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DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES

GEOGRAPHICAL ETYMOLOGY

A DICTIONARY OF
PLACE-NAMES

GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS

By C. black IE

WITH AN INTRODUCTION
By JOHN STUART BLACKIE
PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

THIRD EDITION, REVISED

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
1887

PREFACE
The Introduction, by which the present work is ushered
into public notice, renders any lengthened Preface on
my part quite unnecessary. Yet I wish to say a few
words with regard to the design and plan of this little
volume. The subject, though no doubt possessing a peculiar
interest to the general reader, and especially to tourists
in these travelling days, falls naturally under the head
of historical and geographical instruction in schools ;
and for such use the book is, in the first place, specially
intended. When I was myself one of a class in this city where
Geography and History were taught, no information
connected with etymology was imparted to us. We
learned, with more or less trouble and .edification, the
names of countries, towns, etc., by rote ; but our teacher
did not ask us who gave the names to these places,
nor were we expected to inquire or to know if there
was any connection between their names and their

PREFACE

histories. Things are changed now ; and I believe
the first stimulus to an awakening interest in Geo
graphical Etymology was given by the publication of
the Rev. Isaac Taylor's popular work, Words and
Places. About ten years ago, I found that the best
teachers in the English schools of Edinburgh did ask
questions on this subject, and I discovered, at the same
time, that a book specially bearing upon it was a
desideratum in school literature. As no one better
qualified came forward, I was induced to make the
attempt ; and I hope the following pages, the result of
much research and in the face of no small discourage
ment, may prove useful to teachers, as well as to their
pupils. The Index at the end of the volume, although it
contains many names not included in the body of the
work, does by no means include all that I have given
there. This did not seem necessary, because, the root
words being alphabetically arranged, an intelligent
teacher or pupil will easily find the key to the explana
tion of any special name by referring to the head under
which it is naturally classed. I must, however, premise
that, with regard to names derived from the Celtic
languages, the root word is generally placed at the
beginning of the name — that is, if it contain more than
one syllable. This is the case with such vocables as
pen, ben, dun, lis, rath, strath, etc.; e.g. Lismore, Ben-
more, Dungarvan, Strath-Allan. On the other hand,

PREFACE Vll

in names derived from the Teutonic or Scandinavian
languages, the root word comes last, as will be found
with regard to ton, dale, burg, berg, stadt, dorf, ford,
etc. The index, therefore, may be expected to include
principally such names as, either through corruption or
abbreviation, have materially changed their form, such
as are formed from the simple root, like Fiirth, Ennis,
Delft, or such as contain more than one, as in Portrush,
it being uncertain under which head I may have placed
such names. Along with the root words, called by the
Germans Grundwi)rter, I have given a number of
defining words {Bestimmimgswdrter) — such adjectives
as express variety in colour, form, size, etc.
It is to be regretted that many names have neces
sarily been omitted from ignorance or uncertainty with
regard to their derivation. This is the case, unfortu
nately, with several well-known and important towns —
Glasgow, Berlin, Berne, Madrid, Paisley, etc. With
regard to these and many others, I shall be glad to
receive reliable information.
And now it only remains for me to express my
obligations to the gentlemen who have kindly assisted
me in this work, premising that, in the departments
which they have revised, the credit of success is due
mainly to them ; while I reserve to myself any blame
which may be deservedly attached to failures or omis
sions. The Celtic portion of my proof-sheets has been

VIU PREFACE

revised by Dr. Skene, the well-known Celtic scholar of
this city, and by Dr. Joyce, author of Irish Names of
Places. I have also to thank the Rev. Isaac Taylor,
author of Words and Places, for the help and encour
agement which he has given me from time to time ;
and Mr. Paterson, author of the Magyars, for valuable
information which I received from him regarding the
topography of Hungary. I appreciate the assistance
given me by these gentlemen the more, that it did not
proceed from personal friendship, as I was an entire
stranger to all of them. It was the kindness and
courtesy of the stronger and more learned to one weaker
and less gifted than themselves ; and I beg they may
receive my grateful thanks, along with the little volume
which has been so much their debtor.
C. B.

Edinburgh, /a/y 1887.

INTRODUCTION

Among the branches of human speculation that, in
recent times, have walked out of the misty realm of
conjecture into the firm land of science, and from the
silent chamber of the student into the breezy fields
of public life, there are few more interesting than
Etymology. For as words are the common counters,
or coins rather, with which we mark our points in
all the business and all the sport of life, any man
whose curiosity has not been blunted by familiarity,
will naturally find a pleasure in understanding what
the image and superscription on these markers mean ;
and amongst words there are none that so powerfully
stimulate this curiosity as the names of persons and
places. About these the intelligent interest of young
persons is often prominently manifested ; and it is ;. a
sad thing when parents or teachers, who should be in
a position to gratify this interest, are obliged to w^ive
an eager intelligence aside, and by repeated negations
to repel the curiosity which they ought to have en
couraged. Geography indeed, a subject full of interest

INTRODUCTION

to the young mind, has too often been taught in such a
way as neither to delight the imagination with vivid
pictures, nor to stimulate inquiry by a frequent reference
to the history of names ; and this is an evil which, if
found to a certain extent in all countries, is particularly
rank in Great Britain, where the language of the country
is composed of fragments of half a dozen languages,
which only the learned understand, and which, to the
ear of the many, have no more significance than if they
were Hebrew or Coptic. The composite structure of
our English speech, in fact, tends to conceal from us
the natural organism of language ; so that in our case,
it requires a special training to make us fully aware of
the great truth announced by Home Tooke, that "in
language there is nothing arbitrary." Nevertheless, the
curiosity about the meaning of words, though seldom
cherished, is not easily extinguished ; and, in this age of
locomotion, there are few scraps of information more
grateful to the intelligent tourist than those ^\•hich
relate to the significance of topographical names.
When, for instance, the London holiday-maker, in his
trip to the West Highlands, setting foot in one of I\Ir.
Hutchinson's steamboats at Oban, on his way to the
historic horrors of Glencoe, finds on his larboard side a
long, low island, green and treeless, called Lismore, he
will be pleased, no doubt, at first by simply hearing so
euphonious a word in a language that he had been
taught to believe was harsh and barbarous, but will be
transported into an altogether different region of intel-

INTRODUCTION Xl

ligent delight when he is made to understand that this
island is wholly composed of a vein of limestone, found
only here in the midst of a wide granitic region skirted
with trap ; that, by virtue of this limestone, the island,
though treeless, is more fertile than the surrounding
districts ; and that for this reason it has received the
Celtic designation of Liosmor, or the great garden.
Connected with this etymology, not only is the topo
graphical name made to speak reasonably to a reason
able being, but it contains in its bosom a geological
fact, and an oeconomical issue, bound together by a
bond of association the most natural and the most
permanent. The pleasant nature of the intelligence
thus awakened leads us naturally to lament that, except
to those who are born in Celtic districts and speak the
Celtic language, the significance of so many of our most
common topographical names in the most interesting
districts is practically lost ; and it deserves consideration
whether, in our English and classical schools, so much
at least of the original speech of the country should
not be taught as would enable the intelligent student
to know the meaning of the local names, to whose
parrot-like repetition he must otherwise be condemned.
Some of the Celtic words habitually used in the
designation of places — such as Ben, Glen, Strath, and
Loch — have been incorporated into the common English
tongue ; and the addition to this stock is not very large,
which would enable an intelligent traveller to hang the
points of his picturesque tour on a philological peg that

INTRODUCTION

would most materially insure both their distinctness and
their permanence. Nay, more ; the germ of apprecia
tion thus begotten might lead a sympathetic nature
easily into some more serious occupation with the old
language of our country ; and this might lead to a
discovery full of pleasant surprise, that in the domain
of words, as of physical growth, the brown moors, when
examined, often produce fiowers of the most choice
beauty with which the flush of the most cultivated
gardens cannot compete, and that a venerable branch
of the old Indo-European family of languages, generally
ignored as rude and unlettered, is rich in a popular
poetry, as fervid in passion, and as healthy in hue, as
anything that Homer or Hesiod ever sang.
In the realm of etymology, as everybody now knows,
before Bopp and Grimm, and other great scholars, laid
the sure foundation of comparative philology on the prin
ciples of a philosophy, as all true philosophy is, at once
inductive and deductive, the license of conjecture played
a mad part — a part, it is only too evident, not yet fully
played out — and specially raised such a glamour of
illusion about topographical etymology, that the theme
became disgusting to all sober-minded thinkers, or
ludicrous, as the humour might be. We must there
fore, approach this subject with a more than common
degree of caution, anxious rather to be instructed in
what is solid, than to be amazed with what is ino-enious.
It shall be our endeavour to proceed step by step in
this matter — patiently, as with the knowledge that our

INTRODUCTION xiu

foot is on the brink of boggy ground, starting from
obvious principles given by the constitution of the
human mind, and confirmed by a large induction of
unquestioned facts.
The most natural and obvious reason for naming a
place so-and-so would be to express the nature of the
situation by its most striking features, with the double
view of impressing its character on the memory, and
conveying to persons who had not seen it an idea of
its peculiarity ; i.e. the most obvious and natural
topographical names are such as contain condensed
descriptions or rude verbal pictures of the object. Thus
the notion of the highest mountain in a district may
be broadly conveyed by simply calling it the big mount,
or, according to the order of words current in the
Celtic languages, inount big ; which is exactly what
we find in Benmore, from mar, big, the name of
several of the highest mountains in the Highlands of
Scotland, specially of one in the south of Perthshire,
near Killin, of another in Mull, the highest trap moun
tain in Scotland, and a third in Assynt. Again, to
mark the very prominent feature of mountains elevated
considerably above the normal height, that they are
covered with snow all the year round, we find LEBANON,
in the north of Palestine, named from the Hebrew
leban, white ; MONT BLANC, in Switzerland, in the
same way from an old Teutonic word signifying the
same thing, which found its way into Italian and the
other Romanesque languages, fairly ousting the Latin

INTRODUCTION

albus ; OLYMPUS, from the Greek Xdfi-jrofjbat., to shine ;
the Schneekoppe, in Silesia, from schnee, snow, and
koppe, what we call kip in the Lowland topography of
Scotland, i.e. a pointed hill, the same radically as the
Latin caput, the head. In the same fashion one of
the modern names of the ancient Mount Hermon is
Jebel-eth-Thelj, the snowy mountain, just as the Hima
layas receive their names from the Sanscrit haima =
Greek %et/ia, winter.
The most obvious characteristic of any place, whether
mountain or plain or valley, would be its shape and
size, its relative situation high or low, behind or in the
front, its colour, the kind of rock or soil of which it is
composed, the climate which it enjoys, the vegetation
in which it abounds, and the animals by which it is
frequented. Let us take a few familiar examples of
each of these cases ; and, if we deal more largely in
illustrations from the Scottish Highlands than from
other parts of the world, it is for three sufficient reasons
— because these regions are annually visited by the
greatest number of tourists ; because, from the general
neglect of the Celtic languages, they stand most in need
of interpretation ; and because they are most familiar
— not from book -knowledge only, but by actual in
spection — to the present writer. In the matter of size,
the tourist will find at Glenelg (from sealg, to hunt),
in Inverness-shire, opposite Skye, where there are two
well-preserved circular forts, the twin designations of
Glenmore and Glenbeg ; that is, Glenbig and Glen-

INTRODUCTION

little — a contrast constantly occurring in the Highlands ;
the word beag, pronounced vulgarly in Argyleshire peek,
signifying little, evidently the same as )uk in the Greek
IMKpo'i. As to relative situation, the root ard, in Latin
arduiis, frequently occurs ; not, however, to express
any very high mountain, but either a bluff fronting the
sea, as in Ardnamorchuan (the rise of the great
ocean, cuan, perhaps from otKeavo^), or more frequently
a slight elevation on the shore of a lake, what they
call in England a rise, as in Ardlui, near the head
of Loch Lomond, Ardvoirlich, and many others.
The word lui, Gaelic laogh — the gh being silent, as in
the English sigh — signifies a calf or a fawn, and gives
name to the lofty mountain which the tourist sees on
his right hand as he winds up where the railway is
now being constructed from Dalmally to Tyndrum.
Another frequent root to mark relative situation is CUL,
behind, Latin cuius, French cul, a word which gives
name to a whole parish in Aberdeenshire, to the
famous historical site of Culross, the reputed birthplace
of St. Kentigern, and many others. This word means
simply behind tJie headland, as does also C.ULCHENZIE
(from ceann, the head), at the entrance to Loch Leven
and Glencoe, which the tourist looks on with interest,
as for two years the summer residence of the noble-
minded Celtic evangelist Dr. Norman Macleod. But
the most common root, marking relative situation, which
the wanderer through Celtic countries encounters is
inver, meaning below, or the bottom of a stream, of

INTRODUCTION

which aber is only a syncopated form, a variation
which, small as it appears, has given rise to large con
troversy and no small shedding of ink among bellicose
antiquarians. For it required only a superficial glance
to observe that while Abers are scattered freely over
Wales, they appear scantly in Scotland, and there with
special prevalence only in the east and south-east of
the Grampians — as in Aberdeen, Aberdour, Aber-
LEMNO in Fife, and others. On this the eager genius
of archaeological discovery, ever ready to poise a
pyramid on its apex, forthwith raised the theory, that
the district of Scotland where the Abers prevailed had
been originally peopled by Celts of the Cymric or
Welsh type, while the region of Invers marked out the
ancient seats of the pure Caledonian Celts. But this
theory, which gave great offence to some fervid High
landers, so far as it stood on this argument, fell to the
ground the moment that some more cool observer put
his finger on half a dozen or a whole dozen of Invers,
in perfect agreement hobnobbing with the Abers, not far
south of Aberdeen ; while, on the other hand, a zealous
Highland colonel, now departed to a more peaceful
sphere, pointed out several Abers straggling far \\-est
and north-west into the region of the Caledonian Canal
and beyond it. But these slippery points are wisely
avoided ; and there can be no doubt, on the o-eneral
principle, that relative situation has everywhere played a
prominent part in the terminology of districts. North-
umberiand and Sutheriand, and Cape Deas or Cape

INTRODUCTION xvll

South, in Cantire, are familiar illustrations of this
principle of nomenclature. In such cases the name,
of course, always indicates by what parties it was
imposed ; Sutherland, or Southern-land, having received
this appellation from the Orkney men, who lived to the
north of the Pentland Firth.
The next element that claims mention is Colour.
In this domain the most striking contrasts are black
and white. In ancient Greece, a common name for
rivers was Melas, or Black-water ; one of which, that
which flows into the Malaic Gulf, has translated itself
into modern Greek as Mauro-nero, fiavpo in the
popular dialect having supplanted the classical /xeXa? ;
and vipo, as old, no doubt, as Nereus and the Nereids,
having come into its pre-Homeric rights and driven out
the usurping iiScop. In the Scottish Highlands, dubh,
black or dark, plays, as might be expected, a great
figure in topographical nomenclature ; of this let Ben-
MUIC Dubh, or the mount of the black sow, familiar to
many a Braemar deer-stalker, serve as an example ;
while Cairngorm, the cradle of many a golden-gleaming
gem, stands with its dark blue (gorm) cap immediately
opposite, and recalls to the classical fancy its etymo
logical congeners in the Cyanean rodks, so famous
in early Greek fable. Of the contrasted epithet white,
Leucadia (KevKoi), where the poetess Sappho is famed
to have made her erotic leap, is a famiHar example.
In the Highlands, ban (fair), or geal (white), is much
less familiar in topographical nomenclature than dubh ;

INTR OD UCTION

Buidhe, on the other hand (yellow), corresponding to
the ^avd6<; of the Greeks, is extremely common, as in
LOCHBUIE at the south-east corner of Mull, one of the
few remaining scattered links of the possessions of the
Macleans, once so mighty and latterly so foolish, in
those parts. Among other colours, glas (gray) is very
common ; so is dearg (red), from the colour of the
rock, as in one of those splendid peaks that shoot up
behind the slate quarries at the west end of Glencoe.
Breac, also (spotted or brindled), is by no means un
common, as in Ben Vrackie, prominent behind Pit-
lochrie, in Perthshire, in which word the initial b has
been softened into a w by the law of aspiration peculiar
to the Celtic languages.
There remain the two points of climate and vegeta
tion, of which a few examples will suffice. In Sicily,
the town of Selinus, whose magnificence remains pre
served in indelible traces upon the soil, took its name
from the wild parsley, a-iXivov, which grew plentifully
on the ground, and which appears on the coins of the
city. In the Scottish Highlands, no local name is more
common than that which is familiarly known as the
designation of one of the most genuine of the old Celtic
chiefs, the head of the clan Macpherson — we mean the
word CLUNY (Gaelic cliiaiii ; possibly only a ^•ariety of
griin, green), which signifies simply a green meadow, a
vision often very delightful to a pedestrian after a long
day's tramp across brown brae and gray fell in those
parts. The abundance of oak in ancient Celtic regions.

INTRODUCTION

where it is not so common now, is indicated by the
frequency of the termination darach (from which Derry,
in Ireland, is corrupted ; Greek ^pw and Bopv), as in
the designation of one of the Campbells in Argyle,
Auchin-DARROCH, i.e. oak-field. The pine, giubhas,
appears in KiNGUSSlE, pine-end, in the midst of that
breezy open space which spreads out to the north-west
of the Braemar Grampians. In Beith and AULTBEA
(birch-brook) we have beath, Latin betula, a birch-tree ;
elm and ash are rare ; heather, fraoch, especially in the
designation of islands, as ElLEANFRAOCH, in Loch Awe,
and another in the Sound of Kerrera, close by Oban.
Of climate we find traces in AUCHNASHEEN {siari), on
the open blasty road between Dingwall and Janetown,
signifying the field of wind and rain ; in Mealfour-
VONIE, the broad hill of the frosty moor, composed of
the three roots m-aol (broad and bald), fuar (cold), and
mhonaid (upland) ; in BALFOUR (cold town), and in the
remarkable mountain in Assynt called Canisp, which
appears to be a corruption of Ceann-uisge, or Rainy-
head. Lastly, of animals : madadh, a fox, appears in
Lochmaddy and Ardmaddy ; coin, of a dog, in ACHNA-
CHOIN, or Dog's-field, one of the three bloody spots
that mark the butchery of the false Campbell in Glen
coe ; and, throwing our glance back two thousand
years, in CYNOSCEPHALiE, or the Dog's-head, in Thes-
saly, where the sturdy Macedonian power at last bowed
in submission before the proud swoop of the Roman

INTRODUCTION

eagles ; the familiar cow {baa, Lat. bos) gives its name
to that fair loch, which sleeps so quietly in the bosom
of beautiful Mull ; while the goat, famous also in the sad
history of Athenian decline at AlGOSPOTAMi, or the
Goat's-river, gives its name to the steepy heights of
Ardgour (from gobhar, Lat. caper), a fragment of the
old inheritance of the Macleans, which rise up before
the traveller so majestically as he steams northward
from Ballachulish to Fort William and Banavie.
In a country composed almost entirely of mountain
ridges, with intervening hollows of various kinds, it
is only natural that the variety in the scenery, produced
by the various slopes and aspects of the elevated
ground, should give rise to a descriptive nomenclature
of corresponding variety. This is especially remarkable
in Gaelic ; and the tourist in the Scottish Highlands
will not travel far without meeting, in addition to the
Ben and Ard already mentioned, the following specific
designations : —
Drmn — a ridge.
Scour — a jagged ridge or peak.
Cruach — a conical mountain.
Mam — a slowly rising hill.
Maol — a broad, flat, bald mountain.
Monagh — an upland moor.
Tidloch or Tilly — a little hill, a knoll.
Tom — a hillock, a mound.
Tor — a hillock, a mound.
Bruach—3. steep slope (Scotch brae).
Craig — crag, cliff.
Cairn — a heap of stones.

INTROD UCTION

Lairg — a broad, low slope.
Letter — the side of a hill near the water.
Croit — a hump.
Clach — a stone.
Lech — a flagstone.
In the Lowlands, pen, law, fell, brcz, hope, rise, edge,
indicate similar varieties. Among these pen, as dis
tinguished from the northern ben, evidently points to a
Welsh original. Hope is a curious word, which a
south-country gentleman once defined to me as "the
point of the low land mounting the hill whence the
top can be seen." Of course, if this be true, it means
an elevation not very far removed from the level ground,
because, as every hill-climber knows, the top of a huge
eminence ceases to be visible the moment you get
beyond what the Greeks call the " fore -feet " of the
mountain. In the designation of the intervening hollows, or
low land, the variety of expression is naturally less
striking. Glen serves for almost all varieties of a
narrow Highland valley. A very narrow rent or
fissured gorge is called a glachd. The English word
dale, in Gaelic dail, means in that language simply a
field, or flat stretch of land at the bottom of the hills.
It is to be noted, however, that this word is both Celtic
and Teutonic ; but, in topographical etymology, with
a difference distinctly indicative of a twofold origin.
In an inland locality where the Scandinavians never
penetrated, Dal is always prefixed to the other element
ofthe designation, as in Dalwhinnie, Dalnacardoch,

INTRODUCTION

and Dalnaspidal, the field of meeting, the field of the
smithy, and the field of the hospital, all in succession
within a short distance on the road between the Spey
uplands and Blair Athol. On the other hand, a post-
fixed dale, as in BoRROWDALE, Easdale, and not a
few others, indicates a Saxon or Norse origin. The
word den or dean, as in the Dean Bridge, Edinburgh,
and the Den Burn, Aberdeen, is Anglo-Saxon denn,
and appears in the English Tenterden, and some
others. Another Celtic name for field is ach, the
Latin ag-er, which appears in a number of Highland
places, as in ACH-NA-CLOICHE (stone field), in Argyle
shire. A hollow surrounded by mountains is called by
the well-known name of LAGGAN, which is properly a
diminutive from lag, in Greek \tiKico<;, in Latin locus,
a hollow filled with water, and in German a mere loch,
or hole, into which a mouse might creep. A special
kind of hollow, lying between the outstretched arms of
a big Ben, and opening at one end into the vale below,
is called in Gaelic coire, literally a cauldron — a word
which the genius of Walter Scott has made a permanent
possession of the English language. In England such
mountain hollows are often denominated combs, as in
Addiscombe, Ashcomb, a venerable old British word
of uncorrupted Cornish descent, and which, so far as
I know, does not appear in Scottish topography, unless
it be in Cummertrees (on the shore, traigh), near
Annan, and Cumbernauld ; but this I am not able
to verify by local knowledge. The word aanar appears

INTRODUCTION

in O'Reilly's Irish dictionary as " the bed of a large
river or a narrow sea, a hollow generally," but seems
quite obsolete in the spoken Gaelic of to-day. The
termination holm is well known both in English and
Scotch names, and proclaims itself as characteristically
Scandinavian, in the beautiful metropolis of the Swedes.
In Gaelic districts a holm, that is, a low watery meadow,
is generally called a lon, a word which has retained
its place in Scotch as loan — Loaning, Loanhead,
Loanend, and is fundamentally identical with the
English lane and lawn. The varieties of sea-coast are
expressed by the words traigh, cladach, camus, corran,
wick, loch, rutha, ross, caolas, stron, salen, among which,
in passing, we may specially note camus, from the root
cam, Greek KafiTTTO), to bend : hence Morecambe
Bay, near Lancaster, signifies the great bend ; corran,
a scythe, evidently allied to the Latin curvus, and used
in the Highlands to denote any crescent-shaped shore,
as at Corranferry, Ardgour, in Lochfinne ; wick, a
familiar Scandinavian word signifying a bay, and which,
with the Gaelic article prefixed, seems to have blundered
itself into NIGG at Aberdeen, and near Fearn in Ross-
shire ; caolas, a strait, combining etymologically the
very distant and very different localities of Calais and
Ballachulish ; stron or sron, a nose, which lends its
name to a parish near the end of Loch Sunart, in
Morvern, and thence to a famous mineral found in its
vicinity ; lastly, salen is nothing but salt, and appears
in the south of Ireland and the north-west of Scotland,

xxiv INTRODUCTION

under the slightly varied forms of KiNSALE and Kin
tail, both of which words signify the head of the salt
water ; for Irish and Gaelic are only one language with
a slightly different spelling here and there, and a
sprinkling of peculiar words now and then.
The only other features of natural scenery that play
a noticeable part in topographical etymology are the
rivers, lakes, wells, and waterfalls ; and they need not
detain us long. The Gaelic uisge, water, of which the
Latin aqua is an abraded form, appears in the names
of Scottish rivers as Esk, and of Welsh rivers as Use.
The familiar English Avon is the Gaelic amhainn,
evidently softened down by aspiration from the Latin
amnis. This avon often appears at the end of river
names curtailed, as in Garonne, the rough river, from
the Gaelic root garbh, rough. The Don, so common
as a river name from the Black Sea to Aberdeen,
means either the deep river or the brown river. A
small river, brook in English, gives name to not a few
places and persons. In the Scottish Highlands, and
in those parts of the Lowlands originally inhabited by
the Celtic race, the word alt performs the same functions.
Loch, in Gaelic, answering to the English mere (Latin
mare), appears most commonly in the Highlands, as
KiNLOCH, i.e. the town or house at the head of the
lake ; and tobar, a well, frequently, as in HOLYWELL,
connected with a certain religious sanctity, appears in
Tobermory, i.e. the well of the Virgin Mary, one of
the most beautiful quiet bits of bay scenery in Great

INTRODUCTION xxv

Britain. Of places named from waterfalls {eas, from
esk), a significant element in Highland scenery, INVER
NESS, and MONESS near Aberfeldy, are the most notable,
the one signifying " the town at the bottom of the river,
which flows from the lake where there is the great
waterfall," i.e. Foyers ; and the other, " the waterfall
of the moorish uplands," which every one understands
who walks up to it.
So much for the features of unappropriated nature,
stereotyped, as it were, at once and for ever, in the
old names of local scenery. But as into a landscape
an artist will inoculate his sentiment and symbolise
his fancy, so on the face of the earth men are fond to
stamp the trace of their habitation and their history.
Under this influence the nomenclature of topography
becomes at once changed from a picture of natural
scenery to a record of human fortunes. And in this
department it is plain that the less varied and striking
the features of nature, the greater the necessity of
marking places by the artificial differentiation produced
by the presence of human dwellings. Hence, in the
flat, monotonous plains of North Germany, the abun
dance of places ending in hausen and heim, which are
only the Saxon forms of our English house and home.
Of the termination hausen, Sachsenhausen, the home
of the Saxons, and Frankenhausen, the home of the
Franks, are amongst the most notable examples. Heim
is pleasantly associated with refreshing draughts in
HOCHHEIM, i.e. high home, on the north bank of the

INTROD UCTION

Rhine a little below Mainz, whence a sharp, clear wine
being imported, with the loss of the second syllable,
and the transformation of ch into k, produced the
familiar hock. This heim in a thousand places of
England becomes ham, but in Scotland, where the Celtic
element prevails, appears only rarely in the south-east
and near the English border, as in COLDINGHAM and
Ednam — the birthplace of the poet Thomson — con
tracted from Edenham. Another root very widely
expressive of human habitation, under the varying forms
of beth, bo, and by, is scattered freely from the banks of
Jordan to the islands of the Hebrides in the north-west
of Scotland. First under this head we have the great
army of Hebrew beths, not a few of which are familiar
to our ear from the cherished teachings of early
childhood, as — Bethabara, the house of the ferry;
Bethany, the house of dates : Bethaven, the house
of naughtiness ; Bethcar, the house of lambs ; Beth-
dagon, the house of the fish-god Dagon ; Bethel, the
house of God ; Bethshemesh, the house of the sun
(like the Greek HeliopoHs) ; and a score of others. Bo
is the strictly Danish form of the root, at least in the
dictionary, where the verb boe, to dwell, also appears.
Examples of this are found in Skibo, in Ross-shire,
and Buness, at the extreme end of Unst, the seat of
the Edmonstones, a family well known in the annals
of Shetland literature ; but more generally, in practice,
it takes the softened form of by, as in hundreds of local
designations in England, specially in Lincolnshire,

INTRODUCTION

where the Danes were for a long time at home. Near
the English border, as in LOCKERBY, this same termina
tion appears ; otherwise in Scotland it is rare. In the
Sclavonic towns of Mecklenburg and Prussia, it takes
the form of bus, as in Pybus, while in Cornish it is bos,
which is a later form of bod (German bude, English
booth, Scotch bothy), which stands out prominently in
Bodmin and other towns, not only in Cornwall, but in
Wales. The termination bus appears likewise in not a
few local designations in the island of Islay, where the
Danes had many settlements. In Skye it appears as
bost, as in Skeabost, one of the oldest seats of the
Macdonalds. The other Saxon or Scandinavian terms
frequently met with throughout England and in the
north-east of Scotland are — ton, setter or ster, stead,
stow, stoke, hay, park, worth, bury, thorp, toft, thwaite.
In Germany, besides heim and hausen, as already
mentioned, we have the English hay, under the form
hagen, a fence ; and thorp under the form dorf, a village ;
and worth under the forms worth and werth, which are
merely variations of the Greek ')(opTo<i, English yard,
and the Sclavonic gard and gorod, and the Celtic garad,
the familiar word in the Highlands for a stone wall or
dyke. In Germany, also, weiler, from weilen, to dwell,
and leben, to live, are thickly sprinkled ; hof, also, is
extremely common, signifying a court or yard — a suffix
which the French, in that part of Germany which they
stole from the Empire, turned into court or ville, as in
Thionville from Diedenhofen,

INTRODUCTION

So much for the Teutonic part of this branch of
topographical designation. In the Highlands tigh and
bail are the commonest words to denote a human
dwelling, the one manifestly an aspirated form of the
Latin tignum (Greek o-t67o?, German dacli), and the
other as plainly identical with the iroXit; which appears
in Sebastopol, and not a few cities, both ancient and
modern, where Greek influence or Greek affectation
prevailed. With regard to bal, it is noticeable that in
Ireland it generally takes the form of bally, which is
the full form of the word in Gaelic also, baile, there
being no final mute vowels in that language ; but in
composition for topographical use final e is dropped, as
in Balmoral, the majestic town or house, from morail,
magnificent, a very apt designation for a royal residence,
by whatever prophetic charm it came to be so named
before her present Majesty learned the healthy habit of
breathing pure Highland air amid the fragrant birches
and clear waters of Deeside. Tigh, though less common
than bal, is not at all unfrequent in the mountains ; and
tourists in the West Highlands are sure to encounter
two of the most notable between Loch Lomond and
Oban. The first, Tyndrum, the house on the ridge,
at the point where the ascent ceases as you cross from
Killin to Dalmally ; and the other Taynuilt, or the
house of the brook, in Scotch burnhouse, beyond Ben
Cruachan, where the road begins to wend through the
rich old copsewood towards Oban. I remember also a
curious instance of the word tigh in a local designation,

INTRODUCTION

half-way between Inveraray and Loch Awe. In that
district a little farmhouse on the right of the road is
called Tighnafead, i.e. whistle-house {fead, a whistle,
Latin _;?^i?j), which set my philological fancy immediately
on the imagination that this exposed place was so called
from some peculiar whistling of the blast down from
the hills immediately behind ; but such imaginations
are very unsafe ; for the fact turned out to be, if some
what less poetical, certainly much more comfortable,
that this house of call, in times within memory, stood
at a greater distance from the road than it now does,
which caused the traveller, when he came down the
descent on a cold night, sharp-set for a glass of strong
whisky, to make his presence and his wish known by
a shrill whistle across the hollow.
So much for tigh. The only other remark that I
would make here is, that the word clachan, so well
known from Scott's Clachan of Aberfoyle, does not
properly mean a village, as Lowlanders are apt to
imagine, but only a churchyard, or, by metonomy, a
church — as the common phrase used by the natives,
Di domhnaich dol do'n chlachan, "going to church on
Sunday," sufficiently proves — the word properly meaning
only the stones in the churchyard, whith mark the
resting-place of the dead ; and if the word is ever used
for a village, it is only by transference to signify the
village in which the parish church is, and the parish
churchyard. But it is not only the dwellings of men, but their

XXX INTRODUCTION

actions, that make places interesting ; and as the
march of events in great historical movements generally
follows the march of armies, it follows that camps and
battle-fields and military settlements will naturally have
left strong traces in the topography of every country
where human beings dwell. And accordingly we find
that the Chester and the caster, added as a generic term
to so many English towns, are simply the sites of
ancient Roman castra or camps ; while Cologne, on
the Rhine, marks one of the most prosperous of their
settlements in Germany. Curiously analogous to this is
the Coin, a well-known quarter of Berlin, on the Spree,
where the German emperors first planted a Teutonic
colony in the midst of a Sclavonic population. In the
solemn march of Ossianic poetry, the word blar generally
signifies a field of battle ; but, as this word properly
signifies only a large field or open space, we have no
right to say that such names as Blair Athol and
Blairgowrie have anything to do with the memory
of sanguinary collisions. Alexandria, in Egypt, is
one of the few remaining places of note that took their
name from the brilliant Macedonian Helleniser of the
East. Alexandria, in the vale of Leven, in Dum
bartonshire, tells of the family of Smollett, well known
in the annals of Scottish literary genius, and still, by
their residence, adding a grace to one of the most
beautiful districts of lake scenery in the worid. Adrian-
ople stereotypes the memory of one of the most
notable of the Roman emperors, who deemed it his

INTRODUCTION xxxi

privilege and pleasure to visit the extremest limits of
his vast dominions, and leave some beneficial traces of
his kingship there. The name PETERSBURG, whose
Teutonic character it is impossible to ignore, indicates
the civilisation of a Sclavonic country by an emperor
whose early training was received from a people of
German blood and breed ; while CONSTANTINOPLE
recalls the momentous change which took place in the
centre of gravity of the European world, when the
declining empire of the Roman Caesars was about to
become Greek in its principal site, as it had long been
in its dominant culture. The streets of great cities, as
one may see prominently in Paris, in their designations
often contain a register of the most striking events of
their national history. Genuine names of streets in old
cities are a historical growth and an anecdotal record,
which only require the pen of a cunning writer to make
them as attractive as a good novel. London, in this
view, is particularly interesting ; and Emerson, I
recollect, in his book. How the Great City grew
(London, 1862), tells an amusing story about the great
fire in London, which certain pious persons observed to
have commenced at a street called PUDDING Lane,
and ended at a place called Pye CORNER, in memory
of which they caused the figure of a fat boy to be put up
at Smithfield, with the inscription on his stomach, " This
boy is in memory put up for the late fire of London,
occasioned by the sin of gluttony, 1666." Many a
dark and odorous close in Old Edinburgh also, to men

INTRODUCTION

who, like the late Robert Chambers, could read stones
with knowing eyes, is eloquent with those tales of Celtic
adventure and Saxon determination which make the
history of Scotland so full of dramatic interest ; while,
on the other hand, the flunkeyism of the persons who,
to tickle the lowest type of aristocratic snobbery, bap
tized certain streets of New Edinburgh with BUCKING
HAM Terrace, Belgrave Crescent, Grosvenor Street,
and such like apish mimicry of metropolitan West
Endism, stinks in the nostrils and requires no comment
But not only to grimy streets of reeking towns, but to
the broad track of the march of the great lines of the
earth's surface, there is attached a nomenclature which
tells the history of the adventurous captain, or the
courageous commander, who first redeemed these regions
from the dim limbo of the unknown, and brought them
into the distinct arena of cognisable and manageable
facts. In the frosty bounds of the far North-West, the
names of Mackenzie, Maclintock, and Maclure
proclaim the heroic daring that belongs so character
istically to the Celtic blood in Scotland. But it is in
the moral triumphs of religion, which works by faith in
what is noble, love of what is good, and reverence for
what is great, that the influence of history over topo
graphical nomenclature is most largely traced. In
ancient Greece, the genial piety which worshipped its
fairest Avatar in the favourite sun-god Apollo, stamped
its devotion on the name of Apollonia, on the Ionian
Sea, and other towns whose name was legion. In

INTRODUCTION

Cornwall, almost every parish is named after some
saintly apostle, who, in days of savage wildness and
wastefulness, had brought light and peace and humanity
into these remote regions. In the Highlands of Scot
land, the KiLBRlDES {kill from cella, a shrine), KlL-
MARTINS, Kilmarnocks, and KiLMALLlES everywhere
attest the grateful piety of the forefathers of the Celtic
race in days which, if more dark, were certainly not
more cold than the times in which we now live. In
the Orkneys the civilising influence of the clergy, or, in
some cases, no doubt, their love for pious seclusion, is
frequently marked by the PAPAS or priests' islands. In
Germany, MUNICH or MONACUM, which shows a monk
in its coat-of-arms, has retained to the present day the
zeal for sacerdotal sanctitude from which it took its
name ; and the same must be said of MUENSTER, in
Westphalia (from fiovaaTTjpt,, in modern Greek a
cathedral, English minster), the metropolis of Ultra
montane polity and priestly pretension in Northern
Germany. But it is not only in commemorating, like coins,
special historical events, that local names act as an
important adjunct to written records ; they give likewise
the clue to great ethnological facts and mavements of
which written history preserves no trace. In this respect
topographical etymology presents a striking analogy to
geology ; for, as the science of the constitution of the
earth's crust reveals a fossilised history of life in sig
nificant succession, long antecedent to the earliest action

xxxiv INTRODUCTION

of the human mind on the objects of terrestrial nature,
so the science of language to the practised eye discloses
a succession of races in regions where no other sign
of their existence remains. If it were doubted, for
instance, whether at any period the Lowlands of Scot
land had been possessed by a Celtic race, and asserted
roundly that from the earliest times the plains had
been inhabited by a people of Teutonic blood, and
only the mountain district to the west and north-west
was the stronghold of the Celt, the obvious names of
not a few localities in the east and south-east of Scotland
would present an impassable bar to the acceptance of
any such dogma. One striking instance of this occurs
in Haddingtonshire, where a parish is now called Gara-
VALT — by the very same appellation as a well-known
waterfall near Braemar, in the hunting forest of the late
Prince Consort ; and with the same propriety in both
cases, for the word in Gaelic signifies a rough brook, and
such a brook is the most striking characteristic of both
districts. Cases of this kind clearly indicate the vanish
ing of an original Celtic people from districts now
essentially Teutonic both in speech and character. The
presence of a great Sclavonic people in Northern
Germany, and of an extensive Sclavonic immigration
into Greece in medieval times, is attested with the
amplest certitude in the same way. A regular fringe
of Scandinavian names along the north and north-west
coast of Scotland would, to the present hour, attest
most indubitably the fact of a Norse dominion in those

INTRODUCTION

quarters operating for centuries, even had Haco and the
battle of Largs been swept altogether from the record
of history and from the living tradition of the people.
To every man who has been in Norway, Laxfiord, in
West Ross-shire, a stream well known to salmon-fishers,
carries this Scandinavian story on its face ; and no man
who has walked the streets of Copenhagen will have
any difficulty, when he sails into the beautiful bay of
Portree, in knowing the meaning of the great cliff called
the Storr, which he sees along the coast a little
towards the north ; for this means simply the great
cliff, storr being the familiar Danish for great, as mar is
the Gaelic. Ethnological maps may in this way be
constructed exactly in the same fashion as geological ;
and the sketch of one such for Great Britain the reader
will find in Mr. Taylor's well-known work on Names
and Places.
With regard to the law of succession in these ethno
logical strata, as indicated by topographical nomencla
ture, the following three propositions may be safely laid
down : — i. The names of great objects of natural
scenery, particularly of mountains and rivers, will
generally be significant in the language of the people
who were the original inhabitants of the country. 2.
Names of places in the most open and accessible districts
of a country will be older than similar names in parts
which are more difficult of access ; but — 3, these very
places being most exposed to foreign invasion, are apt
to invite an adventurous enemy, whose settlement in

xxxvi INTRODUCTION

the conquered country is generally accompanied with a
partial, sometimes with a very considerable, change of
local nomenclature.
In reference to this change of population, Mr.
Taylor in one place uses the significant phrase, " The
hills contain the ethnological sweepings of the plains."
Very true ; but the effect of this on the ethnological
character of the population of the places is various, and
in the application requires much caution. It is right,
for instance, to say generally that the Celtic language
has everywhere in Europe retreated from the plains into
the mountainous districts ; but the people often still
remain where the language has retreated, as the ex
amination of any directory in many a district of Scotland,
where only English is now spoken, will largely show.
In Greece, in the same way, many districts present only
Greek and Sclavonic names of places, where the popu
lation, within recent memory, is certainly Albanian.
Inquiries of this nature always require no less caution
than learning ; otherwise, as Mr. Skene observes, what
might have been, properly conducted, an all-important
element in fixing the ethnology of any country, becomes,
in rash hands and with hot heads, a delusion and a
snare.^ But the science of language, when wisely conducted,
not only presents an interesting analogy to geological
stratification ; it sometimes goes further, and bears
1 Ancient Books of Wales, vol. i. p. 144, with reference to
the famous work of Chalmers, the Caledonia.

INTR OD UCTION

direct witness to important geological changes as con
clusive as any evidence derived from the existing
conformation of the earth's crust. How this comes to
pass may easily be shown by a few familiar examples.
The words wold and weald originally meant wood and
forest, as the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary and the living
use of the German language — wald — alike declare ; but
the wolds at present known in Yorkshire, Gloucester
shire, and other parts of England, are generally bare
and treeless, and in bad weather very cheerless places
indeed. If, then, "there is nothing arbitrary in lan
guage,'' and all local names tell an historical tale, it is
certain that, at the time when those names were
imposed, these same sites were part of an immense
forest. The geologist, when, in the far-stretching bogs
east of Glencoe, and near Kinloch Ewe, and in many
other places of Scotland, he calls attention to the fact
of layers of gigantic trees lying now deeply embedded
under the peat, adduces an argument with regard to the
primitive vegetation of our part of the world not a whit
more convincing. The same fact of a lost vegetation
is revealed in not a few places of England which end
in the old word hurst, signifying a forest. Again, there
is a large family of places in and about the Harz
Mountains, in Germany, ending in ode, as OSTERODE,
Hasselrode, Werningerode, and so forth. Now
most of these places, as specially HASSELRODE, are
now remarkably free from those leagues of leafy
luxuriance that give such a marked character to the

xxxviii INTRODUCTION

scenery of that mountain district. It is certain,
however, that they were at one time in the centre of an
immense forest ; for the word rode, radically the same
as our rid, and perhaps the Welsh rhydd, Gaelic reidh,
simply means " to make clear " or " clean," and teaches
that the forest in that part had been cleared for human
habitation. Once more : it is a well-known fact in geology that
the border limit between sea and land is constantly
changing, the briny element in some cliffy places, as to
the north of Hull, systematically undermining the land,
and stealing away the farmer's acreage inch by inch
and foot by foot ; while in other places, from the
conjoint action of river deposits and tidal currents, large
tracts of what was once a sea-bottom are added to the
land. The geological proof of this is open often to the
most superficial observer; but the philological proof,
when you once hold the key of it, is no less patent
In the Danish language — which is a sort of half-way
house between high German and English — the word oe
signifies an island. This oe, in the shape of ay, ea, ey,
or y, appears everywhere on the British coast, particu
larly in the West Highlands, as in COLONSAV, TOROSAY,
Oransay, and in Orkney; and if there be any locality
near the sea wearing this termination, not now sur
rounded by water, the conclusion is quite certain, on
philological grounds, that it once was so. Here the
London man will at once think on Bermondsev and
Chelsea, and he will think rightly ; but he must not

INTRODUCTION

be hasty to draw STEPNEY under the conditions of the
same category, for the EY in that word, if I am rightly
informed, is a corruption from hithe, a well-known
Anglo-Saxon and good old English term signifying a
haven ; and generally, in all questions of topographical
etymology, there is a risk of error where the old
spelling of the word is not confronted with the form
which, by the attritions and abrasions of time, it may
have assumed.
These observations, which at the request of the
author of the following pages I have hastily set down,
will be sufficient to indicate the spirit in which the
study of topographical etymology ought to be pursued.
Of course, I have no share in the praise which belongs
to the successful execution of so laborious an investiga
tion ; neither, on the other hand, can blame be attached
to me for such occasional slips as the most careful
writer may make in a matter where to err is easy, and
where conjecture has so long been in the habit of
usurping the place of science. But I can bear the
most honest witness to the large research, sound judg
ment, and conscientious accuracy of the author ; and
feel happy to have my name, in a subsidiary way,
connected with a work which, I am convinced, will
prove an important addition to the furniture of our
popular schools.

College, Edinburgh,
February 1875.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Ane. (ancient).
Ar. (Arabic).
A.S. (Anglo-Saxon).
Bret, or Brez. (Brezric).
Cel. (Celtic).
Conf. (confluence).
Cym. -Cel. (Cymro-Celtic, includ
ing Welsh).
Dan. (Danish).
Dut. (Dutch).
Fr. (French).
Gadhelic (including Gaelic, Irish,
and Manx).
Gael. (Gaelic).
Ger. (German).
Grk. (Greek).
Heb. (Hebrew).

Hung. (Hungarian).
Ind. (Indian).
It. (Italian).
Lat. (Latin).
Mt. (mountain).
Par. (parish).
Pers. (Persian).
Phcen. (Phoenician).
P. N. (personal name).
Port. (Portuguese).
R. (river).
Sansc. (Sanscrit).
Scand. (Scandinavian).
Sclav. (Sclavonic).
Span. (Spanish).
Teut. (Teutonic).
Ture. (Turkish).

A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES

A (Old Norse), a possession ;i e.g. Craika, Torfa, Ulpha ; a (Scand.)
also means an island — ii. ea, p. 71.
A.A, A (Scand.), a stream ; from Old Norse d, Goth, a/ia, Old Ger.
aha (water). The word, in various forms, occurs frequently
in river names throughout Western Europe, especially in
Germany and the Netherlands, and often takes the form
of au or ac/tj- e.g. the rivers Aa, Ach, Aach ; Saltach (salt
river) ; Wertach (a river with many islands) — v. WARID,
etc. ; Trupach (troubled stream) ; Weser, i.e. Wesar-aha
(western stream) ; Lauter, i.e. .Hlauter-aha (clear stream) ;
Danube or Donau, i.e. Titon-aha (thundering stream) ; Main,
i.e. Magin-aha (great stream) ; Fisch-aha (fish stream) ;
Schwarza (black stream) ; Zwiesel-au (the stream of the
whirlpool) ; Erlach (alder-tree stream) ; Gron-aha (green
stream) ; Dachau (the clayey stream) ; Fulda, i.e. Fold-aha
(land stream) ; Rod-aha (reedy stream) ; Saale and Saala
from salz (salt stream). The simple a or o, with a prefix
expressive of the character of the stream, is the most
frequent form of the word in Iceland and Scandinavia, and
in the districts of Great Britain colonised by Norsemen or
Danes ; e.g. Laxa (salmon river) ; Hvita ^white river) ;
Brora (bridge river) ; Rotha (red river) ; Greta (weeping
river) ; Storaa (great river) ; Thurso (Thor's river), which
gives its name to the town ; Lossie, ane. Laxi-a (salmon
river).
^ A, signifying in possession, seems to be derived from a, Old Norse, I
have ; aga, I possess. The Old English awe, to own, is still retained in the
north of England and in Aberdeenshire. B

AB—ABER

,„ . / water ; e.g. Doab (the district of two waters) ;
^,p ¦'^' I Menab (the mouth of the water), on the Persian
^ '" \ Gulf ; Busheab or Khoshaitb (good water), a river
in Hindostan, also an island in the Persian Gulf; Neelab
(blue water) ; Punjaub (the district of the five streams) ;
Chinab or Chenaub R., said to be a corrupt, of its former
name Chaudra Bhagee (the garden of the moon), so called
from a small lake of that name from which it proceeds.
Cognate with this root is the Gadhelic abh, in its forms of
aw or ow. Thus in Scotland we have the River Awe and
Loch Awe ; in Ireland, Ow and Owbeg (little stream) ;
Ow-nageerah (the stream of the sheep) ; Finnow (clear
stream). Cognate with these root-words is the Lat. aqtia
and its derivations in the Romance languages, as well as
ae or ea (A.S. water). Forsteman finds river names, allied
to the foregoing, throughout Germany and France, in such
forms as ap, op, ep, etc., as in the Oppa, Lennep, Barop,
Biberafifa.
ABAD (Pers. and Sansc), a dwelling or town, generally connected
with the name of its founder ; e.g. Hyderabad (the town of
Hyder Ali, or of the Lion) ; Ahmedabad (of the Sultan
Ahmed) ; Furrackabad (founded by Furrack the Fortunate) ;
Agra or Akberabad (founded by Akber) ; Nujiabad (of
Nujibah-Dowlah) ; Auringabad (founded by Aurungzebe) ;
Jafferabad (the city of Jafifier); Jehanabad (of Shah Jehan) ;
Jellabad (of Jellal, a chief) ; Moorshedabad (the town of
Moorshed Khoolly-Khan) ; Moorabad (named after Morad,
the son of Shah Jehan) ; Shahabad (of the Shah) ; Abbas-
abad (founded by Abbas the Great) ; Dowladabad (the town
of wealth) ; Hajiabad (of the pilgrim) ; Meschdabad (of the
mosque) ; Islamabad (of the true faith) ; Allah-abad (of
God) ; Secunderabad (named after Alexander the Great) ;
Resoulabad (of the prophet); Asterabad (on the River
Aster) ; Futteabad (the town of victory) ; Sadabad or Suffi-
abad (the town of the sadi or suffi, i.e. the sage).
ABER (Cym.-Cel.), ( ^ confluence of waters ; applied, in
ABHIR and OBAIR (Gael.), ) t°Pog'-aphy, to places at the conf. of
( streams, or at the embouchure of a
river. The derivation of the term has been traced by some
etymologists to the conjunction of ath (Gael.), a ford, and

ABER 3
bior, water ; by others to Cym.-Cel. at (at) and bior (water).
This prefix is general in many of the counties of Scotland,
throughout Wales, and, in a few instances, in Ireland,
although in the latter country the synonyms inver and
cutnar are more frequent. Both words are found in the
topography of the Picts, but the Scots of Argyleshire used
only inver before they came from Ireland to settle in that
district. The word aber seems to have become obsolete
among them ; and as there are no abers in Ayrshire,
Renfrew, and Lanarkshire, the word had probably become
obsolete before the kingdom of Strathclyde was formed.
Dr. Joyce, in his Irish Names of Places, traces its use as
prefix or affix to the Irish root abar (a mire), as in the
little stream Abberachrinn (i.e. the river of the miry place
of the tree). In Wales we find Aberconway, Aberfraw,
Aberistwyth, Aberavon, Aberayron, Aberdare, Aberdaron,
Abergavenny, at the embouchure of the Conway, Fraw,
Istwyth, Avon, Aeron, Dar, Daron, Gavenny. Barmouth,
corrupt, from Aber-Mowddy, a seaport in Merioneth, at the
mouth of the R. Mowddy. Berriew, corrupt, from Aber-
Rhiw (at the junction of the R. Rhiw with the Severn) ;
Aberdaugledden, the Welsh name for Haverford-west, at
the mouth of twin rivers resembling two swords (gledden),
which unite at Milford Haven. It is called by the Welsh
now Hwlford (the sailing road) because the tide comes up
to the town. Aberhonddu, at the mouth of the R. Honddi
or Honddu (the county town of Brecknock), and Aber-
dovey, at the embouchure of the R. Dovey in Wales. In
Scotland, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, Abercorn, ane. Aeber-
curnig, Aberdour, Abergeldie, Abernethy, at the embouchure
of the Brothock, Cornie, Dour, Geldie, and Nethy. Aber-
chirder is Abhir-chiar-dur (the conf ofthe dark water) ; Aber-
crombie (the curved conf) ; Aberfeldy, i.e. Abhirfeathaile
(the smooth conf.) ; Aberfoyle (the conf. of fhe pool, phuill) ;
Aberlemno (the conf. of the leaping water, leunniacK) ;
Arbirlot, ane. Aber-Elliot (at the mouth of the Elliot) ;
Applecross for Abhir-croisan (the conf of trouble) ; Old
Aberdeen and New Aberdeen, at the mouths of the Don
and Dee, Lat. Devana-castra ; Fochabers (the plain, at
the river mouth), Gael, faigh, a plain ; Lochaber (at the

ABI—ABT

mouth of the loch) ; Barmouth, in Wales, corrupt, of Aber-
Mawdoch or Maw.
ABI (Ture), a river ; e.g. Abi-shiran (sweet river) ; Abi-shur (salt
river) ; Abi-gurm (warm river) ; Abi-gard (yellow river) ;
Abi-kuren (the river of Cyrus) ; Ab-AUah (God's river).
.^ ^ , , .^ ,, J. i These and similar words, in
abL Irlbbr ¦ the Romance languages, de-
' '' \ rived from the Heb. abba
(father), were introduced into the languages of Europe in
connection with the monastic system, and are attached to
the names of places founded for monks, or belonging to
church lands. Thus — Absberg (abbot's hill) ; Apersdorf,
for Abbatesdorf (abbot's village) ; Absholz (abbot's wood) ;
Abtsroda (abbot's clearing), in Germany ; Appenzell, ane.
Abbatiscella (abbot's church), founded by the Abbot of St.
Gall, A.D. 647 ; Abbeville (abbot's dwelling), in France ;
Abbotsbury (the abbot's fortified place), Dorset ; Abbey-
dare (the abbey on the R. Dare in Hereford) ; Abbotshall,
in Fife, so called from having been the occasional residence
of the abbots of Dunfermline ; Abdie (belonging to the
abbey of Lindores) ; Abingdon, in Berks (abbot's hill),
Abington (with the same meaning), the name of two parishes
in Cambridge and avillage in Lanarkshire, and of two parishes
in Ireland ; Abbotsford (the ford of the Tweed in the abbey
lands of Melrose) ; Abbotsrule (the abbey on the R. Rule in
Roxburghshire) ; Abbeyfeale (on the R. Feale) ; Abbeyleix
(the abbey of Lewy), an Irish chief Abbeygormacan (Irish
mainister) ; Ua-g Cor?nacai)i (the abbey of the O'Corma-
cans) ; Abbeylara, i.e. Irish abbey, leath-rath (the abbey
of the half-rath) ; Abbeyshrule, ane. Srulhair (the stream),
named for a monastery founded by one of the O'Farells ;
Abbeystro wry (with the same meaning), in Ireland; Abbensee
(the lake of the abbey), in Upper Austria ; Newabbey, a
Par in Kirkcudbright (named from an abbey founded in
1275 by Devorgilla, the mother of John Baliol); Badia-
San-Salvatore (the abbey of the Holy Saviour) ; Badia-
Torrita (the abbey with the little tower), in Italj- ; Appin,
in Argyleshire, ane. Abbphon (abbot's land), and Appin,
in Dull, indicating probably the territory of a Celtic
monastery.

