said, 'Molifere's epitaph.' 'Would to God,' said the Prince, bursting into tears, ' it was Moliere bringing me yours ! ' " "At the town of Pezenas they still show an elbow-chair of Moli^re's (as at Montpelier they show the gown of Rabelais), in which the poet, it is said, ensconced in a corner of a barber's shop, would sit for the hour together, silently watching the air, gestures, and grimaces of the village politicians, who in those days, before coffee-houses were introduced into France, used lo congregate in this place of resort. The fi-uits of this study may be easily discerned in those original draughts of character from the middling and lower classes with which his pieces everywhere aboimd. "Moliere was naturally of a reserved and taciturn temper ; insomuch that his friend Boileau used to call him the Contemplateur. Strangers who had expected to recognise in his conversation the sallies of wit which dis tinguished his dramas, went away disappointed. The same thing is related of La Fontaine. The great Corneille, too, was distinguished by the same apathy." " If we look at MoliJre's object in all the numerous pieces which his fertile genius produced, we perceive a constant, sustained, and determined warfare against vice and folly, — sustained by means of wit and satire, with out any assistance derived either from sublimity or pathos. It signified little to Moliire what was the mere form which his drama assumed : whether regular comedy or com^die-ballet, whether his art worked in its r^lar sphere, or was pressed by fashion into the service ofmummery and pantomime, its excellence was the same, — if but one phrase was uttered, that phrase was comic. Instead of sinking down to the farcical subjects which he adopted, whether by command of the King or to sacrifice to the popular taste, Moliire elevated these subjects by his treatment of them. His pen, like the hand of Midas, turned all it touched to gold ; or rather, his mode of treating the most ordinary subject gave it a value such as the sculptor or engraver can confer upon clay, rock, old copper, or even cherry-stones." — Sir Walter Scott. "Whatever be the comparative merits of these great masters [Shake speare and Moliere], each must be allowed to have attained complete success in his way. Comedy, in the hands of Shakespeare, exhibits to us man, not only as he is moved by the petty vanities of life, but by deep and tumultuous passion ; in situations which it requires all the invention of the poet to devise, and the richest colouring of eloquence to depict. But if the object of comedy, as has been said, be ' to correct the follies of the age by exposing them to ridicule,' who then has equalled Molifere?" — W. H. Prescott. I ' i