ACH— AIX 5
ACH, or ICH, a form of the Teut. aha (water), p. i, as in Salzach
(salt stream), but it is also a common affix to words in
the Teut. and Cel. languages, by which a noun is formed
into an adjective, signifying full of, or abounding in, equi
valent to the Lat. terminations etum and iacum. Thus, in
German topography, we find Lindach, Aichach, Aschach,
Buchach, Tannich, Fichtig, i.e. abounding in lime, oak, ash,
beech, fir, and pine wood ; Affaltrach (in apple-trees) ;
Erlicht (in alders) ; Heselicht (in hazels) ; Laubach (in
leaves). In Ireland : Darach, Farnach (abounding in oaks
and alders) ; Ounagh, in Sligo, and Onagh, in Wicklow
(watery place), from the adjective Abhnach (abounding
in streams). In the Sclav, languages, again, the affix zig
has the same meaning, as in Leipzig (abounding in lime-
trees). ir A\-. V \ (^ f^f:'i.d, plain, or meadow; e.g. Aghinver
ACHADH (Gadhelic), j ^^j^g ggj^ ^^jjjg confluence) ; Aghindarragh
AUCH, AUGH, . (ofthe oak wood) ; Achonry, ane. Achadh-
AUCHEN, ychonaire (Conary's fleld) ; Ardagh (high
field) ; Aghabeg (little field) ; Aghaboy (yellow field) ;
Aghamore (great field) ; Aghaboe (the cow's field) ; Agha-
down (of the fort) ; Aghadoe, i.e. Achadh-da-eo (of the two
yew-trees). In Scotland : Auchclach, Auchinleck, Auchna-
cloich (the stony field) ; Achray (smooth field) ; Auchinleith
(the physician's field) ; Auchindoire (the field of the oak
grove) ; Auchinfad (of the peats) ; Auchinrath (of the fort) ;
Auchincruive (of the tree, craoibhe) ; Auchline (ofthe pool) ;
Auchnacraig (of the rock) ; Auchindinny and Auchteany
(the field of the fire) — teine, i.e. probably places where the
Beltane fires were kindled.
/the ash-tree; e.g. Ashton, Ashby, Askham (ash-
AESC (A.S.), I j^gg dwelling); Ashrigg (the ash-tree ridge), in
ASK (Scand.) J England. In Germany : Eschtiorf, Eschweil,
ESCHE (Ger.), (^Eschweiller (ash-tree dwelling); Eschenbach
(ash-tree brook) ; Eschwege (ash-tree road).
AESP (A.S.), J the aspen or poplar ; e.g. Aspley, Aspden
ASP (Scand.), \ (poplar field or valley).
. . (a fountain ; e.g. Aenon (the fountains) ; En-
AlN (Semitic), 1 gjjgjnigjj (tj,g fountain of the sun) ; Engedi (of
AAYN, I ^j^g g^^j^ . Enrogel (ofthe fuller's field) ; Dothan

AITE—AL

(the two fountains) ; Aayn-el-kebira (the great fountain) ;
Ain-halu (the sweet fountain) ; Aayn-taiba (the good foun
tain) ; Engannim (the fountain of the gardens) ; Enrimmon
(ofthe pomegranates).
AITE or AIT CGadhelic) ( ^ P'^*^^' ^ Possession ; e.g. Daviot,
„„ ' /rr, , V < ane. Damh-aite (the place of the ox),
AEHT, or EIGEN (Teut.), 1 . ., J i.- J 1 ¦ T
^ '' ( m Aberdeenshire, and also in Inver
ness ; Tynet, i.e. ait-an-taimhu (the place of the river), in
Banffshire. In Ireland the word is used in combination
with tigh (a house) ; e.g. Atty (the dwelling-place) ; Atty-
Dermot (the dwelling of Dermot) ; Atti-duff (the dark
dweUing) ; Oedt (the possession), a town in Prussia, on the
Niers ; Iberstolfs-eigen (the possession of Iberstolf ) ; Iber-
stolfs-eigen, Smurses-eigen (z'.e. the possession of Iberstolf
and Smurse) ; Souder-eygen (south possession).
AlTH, or AED, or EID (Scand.), a headland ; e.g. Aithsvoe (the
bay of the headland) ; Aithsthing (the place of meeting on
the headland) ; Eidfoss (the waterfall on the headland).
AK or AFK ("AS"! \^^ °^^ ' ^'S' -^cton, Acworth (oak town and
ek' or EG (Scand ) i"anor) ; Oakley (oak meadow) ; Oakham
EYKE (Dutch) "> (oak dwelling); Auckland (Oakland) ; Acrise
EICHE (Ter"* {oik. ascent); Wokingham or Oakingham
'" i,(tl>e dwelling among oaks); Sevenoaks,
ane. Seovanacca, named from some oak-trees which once
occupied the eminence on which it stands, but Okehampton,
in Devon, is on the R. Oke. In Germany and in Holland
are Eichstadt, Eichdorf, Eikheim (oak dwelling) ; Ekholta
(oak wood) ; Eichhalden (oak height) ; Eichstegen (oak
path) ; Echehout, in Hainault (oak wood) ; Eykebusch (oak
thicket).
AK (Ture), white; e.g. Ak-tag, Ak-dagh (the white mountains);
Ak-su (white river) ; Ak-hissar (white castle) ; Ak-serai
(white palace) ; Ak-shehr (white dwelling) ; Ak-meschid
(white mosque) ; Ak-kalat (white fortress).
AL (the Arabic definite article) ; e.g. Alkalat (the fortress) ; Al-
maden (the mine) ; Alcantara (the bridge) ; Alkasar (the
palace) ; Almeida (the table) ; Almeria (the conspicuous) ;
Almazen (the storehouse) ; Alcarria (the farm) ; Alcana
(the exchange); Algezira (the island), ane Mesopotamia
{i.e. between the rivers) ; Algeciras (the islands), in Spain ;

ALD—ALP

Algarve (the west) ; Almansa (the plain) ; Almazara (the
mill) ; Alhambra (the red) ; Alhucen (the beautiful) ; Al-
puxarras (the grassy mountains).
ALD EALD CA S ") ( ""'^ ' ^'^' '^''°°' ^^l'^^^"''' Althorpe, Al-
'. ' , ^ ¦ ¦'' J caster, Aldwark (old dweUing, farm, camp,
^ ¦'^' ,T^ , X ) fortress) ; Audlem (old lyme or border) ;
OUDE, OLDEN (Dutch), / , ,, / , j c i j\ • -c i j t r-
' ^ '' l^Audley (old field), in England. In Ger
many : Altenburg, Altendorf, Oldenburg (old dwelling) ;
Altenmarkt (old market) ; Altmark (old boundary) ; Alt-
stadt (old place) ; Altsattel (old seat) ; Altofen (old oven),
so called from its warm baths ; Oudenarde (old earth or
land) ; Oudenbosch (old thicket) ; Oude-capel (old chapel).
ALDEA (Span, and Port., from the Arabic), a village ; e.g. Aldea-
del-Cano (the dog's village) ; Aldea-vieya (old village) ;
Aldea-el-Muro (the walled village) ; Aldea-del-Rio (of the
river) ; Aldea GaUiga (of the Gauls).
,_ „ , , ( a height or cliff; e.g. AUtmaur (the great
ALIT (Lym -Cel.), 1 height) ; Builth, in Wales, i.e. Bu-allt (the
ALT (Irish), y gj.ggp pj^^g ^^ ^j^g ^jj^ jj^gj^^_ .pjjg ^jg
(heights or glen-sides), Monaghan ; Altachullion (the cliff
ofthe holly) ; Altavilla, i.e. Alt-a-bhile (the glen-side ofthe
old tree) ; Altinure (the cliff of the yew-tree) ; Altanagh
(abounding in cliffs) ; Altan (the little cliff).
.... [¦ a rock or cliff; e.g. the Alps ; Albainn (the
ALP, AILPE (Celtic), 1 j^.jjy ^^ j^jgj^ \axtA), the ane name of Scot-
' ( land ; Albania, with the same meaning ;
Alpenach (the mountain stream), at the foot of Mount
Pilate ; Alva and Alvah (the rocky), parishes in Scotland ;
Cantal (the head of the rock), in France. In Ireland the
word ail takes the form of oil, aspirated foyle or faillj
e.g. Foilycleara (O'Clery's cliff) ; Foilnaman (the cliff of the
women) : but while the aspirated form of ail is confined to
the south, aill is found all over Ireland ; Ayleacotty, i.e.
Aill-a-choite (the cliff of the little boat) ; Allla-gower (the
goat's cliff) ; Alleen (the diminutive) is found in Alleen-
Hogan and Alleen-Ryan (Hogan's and Ryan's little cliff).
When, however, foyle comes in as a termination, it is com
monly derived from poll (a hole), as in Ballyfoyle and
Ballyfoile (the town of the hole). The ane name of Britain,
Albion, has sometimes been traced to this root, but more

ALR — AMBR

generally to the white cliffs (Lat. albus) on the coast of
Kent, as seen first by the Romans.
, . „ . / the alder-tree ; ^.^. Air-holt, Aldershot (alder-tree
ALR (A.S.) ^^^^. Alresford (Alderford) ; Alrewas (alder-
ALNUS (Lat.), <^ '' , AU 1 / ij i A \-
,^, . ^' j tree pasture) ; Alderley (alder-tree meadow), in
AUNE(I'r.), (England; Aulney, Aulnoy, Aulnois, Aunay,
Auneau (alder grove), in France.
ALT (Gadhelic), a stream ; e.g. the Alt, Aldan, Alta (river names) ;
Alt-dowran (otter stream) ; Aultsigh (gliding stream) ; Alt-
na-guish (the stream of the fir-trees) ; Aldivalloch, i.e. Allt-
a-bhealaich (the stream of the pass) ; Alness, i.e. Allt-an-
casa (of the cascade) ; AUtmore (great stream) ; Auldearn,
i.e. Allt-fearn (alder-tree stream) ; Cumbernauld, corrupt.
from Cuinar-nan-alta (the confluence of the streams) ; Gara-
vault in Aberdeenshire, Garvault in ^East Lothian, and
Garvald in Dumfriesshire (rough stream) ; Altderg (red
stream).
ALTUN, or ALTAN (Tartar), golden ; e.g. the "Altai, or golden
mountains ; Altanor (golden lake) ; Altan-su (golden river) ;
Alta-Yeen (the golden mountains); Altun-tash (golden rock);
Altun-kupri (golden bridge).
iM, or AN, contrac. from Ger. an den (on the, or at the) ; e.g.
Amberg (at the hill) ; Amdorf or Ambach, Amsteg, Amwalde
(at the village, brook, path, wood).
AMAR (Old Ger.), a kind of grain ; e.g. Amarbach, Amarthal,
Amarwang, Amarveld (the brook, valley, strip of land,
field where this grain grew).
AMBACHT, or AMT (Ger.), a district under the government of an
Amtman or bailiff; e.g. Amt-sluis (the sluice of the Am
bacht) ; Amthof (the court of the Amtman) ; Graven-Am-
bacht (the duke's district) ; Ambachtsbrug (the bridge of
the Ambacht).
ambr, an Indo-Germanic word, signifying a river, allied to the
Sansc. ambu (water). According to Forsteman (i'. Deutsche
Ortsnajnen) the suffix r was added by most European nations
before their separation from the Asiatic tribes, as appears
in the Greek ombros and the Lat. imber (a shower). The
word appears in the names of tribes and persons, as well
as of places, on the European continent ; e.g. the Ambrones
(or dwellers by the water), and perhaps in Umbria ; Am-

ANGER — AQUA

berloo and Amersfoort (the meadow and ford by the water),
in Holland ; and in such river names as the Ammer, Em-
mer, Emmerich,' Ambra, etc.
ANGER (Ger.), a meadow or field ; e.g. Rabenanger (the raven's
field) ; Kreutzanger (the field of the cross) ; Moosanger
(mossy field) ; Wolfsanger (the wolfs field, or of Wolf, a
man's name) ; Vogelsanger (the birds' field) ; Angerhusen
(the field houses) ; Angerbach (the field brook) ; Anger
(the field), a town in Austria ; Angerburg (the fortress in
the field).
ANGRA (Port.), a creek or bay ; e.g. Angra (a sea-port in the
Azores) ; Angra-de-los-reyes (the king's bay).

AQUA (Lat.),
AGUA (Span, and Port.),

water ; e.g. Aix, ane Aqu(2-Sextice
(the warm springs, said to have been
"^rr ^T^T """ ¦^""••.'i J discovered and named by Sextus Cal-
ACQUA (It.), ' X ¦ TI A ¦
Fr ¦ Old Fr AX) ^enus, B.C. 123), m Provence; Aix,
¦ ' ¦ '' in Dauphiny, ane Aquce-Vocontiorum
(the waters ofthe Vocontii); Aix-les-bains (the bath waters),
in Savoy ; Aachen or Aix-la-Chapelle, celebrated for its
mineral springs, and for the chapel erected over the tomb
of Charlemagne ; Plombieres, ane Aqttce-plombarice (waters
impregnated with lead); Veraqua, in New Granada, corrupt.
from Verdes-aguas (green waters) ; Aigue-perse (the bubbling
water), in Auvergne ; Aigue-vive (the spring of living water) ;
Aigue-belle (beautiful water); Aigue-noire (black water, etc.),
in France ; Dax, celebrated for its saline springs, corrupt.
from Civitas aquensis (the city of waters) ; Aigues-mortes
(stagnant waters) ; Aguas-bellas (beautiful waters), Portugal ;
Aguas - calientes (warm waters), Mexico ; Eyaux, Evreux
(on the waters), France ; Evian, ane Aquarum. (the
waters), Savoy ; Entreves and Entraigues (between the
waters), ane Interaquce ; Yvoire, ane Aquaria (the watery
district), on Lake Geneva ; Aas or Les Eaux (the waters),
Basses Pyrenees ; Nerac, ane Aquce Neriedum (the waters
of the Nerii) ; Amboise and Amboyna (surrounded by
waters) ; Bordeaux (the dwelling on the water), borda. Low
Lat. (a dwelling) ; Vichy, ane Aqua calida (warm waters),
on the Allier ; Bex (upon the two waters), at the juncture
of the Rhone and Avengon ; Outre L'Eau (beyond the
water) ; Acalpulca, in Mexico, corrupt, from Portus aquce

ARA— ARD

pulchrce (the port of beautiful waters) ; Agoa-fria (cold
water), Brazil ; Aqui, in North Italy, celebrated for its
baths ; Acireale, ane aguas calientes (the warm waters) ;
Agoa-quente (hot spring), Brazil.
ARA, a frequent element in river names, with various and even
opposite meanings. Some of the river names may have
come from the Sansc. ara (swift, or the flowing), and in
Tamil aar means simply a river. There is another San
scrit word arb (to ravage or destroy), with which the
Gadhelic words garw, garbh (rough) may be connected ;
and, on the other hand, there is the Welsh ara/ (gentle).
According to the locality and the characteristics of the
stream, one must judge to which of these roots its name
may belong. There are, in England, the Aire, Arre, Arro,
Arrow ; in France, the Arve, Erve, Arveiron, etc. ; in
Switzerland and Germany, the Aar, Are ; in Spain and
Italy, the Arva, Arno ; and in Scotland, the Ayr, Aray, Ir
vine, ete Many of these names may signify simply flowing
water (the river), while others beginning with the syllable
ar may be referred to the adjectival forms, araf, arb, ara,
or garbh, followed by another root-word for water, as in
Arrow (the swift stream) ; Yarrow (the rough stream) ; ow
(water) ; Arveiron (the furious stream) ; avon (water) ; Arar
(the gentle stream), now the Saone.
ARD, AIRD (Gadhelic), a height, or, as an adjective, high ; e.g. the
Aird (the height) on the south coast of the island of Lewis,
also in Inverness-shire ; Aird Point in the island of Skye ;
Aird-dhu (the black height), a hill in Inverness-shire ; the
Airds (high lands in Argyleshire) ; Airdrie, Gael. Aird-ri^
(the king's height), or, perhaps, Aird-reidh (the smooth
height) ; Aird's Moss (a muirland tract in Ayrshire) ;
Ardbane (white height) ; Ardoch (high field) ; Arddach
(high stony ground) ; Ardach and Ardagh)- (high field) ;
Ardmore (great height) ; Ardeen and Arden (the little
height) ; Ardglass (green height) ; Ardfert (the height of the
grave or ditch, Irish pert) ; Ardrishaig (the height full of
briers, driseach) ; Ardnamurchan (the height of the great
headland, ceann, or of the great ocean, cuan) ; Ardgower
(goat's height) ; Ardtomish (the height of the cascade, cas
and torr) ; Ardross (high point) ; .-Xrdrossan (little high

ARD — ARN

point) ; Ardchattan (St. Cathan's height) ; Ardersier, Gael.
Ard-ros-siar (the high western height) ; Ardlui (the height
of the fawn, laoidh) ; Ardentinny (ofthe fire, teine) ; Ardboe
(of the cow) ; Ardbraccan (of St. Brachan) ; Ardfinan (St.
Finan's height) ; Armagh, in Ireland, ane Ard-macha
(the height of Macha, the wife of one of the early Irish
colonists) ; Arroquhar, in Dumbarton, i.e. Ardthir (the high
land) ; Ardmeanach (the mossy height or the black isle) ;
Ardgask (the hero's height, Gael, gaisgeach, a hero) ;
Ardnacrushy (of the cross) ; Ardtrea (St. Trea's height) ;
Ardnarea, i.e. Ard-na-riaghadh (the height of the execu
tions, with reference to a dark tale of treachery and
murder) ; Ardgay (windy height) ; Ardblair (high field) ;
Ardwick (high town, a suburb of Manchester). The Lat.
root arduus (high) is found in Ardea, in Italy ; the Ardes
(or heights), in Auvergne ; Auvergne itself has been traced
to Ar-fearann (high lands), but Cocheris, Au Noms de Lieu,
gives its ancient name as Alverniacus {i.e. the domain of the
Aztvergni). Ardennes, Forest of (high-wooded valleys) ;
Ardwick-le-street (the high town on the great Roman
road), stratum. Ard, art, and artha are also Persian pre
fixes attached to the names of places and persons ; e.g.
Ardboodha (the high place of Buddha) ; Aravalli (the hill
of strength) ; and such personal names as Artaxerxes,
Artabanes, Artamenes. In some cases it may refer to the
agricultural habits of the Indo-Germanic races (Lat. aro,
Grk. a/D0(u, Goth, arjan. Old High Ger. aran, Cel. ar (to
plough), hence the Aryan tribes are those belonging to the
dominant race — the aristocracy of landowners, as distin
guished from the subject races — v. Taylor's Names of Places.
a place, farm, dwelling ; e.g. Heddern (hid
ing-place) ; Beddern (sleeping-place) ;
, Suthern (south place) ; Ame, a town
^^t.f^r,^T^^' <( in Yorkshire; Chiltern (chalk place) ;
Whithorn, in Wigton, A.S. Whitern,
Lat. Candida-casa (white house) ; As-
perne (the place of poplar-trees) ; Fe-
mern (of cattle) ; Domern (of judgment) ; Thalern (valley
dwelling) ; Mauthern (toll place) ; Bevern and Bevergern
(the dwelling on the R. Bever) ; Aire, Lat. Area-Atrebatum

ARN, ERN (Teut.).
ARNE,

AREA, bas (Lat),
AIRE (Fr.),
AROS (Cel),

ARN— ATH

(the dwelling of the Atrebates), on the Adour, in France ;
also Aire, on the Lys ; Les Aires (the farms) ; Airon, etc., in
France, Bavaria, Ger. Baiern (the dwelling of the Boii) ;
Aros, Gael, (the dwelling), in Mull ; Arosaig (comer dwell
ing)) Argyle.
APM (CWA r \ r^" eagle. This word is used in topography
m 'I J ^i''^^'' '^i*^i^ reference to the bird itself, or to
i\\j 1 i,\ J ^ personal name derived from it; e.g. Arnfels
^ ' V (eagle's rock) ; Amberg, Amstein, Arlberg
(eagle mountain or rock) ; Arisdale (eagle valley, or the
valley of a person called Arix) ; Arnau (eagle meadow) ;
Arnecke (eagle corner) ; Arendal (eagle valley) ; Arenoe
(eagle island) ; Eryri (the eagle mountain), the Welsh
name for Snowdon.
ARX (Lat.), a fortress ; e.g. Arce, ane Arx, a town in Italy with a
hill fortress called Rocca d'Arce (the rock of the fortress) ;
Arcis sur Aube (the fortress on the R. Aube), in France ;
Arcole and Areola, in Lombardy and Sardinia ; Saar- Louis,
ane Arx-Ludovici-Sarum (the fortress of Louis on the
Saar), founded by Louis XIV., 1680; Arx-fontana or
Fuentes (the fortress of the fountain), in Spain ; Monaco,
ane Arx-Monceci (the fortress of the Monseci), on the Gulf
of Genoa ; Thours, ane Ttceda-Arx (the fortress on the
R. Thouet), in France.
AS, or AAS (Scand.), a hill ridge; e.g. Astadr (ridge dwelling);
As and Aas, the names of several towns in Sweden and
Norway ; Aswick, Aastrap, Aasthorp (the village or farm
on the ridge), in Shetland.
ASTA (Basque), a rock ; e.g. Astorga, in Spain, Lat. Asturica-
Augusta (the great city on the rocky water, ura) ; Astiapa
and Estepa (the dwelling at the foot of the rock), in
Spain ; Astulez and Astobeza, also in Spain ; Asti, a dis
trict in Sardinia which was peopled by Iberians or Basques ;
Astura (the rocky river) ; Asturias (the country of the
dwellers by that river) ; Ecija, in Spain, ane Astigi (on
the rock) ; Estepa and Estepona (rocky ground).
ATH, AGH (Gadhelic), f ^ ^°''^- "^^'^ root-word is more common
^UQjj { in Ireland than in Scotland, and is cog-
( nate with the Lat. vadiim, and the
A.S. wath or wade; e.g. Athy, i.e. Ath-Ae (the ford of

A THEL—A UCHTER

13

Ae, a JNIunster chief who was slain at the spot) ; Athmore
(great ford) ; Athdare (the ford of oaks) ; Athenry (the
king's ford) ; Athlone, i.e. Ath Luaen (the ford of St.
Luan) ; Athleague (stony ford) ; Athane (little ford) ;
Aghanloo (Lewy's little ford) ; the town of Trim is in Irish
Athtrttim (the ford of the elder trees) ; Agolagh, i.e. Ath-
goblach (the forked ford) ; Aboyne (the ford of the river),
on the Dee in Aberdeenshire ; Athgoe, i.e. Atli-goibhne
(the ford of the smiths), in Dublin.
ATHEL (AS) ( noble, or the nobles ; e.g. Adelsdorf, Adels-
A ¦ ^''' ) heim, Adelshofen, Attelbury (the nobles' dwell-
ADELIG (Gothic), Vc^^' Athelney (the island of the nobles), in
^ " l^ Somersetshire, formerly insulated by the rivers
Tone and Parret ; Addelsfors (the nobles' waterfall) ; Adels-
berg (the nobles' hill) ; Adelsclag (the nobles' wood-clear
ing) ; Adelsoe (the nobles' island) ; Adelmanns-felden (the
nobleman's field).
in \ (a- meadow, formed from aha (water), and
' /T t ^ \ fr^l^^^ntly annexed to the name of a river;
' ^ ¦'' ( e.g. Aarau, Ilmenau, Rheinau, Wetterau, Op-
penau, Muhrau (the meadow of the Aar, Ilmen, Rhine,
Wetter, Oppa, Muhr) ; Frankenau (the Franks' meadow) ;
Lichtenau (the meadow of light) ; Reichenau (rich meadow) ;
Schoenau (beautiful meadow) ; Greenau (green) ; Langenau
(long) ; Weidenau (pasture-meadow) ; Rosenau (the meadow
of roses) ; Lindau (of lime-trees) ; Herisau, Lat. Augia-
dominus (the Lord's meadow) ; Eu, ane Augia (the
meadow), in Normandy ; Hanau (the enclosed meadow) ;
Nassau (the moist meadow) ; Iglau (the meadow of the R.
Igla, in Moravia) ; Troppau, in Silesia (the meadow of the
R. Oppa). //^ JT- V s ( the summit, or, as an adjective,
AUCHTER or OCHTER (Gadhelic), A 1-
UCHDER CWelsh) ) "PP^"" ' ^¦'^- Auchtertyre, ane.
^ '' ( Auchterar dower (the summit
on the water) ; Auchterarder (the upper high land) ; Auchter-
blair (upper field) ; Auchtercairn (upper rock) ; Auchter
muchty (the upper dwelling, tigh, of the wild boar, muc) ;
Auchterau (the upper water) ; Auchtertool (the upper land
on the R. Tiel), in Fife ; Auchterless (the upper side, slios).
In Ireland this word takes the form of Oughter; e.g.

14 A VON— BAAL

Oughterard (upper height) ; Oughter-lough (upper lake, in
reference to Loch Erne) ; Balloughter (upper town) ; Lis-
soughter (upper fort) ; Killoughter (upper church). The
Irish adjective uachdar is not unfrequently Anglicised water,
as in Clowater in Carlow, i.e. Cloch-uachdar (upper stone
or castle) ; Watree, in Kilkenny, i.e. Uachdaraighe (upper
lands) — V. Joyce's Irish Names of Places.
, _ _ , . / water, a river ; e.g. the Avon, Aven,
AVON, AFON (Cym.-Cel.), I . '. ' * _ ' '
' ^ ' ,^ '\ K ) Aune, Auney, Inney, Ewenny, Aney,
ABHAINABHUINNE(Gael.), ^^^^^^ J^^ ^J^^ ;^ /^ J
AMNIS (Lat. Sanse a/.), {^^^i^ and Ireland; Avengorm
(red river) ; Aven-banna (white river) ; Avenbui (yellow
river) ; AvO^more (great river), in Ireland ; the Seine,
ane. Seimh-au (smooth river) ; the Mayenne or Meduana
(probably the middle river, from Cel. meadhou). In
France there are from this root — the Ain, Avenne, Vilaine,
Vienne ; the Abona, in Spain. In Scotland : the Almond
or Awjnon; Devon (deep river) ; Doon (dark river) ;
Kelvin (woody river) ; Annan (quiet river) ; the Leith,
Leithen, Lethen (the broad or the gray river) ; the Don, in
Scotland and England (dark or brown river) ; Irvine and
Earn (the west-flowing river) ; Anwoth, in Kirkcudbright, i.e.
Avonwath (the course of the river) ; the Spey, speach-abhmn
(swift river) ; the Allan (beauteous river, aluinri) ; the
Boyne, ane Bouoninda (perhaps yellow river, buidhe).
Many towns derive their names from their rivers, or from
their vicinity to water : thus, Avignon and Verona (on the
water) ; Amiens, the cap. of the Ambiani (dwellers on the
water, i.e. of the Samara or Somme). Teramo, ane.
Interamnia (between the rivers), and Temi, with the same
meaning ; Avenay, ane Avenacum (on the river) ; Avesnes,
celebrated for its mineral springs. But such names as
Avenay, Avenues, etc., may have been derived in many
cases from Lat. avena, Fr. avoine (oats) — v. Cocheris's Notns
de Liett. B
BAAL, a prefix in Phoenician names, derived from the worship of
the sun-god among that people ; e.g. Baalath and Kirjath-
Baal (the city of Baal) ; Baal-hazor (Baal's village) ; Baal-

BAB — BAD 15

Hermon (near Mount Hermon) ; Baal-Judah, etc., in Pales
tine. Sometimes, however, the word is used as synonymous
with beth (a dwelling), as Baal-tamar and Baal-Meon (for
Bethtamar and Beth Meon). But Baal-Perazim, we are
told, means the place of breaches, and has no reference to
the sun-god, Baalbec (the city of the sun), in Syria.
BAB (Ar.), a gate or court ; Babel and Babylon, according to the
Arabic (the gate of God), or from a word signifying con
fusion. Gen. xi. 9 ; Baab (the gate), a town in Syria ;
El-Baab (the gate), in the Sahara ; Bab-el-Mandeb, Strait
of (the gate of tears), so called by the Arabs from its
dangerous navigation ; Bab-el-estrecho (the gate of the
narrow passage), the Arabic name for the Strait of Gibraltar.
a brook ; e.g. Snail-
batch and Caldbeck
¦j (cold brook or swift
brook) ; snell in A.S.
and Old English means
active, sharp, quick ; and in Scotland, as applied to
the weather, it means sharp or severely cold ; Crumbeck
(crooked brook) ; Lauterbach (clear brook) ; Skurbeck
(dividing brook) ; Griesbach and Sandbach (sandy brook) ;
Gronenbach (green brook) ; Over-beck (upper) ; Reichen-
bach (rich) ; Marbeck (boundary) ; Schoenbach (beautiful
brook) ; Beckford (the brook ford) ; Bacheim and Beckum
(the dwelling at the brook) ; Beckermet (the meeting of
brooks) ; Bickerstith (the station at the brook) ; Laubach
and Laybach (the warm brook) ; but Laubach may also
mean rich in leaves — v. ACH. Bee in Normandy is named
from a brook that flows into the Risle : Birkbeck in West
moreland (the birch-tree brook) ; Ansbach or Anspach (at
the stream in Bavaria) ; Schwalbach (the swallow's brook),
in Nassau ; Houlbec, in Normandy, Holbeck, in Lincoln and
in Denmark (the brook in the hollow) ; Fulbeck (Lincoln)
and Foulbec, in Normandy (muddy brook).

BACH, BATCH (Teut.),
EEC, BOEK (Scand.),
but bach, by mutation /«£¦,% or vach,
in Welsh names means small, little,

. . C a bath or mineral spring ; e.g. Baden, ane
BAD (Teut.), 1 xhermx-Austricce (the Austrian warm
BADD (Cym.-Cel.), y springs) ; Baden - Baden, ane Civitas
Aquenses Aurelia (the watering-place of Aurelius) ; Baden-
bei-Wien (the baths near Vienna) ; Baden-ober (the upper

BAGH— BAHIA

baths) ; Franzens-bad (the bath of the Franks) ; Carlsbad
or Kaiser-bad (the bath-town of the Emperor Charles IV.
of Bohemia) ; Marien-bad, Lat. Balneum Marice (the bath-
town of the Virgin Mary) ; Wiesbaden, ane Fontes-Mattiaci
(the baths or springs of the Mattiaci, dwellers on the
meadow) — v. wiESE ; Badborn (bath well) ; Wildbad (wild
bath, i.e. not prepared by art), in the Black Forest ; Slangen-
bad (the bath of snakes), so called from the number of
snakes found in the mineral springs; Badsdorf (bath viUage),
Bohemia. The Celtic name of the English city Bath was
Caer-badon, or Bathan-ceaster (bath city or fortress) ; the
Anglo-Saxons made it Akentan-ceaster (the sick man's
camp), or Aquce Lulls (dedicated to a British divinity,
Lulls, identified with Minerva).
BAGH (Ar. and Ture), a garden ; e.g. Bag, or Bang, in Hindostan.
Bagdad superseded Seleucia, which, it is related, was reduced
to such a state of ruin as to have nothing remaining on the
spot where it stood formerly but the cell ofthe monk Dad;
hence the name of the new city founded by the Caliph
Almazar, A.D. 762. Baghdad, i.e. the garden of Dad, a
monk who had his cell near the site of the city ; Bala-Bagh
(high garden), in Affghanistan ; Karabagh (black garden),
a district in Armenia, so called from its thick forests ;
Alum-bagh (the garden of the Lady Alum), in Hindostan ;
Baktschisarai (the palace of the garden), in Crimea.
.J. V ["from the Lat. balneum (a bath); e.g. Bagna-
BANO (Span ) cavallo (the horses' bath) ; Bagna-di-aqua
BANHO (Port) ^ ^™^*®'' ^^*^ ' ^^^^°' Bagnara, Bagnari,
BAIN (Fr ) i towns in Italy, celebrated for their baths.
¦''' L In France there are Bagnferes-de-Bigorre (the
baths of Bigorones, i.e. the dwellers between two heights) ;
Bagnferes-de-Luchon (the baths on the R. Luchon) ; Bains-
les-du-mont-dord (the baths ofthe golden mount); with
numerous names with similar meanings, such as Bagneux,
Bagneaux, Bagnol, Bagnoles, Bagnolet, Bagnot, etc. In
Italy : Bagnolina (the little bath) ; Bagni-di-Lucca, Bagni-
di-Pisa (the baths of Lucca and Pisa).
BAHIA (Port.), a bay ; e.g. Bahia or St. Salvador (the toTO of
the Holy Saviour), on the bay, in BrazU ; Bahia-blanca
(white bay) ; Bahia-hermosa (beautiful) ; Bahia-honda

BAHN— BAILE I7

(deep) ; Bahia-negra (black) ; Bahia-neuva (new bay) ;
Bahia-de-Neustra-Senora (the bay of Our Lady); Bahia-
Escosesa (Scottish bay), in Hayti ; Bayonna, in Spain, and
Bayonne, in France (the good bay), from a Basque word,
signifying good; Baia (the town on the bay), in Naples ;
Bahia-de-todos los Santos (AU Saints' Bay), in Brazil.
BAHN (Ger.), a way or path ; e.g. ^^'inter-bahn (winter path) ;
Langen-bahn (long path) ; Wild-bahn (wild or uncultivated
path).
BAHR, or BAHAR (Ar.), a sea, a lake, and sometimes a river ; e.g.
Bahar-el-Abiad (the white) ; Bahar-el-azrak (the blue river),
forming together the Nile ; Bahar-belame (waterless river),
in Egypt ; Baraach (the sea of wealth), in Hindostan ;
Bahari (the maritime district), Lower Egypt ; Bahr-assal
(salt lake), Africa ; Bahrein (the two seas), a district in
Arabia, between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea ; also a
group of islands on the same coast.
BAILE, BALLY (Gadhelic), originally merely a place, a home, then
a fort, a town, aUied to the Grk. polis. The word joined
with the article an is found as ballin for baile-an ; e.g.
Ballinrobe (the town of the R. Robe) ; Balbriggan (Brecon's
town) ; BaUintra and Ballintrae, in Ireland, and BaUantrae,
in Scotland (the dweUing on the strand) ; Ballinure (the
town of the yew) ; BaUintubbert (the town of the well) ;
Ballinakill (of the church or wood) ; Ballinahinch (of the
island) ; Ballinamona (of the bog), in Ireland ; Ballycastle
(castle town) ; Ballymena (middle town) ; Ballymony (of
the shrubbery) ; Balmagowan and Ballingown (of the
smiths) ; Ballymore and Ballmore (great town) ; Nohoval,
corrupt, from Nuachongbhail (new dwelling), localities in
Ireland. In Scotland: Balvanie, ane Bal-Beni-mor (the
dwelling of Beyne, the great first Bishop of Mortlach), in
Aberdeenshire ; Balmoral (the majestic dwelling, 7norail) ;
Ballater (the dwelling on the hill-slope, leitir) ; Balmerino
(on the sea-shore, muir) ; Balachulish, Gael. Baile-na-caolish
(the dwelling on the narrow strait) ; Baldernock, Gael.
Baile-dair-cnoc (the dweUing at the oak hill) ; Balnacraig
(dwelling of the rock) ; Balfour (cold dwelling) ; Balgay
(windy dwelling, gaoth, wind) ; Balfron (of mourning,
bhroin), so caUed, according to tradition, because a number

1 8 BALA— BANYA

of children had been devoured by wolves at the place;
Balgreen (the sunny place, grianach) ; Balgarvie (of the
rough stream) ; Ballagan and Ballogie (the dwelling in the
hollow) ; Balgownie and Balgonie (of the smiths) ; Bal-
bardie (ofthe bard) ; Balmac LeUan (the dwelling ofthe Bal-
MacLellan), in Kirkcudbright; Balmaghie (of the Maghies);
Balquhldder (the town at the back of the country) ; Bal-
blair (of the field or plain).
BALA (Ture), high; e.g. Bala-hissar (high castle); Bala-dagh
(high mountain) ; Bala-Ghauts (the high Ghauts) ; Balasore
(high dwelling) ; Balkan (high ridge), also called Mount
Haemus (the snowy mount), hima (Sansc), snow ; Balkh
(high town), ane Bactra.
BALKEN (Ger.), a ridge ; e.g. Griesen-balken (sandy ridge) ; Moes-
balken (mossy ridge); Schieren-balken (clear ridge) — the
word is applied to chains of mountains in general.
(a strait or belt ; e.g. Baha (the island of the
BALTA (Scand.), j ^^^^.^^ . g^^j^-^ ^^j^^ country of belts or straits),
BALTEUS (Lat.), I jj^g ancient name of Scandinavia. The Great
and Little Belts, or straits.
BAN (Gadhelic), white, fair ; e.g. Rivers Bann, Bane, Bain, Bana,
Banon, Bandon, Banney, etc. ; Banchory (the fair vaUey).
BAN (Cym.-Cel.), a hill or height ; e.g. Cefh-y-fan (the hill-ridge) ;
Tal-y-fan (the face of the hill), in Wales. B by mutation
becomes / (a district or enclosure, from Old Ger.
BANT, BANZ (Ger.) 1 ^^^^^ .^ confine), cognate with Cym.-
POINT and PAINT, ^M, yi^,^ ^J^^. ^^ g^^^^^j^ .^, Brach-bant
(the ploughed district) ; Altenbanz (the old) ; Ostrevant
(the eastern) ; Grunnenbant (the green district) ; Hasel-
point (hazel field) ; Pound- stock (the enclosed place), in
Germany ; Drenthe, corrupt, from Thri-banta (the three
districts), in Holland ; Bantz, in Bavaria, From pant we
have in Monmouth, Panteg (beautiful valley, ttg) ; Pant-y-
goitre (the valley of the town in the wood).
BANYA (Hung.), a mine ; e.g. Uj-banya (new mine) ; Nagy-banya
(great mine), a town of Hungary with gold and silver
mines, named by the Germans Ncustadt; Abrud-banya
(the mine on the R. Abrud, a district abounding in metals).

BARR — BAUM 19

BARR (Gadhelic-) ( ^ summit ; e.g. Barmona (the summit or top
BAR (Cym -Cel ) •' °^ "^^ ^°^^ '' ^arra-vore (great height, mor) ;
/c J % \ Barmeen (smooth summit), in Ireland. In
^ ¦¦'' (^several counties in Scotland we have Barr
(the uplands), but Barr in Ayrshire took its name from St.
Barr ; Barbreac (spotted point) ; Barrie and Barra (the
head of the water, abh) ; Barcaldine (hazel point, calltunn) ;
Barbeth (birch point) ; Barrglass (gray point) ; Bar-darroch
(the summit of the oak grove) ; Bardearg (red point) ; Bar-
caple (the horses' point) ; the Bard of Mousa and of
Bressay, in the Shetlands, is the projection on these islands ;
the ancient name of the town of Perth was Barr-Tatha (the
height of the R. Tay) ; Barwyn for Bar-gwn (a white-topped
mountain, or tipped with snow), in Wales. In France the
prefix bar is applied to strongholds, as in Bar-le-Duc (the
duke's citadel) ; Bar-sur Saone, Bar-sur Aube (the strong
hold on the rivers Saone and Aube).
,„ , , (a mound of earth, especially over a grave ;
BARRO'W^(bcand.), ) ^^_ Barrow-by (the dwelling at the mound) ;
^ • '>'• y Ingle-barrow (the mound at the grave of
Ingold). But, in some cases, barrow may be a form of
A.S. boerw (a grove), as in Barrow-den (the grove hollow),
in Rutland.
. /a building ; e.g. Brun-bau (the weU-house) ;
BAU (Ger.), I j^gjj.i^au and Alten-bau (the old and new
' , ., , \ building) ; Buittle (the building), a parish on
BAUEN, to bmld, y^,^^ Solway Firth; Tichel-boo (brick build
ing) ; Forst-gebaude (the building in the forest). It takes
the form of bottle and buttel in Germany, and battle
in Britain — v. p. 27 ; Newbattle (new building in Mid
Lothian) ; Wulfen-buttel (the dwelling of Ulpha) ; Bolton,
in Lancashire, ane Botl.
. „ , /a tree, a post ; e.g. Baumburg (tree town) ; Baum-
BAUM (Ger.) I garten (the orchard) ; Baumgartenthal (orchard
BEAM (AS.), ^ .j^aiiey) ; Baum-krug (the tree inn) ; Schoen-
BOOM (Dut.), (^ijaum (beautiful tree) ; Heesbaum (the hazel-
tree), in Germany ; Bampton and Bempton (tree town),
in Oxford and Yorkshire ; but Bampton in Devon takes
its name from the R. Bathom — its ancient name was
Bathom-ton.

BEDD— BEG

BEDD (Welsh), a grave ; e.g. Bedd-gelert (the grave of a favourite
hound of Llewelyn, or, as others affirm, the grave of a saint
named Kelert).
,_ „ , , /'the birch-tree, cognate with the Lat. betula:
B^fcfadhelS I'-S- Beddoe (the birches), Salop; Bed-
l\N 1 b\' ) welty, i.e. Bedw-gwal-ty (the wild beast's
^ ' V dwelling among the birches), in Monmouth ;
Penbedw (birch hiU), Monmouth. In Ireland : Beagh,
Beaghy, Behagh, Behy, i.e. (birch land) ; Kilbehey, i.e.
coin -beithne (birch wood); Behanagh (birch - producing
river) ; Ballybay, i.e. Bel-atha-beithe (the ford mouth of the
birch) ; Aghaveagh (birch field). In Scotland : Beith and
Beath, in Fife and Ayrshire ; Dalbeath, Dalbeth, Dalbeathie
(the birch field or valley) ; Barbeth (the summit of birches).
BEEMD (Dutch), a meadow ; e.g. Beemd and Beemte (on the
meadow) ; Haagschbeemden (enclosed meadow) ; Beem-
ster-polder (the meadow embankment).
BEER, BIR (Heb. and Ar.), a well ; e.g. Beer-sheba (the weU ofthe
oath) ; Beer-Elim (the well of heroes) ; Beer-lahai-roi (the
well of the living sight) ; Beirout (the city of wells), in
Palestine ; Bir, a town of Asiatic Turkey.
BEER or BEAR (Teut) {^ ^^™' eottage. Or dwelling; ^.^. Beer-
BUR /as) ' Regis (the king's farm) ; Beer-Alston
BYR (oid Ger) ) (*^ dweUing of Alston); Beardon and
(^Berewood (the dwelling on a hill and in
a wood) ; Aylesbear (the dweUing of Aegle) ; Biihren, in
Hanover and Switzerland ; Beuren, in Swabia ; Grasbeuren
(grassy dwelling) ; Sandbuur (sandy dwelling) ; Erlesbura
(dwelling among elms) ; Beerendrecht (the dwelling on the
pasture) ; Nassenbeuren (damp dwelling) ; Blaubeuren (the
blue dweUing) ; Benediktbeuren (the dwelling of the Bene
dictines).
BEG, BEAG (Gadhelic), | 1'"^^ ' ^S- ^lorbihan (the
BACH, or BYCHAN, by mutation /«^/^ ' little sea), m Brittany;
ox fychan {Zym.-ZeiX ) Taafe-fechan (the httle
¦^ ^ " (, River Taafe), in Wales.
In Ireland : Castlebeg (little castle) ; Downkillybegs (the
fortress of the little church) ; Bunbeg (small river mouth) ;
Rathbeg (little fort).

BEIM^BEL

BEIM, a contraction of the Ger. bei-dem (by the) ; e.g. Beimbach,
Beimberg, Beimhofen (by the brook, the hill, the court).
,_,,,., (a mountain, cognate with the Cym.-Cel.
BEINN (Gadhehc), \^^^_ ^^_ g^^^^^j^ ^^ j^jjjy p,^^^^. g^^_
' ( more (great mountain) ; Ben-a-buird (table
mountain) ; Ben-a-bhaird (the bard's mountain) ; Benan,
i.e. Binnean (the peaked hill or pinnacle) ; Bencleuch (stony
mountain) ; Ben-cruachan (the stack-shaped mountain,
cruach) ; Bendearg (red mountain) ; Bendronach (the
mountain with the hunch, dronnag) ; Bengloe (the moun
tain with the covering or veil, gloth) ; Benamore and Bann-
more (the great peaks, beanna, peaks) ; Bennachie (the hill
of the pap, at its summit, ache) ; Benavoir (the mountain of
gold, or), in Jura ; Benclibrig (the hill of the playing trout) ;
Benloyal, i.e. Ben-laoghal (the hill of the calves) ; Ben-na-
caiUeach (nun's hill) ; Ben Lomond, named from Loch
Lomond, quod vide ; Benmacdhui, i.e. Beinn-na-muc-dubh
(the mountain of the black sow) ; Ben Nevis (the cloud-
capped or snowy mountain) ; Benvenue (the little moun
tain), as compared with Benledi ; Benwyvis (stupendous
mountain, uabhasach) ; Benvrachie (spotted mountain) ;
Benvoirlich (the mountain of the great loch). In Ireland :
Benbo, z>. Beannabo (the peaks of the cows) ; Dunmanway,
in Cork, corrupt, from Dun-na-mbeann (the fortress of the
pinnacles). In Ireland ben is more generally applied to
small steep hills than to mountains ; e.g. Bengore (the peak
of the goats, gabhar) ; Benburb, Lat. pinna superba (proud
peak), in Tyrone ; the Twelve Pins, i.e. bens or peaks, in
Connemara ; Banagh and Benagh (a place full of peaks) ;
Bannaghbane and Bannaghroe (white and red hilly ground) ;
Banaghar, King's Co., and Bangor, Co. Down, ane Beann-
char (the pointed hiUs or rocks) ; but Bangor, in Wales,
signifies the high choir ; Drumbanagh (the ridge of the
peaks). ^_ ^ ( beautiful, fine, from the Lat.
BEL, BELLE, BEAU (Fr.), ^^^^^^^ . geichamp, Belcastro
BELLO, BELLA (Port., Span., It.), I (beautiful fieldand camp); BeUe-
isle and Belile (beautiful island) ; Beaufort, Beaulieu, Beau
mont, Beaumanoir (fine fort, place, mount, manor) ; Beau
maris (the fair marsh), so named in the reign of Edward I.

22 BEL
Some think it may have been formerly Bimaris (between
two seas), a name applied by Horace to Corinth ; Belvoir
(beautiful to see), in Rutland ; Bewley and Bewdley,
corrupt, from Beaulieu ; Beauley, a river and viUage in
Inverness-shire, named from Prioratus -de-bello-loco (the
priory of the beautiful place), founded in 1230; Beachy
Head, according to Camden, is the head of the beach, but
Holland, who published Camden's Britannia, says it was
called Beaucliff, or, more probably, Beauchef (beautiful
headland) ; Beaudesert (beautiful retreat) ; Belper, i.e.
Beau-repaire (with the same meaning), in Warwick and
Derbyshire ; Leighton-Buzzard, corrupt, of its ancient name
Legionbuhr (the fortress of the legion) ; Balaclava, corrupt.
from its ancient name Bella^chiava (the beautifiil frontier
town, chiave), founded by the Genoese.
BEL, BIALA (Sclav.), white ; e.g. Biela (white stream) ; Bela, Belaia
(white place) ; Belowes and Belowiz (white viUage) ; was or
wies (a town or village) ; Belgrade, Ger. Weissenburg (white
fortress) ; Bialgorod, Ture Akkermanji (white castle) ; Belki
or Bielki (a name applied in Russia to snow-capped
mountains) ; Berat, in Albania, corrupt, from Belgrade
(white fort).
BEL, BEAL (Gadhelic), a mouth, in its literal sense, but in a second
ary sense, signifying an entrance into any place. In
Ireland it is often united with ath (a ford), forming belatlia
(ford entrance). The word bel itself is often used to denote
a ford ; e.g. Belclair, i.e. Bel-aji-chlair (the ford or entrance
to the plain) ; Belatha (Anglicised Bella) is found in many
names, as in BeUanagare, i.e. Bel-atha-na-gcarr (the ford
i-nouth of the cars) ; Lisbellaw (the fort at the ford mouth) ;
Bel-atha is often changed in modern names to balli or
bally, as if the original root were baile (a town), as in
Ballinamore (the mouth of the great ford) ; Ballinafad
(the mouth of the long ford) ; Ballyshannon is corrupt.
from Bel-atha-Seanach (Shannagh's ford); Belfast, ane
Bel-feirsde (the ford of t\i^farset or sandbank) ; Ballinahoy,
i.e. Bel-an-atha-buide (the mouth of the yellow ford) ;
Ballinasloe, Bel-atha-na-sluaigheadh (the ford mouth of the
armies) ; Bel (a ford) is not found in Scotland, but a word
with a kindred meaning as applied to land, bealach (a

BELED — BERG 23

pass or opening between hills), is frequent there, as well
as in Ireland, and takes the form of ballagh or balloch ; e.g.
Ballaghboy in Ireland, and Ballochbuie in Scotland (the
yellow pass) ; Ballaghmore (great pass) ; Ballaghkeen (the
beautiful pass, ccein) ; Ballaghadereen (the pass of the little
oak grove) ; Balloch alone occurs in several counties of
Scotland, the best known being Balloch, at the entrance to
Loch Lomond ; Ballochray (smooth pass, reidh) ; Balloch-
myle (the bald or bare pass) ; Ballochgair (short pass) ;
Ballochcraggan (of the little rock); Balloch-nam-bo (the
pass ofthe cattle), etc.
BELED, or BELAD (Ar.), a district ; e.g. Beled-es-Shurifa (the dis
trict of the nobles) ; Belad-es-Siidan (the district of the
Blacks) ; Belad-es-Sukkar (sugar district) ; Belad-t-moghrib
(the district of the West), the Arabian name for Morocco,
also called Beled-el-Djered (the land of dates) ; Beled-el-
Sham (the district of the north or on the left), the Arabic
name for Syria, to distinguish it from Yemen (to the south
or right). Syria was also called by the Turks Soristan,
and by the Greeks Suria, i.e. the country of Tyre {Tzur,
the rock). The word in its secondary sense means pros
perous or happy — hence the Greeks called it 'Apa^La rj ev-
Sa[fji,o)v, to distinguish it from Arabia deserta (Ar.), El-
Badiah (the desert), hence the Bedawees or Bedouins.
BENDER (Ar.), a market or harbour. Bender is the name of
several towns on the Persian Gulf, and also of a town on
the Dniester; Bender-Erekli (the harbour of the ancient
Heraclea), on the Black Sea.
BENI (Ar.), sons of; e.g. Beni-Hassan (a town named from the
descendants of Hassan) ; Beni-Araba (belonging to the sons
of the desert) ; Beni-Calaf (to the sons of the Caliph) ;
Beni-Sham (the sons of Shem), i.e. Syria ; Beni-Misr (the
land of Mizraim or Egypt).
/a hill, a summit ; e.g. Ailberg (eagle
BERG (Ger.), J j^jjj^ . Bigyberg (lead hill) ; Schneeberg
BifirBRMGH (Celtic) 1(^"°^y ^"^)= Walkenberg (the hiU of
BRIG, BRAIGH (Leltic), ^ (.foy^g) . Donnersberg (of thunder) ;
Habsberg, Falkenberg, Valkenberg (of hawks) ; Finsterberg
(dark hill) ; Groenberg (green hiU) ; Teufelsberg (the devil's
hill) ; Greiffenberg (the griffin's hill) ; Geyersberg (of the

24 BETH
vulture) ; Jarlsberg (of the earl) ; Dreisellberg (the hill of
three seats) ; Kupperberg (copper hill) ; Heilberg (holy
hill) ; Silberberg (silver hill, near a silver mine) ; Schoen-
berg (beautiful hill). The word berg, however, is often
applied to the names of towns and fortresses instead of
btirg ; and, when this is the case, it indicates that the town
was built on or near a hill, or in connection with a fortress ;
e.g. Kaiserberg (the hill fort of the Emperor Frederick II.) ;
Wiirtemberg, ane Wirtenberg (named from the seignorial
chateau, situated upon a hill). The name has been trans
lated (the lord of the hill) from an Old Ger. word wirt (a
lord). Heidelberg is a corrupt, of Heydenberg (the heU of
the pagans), or from heydel myrtle, which grows in great
abundance in the neighbourhood ; Lemberg, Lowenburg,
or Leopolis (the fortress of Leo Danielowes), in Galicia ;
Nurnberg, ane Nori7nberga or Castrum NoHcutn (the
fortress of the Noricii) ; Lahnberg (on the R. Lahn) ;
Spermberg (on the Spree) ; Wittenberg (white fortress) ;
Koningsberg (the king's fortress), in E. Prussia and in
Norway ; Bamberg (named after Babe, daughter of the
Emperor Otho II.), in Bavaria; Havelberg (on the R.
Havel). There are several towns in Germany and Scan
dinavia called simply Berg or Bergen ; e.g. Bergen-op-Zoom
(the hill fort on the R. Zoom), in HoUand ; Bergamo (on a
hill), in Italy. Berg (a hill) sometimes takes the form of
berry, as in Queensberry, in Dumfries ; also of borough, as
in Flamborough Head and Ingleborough (the hill of the
beacon light). Gebirge signifies a mountain range ; e.g
Schneegebirge (the snow-clad range) ; Siebengebirge (the
range of seven hills) ; Fichtelgebirge (of the pines) ; Erze-
gebirge (the ore mountain range) ; Glasischgebirge (of the
glaciers) ; Eulergebirge (of the owls).
BETH (Heb) (a house; ^.^. Bethany (the house of dates); Beth-
BEIT (Ar ) phage (of figs) ; Bethsaida (of fish) ; Bethoron
'" ( (of caves) ; Bethabara (of the ford) ; Bethlehem
(the house of bread), but its present name,, Beit-lahm,
means the house of flesh ; Bethesda (of mercy) ; Betharaba
(desert dwelling) ; Bethjesimoth (of wastes) ; Bethshemish
Grk. HeliopoHs (the house or city of the sun) ; its Egyptian
name was Aun-i-Aun (light of light), contracted to On;

BETTWS— BIRCE 25

Beit-Allah (the house of God), at Mecca ; Beit-el-Fakih
(the house of the saint), on the Red Sea.
BETTWS (Cym.-Cel.), a portion of land lying between a river and
a hill, hence a dwelling so situated ; e.g. Bettws-yn-y-coed
(the dwelling in the wood) ; Bettws-disserth (the retreat
dwelling) ; Bettws-Garmon (of St. Germanus, where he led
the Britons to the famous Alleluia victory over the Saxons) ;
Bettws-Newydd (new dwelling).
BETULA (Lat.), I f^ bi^eh-tree ; eg Le Boulay, La Boulay,
BOULEAU(Fr) ) ^^ Boulages, Les Boulus, BeUoy (places
^ ¦'' ( planted with birch-trees).
BIBER BEVER (Teut ) ( *^® beaver ; e.g. the Biber, Beber,
BOER r'S 1 ^ { Biberich, Beber-bach (rivers in Ger-
''' ( many) ; Bober, Boberau, Bobronia
(beaver river), in Silesia and Russia ; Bobersburg (on the
R. Bober) ; Biberschlag(beaver's wood clearing); Biberstein
(beaver rock); Beverley, in Yorkshire, ane. Biberlac (beaver
lake), formerly surrounded by marshy ground, the resort of
beavers ; Beverstone, in Gloucester ; Beverloo (beaver
marsh), in Belgium.
BILL, an old German word, signifying plain or level ; e.g. Bilderlah
(the field of the plain) ; Billig-ham (level dwelling) ; Wald-
billig (woody plain) ; Wasser-billig (the watery plain) ;
Bilstein (level rock) ; Bielefeld (level field) ; Bieler-see
(the lake on the plain).
BIOR (Gadhelic), water, an element in many ri-^er names ; e.g.
the Bere, in Dorset ; Ver, Hereford ; Bervie, in Mearns.
The town of Lifford, in Donegal, was originally Leith-bhearr
(the gray water) ; Berra, a lake in France ; the Ebura or
Eure, in Normandy ; and in Yorkshire, the Ebro, ane
Iberus ; Ivry, in Normandy, ane Ebarovicus (the town on
the Ebura).
BlRCE BIRKE (Teut ) { *^ birch-tree ; e.g. Birkenhead (the head
' ,T , . ^ ¦'^' ) of the birches) ; Birchholt (birch wood) ;
BERK, (Lat.) BETULA, -< tj , , ,^-\. ciJ\ tj- i," ^
BEORC(AS) i Berkeley (birch field); Birchmgton,
^ ¦ ¦'¦' t^Birkhoff (the birch-tree dwelling and
court) ; Birkhampstead (the home place among the birches) ;
Oberbirchen (the upper birches) ; but Berkshire is not from
this root.; it was called by the Anglo-Saxons Berroc-shyre,
supposed to be named from the abundance of berroc (box-

26 BLAEN— BOCA

wood), or the bare-oak-shire, from a certain polled oak in
Windsor Forest, where the Britons were wont to hold their
provincial meetings.
BLAEN (Cym.-Cel.), the source of a stream ; e.g. Blaene-Avon,
Blaen-Ayron, Blaen-Hounddu (river sources in Wales) ;
Blaen-porth (the head of the harbour) ; Blaen-nant (of the
brook); Blaen-Bylan, abbreviated from Blaen-pwU-glan
(the top of pool bank) ; Blaen-Sillt, at the top of a small
stream, the Sillt, in Wales ; Blaen-afon (of the river).
BLAIR, BLAR (Gadhelic), a plain, originally a battle-field ; e.g.
Blair-Athole, Blair-Logie, Blair-Gowrie (the battle-field in
these districts) ; Blairmore (the great) ; Blaircreen (the
little plain) ; Blairdaff (the plain of the oxen, daimh) ;
Blair-burn (of the stream) ; Blair-craig (of the rock) ; Blair-
linne (of the pool) ; Blair-beth (of birches) ; Blair-ingone
(the field of spears), in Perthshire ; Blair-glass (gray plain);
Blarney (little field), in Ireland ; Blair-Drummond, Blair-
Adam, modern places named after persons.

BLANC (Fr.),
BLANCO (Span.),
BIANCO (It),
BRANCO (Port.),
BLANC (A.S.),
BLANK (Ger.),

white'; e.g. Mont-Blanc, Cape-bianco, Sierra-
blanca (white mountain-ridge) ; Castella-bianca
(white castle); Villa -bianca (white town);
Blankenburg (white town) ; Blankenham
(white dwelling) ; Blankenhavn, Blankenloch,
Blankenrath, Blankenese (white haven, place,
wood-clearing, cape), in Germany ; Bianchi-
mandri (white sheep-folds), in Sicily ; Branco (the white
stream), in Brazil; Los-Brancos (the white mountains);
Cata-branca (the white zo\€) ; Casa-branca (the white
house), in Brazil.
BLISKO (Sclav.), near ; e.g. Bliesdorf, Bliesendorf, Blieskendorf
(near village) ; Bliskau (near meadow).
BLOTO, BLATT (Sclav.), a marsh; e.g. Blotto, Blottnitz (marshy
land); Wirchen-blatt (high marsh); Sa-blatt, Sablater,
Zablatt (behind the marsh) ; Na-blatt (near the marsh).
In some cases the b in this word is changed into /, as in
Plotsk and Plattkow (the marshy place) ; Plattensee or
Balaton (the lake in the marshy land).
BOCA (Span., Port., and It.), a mouth — in topography, the narrow
entrance of a river or bay ; e.g. Boca-grande, Boca-chica
(great and little channel), in South America ; La Bochetta

BOD— BOLD 27

(the little opening), a mountain pass in the Apennines ;
Desemboque (the river mouth), in Brazil.
BOD (Cym.-Cel.), a dwelling ; e.g. Bodmin, in Cornwall, corrupt.
from Bodminian (the dwelling of monks) ; Bodffaris (the
site of Varis), the old Roman station on the road to Chester ;
Hafod, the name of several places in Wales, corrupt, from
Hafbod (a summer residence) ; Bosher or Bosherston,
corrupt, from Bod and hir, long (the long ridge abode), in
Wales. ,„ -1 ( a bay, the ocean swell ; e.g. Bodden (an arm
BODDEN (leut.), I ^j^j^g gg^ ^j^j^j^ divides the island of Rugen
BOD (bcand.), y j.^^^ Pomerania) ; Bodden-ness (the headland
of the bay), on the east coast of Scotland.
BODEN (Ger.), the ground, soil — in topography, a meadow ; e.g.
Gras-boden (grassy meadow) ; Dunkel-boden (dark meadow).
It may sometimes, however, be used instead of bant or
paint — V. p. 1 8 ; and in Bodenburg, in Brunswick, it is a
corrupt, of Ponteburg (bridge town) ; and Bodenheim is
from a personal name, like Bodensee — v. SEE.
BOGEN (Ger.), a bend or bow — in topography, applied to the
bend of a river ; e.g. Bogen, ane Bogana (the bending
river) ; Bogen, a town of Bavaria, on a bend of the Danube ;
EUbogen or EUenbogen, Lat. Cubitus (the town on the
elbow or river bend), in Bohemia ; Bogenhausen (the
houses on the river bend) ; Langen-bogen (the long bend) ;
Entli-buch (the bend on the R. Entle), in Switzerland.
/ a dwelling ; e.ir. Newbattle, Newbottle,
BOLD, BATTLE, or BOTTLE, I ,, , ,, / , „¦ / j- ^•
„ ' ' 'J Newbold (new dweUing), as distin-
BUTTEL, BLOD (^eut.), ¦> g^j^bed from Elbottle (old dwelling) ;
BOL, or BO (Scand.), y Morebattle (the dwelling on the marshy
plain) ; Bolton, in Lancashire, A.S. Botl ; Buittle, in Kirk
cudbright ; Newbald, Yorkshire ; Harbottle (the dwelling
of the army, here), a place in Northumberland where, in
former times, soldiers were quartered ; Erribold (the dwell
ing on the tongue of land, eir) ; Maybole, in Ayrshire, ane
Minnibole (the dwelling on the mossy place, Cym.-Cel.,
¦ myswn) ; Exnabul, in Shetland (a place for keeping cattle) ;
yxn, Scand. (a bull or cow) ; Walfenbuttel (the dwelling
of Ulpha) ; Brunsbottle (of Bruno) ; Ritzbuttel (of Richard) ;

28 BONUS— BRASA

Griesenbottel (sandy dweUing) ; Rescbiittel (the dwelling
among rushes).
BUEritan'') ]sood; e.g Bonavista, Boavista (good view);
\ V v' y Buenos-Ayres (good breezes), in South America ;
' ,„ , ( Buenaventura (good luck), in Califomia.
BOM (Port.), ; ^^ "
BOOM (Sansc), Bhuma (land, country) ; e.g. Birboom (the land
of heroes) ; Arya-Bhuma (the noble land), the Sanscrit
name for Hindostan.
BOR (Sclav.), wood ; e.g. Bohra, Bohrau, Borowa, Borow (woody
place) ; Borovsk (the town in the wood) ; Sabor and
Zaborowa (behind the wood) ; Borzna (the woody district) ;
the Borysthenes, now the R. Dnieper (the woody wall),
from stena (a wall or rampart), the banks of the river
having been covered with wood ; Ratibor (the wood of the
Sclavonic god Razi).

BRACHE (Teut ) ( '^"'^ broken up for tiUage, Old Ger. pracha
,^ ,/'' I {io plough) ; e.g. Brabant, ane. Bracbant (the
^ '" [ ploughed district) ; Brachstadt, Brachfeld,
Brachrade (the ploughed place, field, clearing) ; Brakel (the
ploughed land), in Holland ; Hohenbrack (high ploughed
land).
BRAND (Ger.), a place cleared of wood by burning ; e.g. Eber-brand
and Ober-brand (the upper clearing); Newen-brand and
Alten-brand (the old and new clearing) ; Brandenburg (the
burned city), so called, according to Buttman, by the Ger
mans ; by the Wends corrupted into Brennabor, and in
their own language named Schorelitz (the destroyed city),
because, in their mutual wars, it had been destroyed by
fire. Bran and Brant, in English names, are probably
memorials of the original proprietors of the places, as in
Brandon, Cumbran, Brandeston ; Brantingham (the home
of the children of Brand) — v. ing, ingen.
BRASA (Sclav ) \ *^ birch-tree ; e.g. Briesnitz, Beresoff, Beresek,
BERESA ) Beresenskoi, Beresovoi (places where birches
' ( abound) ; Gross-Briesen (great birch-tree town) ;
Bresinchen (little Briesen), a colony from it ; Birsa and
Beresina (the birch-tree river) ; Birsk, a town on the R.
Birsa ; Brzesce-Litewski (the house of mercy at the birches);
the letter b in this word is often changed into p by the Ger-

BRA Y— BRIG A 29

mans, as in Presinitz for Brezenice (birch-tree viUage), in
Bohemia ; also Priebus, with the same meaning, in Silesia ;
Priegnitz, i.e. the town of the Brizanen (dwellers among
birches) ; Briezen (the place of birches), in Moravia, is
Germanised into Friedeck (woody corner) ; Bryezany
(abounding in birches), in Galicia.
BRAY (Cel.), damp ground, a marshy place ; e.g. Bray, in Nor
mandy ; Bray sur Somme und Bray sur Seine, situated on
these rivers ; Bray-Maresch, near Cambray ; Br^ C6tes-de-
Nord ; Bray-la-Campagne (calvados, etc.)
,„ , /"broad; brede, Dutch (a plain); e.g. Breitenbach
BREIT (Ger), j ^^^ Bredenbeke (broad brook); Breda (the flat
*¦ ¦ ¦¦'' \ meadowland), in Holland ; Breitenbrunn (broad
^ ¦'' (^ well) ; Breitenstein, Breitenburg (broad fortress) ;
Bradford, in Yorkshire, and Bredevoort, in Holland (broad
ford) ; Bredy (the broad water), in Dorset ; Brading, in
Isle of Wight, and Bradley (broad meadow) ; Bradshaw
(broad thicket) ; Broadstairs, corrupt, from its ancient name
Br ads tow (broad place).
BRIA (Thracian), a town ; e.g. Selymbria, Mesymbria.
.„ , , (a general name among the Celts for a town — so
^ '" ^ called, apparently, from the Celtic words braigk,
' ( brugh, brig (a heap, pile, or elevation), because
the nucleus of towns, among uncivilised tribes in early
times, were merely fortified places erected on heights ;
cognate with the Teut. and Scand. burg, byrig, the Sclav.
brieg (an embankment or ridge), and the Scottish brae (a
rising ground). Hence the name of the Brigantes (dwellers
on hills) ; the word Brigand (literally, a mountaineer) ;
Briangon, ane Brigantium (the town on the height) ; Brieg,
a town in Silesia ; Braga and Braganga, fortified cities in
Portugal ; Talavera, in Spain, ane Tala-briga, the town
on the tala. Span, (a wood clearing) ; Bregenz, ane Bri
gantium, in the Tyrol ; Breisach Alt and Neuf (the old
and new town on the declivity), in the duchy of Baden —
the old fortress was situated on an isolated basalt hill ;
Brixen (the town among the hills), in the Tyrol. In Scotland
there are Braemar (the hilly district of Mar) ; Braidalbane
(the hill country of Albainn, i.e. Scotland) ; Braeriach (the
gray mountain, riabhach) ; the Brerachin, a river and dis-

30 BRINK— BROEK

trict in Perthshire ; Brugh and Bruighean, in Ireland,
signifying originally a hill, was subsequently applied to a
palace or a distinguished residence. The term, as applied
to the old residences, presupposed the existence of a fortified
brugh or rath, several of which still remain. The word has
suffered many corruptions : thus Bruree, in Limerick, is
from Brugh-righ (the king's fort) ; and Bruighean (little
fort) has been transformed into Bruff, Bruis, Bruce, or
Bryan. The word briva, on the other hand, was generally
applied to towns situated on rivers — as in Amiens, ane.
Saynarabrina, on the R. Somme — and was gradually
used as synonymous with pons (bridge), as in Pontoise,
ane Briva-Isara (the bridge on the Ouse) ; Briare, ane.
Brivodurum (the bridge over the water) ; Brionde, ane
Brives.
BRINK (Ger.), a grassy ridge ; e.g. Osterbrink (east ridge) ; Mittel-
brink (middle ridge) ; Zandbrink (sand ridge) ; Brinkhorst
(the ridge of the thicket).
BRO (Cym.-Cel.), a district ; e.g. Broburg (the fort of the district),
in Warwickshire ; Pembroke (the head, pen, of the district,
it being the land's end of Wales).
BROC (A.S.), a rushing stream ; e.g. Cranbrook (the stream ofthe
cranes) ; Wallbrook (probably the stream at the wall) ;
Wambrook (Woden's stream).
BROC (AS) ( *® badger ; e.g. Brox-boume and Broxburn, Brog-
BROX ' j den, Brokenhurst,Brockley,Broxholme (the stream,
' ( hollow, thicket, meadow, and hill of the badger).
BROD (Sclav.), a ford; e.g. Brod and Brody (at the ford), the
name of several towns in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and
Turkey ; Brod-sack (ford dwelling) ; Brod-Ungarisch (the
Hungarian ford), on the Olsawa ; Brod-Deutsch (the Ger
man ford), on the Sasawa ; Brod-Bohmisch (the Bohemian
ford), on the Zembera ; Krasnabrod (beautiful ford) ; Eisen-
brod (the ford ofthe I ser) ; Brodkowitz (ford station).
BROEK, BRUOCH (Teut.), a marsh ; e.g. Broek, a town in Holland ;
Bogen-brok (the bending marsh) ; Breiden-bruch (the broad
marsh) ; Aalten-broek (the old marsh) ; Eichen-bruch (the
oak marsh) ; Broekem and Broickhausen (marsh dwelling) ;
Bruchmuhle (the mill on the marsh) ; Brussels or Bruxelles,

BROG—BRUEL 31

ane Bruoch-sella (the seat or site on the marsh) ; Ober-
bruch and Niederbruch (upper and lower marsh).
.„ , , fa dam ; e.g. Biesenbrow and Priebrow, from
*¦ ¦'' I Pschibrog (elder-tree dam), by the Germans
' ( called Ftirstenberg, on the Oder ; Colberg,
Sclav. Kola-brog (around the dam).
BRON (Welsh), the slope or side of a hill ; e.g. Brongest (the slope
of the cest or deep glen) ; Bronwydd (the slope covered
with trees) ; Wydd, in Wales.
RRiicKF CGer ^ \^ bridge; e.g Brugg-Furstenfeld (the
BRUCKi^i^er ;, 1 ^^j^^^ ^^ ^j^^ prince's field) ; Brugg-an-der-
brigge (AS.), . \^,ti\!a.-s. (the bridge across the Leitha) ;
BRO, BRU (Scand.), (^ gj-ugg-kloster (the bridge at the monas
tery) ; Langenbriick, Langenbriicken (long bridge) ; Bruges,
in Belgium (a city with many bridges) ; Saarbrook (on the
R. Saar) ; Osnaburg, in Hanover, ane Osnabriicke or Asen-
briicke (the bridge on the R. Ase) ; Voklabriick (on the R.
Vokle) ; Bruchsal, in Baden (the bridge on the Salzbach) ;
Zweibriicken or Deux-ponts (the two bridges) ; Zerbruggen
(at the bridge). In England : Bridgenorth, ane Brugge-
Morfe (the bridge at the wood called Morfe, on the opposite
bank of the Severn) ; Brixham, Brixworth, and Brigham
(bridge town) ; Brixton, A.S. Brixges-stan (the bridge stone) ;
Cambridge, Cel. Caer-Grant (the fort and bridge on the R.
Granta, now the Cam) ; Tunbridge (over the R. Tun or
Ton), a branch of the Medway ; Colebrook, in Bucks (the
bridge over the R. Cole) ; Oxbridge (the bridge over the
water, uisge) ; Staley-bridge (at a bridge over the R. Tame),
named after the Staveleigh, a family who resided there ;
Bridgewater, corrupt, from Burgh-Walter (the town of
Walter Douay, its founder) ; Bridgend and Brigham, vill
ages in different parts of Scotland ; Brora (bridge river),
in Sutherlandshire, named when bridges were rarities ;
Trowbridge, however, did not get its name from this root,
but is a corrupt, of its ancient name, Trutha-burh (the loyal
town). \ ( a marshy place, overgrown with brushwood, cog-
BRUEL (Teut.), 1 ^^^g ^jjj^ jj^g French breuil and brttyere (a
brUhl, I thicket), the Welsh pryskle, and the Breton
briigek; e.g. Bruel, Bruhl, and Priel, in Germany ; Bruyferes,

32 BRUNN—BRYN

Broglie, and Brouilly (the thicket), in France ; also Breuil,
Bruel, Breuillet, Le Brulet, etc., with the same meaning, or
sometimes a park. St. Denis du Behellan, in Eure, was
formerly Bruel lant, i.e. the breuil or park of Herland.
._ , (a well, especially a mineral well ; e.s.
BRUNN, BRUNNEN (Ger.), I „ .,, ' ^,, , ' ,,, _ , •*
' ,„ j\ \ Heilbroun (holyweU); Frau-brunnen,
*¦ ¦'' ( Lat. Fons-beata-Virginis (the weU of
Our Lady) ; Brunn-am-Gebirge (the weU at the hill-ridge) ;
Haupt-brun (well-head); Lauter -brunnen (clear weU) ;
Salz-brunn, Warm-brunn, Schoen-brunn, Kaltenbrunn (the
salt, hot, beautiful, cold, mineral wells) ; Baldersbrunnen,
Baldersbrond (the well of the Teutonic god Balder) ;
Cobern, corrupt, from Cob9~ujtnen (the cow's well) ; Paderbom
(the well or source of the R. Pader), in Germany. In the
north of France, and in the departments bordering on
Germany, we find traces of this German word ; e.g.
Mittel-broun (middle well) ; Walsch-broun (foreign well) ;
BeUe-brune (beautiful well) ; Stein -brunn (stony well),
etc.
BRYN (Cym.-Cel.), a hUl - ridge ; bron (a round hiU) ; e.g. Brin-
croes, Brin-eglw^s, Bron-Uys (the cross, church, palace, on
the hill) ; Bryn-gwynn (fair hill) ; Brynn-uchil (high hiU) ;
Bron-Fraidd (St. Bridget's hill) ; Brown -^^'illy, in Corn
wall, corrupt, from Bryji-huel (the tin mine ridge) ; Brindon-
hill, in Somerset (merely the hill), with synonymous word
dun added to Bryn ; and Brandon, in Suffolk, with the
same meaning; Bryn-mawr (the great hill), in Wales;
Bron-gwyn (white hill) ; Bryn-y-cloddian (the hill of fences,
clawd), so called from its strong fortifications ; Bryn-
Barlwm (the bare-topped mountain) ; Bryn-Gw^ddon (the
hiU of Gwyddon, a mythological philosopher) ; Brjm-kinallt
(a mountain without trees) ; Bi-)'n-berian (the kite's hiU, beri,
a kite) ; Bryn-bo, with the same meaning, boda in ^^'ales ;
Bryn-chwarew (the hill of sports) ; here the ancient inhabit
ants of Wales used to meet to play different games in
competition ; Brienne-la-ch4teau (the castle on the hill), in
France ; Brientz, in Switzeriand, on the Brienz See (a lake
surrounded by hills) ; Brendenkopf (hiU-head), and the
Brennen Alps, the culminating points in the mountains of
Tyrol.

BUCHE—BUHIL 33

BUCHE (Ger.),
BOC (A.S.),
BOG (Scand.),
BUK (Sclav.),

BUDA, BUS (Sclav.),
BWTH, BOTH (Gadhelic),
BOD (Cym.-Cel.),
BUDE (Ger.),
BOTHY (Scotch),
BOT (Brez.),

the beech-tree ; e.g. Buch-au, Buch-berg, Buch-
egg (the meadow, hill, corner of the beeches) ;
¦\ Buchholtz and Bochholt (beech-wood) ; Bockum,
Bucheim (beech-dwelling) ; Butchowitz (the place
of beeches), in Moravia ; Bochnia and Bucho-
wina (with the same meaning), in Poland ; Bickleigh
(beech-meadow). But Booking in Essex, and the county of
Buckingham, as well as Bouquinheim in Artois, and Boch-
ingen in Wurtemberg, were named from the Bocingas (a
tribe), probably the dwellers among beeches.
a hut or dwelling ; e.g. Budin, Budzin,
Bautzen, or Budissen (the huts) ;
Budweis (the district of hut villages),
¦ in Bohemia ; Budzow, Botzen (the
place of huts) ; Briebus (birch-tree
dwelling) ; Trebus and Triebus (the
three dwellings) ; Putbus (under the
hut) ; Dobberbus (good dwelling, dobry, good) ; but Buda,
in Hungary, took its name from Buda, the brother of Attila,
as well as Bud-var and Bud-falva (Buda's fort and viUage).
The island of Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, is said to have
derived its name from the bwth or cell of St. Brandon, but
its earlier name was Rothsay, from a descendant of Simon
Brek {i.e. Rother's Isle), while its Gaelic name is Baile-
Mhoide (the dwelling of the court of justice) ; Bothwell,
ane Both-uill (the dwelling on the angle of the R. Clyde).
In Ireland we meet with Shanboe, Shanbogh (the old hut,
sean) ; Raphae, in Donegal, is Ratli-both (the fort of the
huts) ; Bodoney, in Tyrone, is Both-domhnaigh (the tent of
the church) ; Knockboha (the hill of the hut) ; Bodmin,
in Cornwall, ane Bod7nanna, p. 27 (the abode of monks,
the site of an ancient priory) ; Merfod, corrupt, from
Meudwy-bod (the dwelling of a hermit) ; Bodysg^Uen (the
abode ofthe t^vitXt, ysgallen) ; and Bod-Ederyryn (Edryn's
dwelling). In Lancashire the word takes the form of booth,
as in Barrowford booth and Oakenhead booth, etc.
BiJHlL, BUCKEL (Ger.), a hiU; e.g. DombiihU (the dwelling 'on
the hill) ; Griinbiihill (green hiU) ; Eichenbiihil (oak hiU) ;
Birchenbiihil (birch hill) ; Holzbiihil (wood hill) ; Dinkels-
biihil (wheat hill) ; Kleinbuhil (little hill).

34 BUHNE— BURG

BURG, BURGH (Teut.),
BOROUGH, BURY,
BORG (Scand.),
BOURG (Fr.),
BORGO (It. and Span.);

BUHNE, BOHEN (Ger.), a scaffold, sometimes in topography a
hill ; e.g. Hartbohen (wood hill) ; Biindorf (hill village) ;
Osterbeuna (east hill).
BUN (Gadhelic), the foot, in topography applied to the mouth of
a river ; e.g. Bunduff (at the mouth of the dark river,
dubh) ; Bunderan and Bunratty, the mouth of the R,
Dowran and Ratty ; Bunowen (at the mouth of the water).
The town of Banff is a corrupt, of Bunaimh (the mouth of
the river) ; Bunawe (at the opening of Loch Awe) ; Buness
(of the cascade, cas). a town or city, literally an enclosed and
fortified dwelling, from bergen, Teut
to cover or protect. As these fortified
places were often erected on heights for
security, as well as to enable their in
mates to observe the approaches of an
enemy, the word berg (a hill) was frequently used synony
mously with burg, as in the name of Konigsberg and other
towns — V. BERG. Burgh and borough are the Anglican
forms of the word in England and Scotland, while bury
is distinctively the Saxon form ; e.g. Sudbury (south town),
as also Sidbury ih Salop, but Sidbury in Devon takes its
name from the R. Sid. Tewkesbury, from Theoc (a certain
hermit) ; Glastonbury, ane Glastonia (a district alsounding
in woad, glastum) ; Shaftsbury (the town on the shaft-like
hill) ; Shrewsbury, ane. Shrobbesbyrig (the fortress among
shrubs), being the Saxon rendering of the native name
Pengwerne (the hill of the alder grove), which the Normans
corrupted into Sloppesbury, hence Salop j Tenbury, on the
R. Teme ; Canterbury, i.e. Caitt-wara-byrig (the town of
the dwellers on the headland), Cantiuin or Kent ; Wans-
borough, in Herts ; Wanborough, in Surrey and Wilts ;
Woodensborough, in Kent ; Wednesbury, Stafford ; A\'em-
bury, Devon (the town of the Saxon god ^^'oden) ; Aide-
borough, on the R. Aide ; Marlborough, ane Merlberga,
situated at the foot of a hill of white stones, which our
forefathers called marl, now chalks Richborough, ane.
Ru-tupium (rock town) ; Aylesbury, perhaps church town,
ecclesia, or from a person's name ; Badbury (the city of
pledges, bad), in Dorset ; the Saxon kings, it is said, kept

BURG 35
their hostages at this place ; Malmesbury, the town of
Maidulf, a hermit ; Maryborough, named for Queen
Mary. Burg or burgh, in the names of towns, is often
affixed to the name of the river on which it stands in
Britain, as well as on the Continent ; e.g. Lauterburg,
Lutterburg, Schwartzburg, Salzburg, Saalburg, Gottenburg,
Rotenburg, and Jedburgh (on the rivers Lauter, Lutter,
Schwarza, Salza, Saale, Gotha, Rothbach, and Jed). Still
more frequently, the prefix is the name of the founder
of the town, or of a saint to whom its church was dedi
cated ; e.g. Edinburgh (Edwin's town) ; Lauenburg, after
Henry the Lion ; Fraserburgh, in Aberdeenshire, founded
by Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth in 1 570 ; Peterborough,
from an abbey dedicated to St. Peter ; Petersburgh,
named by its founder, Peter the Great ; Tasborough,
Norfolk, on the R. Thais ; Banbury, ane. Berinburig
(Bera's town) ; Queenborough, in the Isle of Sheppey, named
by Edward III. in honour of his queen; Helensburgh, in
Dumbartonshire, after the lady of Sir James Colquhoun ;
Pittsburg, U.S., after Mr. Pitt ; Harrisburg, U.S., after
the first settler in 1733 ; Sumburgh, in Shetland, and
Svendborg, Sweden (Sweyn's fortress) ; Oranienburg, in
Brandenburg (the fortress of the Orange family) ; Bury St.
Edmund's (in memory of Edmund the Martyr) ; Rabens-
burg (the fort of Hrafn, a Dane) ; Marienburg (the town
ofthe Virgin), founded by the Grand Master of the Teu
tonic order in 1274 ; Rothenburg, in Prussia, ^Q\.^.v.Rostar-
zewo (the town of the Sclav, god Razi) ; Duisburg, corrupt.
from Tuiscoburgum (the town of the Teut. god Tuesco) ;
Flesburg, in Sleswick, founded by the knight of Flenes ;
Cherbourg, supposed to be Caesar's town ; Augsburg (the
town of the Emperor Augustus) ; Salisbury, ane Seares-
byrgg (the town of Sarum, a chief) ; Bamborough (the
town of Bebba, the Queen of Ida, of Northurrtberland) ;
Carrisbrook, corrupt, from Gwihtgarabyrig (the fortress of
the men of Wight) ; Amherstburg, in Canada, named in
1780 after Lord Amherst; Loughborough, ane Leirburg
(the town on the R. Leir, now the Soar) ; Hapsburg or
Habichtsburg (hawk's fortress) ; Schassburg, Hung. Segevar
(treasure fort) ; Luneburg, in Hanover (the fort of the

36 BURNE — BWLCH

Linones, a tribe) ; Aalburg (Eel-town) on the Lyme-fiord.
There are several towns in Germany named simply Burg
(the fortress), also Burgos in Spain, and Burgo in Italy.
As a derivative from this Teut. root, there is the Irish form
of the word, introduced by the Anglo-Normans — buirghes,
Anglicised borris and burris, as in Borris in Ossor}', Burris-
carra, Burrishoole {i.e. the forts erected in the territories
of Ossory, Carra, and Umhal) ; Borrisokane (O'Keane's
fortress).
BURNE (AS) ( ^ ^™^^' stream ; e.g. Milbum (miU stream) ;
_.._ ,r^ ,'/' ,. ^ I Lamboume (muddy stream, lam.) ; Rad-
\ bourne and Redboume (reedy strearh) ;
Sherbourne (clear stream, or the dividing stream) ; Cran-
bourne, Otterbourne (the stream firequented by cranes and
otters) ; Libourne, in France (the lip or edge of the stream) ;
Bourne, in Lancashire (on a stream) ; Bumham (the dwell
ing on a stream), in Essex ; Melburne, in Yorkshire, in
Doomsday Middelburn (middle stream) ; Auburn, for
merly a viUage in Yorkshire, called Elebum or Eelbum ;
Bannockburn (the stream of the white knoU) ; Sitting-
bourne, in Kent (the settlement on the stream) ; East
bourne, contracted from its former name Easboume (prob
ably the stream of the water or the cascade, cas) ; Tiche-
burne (the kid's stream, ticcen, A.S. a kid).
a bushy place or grove ;

BUSCH, BOSCH (Ger.),
BOSC (A.S.), Low Lat. Boscus,
BUISSON (Fr.), BOIS, .j
BOSCO, BOSQUE (Span, and Port),
BOD or BAD (Celtic),

e.g. Boscabel (the beautiful
grove) ; Bushey (a par. Co.
H ertford) ; Buscot (the hut in
the grove); Badenoch (a place
o^•ergrown with bushes), in
Inverness ; Breitenbusch (the broad gro^e) ; Hesel-bosclien
(hazel grove) ; Eichbusch (oak grove) ; Ooden-bosch (old
grove), in Holland ; Auberbosc (Albert's grove), in France ;
SteUenbosch, in S. Africa, founded in 1670 by Van der
Stelle, the governor of the Dutch colony ; Biesbosch (the
reedy thicket), in Holland ; Aubusson (at the grove), France.
Boissac, Boissay, Boissiere, Boissey, etc, in France, from
the same root ; Bois-le-Duc (the duke's wood) ; Briquebosq
(birch-wood), in Normandy.
BWLCH (Welsh), a pass or defile ; e.g. Dwygyflch {i.e. the joint

B YSTRI-CAEL C 37

passes), in Wales ; Bwlch-newydd (the new pass) ; Bwlch-
y-groes (of the cross).
BYSTRI (Sclav.), swift ; e.g. Bistritza, Bistrica, Weistritz (the swift
stream) ; Bistritz (the town on this river), called by the
Germans Neusohl (new station).
/(Scand.), a dwelling, a town — from biga (Norse),
' ' j to build. This word occurs frequently in town
BIGGEN-BO ^ ^^^g^ j^ ^jjg j^ g_ ^j. England and in some
RO^TJF 1 Fr I J
^ ¦•'' V^ parts of Scotland formerly possessed by the
Danes or Normans ; e.g. Derby, i.e. Dearaby (deer town),
formerly caUed North Worthige (the northern enclosure) ;
its Celtic name was Dtirgwent (the white water), from its
river; Whitby (white town), A.S. Streones-heal (treasure-
hall, streone) ; Selby (holy town) ; Danby (Dane's dwelling) ;
Rugby, ane Rochberie (the dwelling on the rock, in reference
to its castle) ; Appleby (the town of apple-trees) ; Sonderby
(southern town) ; Ormsby, Lockerby, Thursby, Grimsby,
Lewersby (the dweUings of Ormv, Loki, Ulf, Grimm,
Leward) ; Risby (beech-tree dweUing) ; Canisby, in Caith
ness, and Canoby or Cannonbie, Dumfries (the dweUing
of the canon), or perhaps Canisby is Canute's dwelling ;
Haconby (of Haco) ; Harrdwby, in Doomsday, is Herigerby
(the town of the legion), A.S. herige; Kirby, Moorby, Ashby
(church town, moor town, ash-tree town) ; Ashby-de-la-
Zouch was simply Ascebi or Esseby, perhaps the town of
the Asci, a tribe. It received the addition to its name
from the family of the Zouches, its proprietors. In France :
Dauboeuf, for Dalby (vale dwelling) ; Elboeuf (old dwelling) ;
Quitteboeuf( white dweUing); Quilleboeuf(weUtown) ; Linde-
boeuf (lime-tree town) ; Karlby-gamba and Karlby-ny (old
and new Charles' town), in Finland ; Criquebceuf (crooked
town).

CAE, KAE (Cym.-Cel.), an enclosure; e.g. Ca-wood (wood-enclosure) ;
Cayton (wood town or hill). This root is frequently used
in Welsh names.
CAELC, or CEALC (A.S.), chalk or Ume— cognate with the Lat. calx,
Cel. cailc, sialcj e.g. Challock, Chaldon, Chalfield (chalk

38 CAER
place, hill, and field) ; Chalgrove (the chalk entrenchment,
grab) ; the Chiltern Hills (the hills in the chalky district,
ern) ; Cheekier, corrupt, from CalchaT^ce (the lime kilns), in
Belgium ; Kelso, ane. Calchou (the chalk heugh or height),
so called from a calcareous cliff at the confluence of the
Tweed and Teviot, now broken down.
CAER, CADAER (Welsh), ( ^\ ^"'=1°^^ fortification, a castle,
CATHAIR, CAHER (Gadhelic), \ ^ '°"'"; ^""^ '" ^''^'^'^ ,^ ^''^'^"'^
KAER, KER (Breton), | f "«/°>:t ' 'S- Caer-leon ane
^ '' \Isca-legionem (the fort of the
legion), on the R. Usk;i Caerwent, in Monmouth, ane.
Venta-silurum (the fortress in the province of Gwent) ;
Caerwys (of the assizes, gwys, a summons) ; Caermarthen,
ane Maridunum (the fort on the sea-shore) ; Caernarvon,
Welsh Caer-yn-ar-Fon (the fortress opposite to Mona);
Cardigan (the fortress of Caredig, a chieftain) — Cardigan
is called by the Welsh Aberteifi (the mouth of the R
Teify) ; Cardiff, on the R. Taff ; Carriden, ane Caer-aiden
or eden (the fort on the wing), in Linlithgow ; Caerphilly
(the fort of the trench, vallum), cormpt into philly;
Cader-Idris (the seat of Idris, an astronomer); Caer-
gyfifin (the border fortress) ; Grongar, corrupt from Caer-
gron (the circular fortress) ; Ca.ex-he?i or hun, corrupt
from Caer-Rhun, named from a Welsh prince ; Carlisle,
ane Caergwawl (the fort at the trench) ; its Latin name
was Luguvallum (the trench of the legion). It was
destroyed by the Danes in 675, and rebuilt by William
II. In Mid -Lothian, Cramond, i.e. Caer-Almofid, on the
R. Almond ; Cathcart, on the R. Cart, Renfi-ew ; Crail,
ane Carraile (the fort on the comer, aile), in the S.E.
angle of Fife ; Caeriaverock (the fort of Lewarch Ogg),
founded in the sixth century ; Sanquhar, i.e. Scan-catludr
(old fort) ; Carmunnock or Cannannoc (the fort of the
monks) ; Kirkintilloch, corrupt from Caer-pen-tulach (the
fort at the head of the hill) ; Cardross (the promontory
fort); Kier, in Scotland, for Caer or Cathair s Carew
(the fortresses), a castle in \\'ales ; Carhaix, in Brittany,
i.e. Ker-Aes (the fortress on the R. Aes — now the
Hiferes). In Ireland : Caher (the fortress) ; Cahereen
^ Caer-afon (the fortress on the water) w.is its ancient name.

CALA — CAM 39

(little fortress) ; Cahergal (white fort) ; Cahersiveen,
2.1?. Cathair -saidbhin (Sabina's fort) ; Carlingford, Irish
Caer-linn, fiord being added by the Danes ; its full
name is, therefore, the ford of Caer-linn. It was also
called Suamh-ech (the swimming ford of the horses) ;
Derry-na-Caheragh (the oak grove of the fort); Caer-
gwrle (the fortress of the great legion), i.e. Caer-gawr-
lleon, with reference to the twentieth Roman legion sta
tioned at Chester, or Caer-gwr-le (the boundary-place in
Flintshire).
CALA (Span.), a creek or bay — probably derived from Scala (It.),
a seaport, Cel. cala (a harbour), and cognate with the
Teut. killej e.g. Callao, in S. America ; Cale, the ancient
name of Oporto, and probably Calais; Scala (a seaport), in
Italy ; Scala-nova (new port), in Turkey ; Kiel, in Sleswick,
so called from its fine bay.
, . i bald or bare — synonymous with the
1^ \ , (T) t ^ \ ^^*' ^"¦^'^'^^^ and the Fr. chauve; e.g.
^ ¦" ^ ( Caumont and Chaumont (bald hill),
in France ; Kahlenberg, ane. Mons Calvus (bald hill),
belonging to a branch of the Alps called Kahlen Ge
birge.
,_ ,, .. , /crooked; e.g. Rivers Cam, Camon, Camil,
(r r \\ J Cambad, Camlin, Cambeck (crooked stream) ;
v 1 Kembach, a parish in Fife, so called from the
' • ' V R. Kem or Kame ; Cambusmore (the great
creek in Sutherland) ; Cambuscarrig, in Ross, near which
a Danish prince (Careg) was buried ; Cambuskenneth (the
creek of Kenneth, one of the kings of Scotland) ; Camelon
(on the bend of the water), near Falkirk ; Cambuslang (the
church or enclosure, lann, on the bending water), in Lanark ;
Cambus, in Clackmannan ; Cambusnethan (on the bend of
the R. Nethan) ; Campsie, ane Kamsi (the curved water) ;
but Camus, a town in Forfarshire, is not from this root, but
in memory of a Danish general who was slain in battle
near the place ; Camlyn (the crooked pool), in Anglesea ;
Cambray or Cambrai, in France, ane Camaracum (on a
bend of the Scheldt) ; Chambery, in Savoy, ane Camber-
iacum, with the same meaning ; Morecambe Bay (the bend
of the sea).

40

CAMPUS— CAPER

CAMPUS (Lat.),
CAMPO (It., Span., and Port.)
CHAMP (Fr.),
KAMPF (Ger.),

a field or plain ; e.g. Campania,
Campagna, Champagne (the
{ plain or level land) ; Fdchamp,
Lat. Campus-fiscii (the field
of tribute) ; Chamouni, Lat.
Campus-munitus (the fortified field) ; Kempen (at the field) ;
Kempten, Lat. Campodunum (the field of the fortress) ;
Campvere (the ferry leading to Campen), in Holland ;
Campo-beUo, Campo-chiaro, Campo-hermoso (beautiful or
fair field) ; Campo-felici (happy or fortunate field) ; Campo-
frio (cold field) ; Campo-freddo (cold field) ; Campo-largo
(broad field) ; Campillo (little field) ; the Campos (vast
plains), in Brazil ; Capua, supposed to be synonymous with
Campus.
CANNA (Lat. and Grk.), a reed; e.g. Cannae, in Italy; Cannes,
in the south of France ; Canneto and Canosa (the reedy
place), in Italy.
,„,,.., j^ a sound or strait ; e.g. Caol-Isla, Caol-
CAOL (Gadbelic), ) Muileach (the Straits of Isla and MuU) ; the
( Kyles or Straits of Bute ; Eddarachylis
(between the straits), in Sutherlandshire. As an adjective,
this word means narrow ; e.g. Glenkeel (narrow glen) ;
Darykeel (narrow oak grove).
a chapel, derived from the Low Lat. capella;
e.g. How-capel (the chapel in the hoUow),
in Hereford ; Capel-Ddewi (St David's
chapel) ; Capel St. Mary and Maria-Kappel (St Mary's
chapel) ; Capel-Garmon (St. Germano's chapel) ; Chapelle-
au-bois (the chapel in the wood) ; CapeUe-op-den-Yssel
(the chapel on the R. Vessel), in Holland ; Kreuzcappel
(the chapel with the cross).
CAPER (Lat), CHfeVRE (Fr.), fa goat; e.g. Capri, Cap-
CAPRA, CABRA (Span., Port, and It),
GABHAR, and GOBHAR (Gadhelic),
GAFR, or GAVAR (Cym.-Cel.),

CAEL,

CAPEL (Cel.),
KAPELLE (Get),

rera, Cabrera (goat island);
• Chevreuse, ane Capriosa
(the place of goats) ;
Chevrj', Chevrifere, Chevre-
ville, with the same meaning, in France ; Gateshead, in
Co. Durham, Lat. Caprs-caput, perhaps the Latin rendering
of the Saxon word (the head of the gat or passage) — the

CAR— CARN 41

Pons ALlius of the Romans ; or, according to another mean
ing, from the custom of erecting the head of some animal
on a post as a tribal emblem. In Ireland, Glengower (the
glen ofthe goats), and Glengower, in Scotland ; Ballynagore
(goat's town), in Ireland ; Gowrie and Gower, in several
counties of Scotland ; Ardgower (goat's height) ; Carnan-.
gour (the goat's crag).
CAR (Cel.), crooked or bending ; e.g. the Rivers Carron, in several
parts of Scotland ; Charente and Charenton, in France ;
also the Cher, ane Cams (the winding river).
,_ ,, ,. , f aheap of stones thrown
CARN, CAIRN (Gadhelic), ^
CARN (Welsh),
CARNEDD, a heap of stones, such as was
erected by the ancient Britons over the
graves of their great men; e.g. Carn- , jn Brittany Carnmore
Ingli (the caim of the EngUsh) ; Carn- ' , ^ • 's r- „.-i
rx,,, • r, -v Ti (great cairn) ; Carnock
Twrne (the cairn of the turnings). It ^° '
was named from a stupendous monu
ment which stood on three - pillars,
within a circuit of upright stones.

together in a conical
form, also a rocky
mount ; e.g. Carnac
(abounding in cairns),

(the hill of the cairn) ;
Carntoul, Gael. Carn-
t-sabhal (the cairn of
the barn) ; Camtaggart
(of the priest) ; Camrigh (of the king) ; Cairndow, Cairn-
glass, Cairngorm (the black, the gray, the blue moun
tains) ; Caiman and Cairnie (little cairn) ; Carnwath (the
caim at the ford) ; Carnoustie (the cairn of heroes) ;
Cambee (the birch caim), in Scotland. In Ireland : Carn-
tochar (the hill of the causeway) ; Carn-Tierno (Tiger-
nach's cairn) ; Carnbane (white cairn) ; Carnsore Point,
in Irish being simply the carn or monumental heap,
ore (a promontory) having been added by the Danes ;
Camteel, Irish Carn-t-Siadhal (Shiel's monument). In
Wales : Cam-Dafydd (David's cairn) ; Carn-Llewelyn
(Llewelyn's cairn) ; Carnfach (little cairn), in Monmouth ;
Fettercairn, perhaps the deer's cairn, Gael, feidh (deers) ;
Chirnside (the side or site of the cairn), on one of
the Lammermuir Hills ; Carnoch (abounding in cairns),
a parish in Fife ; Boharm, in Banffshire, ane Bocharin
(the bow about the caim). The countries of Carniola
and Carinthia probably derived their names from this
Celtic root.

42 CARRAIG — CASTEL
CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), ( ^ '^°*;, ^he words are usually
CRAG, or CARREG (Welsh), \ ^PPl'^'^ *° large natural rocks,
„.„„.„ ,n • i_s ) more or less elevated. Car-
CARRAG (Cornish), I . , -, r- - ,
^ ' \ric&. and Camg are the names
of numerous districts in Ireland, as well as Carrick in
Ayrshire ; Carrigafoyle (the rock of the hole, phoill), in the
Shannon ; Carrickaness (of the waterfall) ; Ballynacarrick
(the town of the rocks) ; Carrigallen, Irish Carraig-aluinn
(the beautiful rock) ; Carrickanoran (the rock of the spring,
uaran) ; Carrickfergus (Fergus's rock), where one Fergus
was drowned ; Carrick-on-Suir (on the R. Suir) ; Carriga-
howly, Irish Carraig-an-chobhlaigh (the rock of the fleet) ;
Carrickduff (black rock) ; Carrigeen and Cargan (Httle
rock) ; Carragh (rocky ground) ; but Carrick-on-Shannon
is not derived from this root — its ancient name was Caradh-
droma-ruise (the weir of the marsh ridge) ; Cerrig-y-Druidion
(the rock of the Druids), in Wales.
CARSE, a term applied in Scotland to low grounds on the banks
of rivers ; e.g. the Carse of Gowrie, Falkirk, Stirling, ete
CASA (It. and bas Lat.), a house; e.g. Casa-Nova and Casa-
Vecchia (new and old house), in Corsica ; Casal, Les
Casals, Chaise, Les Chaises (the house and the houses), in
France ; Chassepiare (corrupt from Casa-petrea (stone
house), in Belgium.
CASTEL, CHATEAU, ( words in the Romance languages de-
CASTELLO, CASTILLO, } "''^'^ ^""^ *^ ^^^ costellum (a castle).
CASTELL (Cym.-Cel.), \Caiseal, m the Irish language, either
V cognate with the Lat. word or derived
from it, has the same meaning, and is commonly met with
in that country under the form of Cashelj e.g. Cashel, in
Tipperary ; Cashelfean and Cashelnavean (the fort of the
Fenians) ; Caislean-n'h-Oghmaighe, now Omagh (the castle
of the beautiful field). It is often changed into the English
castle, as in Ballycastle, in Mayo (the town of the fort) ;
but Ballycastle, in Antrim, was named from a modem
castle, not from a caiseal or fort ; Castle-Dargan (of Lough
Dargan) ; Castlebar, Irish Caislea>i-an-B/uxrraigh (the fort
of the Barrys) ; Castle-Dillon, Castle-Dermot, and Castle-
Kieran were renamed from castles erected near the her
mitages of the monks whose names they bear. Castel,

CASTEL — CASTER 43

Lat. Castellum (the capital of the Electorate of Hesse-
Cassel) ; Castel Rodrigo (Roderick's castle), in Portugal ;
Castel- Lamare (by the sea-shore) ; Castel-bianco (white
castle) ; Castel del piano (of the plain) ; Castiglione (little
castle), in Italy. In France : Castelnau (new castle) ;
Castelnaudary, ane Castrum-novum-Arianiorum (the new
castle of the Arians, i.e. the Goths) ; Chateaubriant, i.e.
Chateau-du-Bryn (the king's castle) ; Chateau-Chinon (the
castle decorated with dogs' heads); Chateau- Gontier
(Gontier's castle) ; Chateaulin (the castle on the pool) ;
Chateau-vilain (ugly castle) ; Chateau-roux, ane Castrum-
Rodolphi (Rodolph's castle) ; Chatelandrew (the castle of
Andrew of Brittany) ; Chateaumeillant, ane Castrum-Medio-
lanum (the castle in the middle of the plain or land, lann) ;
Neufchatel (new castle) ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne, named
from a castle built by Robert, Duke of Normandy, on the
site of Monkchester ; Newcastle-under-Line, i.e. under the
lyme or boundary of the palatinate of Chester, having its
origin in a fortress erected by Edmund, Earl of Lancaster,
instead of the old fort of Chesterton ; Castleton, in Man, is
the translation of Ballycashel (castle dwelling), founded by
one of the kings of the island ; Bewcastle (the castle of
Buith, lord of Gilsland) ; Old and New Castile, in Spain,
so named from the numerous fortresses erected by
Alphonso I. as defences against the Moors. Cassel, in
Prussia, and various places with this prefix in England and
Scotland, owe the names to ancient castles around which the
towns or villages arose, as Castletown of Braemar, Castle-
Douglas, Castle -Rising, etc.; Castlecary, in Stirlingshire,
supposed to be the Coria Datnnorum of Ptolemy, and the
Caer-cere of Nennius ; Barnard Castle, built by Barnard,
the grandfather of Baliol ; Castell-Llechryd (the castle at
the stone ford), on the banks of the R. Wye,»in Wales;
Cestyll-Cynfar (castles in the air).
i a fortress, city, town, from the Lat. castrum
CASTER, CHESTER, I , r _^. r- j , \ j , , \
rFAQTF^ /• A S \ ^ (a fortified place), and castra (a camp) ; e.g.
CEAbiEK ^A.s.), y Caistor, Castor, Chester (the site of a
Roman fort or camp). The Welsh still called the city of
Chester Caerleon, which means the city called Legio, often
used as a proper name for a city where a Roman legion

44 CASTER — CA VAN
was stationed ; Doncaster, Lancaster, Brancaster, lUchester,
Leicester, Colchester {i.e. the camps on the Rivers Don,
Lune, Bran, Ivel, Legre or Leir, Colne) ; Alcester, on the
Alne ; Chichester (the fortress of Cissa, the Saxon prince
of the province) ; Cirencester, ane Corinium-ceaster (the
camp on the R. Churn) ; Exeter, Cel. Caer-Isc (the fortress
on the river or water, wysk) ; Towcester, on the R. Towey ;
Gloucester, Cel. Caer-glow (the bright fortress) ; Godman-
chester (the fort of the priest), where Gothrun, the Dane, in
the reign of Alfred, embraced Christianity ; Chesterfield ¦
and Chester-Ie-Street (the camp in the field and the camp
on the Roman road, stratum) ; Winchester, Cel. Caer-
gwent (the camp on the fair plain), p. 38 ; Dorchester
(the camp of the Durotriges (dweUers by the water) ; Wor
cester, Hwicwara-ceaster (the camp of the Huiccii) ; Sil-
chester, Cel. Caer-Segont (the fort of the Segontii) ; Man
chester, probably the camp at Mancenion (the place of
tents), its ancient name ; Rochester, Cel. Durobrivae (the ford
of the water), A.S. Hrofceaster, probably fi-om a proper name ;
Bicester (the fort of Biren, a bishop) ; Alphen, in HoUand,
ane Albanium-castra (the camp of Albanius) ; Aubagne, in
Provence, ane Casirum-de-Alpibus (the fortress of the
Alps) ; Champtoceaux, Lat. Castrum-celsum (lofty fortress) ;
St. Chamond, Lat. Castrum-Anemundi (the fortress of
Ennemond) ; Chains, Lat. Castrum-Lucius (the fortress by
Lucius Capriolus, in the reign of Augustus) ; Passau, in
Bavaria, Lat. i?a/aw2'a-Caj-/nj(theBatavians' camp), corrupted
first to Paiavium and then to Passau ; La Chartre, Chartre,
and Chartres (the place of the camps), in France ; Chartre-
sur-Loire, Lat. Carcer-Castellum (the castle prison or strong
hold) ; Castril, Castrillo (little fortress) ; Castro-Jeriz
(Csesar's camp) ; Ojacastro (the camp on the R. Oja), in
Spain. a hollow place, cognate with the Lat.
cavea or caz'iisj e.g. Cavan (the
hollow), the cap. of Co. Cavan, and
many other places from this root in
^ Ireland. Cavan, however, in some
parts of Ireland, signifies a round hill, as in Cavanacaw (the
round hill of the chaff, catha) ; Ca\-anagh (the hilly place) ;

CAVAN, CABHAN (Irish),
CAVA, LA (It.),
CUEVA (Span.), a cave,
COFA (A.S.), a cove.

CEALD — CEANN 45

Cavanalick (the hill of the flagstone) ; Covehithe, in Suffolk
(the harbour of the recess) ; Runcorn, in Cheshire, i.e.
Rum-cofan (the wide cove or inlet) ; Cowes (the coves), in
the Isle of Wight ; La Cava, in Naples ; Cuevas-de-Vera
(the caves of Vera) ; Cuevas-del-Valle (of the valley), in
Spain. . „ . /cold ; e.g. Caldicott, Calthorpe, Calthwaite (cold
tc ' \ J dwelling) ; Koudhuizon, Koudaim, with the
^ "-'' \ same meaning ; Caldbeck, Kalbach, Kallenbach
KOUD (Dut.), I^^^^j^ stream); Kaltenherberg (cold shelter);
Calvorde (cold ford) ; Kaltenkirchen (cold church) ; Colwell
(cold well).
CEANN (Gadhelic), a head, a point or promontory — in topography
kin or ken; e.g. Kinnaird's Head (the point of the high
headland) ; Kintyre or Cantire (the head of the land, tir) ;
Kenmore (the great point), at the head of Loch Tay ;
Kinloch (the head of the lake) ; Kincraigie (of the little
rock) ; Kinkell (the head church, cill) ; Kendrochet (bridge
end) ; Kinaldie and Kinalty (the head of the dark stream,
allt-dubh) ; Kingussie (the head of the fir- wood, guith-saith) ;
Kinnaird (the high headland), the name of a parish in Fife
and a viUage in Stirling. Kinross may mean the point
{ros) at the head of Loch Leven, with reference to the town
or with reference to the county, which in early times formed
part of the large district caUed the Kingdom of Fife,
anciently called Ross; and in this sense it may mean either
the head of the promontory or of the wood, both of which
are in Celtic ros. The ancient name of Fife, Ross, was
changed into Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom
it was granted by Kenneth II., and in 1426 Kinross was
separated from it, or, according to Nennius, from Feb, the
son of Cruidne, ancestor of the Picts. Kintore (the head
of the hill, tor) ; Kinneil, i.e. Ceannfhail (the hfad of the
wall), i.e. of Agricola ; Kinell, Kinellar (the head of the
knoll) ; King-Edward, corrupt, from Kinedur (the head of
the water, dur) ; Kinghorn, from Ceann-cearn (comer head
land) — Wester Kinghorn is now Burntisland ; Kingarth, in
Bute, i.e. Ceann-garbh (the rough or stormy headland) ;
Kinnoul (the head of the rock, ail) ; Kintail (the head of
the flood, titil), i.e. of the two salt-water lakes in Ross-

46 CEFN — CERRIG

shire ; Boleskine (the summit of the furious cascade, boil
cas), i.e. of Foyers, in Inverness-shire ; Kinmundy, in Aber
deenshire, corrupt, from Kinmunny (the head of the moss,
moine) ; Kinglassie, in Fife, was named after St Glass or
Glasianus) ; Kenoway, Gael, ceann-nan-uamh (the head of
the den) ; Kent, Lat. Cantium (the country of the Cantii,
or dwellers at the headland). In Ireland : Kenmare in
Kerry, Kinvarra in Galway, and Kinsale in Cork, mean
the head of the sea, i.e. ceann-tnara and ceann-saile (salt
water), the highest point reached by the tide ; Kincon (the
dog's headland) ; Kinturk (of the boar) ; Slyne Head, in
Ireland, is in Irish Ceann-leime (the head of the leap), and
Loop Head is Leim-Chonchuillinn (CuchuUin's leap);
Cintra, in Portugal, may mean the head of the strand,
traigh.
CEFN (Cym.-Cel.), a ridge, cognate with the Grk. Ke<j>a.Xr], ahead;
e.g. the Cevennes, the Cheviots ; Cefn-Llys (palace ridge) ;
Cefn-bryn (hill ridge) ; Cefn-coed (wood ridge) ; Cefh-coch
(red ridge) ; Cefn-y-Fan (the hill ridge) ; Cefii-Rhestyn (the
row of ridges) ; Cefn-cyn-warchan (the watch-tower ridge) ;
Cemmaes (the ridge of the plain), in Wales ; Cefalu (on the
headland), in Sicily ; Chevin Hill, near Derby ; Chevin (a
high cliff), in Yorkshire ; Cephalonia (the island of head- ,
lands), also called Samos (lofty) ; Cynocephale (the dog's
headland), in Thessaly.
. . „ . I a ship ; e.g. Keal and Keelby, in Lincoln
/-r- i s < (ship station) ; Ceolescumb, Ceoleswyrth,
KIELLE (Teut.), ) >, f • / , T- 1 ¦ TI 1
^ V Ceolseig, and perhaps Kiel, in Denmark ;
Chelsea, i.e. Ceolesig, on the Thames.
CEORL (A.S.), a husbandman ; e.g. Charlton (the husbandman's
dwelling) ; Charlinch (the husbandman's island), formerly
insulated.
CEOSEL (A.S.), sand, gravel ; e.g. Chesil (the sand-hill), in Dorset;
Chiselhurst (the thicket at the sand-bank) ; Chiseldon (sand-
hiU) ; Chiselborough (the fort at the sand- bank); Win
chelsea, corrupt, from Gwent-ceoselev (the sand-bank on the
fair plain, gwent), or, according to another etymology,
named after Wincheling, the son of Cissa, the first king of
the South Saxons ; Chiswick (sandy bay), on the Thames.
CERRIG (Welsh), a heap of stones; e.g. Cerrig-y-Druidion (the

CHEF— CILL 47
Druids' stones) ; Cerrig-y-Pryfaed (the crag of the teachers),
probably the Druids, in Wales.
,„ , ( a place of merchandise, from
CHEP, CHEAP, CHIPPING (Teut.), . ^ , „ i f u
' ' \ A.S. ceapan, Ger. kaufen (to
KIOPING, KIOBING, ) u n A -. <-l-
' ' ( buy) ; e.g. Chepstow, Chippen
ham, Cheapside (the market-place or town) ; Chipping-
N ort on and Chipping-Sodbury (the north and south market-
town) ; Chippinghurst (the market at the wood or thicket) ;
Copenhagen, Dan. Kioben-havn (the haven for merchan
dise) ; Lidkioping (the market-place on the R. Lid) ;
Linkioping, ane Longakoptmgar (long market -town), in
Sweden ; Arroeskioebing (the market-place in the island
of Arroe) ; Nykoping, in Funen, and Nykjobing, in Falster,
Denmark (new market-place). The Copeland Islands on
the Irish coast (the islands of merchandise), probably used
as a storehouse by the Danish invaders ; Copmansthorpe
(the village of traders), in Yorkshire ; Nordkoping (north
market), in Sweden ; Kaufbeuren (market-place), in Ba
varia ; Sydenham, in Kent, formerly Cypenham (market
place).
CHLUM (Sclav.), a hiU, cognate with the Lat. ctdmen, transposed
by the Germans into kulm and sometimes into golm; e.g.
Kulm, in W. Prussia (a town on a hiU) ; Kulm, on the R.
Saale ; Chlumek, Chlumetz, Golmitz, Golmiiz (the little
hiU). ' a cell, a burying-ground, a church ; in
Celtic topography, kit or kel; e.g.
Kilbride (the cell or church of St.
Bridget), frequent in Ireland and
Scotland ; Kildonan (of St. Donan) ;
Kilkerran (of St Kieran) ; Kilpeter
(of St Peter) ; Kilcattan (of St. Chattan) ; Kilmichael, Kil
marnock, Kilmarten, Kelpatrick, Kilbrandon (the, churches
dedicated to St. Michael, St. Marnock, St. Martin, St.
Patrick, St. Brandon) ; Kilmaurs, Kilmorick, Kilmurry (St.
Mary's church) ; I Columkil or Iona (the island of Columba's
church) ; Kilwinning (St. Vimen's church) ; Kilkenny (of
St. Canice) ; Kilbeggan, in Ireland, and Kilbucho, in
Peeblesshire (the church of St. Bega) ; Kil-Fillan (of St.
FiUan) ; Killaloe, ane Cill-Dalua (the church of St. Dalua) ;

CILL (Gadhelic),
CELL (Cym.-Cel.), from
CELLA (Lat.), and-in the
Provence languages,
CELLA, CELLULE,

CILL — CITTA

Killarney, Irish Cill-airneadh (the church of the sloes) —
the ancient name of the lake was Lough Leane, from a
famous 'artificer who lived oh its shores ; Killin, i.e. Cill-
Fhinn (the burying-ground of Finn, which is stiU pointed
out) ; Kilmany (the church on the mossy ground, moine) ;
Kilmelfort, Cel. Cill-na-maol-phort (the church on the bald
haven) ; Kilmore generally means the great church, but
Kilmore, Co. Cork, is from Coillmhor (great wood), and in
many places in Ireland and Scotland it is difficult to deter
mine whether the root of the names is cill or coill; Kildare,
from Cill-dara (the cell of the oak blessed by St. Bridget) ;
Kilmun, in Argyleshire, is named from St. Munna, one of
St. Columba's companions ; Kilrush, Co. Clare (the church
of the promontory or of the wood) ; Kells (the ceUs) is the
name of several places in Ireland, and of a parish in
Dumfries ; but Kells, in Meath and Kilkenny, is a contrac
tion of the ancient name Ceann-lios (the head, lis, c^ fort) ;
Closeburn, in Dumfries, is a corrupt, of Cella- Osburni
(the cell of St. Osbum) ; Bischofzell and AppenzeU (the
church of the bishop and of the abbot) ; JNIaria-ZeU (of St.
Mary) ; Kupferzell, Jaxt-zell, Zella-am-Hallbach, Zell-am-
Harmarsbach (the churches on the rivers Kupfer, Jaxt,
Hallbach, and Harmarsbach) ; Zell-am-Moss (the church
on the moor) ; Zell-am-See (on the lake) ; Zella St Blasii
(of St. Blaise) ; Sabloncieux, in France, ane. Sabloncellis
(the cells on the sandy place) ; but in France La Selle
and Les Selles are often used instead of cella or cellules,
as in Selle-St.-Cloud for Cella-Sanct.-Clotoaldi (the church
dedicated to this saint) ; Selle-sur-Nahon, ane Cellula
(little church) ; Kilconquhar, in Fife (the church of St
Conchobar or Connor) ; Kilbernie, in Ayrshire (the church
of Berinus, a bishop) ; Kilspindie (of St. Pensadius) ; Kil-
blane and Kilcolmkill, in Kintyre (of St. Blane and St
Columba); Kilrenny(of St. Irenaeus); Kilchrenan, in Argyle
shire (the burying-place of St. Chrenan, the tutelary saint
of the parish).
cittX civita (It ) ( ^ ^''y "'^ borough, derived
CIUDAD, cidade (Sp. and Port.), ''™''\*f ^''"^''^'JS
CIOTAT (Fr ) Littadellaand Civitella (little
^ ''' ( city) ; Citt^ di Castello (cas-

CLACH 49
teUated city) ; Cittk-Vecchia (old city), in Malta ; Civita
Vecchia (old city), in Central Italy, formerly named Cen-
tutn-cellcB (the hundred apartments), from a palace of the
Emperor Trajan ; Civita-de-Penn^ (the city of the summit),
in Naples ; Cividad-della-Trinidad (the city of the Holy
Trinity) ; Ciudad-Rodrigo (Roderick's city) ; Ciudad-Real
(royal city) ; Ciudad-de-Gracias (the city of grace), in
Spain ; Ciudadella (little city), in Minorca.
CLACH, CLOCH, CLOUGH (Gadhelic), a stone ; e.g. Clach-breac
(the speckled stone); Clach-an-Oban (the stone of the
little bay) ; Clach-na-darrach (the stone of the oak grove) ;
Clachach (a stony place). The word clachan, in Scotland,
was originally applied to a circle of stones where the Pagan
rites of worship were wont to be celebrated ; and, after the
introduction of Christianity, houses and churches were
erected near these spots, and thus clachan came to mean a
hamlet ; and, at the present day, the expression used in
asking a person if he is going to church is — " Am bheil-
thu'dol do' 71 clachan ?" {i.e. "Are you going to the stones ?")
There is the Clachan of Aberfoyle in Perthshire ; and in
Blair-Athole there is a large stone called Clach n'iobairt
(the stone of sacrifice). In Skye there is Clach-na-h-Annat
(the stone of Annat, the goddess of victory) ; and those
remarkable Druidical remains, called rocking-stones, are
termed in Gaelic Clach-bhraeth (the stone of knowledge),
having been apparently used for divination. There are
others called Clach-na-greine (the stone of the sun), and
Clach-an-t-sagairt (of the priest). The village of Clack
mannan was originally Clachan-M annan, i.e. the stone circle
or hamlet of the district anciently called Mannan. In
Ireland this root-word commonly takes the form of clogh
or dough, as in Cloghbally, Cloghvally (stony dwelling) ;
Clogher (the stony land) ; Clomony (the stony shrubbery) ;
Clorusk (the stony marsh) ; Cloichin, Cloghan, Clogheen
(land full of little stones) ; but the word clochan is also
applied to stepping-stones across a river, as in Clochan-na-
bh Fomharaigh (the stepping-stones of the Fomarians, i.e.
the Giant's Causeway) ; Cloghereen (the little stony place) ;
Ballycloch and Ballenaclogh (the town of the stones) ;
Auchnacloy (the field of the stone) ; Clochfin (the white

50 CLAR—CLUAN

stone) ; Clonakilty, corrupt, from Clough-na-Kiltey (the
stone house of the O'Keelys).
CLAR, CLARAGH (Irish), a board, a plain, a flat piece of land ;
Clare is the name of several places in different counties of
Ireland, sometimes softened to Clara. County Clare is
said to have derived its name from a plank placed across
the R. Fergus, at the village of Clare. Ballyclare, Ballin-
clare (the town of the plain) ; Clarbane (white plain) ;
Clarderry (level oak grove) ; Clarchoill (level wood) ;
Clareen (little plain).
CLAWDD (Cym.-Cel.), a dyke or embankment ; e.g. Clawdd-Offa
(Offa's Dyke). '
, A c N rleofT^rvA clvf ( ^ ^'^^P '^^'^'^ °'' '¦°^^' ^^Ognate with
KLIpLtcetfufsSnif V*'^ L"*- ^''^^^ (^ =^°P^)' ^"^^•
KLIPPE (Ger. and bcand.), ^ Cleave, Clee (the cliffy ; Clifton
(the town on the cliff) ; Clifdon (cliff hill) ; Clifford (the
ford near the cUff) ; Hatcliffe and Hockcliffe (high cliff);
Cleveland (rocky land), in Yorkshire ; Cleves (the town on
the slope), Rhenish Prussia ; Radcliffe (red cliff) ; Silber-
klippen (at the silver cliff) ; Homcliff (comer cliff) ; Under-
cliff (between the cliff and the sea), in Isle of Wight;
Clitheroe (the cliff near the water), in Lancashire ; Lillies-
leaf, in Roxburghshire, a corrupt, of Lille's-cliva (the cliff of
Lilly or Lille).
CLERE (Anglo-Norman), a royal or episcopal residence, some
times a manor ; e.g. King's-clere, Co. Hants, so called
because the Saxon kings had a palace there ; Burg-dere
(where the bishops of Winchester resided), High-clere.
CLUAN, CLOON (Gadhelic), a fertile piece of land, surrounded
by a bog on one side and water on the other, hence a
meadow ; e.g. Clunie, Cluny, Clunes, Clones (the meadow
pastures). These fertile pastures, as weU as small islands,
were the favourite spots chosen by the monks in Ireland
and Scotland as places of retirement, and became event
ually the sites of monasteries and abbeys, although at first
the names of these meadows, in many instances, had no
connection with a religious institution — thus Clones, Co.
Monaghan, was Cluain-Eois (the meadow of Eos, probably
a Pagan chief), before it became a Christian settlement;
Clonard, in Meath, where the celebrated St. Finian had his

CNOC—COED

51

school, in the sixth century, was Cluain-Eraird (Erard's
meadow). In some instances Clonard may mean the high
meadow ; Clonmel (the meadow of honey) ; Clonfert (of
the grave) ; Clontarf and Clontarbh (the bull's pasture) ;
Clonbeg and Cloneen (little meadow) ; Clonkeen (beautiful
meadow) ; Cluainte and Cloonty (the meadows) ; Cloonta-
killen (the meadows of the wood) — v. Joyce's Irish Names
of Places.
CNOC (Gadhelic) ( f ''"°"' ^'"' °^ n^ound ; e.g. Knock, a hill
„„,„„ /r- n \ \ \ in Banff; Knockbrack (the spotted knoll) ;
KNWC (Cym.-Cel.), ) „ , , ' „ , j t^ , , , ,'
^ ' \ Knockbane, Knockdoo, Knockglass (the
white, black, and gray hill) ; Carnock (cairn hill) ; Knockea,
Irish Cnoc-Aedha (Hugh's hill) ; Knocklayd, Co. Antrim,
i.e. Cnoc-leithid (broad hill) ; Knockan, Knockeen (little
hill) ; Knockmoyle (bald hill) ; Knocknagaul (the hill of
the strangers) ; Knockrath (of the fort) ; Knockshanbally
(of the old town) ; Knocktaggart (of the priest) ; Knocka-
tober (of the well) ; Knockalough (of the lake) ; Knockanure
(of the yew) ; Knockaderry (of the oak-wood) ; Knockane
(little hill), Co. Kerry ; Knockandow (little black hill),
Elgin ; Knockreagh, Knockroe, Knockgorm (the gray, red,
blue hill) ; KnockacuUion (the hill of the holly) ; Knock-
ranny (ferny hill) ; Knockagh (the hilly place) ; Knock-
firinne (the hill of truth), a noted fairy hill, Co. Limerick,
which serves as a weather-glass to the people of the neigh
bouring plains ; Ballynock (the town of the hill) ; Balder
nock (the dwelling at the Druid's hill), Co. Stirling ; Knwc-y
Dinas (the hill ofthe fortress), in Cardigan.
COCH (Cym.-Cel.), red.

COED (Cym.-Cel.),
COID. This word was variously
written Coit, Coat, or Cuit-
goed. In Cornwall it is found
in Penquite. (the head of the
wood) ; Pencoed, with the
same meaning, in Wales ;
Argoed (upon the wood),
in Wales ; Goedmore (great <
wood), in Wales ; Coed-Uai

a wood ; e.g. Coed - Arthur
(Arthur's wood) ; Coedcymmer
(the wood of the confluence) ;
Catmoss and Chatfnoss (the
wood moss) ; Coitmore (great
wood) ; Selwood, ane Coitmaur
(great wood) ; Catlow (wood
hill) ; Cotswold (wood hill),
the Saxon wold having been
added to the Cel. coed. The

52

COGN— COIRE

(short wood) ; Glascoed
(green wood), in Wales ; Cal-
decot, corrupt, from Cil-y-coed
(the woody retreat), in Wales ;
Coedglasen, corrupt, from
Coed-gleision (green trees).

forms of this word in Brittany
are Koat or Koad — hence
Coetbo, Coetmen, Coetmieux,
etc. ; Llw^fd-goed (gray wood),
in Wales.

COGN (Cel.), the point of a hill between two valleys, or a tongue
of land enclosed between two watercourses ; e.g. Cogriat,
Cougny, Cognac, Le Coignd, Coigneur, Coigny, etc., in
various parts of France — v. Cocheris's Noms de Lieu, Paris.
COILL (Gadhelic), a wood — in topography it takes the forms of
kel, kil, kelly, killy, and kyle ; e.g. Kellymore, and sometimes
Kilmore (the great wood) ; Kelburn, Kelvin, Kellybum, and
Keltie (the woody stream) ; Callander, Coille-an-dar (the
oak-wood) ; Cuilty, Quilty, Kilty (the woods) ; Kilton (the
town in the wood), in Scotland. In Ireland : Kilbowie
(yellow wood) ; Kildarroch (the oak-wood) ; Kilcraig (the
wood of the rock) ; Kildinny (of the flre) — v. TEINE ;
Killiegowan (of the smith) ; Kilgour (of the goats) ; Eden-
keille (the face of the wood) ; Kylebrach (the spotted
wood) ; Kylenasagart (the priest's wood) ; Kailzie (the
woody), a parish in Peebles ; but Kyle, in Ayrshire, is not
from this root, but was named after a mythic Cymric king ;
Loughill, in Co. Limerick, corrupt, from Leamhchoill (the
elm-wood) ; BarnacuUia (the top of the wood), near Dublin ;
Culleen and Coiltean (little vvfood) ; Kilclare, ane. Coill-an-
chlair (the wood of the plain).
COIRE, or CUIRE (Gadhelic), a ravine, a hoUow, a whirlpool ; e.g.
Corrie-dow (the dark ravine) ; Corrie-garth (the field at
the ravine) ; Corrimony (the hill, monadh, at the ravine) ;
Corrielea (the gray ravine) ; Corrie (the hollow), in Dum
friesshire ; Corriebeg (the little hollow) ; Corryvrechan
whirlpool (Brecan's cauldron) ; Corgarf (the rough hoUow,
garbh) ; Corralin (the whirlpool of the cataract) — v. LIN ;
Corriebuie (yellow ravine) ; Corryuriskin (of the wild spirit) ;
but Cor, in Ireland, generally signifies a round hill, as in
Corbeagh (birch hill) ; Corglass (green hill) ; Corkeeran
(rowan-tree hill) ; Corog and Correen (little hill) ; while
Cora, or Coradh, signifies a weir across a river, as in

COL — COMBE 53

Kincora (the head of the weir) ; Kirriemuir, in Forfar,
corrupt, from Corriemor (the great hollow) ; Loch Vena-
choir, in Perthshire, is the fair hoUow or valley — v. fin,
p. 80.
COL, COLN (Lat. colonia), a. colony ; e.g. Lincoln, ane Lindum-
colonia (the colony at Lindum, the hill fort on the pool,
linne) ; Colne (the colony), in Lancashire ; Cologne, Lat.
Colonia-Agrippina (the colony), Ger. Koln. The city was
founded by the Ubii 37 B.C., and was at first called
UbioruTn-oppidum, but a colony being planted there in 50
A.D. by Agrippina, the wife of the Emperor Claudius, it
received her name.
„„,,.„ „,„, „ //- ji. V N (a confluence, often found as
COMAR, CUMAR (Gadhelic), J

CYMMER, KEMBER (Cym.-Cel.), )

Cumber or Comber ; e.g. Com
ber, Co. Down ; Cefn-coed-y-
cymmer (the wood ridge of the confluence), where two
branches of the R. Taff meet ; Cumbernauld, in Dumbar
ton, Gael. Comar-n-uilt (the meeting of streams, alt).
Cumnock, in Ayrshire, may have the same meaning, from
Cumar and oich (water), as the streams Lugar and Glas-
nock meet near the village ; Comrie, in Perthshire, at the
confluence of the streams Earn, Ruchill, and Lednock ;
Kemper and Quimper (the confluence), and Quimper-l^
or Kember-leach (the place at the confluence), in Brittany.
The words Condate and Conde, in French topography,
seem to be cognate with this Celtic root, as in Cond^ in
Normandy (at the meeting of two streams) ; Cond^, in
Belgium (at the confluence of the Scheldt and Hawe) ;
Condate-Rhedorum (the confluence of the Rhedones, a Celtic
tribe), now Rennes, in Brittany ; Coucy, ane Condiceactim
(at the confluence of the Lette and Oise) ; Congleton, Co.
Chester, was formerly Condate.
, , _ . /a hollow valley between hillS, a dingle ;
\X /- 1 ^ 1 e.g. Colcombe (the valley of the R.
CWM, KOMB (Cym.-Cel), < ^*, . ^ ^,, / r i 1V.T tT,s
CUM V Gadhelic) ) Coly) ; Cwmneath (of the Neath);
*¦ '' ( Compton (the town in the hoUow) ;
Gatcombe (the passage through the valley, gat) ; Combs,
the hollows in the Mendip hills ; Wycombe (the valley of
the Wye) ; Winchcombe (the corner valley) ; Wivelscombe
and Addiscombe, probably connected with a personal name ;

54 CONFLUENTES— CORNU
Ilfracombe (Elfric's dingle) ; Cwmrydol and Cwmdyli, in
Wales (the hollow of the Rivers Rydol and Dyli) ; Cwm-
eigian (the productive ridge) ; Cwmgilla (the hazel-wood
valley) ; Cwm-Toyddwr (the valley of two waters), near the
conf. of the Rivers Wye and Elain in Wales ; Cwm-gloyn
(the valley of the brook Gloyn) ; Cwmdu (dark valley) ;
Cwm-Barre (the valley of the R. Barre), in Wales ; Combe
St. Nicholas, in Somerset and in Cumberland, named for
the saint ; Comb-Basset and Comb-Raleigh, named from
the proprietors ; Cwm-du (black dingle) ; Cwm-bychan
(little dingle), in Wales ; Corscombe (the dingle in the
bog). In Ireland : Coomnahoma (the valley of the barley) ;
Lackenacoombe (the hillside of the hollow) ; Lake Como,
in Italy (in the hollow).
CONFLUENTES (Lat.), a flowing together, hence the meeting of
waters ; e.g. Coblentz, for Confluejites (at the conf of the
Moselle and Rhine) ; Conflans (at the conf. of the Seine
and Oise) ; Confluent, a hamlet situated at the conf of the
Creuse and Gartempe.
COP (Welsh), a summit ; e.g. Cop-yr-Leni (the illviminated hill),
so called from the bonfires formerly kindled on the top.
a marsh ; e.g. Corse (the marsh);

CORCAGH, or CURRAGH (Irish),
CORS (Welsh),
CAR (Gael.),
KER (Scand.),

Corston, Corsby, Corsenside (the
dwelling or settlement on the
marsh) ; Corscombe (marsh
dingle), in England. In Ire
land : Cork, ane Corcach-?nor-Mumham (the great marsh
of Munster) ; Curkeen, Corcaghan (little marsh) ; Curtagh-
more (great marsh) ; Currabaha (the marsh of birches).
Perhaps Careby and Carton, in Lincoln, part of the Danish
district, may be marsh dwelling.
CORNU (Lat) (^ ^°^' ^ comer— in topography,
KERNE, CERVN(Cym.-Cel.), JfPPiied to headlands; e.g Cometo
CEARN (Gael.), ) ('''^ P'^« °" tbe comer), in Italy;
V Cornd, Cornay, Corneuil, etc., in
France, from this root, or perhaps from Cornus (the cornel
cherry-tree) ; Cornwall, Cel. Cernyu, Lat. Cornubice, A.S.
Cornwallia (the promontory or corner peopled by the Weales,
Welsh, or foreigners) ; Cornuailles, in Brittany, with the

COTE— COURT 55

COTE (A.S.),
COITE (Gael.),
CWT (Welsh),
KOTHE (Ger.),

same meaning — its Celtic name was Pen-Kernaw (the head
of the corner). a hut ; e.g. Cottenham, Cottingham, Coatham
(the village of huts) ; Chatham, A.S. Coteham,
with the same meaning ; Bramcote (the hut
among broom) ; Fencotes (the huts ' in the fen
or marsh ; Prescot (priest's hut) ; Sculcoates, in
Yorkshire, probably from the personal Scandinavian name
Skule; Saltcoats, in Ayrshire (the huts occupied by the
makers of salt, a trade formerly carried on to a great extent
at that place) ; Kothendorf (the village of huts) ; Hinter-
kothen (behind the huts), in Germany.
COTE, COTTA (Sansc), a fortress ; e.g. Chicacotta (little fortress) ;
Gazacotta (the elephant's fortress) ; Jagarcote (bamboo fort) ;
Islamcot (the fort of the true faith, i.e. of Mahomet) ; Noa-
cote (new fort) ; Devicotta (God's fortress) ; Palamcotta
(the camp fort).
A , ,_ , fa side or coast ; e.g. C6te d'Or (the
\„'" . _ . < golden coast), a department of France,
COSTA (Span, and Port.), ) ^ n j r v r .-i-. n'-^ j
^ '^ '' ( so called from its fertility ; Cotes-du-
Nord (the Northern coasts), a department of France ; Costa-
Rica (rich coast), a state of Central America.
,, . „ . /a place enclosed, the place occu-
COURT (Nor. Fr.), J • j u ' . ^ , ,,
CWRT (Cvm -Cel ) ) pied by a sovereign, a lordly
^,/ _ '' J _ . I mansion ; from the Lat. cohors,
CORTE (It., Span., and Port.), / , • .. / , j jn
^ ^ r ¦) \ also cors-cortis (an enclosed yard),
cognate with the Grk. hortos. The Romans called the
castles built by Roman settlers in the provinces cortes or
cortem, thence court became a common affix to the names
of mansions in England and France — thus Hampton Court
and Hunton Court, in England ; Leoncourt, Aubigne-court,
Honnecourt (the mansion of Leo, Albinius, and Honulf) ;
Aubercourt (of Albert) ; Mirecourt, Lat. Mercurii-curtis,
where altars were wont to be dedicated to Mercury. From
the diminutives of this word arose Cortiles, Cortina, Corti-
cella, Courcelles, etc. The words court, cour, and corte
were also used as equivalent to the Lat. curia (the place
of assembly for the provincial councils) — thus Corte, in
Corsica, where the courts of justice were held ; but Corsica
itself derived its name from the Phoenician chorsi (a woody

56 CRAIG— CROES

place). The Cortes, in Spain, evidently equivalent to the
Lat. curia, gives its name to several towns in that country ;
Coire, the capital of the Grisons, in Switzerland, comes from
the ane Curia Rhcetiorum (the place where the provincial
councils of the Rhastians were held) ; Corbridge, in North
umberland, is supposed to take its name from a Roman
curia, and perhaps Currie, in East Lothian.
CRAIG, CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), 1^ ^-^^ ' r-^'^l- ^''^'Sie,
CRAir CC C n \ '-''e'ch, Crathie, Gael.
^ ''' ( Cr^o^ac^ (rocky), parishes
in Scotland ; Carrick and Carrig, in Ireland (either the rocks
or rocky ground) ; Carrick-on-Suir (the rock of the R. Suir)
— w. p. 42; Craigengower (the goat's rock) ; Craigendarroch
(the rock of the oak-wood) ; Craigdou (black rock) ; Craig-
dearg (red rock) ; Craigmore (great rock) ; Craig-Phadric
(St. Patrick's rock), in Inverness -shire ; Craignish (the
rock of the island), the extremity of which is Ardcraignish ;
Craignethan (the rock encircled by the R. Nethan), sup
posed to be the archetype of TuUietudlem ; Craigentinny
(the little rock of the fire) — v. TElNE ; Criggan (the litde
rock). In Wales, Crick-Howel and Crickadam (the rock
of Howel and Cadam) ; Criccaeth (the narrow hiU) ; Crick,
in Derbyshire ; Creach, in Somerset ; Critch-hiU, Dorset.
CREEK (A. S. ), CRECCA, ( ^ ^'"^ , ^.^^ ', 't Cncklade, ane
KREEK (Teut), \ Creccagelade {the bay of the stream ;
CRIQUE (Fr.) j Crayford (the ford of the creek);
' ^Crique-boeuf, Crique-by, Crique-tot,
Crique-villa (the dwelling on the creek) ; Criquiers (the
creeks), in France. In America this word signifies a small
stream, as Saltcreek, etc. cross, cognate with the Lat

CROES, CROG (Cym.-Cel.),
CROIS, CROCH (Gadhelic),

e.g. Crosby (the dwelling

CROD (A.S.), KRYS (Scand.), ^ near the cross); Crossmichael (the

KREUTZ (Ger.),
CROIX (Fr.),

cross of St. Michael's Church) ;
Groes-wen for Croes-wen (the
blessed cross), in Glamorgan ;
Crossthwaite (the forest -clearing at the cross) ; Croxton
(cross town) ; Crewe and Crewkerne (the place at the
cross) ; Croes-bychan (little cross) ; Kruzstrait (the road at
the cross), in Belgium ; Crosscanonby, Crosslee, Crosshill,

CROES — CROM 57

places in different parts of Scotland, probably named from
the vicinity of some cross ; but Crossgates, Co. Fife, so called
from its situation at a spot where roads cross each other.
It was usual with the Celts in Ireland, as well as with the
Spaniards and Portuguese in America, to mark the place
where any providential event had occurred, or where they
founded a church or city, by erecting a cross — as in St
Croix, Santa-Cruz, and Vera Cruz (the true cross), in South
America. In Ireland : Crosserlough (the cross on the lake) ;
Crossmolina (O'MuUeeny's cross) ; Aghacross (the fort at
the cross) ; Crossard (high cross) ; Crossreagh (gray cross) ;
Crossmaglen, Irish Cros-mag-Fhloinn (the cross of Flann's
son) ; Crossau, Crossoge, and Crusheen (little cross) ;
Oswestry, in Shropshire, ane Croes- Oswalt (the cross on
which Oswald, King of Northumberland, was executed by
Penda of Mercia). Its Welsh name was Maeshir (long
field), by the Saxons rendered Meserfield; Marcross (the
cross on the sea-shore), in Glamorgan ; Pen-y-groes, Maen-
y-groes, Rhyd-y-croessau (the hill, the stone of the cross,
the ford of the crosses), in Wales ; Glencorse, near Edin
burgh, for Glencross, so named from a remarkable cross
which once stood there ; Corstorphine, in Mid-Lothian, cor
rupt from Crostorphin, which might mean the cross of the
beautiful hill, torr fioum, or the cross of a person called
Torphin. In the reign of James I. the church of Corstor
phine became a collegiate foundation, with a provost, four
prebendaries, and two singing boys. Croich in Gaelic means
a gallows — thus Knockacrochy (gallows hill) ; Raheena-
crochy (the little fort of the gallows), in Ireland.
CROAGH (Gael.), a hill of a round form — from cruach (a haystack) ;
e.g. Croghan, Crohane (the little round hill) ; Ballycroghan
(the town of the little hill), in Ireland ; Bencruachan (the
stack-shaped hill), in Argyleshire.
CROFT (A.S.), an enclosed field; e.g. Crofton (the town on the
croft) ; Thomycroft (thorny field).
,„ ,, ... f crooked ; e.g. Cromdale (the winding
CROM, CRUM (Gadhehc), ;^ Invemess-shire ; Croome, in
CRWM (Cym.-Cel.), I ^^^^^^^^^ . Cromlin, Crimlin (the wind-
KRUMM (Ger ), j jjjg gjgj^^ ghlinn), in Ireland ; Krum-
CRUMB (A.S.), [bach (the winding brook); Krumau and

58 CRUG— DAIL

Krumenau (the winding water or valley) ; Ancrum, a viUage
in Roxburghshire, situated at the bend of the R. Alne at
its confluence with the Teviot.
CRUG (Welsh), a hillock ; e.g. Crughwel (the conspicuous hillock,
hywel) ; Crug-y-swUt (the hillock of the treasure), in Wales ;
Crickadarn, corrupt, from Crug-eadarn (the strong crag), in
Wales.
,,„,,,.. f e.g. CouU, Cults, parishes in Scotland ;
\ i..-^ e ic; 1 (-jjijg ^.^ Cul-tir (at the back of the land),
CUIL j (the corner), \ . -, , -,¦ A i • i c ..-u • \
' ^ ¦" ( m Lanarkshire ; Culcaim (of the caira) ;
Culmony (at the back of the hill or moss, monadh) ; Culloden
foi- Cul-oiter (at the back of the ridge); Culnakyle (at the
back of the wood) ; Cultulach (of the hill) ; Culblair (the
backlying field) ; Culross (behind the headland), in Scot
land. In Ireland : Coolboy (yellow comer) ; Coolderry (at
the back or corner of the oak-wood) ; Cooleen, Cooleeny
(little corner) ; Coleraine, in Londonderry, as well as Cool-
raine, Coolrainy, Coolrahne, Irish Cuil-rathai?i (the comer
of ferns) ; Coolgreany (sunny corner) ; Coolnasmear (the
corner of the blackberries).
CUND (Hindostanee), a country ; e.g. Bundelcund, Rohilcund (the
countries of the Bundelas and Rohillas).
D
DAGH, TAGH (Turc), a mountain ; e.g. Daghestan (the mountainous
district) ; Baba-dagh (father or chief mountain) ; Kara-dagh
(black mountain) ; Kezel-dagh (red mountain) ; Belur-tagh
(the snow-capped mountain) ; Aktagh (white mountain) ;
Mustagh (ice mountain) ; Beshtau (the five mountains) ;
Tak-Rustan (the mountain of Rustan) ; Tchazr-dagh (tent
mountain) ; Ala-dagh (beautiful mountain) ; Bingol-tagh (the
mountain of looo wells); Agri-dagh (steep mountain);
Takht-i-Suliman (Solomon's mountain).

DAIL (Gadhelic),
DOL (Cym.-Cel.),
DAHL (Scand.),
THAL (Ger.),
DOL (Sclav.),

a valley, sometimes a field, English dale or
dell, and often joined to the name of the river
which flows through the district ; e.g. Clydes
dale, Teviotdale, Nithsdale, Liddesdale, Dove-
dale, Arundel, Dryfesdale, corrupt, to Drys-
dale (the valley of the Clyde, Te\'iot, Nith,

DAIL 59
Liddel, Dove, Amn, Dryfe) ; Rochdale, on the Roch,
an affluent of the Trivell ; Dalmellington (the town
in the valley of the mill). It is to be noted that in
places named by the Teut. and Scand. races, this root-
word, as well as others, is placed after the adjective
or defining word ; while by the Celtic races it is placed
first. Thus, in Scandinavia, and in localities of Great
Britain where the Danes and Norsemen had settle
ments, we have — Romsdalen and Vaerdal, the valleys
of the Raumer and Vaer, in Norway ; Langenthal, on
the R. Langent, in Switzerland ; Rydal (rye valley), West
moreland ; Laugdalr (the valley of warm springs), Iceland.
In districts again peopled by the Saxons, Avondale, Annan-
dale (the valleys of the Avon and Annan). This is the
general rule, although there are exceptions — Rosenthal
(the valley of roses) ; Inn-thai (of the R. Inn) ; Freuden-
thal (of joy) ; Fromenthal (wheat valley) ; Grunthal (green
valley). In Gaelic, Irish, and Welsh names, on the
contrary, dai precedes the defining word ; e.g. Dairy and
Dalrigh (king's level field) ; Dalbeth and Dalbeathie (the
field of birches) ; Dalginross (the field at the head of the
promontory or wood) ; Dalness and Dallas (the field of
the cascade, cas) ; Dalserf (of St. Serf) ; Dailly, in Ayr
shire, ane Dalmaolkeran (the field of the servant, maol, of
St. Kiaran) ; Dalrymple (the valley of the rumbling pool,
ruaemleagh) ; Dalgarnock (of the rough hillock) ; Dalhousie
(the field at the comer of the water, i.e. oi the Esk) ;
Dalwhinnie (the field of the meeting, coinneach) ; Dalziel
(beautiful field, geal) ; Dalguise (of the fir-trees, giuthas) ;
Dalnaspittal (the field of the spideal, i.e. the house of enter
tainment) ; Dalnacheaich (of the stone) ; Dalnacraoibhe
(of the tree) ; Dalbowie (yellow field). DoUar, in Clack
mannan, may be from this root, although there is a tradition
that it took its name from a castle in the parish called
Castle-Gloom, Gael, doillair (dark) ; Deal or Dole (the
valley in Kent) ; Dol and Dole, in Brittany, with the
same meaning ; Doldrewin (the valley of the Druidical
circles in Wales) ; Dolquan (the owl's meadow) ; Dolau-Cothi
(the meadows of the River Cothi) ; Dolgelly (the grove
of hazels) ; Dalkeith (the narrow valley, caeth) ; Codale

6o DAL — DAN

(cow field) ; Grisdale (swine field) ; Gasdale (goosefield) ;
Balderdale, Silverdale, Uldale, Ennerdale, Ransdale (from
the personal names, Balder, Solvar, Ulf, Einer, Hrani) ;
Brachendale (the valley of ferns) ; Berrydale, in Caithness,
corrupt from Old Norse, Berudalr (the valley of the pro
ductive wood) ; Dalecarlia, called by the Swedes Dahlena
(the valleys) ; Dieppedal (deep valley) ; Stendal (stony
valley) ; Oundle, in Northampton, corrupt firom Avondle;
Kendal or Kirkby-Kendal (the church town in the vaUey of
the R. Ken) ; Dolgelly (the valley of the grove), in Wales ;
Dolsk or Dolzig (the town in the valley), in Posen ; Dolzen,
in Bohemia ; Bartondale (the dale of the enclosure for the
gathered crops), in Yorkshire ; Dalarossie, in Inverness,
corrupt, from Dalfergussie, Fergus'dale ; Dalriada, in
Ulster, named from a king of the Milesian race, named
Cairbe-Raida, who settled there. His descendants gradu
ally emigrated to Albin, which from them was afterwards
called Scotland ; and that part of Argyleshire where they
landed they also named Dalriada. The three brothers,
Fergus, Sorn, and Anghus, came to Argyleshire in 503
A.D. Toul and Toulouse, situated in valleys, probably were
named from the same root-word ; Toulouse was anciently
called Civitas-Tolosatium (the city of the valley dwellers,
dol-saetas). a part, a district ; e.g. Kalthusertheil (the
district of the cold houses) ; Kerckdorfer-
theil (the district of the village church) ;
Baradeel (the barren district), in Germany
and Holland. This word, rather than
dail, may be the root of Dalriada ; see above.
DALEJ (Sclav.), far ; e.g. Daliz, Dalchow, Dalichow (the distant
place).
DAMM (Teut.), an embankment, a dyke ; e.g. Rotterdam, Amster
dam, Saardam, properly Zaandam (the embankment on the
Rivers Rotte, Amstel, and Zaan) ; Schiedam, on the R.
Schie ; Leerdam (the embankment on the field, lar) ;
Veendam (on the marsh, vccn) ; Damm (the embankment),
a town in Prussia ; Neudamm (the new dyke) ; Damm-
ducht (the embankment of the trench).
DAN, in topography, signifies belonging to the Danes ; e.g. Dane-

DAL, or GED EL (A.S.),
DEEL (Dutch),
THEIL (Ger.),
DAL (Irish),

DAR 6i
lagh (that portion of England which the Danes held after
their treaty with Alfred) ; Danby, Danesbury (the Danes'
dwellings) ; Danesbanks, Danesgraves, Danesford, in Salop,
where the Danes are believed to have wintered in 896 ;
Danshalt, in Fife, where they are said to have halted after
their defeat at Falkland ; Danthorpe, Denton (Danes'
town) ; Denshanger (Danes' hill or declivity) ; Dantzic (the
Danish fort, built by a Danish colony in the reign of
Waldemar II.) ; Tennstedt, in Saxony, corrupt, from Dan-
nenstedi (the Danes' station) ; Cruden, in Aberdeenshire,
ane Cruor-Danorum (the slaughter of the Danes on the
site of the last battle between the Celts and the Danes,
which took place in the parish 1012). The Danish king
fell in this battle, and was buried in the churchyard of
Cruden. For centuries the ErroU family received an
annual pension from the Danish Government for taking care
of the grave at Cruden, but after the grave had been dese
crated this pension was discontinued.
... (a dwelling, camp, or district ; e.g.
DAR, DERA, DEIR (Ar.), 1 „ i i, ¦ /^u i a- . ¦ \\ ¦
' ' \ Dar-el-hajar (the rocky district), in
DEH (Pers.), y ggyp^. . j-jarfui- (the district of the
Foor or Foorians, or the deer country), in Central Africa ;
Dera-Fati-Khan, Dera-Ghazi-Khan, Dera-Ismail-Khan {i.e.
the camps of these three chiefs, in the Derajat, or camp
district) ; Deir (the monk's dwelling), in Syria ; Diarbekr
(the dweUings or tents of Bekr) ; Dehi-Dervishan (the
villages of the dervishes) ; Deh-haji (the pilgrims' village) ;
Dekkergan (the village of wolves) ; Deir-Antonius (St.
Anthony's monastery), in Egypt ; Buyukdereh (Turc. the
great district on the Bosphorus).
,_ „ , , C an oak, cognate with the
DAR, DERO DERYN (Cym.-Cel.), j ^^^ ^^^^_ ^^^ g^^^^_ ^^^^
DAIR (Gadhehc), I ^^.^^^ ^^ j^.^^^ Gadhelic, an
oak-wood. Anglicised derry, darach, or dara, the gen. of
dair; e.g. Daragh (a place abounding in oaks) ; Adare, i.e.
Athdara (the ford of the oak) ; Derry, now Londonderry,
was originally Daire-Calgaigh (the oak-wood of Galgacus,
Latinised form of Calgaigh). In 546, when St Columba
erected his monastery there, it became Derry-Columkille
(the oak-wood of Columba's Church) ; in the reign of James

62 DEICH— DEN

I., by a charter granted to the London merchants, it obtained
its present name ; Derry-fad (the long oak-wood) ; Derry-na-
hinch (of the island, innis) ; Dairbhre or Darrery (the oak
forest), the Irish name for the Island of Valentia ; Derry-
allen (beautiful wood) ; Derrybane and Derrybawn (white
oak-wood) ; Derrylane (broad oak-wood) ; Durrow, Irish
Dairmagh, and Latinised Robereticampus (the plain of the
oaks) ; New and Old Deer (the oak-wood), in Aberdeenshire,
was a monastery erected in early times by St. Columba,
and given by him to St. Drostan. The old monastery was
situated near a wooded hill, still caUed Aikie-Brae (oak
hill), and a fair was held annually in the neighbourhood,
caWe&Mercatus querceti (the oak market) — v. Book of Deer,
p. 48 ; Craigendarroch (the crag of the oak-wood); Dar-
nock, or Darnick (the oak hillock), in Roxburghshire ; Dry
burgh, corrupt, from Darach-bruach (the bank of oaks) ;
Dori, the name of a round hill covered with oak-trees, in
Wales ; Darowen (Owen's oak-wood), in Wales.
DEICH, DYK (Teut.), a dyke or entrenchment. These dykes were
vast earthen ramparts constructed by the Anglo-Saxons to
serve as boundaries between hostile tribes ; e.g. Hoomdyk
(the dyke at the corner) ; Grondick (green dyke) ; Wansdyke
(Woden's dyke) ; Grimsdyke and Offa's dyke (named after
the chiefs Grim and Offa) ; Houndsditch (the dog's dyke) ;
Ditton, Dixton (towns enclosed by a dyke) ; Zaadik, in Hol
land, (the dyke) on the R. Zaad. Cartsdike, a viUage in Ren
frewshire separated from Greenock bythe bum Cart. Besides
Grimesdyke (the name for the wall of Antoninus, from the
R. Forth to the Clyde), there is a Grimsditch in Cheshire
DELF (Teut.), a canal, from delfan (to dig) ; e.g. Delft, a town
in Holland, intersected by canals ; Delfshaven (the canal
harbour) ; Delfbriike (canal bridge).
DEN, DEAN (Saxon), a deep, wooded valley. This word is
traced by Leo and others to the Celtic dion (protection,
shelter) ; e.g. Dibden (deep hollow) ; Hazeldean (the valley
of hazels) ; Bowden or Bothanden (St Bothan's \-alley), in
Roxburghshire ; Tenterden, ane Theintoardcn (the guarded
valley of the thane or nobleman), in Kent ; Howden (the
haugr or mound (in the wiUey), in Yorkshire ; Howdon,
with the same meaning, in Northumberland ; Otterden (the

DEOR— DEUTSCH 63

otter's valley) ; Stagsden (of the stag) ; Micheldean (great
valley) ; Rottingdean (the valley of Hrotan, a chief) ;
Croxden (the valley of the cross).
DEOR CA S ) ( ^ ^^^ animal — English, a deer ; e.g. Deerhurst
DYR (Scand ) J (deer's thicket) ; Durham, in Gloucester (the
T^TTTT^-T. ir^ \ 1 dwelling of wild animals). For Durham on the
; brook

,p ¦/' j dwelling of wild animals). For Durham on
\ •/' (^Wear, v. holm. Tierbach, Tierhage (the brc

and the enclosure of wild animals).
DESERT, or DISERT, a term borrowed from the Lat. desertum, and
applied by the Celts to the names of sequestered places
chosen by the monks for devotion and retirement ; Dyserth,
in North Wales, and Dyzard, in Cornwall ; e.g. Dysart, in
Fife, formerly connected with the monastery of Culross, or
Kirkcaldy— near Dysart is the cave of St. Serf ; Dysertmore
(the great desert), in Co. Kilkenny ; Desertmartin in
Londonderry, Desertserges in Cork (the retreats of St.
Martin and St. Sergius). In Ireland the word is often
corrupted to Ester or Isert — as in Isertkelly (Kelly's re
treat) ; Isertkeeran (St. Ciaran's retreat).
DEUTSCH (Ger.), from thiod, the people, a prefix used in Germany
to distinguish any district or place from a foreign settlement
of the same name. In Sclavonic districts it is opposed to
the word Katholic, in connection with the form of religion
practised by their inhabitants — as in Deutsch-hanmer (the
Protestant village, opposed to Katholic-hanmer, belonging
to the Catholic or Greek Church). In other cases it is
opposed to Walsch (foreign — v. walsch), as in Deutsch-
steinach and Walsh-steinach (the German and foreign towns
on the Steinach, or stony water). The Romans employed
the word Germania for Deutsch, which Professor Leo traces
to a Celtic root gair-mean (one who cries out or shouts) ;
e.g. Deutschen, in the Tyrol ; Deutz, in Rhenish Prussia ;
Deutschendorf, in Hungary ; Deutschenhausen, in Moravia,
i.e. the dwellings of the Germans. The earliest name by
which the Germans designated themselves seems to have
been Tungri (the speakers). It was not till the seventeenth
century that the word Dutch was restricted to the Low
Germans. The French name for Germany is modernised
from the Alemanni (a mixed race, and probably means other
men, ox foreigners).

64 D IE P— DIOT

^„„ „„„ .T^.,,. V ( deep ; e.g Deeping, Dibden, Dibdale (deep
DiEP, TiEF { I eut.;, J valley) ; Deptford (deep ford) ; Market-
DWFN (Cym.-Cel.), ), ¦ ui. ^ .. f ¦ ..\. i
^ ' \ deeping (the market-town in the low
meadow) ; Devonshire, Cel. Dwfnient (the deep valleys) ;
Diepholz (deep wood) ; Dieppe, Scand. Duipa (the deep
water), the name of the river upon which it was built ;
Abraham's diep (Abraham's hollow), in Holland ; Diepen-
beck (deep brook) ; Tiefenthal and Tiefengrund (deep
valley) ; Teupitz (the deep water), a town in Prussia on a
lake of this name ; Defynock (a deep valley), in Wales.
DINAS, or DIN (Cym.-Cel.), a fortified height, a city, cognate with
the Gadhelic dun; e.g. Dinmore (the great fort), in Hereford ;
Dynevor, ane Dinasfawr (great fortress), in Carmarthen ;
Denbigh, Welsh i?z«-i5acA (littlefort) ; Ruthin, in Co. Denbigh,
corrupt, from Rhudd-din (red castle) ; Dinas Bran, a moun
tain and castle in Wales named after an ancient king named
Bran-Dinas-Powys, corrupt from Denes Powys, a mansion
built by the Prince of Powys in honour of the lady whom
he had married, whose name was Denis ; Hawarden, i.e.
fixed on a hill, den, in Flint ; its ancient name was Penarth-
Halawig (the headland above the salt marsh) ; Dinefwr (the
fenced hill), an ancient castle in the vale of the R. Tywy ;
Tenby (Dane's dweUing) — v. DAN ; Welsh Denbych-y-Pysod,
i.e. of the fishes — to distinguish from its namesake in North
Wales ; Tintern, corrupt, from Din-Tcym (the king's mount),
in Wales ; Dinan in France ; Dinant in Belgium (the fortress
on the water) ; Digne, ane Dinia-Bodionticarium (the fort
of the Bodiontici), in France ; London, ane Londinum (the
fort on the marsh — ton, or perhaps on the grove — llwyn).
Din sometimes takes the form of tin, as in Tintagel (St.
Degla's fort), in Cornwall ; Tintern (the fort, di?i, of the
prince, Welsh teyrn), in Monmouth.
DINKEL (Ger.), a kind of grain ; e.g. Dinkelburg, Dinkelstadt,
Dinkellage, Dinklar, Dinkelsbuhl (the town, place, field,
site, hill, where this grain abounded).
DIOT, or THEOD (Teut.), the people ; e.g. Thetford, corrupt, from
Theotford {the. people's ford) ; Detmold, corrupt, from Theot-
malli (the people's place of meeting) ; Diotweg (the people's
highway) ; Dettweiller (the town of the Diet, or people's

DIVA — DONK 65

meeting) ; Ditmarsh, ane Thiedmarsi (the people's marsh) ;
Dettingen (belonging to the people) — v. ing.
DIVA, or DWIPA (Sansc), an island ; e.g. the Maldives {i.e. the
1000 islands); the Laccadives (the 10,000 islands); Java
or Yava-dwipa (the island of rice, jawa, or of nutmegs,
jayaK) ; Socotra or Dwipa-Sukadara (the island of bliss) ;
Ceylon or Sanhala-Dwipa (the island of lions), but called
by the natives Lanka (the resplendent), and by the Arabs
Seren-dib (silk island) ; Dondrahead, corrupt, from Dewan-
dere (the end ofthe island), in Ceylon.
DLAUHY, DLUGY (Sclav.), long, Germanised dolge; e.g. Dlugen-
most (long bridge) ; Dolgenbrodt (long ford) ; Dolgensee
(long lake) ; Dolgen, Dolgow, Dolgenow (long place).
DOBRO, DOBRA (Sclav.), good ; e.g. Great and Little Dobern,
Dobra, Dobrau, Dobrawitz, Dobretzee, Dobrezin (good
place) ; Dobberstroh (good pasture) ; Dobberbus (good
village) ; Dobrutscha (good land), part of Bulgaria ; Dober-
gast (good inn).
DODD (Scand.), a hiU with a round top ; e.g. Dodd-FeU (the
round rock), in Cumberland ; Dodmaen (the round stone),
in Cornwall, popularly called Dead Man's Point.
dom (Get), a cathedral, and, in French topography, a house, from
the Lat. domus; e.g. Dom, in Westphalia ; Domfront (the
dweUing of Front, a hermit) ; Dompierre (Peter's house
or church) ; Domblain (of St. Blaine) ; Domleger (of St.
Leger) ; Dongermain (of St Germanus), in France ; but
the word domhnach, in Ireland {i.e. a church), has another
derivation. This word, AngUcised donagh, signifies Sunday
as well as church, from the Lat. Dominica (the Lord's day) ;
and all the churches with this prefix to their names were
originally founded by St. Patrick, and the foundations were
laid on Sunday ; e.g. Donaghmore (great church) ; Don-
aghedy, in Tyrone (St. Caidoc's church) ; Don%ghanie, i.e.
Dotnnach-an-eich (the church of the steed) ; Donaghmoyne
(of the plain) ; Donaghcloney (of the meadow) ; Donagh-
cumper (ofthe confluence); Donnybrook (St. Broc's church).
I a mound surrounded by a marsh ; e.g. Dong-
""^"^Vni^f r' \ ^eir (the mound of the weir) ; Dunkhof (the
DONG (Old Ger.), I gnclosure at the mound); Dongen (the dwelUng
at the mound) ; Hasedonk (the mound of the brushwood).

66 DORF—DROICHEAD
DORF, DORP, DRUP (Teut), a village or small town, originally
applied to any small assembly of people ; e.g. Altendorf,
Qldendorf (old town) ; Sommerstorf (summer town); Baiars-
dorf (the town of the Boii, or Bavarians) ; Gastdorf (the
town of the inn, or for guests) ; Dusseldorf, Meldorf, Ohr-
druff, Vilsendorf (towns of the Rivers Dussel, Miele, Ohr,
and Vils) ; Jagersdorf (huntsman's village) ; Nussdorf (nut
village) ; Mattersdorf and Matschdorf, Ritzendorf, Otters-
dorf (the towns of Matthew, Richard, and Otho) ; Lindorf
(the village at the linden-tree) ; Sandrup (sandy village) ;
Dorfheim, Dorpam (viUage home).
the thorn ; e.g. Domburg, Dom-

DORN (Get), DOORN (Dutch)
THYRN (A.S.),
DRAENEN (Cym.-Cel.),
DRAEIGHEN (Gadhelic),

heim or Domum, Domburen,
Thornton (thorn dwelling); Doom,
the name of several places in the
Dutch colony. South Africa; Dom^
berg and Doomhoek (thorn hill) ; Domach (fuU of thorns) ;
but Dornoch, in Sutherlandshire, is not from this root ; it
is said to be derived from the Gael, dorneich, in aUusion to
a certain Danish leader having been slain at the place by a
blow from a horse's hoof Thomhill, Thornbury, viUage
names in England and Scotland ; Thomey (thorn island) ;
Thome, a town in Yorkshire ; Yr Ddreinog, Welsh (the
thorny place), a hamlet in Anglesey ; but Thorn, a town in
Prussia — Polish Torun — is probably derived from a cognate
word for torres, a tower. In Ireland : Dreen, Drinan,
Dreenagh, Drinney (places producing the black thom).
DRECHT (Old Get), for ttift, meadow pasture ; e.g. Moordrecht,
Zwyndrecht, Papendrecht, Ossendrecht (the moor, swine,
oxen pasture, and the priest's meadow) ; Dort or Dordrecht
(the pasture on the water), situated in an island formed by
the Maas ; Maestricht, Latinised into Trajectus-ad-Moesum
(the pasture or ford on the Maas or Meuse) ; Utrecht,
Latinised Trajectus-ad-Rhenum (the ford or pasture on the
Rhine), or Ultra-trajectum (beyond the ford).
DRIESCH (Ger.), fallow ground ; e.g. Driesch and Dresche, in
Oldenburg ; Driesfelt (faUow field) ; Bockendriesch (the
fallow ground at the beech-trees).
DROICHEAD (Gadhelic), a bridge ; e.g. Drogheda, ane Droichead-
atha (the bridge at the ford) ; Ballydrehid (bridge town) ;

DROOG — DU 67

Knockadreet (the hill of the bridge) ; Drumadrehid (the
ridge at the bridge) ; Kildrought (the church at the bridge),
in Ireland ; Ceann-Drochaid (bridge end), the Gaelic name
for the Castleton of Braemar.
DROOG, or DURGA (Sansc), a hiU fort; e.g. Savendroog (golden
fort) ; Viziadroog (the fort of victory) ; Chitteldroog (spotted
fort) ; CaUiendroog (flourishing fort) ; Sindeedroog (the fort
of the sun).
DROWO, or DRZEWO (Sclav.), f ;^°°'^' "^^ ^ ^"""^^^ ' ^f"' ^'^}'-
DRU(Sanse),TRiu(Goth.),atree, Uf\ ^''Tf '^' °T"x'
^ ' \ /; T \^ Drohobicz (the woodyplace);
Drewiz; Drehnow, Drehna, with the same meaning ; Mis-
droi (in the midst of woods).
DRUlM, DROM (Gadhelic), a ridge, from droma, the back-bone of
an animal, cognate with the Lat. dorsum; e.g. Drumard
(high ridge) ; Dromeen, Drumeen, Drymen (little ridge) ;
Dromore (great ridge) ; Dromagh and Drumagh (full of
ridges) ; Dromineer, Co. Tipperary, and Drumminer in
Aberdeenshire (the ridge of the confluence, inbhir) ; Augh-
rim, Irish Each-dhruim (the horses' ridge) ; Leitrim, i.e.
Liath-dhruim (gray ridge) ; Dromanure (the ridge of the
yew-tree) ; Drumderg (red ridge) ; Drumlane (broad ridge) ;
Drumcliff, i.e. Druim.-chluibh (the ridge of the baskets) ;
Drummond, common in Ireland and Scotland, corrupt.
from drumen (little ridge). In Scotland there are Drumoak
(the ridge of St Mozola, a virgin) — in Aberdeenshire it
was originally Dalmaile (the valley of Mozola) ; Meldrum-
Old (bald ridge), in Aberdeenshire ; Drem (the ridge in
East Lothian) ; Drumalbin, Lat. Dorsum-Britanniae (the
back-bone or ridge of Scotland) ; Drummelzier, formerly
Dunm,eller (the fort of Meldredus, who, according to tra
dition, slew Merlin, whose grave is shown in the parish) ;
Dmmblate (the warm ridge, or the flowery ridge) ; Drum-
cliff, Co. Sligo, i.e. Druimcliabh (the ridge of the baskets).
DRWS (Welsh), a door or pass ; e.g. Drws-y-coed (the pass of the
wood) ; Drws-y-nant (of the valley) ; Drws-Ardudwy (of
the black water).
,p p . , f black ; e.g. Ddulas, a river in Wales ; Douglas,
°;, ^^^'"V^ ,<' . I in Scotland (the black stream) ; Dubyn (the
DUBH (Gadhehc), I ^j^^j^j^^^^/

68 DUB— DUN

DUB (Sclav.), the oak ; e.g. Dubicza, Dubrau, Diiben, Dubrow
(the place of oak-trees) ; Teupliz, corrupt, from Dublize,
with the same meaning ; Dobojze, Germanised into Dauben^
dorf (oak village) ; Dubrawice (oak village) ; Dubrawka
(oak wood), Germanised Eichenwaldchen, a colony from
Dubrow. In Poland this word takes the form of Dom-
browo, Dombroka.
DUN (Gadhelic), a stronghold, a hill fort, cognate with the Welsh
din. As an adjective, dun or don means strong, as in
Dunluce, i.e. dun-lios (strong fort) ; Duncladh (strong
dyke). As a verb, it signifies what is closed or shut in,
dunadh, with the same meaning as the Teut. tun, as in
Corra-dhunta (the closed weir). Its fuU signification,
therefore, is a strong enclosed place, and the name was
accordingly applied in old times to forts surrounded by
several circumvallations, the remains of which are stiU found
in Ireland and Scotland. Many such places are caUed simply
doon or down; e.g. Doune Castle, in Perthshire ; Down-
Patrick, named from an entrenched dun near the cathedral ;
Down and the Downs, King's Co. and West Meath ;
Dooneen and Downing (little fort) ; Dundalk, i.e. Dtm-
Dealgan (Delga's fort) ; Dundonald (the fort of Domhnall) ;
Dungannon (Geanan's fort) ; Dungarvan (Garvan's fort) ;
Dunleary (Laeghaire's fort), now Kingston ; Dunhill and
Dunally, for Dun-aille (the fort on the chff) ; Downamona
(of the bog) ; Shandon (old fort) ; Doonard (high fort) ;
and many others in Ireland. In Scotland : Dumbarton
(the hill fort of the Britons or Cumbrians) ; Dumfries
(the fort among shrubs, preas, or of the Feresians, Ccter
Pheris) — v. Dr. Skene's Book of Wales; Dunbar (fhe fort
on the summit, or of Barr, a chief) ; Dunblane (of St
Blane) ; Dundee, Lat. Tao-dunum, probably for Dun-
Tatha (the fort on the Tay) ; Dunedin, or Edinburgh
(Edwin's fort), so named by a prince of Northumberland
in 628 — its earlier names were Duntnonudh (the fort ofthe
hill), or in Welsh Dinas-Agned (the city of the painted
people), and the Castrum- A latum of Ptolemy. The Pict
ish maidens of the royal race were kept in Edinburgh
Castle, hence it was also called Castrum-Puellarum; Dun
ottar (the fort on the reef, oitcr) ; Dunfermline (the fort of

DUNE 69
the alder-tree pool, or of the winding pool) ; Dundrennan
(the fort of the thorn bushes) ; Dunlop (the fortified hill at
the angle of the stream, tub) ; Dunkeld, ane Duncalden
(the fort of hazels) ; Dunbeath (of the birches) ; Dunrobin
(Robert's fortress), founded by Robert, Earl of Sutherland ;
Dunure (of the yew-trees) ; Dunnichen, i.e. Dunn-Nechtan
(of Nechtan, a Pictish king) ; Dunsyre (the prophet's hill
or fort) ; Donegall, Irish Dungall {i.e. the fort of the
strangers, the Danes) ; Lexdon, in Essex, Lat. Legionis-
dunum (the fort of the legion) ; Leyden, in Holland, Lat.
Lugdunum-Batavorum (the fortress of the Batavians, in
the hollow, lug) ; Lyons, ane Lugdunum (the fort in the
hollow) ; Maldon, in Essex, ane Camelodunum (the fort of
the Celtic war-god Camal) ; Melun, ane Melodunum (bald
fort, fnaol), in France ; Nevers, Lat. Noviodunum (new
fort), in France ; Thuin, in Belgium, and Thun, in Switzer
land {dun, the hill fort) ; Yverdun, ane Ebrodunum (the
fort on the water, bior) ; Kempten, in Germany, ane
Campodunum (the fort in the field) ; Issoudun (the fort
on the water, uisge) ; Emden (the fort on the R. Ems) ;
Dijon, ane Dibisdunum (the fort on two waters), at the
conf of the Ouche and Suzon ; Mehun, Meudon, and
Meuny, in France (the fort on the plain), Lat. Magdunum ;
Verdun, ane Verodunum (the fort on the water, bior), on
the R. Meuse, in France ; Verden, in Hanover, on the R.
AUer, with the same meaning; Autun, corrupt, from
Augustodunum (the fortress of Augustus) ; Wimbledon, in
Surrey, ane Wibbandun (from an ancient proprietor, Wibba);
Sion, in Switzerland, Ger. Sitten, corrupt, from its ancient
Celtic name Suidh-dunum (the seat of the hiU fort). From
Daingeann (a fortress) are derived such names as Dangen
and Dingen, in Ireland ; also Dingle, in its earlier form
Daingean-ui-Chuis (the fort of O'Cush or Hussey) ; it re
ceived its present name in the- reign of Elizabeth ; Ballen-
dine and Ballendaggan (the town of the fort) ; Dangan was
also the ancient name of Philipstown.
, , „ , (a grassy hiU or mound; e.g. the Downs,
DUNE, or DOWN (A.S.), I ;^ ^j^^ ^^^^j^ ^^ England ; the Dunes,
DUN (Cel.), y jj^ Flanders ; Halidon Hill (the holy
hill) ; Dunham, Dunwick, and Dutton, originally Dunton

70 D UR—D YFFR YN

(hill town) ; Croydon (chalk hiU) ; Dunkirk, in Flanders
(the church on the dunes) ; Snowdon (snowy hill), in Wales ;
its Welsh name is Creigiawr (the eagle's rock), eryr (an
eagle) ; Dunse, a town in Berwickshire, now Duns, near
a hill of the same name ; the Eildon Hills, in Roxburgh
shire, corrupt, from Moeldun (the bald hiU) ; Eddertoun, in
Ross-shire (between the hills or dunes).
,r-. ji 1- V /water; e.g. Dour, Douro, Dore,
DUR, or DOBHR (Gadhelic), t „ • '„fL t-, a j t-.
,\ n ,i ) Duir, THUR, Doro, Adour, Durance,
DWFR, or DWR (Cym.-Cel.), < „ /¦ \ ,-1 j /
' ^ •' \ Duron (river names); Glasdur(green
^ •'' (^ water) ; Calder, ane Caldover {woodty
water) ; Derwent (bright or clear water) ; Lauder (the gray
water) ; Ledder and Leader (the broad water) ; Dorking,
Co. Surrey, ane Durchinges, or more correctly, Durvicingas
(dwellers by the water — wician, to dweU) ; Briare, on the
Loire, ane Briva-durum (the town on the brink of the
water, probably Dover, from this root) ; Dorchester (the
fortress of the Durotriges — dwellers by the water), ttigo,
Cym.-Cel. (to dwell), called by Leland Hydropolis ; Rother
(the red river) ; Cawdor, ane Kaledor (woody water).
DtJRRE (Ger ) ( '^*'^' ^'®"^® ' ^¦•^" Diirrenstein (the barren
/T^ IL^ I rock); Diirrental (the barren vaUey) ; Diirr-
DROOG (Dutch), I ,y ,,, J ^, -, A\ A u
^ { wald (the dry or sterile wood) ; Droogberg
(the barren hill) ; Drupach (dry brook).
DWOR (Sclav ) ^ ^ ^°°"' °^ opening, an open court ; e.g. Dvoretz
.. /p s ' (the town at the opening), in Russia; Dwarka
_ . - /p jv -i (the court or gate), Hindostan; Hurdwar (the
A ', court of Hurry or Siva), called also Gawfa^'z^'ara
¦'' L(the opening of the Ganges), in Hindostan;
Issoire, ane Issiodorum (the town at door or meeting of the
waters, uisge), a town in France at the conf of the AUier
and Couze ; Durrisdeer, Gael. Dorus-darach (at the opening
of the oak-wood), in Dumfriesshire ; Lindores, in Fife, ane
Lindoruis (at the outlet of the waters), on a lake of the
same name which communicates by a small stream with
the Tay.

DYFFRYN (Welsh), a river valley ; e.g. Dyffryn-Clydach, Dyffryn-
Gwy, in the valleys of the R. Clwyd and Gwy, in Wales ;
Dyffryn-golych (the vale of worship), in Glamorgan.

EA (A.S.), EY, AY,
EGE or EG
OE, O, or A (Scand.),
OOG (Dutch),

£A 7,

an island ; from ea, a, aa, running water ;
ea or ey enter into the composition of many
A.S. names of places which are now joined
to the mainland or to rich pastures by the
river-side, as in Eton, Eaton, Eyam, Ey-
worth, Eywick (dwellings by the water) ; Eyemouth, Moulsy,
on the R. Mole ; Bermondsey, now included in the
Metropolis ; Eamont, ane Eamot (the meeting of waters) ;
Fladda and Fladday (flat island) ; Winchelsea (either the
comer, A.S. wincel, ofthe water, or the island of Wincheling,
son of the Saxon king Cissa, who founded it) ; Swansea
(Sweyn's tovra, on the water), at the mouth of the Tawey ;
Anglesea (the island of the Angles or English), so named
by the Danes — its Welsh name was Ynys-Fonn or Mona ;
Portsea (the island of the haven) ; Battersea (St. Peter's
isle), because belonging to St. Peter's Abbey, Westminster ;
Chelsea (ship island, or the island of the sandbank) — v. p.
46, CEOL, CEOSEL ; Ely (eel island) ; Jersey (Caesar's isle) ;
Olney (holly meadow) ; Odensee (Woden's island or town
on the water) ; Whalsey (whale island, hval) ; Rona (St.
Ronan's isle) ; Mageroe (scraggy island) ; Nordereys and
Sudereys — from this word Sudereys, the Bishop of Sodor
and Man takes his title — (the north and south isles), names
given by the Norsemen to the Hebrides and the Orkneys
under their rule ; Oesel (seal island) ; Oransay (the island of
St Oran) ; Pabba and Papa (priest's isle). The Papae or
Christian anchorites came from Ireland and the west of Scot
land to Orkney and Shetland, and traces of them were found
in Iceland on its discovery by the Norsemen, hence probably
such names as Pappa and Crimea (the island of the Cymri
or Cimmerians) ; Morea (the mulberry-shsqied island) ;
Shapinsay (the isle of Hjalpand, a Norse Viking) ; Faroe (the
sheep islands — -faar, Scand.); Faroe, also in Sweden; but
Farr, a parish in the north of Scotland, is from faire, Gael.
a watch or sentinel, from a chain of watch-towers which
existed there in former times ; Staffa (the island of the
staves or columns, Scand. stav) ; Athelney (the island of

72 EADAR—EAGLAIS
the nobles) ; Bressay, Norse Bardies ay (giant's island) ;
Bardsey (the bard's island), the last retreat of the Welsh
bards ; Femoe (cattle island) ; Fetlar, ane Fedor's-oe
(Theodore's island) ; Romney (marsh island), Gael. Rumach;
Sheppey, A.S. Sceapige (sheep island) ; Langeoog (long
island) ; Oeland (water land) ; Torsay (the island with
conical hills, torr) ; Chertsey, A.S. Ceortes-ige (Ceorot's
island) ; Lingley (heathery island), ling, Norse (heather) ;
Muchelney (large island); Putney, A.S. Puttanige (Putta's
isle) ; Thorney (thorny island), but its more ancient name was
Ankerige, from an anchorite who dwelt in a cell in the island.
,^ , . , (e.g. Eddertoun, Co. Ross (be-
EADAREDAR (Cel.), between, l ^gn hiUs)--^. DUNE; Eddra-
ENTRE Ft, Span., and Port), ^^j^jjj;^^ 2../ £«^r da Chaolas
INTER (Lat.), ( (between two firths), Co. Suther
land ; Killederdaowen, in Galway, i.e. Coill-eder-da-abhainn
(the wood between two rivers) ; and Killadrown, King's
County, with the same meaning ; Cloonederowen, Gal
way (the meadow between two rivers) ; BaUydarown (the
townland between two rivers). In France : Entre-deux-mers
(between two seas) ; Entrevaux (between valleys) ; Entre-rios
(between streams), in Spain ; Entre-Douro-e-Minho (between
these rivers), in Portugal ; Interlacken (between lakes), in
Switzerland. a church. These and synonymous words
in the Romance languages are derived
J, from Lat. ecclesia, and that from the
Grk. iKKXrja-M (an assembly) ; e.g. Eccles,
a parish and suburb of Manchester, also
the name of two parishes in Berwickshire ; Ecdeshall, in
Staffordshire, so called because the bishops of Lichfield
formerly had a palace there ; EccleshiU (church hill),
in Yorkshire ; Eccleston (church tovm), in Lancashire ;
Ecclesmachan (the church of St Machan), in Linlithgow ;
Eaglesham (the hamlet at the church), Co. Renfrew ; Eccles-
craig or Ecclesgrieg (the church of St Gregory or Grig), in
Kincardine ; Eglishcormick (St. Cormac's church), Dumfries ;
Ecclescyrus (of St. Cyrus), in Fife ; Lesmahago, Co. Lanark,
corrupt, from Ecclesia-Machuti (the church of St Machute,
who is said to have settled there in the sixth century) ;

EAGLAIS (Gadhelic),
EGLWYS (Cym.-Cel.),
ILIZ (Armoric),
EGYHAZ (Hung.),

EAS—ECKE 73

Carluke, in Lanarkshire, corrupt, from Eccles -maol- Luke
(the church of the servant of St. Luke) ; Terregles, ane
Traver-eglys (church lands), Gael, treabhair (houses), in
Kirkcudbright. In Wales : Eglwys Fair (St. Mary's church) ;
Hen-eglwys (old church) ; Aglish and Eglish (the church),
the names of parishes in Ireland ; Aglishcloghone (the
church of the stepping-stones) ; Iglesuela (little church), in
Spain ; F^h^r eghaz (white church), in Hungary. In
France : Eglise-aux-bois (the church in the woods) ; Eglise
neuve (new church) ; EglisoUes, Eligaberry, and Eligaberria
(the church in the plain). Such names as Aylesford, Ayls-
worth, Aylesby, etc., may be derived from eglwys or ecclesia,
corrupted.
EAS, ESS, ESSIE (Gadhelic), a waterfall ; e.g. the R. Ness and Loch
Ness {i.e. the river and lake of the Fall of Foyers) ; Ess-
nambroc (the waterfall of the badger) ; Essmore (the great
waterfall) ; Doonass {i.e. Irish Dun easa (the fort of the
cataract), on the Shannon ; Caherass, in Limerick, with
the same meaning ; PoUanass (the pool of the waterfall) ;
Fetteresso, in Kincardine (the uncultivated land, fiadhair,
near the waterfall) ; Edessa, in Turkey, seems to derive
its name from the same root, as its Sclavonic name is
Vodena, with the same meaning ; Edessa, in Mesopotamia,
is on the R. Daisan ; Portessie (the port of the waterfall),
Banff.
EBEN (Ger.), a plain ; e.g. Ebenried and Ebenrinth (the cleared
plain) ; Ebnit (on the plain) ; Breite-Ebnit (broad plain) ;
Holzeben (woody plain).
,^ , „ J ^ (^ a nook or corner ; e.g.
ECKE, or EGG (Teut. and Scand.), I g^honegg (beautiful nook) ;
VIG (Gadhelic), y Eckdorf (corner village) ;
Eggberg (corner hill) ; Reinecke (the Rhine corner) ; Ran-
decke (the corner of the point, rand) ; Vilseek (at the
corner of the R. Vils) ; Wendecken (the corner of the
Wends or Sclaves) ; Edgcott (the corner hut) ; Wantage,
Co. Berks (Wanta's comer), on the edge of a stream ;
Stevenage, Co. Herts (Stephen's corner) ; Gourock (the
goal's comer) ; Landeck, in the Tyrol (at the meeting or
corner of three roads) ; Nigg, Gael. N-uig (at the corner),

74 EGER— ENAGH

EILEAN (Gadhelic),
EALAND (AS.),
eylandt (Dutch),
INSEL (Get),

a parish in Co. Kincardine, and also in Ross and Cromarty;
Haideck (heath comer), in Bavaria.
EGER (Hung.), the alder-tree ; e.g. the R. Eger with the town of
the same name. an island, cognate with the Lat. insula.
The Gaelic word is generaUy applied to
smaller islands than innis; e.g. Eilean-
sgiathach or Skye (the winged island) ;
Eilean-dunan (the isle of the small fort) ;
Eilean-na-goibhre (of the goats) ; Eilean-na-monach (of the
monks) ; Eilean-na-Clearach (of the clergy) ; Eilean-na-
naoimbh (of the saints), often applied to Ireland ; Eilean-
nam-Muchad or Muck (the island of pigs), in the Hebrides ;
Flannan, in the Hebrides, i.e. Eilean-an- Flannan (of St.
Flannan) ; Groote Eylandt (great island), off the coast of
Australia ; Rhode Island, in the United States, Dutch {red
island), or, according to another interpretation, so named
from its fancied resemblance in form to the island of
Rhodes.
ElSEN (Ger.), iron ; e.g. Eisenstadt (iron town) ; Eisenach, in
Germany (on a river impregnated with iron) ; Eisehberg
(iron hill fort), in Germany ; Eisenburg (iron town), Hung.
Vasvar, in Hungary ; Eisenirz (iron ore), on the Erzberg
Mountains ; Eisenschmidt (iron forge), in Prussia.
ELF CC oth^ f^ river; e.g. Alf, Alb, Elbe, Elben, river names;
j,j^y '" \ Laagenelv (the river in the hoUbw) ; Dol-elf (valley
' [ river) ; Elbing, a town on a river of the same
name.
ENAGH, or jENAGH (Irish), an assembly of people, such as were
held in old times by the Irish at the burial mounds, and in
modern times applied to a cattle fair ; e.g. Nenagh, in Tip
perary, ane 'n-.iEnach-Urmhu}nhan (the assembly meeting-
place of Ormund), the definite article n having been added
to the name — this place is still celebrated for its great fairs ;
Ballinenagh, Ballineanig, BaUynenagh (the town ofthe fair) ;
Ardanlanig (the height of the fair) ; Monaster-an-enagh (the
monastery at the place of meeting). But this word is not
to be confounded with eanach (a watery place or marsh),
found under such forms as eriagh and annagh, especially in
Ulstet Thus Annabella, near MaUow, is in Irish Eanach-

ENDE — ETAN 75

bile (the marsh of the old tree) ; Annaghaskin (the marsh
ofthe eels).
ENDE (Teut), the end or corner; Ostend, in Belgium (at the
west end of the canal opening into the ocean) ; Ostend, in
Essex (at the east end of the land) ; Oberende (upper end) ;
Siiderende (the south corner) ; Endfelden (the corner of
the field), probably Enfield, near London. Purmerend (at
the end of the Purmer), a lake in Holland, now drained.
ENGE (Teut.), narrow ; e.g. Engberg (narrow hill) ; Engbriick
(narrow bridge) ; Engkuizen (the narrow houses).
ERBE (Ger.), an inheritance or property ; e.g. Erbstellen (the
place of the inheritance, or the inherited property) ; Erbhof
(the inherited mansion-house) ; Sechserben (the property
or inheritance of the Saxons).
ERDE (Teut.), culrivated land ; e.g. Rotherde (red land) ; Schwarz-
enerde (black land).
ERLE (Ger.), the alder-tree ; e.g. Erla and Erlabeka (alder-tree
stream) ; Erlangen (the dweUing near alder-trees) ; Erlau,
a town in Hungary, on the Erlau (alder-tree river).
ERMAK (Ture), a river; e.g. Kizel-Ermack (red river); Jekil-
Ermak (green river).
ESCHE (Old Ger.), a common or sowed field ; e.g. Summeresche,
Winteresche (the field sown in summer and winter) ; Brach-
esche (the field broken up for tiUage) ; Kaiseresche (the
emperor's common). For this word as an affix, 2/. p. 5 :
as a prefix it signifies the ash-tree, as in the Aschaff or
ash-tree river ; Aschaffenberg (the fortress on the Aschaff) ;
Eschach (ash-tree stream) ; Escheweiller (ash-tree town) ;
Eschau (ash-tree meadow).
ESGAIR (Welsh), a long ridge ; e.g. Esgair-hir (the long ridge) ;
Esgair-yn-eira (the snow ridge).
ESKi (Ture), old ; e.g. Eski-djuma (old ditch).
ESPE, or ASPE (Get), the poplar-tree ; e.g. Aspacii (a place
abounding- in poplars, or the poplar-tree stream) ; Espen-
field (the field of poplars) ; Aspenstadt (the station of
poplars) — V. AESP, p. 5.
ESTERO (Span.), a marsh or salt creek ; e.g. Estero-Santiago (St.
James's marsh) ; Los-Esteros (the salt creeks), in South
America.
ETAN, TANA (Basque), a district, with the same meaning as the

76 EUDAN— FALU

Cel. tan. Latinised tania; e.g. Aquitania (the district of the
waters) ; Mauritania (of the Moors) -, Lusitania (the ancient
name of Portugal). This root-word enters into the name
of Britain, according to Taylor — v. Words and Places.
EUDAN, or AODANN (Gadhelic), the forehead — in topography, the
front or brow of a hill ; e.g. Edenderry (the hill-brow of the
oak-wood); Edenkelly(the front ofthe wood); Ednashanlaght
(the hill-brow of the old sepulchre) ; Edenmore (the great
hill-brow) ; Edina (one of the ancient names of Edinburgh).
EVES (A.S.), a margin; e.g. Evedon (on the brink of the hill);
Evesbatch (the brink of the brook) ; Evesham (the dweU
ing on the bank of the River Avon, in Worcester, or the
dwelling of Eoves, a shepherd, afterwards made Bishop of
Worcester).

FAGUS (Lat), a beech-tree ; Fagetum, a place planted with
beeches ; e.g. Ijsl Fage, Le Faget, Fayet, Les Fans, Fau-
mont, in France.
rAHR, FUHR (Teut. and Scand.), a way or passage — fxom. fahren,
to go ; e.g. Fahrenhorst (the passage at the wood) ; Fahren-
bach, Fahrwasser (the passage over the water) ; Fahrwangen
(the field at the ferry) ; Rheinfahr (the passage over the
Rhine) ; Langefahr (long ferry) ; Niederfahr (lower ferry) ;
Vere or Campvere, in Holland (the ferry leading to Kampen) ;
Ferryby (the town of the Ferry), in Yorkshire ; Broughty-
Ferry, in Fife (the ferry near a brough or castle, the ruins
of which still remain) ; Ferry-Port-on-Craig (the landing-
place on the rock), opposite Broughty-Ferry) ; Queensferry,
West Lothian, named from Queen Margaret ; Connal-Ferry
(the ferry of the raging flood), cotifhath-tuil, in Argyleshire ;
Fareham, Co. Hants (the dwelling at the ferry).
FALU, or FALVA (Hung.), a village; e.g. Uj-falu (new village);
Olah-falu (the village ofthe Wallachians or Wallochs, a name
which the Germans applied to the Sclaves) ; Hanus-falva
(John's village); Ebes-falva (Elizabeth's village), Ger.
Elizabeth-stadt ; Szombat-falva (the viUage at which the
Saturday market was held) ; Balars-falva (the village of
Blaise) ; Bud-falva (the viUage of Buda).

FANUM— FEED 77

FANUM (Lat.), a temple ; e.g. Fano, in Italy, ane. Fanum-Fortunce
(the temple of fortune), built here by the Romans to com
memorate the defeat of Asdrubal on the Metaurus ; Famars,
ane Fanum-Martis (the temple of Mars) ; Fanjeaux, ane
Fanum-fovis (of Jove) ; St. Die, ane Fanum-Deodati (the
temple of Deodatus, Bishop of Nevers) ; St. Dezier, ane
Fanum-Desiderii (the temple of St. Desiderius) ; Florent-
le-Vieul, ane Fanum- Florentii (of St. Florentius) ; St.
Flour, Fanum-Flori (of St. Florus).
FARR (Norse), a sheep. This word seems to have given names
to several places in the north of Scotland, as affording
good pasture for sheep ; e.g. Farr, a parish in Sutherland
shire) ; Farra, Faray, islands in the Hebrides and Orkneys ;
Fare, a hill in Aberdeenshire. C the alder-tree ; e.g. Fernagh,
FEARN (Gadhehc), JFarnagh,andFemey(aplace
FAUR,orVAUR(great)-^.MAUR, ^^^^^^«.^g ;^ alder-trees), in
Ireland ; Glenfame (alder-tree valley) ; Ferns, Co. Wexford,
ane Fearna (the place of alders) ; Gortnavem (the field of
alders) ; Farney, Co. Monaghan, corrupt, from Fearn-
mhagh (alder-tree plain) ; Altanfeam (the little stream of
alders); Sronfearn (the point of alders) — z/. p. 178; Fearns
(the alder-trees), in Ross-shire ; Fearn, also in Forfar ;
Femey, on the Lake of Geneva, probably with same mean
ing as Femey in Ireland.
FEHER (Hung.), white ; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. Stulweissenburg
(the throne of the white fortress).
FEKETE (Hung.), black ; e.g. Fekete-halam (black hill).
FEL (Hung.), upper, in opposition to al, lower ; e.g. Felsovaros
(upper town) ; Alvaros (lower town).
FELD, or VELD (Teut.), a plain or field ; lit. a place where trees
had been feUed ; e.g. Feldham (field dwelling) ; Feldberg
(field fortress) ; Bassevelde, in Belgium (low plain) ; Gurk-
feld (cucumber field) ; Leckfeld, Rhinfeld (the -plain of the
Rivers Leek and Rhine) ; Great Driffield, in Yorkshire
(dry field) ; Huddersfield, in Doomsday Oderesfeld, from a
personal name; Macclesfield (the field of St Michael's
church) ; Sheffield, on the R. Sheaf; Mansfield, on the R.
Mann ; Lichfield, Co. Stafford (the field of corpses), A.S.
Licenfelt, where, according to tradition, a great slaughter

78 FELL—FENN

of the Christians took place in the reign of Diocletian;
Wakefield (the field by the wayside, waeg) ; Spitalfields,
{i.e. the fields near the hospital or place of entertainment),
Lat. hospitalium. There is a watering-place near Berwick
caUed Spital, also a suburb of Aberdeen called the Spital ;
Smithfield, in London, is a corruption of Smethfield {smooth
field) ; Beaconsfield, Berks, so called from having been
built on a height on which beacon fires were formerly
lighted) ; Coilsfield, in Ayrshire (the field of Coilus or
King Coil). There is a large mound near it said to mark
the site of his grave. ,„ J . (a high mountain or mountain
FELL, FIALL, or FJELD (Scand.), I " -n f ij /¦.!.
' ,r. \ \ range ; e.g. Dovrefeld (the
FEL, FELSEN (Get), ) i „ ' ^ • s T^
' ^ " ( gloomy mountains) ; Donners-
feld (the mountain range of thunder or of Thor) ; Snafel,
Iceland, and Sneefell, in the Isle of Man (snow moun
tain) ; Blaefell (blue mountain) ; Drachenfells (the dragon's
rock) ; Weissenfels (the white rock) ; Rothenfels (red
rock) ; Scawfell (the mountain of the scaw or promontory) ;
Hartfell (of harts) ; Hestfell (of the steed) ; Lindenfels (of
the linden-tree) ; Lichtenfels (the mountain of light), a
Moravian settlement in Greenland ; Fitful Head, corrupt.
ixoxafitfioll (the hill with the promontory running into the
sea). Old Norse fit — in Shetland ; Falaise, in France, a
promontory, derived from the Ger. fell; Fellentin (the
fort, dun, on the rock), in France ; Souter-fell, Cumber
land ; Saudfjeld, Norway ; SaudafeU, in Iceland (sheep
hill), from Old Norse sauder, a sheep ; perhaps Soutra HiU,
in Mid- Lothian, may come from the same word; Criffel
(the craggy rock), Dumfries ; Felza, Felsbach (rocky
stream), in France ; Felsberg (rock fortress), in Germany ;
Goat-feU, in Arran, Gael. Gaoth-ceann (the \rindy point),
to which the Norsemen added t!a&\xfell.
FENN(Get), (f 'T'^l' 'f the Fe .narshy
VEN, or VEEN (Dutch), \ ^T^^ •' Fen-ditton (the enclosed town on
FEN CA S ) J niarsh) ; Fenny-Stratford (the ford
^ ' ''' l^on the Roman road, strat, in the
marshy land) ; Fenwick, Fenton, Finsbury (the town or
enclosed place on the marsh) ; Venloo, in Belgium (the
place in the marsh) ; Veenhof, Veenhusen (dweUings in the

FERN—FEUCHT 79

marsh) ; Houtveen (woody marsh) ; Diepenveen (deep
marsh) ; Zutphen, in Holland (the south marsh) ; Ravenna,
in Italy, called Pludosa (the marshy). It was originally
built in a lagoon, on stakes, like Venice ; Venice, named
from the Veneti, probably marsh dwellers ; Vannes, in
France, and La Vendue, may be from the same word,
although others derive the names from venna (a fisherman),
others from gwent, Cel. (the fair plain) ; Finland (the land
of marshes). The natives call themselves Suomilius, from
suoma (a marsh). Fang in German and Dutch names,
and faing in French names, are sometimes used instead of
fenn — as in Zeefang (lake marsh) ; Aalfang (eel marsh) ;
Habechtsfang (hawk's marsh) ; Faing-du-buisson, Dom-
faing, etc., in the valleys of the Vosges.
FERN, or FARN (Teut.), the fern ; e.g. Femdorf, Famdon, Farn-
ham, Famborough (dwellings among ferns) ; Famhurst (fern
thicket) ; Femdale (fern valley) ; Farringdon (fern hill) ;
Femmit (a place cleared of ferns).
{a grave or trench ; e.g. Farta, Ferta, and
Fartha {i.e. the graves) ; Fertagh and Far-
tagh (the place of graves) ; Moyarta, in
Clare, Irish Magh-fherta (the field of the graves) ; Fortin-
gaU, in Perthshire, is supposed to have derived its name
from this word, Feart-na-gall (the grave of the strangers),
having been the scene of many bloody battles.
LA FERTE, contracted from the French La fermete, from the Lat.
firmitas (strength), applied in topography to a stronghold ;
e.g. La Fertd Bernardi (Bernard's stronghold) ; Fertd-freshal,
from Firmitas Fraxinelli (the stronghold of little ash-trees) ;
La Ferte, in Nifevre and in Jura, etc.
, . /a fortress ; e.g. Altefeste (high fortress) ;
FESTE (Get), I Franzenfeste (the fortress of the Franks) ;
VESTING (JJutch) <^ Festenburg (the town of the fortress) ;
FAESTUNG (bcand.), y ivanich-festung (John's fortress), in Croatia.
^„,„„„ ,p^, ^ ( moist, marshy; e.g Feuchtwang (the marshy
FEUCHT (t^et), 1 ggj^^^ j^ Bavaria, formeriy called Hudro-
VOICHTIG (Dutch), y^gi-^^ In Q^ggl^^ .j^Hb the same meaning ;
Feucht (the damp place), also in Bavaria ; Viecht-gross and
Viecht-klein (the great and little damp place), in Bavaria.

go LES FEVES— FLECKE
LES fJ;ves (Fr.), beans, Lat faba, from which come such places
in France as La Favi&re, Favi^res, Faverage, Favray,
Faverelles, etc.
FICHTE (Get), the pine-tree ; e.g. Schoenfichten (the beautiful
pine-trees) ; Finsterfechten (the dark pine-trees) ; Ficht-
horst (pine-wood) ; Feichheim (a dweUing among pines).
In topography, however, it is difficult to distinguish this
word ixoxn feucht (damp).
FIN, FIONN (Gadhelic), fair, white, Welsh gwynn; e.g. Findrum
(white ridge) ; Fionn-uisge (the clear water). The Phoenix
Park, in Dublin, was so called from a beautiful spring well
on the grounds ; Findlater (the fair slope, letter) ; Fingart
(fair field) ; Finnow, Finnan, and Finglass (fair stream) ;
Finglen (fair glen) ; Knockfin (fair hiU) ; Loch Fyne (clear
or beautiful lake) ; Fintray, in Aberdeenshire; Fintry, in
Stirling (fair strand, traigh) ; Ventry, Co. Kerry, i.e. Fionn-
traigh (fair strand) ; Finnow (the fair stream).
FIORD, or FJORD (Scand.), a creek or inlet formed by an arm of
the sea. Anglicised ford, or in Scotland firth; e.g. Selfiord
(herring creek) ; Laxfiord (salmon creek) ; Hvalfiord (whale
creek) ; Lymefiord (muddy creek) ; Skagafiord (the inlet of
the promontory, skagi) ; Halsfiord (the bay of the neck or
hals, i.e. the narrow passage); Waterford, named bythe Danes
Vadre-fiord (the fordable part of the bay) — the Irish name
of the town was Port-lairge (the port of the thigh), from its
form ; Wexford (the western creek or inlet), also named by
the Danes Flekkefiord (the flat inlet) — its Irish name was
Inverslanie (at the mouth of the Slaney) ; Strangford Lough
{i.e. the loch of the strong fiord) ; Carlingford, in Irish
Caerlinn, the fiord ha.Vixig been added by the Danes ; Vaer-
ingefiord, in Norway (the inlet of the Varangians or
Warings) ; Breidafiord (broad inlet), in Ireland ; Haver-
ford, probably from Scand. havre (oats).
FLECKE (Teut. and Scand.), a spot or level place, hence a hamlet ;
e.g. Flegg, East and West, in Norfolk ; Fleckney (the flat
island) ; Fletton (flat town) ; Pfaffenfleck (the priest's
hamlet) ; Amtsfleck (the amptman's hanilet) ; Schoenfleck
(beautiful hamlet) ; Marktflecten (the market village) ;
Fladda, Flatholme, Fleckeroe (flat island) ; Fladstrand
(flat strand).

FLEOT—FONS 8r

„„.., ^, ,„„ i-T- .. \ (^ a flush of water, a channel or arm of the
FLEOT, FLIEZ (Teut), x.- x. ^ n ..
VLIET (Dutch) i ^^^ °" ^ '^'^ vessels may float ; e.g.
^ '' y Fleet (a river name), in Kirkcudbright ;
Fleet Loch ; Swinefleet (Sweyn's channel) ; Saltfleetby (the
dwelling on the salt water channel) ; Shalfleet (shallow
channel) ; Depenfleth (deep channel) ; Adlingfleet (the
channel of the Atheling or noble) ; Ebbfleet, a place which
was a port in the twelfth century, but is now half a mile
from the shore ; Purfleet, Co. Essex, ane Pourteflete (the
channel of the port) ; Fleetwood (the wood on the channel
of the R. Wyre) ; Miihlfloss (mill channel) ; Flushing, in
Holland, corrupt, from Vliessengen (the town on the channel
of the R. Scheldt). In Normandy this kind of channel
takes the form oi fieur, e.g. Barfleur (the summit or pro
jection on the channel) ; Harfleur or Havrefleur (the harbour
on the channel) ; Biervliet (the fruitful plain on the channel).
Flad as a prefix sometimes signifies a place liable to be
flooded, as Fladbury, Fledborough. The Lat. fiumen (a
flowing stream) is akin to these words, along with its
derivations in the Romance languages : thus Fiume (on
the river), a seaport in Croatia, at the mouth of the R.
Fiumara ; Fiumicina, a small seaport at the north mouth
of the Tiber ; Fiume-freddo (the cold stream), in Italy and
Sicily ; Flims, in Switzerland, Lat. Ad-flumina (at the
streams) ; Fiume-della Fine, near Leghorn, is a corrupt of
its ancient name, Ad-Fines (the river at the boundary).
FOLD (Hung.), land ; e.g. Foldvar (land fortress) ; Alfold (low
land) ; Felfbld (high land) ; Szekel-fold (the land of the
Szeklers) ; Havasel-fdld (the land beyond the mountains),
which is the Hungarian name for Wallachia.
a fountain, a well ; e.g. Fon-

FONS (Lat.),
FONTE (It. and Port.),
FONT, FONTAINE (Fr),
FUENTE, and HONTANA (Span.),
FUARAN and UARAN (Gadhelic),

tainebleau, corrupt from Fon-
taine-de-belle-eau (the spring of
beautiful water) ; Fontenoy (the
place of the fountain) ; Fon-
tenay (the place of the foun-

FFYNNON (Cym.-Cel.), ^ ^^^^^. ^g^ p-^ntaines, Fontanas
(the fountains) ; Fontenelles (the little fountains) ; Fonte
vrault, Lat. Fons-Ebraldi (the well of St. Evrault) ; Fuente
(the fountain), the name of several towns in Spain ; Fuen-
G

82 FORD
caliente (the warm fountain) ; Fuensagrada (holy weU) ;
Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree) ; Fuente-alamo (of the
poplar) ; Fontarabia, Span. Fuentarrabia, corrupt, from the
Lat. Fons-rapidans (the swift-flowing spring) ; Fuenfrido
(cold fountain) ; Fossano, in Italy, Lat Fons-sanus (the
healing fountain) ; Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, Hon-
tangas (the place of springs), in Spain ; Hontomin (the
fountain of the R. Omino), in Spain ; Pinos-fuente (pine-
tree fountain), in Granada ; Saint -fontaine, in Belgium,
corrupt, from Terra -de -centum fontanis (the land of the
hundred springs) ; Spa, in Belgium, corrupt from Espa (the
fountain) — its Latin name was Fons-Tungrorum (the weU
of the Tungri) ; Fonthill (the hill of the spring). The town
of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name
from a spa of mineral water in the market-place. The
Celtic uaran or fuaran takes the form of oran in Ireland :
thus Oranmore (the great fountain near a holy weU) ; Knock-
an-oran (the hill of the well) ; Ballynoran (the town of the
well) ; Tinoran, corrupt from Tigh-an-uarain (the dwelling
at the well) ; Foveran, in Aberdeenshire, took its name from
a spring, fuaran, at Foveran Castle ; Ffynon-Bed (St.
Peter's well), in Wales.
FORD (A S ) i^ shallow passage over a river ; e.g.
„,,  ^ '','„„ ,r^ s I Bradford (the broad ford), in Yorkshire,
FURT, or FURTH (Get), < ¦ „ a ¦ t, j/- j r. j- j- j
„  ' /T^ .. , s i on the R. Aire; Bealoxa, Bedtcan ford
VOORD (Dutch), I , , J J- jx t ^
^ ¦" y (the protected ford), on the Ouse ;
Brentford, on the R. Brenta ; Chelmsford, on the Chelmer ;
Camelford, on the Camel ; Charford (the ford of Ceredic) ;
Aylesford (of ^gle) ; Hacford and Hackfurth (of Haco) ;
Guildford (of the guilds or trading associations) ; Hunger-
ford, corrupt from Ingle ford (comer ford) ; Oxford, Welsh
Rhyd-ychen (ford for oxen) ; Ochsenfurt, in Bavaria, and
probably the Bosphorus, with the same meaning ; Hertford
(the hart's ford) ; Hereford (the ford of the army), or more
probably a mistranslation of its Celtic name, Caer-ffawydd
(the town of the beech-trees) ; Horsford, lUford, and Knuts-
ford (the fords of Horsa, Ella, and Canute). Canute had
crossed this ford before gaining a great battle ; Watford (the
ford on Watling Street) ; Milford, the translation of Rhyd-
y-milwr (the ford of the Milwr), a small brook that flows

FORS— FORUM 83

into the haven ; Haverford West — v. havn — the Welsh name
is Hwljfbrd (the sailing way, fifbrd), so called because the
tide comes up to the town ; Tiverton, ane Twyford (the
town on the two fords) ; Stamford, A.S. Stanford (stony
ford), on the Welland ; Stoney Stratford (the stony ford on
the Roman road) ; Stafford, ane Statford (the ford at the
station, or a ford crossed by staffs or stilts) ; Crayford, on
the R. Cray ; but Crawford, in Lanarkshire, is corrupt from
Caerford (castle ford) ; Wallingford, ane Gual-hen, Latin
ised Gallena (the old fort at the ford) ; Thetford, ane Theod-
ford (the people's ford), on the R. Thet ; Dartford, on the
R. Darent ; Bideford, in Devonshire (by the ford) ; Furth
and Pforten (the fords), in Prussia ; Erfurt, in Saxony, ane
Erpisford (the ford of Erpe) ; Hohenfurth (the high ford),
Bohemia ; Frankfort, on the Maine and on the Oder (the
ford of the Franks) ; Quernfurt and Velvorde (the fords of
the Rivers Quern and Wolowe) ; Steenvoord (stony ford) ;
Verden, in Hanover (at the ford of the R. AUer).
FORS, FOSS (Scand.), a waterfall ; e.g. High-force, Low-force, on
the R. Tees ; Skogar-foss (the waterfall on the promontory),
in Ireland ; Wilberforce, in Yorkshire (the cascade of
Wilbera) ; Sodorfors (the south cascade), in Sweden ; Foston
(the town of the waterfall).
FORST, VORST (Teut), a wood ; e.g. Forst-lohn (the path through
the wood) ; Forst-bach (forest brook) ; Eichenforst (oak
forest) ; Forstheim (forest dwelling).
FORT, a stronghold ; from the 'La.t. fortis, strong — akin to the Irish
Longphorth (a fortress), and the French La Fertd, abridged
ixoxa fermete — v. p. 79 ; e.g. Rochefort (the rock fortress) ;
Fort Augustus, named after the Duke of Cumberland ; Fort-
George (after George II.) ; Fort- William, ane Inverlochy
(at the mouth of the lake), and surnamed after WiUiam
III. ; Fortrose (the fortress on the promonjory) ; Fort-
Louis, in Upper Rhine, founded and named by Louis XIV. ;
Charles-Fort, in Canada, named after Charles I. In Ireland
the town of Longford is called in the annals I^ongphorth
O'Farrell (the fortress of the O'Farrells). This Irish word
is sometimes corrupted, as in Lonart for Longphorth, and
in Athlunkard for Athlongford (the ford of the fortress).
FORUM (Lat.), a market-place or place of assembly ; e.g. Forli,

FOSSE — FRENE

ane Forum-Livii (the forum of Livius), in Italy ; Feurs, in
France, ane Forum- Segusianorum (the forum of the
Segusiani) ; Forlimpopoli (the forum ofthe people) ; Ferrara,
ane Forum- Alieni (the market-place of the foreigner) ;
Fornova (new forum) ; Fossombrone, ane Forum-Sem-
pronii (of Sempronius) ; Frdjus and Friuli, ane Forum-fulii
(of Julius) ; Frontignan, ane Forum-Domitii (of Domitius),
also called Frontiniacum (on the edge of the water) ; Voor-
burg, in Holland, ane Forutn-Hadriani (the market-place
of Hadrian) ; Klagenftirt, ane Claudii- Forutn (the forum
of Claudius) ; Fordongianus, in Sardinia, ane Forum-
Trajani (the forum of Trajan) ; Forcassi, ane Forum-Cassii
(of Cassius) ; Flora, ane Forum- Aurelii (of Aurelius) ;
Appii-Forum (of Appius) ; Marazion, in ComwaU, or Mar-
ketjeu. Latinised by the Romans into Forum-Jovis (the
forum of Jove or of God), resorted to in former times from
its vicinity to the sacred shrine of St. Michael.
FOSSE, a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place, from the
Lat. fodio, to dig ; e.g. Fosseway (the road near the trench) ;
Foston (the town with the trench or moat) ; Fosse, in
Belgium ; Fos, at the mouths of the Rhone, ane Fossce
Mariance Portus (the port of the trench or canal of Marius).
FRANK (Get), free, but in topography meaning belonging to the
Franks ; e.g. Franconia (the district of the Franks) ; France,
abridged from Frankreich (the kingdom of the Franks or
freemen) ; Frankenthal (the vaUey of the Franks) ; Franken-
berg and Frankenfels (the hill and rock of the Franks) ;
Frankenburg and Frankenhausen (the dwellings of the
Franks) ; Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks) ; Franken-
markt (the market of the Franks) ; Ville-franche and Ville-
franche sur Saone (free town), in France ; Villa-franca (free
town), several in Italy ; Villa-franca (free town), in Spain.
FREI, or FREY (Ger.), a pri\ileged place, as a\so freiheit (freedom) ;
e.g. Freyburg and Fribourg (the privileged city) ; Schloss-
freiheit and Berg-freiheit (the privileged castle) ; Oude-
Vrijheid (the old privileged place), in Holland ; Freystadt,
in Hungary, Grk. Elcutheropolis (free city).
FRENE (Fr), FRASSINO (It.), *^ ^^^'^'^^ ' '¦^- ^^^ ^'^^"'='
FRESNO (Span.), FREIXO (Port.), \ ^« ^^'^'"^^ (*e ash - trees) ;
{ Frenois, Frenoit, Frenai, Fre-

FREUDE — FURST 85

nay, Fresney (the place abounding in ash-trees), in France ;
Frassinetto-di-Po (the ash-tree grove on the R. Po).
FREUDE (Get), joy ; e.g. Freudenthal (the valley of joy) ; Freuden-
stadt (the town of joy).
FRIDE, a hedge, from the Old Ger. word vride — akin to the Gael.
fridh, and the Welsh fridd (a wood) ; e.g. Burgfried (the
hedge of the fortress) ; Friedberg, ane Viiduperg (a fortress
surrounded by a hedge) ; but Friedland, in East Prussia,
Grk. Irenopyrgos (the tower of peace), is ixoxafriede, Ger.
peace. The prefix yrzVrf is also sometimes a contraction for
Frederick — thus Friedburg may mean Frederick's town.
FRITH, or FIRTH, the navigable estuary of a river, akin to Jiord
and the Lat frettem, a channel ; e.g. the Firths of Forth,
Tay, and Clyde ; the Solway Firth. This word Solway has
had various derivations assigned to it : one derivation is
from the Selgovce, a tribe ; Ferguson suggests the Old Norse
word sulla, Eng. sully, from its turbid waters, particularly
as it was called in Leland's Itinera Sulway. I would
suggest the A. S. sol (mire), as this channel is a miry slough
at low tide, and can be crossed on foot ; Pentland Firth,
corrupt, from Petland Fiord (the bay between the land of
the Picts and the Orkneys).
FROU, FRAU (Ger), lord and lady; e.g. Froustalla (the lord or
nobleman's staU) ; Frousthorp (the nobleman's farm) ; Frau-
brunnen (our lady's well) ; Frauenberg, Frauenburg, Frau-
stadt (our lady's tovra) ; Frauenkirchen (our lady's church) ;
Frauenfeld (our lady's field).
FUL (A.S.), dirty ; e.g. Fulbeck, Fulbrook (dirty stream) ; Fulneck
or Fullanig (dirty water) ; Fulham or FuUenham (either
the dwelling on the miry place or, according to another
derivation, ixoxafiigel, a bird).
FURED (Hung.), a bath or watering-place ; e.g. Tisza-Fiired (the
watering-place on the R. Theis or Tisza) ; Balaton-Fiired,
on Lake Balaton.
FURST (Get), a prince or the first in rank; e.g. Furstenau,
Furstenberg, Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder,
FurstenzeU (the meadow, hill, field, wood, island, church,
of the prince) ; but Furstberg means the chief or highest
hill.

86 GABEL— GARENNE

GABEL (Teut ) ( ^ ^°'^'^' ^PP^'^d to river forks ; e.g
.,.„,.. r Jl.-,,^ //- ji, r \ \ Gabelbach (the forked stream);
GABHAL, or GOUL (Gadhelic), 1 ^ , ,, r /^i ... a n-
' ^ ' ( Gabelhof (the court or dweUmg
at the forked stream), in Germany. In Ireland : Goul,
Gowel, and Gowl (the fork) ; Gola (forks) ; Addergoul,
Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish Eadar-dha-ghabhal (the
place between two river-prongs) ; Goule, in Yorkshire (on
the fork of two streams.
GADEN (Get), a cottage ; e.g. Holzgaden (wood cottage) ; Stein-
gaden (rock cottage).
,p, ^ /an enclosure, a city, or fortified place, from
„ _ J kir, a wall ; e.g. Gades or Cadiz, ane Gadr,
KiRTATH CH b "1 ) ™ Spain ; Carthage, ane Kartha-hadtha (the
^ '" \ new city, in opposition to Utica, the old) ;
Carthagena (New Carthage) ; Kirjath-Arba (the city of
Arba, afterwards Hebron) ; Kirjath-sepher (of the book)
Kirjath-jearim (of forests) ;. Kirjath-Baal (Baal's tovra)
Kirjath-Sannah (of palms) ; Keriathaim (the double town)
Kir-Moab (the citadel of Moab) ; Cordova, in Spain,
Phoen. Kartha-Baal (which may mean the city of Baal).
GAMA (Tamul), a viUage ; e.g. Alut-gama (new viUage), in Ceylon.
GANG (Ger), a narrow passage, either on land or by water; e.g.
Birkengang (the birch-tree pass) ; Strassgang (a narrow
street) ; Gangbach (the passage across the j brook) ; Gan'g-
hofen (the dweUing at the ferry), on the R. Roth, in
Bavaria.
GANGA, or GUNGA (Sansc), a river; e.g. Borra Ganga or the
Ganges (the great river) ; Kishenganga (the black river) ;
Neelganga (the blue river) ; Naraingunga (the river of
Naranyana or Vishnu) ; Ramgunga (Ram's river).
GARBH (Gadhelic), f ™"Sh ; e.g Rivers Gara, Garry, Garwe,
GARW (Cym.-Cel.) ) ^^'^'^^¦' Owengarve, Garonne, Garvault,
¦'' ( Yair, Yarrow (rough stream) ; Garradoon
(rough meadow) ; Garroch head or Ard-Kingarth (the point
of the rough headland), in Bute ; Gaiioch (the rough dis
trict), in Aberdeenshire.
GARENNE, a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low

GARIEF— GARTH 87
Lat. warenna, and that from the High Ger. waran (to take
precautions), had at first the sense of a protected or guarded
place, and more lately of a wood to which was attached the
exclusive right of the chase ; e.g. Lil Garenne, Garenne,
Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in various departments of
France.
GARIEF (South Africa), a river ; e.g. Ky-garief (yellow river) ; Nu-
garief (black river).
CARRDH CGadhelic) ( ^ ^^'^^^'' ' ^"^^ ^arryowen (Owen's gar-
GARRDH (Gadhehc), 1 ^^^^ . Gairyard (high garden) ; BaUin-
GARDD (Cym.-Lel.), y g^^^ ^jj^g ^^^^ ^j ^j^g garden) ; Garrane
and Garrawn (the shrubbery) ; Garranbane (white shrubbery).
GARTH (Welsh), a hill ; e.g. Tal-garth (the brow of the hill), in
Brecknockshire ; Brecknock, named after Brychan, its
king, who came from Ireland in the sixth century. Its
ancient name was Garth-Madryn (the fox's hill).
,_ , „ , . / an enclosed place, either for
GARTH, GART (Teut. and Scand.), ^^ J ^l^g^ ^ ^^^
OK^^T, (Gadhehc), ^ j^ .^ sometimes found in the
GARRD, GARZ (Cym.-Cel.), y ^^^^ ^f ^^^^ ;^ I^gj^^^ ^^^
Scotland ; e.g. Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town) ;
Applegarth (the apple enclosure or farm) ; Hogarth (an
enclosure for hay) ; Weingarten (an enclosure for vines, or
a vineyard) ; Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an enclosure for
horses) ; Nomigard (the sibyl's dweUing, nom, a pro
phetess) ; Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher's farm), in
Wales ; Noostigard (the farm at the naust or ship station) ;
in Shetland ; Smiorgard (butter farm) ; Prestgard (the
priest's farm) ; Yardley (the enclosed meadow) ; Yard-
borough (the enclosed town) ; Gartan (little field) ; Gordon,
a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt, from Goirtean (little
farm) ; Gartbane and Gortban (fair field) ; Gartfarran (the
farm at the fountain, fuaran) ; Gartbreck (spotted field) ;
Gortnagclock (the field of the stones) ; GoBtreagh (gray
field) ; Gortenure (the field of the yew-tree) ; Oulart, in
Ireland, cormpt. from Abhalghort (apple-field or orchard) ;
Bugard (an enclosure for cattle), in Shetland ; OUigard (the
farm or dwelling of Olaf), in Shetland ; Girthon, corrupt.
from Girthavon (the enclosure on the river), in ¦ Kirkcud
bright). On the other hand, Garda or Warda in French

GAT— GEBEL

names signified originally a fortified or protected place,
from an old Teutonic word warta; hence Gardere, Gardifere,
La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc.
GAT (Scand ) ( ^" opening or passage ; e.g. the Cattegat (the
/•A S •( / '^^''^ throat or passage) ; Margate (the sea-gate
/o \ \ or passage), ane. Meregate, there having been
GHAT (Sansc), I J- , lit t.- 1. 1. J -x ¦ .a
^ ' ( formerly a mere or lake here which had its influx
into the sea ; Ramsgate (the passage of Ruim, the ancient
name of Thanet) ; Reigate, contraction from Ridgegate (the
passage through the ridge) ; Yetholm (the valley at the
passage or border between England and Scotland, yet,
Scot, a gate) ; Harrowgate, probably the passage of the
army, A.S. here, as it is situated near one of the great
Roman roads ; Crossgates, a village in Fife (at the road
crossings) ; Ludgate did not derive its name from a certain
King Lud, according to popular tradition, but is an instance
of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. woxithlid
(a door), hence Geathlid (a postern gate) — v. BOSWorth.
In India the word ghat is applied to a pass between hiUs
or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging mountain
ranges) ; Sheergotta (the lion's pass), between Calcutta and
Benares ; and Geragaut (the horse's pass), or to a passage
across a river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from
a river to the buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is
Kalikuti (the ghauts or passes leading to the temple of the
goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly ; also Calicut, on the
Malabar coast.
GAU, GOVIA (Ger.), a district ; e.g. Sundgau, Westgau, Nordgau
(south, west, and north district) ; Aargau, Rheingau, Thur-
gau (the districts watered by the Rivers Aar, Rhine, and
Thur) ; Schoengau (beautiful district) ; Wonnegau (the
district of delight) ; Hainault, Get Hennegau (the district of
the R. Haine. and ault, the stream) ; Pinzgau (the district
of rushes, binse), in Tyrol ; Oehringen or Oringowe (the
district of the R. Ohr).
GEBEL, or DJEBEL (At), a mountain; e.g. Gebel-Kattarin, in
Sinai (St. Catharine's mountain), where, according to tradi
tion, the body of St. Catharine was transported from Alex
andria ; Djebel-Mousa (the mountain of Moses), in Horeb ;
Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), in Armenia ; Jebel-Khal (black

GEESTE — GEN

mount), in Africa ; Gibraltar, Ar. Gebel-al-Tarik (the moun
tain of Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of
Calpe, A.D. 711); Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white
mountain), supposed to be so called because covered with
snow during a great part of the year ; Gebel-Oomar (the
mountain of Omar) ; Gibel-el-Faro (the mountain with the
lighthouse), near Malaga ; Djebel-es-Sheikh (the mount of
the sheik or shah, i.e. of the king), the Arabian name for
Mount Hermon — v. index.
GEESTE (Ger), barren land ; e.g. Gaste, Geist, Geeste (the barren
land) ; Geestefeld (barren field) ; Holzengeist (the barren
land in the wood) ; Nordergast, Middelgast (the northern
and middle barren land).
GEISE (Get), a goat ; e.g. Geisa and Geisbach (the goat's stream) ;
Geismar (rich in goats) ; Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, Geisen-
heim (the goat's dwelling) ; Geisberg (goat's hiU).
GEMENDE (Ger.), a common ; e.g. Gmeind (the common) ; Peters-
gemeinde (Peter's common) ; Gemeindmiihle (the mill on
the common).
GEMUND (Ger), a river-mouth or a confluence ; e.g. Neckarge-
mund (at the mouth of the R. Neckar) ; Saaregemund (at
the conf of the R. Saare and the Belise) ; Gmiind, in Wur
temberg (at the conf of the two streams) ; Gemund and
Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this
word takes the form oimonde, as in Roermonde and Dender-
monde (at the mouths of the Roer and Dender) ; Emden,
in Hanover, is a corrupt, of Emsmilnder (at the conf of the
Ems and a small stream).
GEN, an abbreviated form of magen or megen, the Teutonic form
for the Cel. magh (a field) — qu. v.; e.g. Remagen or Rhem-
maghen (the field on the Rhine) ; Nimeguen, for Novio-
magus (the new field) ; Schleusingen (the field or plain of
the R. Schleuse) ; Munchingen (the field of t|ie monks) ;
Beverungen, on the R. Bever ; Meiningen (the great field
or plain), in the valley of the R. Wara.
GEN, GENAU (Cel.), a mouth or opening; e.g. Llanfihangel-
genaur'-glyn (the church of the angel at the mouth of the
glen), in Wales ; Genappe and Gennep (the mouth of the
water, abh) ; Geneva (either the opening or mouth of the
water, or the head, ceann, of the water, where the Rhone

90

GENT— GLAISE

proceeds from the lake) ; Genoa, probably with the same
meaning ; Ghent or Gend, at the conf of the Scheldt and
Lys, may also mean at the mouth of the rivers, although,
according to tradition, it acquired its name from a tribe of
Vandals, the Gandani, and was called in the ninth century
Gandavum-vicum, from the name of its inhabitants.
GENT, in French topography, beautiful ; e.g. Gentilly, ane Gen-
tiliacum (the place of beautiful waters), on the Bifevre —
V. OEUIL ; Nogent (beautiful meadow).
GERICHT (Ger.), a court of justice ; e.g. Gerichtsbergen (the hill
of the court of justice) ; Gerichtstetten (the station of the
court of justice).
GHAR (Ar.), a cave ; e.g. Garbo (the cave), in Malta ; Trafalgar,
i.e. Taraf-al-gar (the promontory of the cave).
.„ . C a fort ; e.g. Ahmednaghar (the
GHAR, GHUR, or GORE (Sansc), I f^^^ ^f Ahmed); Ramghur (of
NAGAR, a City, y j^^j^^. Kishenagur (of Krishna);
Furracknagur (of Furrack) ; Moradnagur (of Morad) ;
Jehanagur (of Jehan) ; AUighur (of AUah or of God) ; Bis-
naghur (triumphant fort) ; Futtegur (fort of victory) ; Deo-
ghur (God's fort) ; Neelgur (blue fort) ; Seringagur (the
fort of abundance) ; Chandemagore (the fort of the moon) ;
Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali) ; Bissengur (the fort of Vishnu) ;
Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar).
GHARI, or GHERRY (Sansc), a mountain ; e.g. Ghaur, a mountainous
district in Affghanistan ; Boughir (the woody mountain) ;
Kistnagherry (Krishna's mountain) ; Rutnagiri (the mountain
of rubies) ; Chandgherry (of the moon) ; Shevagherry (of
Siva) ; Neilgherries (the blue mountains) ; Dhawalageri (the
white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas.
GILL, GJA (Scand.), a ravine ; e.g. Buttergill, HorisgiU, OrmsgiU,
Thorsgill, etc. (ravines in the Lake District named after
Norse leaders) ; Hrafngia (the ravens' ravine, or of Hrafan,
a Norse leader) ; Almanna-gja (AUman's ravine), in Ice
land. The Hebrew gde (a ravine) answers in meaning to
this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ra-vine of the -children of
Hinnom), corrupt, to Gehenna. This word, in the form of
goe, is applied to a small bay, i.e. a raxine which admits
the sea, as in Redgoe, Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland.
GLAISE (Gadhelic), a small stream ; e.g. Glasaboy (the yellow

GLAN— GLEANN 91

stream) ; TuUyglush (hill stream) ; Glasheena (abounding
in small streams) ; Douglas, i.e. Dubhglaise (the black
stream), frequent in Ireland and Scotland ; Douglas, in the
Isle of Man, is on the R. Douglas ; also the name of a
parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas
family derive their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful
little stream), in Co. Cork ; Ardglashin (the height of the
rivulet), in Cavan.
GLAN (Cym.-Cel.), a shore, a brink, a side ; e.g. Glan-yr-afon,
Welsh (the river side).
GLAS (Cel.), gray, blue, or green ; e.g. Glasalt (gray stream) ;
Glascloon (green meadow) ; Glasdrummond (green ridge) ;
Glaslough (green lake) ; GlasmuUagh (green summit), in
Ireland ; Glass, a parish, in Scotland. In Wales : Glascoed
(greenwood) ; Glascombe (green hollow). Glasgow is said
by James, the author of Welsh Names of Places, to be a
corrupt, of Glas-coed.
tr Ah V \ ( ^ small valley, often named from
; ;' ^ , , 1 the river which flows through it ;
GLYNandGLANN(Cym.-Cel.),<^^^_ Glen-fender, Glen-flnnan,
GLEN (A. b.), (Glen -tilt, Glen-shee, Glen -esk,
Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond,
Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen-
devon (valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender,
Finnan, Tilt, Shee, Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Li vet, Lyon,
Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, Cona, Devon). In
Ireland : Glennagross (the valley of the crosses) ; Glen-
muUion (of the mill) ; Glendine and Glandine and Glen-
dowan, Irish Gleann-doimhin (the deep valley) — sometimes
it takes the form of glan or glyii, as in Glin on the
Shannon, and Glynn in Antrim ; Glennan, Glenann, Glen-
tane, Glenlaun, etc. (little valley). When this word occurs
at the end of names in Ireland the g is som^imes sup
pressed ; e.g. Leiglin, in Carlow, ane Leith-ghlionn (half glen) ;
Crumlin, Cromlin, and Crimlin (the winding glen) ; Glencross
or Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a remarkable
cross which once stood there ; Glenelg (the valley of hunt
ing or of the roe) ; Glengarnock (of the rough hillock) ;
Glencroe (of the sheepfold) ; Glenmore or Glenmore-nan-
Albin (the great glen of Scotland which divides the High-

92 GLEIZ—GOLB

lands into two nearly equal parts) ; Glenmoreston (the
valley of the great cascade, i.e. of Foyers) ; Glenbeg (little
valley) ; Glenburnie (of the little stream) ; Glenmuick
(the boars' valley) ; Glenure (of the yew) ; Glenfinlas (of
the clear stream) ; Glengariff (rough glen) ; Glendalough,
Co. Wicklow, is in Irish Gleann-da-locha (the glen of the
two lakes) ; Glennamaddy (of the dogs, madadh) ; Glinties
(the glens), Co. Donegal ; Forglen, a parish in Banffshire
(the cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd (ofthe
R. Nedd).
GLEIZ (Old Get), shining; e.g. Glisbach (shining brook); Gleis-
berg (shining hill) ; Gleesdorf, Gleesweiler (shining dweUing).
GLINA (Sclav.), clay ; e.g. Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke,
Glinow (names of places near clay pits) ; Glina (the clayey
stream).
GLOG (Sclav.), the white thom ; e.g. Glogau, Gross, and Upper
Glogau, in Silesia (places abounding in white thom) ;
Glognitz, with the same meaning.
GNADE (Ger.), grace ; e.g. Gnadenhiitten (the tabernacles of grace),
a Moravian settlement on the Ohio ; Gnadenthal (the vaUey
of grace), in Africa ; Gnadenburg and Gnadenfeld (the
city and field of grace).
GOBHA (Gadhelic), a blacksmith — in topography Gow or Gowan;
e.g. Ardgowan (the blacksmith's height) ; Balgowan, Balna-
gowan, Balgovraie, Balgonie, in Scotland, and BaUygow,
Ballygowan, Ballingown, Ballynagovra, in Ireland (the
dwelling of the blacksmith) ; Athgoe (the blacksmith's ford).
In early times the blacksmith was regarded as an important
personage, being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and
the ancient Irish, like other nations, had their smith god,
Goban, hence the frequent use of the word in their topo
graphy.
GOLA, or GALA (Sclav.), a wood ; e.g. Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye
or Kolkwitz, and Gahlen (the woody place) ; Galinchen
(the little Gahlen, i.e. a colony from that town) ; Kallinichen,
i.e. the colony from Gallun ^the woody place) ; GoUnow, in
Pomerania, from this root ; but GoUnitz, near Finsterwalde,
is corrupt, from felcnze (stag town), from jelen.
GOLB, GULB (Sclav.), the dove ; e.g. Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin,

GORA — GRANGE

93

Golembecks, Golembki (dove town) ; GoUombken, in
Prussia, Ger. Taubendorf {Aove town).
GORA (Sclav.), (^ mountain or hiU ; eg. Goritz, Get Gois (the
'0(3os CGrk ) 1 " °" '' "^ Hungary, m a province of
^ ^ '" (the same name ; GorUtz (behind the hiU), caUed
also Sgoretz; Gorigk, Ger. Bergheide (hilly heath) ; Gor-
gast (hill inn), gosta corrupt, into gast; Podgorze, Pod-
gorach, Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the hill). This word
sometimes takes the form of hora, as in Zahora, in Turkey
(behind the hill) ; Czemahora (the black hill).
GORT (Gadhelic), a field, cognate with the Lat. hortus and Span.
huerta, and the Teut. garth — v. p. 87 ; e.g. Huerta-del-
rey (the king's orchard), in Spain.
GRAB (Sclav.), the red beech ; e.g. Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig,
Grabow (the place of red beeches) ; Grabin, Get Fijtster-
walde (the place of red beeches or the dark wood).
GRABEN (Ger), I f ^^^.\ °' ''^"""^'.^ir Sr<^^'^,grafan
GRAB, GRAEF k.S.), '° ^'^^ '' 'f J^"^]^"^"^'" ,f " "^'I'
\ trench or dam) ; Vloedgraben (the trench
for the flood) ; Schutzgraben (the moat of the defence) ;
Grafton and Graffham (the moated town) ; Gravesend (the
town at the end of the moat) ; Bischofsgraef (the bishop's
trench). In Ireland the prefix graf is applied to lands
that have been grubbed up with a kind of axe called a
grafan — hence such names as Graffan, Graffin, Graffee,
Graffy.
GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.), a count or earl ; e.g. Graffenau,
Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, Grafenstein (the meadow, hill,
wood-clearing, and rock of the count) ; Grafenworth and
Grafenhain (the count's enclosure or farm) ; Grafenthal (the
count's valley) ; Grafenbriick (the count's bridge) ; Grafen-
miihle (the count's mill) ; Gravelines, in Flanders, ane
Graveninghem (the count's domain). In Sclavonic names,
Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, Hrabowa, HrabaSchin (the
count's town) ; Grobinow (count's town), Germanised into
Kroppstadt.
GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.), a farm or storehouse for grain, from the
Lat. granaria, cognate with the Gadhelic grainnseach. Low
Lat. grangia; e.g. Grange, a parish and village in Banff
shire ; Les Granges (the granaries) ; La Neuve Grange

94 GRENZE — GRODEN
(the new farm), in France ; La Granja, in Spain ; Grange-
geeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root
such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places
producing grain).
.p , C the boundary or comer ; e.g. Grenzhausen (the
,_^. ¦•'' -' dweUings on the boundary) ; Banai-Militar
^ ( Granze (the border territory under the govern
ment of a military officer called The Ban) ; Gransee (the
corner lake) ; Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in
Hungary ; Gran, a town in Hungary, in a province of the
same name through which the R. Gran flows.
GRIAN (Gadhelic), the sun ; e.g. Greenock, either from grianach
(sunny) or the knoll, cnoc (of the sun) ; Greenan, Greenane,
Greenawn, and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), trans
lated by the Irish Latin-writers solarium; but as it occurs
in topographical names in Ireland, it is used as another
name for a royal palace ; Grenanstown, in Co. Tipperary, is
a sort of translation of its ancient name Baile-an-ghrianain
(the town of the palace) ; Greenan-Ely (the palace of the
circular stone fortress, aileach) ; Tullagreen (the hill of the
sun) ; Monagreany (sunny bog).
GRIES (Ger.), sand or gravel ; e.g. Griesbach (sandy brook) ;
Griesau, Griesthal (sandy valley) ; Grieshaim (sandy dwell
ing) ; Grieswang (sandy field) ; Griesberg (sand hiU) ;
Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). Gressius and
Gresum in bas Lat. have the same meaning, and have
given names to such places in France as Les Grfes, Groses,
Les Gresillons, La Gress^e, La Grezille, etc.
GROD, GOROD, GRAD (Sclav.), ( ^ ^f'^f '°7V J'^- .^^'^rade
HRAD (Ture), ^f Belgorod (white fortress) ;
( Ekateringrad and Ehzabethgrad
(the fortified town of the Empress Catharine and EUzabeth) ;
Zaregorod (the fortress ofthe Czar or Emperor) ; Novgorod
(new fortress) ; Paulograd and Ivanograd (the fortress of
Paul or Ivan, i.e. John) ; Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk,
Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified toxvns),
in Poland and Russia; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the
same meaning, in Bohemia.
GRODEN (Frisian), land reclaimed from the sea ; e.g. Moor-
groden, Ostergroden, Salzgroden, places in Holland.

GRON^GUT 95

GRON, GROEN, GRUN (Teut and Scand.), green ; e.g. Groenloo,
Gronau (the green meadow) ; Grunavoe (green bay) ;
Grunataing (green promontory) ; Grunaster (green dwell
ing), in Shetland ; Greenland, translated from Terra-verde,
the name given to the country by Cortoreal in 1500, but it
had been discovered by an Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the
red), in the ninth century, and named by him Hvitsaerk
(white shirt), probably because covered with snow ; Green
wich, A. S. Grenavie, Lat viridus-vincs (green town).
GRUND (Get), a vaUey ; e.g. Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys
of the Rivers Amsel and Ity) ; Riesengrund (the giant's
valley) ; Laucha-grund (the valley of the R. Laucha), in
Thuringia.
GUADA, the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from
the Arabic wddy (the dried-up bed of a river) ; e.g. Guada-
laviar, i.e. Ar. Wadi-l-abyadh (the white river) ; Guadalete
(the small river) ; Guadalimar (red river) ; Guadarama
(sandy river) ; Guadalertin (the muddy river) ; Guadaloupe
(the river of the bay, upl) ; Guadiana (the river of joy),
called by the Greeks Chrysus (the golden) ; Guadalquivir,
i.e. Wad-al-kebir (the great river) ; Guaalcazar (of the
palace) ; Guadalhorra (of the cave, ghar) ; Guadalbanar
(of the battlefield) ; Guadaira (of the mills).
GU£ (Fr.), a ford, perhaps from the Celtic gwy, water ; e.g. Q\x€-
du-Loire (the ford of the Loire) ; Gud-de-l'Isle (of the
island) ; Le Gu^-aux-biches (of the hinds) ; Bond, formerly
Bonum-vadum, Lat. (the good ford), in France ; Bungay,
in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, corrupt from Bon-gud (good
ford).
GUISA (Old Get), to gush, found in river names ; e.g. Buachgieso
(the bending stream) ; Goldgieso (golden stream) ; Wisgoz
(the white stream).
GUNGE (Sansc), a market-town ; e.g. Saibgunge (the market-town
of the Englishmen) ; Futtegunge (the town of victory) ;
Sultangunge (of the Sultan) ; Shevagunge (of Siva) ;
Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier).
GUT, GOED (Ger.), a property ; e.g. Schlossgut (the property of
the castle) ; Wtistegut (the property in the waste land) ;
but this word, used as a prefix, denotes good, as in Gutten-

96 GIVEN— HAAR

berg, Guttenbrun, Guttenstein (the good hill, weU, and
fortress).
GWEN (Cym.-Cel.), fair, white, cognate with the Ga.dhe\ic fionn;
e.g. Gwenap (the fair slope) ; Gwendur and Derwent (the
fair water) ; Berwyn (the fair boundary) ; Corwen (the fair
choir) ; Ventnor (the fair shore) ; Guinty or Guindy (the
fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. Gwent, Latin-*
ised Venta, meant a fair open plain, and was applied to the
counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, and
Hampshire, as well as to the coast of Brittany : thus Win
chester was formerly Caer-gwent (the fortress of the fair
plain). Latinised Venta-Belgorum (the plain of the Belgians).
There was a gwent also in Norfolk, Latinised Venta^Iceti^
orum (the plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the
derivation of Vannes and La Vendee, in Normandy, if not
from the Veneti — v. fen.
GWENT (Welsh), a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name
now confined to nearly all Monmouthshire, but which
anciently comprehended also parts of the counties of
Gloucester and Hereford, being a district where Caer-wenl
or the Venta-Silurum of the Romans was the capital ;
Corwen (the blessed choir or church) ; Yr Eglwys- Wen
(the blessed choir or church) ; Wenvoe, in Glamorgan,
corrupt, from Gwenvai (the happy land).
GWERN (Cym.-Cel.), the alder- tree, also a swamp; e.g. Coed-
gwern (alder-tree wood).
GWY, or WY (Cym.-Cel.), water; e.g. the Rivers Wye, the Elwy
(gUding water) ; Llugvsy (clear water) ; Mynewy (smaU
water) ; Leveny (smooth water) ; Garway (rough water) ;
Conway (the chief or head water, cyn) ; Gwydir, i.e. Gwy-tir
(water land), the ancient name of Glastonbury ; Gwynedd
(water glen), an ancient region in North Wales.
GWYRDD (Welsh), green, verdant ; e.g. Gwyrdd-y-coed (the winter
green).

H
HAAR (Teut.), an eminence ; e.g. Haarlem (the eminence on the
clayey soil, Icem).

HAFEN—HAI 97

HAFEN, HAVN (Teut and Scand.), (^ ^^';'^°"'^' ^'°^ .^f ^^l
HOFEN,HAMM, C^T^I} ' ^-^^ F"\cbe - haff
HAVRE (Fr) ) (freshwater haven); Kur-
" (ische-haff (the harbour of
the Cures, a tribe) ; Ludwig's-hafen (the harbour of Louis) ;
Charles's -haven, Frederick's -haven (named after their
founders) ; Delfshaven (the canal harbour) ; Vilshaven (the
harbour at the mouth of the R. Vils) ; Thorshaven (the
harbour of Thor) ; Heiligenhaven (holy harbour) ; Hamburg
(the town of the harbour), formerly Hochburi (high town) ;
Soderhamm (the south harbour) ; Osterhafen (east har
bour) ; Ryehaven, in Sussex (the harbour on the bank,
rive) ; Milford-haven (the harbour of Milford), the modern
name of the Cel. Aber-du-gledian (the confluence of the two
swords), a word applied to streams by the ancient Britons ;
Whitehaven, in Cumberland, according to Camden named
from its white cliffs ; Stonehaven (the harbour of the rock),
in allusion to the projecting rock which shelters the har
bour ; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, in allusion to the new
harbour made in 17 13 — its former name was Meeching;
Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, named in contradistinction
from the old harbour at Leith.
,„ , „ , . C an enclosure, literally a place
HAG, HAGEN (Teut. and Scand.), I j j u 1, j .
^ " < surrounded by a hedge, cognate
HAIGH, HAY, HAIN, ) .,, ,, ' ^ ,J ^ ' „^
' ' ' (^ With the Celtic ca^y «.^. Hagen,
in Germany, and La Haye, Les Hayes, and Hawes (the en
closures), in France, Belgium, and England ; Hagenbach
(the hedged-in brook) ; Hagenbrunn (the enclosed well) ;
Hagueneau (the enclosed meadow), a town in Germany ;
Fotheringay (probably originally an enclosure for fodder or
fother) ; The Hague, Ger. Gravenhage (the duke's en
closure, originally a hunting-seat of the Princes of Orange) ;
Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure) ; Jacob's-hagen (James's
enclosure), in Pomerania ; Urishay (the enclosure of Uris),
in Hereford ; Haigh and Haywood (the enclosed wood), in
Lancashire.
HAGO, HEGY (Hung.), a hill ; e.g. Kiraly-hago (the king's hill) ;
Szarhegy (the emperor's hill).
HAI (Chinese), the sea ; e.g. Hoanghai (the yellow sea) ; Nankai
(the southern sea). H

HAIDE— HAM

HAIDE, or HEIDE (Teut.), a heath or wild wood ; e.g. Falkenheid
(the falcon's wood) ; Birchenheide (the birch - wood) ;
Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath) ; Hatfield, Hadleigh,
Hatherley, and Hatherleigh (the heathy fleld or meadow) ;
Hadlow (heath hill) ; Haidecke (heath corner) ; Heyde-
capelle (the chapel on the heath), in HoUand.
HAIN (Ger.), a grove or thicket ; e.g. Wildenhain (the wild beasts'
thicket) ; Wilhelmshain (William's grove or thicket) ; Lan-
genhain (long thicket) ; Grossenhain (the thick grove).
HALDE (Ger.), a declivity, cognate with hald, Scand. (a rock) ; e.g.
Leimhalde (clayey declivity) ; Frederick's-hald, in Norway,
so named by Frederick III. in 1665. Its old name was
simply Halden (on the declivity).
,„ ^ . C a stone house, a palace ; e.s;. EccleshaU
HALL, or ALH (Teut.), I , , , , \ ¦ c. i i X.- u
' . . _ . ^ \ (church house), m Staffordshire, where
^ ¦ ¦'' ( the Bishops of Lichfield had a palace ;
Coggeshall, in Essex (Gwgan's mansion) ; Kenninghall
(the king's palace), in Norfolk, at one time the residence of
the princes of East Anglia.
HALL and HALLE, in German topography, is a general name for a
place where salt is manufactured. The word has its root
in the Cym.-Cel. halen (salt), cognate with the Gadhehc
salen and the Teut. salz, probably from the Grk. hats (the
sea). Hall and Halle, as town names, are found in con
nection with Salz; as in Hall in Upper Austria, near the
Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and Hall, near the salt
mines in the Tyrol ; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, on the R.
Saale ; Reichenhall (rich salt-work), in Bavaria ; HaUein,
celebrated for its salt-works and baths, on the Salza ;
Hallstadt, also noted for its salt-works ; Hall, in Wurtem
berg, near salt springs ; Halton, in Cheshire, probably
takes its name from the salt mines and works in the neigh
bourhood ; Penardhalawig (the headland of the salt marsh)
was the ancient name of Hawarden, in Flint and Cheshire ;
Halys and Halycus (salt streams), in Galatia and Sicily.
HAM, HEIM (Teut and Scand.), \% ^°;^^ ""^ familyjesidence,
HJEM, HEIM \ Y'^^^y ^ P'^<V« °f ^belter from
( heimcn, Ger. (to cover), haina,
A.S. (a covering), cognate with the Grk. heima; e.g. Hamp-
stead and Hampton (the home place) ; Okehampton (the

HAM 99
dweUing on the R. Oke), in Devonshire ; Oakham (oak
dwelling), so called from the numerous oaks that used to
grow in its vicinity ; Buckingham (the home of the Buc-
cingus or dwellers among beech - trees) ; Birmingham,
probably a patronymic from the Boerings ; Addlingham
and Edlingham (the home of the Athelings or nobles) ;
Horsham (Horsa's dweUing) ; Clapham (Clapa's home) ;
Epsom, ane Thermce- Ebbesham (the warm springs of
Ebba, a Saxon queen) ; Flitcham (Felex's home) ; Blen
heim, Ger. Blindheim (dull home), in Bavaria ; Notting
ham, A.S. Snotengaham (the dwelling near caves) ; Shore-
ham (the dwelling on the coast) ; Waltham (the dwelling
near a wood) ; Framlingham (the dwelling of the strangers),
from the A.S. ; Grantham (Granta's dweUing); Ightham
(the parish with eight villages), in Kent ; Wrexham,
ane Writtlesham (the town of wreaths), A.S. wreoth;
Ingelheim (the dwelling of the Angli) ; Ingersheim (of
Ingra) ; Oppenheim (of Uppo) ; Rodelheim (of Rodolph) ;
Southampton (the south dwelling, in distinction from North
ampton) ; Twickenham (the dweUing between the streams,
where the Thames seems to be divided into two streams) ;
Rotherham, ane CeL Yr odre (the boundary), Lat Adfines
(on the boundary) ; Wolverhampton (the dwelling endowed
by the Lady Wulfrana in the tenth century) ; Godmanham,
in Yorkshire (the holy man's dwelling), the site of an idol
temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, whose
name it bears. This root-word is often joined to the name
of a river, thus — Coleham, Coverham, Debenham, Hexham
or Hestildisham, Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, Tynningham
{i.e. towns or viUages on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben,
Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne) ; Cheltenham, on the Chelt ;
Oxnam, Co. Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a place of shelter
for oxen) ; Hameln, on the R. Hamel, in Hanover ; Dron-
theim or Trondjeim (throne dwelling) ; Kais^rheim (the
emperor's dweUing); Heidelsheim (the dweUing of Haidulf),
in Bavaria; Hildesheim, probably the dwelling near the
field of battle. Old Get hilti (a battle) ; Mannheim (the
dwelling of men), as contrasted with Asheim or Asgarth
(the dwelling of the gods), in Baden ; Hildersham, in
Yorkshire, ane Hildericsham (the dwelling of Childeric).

HAMMAN—HAR

Ham is often contracted into om, um, en, or am, etc. — as
in Dokum (the town of the port or dock), in Holland;
Nehon, in Normandy, corrupt, from Nigel's home ; Angeln
(the dweUing of the Angli) ; Oppeln, in Silesia (the dweUing
of Oppo) ; Edrom, in Berwickshire, corrupt, from Adderham
(the dweUing on the R. Adder) ; Ednam, on the Eden, in
Roxburghshire ; Hitchen, on the Hiz or Hitche, in Herts ;
Fulham, ane FuUenham (the home of birds), A.S. fugil;
Hownam (the dwelling of Howen or Owen), in Roxburgh
shire. In Flanders ham or heim often takes the forms oieim,
em, etc., as in Killim (the dweUing of Kilian) ; Ledringhem
(of Ledro) ; Hem (of Hugnes) ; Pitgain (of the weU) ;
Wolsen, for Wolfsheim ; Bohemia (the home of the Boii) ;
Dahlen (valley dwelling) ; W^olsen (Wolfa's dweUing).
., J _, . (hot springs; e.g. Hamman- Mousa
HAMMAN (At and Ture), I /,, u . ¦ r iv/r n xj„
^ " < (the hot spnngs of Moses) ; Ham-
HAMMAH, ) ^ -n-u / r -m. v.\ tl 
' ( man-Pharoon (of Pharaoh) ; Ham-
mah-de-Cabes (the warm baths of Cabes), in North Africa ;
Alhama (the town of the warm baths), the name of several
places in Spain.
HAMMER (Scand.) This word sometimes signifies a vUlage or
small town, and sometimes a rock ; e.g. Lillehammer (the
little town) ; Oesthammer (east viUage) ; Hamr (a steep
place), in Shetland ; Hammerfeste, in the island of Qualoe,
probably means the rock fortress, faestung. In German
topography it is generally connected with the blacksmith's
hammer, and is common in localities where metals are
worked, thus — Hammersmeide (hammer-smithy); Silber-
hammer (a place where silver is wrought), near Dantzic.
Kemble also suspects a reference to Thor's hammer in the
names of some towns or villages in England ; e.g. Hamerton,
in Huntingdon, and also in Middlesex ; Hammerwich, in
Staffordshire ; Hamerton-kirk, in Yorkshire.
HANG (Ger.), a declivity, from hdngcn (to hang), .A.S. hongian;
e.g. Hangenheim (the dwelling on the declivity) ; Panns-
hanger (Penn's slope), in Herts ; Clehonger (clayey slope),
Hereford.
HAR, HAER (Teut.), the army ; e.g. Harwich (army town or bay),
in Essex, so called because the Danes had a great military
depot at this place ; Herstal, in Belgium, ane Hari-stelle

HART— HAUGH

HART,

(army place) ; Hargrave (the army entrenchment), in Nor
folk ; Harbottle (the army's quarters), in Northumberland.
In Edmond's Names of Places this prefix, as well as hor, is
referred to an A.S. word signifying hoary ; under which he
places Harborough, in Leicestershire, the name of which is
traced by Bailey to havre (oats).
r, HARZ (Teut), (brushwood or a wood; ..^ the Harz
HYRST CA S ^ 1 Mountains, with the town of Harzburg
'' ( (the fortress in the wood) ; Harsefeld
(woody field), in Hanover ; Hurst, in Kent ; Deerhurst
(deer wood or thicket) ; Hurst- Monceaux (the wood of
Monceaux, probably a Norman baron), in Sussex ; Hurst,
a town in Lancashire ; Lyndhurst (the wood of lime-trees) ;
Midhurst (in the middle of the wood) ; Hawkhurst (hawk
wood) ; Gravenhorst (the count's wood) ; Horstmar (rich
in wood) — V. mar; BUUng's-hurst (the wood ofthe Billings),
a patronymic ; Farnhurst and Ferneyhurst (ferny wood) ;
Sendenhorst (the rushy wood), in Westphalia ; Herzovia or
Herzegovia (a woody district), in Turkey ; Murrhard, in
Wurtemberg, means the wood on the R. Muhr ; Delmen-
horst, on the Delme, in Hanover. Hart, in English topo
graphy, however, refers more commonly to heart (the hart),
as in HiLXtgrove, HsLxtland, HsLXtley, iia.xtfield, Haxtsford,
HiLXtshill. It occasionally takes the form of chart, as in
Seal -chart (holy wood); Chart- Sutton (the wood at the
south tOUTl).
HASEL, HAEZEL (Teut.), the hazel-tree ; e.g. Hessle (the place of
hazels) ; Haselbum and Haselbrunnen (the stream and
well of the hazels) ; Haslau (hazel meadow) ; Heslington
(the dwelling among hazels) ; Hasselt, in Belgium, i.e.
Hasselholt, Lat. Hasseletum (hazel grove) ; Hasseloe (hazel
island), in Sweden and Denmark ; Hazeldean and Hasling-
den (the hollow of the hazels).
HATCH, HiECA (A.S.), a bolt, a gate, hence an enctosed dwelling ;
e.g. Hatch- Beauchamp (the enclosed dwelling of Beau-
champ, a personal name) ; Colney-Hatch (of Colney) ; West-
Hatch, in Somerset ; Pilgrim's Hatch, in Essex.

( In Scotland these words generally denote a
HAUGH, HEUGH, ) ip^.iyjng meadow isetween hiUs or on the
HOW, HOPE. I ^^^j^g ^j ^ stream,— as in Hobkirk {i.e. the

HAUPT—HAUS

church in the hope or meadow) ; Howwood (the wood in the
hollow) ; Hutton, for Howtoxi (the dwelling in the hoUow),
parishes in Scotland. In England how and haugh come
more frequently from the Scand. haugr (a heap or mound
often raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland), — as in
Silver-how, Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably
from mounds over some Norse leader's grave ; Haugh, in
Lincoln ; Haugham (the dwelling near the mound) ; How
den, in Yorkshire (the valley of the haugr or mound) ;
Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in
France, is from haugr or from the houg, as also Les Hogues
and La Hoguette (the little mound) ; Gretna Green is the
modern name for Gretan-how (the great hollow). Haugr
also means a temple or high place, fenced off and haUowed,
among the Scandinavians ; and to this word so derived
Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby.
HAUPT (Ger) {^ he2.A, a promontory; e.g. Howth Head, in
HOVED Scand.), jl'^ela^d, from Ae Danish ^.^-its Irish
TTFAFnn I'A S ^ J name is Ben Edair (the hiU of Edar) ; Bran-
\t\.^.), y j^^^^j ^jj^g ^gjj j^g^^^ . Berghaupt (hiU head) ;
Ruckshoft (ridge head), in Germany ; Hoft (the headland),
in the island of Rugen ; Sneehatten (snowy head), in Nor
way ; Hoddam (holm head), in Dumfriesshire.
HAUS CTeut ) {^ dwelling, allied to casa, Lat., It., Span., and
HUUS Scand), J Port. ;..^. Muhlhausen (at the miU house) ;
HAZA CHune ) j Saxenhausen (the dwelling of the Saxons) ;
V ^-h (wendenhausen (of the Wends) ; Schaffhausen
(the ship station), which consisted originaUy of a few store
houses on the banks of the Rhine for the reception of mer
chandise ; Dunkelhauser (the dark house) ; Aarhuus (the
town on the watercourse), a seaport in Denmark ; Aggers-
huus, in Norway, on the R. Agger. This district and
river seems to have been named from an agger or rampart
erected near Christiania in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward-
huus (the dweUing in the island of the watch-tower), on the
coast of Fenmark ; .Holzhausen (the dwelling at the wood) ;
Burghausen (the fortified dwelling) ; Distilhousen (the dweU
ing among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, Bogdan-haza
(God's house) ; Oroshaza (the dwelling of the Russians) ;
Chaise-Dieu, Lat. Casa-Dei (the house of God), in France.

HEL — HELY

Also in France, Chaise, Les Chaises; Casa-nova (new house);
Casa-vecchia (old house), in Corsica ; Chassepierre, Lat.
Casa-petrea (stone house), in Belgium ; Casa-bianca (white
house), in Brazil.
HEL HELLE ( P^'e^'^es with various meanings in Eng., Ger,
HELGE HEIL ) ^"'^ Scand. topography. Sometimes they mean
' ' ( holy, Ger. heilig, as in Heligoland (holy isle) ;
Heilbron (holy weU) ; Heligensteen (holy rock) ; Heilberg
and Hallidon (holy hill) ; Heiligencreuz (the town of the
holy cross). Hung. Nemet-keresztur (the grove of the cross) ;
Heiligenhaven (holy harbour) ; Heiligenstadt (holy town) ;
Halifax, in Yorkshire (holy face), is said to have been
named from an image of John the Baptist, kept in a her
mitage at the place ; Hoxton, in Sussex, was originally
Hageltoun (holy town), because it was there that St. Edmund
suffered martyrdom. Sometimes, however, hell denotes a
covered place, as in Helwell, in Devonshire (the coyered
well) ; sometimes it means clear, as in Hellebrunn (clear or
bright fountain) ; Heilbronn, in Wurtemberg (fountain of
health), named from a spring formerly used medicinally.
Hellefors, a waterfall in Norway, and Hellgate, New York,
seem to derive their names from a superstition connected
with Hei, the goddess of the dead ; Holyhead, in Wales,
is in Welsh Pen-Caer-Gibi (the hill fort of St. Cybi, called
holy in his honour) ; Holy Island, Lat. Insula- sancta,
obtained its name from the monastery of St. Cuthbert — its
more ancient name, Lindisfarne, is probably the iexxy,fahr,
of the brook Lindis, on the opposite shore ; Holywell, in
Flint, took its name from St. Winifred's Well, celebrated for
its miraculous cures — its Welsh name is Tref-fynnon (the
town of the clear water) ; Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Cel.
Der Congal (the oak grove of St. Congal).
HELLR (Scand.), a cave into which the tide flows ; e.g. Hellr-
hals (the neck or strait of the cave) ; Heller-holm (the
island of the cave) ; Hellersness (the headland of the
caves).
HELY (Hung.), a place ; e.g. Vasarhely (the market-place) ; Var-
hely (the place of the fortress) ; Marosvasarhely (the
market-place on the R. Maros), in Get Neumarkt;
Vasarhely-hod-Mezd (the market-place of the beaver's

104 HEN—HIRSCH

meadow) ; Szombathely (the place where the Saturday
market is held, szombat) ; Csotortokhely (the Thursday
market-place), Germanised Donners-markt ; Udvarhely
(court place) ; Szerdahely (Wednesday market-place),
Vasar, Hung, (a market), from Turc. Bazar.
HEN (Cym.-Cel.), old ; e.g. Henly (the old place), on the Thames ;
Hentland, for Hen-Uan (old church, now St Asaph's) ;
Henlys (old palace) ; Hen-egglys (old church), in Anglesea.
HEN (Cym.-Cel.), old, ancient ; e.g. Henlys (the ancient haU).
HENGST (Teut), a horse — hence Hengiston, in ComwaU, either
an enclosure for horses or the town of Hengist ; Hengest-
dorf or Pferdsdorf (horse's village) ; Hengistridge (horse's
ridge) ; Hinksey (the horse's island or marshy place) ;
Hinkley (the horses' meadow).
HERR HERZOG (Ger ) ( ^ ^"^® °^ "^^^^ ' ^-^^ Herzogenbosch or
,' ^T-, ^ IN \ Bois-le-Duc (the duke's grove); Her-
^ -^' ( togspodler (the duke's reclaimed land) ;
Herzogenburg (the duke's fortress) ; Herzogenrath (the
duke's cleared land) ; Hermsbaumgarten (the duke's
orchard) ; Herrnhut (the Lord's tabernacle), founded by
Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, for the Moravian Brethren,
in 1722; Herisau (the duke's meadow), Lat Augia-
Domini, in Switzerland.
HESE, or HEES (Teut.), a hedge or thicket ; e.g. Hessingen (the
dwelling in the thicket) ; Maashees (the thicket on the R.
Maas) ; Wolfhees (the wolfs thicket).
HUT CA S ^ HVT I ^" elevation, cognate with the Ger. hugel;
hollC Scand ) '") ^'^' Silver-hill, named after Solvar, a Norse
^ '" ( leader, in the Lake District ; Hilton, HUston
(hill town) ; Woolwich, ane Hyl-vich (hill town) ; Butter-
hill (the hill of Buthar), a personal name in the Lake District.
HINDU (Pers.), water; e.g. the Rivers Indus, Inde, Indre, etc.;
Hindostan (the district watered by the R. Indus).
HIPPO (Phcen.), a walled town ; e.g. Hippo, near Carthage.
There were three cities called Hippo in Africa and two in
Spain : Olisippo (the walled town), now Lisbon ; Oreppo,
Belippo, Lacippo.
HIR (Cym.-Cel.), long.
HiRSCH (Ger.), the hart ; e.g. Hirzenach (the hart's stream) ;
Hersbrock (the hart's marsh) ; Hirschberg, Lat. Cotva-

HISS A R — HOCH 105

montem (the hart's hill) ; Hirschfeld, Herschau, Hirsch-
holm, Hirschhorn (the field, meadow, hill, peak ofthe harts).
HISSAR (Turc), a castle ; e.g. Kezil-hissar (red castle) ; Kara-
hissar (black castle) ; Eski-hissar (old castle), ane Lao-
dicea ; Demir-hissar (iron castle) ; Guzel-hissar (white
castle) ; Sevri-hissar (cypress castle) ; Sultan -hissar (the
sultan's castle) ; Kulci-hissar (the castle on the R. Khelki).
HITHE (A.S. ), a haven; e.g. Hythe, in Kent; Greenhithe (the
green haven) ; Lambeth, ane Lomehithe (clayey haven) ;
Maidenhead, ane. Mayden-hithe, i.e. the wharf midway
between Marlow and Windsor ; Queenhithe (the queen's
haven) ; Redriff, in Surrey, ane Rethra-hythe (the haven
of sailors), A.S. rethra, also called Rotherhithe (the haven
for homed cattle). Old Eng. rother ; Stepney, ane Stebon-
hythe (Stephen's haven or timber wharf) ; Erith, A.S. Ora-
hithe (shore haven), in Kent ; Challock, in Kent, corrupt
from eeale hythe (chalk haven).
HJALTI (Scand.), a Viking ; e.g. Shapansay, ane Hjalpansay (the
Viking's island) ; Shetland, z'.i?. Hjaltiland, with the same
meaning.
HLINC (A.S.), a ridge ; e.g. Linch, in Sussex; Rouselinch (Rouse's
ridge), in Worcestershire.
HO (Chinese), a river or water ; e.g. Euho (the precious river) ;
Hoangho (the yellow river) ; Peiho (white river) ; Yuho
(imperial river) ; Keangho (rapid river) ; Hoonan (south of
the lake) ; Hoohe (north of the lake, i.e. of Lake Tongting).
.p . /high ; hbhe (a height) ; e.g Hohurst and
HOCH, HOHEN (t^et), I jjohenhart (high wood) ; Hohenberg
HOOG C^Tutch ' ) (*^'sh hiU); Homburg (high hiU fort);
HOOG (,t>utcn;, y Homburg-von-der-hohe (the high fort in
front of the height) ; Hochfeld (high field) ; Hochain (high
enclosure) ; Hochstadt, Hochstetten, Hochstatten (high
dweUing) ; Hocheim (high home or dwelling), from which
place Hock wines are named ; Hochwiesen, Sclav. Velko-
polya (high meadow or plain) ; Hochst for Hochstadt, and
Hoym for Hochham (high town) ; Hohenelbi, Grk. Albipolis
(the high town on the Elbe) ; Hohenlohe (the high meadow
or thicket) ; Hohenstein and Hohenstauffen (high rock) ;
Hohenwarth, Lat. Altaspecula (the high watch-tower) ;
HohenzoUern (the high place belonging to the Zwolf family) ;

io6 HOF— HOLM

Hohenscheid (the high watershed) ; Hockliffe (high cliff),
in Bedford ; Higham, Highworth (high manor or dweUing) ;
Highgate (high road) ; Wilhelmshohe (William's high place) ;
Hoy, in Shetland (the high island).
C an enclosure, manor, and court In Scan-
tT\ ¦w\ \ dinavia .^o^ means a temple ; e.g. Eyndhoven
HOEVE (Dutch), y ^^^ ^^^^^ ^j ^j^g corner) ; Neuhof and Neun-
hoffen, in France (new manor) ; Hof and Hoff (the enclosure),
in Belgium ; Hof, in Bavaria, on the R. Saale ; Stadt-am-
hof, in Bavaria, ane Curia Bavarica (the place at the
court) ; Hof-an-der-March (the court or manor on the R.
March) ; Schoonhoven (beautiful manor), in Holland ;
Nonnenhof (the nun's enclosure) ; Meerhof (the dweUing
on the marshy land) ; Peterhof (the court dwelling founded
by Peter the Great) ; Hoff (the temple), in Iceland ; Hoff,
a village near Appleby, has the same meaning, as it is
situated in a wood called Hoff-land (the temple grove). In
Iceland, when a chieftain had taken possession of a district,
he erected a temple {hoff) and became, as he had been in
Norway, the chief, the pontiff, and the judge of the district ;
and when the Norwegians took possession of Cumberland and
Westmoreland they would naturally act in the same manner.
HOHN (Old Get), a low place, as in Die-HQhne (the hollows), in
the Brocken.
HOLLE (Teut.), a cave, from hohl (hoUow); e.g. Hohenhnden, ane
Hollinden (the hollow place of lime-trees) ; Holland or the
Netherlands (the low countries) ; also Holland, a low-lying
district in Lincolnshire ; Holdeornesse (the low promontor)'
of the province of Deira) ; Holmer, in Hereford (the low
lake, mere).
HOLM (Scand.), a smaU island ; e.g. Flatholm (flat island) ; Steep-
holm (steep island) ; Priestholm (of the priest) ; Alderholm
(of alders) ; Holm, in Sweden, and Hulm, in Norway (the
island) ; Stockholm, ane Holmia (the island city, built upon
stakes). But holm also signifies occasionally a hill, as in
Smailholm, in Roxburghshire (little hill) ; and Hume, or
holm, Castle, in Berwickshire (on a hill). Sometimes also
it signifies a low meadow on the banks of a stream, as in
Durham, corrupt, from Dun-holm or Dunelme (the fortress
on the meadow), almost surrounded by the R. Wear; Lang-

HOLT— HORN 107

holm (the long meadow) ; Denholm (the meadow in the
deep valley) ; Twynholm, ane Twynham (the dwelling on
the hillock), Welsh twyn, a parish in Kirkcudbright ;
Brachenholm (ferny meadow) ; Lingholme (heather island),
in Windermere ; also Silverholme (the island of Solvar, a
Norse leader) ; Bomholm, in the Baltic, ane Burgimdaland
(the island of the Burgundlans) ; Axholme, an insulated dis
trict in Co. Lincoln, formed by the Rivers Trent, Idle, and
Don, from uisge, Cel. (water) ; Drotningholm, in the Malar
Lake near Stockholm (queen's island), from Swed. drottmig
(a queen) ; Battleholme, found in some places in the north
of England, according to Ferguson, means fertile island,
from an Old English word battel or bette (fertile).
HOLT, HOLZ (A.S. and Ger.), a wood; e.g. Aldershot (alder-tree
wood) ; Bergholt (the hill or hill fort in the wood) ; Evershot
(the boar's wood, eofer) ; Badshot (badger's wood) ; Boch
holt (beech-wood) ; Jagerholz (huntsman's wood) ; Ooster-
hout (east wood) ; Holzkirchen (the church at the wood) ;
Thourhout, in East Flanders (the wood consecrated to the
god Thor) ; Tourotte, in the department of Oise, in France
(also Thor's wood) ; Hootenesse (woody promontory), in
Belgium ; Diepholz (deep wood) ; Meerholt and Meerhout
(marshy wood) ; Holt, a woody district in Norfolk.
HOO, or HOE (Scand.), a spit of land running into the sea ; e.g.
Sandhoe (the sandy cape) ; The Hoe, in Kent ; Kew, in
Surrey, ane Kay-hoo (the quay on the spit of land).
.p . /a horn-like projection or cape jutting into the
CA c;\ J ®®^' '^^ ^ valley between hills, curved like a
HOORN (Dutch) 1 '^°™ ' "¦^- ^°°™ (*® promontory), a seaport
^ " (^in Holland, from which place the Dutch
navigator Schoutens named Cape Horn, Hoorn being his
native place ; Hornburg (the town on the projection) ;
Hornby (corner dwelling) ; Horncastle (the castle on the
promontory) ; Homberg and Horndon (the projecting hill) ;
Hornsea (the projection on the coast) ; Matterhorn (the
peak in the meadows), so called from the patches of green
meadow-land which surround its base ; Schreckhorn (the
peak of terror) ; Finsteraarhom (the peak out of which the
Finster-Aar, or dark Aar, has its source). This river is so
named to distinguish it from the Lauter or clear river.

io8 HOUC— I A

Skagenshorn (the peak of the Skaw), in Denmark) ; Faul-
horn (the foul peak), so called from the black shale which
disintegrates in water ; Wetterhorn (stormy peak) ; Katzen-
hom (the cat's peak) ; Silberhorn (the silvery peak) ; Jung-
frauhom (the peak of the maiden).
HOUC, or HOOG (Teut.), a corner or little elevation, akin to the
Scottish heugh and the Scand. haugr; e.g. Hoogzand and
Hoogeveen (the sand and marsh at the comer) ; Hoogheyd
(corner heath) ; Hoogbraek (the broken-up land at the
corner) ; Stanhoug (stone comer).
HUBEL, or HUGEL (Ger.), a little hill ; e.g. Haidhugel (heath hiU) ;
Steinhugel (stony hill) ; Huchel and Hivel (the Uttle hiU) ;
Lindhovel (the hill of lime-trees) ; Gieshiibel (the hill of
gushing brooks).
,_ , fa district supposed to have originally com-
HUNDRED (Eng.), • J ^ , , 1, J J r -1 J 11
\, \ " \ prised at least one hundred family dwell-
HUNTARI (Get), If ,., ,TT 1 I, ^ < .f /J- .
\ mgs, like Welsh Cantref (from cant, a
hundred), the name of a similar division in Wales ; e.g.
Hundrethwaite (the cleared land on this Hundred), a district
in Yorkshire.
HUTTE (Teut. and Scand.), a shed or cottage ; e.g. Dunkelhiitte
(dark cottage) ; Mooshutten (the cottage in the mossy land) ;
Buxtehude (the hut on the ox pasture) ; Huttenwerke (the
huts at the works or mines) ; Hudemiihlen (miU hut) ;
Hutton (the town of huts). But Landshut, in Bavaria,
does not seem to be derived from hiitte, but from schutz,
Ger (a defence), as it is in the neighbourhood of an old
fortress, on the site of a Roman camp.
HVER (Norse), a warm, bubbling spring ; e.g. Uxaver (the oxen's
spring), in Iceland.

1 (Gadhelic), an island ; e.g. I-Colum-chille or Iona (the island of
St. Columba's cell) ; lerne or Ireland (the westem island or
,,the island of Eire,- an ancient queen).
IA (Cel.), a* country or land; e.g. Galada and Galicia, and ane
Gallia (the country of the Gauls) ; Andalusia, for Van-
dalusia (the countiy of the ^'¦andals) ; Bata\ia (the good

IACUM— ILLIA 109

land), bette, good ; Britania or Pictavia (probably the land
of painted tribes) ; Catalonia, corrupt from Gothalonia (the
land of the Goths) ; Circassia (the land of the Tcherkes, a
tribe) ; Croatia (the land of the Choriots or mountaineers) ;
Suabia (of the Suevii) ; Moravia (the district of the R.
Moravia) ; Moldavia (of the R. Moldau). It is called by
the natives and Turks Bogdania, from Bogdan, a chieftain
who colonised it in the thirteenth century. Ethiopia (the
land ofthe blacks, or the people with the sunburnt faces),
from Grk. ops (the face), and aitho (to burn) ; Phoenicia (the
land of palms or the brown land), Grk. Phmnix; Silesia
(the land of the Suisli) ; Bosnia (the district of the R.
Bosna) ; Russia, named after Rourik, a Scandinavian
chief ; Siberia, from Siber, the ancient capital of the Tartars ;
Kaffraria (the country of the Kaffirs or unbelievers), a
name given by the Arabs ; Dalmatia (the country of the
Dalmates, who inhabited the city Dalminium) ; Iberia, the
ancient name of Spain, either from the R. Ebro or from a
tribe called the Iberi or Basques ; Caledonia, perhaps from
Coille (the wood).
IACUM, an affix used by the Romans, sometimes for ia (a district),
and sometimes the Latinised form of the adjectival termina
tion ach — qu. ¦Z'. p. 5 ; e.g. Juliers, Lat. fuliacum (belonging
to Julius Caesar) ; Beauvais, Lat. Bellovacum (belonging to
the Bellovaci) ; Annonay, Lat. Annonicutn (a place for
grain, with large magazines of corn) ; Bouvignes, in Bel
gium, Lat. Boviniacum (the place of oxen) ; Clameny, Lat.
Clameniacum (belonging to. Clement, its founder) ; Joigny,
ane Joiniacum, on the R. Yonne ; Annecy, Lat. Anneacum.
(belonging to Anecius) ; Cognac, Lat. Cogniacum (the corner
of the water), Fr. coin. Old Fr. coiny, Cel. cuan.
lERE, an affix in French topography denoting a possession, and
generally affixed to the name of the proprietor ; e.g. Guil-
letifere (the property of Guillet) ; Guzonifere (of Gluzon).
ILI (Ture), a district ; e.g. Hi-Bosnia (the district of the R.
Bosna) ; Rumeli or Roumelia (the district of the Romans).
ILLIA (Basque), a town ; e.g. EUoirio, lUora, and lUura (the town
on the water, ura) ; Lorca, ane Illurcis (the town with fine
water) ; Elibyrge (the town with the tower), Grk. pyrgos ;
Elchd, ane Illici (the town on the hill, ci) ; lUiberus (new

IM—ING

town, surnamed Elne after the Empress Helena), in Spain ;
the isle of Oleron, ane. Illura (the town on the water).
IM and IN, a contraction for the Ger. in der (in or on the) ; e.g.
Imgrund (in the valley) ; Imhorst (in the wood) ; Eimbeck
(on the brook) ; Imruke (on the ridge).
C an affix used by the Teutonic races, as a patronymic,
' ' < in the same sense as Mac is used in Scotland, at
INGA 1 ' Jr
' ( in Wales, and O in Ireland. Ing is generaUy affixed
to the settlement of a chief, and ingen to that of his descend
ants. Ing, preceding ham, ton, dean, ley, thorp, worth, etc.,
is generally an abbreviation of ingen, and denotes that the
place belonged to the family of the tribe, as in Bennington,
CoUington, CoUingham, Islington (the home ofthe Bonnings,
the CoUings, and the Islings). In French topography ingen
takes the forms of igny, igne, or inges; and it appears, by
comparing the names of many towns and viUages in Eng
land and the north-west of France with those of Germany,
that Teutonic tribes forming settlements in these countries
transferred the names in their native land to their new
homes. For the full elucidation of this subject reference
may be made to Taylor's Words and Places, chap. vii. and
the Appendix, and to Edmund's Names of Places, p. 58.
Only a few examples of the use of this patronymic can be
given here ; thus, from the Offijigs — Oving and Ovingham,
corresponding to the Ger. Offingen and the Fr. Offignes.
From the Eppings — Epping, Ger. Eppinghofen, and Fr
Epagne. The Bings — Bing, Bingham, Bingley ; Ger
Bingen ; Fr. Buigny. The Basings — Eng. Basing, Basing-
ham, Bessingby ; Fr. Bazigny. From the Raedings —
Reading, Co. Berks. The Har lings — Harlington. The
Billings — Bellington. From the Moerings or Merovingians
many French towns and villages are named ; e.g. Morigny,
Marigne, Merignac, Merrigny ; in England — Merring,
Merrington. We can sometimes trace these tribe names
to the nature of the localities which they inhabited. Thus
the Bucings, from which we have Boking and Buckingham,
to a locality abounding in beech-trees, boc; the Durotriges,
from which we have Dorset and Dorchester, are the
dwellers by the water, dur ; as well as the Eburovices,
who gave their name to Evreux, in France. Ing, also, in

INNER— INNIS

INNIS (Gadhelic),
YNYS, ENEZ (Cym.-Cel),
INSEL (Get),
INSULA (Lat.),
NESOS (Grk.),

A.S. names, sometimes means a meadow, as in Clavering,
in Essex (clover meadow), A.S. Claefer; Mountnessing,
Co. Essex (the meadow of the Mountneys, who were
formerly lords of the manor) ; Godalming (the meadow of
Godhelm).
INNER (Ger.), opposed to ausser (the inner and outer), as in
Innerzell, Ausserzell (the inner and outer church).
an island, also in some cases pasture
land near water, or a peninsula. It
often takes the form of inch, as in
Inchkeith (the island of the Keith
family) ; Inchcolm (St. Columba's
Island) ; Inchfad (long isle) ; Inch-
garvie (the rough island) ; Inchard (high isle) ; Inch-
Cailleach (the island of the old women or nuns), in Loch
Lomond, being the site of an ancient nunnery; Inchmarnoch
(of St. Mamoch), in the Firth of Clyde ; Inchbrackie (the
spotted isle) ; Inchgower (the goat's isle) ; Inchtuthill (the
island of the flooded stream) ; Craignish, ane Craiginche
(the rocky peninsula) ; Durness, in Sutherlandshire, is a
corrupt, from Doirbh-innis (the stormy peninsula) ; Ynys-
Bronwen (the island of Bronwen, a Welsh lady who was
buried there), in Anglesey ; Ynis-wyllt (wild island), off the
coast of Wales ; Inysawdre (the isle and home of refuge),
in Glamorgan. In Ireland : Ennis (the river meadow) ;
Enniskillen, Irish Inis-Cethlenn (the island of Cethlenn, an
ancient queen of Ireland) ; Ennisheen (beautiful island) ;
Devenish, in Lough Erne, is Daimhinis (the island of oxen).
But Enniskerry is not from this root ; it is corrupt, from
Ath-na-scairbhe (the rough ford) ; Orkney Isles, Gael. Orc-
innis (the islands of whales) ; they are sometimes called
Earr-Cath (the tail of Caithness) ; Innisfallen, in Lake
KaUarney (the island of Fathlenn) ; the Hebrides or
Sudereys, called Innisgall (the islands of the Gaels) ; the
Aleutian Islands, from Russ. aleut (a bald rock) ; in Hol
land, Duiveland (pigeon island), and Eyerlandt (the island
of the sand-bank) ; Eilenburg, in Saxony (the town on an
island in the R. Mulda) ; Isola, a town in lUyria (on an
island) ; Issola or Imo-Isola (low island), in Italy ; Lille,
in Flanders, ane Elsie, named from an insulated castle in

iNVER—fABLON

the midst of a marsh ; Peloponnesus (the island of Pelops);
Polynesia (many islands).
,„ ,, ... C a river confluence or a creek at
INVER, or INBHIR (Gadhehc), I .,, ..x. c ¦ t-x.- j
' ^ " < the mouth of a river. This word
INNER, ) . ,
' ( IS an element m numerous names
throughout Scotland ; and although it is not so common in
Ireland, it exists in old names, as in Dromineer, for Druim-
inbhir (the ridge of the river mouth). In Scotland it is
used in connection with aber, the word inver being found
sometimes at the mouth and aber farther up [the same
stream : thus — Abergeldie and Invergeldie, on the Geldie ;
Abemyte and Invemyte, etc. ; Inversnaid (the needle or
narrow confluence, snathad, a needle) ; Innerkip (at the
conf of the Kip and Daff) ; Inveresk and Inverkeilor (at
the mouths of the Esk and Keilor), in Mid Lothian and
Forfar ; Innerleithen (at the conf of the Leithen and
Tweed), in Peebles ; Inveraven (at the conf of the Aven
and Spey) ; Inverness (at the conf of the Ness with the
Beauly) ; Inveraray (at the mouth of the Aray) ; Inverury
the Urie) ; Inverkeithing (of the Keith) ; Inverbervie or
Bervie (at the mouth of the Bervie) ; Peterhead, ane
Inverugie Petri or Petri promontorium (the promontory of
the rock of St. Peter), on the R. Ugie, with its church
dedicated to St. Peter ; Inverleith, now Leith (at the
mouth of the Leith) ; Inverarity (at the mouth of the Arity),
in Forfar ; Cullen, ane. Invercullen (at the mouth of the
back river) — v. cuL.
ITZ, IZ, IZCH, a Sclavonic affix, signifying a possession or quality,
equivalent to the Teut. ing; e.g. Carlovitz (Charles's town) ;
Mitrowitz (the town of Demetrius) ; Studnitz (of the foun
tain) ; Targowitz (the market town) ; Trebnitz and Trebitsch
(poor town) ; Schwanitz (swine town) ; Madlitz (the house
of prayer) ; Publitz (the place of beans) ; Janowitz (John's
town) ; Schwantewitz (the town of the Sclavonic god
Swantewit). J
JABLON (Sclav.), the apple-tree ; e.g. Jablonez, Jablonka, Jablona,
Jablonken, Jablonoko, Gablenz, Gablona (places abounding
in apples) ; Jablonnoi or Zablonnoi (the mountain of apples).

fAMA — KAISER H3

JAMA (Sclav.), a ditch ; e.g. Jamlitz, Jamnitz, and Jamno (places
with a ditch or trench) ; Jamburg (the town in the hollow
or ditch) ; but Jamlitz may sometimes mean the place of
medlar-trees, ixoxa jemelina (the medlar).
JASOR (Sclav.), a marsh ; e.g. Jehser-hohen and Jeser-nieder (the
high and lower marsh), near Frankfort ; Jeserig and
Jeserize (the marshy place).
JASSEN (Sclav.), the ash-tree ; e.g. Jessen, Jessern, Jesseu, Jessnitz
(the place of ash-trees).
JAWOR (Sclav.), the maple-tree ; e.g. Great and Little Jawer, in
Silesia ; Jauer, in Russia ; Jauernitz and Jauerburg (the
place of maple-trees), in Russia.
JAZA (Sclav.), a house ; e.g. Jaschen, Jaschwitz, Jaschiitz (the
houses).
JEZIRAH (At), an island or peninsula; e.g. Algiers or Al-Jezirah,
named from an island near the town ; Al-Geziras (the
islands), near Gibraltar ; Alghero (the peninsula), in Sar
dinia ; Jezirah-diraz (long island), in the Persian Gulf ; Al-
Jezirah or Mesopotamia (between the river).
JOKUL (Scand.), a snow-covered hill ; e.g. Vatna-Jokul (the hill
with the lake) ; Orefa-Jokul (the desert hill) ; Forfa-Jokul
(the hill of Forfa) ; Long-Jokul (long hill).
JONC (Fr), from juncus, Lat. (a rush) ; e.g. Jonch^re, Joncheres,
jonchery, Le Jonquer, La Jonciferes, etc., place-names in
France.

K
KAAl, KAI, KADE (Teut.), a quay or a bank by the water-side ;
e.g. Oudekaai (old quay) ; Kadzand (the quay or bank on
the sand) ; Moerkade (marshy bank) ; Kewstoke (the place
on the quay) ; Kew, in Surrey, on the Thames ; Torquay
(the quay of the hill called Tor).
KAHL (Ger.), J bald, cognate with the Lat. calvus^; e.g. Kalen-
CALO (AS.), \ berg and Kahlengebirge (the bald mountains).
, /the emperor or Caesar; e.g. Kaisersheim,
K-WSER (Get) I Kaiserstadt (the emperor's town) ; Kaiser-
rvJ^'^'^CQ 1 T 1 stuhl (the emperor's seat) ; Kaiserberg (the
CYZAR (bclav.), (^gmperor's fortress), in Alsace, named from
a castle erected by Frederick II. ; Kaiserslautern (the em-

1 14 KALA T—KESSEL

peror's place), on the R. Lauter ; Kaiserswerth (the emperor's
island), on the Rhine ; Keysersdyk (the emperor's dam) ;
Keysersloot (the emperor's sluice), in Holland ; Cysarowes
(the emperor's village), in Bohemia ; Kaisariyeh, ane
CcEsarea.
KALAT, or KALAH (Ar.), a castle ; e.g. Khelat, in Belochistan ;
Yenikale (the new castle), in the Crimea ; Calatablanca
(white castle), in Sicily ; Calahorra, Ar. Kalat-harral (stone
castle), in Spain ; Calata-bellota (the oak-tree castle), in
Sicily; Calata-girone (the surrounded castle), Sicily ; Calata-
mesetta (the castle of the women) ; Calatayud (the castle of
Ayud, a Moorish king) ; Alcala-real (the royal castle) ;
Alcala-de-Henares (the castle on the R. Henares), in Spain ;
Sanjiac-Kaleh (the castle of the standard), corrupt by the
French into St. Jaques, in Asia Minor ; Calatrava (the
castle of Rabah).
KAMEN (Sclav.), a stone ; e.g. Camentz, Kemmen, Kammena,
Kamienetz (the stony place) ; Kamminchen (the little
stony place), a colony from Steenkirchen ; Chemnitz (the
stony town, or the town on the stony river) ; Kersna-
kaimai (the Christian's stone house) ; Schemnitz, Hung.
Selmecz (stony town), in Silesia.
KARA (Ture), black ; e.g. Karamania (the district of the blacks) ;
Karacoum (the black sand), in Tartary ; Kara-su (the black
river) ; Kara-su-Bazar (the market-town on the Kara-su) ;
Kara-Tappeh (the black mound), in Persia ; Kartagh and
Kartaon (the black mountain chains), in Turkey and Tar
tary ; Kara-Dengis, the Turkish name for the Black Sea,
called by the Russians Tchernm-more, Ger. Schawarz-meer ;
Kara-mulin (black mill) ; Cape Kara-boumow (the black
nose), in Asia Minor.
KEHLE (Ger.), a gorge or defile ; e.g. Bergkehle (hiU gorge) ;
Hundkehle (the dog's gorge) ; Langkehl (long gorge) ;
Kehl (the gorge), in Baden ; Schuylkill (the hidden gorge),
a river in America.
KESSEL, KEZIL (Get), ( literally a kettle but in topography ap-
KYTEL CA S ) 1 plied to a bowl-shaped vaUey surrounded
^ ' '>' \ by hills ; e.g. Ketel, in Holstein ; Kessel,
in Belgium ; Kessel-loo (the low-lying grove or swamp), in
Belgium ; Kesselt (the low-lying wood, holt), in Belgium ;

KIR—KIRCHE 115

Kettle or King's-kettle (the hollow), in the valley of the R.
Eden, in Fife, formerly belonging to the crown ; but such
names as Kesselstadt, Kesselsham, Kettlesthorpe, and
Kettleshulme are probably connected with the personal
name Chetil or Kettle, being common names among the
Teutons and Scandinavians.
-XT , > (a wall or stronghold, a city or town ; e.g. Kir-
KIRIATH ) ^°^^ ^^^ stronghold of Moab) ; Kiriathaim (the
' ( two cities) ; Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba), now
Hebron ; Kirjath-Baal (of Baal) ; Kirjath-Huzoth (the city
of villas) ; Kirjath-jearim (of forests) ; Kirjath-sannah (of
palms), also called Kirjath-sepher (the city of the book).
The Breton Ker (a dwelling) seems akin to this word, as
in Kergneii (the house at the nut-trees), in Brittany.
KIRCHE (Get and Scand.), (\'^"''*- The "sual derivation of
CA S ^ J word IS from kunake, Grk.
KERK (Dutch) ) oikos-kuriou (the Lord's house) ;
^ '' \^-g- Kirkham, Kerkom, Kirchdorf
(church town) ; Kirchhof (church court) ; Kirchwerder
(church island), on an island in the R. Elbe ; Kirchditmold
(the church at the people's place of meeting) — v. DIOT.
Fiinfkirchen (the five churches), in Hungary ; Kirchberg
(church hill), in Saxony. Many parishes in Scotland have
this affix to their names, as in Kirkbean (the church of St
Bean) ; Kirkcaldy (the church of the Culdees, who formerly
had a cell there) ; Kirkcolm (of St Columba) ; Kirkconnel
(of St Connal) ; Kirkcowan, ane Kirkuen (of St. Keuin) ;
Kirkcudbright (of St. Cuthbert) ; Kirkden (the church in
the hollow) ; Kirkhill (on the hill) ; Kirkhope (in the valley) ;
Kirkinner (the church of St Kinneir). In England : Kirkby-
Lonsdale (the church town), in the valley of the Lune ;
Kirkby-Stephen (of St Stephen, to whom the church was
dedicated) ; Kirkdale, in Lancashire ; Kirkham, also in
Lancashire ; Kirkliston (the church of the strong fort,
founded by the Knights Templars), in Linlithgow ; Kirk-
oswald, named after Oswald, King of Northumberland ;
Kirkurd, in Peeblesshire, Lat Ecclesia de Orde (the church
of Orde or Horda, a personal name) ; Kirkwall, Norse
Kirk-ju-vagr (the church on the bay) ; Hobkirk (the church
in the hope or valley) ; Ladykirk, in Berwickshire, dedicated

ii6 KIS— KNOLL

to the Virgin Mary by James IV. on his army crossing the
Tweed near the place ; Falkirk, supposed to be the church
on the Vallum or wall of Agricola, but more likely to be the
A.S. rendering of its Gaelic name Eglais-bhrac (the spotted
church), fah in A.S. being of divers colours ; Stonykirk,
in Wigtonshire, corrupt from Steenie-kirk (St. Stephen's
church) ; Kirkmaden (of St. Medan) ; Carmichael for Kirk-
Michael (of St Michael); Bridekirk (of St. Bridget); Carluke
for Kirkluke (of St. Luke) ; Selkirk, ane Sella^chyrche-Regis
(the seat of the king's church, originally attached to a royal
hunting-seat) ; Laurencekirk (the church of St. Laurence,
Archbishop of Canterbury, called the Apostle of the Picts) ;
Kirby-Kendal (the church in the valley of the Ken or Kent) ;
Channelkirk, in Berwickshire, ane Childer-kirk (the child
ren's church, having been dedicated to the Innocents).
KIS (Hung.), little; e.g. Kis-sceg (little comer), in Transylvania;
Kishissar (little fort).
KLAUSE, KLOSTER, a place shut in, from the Lat claudo, also
a cloister ; e.g. Klausen (the enclosed place), in Tyrol ;
Klausenburg (the enclosed fortress) ; Klausenthal (the en
closed valley); Kloster-Neuburg (the new town of the
cloister) ; Chiusa, in Tuscany, ane Clusium, and Clusa, in
Saxony (the enclosed place), also La Chiusa, in Piedmont ;
but claus, as a prefix, may be Klaus, the German for
Nicholas, and is sometimes attached to the names of
churches dedicated to that saint.
KLEIN (Get), little ; e.g. Klein-eigher (the little giant), a mountain
in Switzerland.
KNAB, KNOP (Scand. and Teut.), ( ^ ^.^""^'^ ' 'S'. Noopnoss (the
CNAP CCel ^ \ projecting point) ; Knabtoft
^ >' ( (the farm of the hillock) ; The
Knab, in Cumberland ; Knapen-Fell (the hiU with the pro
tuberance), in Norway ; Knapdale (the \-alley of hillocks),
Argyleshire ; Knapton, Knapwell (the town and well near
the hillock) ; Snape (the hillock), in Suffolk and Yorkshire ;
Nappan (little hillock), and Knapagh (hilly land), in Ireland.
KNOLL CTeut ) ( ^ hillock ; e.g. Knowle and Knoyle (the hillock) ;
KNOW \ Knowl-end (liiU end) ; Knowsley (hiU, valley, or
' ( field). In the form of know or now it is common
as an affix in Scotland.

KOH—KOPF 117

KOH (Pers.), a mountain ; e.g. Koh-baba (the chief or father
mountain) ; Caucasus (mountain on mountain, or the moun
tain of the gods. Asses) ; Kuh-i-Nuh (Noah's mountain), the
Persian name for Ararat ; Kashgar (the mountain fortress).
KOI (Ture), a village ; e.g. Kopri-koi (bridge village) ; Haji-Veli-
koi (the village of the pilgrim Veli) ; Papaskoi (the priest's
village) ; Kadikoi (the judge's village) ; Hajikoi (the pil
grim's village) ; Akhmedkoi (Achmed's village) ; Boghaz-koi
(God's house), near the ruins of an ancient temple in Asia
Minor.
irr,^T,r tr^. \ ( ^ '^^S ; e.g. Konigshofen (the king's court) ;
CA^T \ Konigheim (the king's dweUing); Konigsbrunn
CING(A.S.), y^^^^ king's well); Konigshain (the king's en
closure) ; Konigshaven (the king's harbour) ; Konigsberg,
in Prussia, and Kongsberg, in Norway (the king's moun
tain) ; Konigstein. (the king's rock fortress) ; Coningsby,
Connington, Coniston, Kingsbury, places in England where
the Anglo-Saxons held their court ; Kingston, in Surrey,
where their kings were generally crowned ; Kingston or
Hull, upon the R. HuU, in Yorkshire, named after Edward
I. ; Kingston, Co. Dublin, so named in commemoration of
George IV. 's visit to Ireland ; Kingston, in Jamaica, named
after William III. ; Cunningham, Kingthorpe, Kingsby (the
king's dweUing or farm) ; but Cuningsburg, in Shetland, may
be derived from Kuningr (a rabbit) ; Kingsbarns, in Fife,
so caUed from certain storehouses erected there by King
John during his occupation of the castle now demolished.
, _ , fa headland or mountain peak ; e.g.
KOPF, KOPPE (Get), I catzenkopf (the cat's head) ; Schneekopf
COPA (Welsh) ^ ^^^ Schneekoppe (snowy peak) ; Och-
KUPA (Sclav.), senkopf (the oxen's peak) ; Riesenkoppe
CABO (Span.), [(giants' peak); Perecop, in Russia (the
gate of the headland) ; Vogelskuppe (the birds' peak) ;
Cape Colonna (the headland of the pillars), so named from
the ruins of a temple to Minerva ; Cape Leuca (the white) ;
Cape Negro (the black) ; Cape Roxo (the red cape) ;
Kuopio (on a headland), in Russia; Cabeza-del-buey (ox
headland), in Spain ; Cabeciera (black headland), in Spain ;
Capo-d'Istria (the summit of Istria) ; Copeland, a district
in Cumberland full of peaks or headlands.

ii8 KOPRI— LAAG

KOPRI, KUPRI (Turc), a bridge ; e.g. Vezir-kopri (the vizier's
bridge) ; Keupri-bazaar (the market-town at the bridge) ;
Keupris (bridge town), in Turkey.
KOS (Sclav.), a goat ; e.g. Koselo (goat's river) ; KosUn (goat
town), in Pomerania.
KOSCIOL (Sclav.), a Romish church ; e.g. Kostel, Kosteletz
(towns with a Romish church), a Protestant church being
called Zbor, and a Greek church Zerkwa.
KRAL, KROL (Sclav.), a king ; e.g. Kralik, Kralitz, Krolow,
Kraliewa, Kralovritz (the king's town or fortress).
KRASNA (Sclav.), beautiful ; e.g. Krasnabrod (the beautiful ford) ;
Krasnapol (the beautiful city) ; Krasno-Ufimsk (the beau
tiful town of the R. Ufa) ; Krasna and Krasne (the beautifiil
place).
KRE (Sclav.), a coppice ; e.g. Sakrau, Sakrow (behind the coppice).
KREIS (Get), a circle ; e.g. Saalkreis (the circle watered by the R.
Saal) ; Schwardswaldkreis (the circle of the Black Forest).
KREMjf KRIM (Sclav.), a stone building; e.g. The Kremlin (the
stone fort of Moscow) ; Kremmen, Kremenetz, Kremnitz,
Kremmenaia, Kremenskaia, towns in Russia, Poland, and
Lusatia.
KRONE, KRON (Teut. and Scand.), a crown ; e.g. Kronstadt,
Hung. Brasso (crown city), in Hungary ; Cronstadt, in
Russia, founded by Peter the Great ; Konigscrone (the
king's crown) ; Carlscrone (Charles's crown) ; Landscrone
(the crown or summit of the land), a mountain and town
in Silesia — also with the same meaning, Landscrona, in
Sweden. Kron, however, as a prefix, comes occasionally
from krahn (a crane), as in Kronwinkel (the crane's comer).
KRUG (Get), a small inn ; e.g. Dornkmg (the thom inn) ; Krug-
miille (the mill at the inn).

LAAG, LAGE (Get), jf, '''^' ^ l^^t^^ . field ;..^.Brawenlage
LOOG CDutch) \ (brown field) ; Wittlage (white field or wood
*¦ ''' ( field) ; Blumlage (flowery field) ; Miihlen-
loog (the mill field or site) ; Dinkellage (wheat field).
This word is also used as an adjective, signifying low; e.g.

LAC^LADE 119

LAC (Ft),
LACHE (Get),
LAGO (It, Span., and Port),
LAGUNA,

Loogkirk (low church) ; Loogheyde (low heath) ; Loogemeer
(low lake) ; Laaland (low island).
a lake, cognate with the Lat. lacus
and the Cel. loch or Iwch. These
words in the various dialects origin
ally signified a hollow, from the
roots lag, lug, and Grk. lakos; e.g.
Lachen, Lat. Adlacum (at the lake), a town on Lake Zurich ;
Interlachen (between the lakes), in Switzerland ; Biber-
lachen (beaver lake) ; Lago Maggiore (the greater lake),
with reference to Lake Lugano, which itself means simply
the lake or hollow ; Lago Nuovo (new lake), in Tyrol, — it
was formed a few years ago by a landslip ; Lagoa (on a
lake or marsh), in Brazil ; Lagow (on a lake), in Prussia ;
Lagos, in Portugal (on a large bay or lake) ; Laguna- de-
Negrillos (the lake of the elms) and Laguna-Encinillos (of
the evergreen oaks), in Spain ; Laach, in the Rhine Pro
vinces (situated on a lake), the crater of an extinct volcano ;
Anderlecht or Anderlac (at the lake or marsh), in Belgium ;
Chablais, Lat Caput-lacensis (at the head ofthe lake, i.e. of
Geneva) ; Missolonghi, i.e. Mezzo-laguno (in the midst of a
marshy lagoon) ; Beverley, in Yorkshire, ane Biberlac (the
beaver lake or marsh) ; Lago-dos-Patos (the lake of geese),
in Brazil ; Niederhaslach and Oberhaslach (lower and upper
lake), in Bas Rhin ; Lake Champlain takes its name from
a Norman adventurer, Governor-general of Canada, in the
seventeenth century ; Alagoas (abounding in lakes), a
province in Brazil, with its capital of the same name ;
Filey, in Yorkshire, in Doomsday Fuielac {i.e. bird lake,
fugts).
LAD (Scand.), a pile or heap ; e.g. Ladhouse, LadhiU, Ladcragg,
Ladrigg (the house, hill, crag, ridge of the mound or caim),
probably so named from a heap ox cairn erected over the
grave of some Norse leader.
LADE, or LODE (A.S.), a way, passage, or canal; e.g. Ladbrook
(the passage of the brook) ; Lechlade, in Gloucester (the
passage of the R. Lech into the Thames); Evenlode (at
brink of the passage or stream) ; Cricklade, ane Crecca-
gelade or Crecca-ford (the creek at the opening or entrance
of the Churn and Key into the Thames).

LA EN— LANN

,„ . C land leased out, a fief ; e.g. Kingsland or
^ S Kingslaen, in Middlesex, Hereford, and Orkney ;
' ( Haylene (the enclosed fief), in Hereford ; Len
ham (the dwelling on the laen) ; Lenton, ditto.
LAESE (A.S.), pasture, literally moist, wet land; e.g. Lewes, in
Sussex ; Lesowes, in Worcester (the wet pasture) ; Lewis-
ham (the dwelling on the pasture), in Kent ; Leswalt (wood
pasture), in Dumfriesshire.
,p ,, .. , C a hollow, cognate with the Lat la^us and
.. ' ,„^ , ' , the Grk. lakkos; e.g. Logie (the hollow),
LUCKE (Get), . „.• V T • 1 J /.u 1. 11 \
^ '' ^ m Stirling ; Logiealmond (the hoUow of
the R. Almond in Perth) ; Logie-Buchan, in Aberdeenshire ;
Logie -Coldstone, Gael. Lag-cul-duine (the hollow behind
the fort), Aberdeen ; Logie-Easter and Logie-Wester, in
Cromarty ; Logie Loch and Laggan Loch (the lake in the
hollow) ; Logan (the little hollow) ; Logierait, Gael. Lag-an-
rath (the hollow of the rath or castle, so called from the
Earls of AthoU having formerly had their castle there in
Perthshire) ; Mortlach, Co. Banff, probably meaning the
great hollow. In Ireland : Legachory, Lagacurry, Lega-
curry (the hollow of the pit or caldron, coire) ; Lugduff
(dark hollow) ; Lugnaquillia (the highest of the Wicklow
mountains), is from the Irish Lug-na-gcoilleach (the hoUow
of the cocks, i.e. grouse) ; Lough Logan (the lake of the
little hollow) ; Lagnieu, in France, ane Lagnicuum (the
place in the hollow of the waters) ; Laconia and Lace-
demonia (in the hollow), in Greece.
,p ,, y s /an enclosure, a church, a house; but Mr
,,.„,>, r- 1 \ I Skene considers that the Cel. llan comes
LLAN (Cym.-Cel.), <. ,. ,, ,,,,^.
T AND CTp t ^ J from the Lat. planum (a level place), just as
''' (the Gael, lan (full) comes from the Lat.
plenus. This word is more common in Welsh names than
in the topography of Ireland and Scotland, and in its
signification of a church forms the groundwork of a vast
number of Welsh names. In Ireland it means a house as
well as a church, as in Landbrock (the badger's house) ;
Landmore (the great church), in Londonderry ; Landa-
hussy (O'Hussy's church), in T)-rone ; Lanaglug (the
church of the bells). It is not so frequent in Scotland, but
the modern name of Lamlash, in the Island of Arran, for-

LANN 121
merly Ard-na-Molas, the height of St. Molios, who lived
in a cave there, seems to be the church or enclosure of this
saint ; Lambride, in Forfar, is Lannbride (St. Bridget's
church) ; Lumphanan is from Lann-Finan (St. Finan's
church). The derivation of Lanark, ane Laiierk, is prob
ably from the Welsh Llanerch (a distinct spot or fertile
piece of ground). There are many examples of this root
in Brittany ; e.g. Lanleff (the enclosure on the R. Leff) ;
Lanmeur (great church) ; Lannion (the little enclosure) ;
Landemeau and Lannoy (tbe enclosure on the water) ; but
in French topography the Teut. land generally signifies
uncultivated ground ; e.g. La Lande, Landes, Landelles, La
Landelle, Les Landais, Landau, etc. — v. Cocheris's Noms
de Lieu. Launceston, in Cornwall, is probably corrupt.
from Llan-Stephen. The greatest number of our examples
must be taken from Wales. There are Lantony or Llan-
Ddevinant (the church of St. David in the valley, nant, of
the R. Hodeny) ; Llan-Dewi-Aberarth (St. David's church
at the mouth of the Arth) ; Lampeter (of St. Peter) ; Llan-
Asaph (of St. Asaph) ; Llanbadern-fawr (the great church
founded by Paternus), also Llan-Badarn-Odyn ; Llandelo-
vawr (of Feilo the Great) ; Llandewi-Brefi (St David's
church)'. Brevi here means the bellowing, from the dismal
moans of a sacred animal killed here ; Llandovery, corrupt.
from Llan-ym-dyffrwd (the church among the rivers, at the
confluence of three streams) ; Llanudno (of St. Tudno) ;
Llanelly (of St. Elian) ; Llanfair (of St. Mary) ; Llanover
(the church of the Gover wells) ; Llanon (the church dedi
cated to Nonn, the mother of St. David) ; Llanfair-yn-
nghomwy (on the horn or headland ofthe water). There are
several of this name, — as Llan/fair-ar-y-bryn (St. Mary's
church on the hill) ; Llanfair-helygen (St. Mary's church
among willows) ; Llanfair-o'r-Uwyn (on the lake) ; Llanfi
hangel (of the angel) ; Llanfihangel-genau'r-glyn (the church
of the angels at the opening of the vaUey) ; Llanfihangel-y-
creuddin, a church erected probably on the site of a bloody
battle ; Llanfihangel-lledrod (the church at the foot of a
declivity) ; Llangadogvawr (of St. Cadoc the Great) ; Llan-
geler (of St. Celert) ; Llangollen (of St. CoUen) ; Llanidloes
(of St. Idloes) ; Llaniestyn (of St. Constantine) ; Llannethlin,

122 LAR
ane Mediolanum (the church among the pools or marshes)
Llantrissant (of three saints) ; Llanddeusaint (of two saints)
Llanberis (of St. Peres) ; Llandegla (of St. Theckla)
Llanrhaiadr (the church of the cataract) ; Llanfaes (the
church of the battle-field) ; Landaff, on the R. Taff; Llan-
goedmore (the church of the great wood) ; Llanaml-lech
(the church on the stony ground, etc.) ; Llangwyllog (the
gloomy church, perhaps in the shade of the Druidic grove) ;
Llanfleiddian (dedicated to a bishop named Flaidd) ; Llan-
Uawer (the church of the multitude, llawer, close to which
was a sainted well famous for its medicinal properties, and
which was resorted to by crowds of impotent folk) ; Llancilcen
(the church in the nook, cil, at the top, cen, of a hiU), a
parish in Flint ; Llan-mabon (of St. Mabon) ; Llan-Beblig,
corrupt, from Bublicius, named for the son of Helen, a Welsh
princess ; Llan-sant-Fagan, named in honour of St. Faganus,
a missionary from Rome. Llan is sometimes corrupted to
long in Scotland, as in Longniddrie ; Lagny, a town in
France, ane Laniacutn (the church or enclosure on the
stream). From the Teut. land, i.e. a countrj' or district,
some names may come in appropriately under this head —
thus Scotland (the land of the Scots), from Ireland ; Monk-
land, in Lanarkshire (belonging to the monks) ; Natland,
in Norway (the land of horned cattle) ; Sutherland (the
southern land, as compared with Caithness), both Suther
land and Caithness having formed part of the Orkney
Jarldom ; Cumberland (the land of the Cymbri), being part
of the British kingdom of Cumbria ; Holland (the marshy
land, ollant) ; Gippsland, named in honour of Sir George
Gipps, a governor of Port Philip ; Friesland (the land of
the Frisii) ; Beveland (of oxen or beeves) ; Baardland (of
the Lombards) ; Westmoreland (the land of the West-
motingas or people of the Western moors) ; Gothland,
in Sweden (the land of the Goths) ; Jutland (the land
of the Getse or Jutes, the Cimbric Chersonesus of the
ancients).
LAR, LAAR, LEER (Old Ger.), ( ^ ^"^'/ ^^^ ' ^^^ '" ^^^/^J'
LAER CA S ) ^ according to Buttmann, a field ;
LATHAIR, or LAUER (Gadhelic), ) '". topography synonymous
^ ' \ with lage; e.g. Goslar (the site

LAUF^LAYA 123

or field on the R. Gose), in Hanover ; Somplar (marshy
field) ; Wittlar (woody field) ; Dinklar (wheat field) ; Wetzlar,
in Prussia, ane. Wittlara (woody field) ; Wassarlar (watery
field) ; Noordlaren (the northern site) ; Lahr (the site), a
town in Baden. In Ireland this word takes the forms of
laragh and lara; e.g. Laraghleas (the site of the fort) ;
Laraghshankill (of the old church). Lara, however, is
sometimes a corrupt, of Leath-rath (half rath), as in
Laragh, in West Meath ; and laar and tare often mean
middle, as in Rosslare (the middle peninsula) ; Ennislare
(the middle island) ; Latheron, in Caithness, is the site of
the seal.
T ATTFFNn (C \ ( ^ Current, a rapid, from laufen, Ger. ;
LOOP '(Dutch) ^^ \ ^^'^'"P^^^ Scand. ; hleapen, A.S. (to
^ " ( run, to leap) ; e.g. Laufen (the rapids),
on the R. Salzach ; Lauffenberg (the town near the rapids
of the Rhine) ; Laufnitz (the leaping river) ; Lauffen (on the
rapids of the R. Inn) ; Leixlip, in Ireland, Old Norse Lax-
hlaup (salmon-leap), on a cataract of the R. Liffey ; Beck-
loop (brook cataract), in Holland ; Loop-Head, Co. Clare,
Irish Leitn-Chon-Chuillerin (CuchuUin's leap)— i/. Joyce's
Names of Places.
LAW CAS ) hleaw f ^ '^'"' cognate with the Irish lagh; e.g
T nw ^ \ Houndslow (the dog's hill) ; Ludlow (the
' ( people's hill, leod) ; Greenlaw, in Berwick
shire (the green hill) — the modern town is situated on a
plain, but old Greenlaw was on a hill ; Winslow (the hill of
victory), in Berks ; Marlow (the chalk or marshy hill) ;
Wardlaw (guard hill) ; Hadlow, ane Haslow (hazel hill) ;
Castlelaw, in the Lammermuir range, named from Roman
camps on these hiUs ; Sidlaw Hills (the south hiUs, in re
ference to their forming the southern boundary of Strath
more) ; Warmlow, Co. Worcester, ane Waermundes-hleau
(the hill of Waermund, a personal name) ; Fala, a parish
in Mid Lothian, abbreviated from Fallaw (the speckled hiU) ;
Mintlaw, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt, from Moan-alt-law (the
hill, at the moss burn).
LAYA (Sansc), an abode ; e.g. Naglaya (the abode of snakes) ;
the Himalaya Mountains (the abode of snow) ; Hurrial, for
Arayalaya (the abode of Hari or Vishnu).

124 LEAC— LEGIO

LEAC (Gadhelic) ( ^ ^^* stone— in topography, found in the
J J' /p J\ ,. < forms of lick and leek, cognate with the
\ y • '" \ Lat lapis and Grk. lithos; e.g. Lackeen,
Licken (the little stone) ; Slieve-league (the mountain of
the flagstone) ; LickmoUasy (St. Molasse's flagstone) ; Bel-
leek, Irish Bel-leice (the ford of the flagstone), near Bally
shannon ; Lackagh (full of flagstones) ; Lickfinn (white
flagstone) ; Duleek, ane Doimhliag (the stone house or
church) ; Auchinleck (the field of the stone), in Ayrshire ;
Harlech, in Merioneth ; Ar-Uech (on the rock, the place
being situated on a craggy eminence) ; Llananl-lech — v.
LLAN ; Llech-trufin, probably originally Llech-treffen (the
rock of the look-out, or twrfine) ; Llanml-lech (the church
among many stones) ; Tre-Uech (stone dweUing) ; Llech-
rhyd (the ford of the flat stone) ; Leek, Lech, Leckbeck
(the stony rivers) ; Leckfield (the field on the R Leek) ;
Leckwith, in Wales, for Lechwedd (a slope).
LEAMHAN (Gadhelic), the elm-tree ; e.g. the Laune, a river at
Killarney, and the Leven, in Scotland (the elm-tree stream) ;
Lennox or Levenach (the district of the R. Leven), the
ancient name of Dumbartonshire ; Lislevane (the fort of the
elm-tree), in Ireland. According to Mr. Skene, the Rivers
Leven in Dumbartonshire and in Fife have given their
names to Loch Lomond and Loch Leven, while in each
county there is a corresponding mountain caUed Lomond.
LEARG (Gadhelic), the slope of a hill ; e.g. Largy, in Ireland ;
Lairg, a parish in Sutherlandshire ; Largs, in Ayrshire, and
Largo, in Fife, from this word ; Largan (the httle hill-slope) ;
Largynagreana (the sunny hill-slope) ; Larganreagh (gray
hill-slope), in Ireland.
LEBEN (Ger.), a possession, an inheritance. Forsteman thinks
this word is derived from the Old Ger laiban (to leave or
bequeath), cognate with the Grk. leipa, and not from leben
(to live) ; e.g. Leibnitz, ane Dud-leipen (the inheritance of
Dudo) ; Ottersleben (of Otho) ; Ritzleben (of Richard) ;
Germersleben (of Germer) ; Osharsleben (of Ausgar) ; San-
dersleben (of Sander) ; Hadersleben (of Hada).
LEGIO (Lat), a Roman legion ; e.g. Caerleon, on the Usk, ane
Isca-Legionis ; Leicester, Lcgionis-castra (the camp of the
legion) ; Leon, in Spain, ane Legio, being the station of

LEHM—LEY 125

the seventh Roman legion ; Lexdon, ane Legionis-dunum
(the fort ofthe legion); Megiddo, in Palestine, now Ledjun,
ane Castra-legionis (the camp ofthe legion).
LEHM (Ger ) ( '^'^^' ."^'^ ' ^¦^- *^ ^^^" (*^ muddy river) ;
/A c \' J Leamington (the town on the R. Leam) ; Lehm-
_ >„¦ '"?, J hurst (the clayey wood) ; Lambourn (muddy
^ '' (^ brook) ; Leemkothen (the mud huts).
LEITER (Gadhehc), the slope of a hill ; e.g. Ballater, in Aberdeen
shire (the town on the sloping hill) ; Letterfeam (the alder-
tree slope); Letterfourie (the grassy hill-side, /ez/racA); Find-
later (the cold hill-slope, yfo;2;2), in Scotland. In Ireland:
Letterkenny (the hill-slope of the O'Cannons) ; Letterkeen
(beautiful hill-slope) ; LettermuUen (Meallan's hill-slope) ;
Letterbrick (the badger's hill-slope) ; Letterlickey (the hill-
slope of the flagstone) ; Letherhead, in Surrey (at the head
of the slope, Welsh llethr), on the declivitous bank of the
R. Mole ; MachynUeth for Mach-yn-Llethr (the ridge on the
slope), a town in Montgomery.
, . „ , i the people ; e.g. Leutkirch (the people's church) ;
/p \ < Lifege, Ger. Liittich, ane Leodicus-vicus (the
^ ¦'' ( people's town) — the hill on which the citadel
stands was called Publes-mont (the people's hill) ; Leeds,
in Yorkshire, ane Lcndis (the people's town, according to
Bayley) ; Whittaker, however, makes it the town of Loidi, a
personal name) ; but Leeds, in Kent, is said to have been
name;! after Ledian, the Chancellor of Ethelred II.
LESSO, LESSE (Sclav.), a wood or thicket ; e.g. Lessau, Leske,
Leskau, Lessen, Lissa (the woody place), towns in Prussia ;
Leschnitz, in Silesia, and Leizig, in Saxony, with the same
meaning ; Leschkirch (the church in the wood), in Tran
sylvania ; Liezegorike (woody hill).
LEUCUS (Grk.), white ; e.g. Leuctra, Leuctron, Leucadia, so named
from the white rocks at its extremity ; Leucasia (the white
river) ; Leucate (the white promontory in Greece).
LEY LEACA.S) (^ district — in English topography generally
' ^ ¦'' I applied to an open field or meadow; e.g.
' { Leigh (the meadow), in Lancashire ; Berkeley,
Thornley, Oakley, Auchley, Alderley, Brachley (the meadow
of birch, thorn, oak, alder, ferns) ; Hasley (of hazels) ;
Hagley (the enclosed meadow) ; Horsley (the meadow of

126 LIN— LINNE

Horsa, or of horses) ; Brockley (of the badger) ; Hindley
(of the stag) ; Everley (of the wild boar, aper) ; Bradley
(broad meadow) ; Stanley (stony meadow) ; Loxley (of
Loki, a Scandinavian deity) ; Ashley (ash-tree meadow) ;
but Ashley, S. Carolina, was named after Lord Ashley in
the reign of Charles II. ; Morley (moor-field) ; Bisley (bean-
field) ; Cowley (cow's field) ; Linley (flax-field) ; Monkley
(the monk's field); Audley, Co. Stafford (old field); but
Audley, in Essex, took its name from a palace erected
by Thomas Audley, Lord ChanceUor of England ; Ofley
(the field of King Offa) ; Tarporley, in Cheshire, corrupt
from Thorpeley (the farm-field or meadow) ; Chorley (the
meadow of the R. Chor) ; Bosley (Bodolph's field) ; West
Leigh, North Leigh, Leighton, from the same root ; Satter-
leigh (the field of Seator, an A. S. deity) ; Eamley, Sussex
(eagle meadow) ; Ripley, in Yorkshire, from Hryp, a
peronal name ; Bentley, bent, pasture (a coarse kind of
grass) ; Tewesley and Tisley, from Tiw, a Saxon deity —
as also Tewing, Tuoesmere, and Teowes (thom) ; Henley
(the old meadow or field), supposed to be the oldest town
in Oxfordshire.
LIN (Esthonian), a fort or town ; e.g. Rialin, now Riga (the fortress
of the Rugii), in Russia ; Pemau, ane Perna^lin (the lime-
tree fort) ; TepeUn (hill town ; tepe, Turc. hiU).
C the linden-tree ; e.g. Lindhurst
LINDE (Get) , , -( and Lyndhurst (the. linden -tree
LIND, LYND (A.S. and Scand.), ) jst-ji.- t-j-tt-
' '^ •" ( wood) ; Lindheim, Lmdorf, Lim-
burg, in Germany (the town of linden-trees) ; as also Lim-
burg, in Holland, formerly Lindenburg; Lindau (the linden-
tree meadow) ; Lindesnaes (the promontory of hnden-trees),
in Norway ; La Linde, Le Lindois (abounding in linden-trees) ;
Limboeuf, Lindeboeuf (linden-tree dwelling), in France.
,p J, ,. ,^ /a pool, a lake, sometimes applied to a
tr r l\ J waterfall, not as associated with the cas-
LLYNN^L^n^-uel.), . ^^^^^ ^^j ^.jj^ jj^^ p^^j .^^^ ^j^.^j^ j^ jg
^ ¦ ¦¦'' (received, as in the Linn of Dee, in Aber
deenshire, and Corra-linn, on the Clyde. Dublin (the black
pool) takes its name from that part of the R. Liffey on
which it is built ; and there are several other places in
Ireland whose names have the same meaning, although

LIOS 127
variously spelt, as Devlin, in Mayo ; Dowling and Doohn,
in Kilkenny and Clare ; Ballinadoolin (the town of the
black pool), in Kildare. In several such cases the proper
name was Ath-cliath (hurdle ford), literally Baile-atha-cliath
(the town of the hurdle ford), the original name of Dublin.
The ancient name of Lincoln, Lindum, is the hill fort on
the pool ; Linlithgow comes from the same root, and is
probably the gray lake — how it came by the termination
gow, gu, or cu, as it is variously spelt, cannot be deter
mined ; Linton, in Roxburghshire, is the town on the pool ;
Linton, in Peebles, on the R. Lyne— in Cambridge (on the
brook, hlynna) ; Dupplin, on the R. Earn, in Perthshire
(the black pool) ; Crailing, in Berwickshire, ane Travertin
(the dweUings, treabhar, on the pool) ; Edarline (between
the pools) ; Aber-glas-lyn (the estuary of the blue pool), in
Wales ; Lynn-Regis (the king's pool), in Norfolk ; Roslin
(the projecting point on the pool), in Mid Lothian ; Lynn-
yr-Afrange (the beaver's pool), in Wales ; Mauchline, in
Ayrshire (the pool in the plain, magh) ; Lincluden, in
Kirkcudbright (the pool of the R. Cluden) ; Lindores, in
Fife, probably not from this root, but a corrupt, of Lann-
Tours, being the seat of the abbey of Tours, founded by
' David, Earl of Huntingdon. Lyme-Regis (the king's pool),
in Dorset ; Lymington, ane Linton (the tovra on the pool),
in Hants ; Llyn-hir (long pool) ; Llyn-y-cun (the dog's pool),
in Carnarvon ; Llynn-y-Nadroedd (the adder's pool) ; Llynn-
ye-cae (the enclosed pool), all in Wales ; Llyn-tegid (the
fair or beautiful lake) ; Lly-gwyn, with the same meaning ;
Llyn-Teivy, of the R. Teivy, in Wales ; Llyn-Safaddon,
corrupt, from Llyn-saf-baddon (the standing pool or fixed
bathing place) — v. bad.
,_„,., C an enclosure, a garden, or a fort. In
LIOS, or LIS (Gadhehc), I t 1 j •.. n ^ ¦ ¦ ^¦,
' ^ , ^ . ,\ < Ireland it generally meant ongmally a
LES (Breton and Comish), ) , 1 j vi/ • 1 .. u
^ " ( place enclosed with a circular entrench
ment, for the purpose of shelter and safety, and is often
translated by the Lat atrium (the entrance-room to a
dwelling or temple). There are eleven places in Ireland
called Lismore (the great enclosure) ; Lismore also in
Argyleshire ; Listowel (Tuathal's fort) ; Liscarrol (Carrol's
fort) ; Liscahane (Cathan's fort) ; Lissan, Lissane, Lessany

128 LIPA — LOCH

(the little fort) ; Ballylesson (the town of the little fort) ;
Lisclogher (stone fort) ; Lislevane (the fort of the elm) ;
LismuUin (of the mill) ; Lisnadarragh (of the oaks) ;
Lisnaskea, i.e. Lios-na-sceithe (of the bush) ; Lissard (high
fort) ; Gortnalissa (the field of the fort) ; Lisbellaw, i.e.
Lios-bel-atha (the fort at the ford mouth) ; Dunluce (strong
fort) ; Thurles, Co. Tipperary, from Durlas (strong fort) ;
Rathurles (the rath of the strong fort) — aU in Ireland;
Liskard or Liskeard (the enclosure on the height), in Corn
wall and Cheshire ; Lostwithel, in ComwaU, i.e. I^s-vthiel
(the lofty palace), one of the ancient seats of the Duke of
Cornwall ; Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, Lat. Ecclesia-
Machute (the enclosure or church of St Machute) ; Les-
neven, in Brittany, i.e. Les-an-Evan (the enclosure or palace
of Evan, Count of Leon) ; Leslie, in Fife (the enclosure on
the R. Leven) ; Lessudden or St. Boswell's, in Roxburgh
shire, bears the first name from Aidan, the Bishop of
Lindesfarne, who is said to have lived there ; and its second
name from Boisel, a disciple of St Cuthbert The Spanish
llosa is akin to the Celtic lios, as in Lliosa-del-Obispo (the
bishop's enclosure).
LIPA (Sclav.), the linden-tree ; e.g. Leipzig, Lipten, Laubsdorf or
Libanoise, Lauban or Luban, Luben, Laubst, Laboli, ete
(the places abounding in linden-trees) ; Lubeck and Lublin
may come from the same root, or from a Sclavonic word
signifying beloved.
LLWYD (Welsh), gray-brown ; e.g. Rhipyn Llwyd (the gray upland);
Llwyd-goed (gray wood).
LOCH, LOUGH (Gadhelic), f ^^f ^ ' 'S- L°^b Broom (the lake
LLWCH (Cym.-Cel.), \ °/ ^>^°^^J^ *'''«"') ' L°oh Carron (of
^ ( the winding water) ; Loch Dome
(deep loch) ; Loch Duich, in Ross-shire (the lake of St.
Duthic, the same person from whom the town of Tain took
its Gaelic name, Baile- Didch, St. Dulhaick's town) ; Loch
Fyne (the fair lake) ; Loch Lomond (the lake of the elm-
tree river) ; Loch Nell (of the swan, cala) ; Loch Ness (of
the waterfall, i.e. of Foyers) — v. eas ; Loch Long (ship
lake, Scand. Skipafiord) ; Gareloch (short lake, gearr), in
Ross-shire, and also a branch of the Firth of Clyde ; Loch
Etive (dreary loch, eitidh) ; Lochlubnaig (the lake of the

LOCH 129
little bend, lubnaig) ; Lochbuie and Lochbuy (the yellow
loch) ; Lochmuic (of the wild boar) ; Lochgorm (blue
loch) ; Lochlaggan (of the hollow) ; Loch Tay (of the R.
Tay or Tamha, quiet river) ; Lochgelly (of the fair water) ;
Loch Maree (the lake of St. Malrube) ; Lochard (high
loch) ; Loch Awe and Loch Linnhe (here duplicate names,
aw signifying water and linne a pool) ; Loch-na-keal (the
loch of the cemetery, cill) ; Loch Earn (the west loch, i.e.
west of Loch Tay) ; Lochgelly (white lake, gealich) ; Loch
Katrine, probably the lake of the Caterans or freebooters ;
Benderloch, in Argyleshire, i.e. Bendaraloch (the hill
between the lakes) ; Lochnagar, i.e. Lochan-na-gabhar (the
little lake of the goats, at the base of the mountain to which
it gives its name) ; Lochmaben, probably the loch of the
bald headland, as in an old charter the castle at the head
of the loch is called Lochmalban; Lochfad (long loch), in
the Island of Bute, five miles long and scarce half a mile
broad ; Loch Achray, in Perthshire (the loch of the level
plain, reidh) ; Leuchars, in Fife, formerly Lough-yards, the
low grounds of the village used to lie under water for the
greater part of the year. In Ireland there are Lough Derg
(red lake), originally Loch Dergderc (the lake of the red
eye, connected with a legend) ; Lough Conn (from a per
sonal name Conn) ; Loch Rea (gray or smooth lake, reidh,
smooth) ; as also Loch Ryan, in Kirkcudbright (of the
smooth water, reidhan) ; Loch Foyle (the lake of Febhal,
the son of Lodan) ; Loughan, Loughane (little lake) ;
Lochanaskin (the little lake of the eels) ; Lough Corrib,
corrupt, from Lough Orbsen (the lake of Orbsen or
Mannanan, over whose grave it is said to have burst forth) ;
Lough Erne, in Ireland, named from the Ernai, a tribe ;
Lough Finn, named after a lady called Finn, who was
drowned in its waters ; Lough, i.e. Loch-n'-Eckach (the lake
of Eochy, a Munster chief, who, with his family, was over
whelmed in the eruption which gave their origin to its
waters) ; Loch S willy, probably a Scand. name, meaning
the lake of the surges or whirlpool, swelchie. The town of
Carlow was originaUy Cetherloch (the quadruple lake, cether,
four), from a tradition that formerly the R. Barrow fonned
four lakes at this spot. K

130 LOCUS— LUG

LOCUS (Lat.),
LOCA (A.S.),
LOK, LLE (Cym.-Cel.),
LIEU (Fr),

a place ; e.g. Netley, Lat. Laeto-loco (at
the pleasant, cheerful place), so called
from a monastery founded there by
Mereward, King of Mercia, in 658 ;
Madley (the good place) ; Matlock (the
meat enclosure or storehouse) ; Leominster, Lat Locus-
fanum (temple place) ; Porlock or Portlock, in Somerset
(the place of the port) ; Lok-Maria-Ker (the town of Maria
Ker), in Brittany. In France : Richelieu (rich place) ;
Chaalis, ane Carolis-locus (the place of Charles the Good,
Count of Flanders) ; Beaulieu (beautiful place) ; Loctudey,
at Finisterre, corrupt, from Loc-Sancti-Tudene (the place of
St. Tudy) ; Locdieu and Dilo, i.e. Dei-locus (God's place) ;
Lieusaint (holy place) ; Baslieu (low place).
,„ ,_ ,. C a meadow or thicket, and sometimes
LOH, LOO (Get and Dutch), , ,.,\ , , ^
' ^ ¦" <; a marsh ; e.g. Waterloo (watery
' ( meadow) ; Venloo (the marshy
meadow), and perhaps Louvain may have the same mean
ing; Groenloo (green thicket); Hohenlohe (the high marshy
meadow) ; Tongerloo (the marshy meadow of the Tungri) ;
Schwarzenloh (the black thicket) ; Anderlues (on the marsh).
,p . C a path ; e.g. Iser-lohn (the path by the R. Iser) ;
innw CD t M \ Forstlohn (the path in the wood) ; Neerloon and
^ '' ( Oberloon (the lower and upper path) ; Loon-op-
Zand (the path on the sand).
LUCUS (Lat.), f ^ ^^"^<^ ^™^.^= ^¦.;- Lugo, in Italy,
LLWYN (Welsh), a grove, \ ^f-^_Lucus-Dzana (the sacred grove
^ /' t> '( of Diana); Lugo, in Spain, ane Za«cj-
Au^usti (the sacred grove of Augustus); Les luches, in
France, near the remains of an ancient temple ; Luc, ane
Lucus, in Dauphiny.
- ,,„ ., ,,.„ . .,„„ ,c , \ /a marsh, cognate with the Lat
LUG, LUKA, or LUZ (Sclav.), I , ^ ' ., ^ . . . ,,, ^
LEOIG (Gadhelic), )/«^«;«;..,^. Lusatia or Lausatz (the
LAUK (Esthonian), j "f ^""'^y ^f/^) = Lassahn Ger. Ijih-
^ ' \ burgum (the town on the marsh) ;
Lugos or Lugosch, Luko and Leignitz, with the same mean
ing, in Poland and Silesia ; Podlachia (near the marshes),
a district in Poland. The towns of Lyons, Laon, and Leyden
were formerly named Lugdunum (the fortress in the marshy
land) ; Paris was formerly Lutctia-Parisiorum (the marshy

LUND — MAES 131

land of the Parisii). In France : Loches, formerly Luccce
and Lochia (the marshy land) ; and Lochd, formerly Loch-
eium (the marshy dwelling), in the departments of Indre et
Loire.
LUND (Scand.), a sacred grove ; e.g. Lund, towns in Sweden and
in the Shetlands ; Lundgarth (the enclosed grove), in York
shire ; Lundsthing (the place of meeting at the grove), in
Shetland ; Charlottenlund, Christianslund, and Fredericks-
lund (the grove of Charlotte, Christian, and Frederick), vill
ages in Denmark ; and perhaps the island Lundy, in the
Bristol Channel.
LUST, LYST (Teut.), pleasure — appUed, in topography, to a palace
or lordly mansion ; e.g. Ludwigslust, Charlottenlust, Raven-
lust (the palaces of Ludovick, of Charlotte, and of Hrafen) ;
Lostwithel, in Cornwall (the manor of Withel), in the old
Brit, language. Pen Uchel coet (the lofty hill in the wood,
and the Uzella of Ptolemy) ; Lustleigh (the vaUey of plea
sure), in Devon.
LUTTER, LAUTER (Teut.), bright, clear; e.g. Lutri, on Lake Geneva;
Luttar, in Brunswick (the bright place) ; Latterbach and
Lauterbum (clear stream) ; Lauterburg, in Alsace, on the
R. Lauter ; Lutterworth (the bright farm) ; Lauterecken, in
Bavaria, at the comer, eck, of the R. Lauter.
™ . i smaU ; e.g. Lutgenrode (the little clear-
LUTZEL LYTEL (Teut.), I j^^^ . 'Luxemburg, corrupt, from Lutzel-
LILLE (bcand.), y ^^^^ ^g^^jj foj-tj-gss)^ Latinised Lucis-
Burgum (the city of light), and hence passing into Lux
emburg ; Lucelle or Lutzel, in Alsace ; Lutzelsten (the small
rock), in Alsace.

M
MAEN (Welsh), a stone ; e.g. Maentwrog (the tower-like pillar), a
parish in Merioneth; Maen or Dewi (St David's possession).
,„ ^ ,, /a meadow or field, cognate with the
MAES,orFAES(Cym.-Cel.), ^^^^j^ j^. ^^g^^^^ ^^^g p„^i
MOED, or MEAD (A. S.), ^ -^ ^j,g ggi^) . Maisemore (great field),
MATTE (Get), (jjj Brecknock and Gloucestershire;
Marden, in Hereford, ane. Maes-y-durdin (the field of the

132 MAGEN— MAGH

water camp) ; Basaleg, a parish in Wales. The name has
been corrupted Maes-aleg, signifying elect land, from an
event famous in Welsh history, which took place there.
Maes-teg (the fair field) ; Maes-yr-onnen (the field of ash-
trees) ; Cemmaes (the plain of the ridge, cefn) ; Maes-y-
Mynach (monk field) ; Cemmaes, z>. Cefn-maes (the ridge
of the plain), in Wales ; Runnymede, Co. Surrey (the
meadow of the council), Latinised Pratum-concilii; Ander-
matt (on the meadow) ; Zermatt (at the meadow), in
Switzerland ; Matterhorn (the peak of the meadow) ;
Aeschenmatt (ash-tree meadow) ; Maes-Garmon (the field
of St Germanus), in Wales ; Soultzmatt (the meadow of
mineral waters, salz), in Alsace.
MAGEN, MEKEN, or MAIN (Teut.), great ; e.g. the R. Main, ane
Magen-aha (great water) ; Mainland, ane Meginland {gxeaX
island), in the Orkneys ; Mainhardt (great wood) ; Mein
ingen (the great field) — v. GEN — in Germany.
MAGH (Gadhelic), f ^ ^f 'I °' Pl^'"' '=°'™Pt- ^"*° ?^?'
MACH (Cym.-Cel.), a Hdge, i "'^^^'Lf!.™'?'^'"^^' ^f-^^^
^ ' " \ breagh (the beautiful plain), in
Ireland, extending from the R. Liffey to the borders of Co.
Louth ; Moy and May (the plain), both in Ireland and in
Scotland; Moidart(thehighplain), in Invemess-shire; Mayo
(the plain of yew-trees) ; Moynalty, Irish Magh-nealta (the
plain of the flocks) ; Macosquin, in Londonderry, corrupt
from Magh-Cosgrain (the field of Cosgrain) ; MaUow, in
Cork, Magh-Ealla (the plain of the R. Alio or EaUa, now
the Blackwater) ; Moville and Movilla (the plain of the old
tree, bile) ; Moycoba, for Magh-Coba (the plain of Coba) ;
Machaire, a derivative from Mag/t, is found under the forms
of Maghera and Maghery, thus — Magheracloone (the plain
of the meadow) ; Magheraculmony (the plain at the back of
the shrubbery) ; Maynooth (the plain of Nuadhat) ; Moira,
corrupt from Magh-rath (the plain of the forts), Co. Down ;
Moyarta (the plain of the grave, ferta). In Scotland we find
Rothiemay, in Banff, corrupt, from Rath-na-magh (the castle
of the plain) ; Monievaird, i.e. Magh-na-bhaird (the plain
of the bards), in Perthshire ; Machynlleth (the ridge on the
slope), a town in Montgomeryshire, Wales. In its Latin
ised form this word is found in Marcomagus, now Margagen

MAHA— MAN

133

(the plain of the Marcomanni) ; Juliomagus and Csesaro-
magus (of Julius and Csesar) ; Noviomagus (the new plain) ;
and again the same word became magen or megen among
the Teutonic races, thus Noviomagus became Nimeguen ;
Nozon was ane Noviomagus or Noviodunum; Riom, in
France, ane Ricomagus (rich plain) ; Maing or Meung, on
the Loire, formerly Magus; Argenton, Argentomagus (silver
field) ; Rouen, ane Rothomagus (the fort on the plain).
The ancient name of Worms was Bartotnagus, which Butt-
man says means high field ; its present name was corrupted
from Vormatia; Mouzon, in France, was Mosomagus (the
plain of the R. Meuse).
MAHA (Sansc), great ; e.g. Mahabalipoor (the city of the great god
Bali) ; Mahanuddy (the great river) ; Mahadea Mountains
(the mountains of the great goddess) ; Maha-vila-ganga (the
great sandy river) ; Mantote, in Ceylon, corrupt, from Maha-
Totta (the great ferry).
MAHAL, MAL, or MOLD (Teut.), the place of meeting ; e.g. Mahl-
burg or Mailburg, in Lower Austria (the town of the place
of meeting) ; Detmold, ane Theotmalli (the people's meet
ing-place ; Wittmold (the meeting-place in the wood) ;
Moldfelde (in the field) ; Malton (the town of the meeting),
in Yorkshire ; Maulden (the valley of the meeting), in Bed
fordshire ; Kirch-ditmold (the church at the meeting-place).
MALY, or MALKI (Sclav.), Uttle ; e.g. Malinek, Malinkowo, Malenz,
Malchow, Malkow, Malkowitz (little town) ; Maliverck (the
little height).
MAN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.), a place or district ; Maenolox Mainor,
Welsh (a possession), akin to the Lat. mansio and the Fr.
maison. From this word may be derived Maine, a province
of France ; Mans and Mantes, although more directly they
may probably come from the Cenomanni, a people who for
merly inhabited that district in France ; Mantua, in Italy,
and La Mancha, in Spain, may be placed under this
head ; also Manchester, ane Mancunium, and Mancester,
ane Manduessedum ; Menteith, in Perthshire, the district
of the R. Teith. In the Welsh language the letter m is
changed into yj and pronounced v, a.nd fan a.hxidged to fa,
thus — Brawdfa (the place of judgment) ; Eisteddfa (the
sitting place) ; Gorphwzsfa (resting place) ; Morfa (the shore

134 MANSUS— MARK

or sea place) ; Manaera (the place of slaughter), probably
the site of a battle ; Manclochog (the ringing-stone). i
MANSUS (Lat.), a farm or mral dweUing, to which was attached a
certain portion of land. It was often contracted into mas,
miex, or mex; e.g. La Manse, Mansac, Manselle, Le Mas,
Beaumets, Beaumais, in France. The Manse, i.e. the dwell
ing and glebe attached to a parish in Scotland ; Mains, a
parish in Forfar.
MANTIL (Old Get), the fir-tree ; e.g. Mantilholz (the fir-wood) ;
Mantilberg (fir-tree hill) ; Zimmermantil (the room or
dwelling at the fir-trees).
MAR, a Ger. word, used both as an affix and a prefix, with
various meanings. As a prefix, it occasionally stands for
mark (a boundary), as in Marbrook (the boundary brook),
and Marchwiail (the boundary of poles), in Wales ; some
times for a marsh, as in Marbach, on the Danube, and
Marburg, on the Neckar ; sometimes also for mark, an Old
Ger. word for a horse, as in Marburg, on the R. Lahn, and
Marburg and Mardorf (horse tovra), in Hesse. As an aflix,
it is an adjective, and signifies, in the names of places and
persons, clear, bright, distinguished, or abounding in ; e.g.
Eschmar (abounding in ash-trees) ; Geismar (in goats) ;
Horstmar (in wood) ; Weimar (in the vine).
,p . /the boundary; e.g. Styria or Stiermark, the
MFAprCAS\ J boundary of the R, Steyer ; Markstein (the
.,.„„„„ /T-\ ^ boundary stone) ; Markhaus (the dweUing on the
MARCHE (Ft), I u J N TVT V .. • r- u -J t
^ " ^^ border) ; March, a town in Cambridge ; La
Marche (the frontier), a domain in France, having been the
boundary between the Franks and Euskarians ; Mercia,
one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, bordering on Wales ;
and Murcia, in Spain, the boundary district between the
Moorish kingdom of Granada and the other parts of Spain ;
Newmark, Altmark, Mittelmark (the newj old, and middle
boundary), in Germany ; Mark, in the Scandinavian lan
guage, meant a plain or district, thus Denmark means the
plain of the Danes ; Finnmark (of the Finns) ; Markbury,
in Cheshire ; Markley, in Hereford (the boundary town and
field). The Marcomanni were the March or boundary men
^ It obtained the name from two large stones that lay on the roadside near
the church, and possessed that property.

MARKT— MEDINA 135

of the Sclavonic frontier of Germany ; the R. March or
Morava, the boundary between Lower Austria and Hungary ;
Marbecq and Marbeque, rivers in France ; Mardick (the
boundary dike).
. , C a market, sometimes found as »zar/y e._g-. M arkt-
MARKT(Ieut.), I ^jjjg (the market mill); Marktham, Markt-
MERKT 1
' ( fiecken (market-town), in Germany ; Martham,
also in Norfolk ; Neumarkt in Germany, and Newmarket
in England (new market-town) ; Martock, in Somerset (the
oak-tree under which the market of the district used to be
held) ; Market-Raisin, in Lincoln, on the R. Raisin ; Bibert-
Markt, in Bavaria, on the R. Bibert ; Kasmarkt, in Hun
gary, corrupt, from Kaiser-Markt (the emperor's market-
town) ; Donnersmarkt, the German translation or corrup
tion of Csotartokhely (the Thursday market-place), in Hun
gary. The cattle-market at Stratford-on-Avon is still called
the Rother-market, from an old word rother, for homed
cattle.
MARSA (At), a port ; e.g. Marsala, in Sicily, i.e. Marsa-Allah
(the port of God) ; Marsalquivir, i.e. Marsal-el-kebir (the
great port). In Malta : Marsa-scala, Marsa-scirocco, Marsa-
muscetto, Marsa Torno.
MAS (Irish), the thigh — applied in topography to a long low
hiU ; e.g. Massreagh (gray hill) ; Mausrower (thick hill) ;
Massareene, i.e. Mas-a-rioghna (the queen's hiU) ; but
Massbrook, Co. Mayo, is not from this root ; it is a trans
lation of Sruthan-an-aiffrinn (the brook where the mass
used to be celebrated).
MAUM, MOYM, Or MAM, Irish madhm (a mountain pass or chasm) ;
e.g. Maum-Turk (the boar's pass) ; Maumakeogh (the pass
ofthe mist); Maumnaman(of the women) ; Maumnahaltora
(of the altar).
MAVRO (Modern Grk.), black; e.g. Mavrovouno (the black
mountain) ; Mavro Potamo (the black rivfr), in Greece ;
Mavrovo and Mavroya (the black town), in Turkey.
MAWR, by mutation /az£/r, Welsh (great) — v. MOR, p. I43-
MEDINA (At), a city or the metropolis ; e.g. Medina, in Arabia,
called by the Arabs Medinat-al-Nabi (the city of the
prophet). In Spain : Medina-de-las-torres (the city of the
towers); Medina-del-campo (of the plain) ; Medina-del-

136 MEER — MENIL

pomar (of the apple-orchard) ; Medina-del-rio-seco (of the
dry river-bed) ; Medina-Sidonia (of the Sidonians). This
city was so named by the Moors, because they believed it
to have been built on the site of the Phoenician city Asidur.
MEER, MERE (Teut.), a lake, sea, or marsh ; e.g. Blakemere (the
black lake, blaec), in Hereford ; Great Marlow or Merelow
(the hill by the marsh) ; Cranmere (the crane's lake or
marsh) ; Winandermere, so called, according to Camden,
from the winding of its shores ; Wittleseamere, Buttermere,
and EUsmere, probably from personal names ; Meerfeld,
Meerhof, Meerholz, and Meerhout (the field, court, and
wood near the lake or marsh), in Holland, But tnere, in
place-names, is said sometimes to mean a boundary — thus
Merse, the other name for Berwickshire, may mean either
the marshy land or the boundary county between England
and Scotland. Closely connected with meer (a lake) are
the words in the Celtic as well as in the Teutonic languages,
denoting marshy lands, z>. lands that have lain under water,
and are still partially submerged — such as tnerse, AS. ;
morast, Ger. ; morfa, Welsh ; marish, Gadhelic ; marsk,
Scand. ; and marais, Fr. Many places in Great Britain
and the Continent derive their names from these words, thus
— the Maros or Marosh ; and the Morava (marshy rivers);
Moravia (the district of the marshy river) ; Morast, in
Sweden (the town on the marsh) ; Merton, in Berwickshire
(the town on the marsh) ; Morebattle, in Roxburghshire, ane
Mereboda (the dwelling on the marsh) ; Ostermarsh (east
marsh), in Holland ; Marengo (the marshy field), in Italy ;
Les Moeres (the marshes), in Flanders; Marchienne,
Marchienes, Maresch^, Maresches, Marest, etc., in France ;
Marcienisi, in Italy (marshy localities). The River Mersey
may come from this word, or it may mean the border river
between England and Wales.
MENIL, MESNIL (Fr), from Mansionile, the dim. of mansus; e.g.
Grandmenil (the great dwelling or hamlet) ; Le Menil-la-
comtesse (the manor of the countess) ; Mesnil-eglise (the
church hamlet) ; Mesnil-Guillaume, Mesnil-Gilbert, Mesnil-
Jourdan, named from the proprietors ; Mesnil-sur-l'Estree
(the hamlet on the Roman road called Strata Estrie) ; Les
Menils, Menillot, etc., in France.

MENZIL — MINSTER 137
MENZIL (At), avillage; e.g. Miselmeri, corrupt from Menzil-el-
Emir (the emir's viUage) ; Mezojuso, from Menzil- Yusuf
(the village of Joseph).
MEON (Cel ) ( ''"^^' "^"Snate with the Lat. minor; e.g. the Rivers
MIO CScand ) 1 Minnow and Mynwy, in Wales ; the Mincio, in
^ '" ( Italy ; the Minho, in Portugal ; Minorca (the
less), in opposition to Majorca (the greater island) ; Miosen
(the little sea or lake), in Norway.
MICKLA, MYCEL (Teut. and Scand.), great, Scotch muckle; e.g.
Mickledorf, Michelstadt, Michelham, Mickleton (great
dwelling) ; Micklebeck (great brook) ; Michelau (great
meadow) ; Mitchelmerse (the great marsh) ; Mecklenburg,
ane Mikilinberg (the great town or hill fort) ; Muchelney
(the great island), in Somersetshire, formed by the conf
of the Rivers Ivel and Parret ; Meikle Ferry (the great
ferry), on Dornoch Firth ; Micklegarth (the great enclosure),
the Scandinavian name for Constantinople, Grk. Megalo
polis; but mikil or miklos, especially in Russia and Hun
gary, is often an abbreviation of St. Nicholas, and denotes
that the churches in these places were dedicated to that .
saint; — thus Mikailov, Mikhailovskaia, Mikhalpol (St.
Nicholas's towns), in Russia; Miklos- Szent and Miklos-
Nagy-Szent, in Hungary ; Mikolajow, in Poland ; Mitcham,
in Surrey, in Doomsday is Michelham.
MIN, MEN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.), a high rock or the brow of a
hill ; e.g. Maen-du (black rock), in ' Monmouth ; Minto, a
parish in Roxburghshire, on the brow of a steep hill ; Meon-
stoke (hill station) ; East and West Meon, in Gloucester
shire ; Mendabia (at the foot of the hill), in Spain ; Alt-
maen, corrupt, to " Old Man of Coniston," in the Lake
country, and to the " Old Man of Hoy," in the Orkneys ;
the " Dodmaen," in Cornwall — v. dodd — has been cor
rupted to Deadman.
,.„,„ / A ^ ^ (a monk's dweUing or monastery,
MINSTER, MYNSTER (A.S.), , .t, j 1 t .
' .p ^ " i hence a cathedral — Lat monas-
^ ¦'' \terium ; e.g. lUminster, Axminster,
Stourminster, Kremmunster, Charminster (the monasteries
on the Rivers 111, Ax, Stour, Krem, and Char) ; Beam-
minster, Co. Dorset, named after St. Bega ; Kidderminster

138 MIR — MITTEL

(the monastery of Earl Cynebert) ; Westminster (the min
ster west of St. Paul's) ; Warminster (near the weir or dam
of the R. Willey) ; Monasteranenagh (the monastery of the
fair) ; Monasterboice (of St. Bcethus) ; Monasterevin (of
St. Evin), in Ireland ; Monasteria de la Vega (of the plain),
in Spain. In France : Moutier, Moustier, Moustoir, Mun
ster, Monestier (the monastery) ; Montereau, Montreuil,
Marmoutier (the monastery of St. Martin) ; Masmoutier
(of Maso) ; Noirmoutier and Rougemoutier (the black and
red monastery) ; Toli-Monaster or Bitolia (the monastery
of the beech-trees), in Turkey ; Munster (the monastery),
in Alsace ; but Munster, a province in Ireland, is com
pounded from the Scand. ster — qu. v. — and the Irish
Mumha, a king's name ; Munster-eifel (the monastery at
the foot of the Eifel-berg).
MIR (Sclav.), peace ; e.g. Mirgorod (the fortress of peace) ;
Miropol, Mirowitz, Mirow (the town of peace).
,^ , „ J , ( the middle, cognate with
MITTEL, MIDDEL (Teut and Scand.), I j^^ Lat W22.., Grk.
MIEDZY (Sclav.), ) A r^ AX. r
\ '^ y mesos, and Gadhehc
meadhon; e.g. Middleby, Middleton, Middleham, Mitton,
Middleburg (the middle town) ; Middlesex (the territory of
the middle Saxons) ; Middlewich (the middle salt manufac
tory), in Cheshire — v. WICH ; Midhurst (the middle wood),
in Sussex ; Midmar (the middle district of Mar), in Aber
deenshire ; Ardmeanadh, Gael. Ardmeadhonadh (the middle
height), being the Gaelic name for Cromarty ; Mitford (the
middle ford) ; Melton-Mowbray, sometimes written Medel-
tune (the middle town), formerly belonging to the Mowbray
family ; Mittelgebirge (the middle mountain range) ; Mittel-
walde, Sclav. Medzibor (the middle of the wood), in Silesia ;
Methwold, in Norfolk, with the same meaning ; Mittweyda
(in the midst of pasture ground), in Saxony ; Methley and
Metfield (middle field) ; Meseritz and Meseritsch, i.e. mied-
zyvreka (in the midst of streams), in Moravia and'Pomer-
ania ; Mediasch (in the midst of waters), in Hungary ;
Misdroi (in the midst of woodsl), in Pomerania ; Mediter
ranean Sea (in the middle of the land) ; Media (the middle
country, as then known) ; Mesopotamia, Grk. (the country
between the rivers) ; Mediolanum (in the midst of the plain

MLADY^MOIN 139

or land) — v. lann — the ancient name of Milan, Saintes, and
some other towns.
MLADY, MLODY (Sclav.), new ; e.g. Mladiza, Mladowitz, Mladzo-
witz (new town), in Bohemia ; Bladen and Bladow, corrupt.
from Mladen, with the same meaning, in Silesia.
,„ „ , > /a round hiU or a bald promontory,
MOEL (Cym.-Cel.), I j- ,• • -r ¦ i, ,j J
^ ' , ,r. ,x. i- \ ) as an adjective signifying bald, and
MAOL, MEALL (Gadhehc), < ,^ v j . t-n A
',„ J .^ 1 often applied to hiUs and promon-
MOOL (Scand.), J . . '^X ..x. -m^ ^^
^ ' V tones, thus — the Mull or promon
tory of Cantyre and GaUoway ; Meldmm, in Aberdeenshire,
and Meeldrum, in Ireland (the bald ridge) ; Melrose, z'..?.
Maol-ros (the bald headland), Old Melrose having been
situated on a peninsula formed by the Tweed ; the Eildon
Hills, near Melrose, corrupt, from Moeldu?i (bald hill) ; the
Island of Mull, one of the Hebrides ; Mealfourvounie (the
hill of the cold moor), in Invemess-shire ; Glassmeal (gray
hill), in Perth; Malvern (the bald hill of the- alders, gwer-
nen) ; Moel-y-don (the hill of the waves), in Anglesea ;
Moel-Aelir (the frosty hill) ; Muldonach (the hill of Donald),
one of the Hebrides ; Moel-Try-garn (the ridge of the three
cairns) ; Moel-Eilio (the mount of construction) ; Moel-y-crio
(the hiU of shouting) ; Moel-ben-twrch (boar's head hill), in
Wales ; Moel-cwm-Cerwyn (the bald dingle ofthe cauldron);
Moelfre, corrupt, from Moelbre (bald hill), in Wales. In
Ireland this word often takes the form of moyle, as in Kil-
moyle (bald church) ; Rathmoyle, Lismoyle, Dunmoyle
(the bald or dilapidated fort) ; Mweelbane (the white hill) ;
Meelgarrow (rough hill) ; Meelshane (John's bald hiU) ;
Mweel-na-horna (the bald hill of the barley) ; Maulagh
(abounding in hillocks) ; Mullaghmeen (smooth hillock) ;
Mulboy (yellow hillock), etc. ; MuUanagore and MuUana-
gower (the little summit of the goats). In Wales : Moel-
hebog (hawk hill) ; Moel-eryn (eagle hill), in .Wales. The
Mool of Aswich and the Mool of Land, in Shetland.
._ ., ... (a moss or bog. In Ireland : Mona-
MOIN, moine (Gadhehc), I ^^^^^^^ ^.^_ Moin-nam-brathar (the
' ( bog of the friars) ; Monalour (of the
lepers) ; Moneen (the little bog) ; Ballynamona (the town
of the bog) ; Monard (high bog) ; Montiagh, for Mointeach

140 M'6NCH— MONDE

(the boggy place) ; Monabrock (the badger's moss) ; Mon
roe (the red moss) ; Mon is, however, sometimes used
instead of monadh (a rising ground in a moor), as in Co.
Monaghan, Muineachan (abounding in little hills) ; which
country, however, according to the Annals of the Four
Masters, -fi2L.s named from its chief town (the town of monks).
In Scotland : Moin, a moorland district in Sutherlandshire ;
Mohzie and Moonzie (the mossy land), in Fife and Perth
shire ; Montrose (the boggy promontory) ; Mon, again for
monadh, in Monimail (bald hill), in Fife ; Moncrieffe (the
woody hill, craobach) ; Moness (the hill of the cascade,
eas). a monk, from the Greek monos (alone) ;
e.g. Monkton, Monkstown, Monkswood,
Monkland, named from lands belonging
to the monks ; Le Monch (the monk), one
of the highest of the Bemese Alps ; Mon-
achty (the monks' dwelling), in Wales ; Llan-y-mynach (the
monks' church or enclosure), Co. Salop ; Monksilver, in
Somerset, corrupt, from Monk-sylva (the monks' wood) ;
Monkleagh (the monks' meadow) ; Munsley, with the same
meaning, in Hereford ; Monach-log-ddu (the place of the
black monks), in Wales ; Munchberg (monk's hiU), in
Bavaria ; Munchengratz (the monks' fortress), in Bohemia ;
Munich and Munchingen (belonging to the monks), in
Germany.

MONCH (Get),
MONEC (A.S.),
MONACH (Gadhelic),
MYNACH (Cym.-Cel.),

,,^,TT^T, ,,i^,TT^ //- \ (^ a river mouth; e.g. Dortmund, Fisch-
MONDE, MUND (Get), , -r^ , ^ , -^ ,
,,,„„,, ,„„„^ /c A \ \ mund, Dendermund, Roermonde,
MUNNI, MINDE (Scand.), ) „ ... „ ' . „ '
' ( Travemunde, Saarmund, Tanger-
miinde, Ysselmonde, Rupelmonde, Orlamunda, Stolpe-
miinde, Swinmund or Sweinemund, Ukermiinde, Wame-
munde, at the mouth of the rivers forming the first part
of these names ; Miinden, in Hanover (at the mouths of the
Rivers Werra and Fulda) ; Monmouth (at the conf of the
Mynwy and Wye) ; Plymouth, Falmouth, Sidmouth, Yar
mouth, Grangemouth, Teignmouth, A\'earmouth, Cocker-
mouth, at the mouths of these rivers ; Bishop's Wearmouth,
founded by Biscop in the middle of the seventh century ;
Deulemont, in France, at the mouth of the Deule ; Glad-
mouth, in Wales, formeriy Clcdcmuth, at the mouth of the

MONEY^MONT 141

Clede or Cleddy ; Minde, in Iceland, at the mouth of Lake
Miosen.
MONEY, a frequent prefix in Irish names from muine (a brake or
shrubbery) ; e.g. Moneymore, Moneybeg (the great and little
shrubbery) ; Moneygorm (the blue shrubbery) ; Moneyduff
(the black or dark shrubbery) ; Moneygall-(the shrubbery
of the strangers). ,T, J T^ > (a mountain, from the
MONT, MONTE (Ft and It.), ; T t A
MONTANA and MONTE (Span, and Port.), ) ^^l' '"f"!l ''^S j/^T
^ ^ '' ( nate with the Gadhehc
monadh, and the Cym.-Cel. mynydd; e.g. Montalto ..(high
mount) ; Montauban (the mount of Albanus) ; Montechiaro
(clear mount) ; Monte-fosoli (brown mount) ; Montehermosa
(beautiful mount), in Spain ; Montenegro, Turc. Karadagh,
Sclav. Zerna-gora (black mount), in Turkey ; Beaumont,
Chaumont, Haumont (the beautiful, bald, and high mount) ;
Montereale and Montreal (the royal hill) ; Montreal, in
Canada, so named by Cartier in 1555; Monte-Rosa, ane
Mons-sylva (woody hill) ; Monte-Video (the prospect mount) ;
Montmartre, ane Mons-Mariyrum (the hill ofthe martyrdom
of St. Denis), but its earlier name was Mons-Martis (the
hill of Mars) ; Montmirail, Lat Mons-mirabilis (the wonder
ful mountain) ; Remiremont, Lat. Romaries-mons, founded
by St. Romarie in 620; Monte-Cavallo, corrupt, from Monte-
Calvaria (the Mount of Calvary), so called from a number
of chapels, in which v^exe represented the successive scenes
of our Lord's passion. From monticellus, the diminutive
of mont, have arisen such place-names as Moncel, Le
Monchel, Monchelet, etc. ; Mont d'Or (golden mount), in
Auvergne; Montefrio (cold mount), in Spain; Montpellier, Lat
Mons-puellarum (the hiU of the young girls), so called from
two villages belonging to the sisters of St. Fulcrum ; Mont-
serrat (the serrated hill) ; Clermont (bright hill) ; Mondragon
and Montdragone (the dragon's hill) ; Monfalcone (hawk
hiU) ; Mons, Ger. Berghen (hill town), in Belgium ; Piedmont
(at the foot of the Alps) ; Floremont or Blumenberg (flowery
hill), in Alsace ; Montaign and Monthen, ane Mons-acutus
(sharp or peaked hill) ; Montigny, Montignac (mountainous) ;
Jeumont, ane Jovismons (the hill of Jove), in France ;
Mount Pilatus (the mount with the cap of clouds, ixoxxipileus.

142 MONT^MOOS

Lat a felt cap) ; Richmond, in Yorkshire, named from a
castle in Brittany, from which the Earl of Richmond took
his title, meaning the rich or fertile hill ; Richmond, in
Surrey, named by the Earl after his Yorkshire estate, for
merly caUed Skene from the splendour of the royal residence
there, sane, A.S. (splendid); Righimont, in Switzerland, cor
rupt, from Mons-regius (royal hill) ; Montacute (sharp hill),
in Somerset ; Tras-os-Montes (beyond the hiUs), in Portugal;
Apremont, in France, for Asproinonte (rough hill) ; Pyrmont,
corrupt, from Mons-Petrus (St. Peter's mount) ; Montferrato
(the fortified hill). Mont also signified a hill fort, like berg
and dun, as in Montalcino (the fort of Alcinous), in Italy ;
Montgomery, in Wales, (the fortress of Roger de Mont-
gomerie, who erected a castle there in 1093) — its earher
name was Tre-Faldwyn (the dwelling of Baldwin, a Nor
man knight) ; Charlemont, in France, named after Charles
v.; Henrichemont, after Henri- Quatre. In Wales: the
town of Mold, abbreviated from Mons-altus (high fort) —
the Normans built a castle there ; Mynydd-du (black hiU) ;
Mynydd-mawr (great hill) ; Mynydd-moel (bald hiU). In
Scotland : Monadh-ruadh (the red mount or the mountK),
the Gaelic name for the Grampians ; Mount Battock, Gael.
Monadh -beatach (the raven's hill) ; Mountbenjerlaw, in
Selkirkshire, originally Ben-Yair (the hiU of the R. Yair),
to which the A.S. law and the Norman mount were added.
But monadh in Gael, signifies a mountain range, and some
times a moor, as Monadh-leath (the gray mountain range).
Probably Mendip, in Somerset, is the deep hill, Welsh dwfn
and mynydd; Monimail (bald hill) ; Monifieth (the hill or
moor of the deer, feidh). The Moume Mountains, in
Ireland, means the mountains of the tribe ; Mughlioma.
Mon, in the Basque language, also signifies a hill, and is
found in Monzon, an ancient town of Spain, with a hiU fort ;
Monda and Mondonedo, in Spain ; and Mondego, in
Portugal ; and in Carmona (hill summit), in Spain.
MOOS (Ger.), MOS (Scand.), j "^"^'^ %^^^r.d- e.g Donaunioss
MECH, MOCK (Sclav.), i ^]'^ mossy4neadow ofthe Danube) ;
\ Mosston (the town on the mossy
ground) ; Moseley (moss-field or valley) ; Moscow, on the
R. Moskwa (mossy water) ; Mossow, Mehzo, Mochow,

MOR — MOR 143

Mochlitz (the mossy ground) ; Mohacs, Ger. Margetta (the
marshy or mossy island), in the Danube ; Miesbach (the
district of the mossy brook), in Bavaria. The Irish word
mcethail (soft mossy land) is almost synonymous with these
roots. It is found in Mohill, Co. Leitrim ; Mothel in
Waterford, and Mothell in Kilkenny ; Cahermoyle (the
stone fort of the mossy land) in Ireland, and in Muthil in
Perthshire.
MOR, MOER (Teut. and Scand.), waste land, heath ; Scot, muir;
e.g. Moorby, Morton, and Moreton (the dwelling on the
moor) ; Morpeth (the moor path) ; Oudemoor (the old
moor), and Oostmoer (east moor), in Holland ; Moorlinch
(the moor ridge, Mine) ; Lichtenmoer (the cleared moor) ;
Muirkirk (the church in the moor), in Argyleshire ; Murroes,
corrupt, from Muirhouse, a parish in Co. Forfar ; Tweeds-
muir (the moor at the source of the R. Tweed), a parish in
Peeblesshire ; Muiravonside (the mossy land on the banks
of the R. Avon), in Stirlingshire.
,^ J, ,. s r great ; e.g. Morven (the great
MOR (Gadhehc), ", , .?., , .,, . V -.t
,r^ r, \ \ i_ 1 i- ben or hill), a hill in Caithness
MAWR (Cym.-Cel.), or by mutation , , '. ., , ,.
. ^ ' -.''./ , _ and also in Aberdeenshire ;
fawr; e.g. Morlais for Mawr-
clais (the great trench), the
name of a ruined castle near
Cardiff, built above a deep
gully, through which a brook
passes.

Morven or Morvem, z'..?. Mor-
Earrain (the great district),
in Argyleshire, called by the
Gaels Kenalban, corrupt, from
Cenealbaltyn, i.e. the tribe of
Baldan, a personal name ; Ken-
more (the great headland), on Loch Tay ; Penmaen-mawr
(the great stone-hill), in Wales.
._ _ , , „ , . / the sea, cognate with the Lat »2«m
MOR (Cym.-Cel. and Sclav.), I j ... j • . • ¦ ..x. -n
tr iW, V \ J ^ derivatives in the Romance
/T,T , , s 1 1 languages, and the Teut meer; e.g.
MORFA (Welsh), sea-marsh, y^J^J,^^ ^, grittany, and Pomer-
ania (the districts on the sea-shore) ; Morbihan (the little
sea), in Brittany ; Morlachia or Moro- Vlassi (the Wallachs'
or strangers' land by the sea) — v. walsch ; Morlaix (a
place on the sea-shore), in Brittany ; Glamorgan, Welsh
gwlad-morgant (the district of Morgan Mawr, an ancient
king of Wales) ; Morgan, in Cornwall, i.e. by the sea-shore ;
Maracaybo (the headland by the sea-shore), in South America ;

144 MOST—mUhLE

Parimaribo (the dweUing near the sea), in South America ;
Connemara, in Ireland, Irish Conmac-ne-Mara, the de
scendants of Conmac (by the sea-side).
MOST (Sclav.), a bridge ; e.g. Dolgemost (long bridge) ; Maust,
Most, Mostje (the place at the bridge), in Bohemia ;
Babimost (the old woman's bridge, i.e. the fragile bridge),
abbreviated to Bomst ; Priedemost (the first bridge), in
Silesia ; Mostar (old bridge), a town in Turkey.
MOT, or MOOT (A.S.), the place of assembly, wfhere the Anglo-
Saxons held their courts of justice ; e.g. Mote-hill, at Scone ;
the Moat Hill, near Hawick ; the Mote of Galloway ; the
Moat of Dull, in Perthshire, and of Hamilton, on Strath
clyde ; Moot-hill, at Naseby ; and in the Lake District,
Montay and Caermote ; Moothill also appears in Aberdeen
shire ; Almoot, near Peterhead, meaning the meeting-place
on the height, has been cormpted into Old Maud, and the
railway company have called their station New Maud. It
is found in the Gaelic name for the Island of Bute, Baile-
mhoide (the dwelling of the courts of justice), but in this
case, as in Ireland, the word was probably borrowed from
the Saxons. The word is found in Ireland, signifying a
large mound, as well as in connection with the courts of
justice — as in To?n-an-mhoid {the hill of the court of justice);
La Motte, Fr. (a hillock), common in France.
a mill, cognate with the Lat.

MtJHLE (Ger.), MYLEN (A.S.)
MUILENN (Gadhehc),
MELIN (Cym.-Cel.),
MLYN (Sclav.),
MOLEN (Dutch),

7nola, and its derivatives in the
Romance languages ; e.g. Miilen-
bach and Molinbech (mill brook) ;
Muhlan, Miihldorf, Miihlhausen,
Muhlheim (miU dwelling) ; Mo-
leneynde (mill corner), in Germany and Holland. In Eng
land and Scotland : Melbourne, Milton, Millwick, Milford,
Milden, Milnathorpe (the stream, town, ford, hollow, farm,
of the mill) ; but Milton, in Kent and in Dorsetshire, are
corrupt, from middle town ; Moulin, a parish in Perthshire
In France : Moulins (the mills), so called from the great
number of water mills formerly on the R. Allier; Miilhausen
or Mulhouse, in Alsace, celebrated for its manufactures ;
Molina, a manufacturing town in Murcia ; also in Spain,
Molinos-del-Rey (the king's mills). In Ireland : MuUina-

MULLAGH— NAES 145

hone (the mill of the cave) ; MuUinavat (of the stick) ;
MuUintra (of the strand) ; MuUinakil (of the church). In
Sclavonic districts : Mlineh, Mlinki, Mlinsk, Mlinow, etc.
MULLAGH (Gadhelic), the top or summit, and sometimes applied
to hills of a considerable height ; e.g. Mullaghmeen (the
smooth summit) ; Mulkeergh (the summit of the sheep,
caoirich) ; Mullan (the little summit), in Ireland ; probably
the Island of Mull, in the Hebrides.
.- . /a wall ; e.g. Maurs (the walled town), in France ;
\p ¦'.' ) also Villa-de-Muro-cincto (the dweUing sur-
CQ 1 \ I rounded by walls) ; Morsain, in 879 Muro-
^ ''' ( cinctus (surrounded by walls) ; Murviel (old
waUs), in Herault, — a place where the ruins of an ancient
Gaulish city are found ; Mauerhof (the enclosed court), in
Germany ; Trasmauer (the walled town on the R. Trasen),
in Austria ; Murany-var (the walled fortress), in Hungary ;
Muriel-de-la-fuente (the walled town of the fountain) ;
Muriel-viejo (the old walled town) ; Murillo (the little walled
town), in Spain ; Murviedro (the old fortifications), called
by the Romans Muriveteres, because they believed it to be
on the site of the ancient Saguntum ; Semur, in France,
corrupt, from Sinemurum (without walls).
N
, . _ /a nose, cognate with the Lat. nasus, and in
wnF5 c^rd'^ \ ) topography applied to a promontory ; e.g. the
NE CF ) ' ) ^^^^' ™ Norway, and Nash, in Monmouth ;
^ '^¦•'' (^Nash-scaur (the promontory of the cliff), in
Wales ; Katznase (the cat's headland) ; Blankenese (white
cape), in Holstein ; Foreness, Sheerness, Fifeness, Buchan-
ness. Blackness, in England and Scotland ; Roeness (red
cape), Shetland ; Vatternish (water cape), in Skye ; Bor-
rowstounness or Bo'ness, in West Lothian (the cape near
Burward's dwelling) ; Holderness (the woody promontory) ;
Langness and Littleness, in Man ; Dungeness (danger
cape) ; Furness (the cape of the beacon-fire), the site of an
ancient lighthouse in Lancashire ; Saturnness (the southern
cape), in Kirkcudbright ; Shoeburyness, corrupt, from
Sceobirig (the cape of the sea-fortress) ; Skegness (the cape

146 NAGORE— NAVA

near the wood, skogr) ; Skipness (ship headland) ; Sviata-
nos, Sclav, (holy cape), in Russia ; Caithness (the promon
tory of the Catti, a tribe).
NAGORE (Hindu nagar, Sansc. nagura), a city ; e.g. Bamagore
for Varaha-nagur (the city of the boar) ; Chandemagore (of
the moon) ; Serenagur (of the sun).
NAGY (Hung.), great ; e.g. Nagy-Karoly (Charles's great town) ;
Nagy-Malton (St. Matthew's great town) ; Nagy-Szent-
Miklos (of St. Nicholas) ; Nagy-varad (great fortress) ;
Nagy-Koros (the -great town on the R. Koros).
NAHR (Semitic), a river ; e.g. Nahr-el-keber (the great river) ;
Nahr-el-kelb or Lycus (the river of the dog. or wolf), so
named from a fancied resemblance of a rock near its mouth
to the head of these animals ; Nahr-Mukatta (the river of
slaughter); Aram-Naharaim (the high lands ofthe two
rivers, i.e. Mesopotamia); Nahar-Misraim (the river of
Egypt, i.e. the Nile).
NANT (Cym.-Cel.), a brook or a valley through which a stream
flows ; e.g. Nantmel (the honey brook) ; Sych-nant (dried-
up brook) ; Nancemillin (the vaUey of the mill), in Wales ;
Dewffneynt (the deep valley) was the ancient British name
of Devonshire ; Levenant (smooth stream) ; Nant-frangon,
i.e. Nant-yr-a-franc (the beavers' valley) ; Nantglyn (the glen
of the brook) ; Nant-y-Gwrtheyren (Vortigem's valley), in
Wales ; Nans, in Cornwall ; also in ComwaU — Penant (the
head of the valley), and Cornant (a brook) ; Nantwich, in
Cheshire (the salt-works, wich, on the brook or stream, i.e.
the Weaver) ; Nantua (in a valley of the Alps) ; Nantes
named from the Namnetes (dwellers in the valley) ; Moch-
nant (the swift brook) ; Nannau (the brooks), in Wales ;
Nangle, a bay on the coast of Wales, perhaps Nant-gel or
cel (a secret comer) — the Rev. J. James. Nevem, a
parish in Wales, for Nant-ynfer (the brook of the conflu
ence) ; Nancy (the valley dwellings) ; Nans, Nant, with the
same meaning, in France ; Nanteuil (the valley of the
fountain) — v. OEUIL ; Nantberis (St. Peris's brook).
NASS (Ger.), moist ; e.g. Nassau (the moist meadow) ; Nassenfeld
(moist field) ; Nassenhuben (the huts in moist land) ;
Nassenbeuren (the dwelling in moist land).
NAVA (Basque), a plain ; e.g. Na\a-de-los-Oteros (the plain of the

NEDER— NEU 147

NEU (Get),
NEWYDD (Cym.-Ceh),
NUADH (Gadhelic),
NOWY and NAU (Sclav.),

heights); Nava-hermosa (beautiful plain); Navarre and Nav-
arreux (the plain among hills) ; Navarette (the plain at the
foot of the hill) ; Paredes-de-nava (the houses of the plain).
NEDER, NIEDER, NEER (Teut and Scand.), lower ; e.g. Nether
lands (the lower lands) ; Netherby (lower town) ; Nieder-
lahnstein (the fortress on the lower R. Lahn) ; Nederheim,
Nederwyk (lower dwellings).
NEMET (Celtic), a sacred grove, cognate with the Lat. nemus and
the Grk. nemos; e.g. Nemours, ane Nemoracum (the place
of the sacred wood or grove) ; Nanterre, also in France,
ane Nemetodurum (the sacred grove on the waters) ;
Nismes, ane Nemausus (the place in the grove) ; Augusto-
nemetum (the splendid place of the grove), being the ancient
name of Clermont ; Nemetacum, the ancient name of Arras ;
Nemea (the place of the grove), in Greece.
new, cognate with the Lat. novus and
the Grk. neos and their derivatives ;
e.g. Neuburg, Neudorf, Neustadt, Neu-
ville, Newbury, Newburgh (new town) ;
Neumarkt (new market) ; Newbold,
Newbottle, Newbattle (new building), in Germany, Eng
land, and Scotland ; Newburgh, in Fife, is a town of con
siderable antiquity. It owes its origin to the Abbey of
Lindores, in its neighbourhood. It was erected into a
biirgh or barony by Alexander III., in 1266, and in the
charter it was called ' ' Novus burgus, juxta monasterium de
Lindores." It seems, therefore, that there was a more
ancient burgh belonging to the abbey in the neighbourhood
— Newburn (new stream), in Fife. Newhaven (the new
harbour), in relation to the older harbour of Leith. In the
sixteenth century Newhaven had a chapel dedicated to the
Virgin Mary, and was then called our Lady's port of grace ;
but in the year 1 5 1 1 the city of Edinburgh bought up the
village and harbour. In France : Nevers and Noyon, ane
Noviodimum (the new fortress) ; Neuvy, with the same
meaning ; Neuv^glise (new church) ; Villeneuve (new
villa) ; Ni^vre and Nivemais, a department and ancient
province of France ; Nienburg, corrupt, from Neuenburg
(new town), in Hanover; Newport (new harbour), in
Belgium ; Newport, in the Isle of Wight, so named because

148 NEU—NIfNY

it superseded the older harbour at Carisbrook ; Newport, in
Wales, which superseded Caerleon ; Neusatz or Neoplanta
(new station), founded in 1 700, on the Danube ; Neusohl
(new seat), in Hungary — its native name is Bestereze-banya
(the mine on the R. Bistritz) ; Neustadl (new stall) ; Neuwied
(new pasture) ; Nimeguen, ane Noviomagus (new field), in
Holland ; Novgorod and Novigrad (new fortress) ; Novidwar
(new court), in Russia ; No we-mjasto (new bridge), in Poland ;
Novobeilaiaskaia (the new town on the white stream), in
Russia ; Nova-Zembla, i.e. Novaia^Zemlia (the new land) ;
Nowazamka (new castle) ; Novi -Bazaar (new market), in
Turkey ; Nowosedl (new seat) ; Nienburg, Nyborg, Nyby,
Nystead (new town), in Denmark and Holland ; Neocastro
(new camp), in Greece ; Nola or Novla (new place), in the
Sardinian states ; Naumburg and Nienburg, corrupt, from
Neuenburg (new town) ; Nykioping (new market-town), in
Sweden, and Nykjobing, in Denmark, with the same
meaning ; Newington, in Surrey, corrupt, from Neweton;
Newfoundland, so called when rediscovered by John
Cabot in 1427, but known previously by Icelandic
colonists as Litla-Helluland ; Nova Scotia (New Scotland),
called by the Norseman Marklajtd; New River, a large
aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a
great part of London is supplied with water ; New Ross,
Co. Wexford, corrupt, from its Irish name Ros-mic-Treoin
(the wood of Treun's son) ; Newtown-Hamilton, in Ireland,
founded by the Hamilton family in 1770; Newtown-
Limavady, Co. Londonderry, named from a castle in the
neighbourhood called Limavady (the dog's leap) ; Newtown-
Stewart, Co. Tyrone, so called from Sir William Stewart,
to whom it was granted by Charles I. ; New York, named
in honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James 1 1. ; New
Zealand, called by Tasman, its Dutch disco^•erer, in honour,
it is supposed, of his native province.
NIJNY (Sclav.), lower ; e.g. Nijny-No\-gorod (the lower new for
tress) ; Nijny-Neviansk (the lower town on the Neva), as
distinguished from Verkii-Neviansk, the upper; Nijnaia-
ozernaia-krepost (the lower fort of the lakes) ; Nijny-Devitzk
(the lower town on the Devitza) ; Nijni-Tagelsk (the lower
town on the R. Tagel), in Russia.

NIMZ— NOYER 149

Nl.MZ (Sclav.), foreign, from nemy or nemec, dumb — a word
applied by the Sclavonic races to the Germans, because
their language was unintelligible to them : e.g. Niemitsch,
Niemez, Niemtschitz, German towns in Bohemia ; Nemet-
uj-var (the new German fortress), in Hungary ; but there is
a Sclavonic deity called Njam, to whom the names of some
of these places may be traced.
NO, NOE, NOUE (Old Ft), a low meadow habitually overflowed
with water. It has evidently arisen out of noyer, to sub
merge ; e.g. Noaillac, Noallau, La Noalle, Noalles, Noyelle,
NoyeUette, in which the word is probably joined to ceuil,
a water-source; Nogent (pleasant meadow); No-aux-Bois
(in the woods) ; Les Noues, Neuillay, Neuilly, Noisy, Lat.
Noesiacuin.
NORDEN, NOORD (Teut.), | '^" T^ = %' Normandy (the land
NOR (Scand), NORD (Ft \ ^'^f" \ *^ ^.'^'"''^ '° *^ N°r^"i'
^ " \ /J 1^ under RoUo m 912); Noordbroek
(the north marshy land) ; Noordwolde (north wood), in
Holland ; Norbury, Nordenburg, Norton, Nordhausen (north
dweUing or town); Norham, on the R. Tweed; Northampton
(the town on the north side of the Aufona, now the R.
Nen) ; Northumberland (the land north of the Humber) ;
Nordkyn (north cape) ; Normanton and Normandby (dwell
ings of the Norsemen or Danes), in England ; Norrkoping
(northern market-town), in Sweden ; Norrland (a large
division of Sweden) ; Northallerton, in Yorkshire, so called
to distinguish it from Allerton-Mauleverer ; North Cape
(the most northerly point of Norwegian Lapland) ; North
Berwick, Co. Haddington, so called to distinguish it from
Berwick-upon-Tweed ; Norway (the northern kingdom) — v.
REICH; REIKE ; Norfolk (the abode of the north people, as
distinguished from Suffolk to the south) ; Northleach, north
of the R. Leach ; Northwich, in Cheshire (the north salt
manufactory) — v. wiCH ; Norwich, the town* which super
seded Venta-Icenorum, whose inhabitants fled at the approach
of the Danes, and erected a castle of defence farther north.
NOYER (Fr.), the walnut-tree, Lat. nucarius, from which are
derived nucetum, nucelletum, and nugaretum (a' place
planted with walnut-trees) ; e.g. Noyers, Nozay, Noroy, La
Nozaye, Les Nozdes, Nozieres, Nozeroy, etc., in France.

150 NUDDY— OFER

NUDDY (Pali), a river ; e.g. Maha-nuddy (great river) ; Nuddea
(the district of the rivers).
NUWERA (Tamil), a city ; e.g. Alut-nuwera (new city) ; Kalawa (the
city on the Kala-Oya, i.e. the rocky river); Nuwera-Panduas
(the city of Panduas), in Ceylon. O
.p . ( upper ; e.g. Oberhofen (upper court) ; Ober-
OB, OBER (^er.), 1 laiinstein (the upper fortress on the R. Lahn) ;
OVER (Dutch), y obei-ndorf, Overbie, Overham, Overton, Over-
burg (upper town) ; Oberdrauburg (the upper town on the
R. Drave) ; Overyssel (beyond the R. Yssel) ; Orton
(upper town), in Westmoreland ; St. Mary's-Overy, South-
wark {i.e. over the water from London).
OE — V. EA, p. 7 1.
CEUIL (Fr), the eye — in topography applied to the source of a
stream or a fountain ; e.g. Arcueil (the arched fountain or
aqueduct) ; Bemeuil (the source of the water, bior) ; Ver-
neuil and Vernel (alder-tree fountain, Lat. vermis) ; Argen-
teuil (silver fountain) ; Bonneuil (good fountain) ; Nanteuil
(the source of the stream) ; Auneuil (alder-tree fountain,
Fr. aune) ; Auteuil (high fountain) ; Boisseuil (the woody
fountain) ; Chantilly, ane Cantilliacum (the head of the
water-source). a border, boundary, or shore-

OFER, or ORE (A.S.),
OVER (Dutch), UFER (Ger.),
OIR (Gadhelic),
EYRE, or ORE (Scand.), a point,

cognate with the Lat ora and
the Grk. horos; e.g. Oare and Ore
(the shore), in Kent, Sussex, and
Somerset ; Windsor, i.e. IVindle-
sora (the winding shore, A.S. windle) ; Southover and
Westover (the south and west shore) ; Ventnor (the shore
of Gwent, the ancient name of the Isle of Wight) ; Pershore
(the willow shore, pursK), or, according to Camden, corrupt.
from Periscorum — in allusion to the abundance oi pear-trees
in its vicinity ; Andover, ane Andeafaran (the shore or
ferry of the R. Anton) ; Ravensore (the point or promontory
of Hrafen, a Scand. personal name) ; Hanover, KxicHohenufer
(high shore) ; Elsinore (the point near the town of Helsing),
in Denmark ; Argyle, Gael. Oirirgacdheal (the coast lands

OICHE— OSTROW 151

ofthe Gaels) ; Dover, in Kent, and Douvres, in Normandy,
perhaps from ofer.
OICHE (obs. Gael.), water ; e.g. Oich River and Oichel (the Rivers
Ock, Ocker, Ocke, Eck) ; Loch Oich, Duich (the black
water).
ORE (Hindostanee), a city ; e.g. Ellore, Vellore, Nellore ; Tanjore,
ane Tanja-nagaram (the city of refuge) ; Bednore (bamboo
city) ; Mangalore (the city of Mangala-Devi).
ORMR (Scand.), a serpent, also a personal name ; e.g. Ormeshead,
in Cumberland, named either from the serpent-like shape of
the rock, or from the common Nor.se name Ormr; Orma-
thwaite, Ormsby, Ormiston, Ormskirk (the clearing, the
dwelling, and the church of Ormr). The same prefix in
French topography signifies the elm-tree, as in Les Ormes
(the elms) ; Ormoy, Lat. Ulmetium (the elm-grove),
synonymous with Olmedo and Olmeto, in Spain. The Orne
or Olna (elm-tree river), in Normandy ; Ulm or Ulma (the
place of elm-trees), in Wurtemburg ; Olmeta, in Corsica.
,p . /a point, a corner, and sometimes a place ; e.g.
ORT C^et), J ^ngerort (the corner ofthe R. Anger); Ruhrort
OORT (Dutch), ^ ^^^ ^j^g j^^j^^ ^^ j^^^jjj.^ . Qj.iinort (green point) ;
ORD (bcand.), (^schonort (beautiful point) ; Akkerort (the corner
of the field) ; Tiegenort (of the R. Tiege) ; Storort (of the
R. Stor) ; the Ord or headland of Caithness.
,p / the east ; e.g. Ostend (at the east end or
OST, OEST (Get), j Qpgning of the canal into the ocean) ; Oster-
OOST (Dutch), <i3urg, Osterfeld, Osterhofen (the east town,
OSTER (Scand.), ^ggj^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ . Qsterholtz (the east wood) ;
Osterdalen (the east basin of the R. Duhl), in Sweden ;
Ostheim, Osthausen, Oesthammer (the eastern dwelling or
village) ; Ostwald (east wood), in Alsace ; Essex (the
country of the East Saxons, in opposition to Wessex) ;
Austerlitz (the east town of the R. Littawa) ; Alost (to the
east), in Belgium.
OSTROW, or OZERO (Sclav.), an island or lake; e.g. Ostrov, in
Russia (on a river-island) ; Kolkoe-Ostrog (the island in the
R. Kola) ; Ostrova (an island in the Danube) ; Bielo-Ozero
(the white lake) ; Tschudskoe - Ozero (the lake of the
Tschudes, a tribe) ; Ostrownoye (the new island). But
Ostrow and Wustrow are sometimes Germanised forms of

152 OTERO— PALUS

Wotschow, Sclav, (a marshy place), as in Wustrow, Ostropol,
Ostrasatz, Ostrawiec (the place on the marshy ground).
OTERO (Span.), a hill or rising ground; e.g. El-Otero (the rising
ground) ; Otero-de-las-duenas (the hill of the old ladies) ;
Otero-del-Rey (the king's hill).
C Sclavonic affixes, used as patronymics, like the Ger.
' ' ' ingen; e.g. Nowakwitz (the possession of the de-
' ' ( scendants of Nouak) ; Jvanow, Janow, Janowitz (be
longing to John and his descendants) ; Karlowitz (to Charles);
Petrowitz (to Peter) ; Kazimiritz (to Casimir) ; Mitrowitz
(to Demetrius) ; Stanislowow (to Stanislaus) ; Tomazow (to
Thomas) ; Cracow or Kracow (the town of Duke Craus or
Krak of Poland, by whom it was founded in 1 700).

PALATIUM (Lat.),
PALAZZO (It.),
PALACHIO (Span.),
PALAS (Cym.-Cel.),
PAILIS (Gadhelic),

a palace ; e.g. the Upper and Lower Pala
tinate, so called from the palaces erected
by the Roman emperors in different parts
of the empire ; Palazzo, in Dalmatia and
Naples ; Palazzolo and Palazzuolo (the
great palace), in Piedmont ; Los Palachios
(the palaces), in Spain ; Pfalsbourg, ane Palatiolum (the
town of the palace, founded in 1570), in France; Semi-
palatinsk, in Siberia (the town of the seven palaces), so called
from the extensive ruins in its neighbourhood ; Spalatro, in
Dalmatia, named from the palace of Diocletian, originaUy
SaloncE-Palatium (the palace near Salona), at first corrupted
to As-palthium (at the palace), and then to Spalatro. In
Wales : Plas-gwyn (the white palace) ; Plas-newydd (the
new palace).
PALLI (Tamil), a small town or village, sometimes corrupted to
Poly, Pilly, or Pally ; e.g. Trichinopoly, i.e. Trisira-palli
(the town ofthe giant).
,, V la marsh ; e.g. Padula and Paduli, towns in Italy;
J, ,-,'1' I Peel, Lat. palus, an extensive marsh in Belgium ;
^ ¦¦'' ( La Pala, La Palud, and Paluz, in France ; Per
ugia (the town on the marsh), in a province of the same
name in Italy ; Pelusium, Coptic Permoun (the muddy or
marshy place), on the Delta of the Nile.

PANT— PEEL 153

PANT (Welsh), a hollow ; e.g. ' Pant-y-crwys (the hollow of the
cross), in Wales; Pant-yr-Ysgraff for Pont-yr-Ysgraff —
V. PONT. „.^„. ic j\ /'a priest; e.i;. Pabba (the priest's
PAPA, or P.4BBA (Scand.), 1.,^,. ^ , ^ , . ^ K ,
PFAFFE (Ger ) I 'si=*nd), several of this name m the
,£, I ^''' j Hebrides ; Papa-Stour (the great island
^ ¦'' \oi the priest), in Shetland; Papa-
Stronsay (the priest's island near Stronsay), Orkney ; Pap-
penheim, Pfaffenhausen, Pfaffenberg, Pfaffenhofen (the
priest's dwelling), in Germany ; Papendrecht (the priest's
pasture) ; Pfarrkirchen (the priest's or parish church) ;
Poppowitz, Poppovv, Sclav, (places belonging to the priests).
PARA (Brazilian), a river, water, or the sea ; e.g. Para, Parahiba,
Parana, Paranymbuna, rivers in Brazil ; Paraguay (the place
of waters) ; Parana-Assu (the great river) ; Parana-Mirim
(the small river) ; Parahyba (bad water).
PARA (Sclav.), a swamp or marsh, cognate with the Lat. palus;
e.g. Parchen, Parchau, Parchim (places in a marshy locality) ;
Partwitz or Parzow, Paaren (the town on the marsh), in
several locaUties. The letter/ is sometimes changed into
b, as in Barduz, Barzig, Baruth, in Prussia, and Bars or
Barsch, in Hungary.
P.4TAM, or PATTANA (Sansc), a city ; e.g. Nagapatam (the city
of the snake) ; Masulipatam (of fishes) ; Periapatam (the
chosen city) ; Viziapatam (the city of victory) ; Seringa-
patam, i.e. Sri-ranja-Pattana (the city of Vishnu) ; Pata or
Pattana (the city) ; Madras or Madras-patan (the city of
the college or school ; madrasa, Ar., a university). Madras
is called by the natives Chenna-patana (the city of Chenappa,
an Indian prince).
PEEL (Cel. pile), a small fortress ; e.g. Peel, in the Isle of Man,
and numerous Peel towers on the border between England
and Scotland. The Pile of Foudrig (the peel or tower of
the fire island), called Furness, the site of an ancient light
house ; Les PiUes, in Dauphiny ; He du Pilier, in La
Vendue, with a lighthouse ; Pillas, in the Lithuanian lan
guage also, is a castle, thus — Pillkallan (the castle on the
hill), in E. Prussia, as well as the towns of Pillau, in E.
Prussia, Pilsen, in Bohemia, and Pillnitz (the towns with
fortifications).

154 PEN— PFERD

PEN (Cym.-Cel.), a head, or a promontory, or hiU summit ; e.g.
Pen-carrig (rocky hill or cape) ; Pen-brynn (hill summit) ;
Pencoid (of the wood) ; Penmon (the promontory of Mona
or Anglesea) ; Pentir (the headland) ; Pentyrch (the boar's
head) ; Pen-y-cwm-gwig (the top of the woody vale), in
Wales ; Pen-y-groes (the headland of the cross) ; Penby-
diog (land's end), in Wales ; Pencelly (the chief grove) ;
Pen-y-gelly (the head of the grove, cell, a. grove);
Penllech (of the stone or rock); PenhiU, Somerset, and
Penlaw, Dumfries (the hill summit) ; Pendarves (the head
of the oak-field) ; Penpont (the head of the bridge), in
Dumfriesshire ; Penn (a hill), in Stafford ; Pencombe
(the head of the hollow) ; Penforfa (of the moor) ; Pen
nant (of the valley) ; Pen-mynnydd (of the mountain) ;
Penrith, ane Pen-rhyd (of the ford) ; Penicuik (the cuckoo's
hill) ; Cockpen (red hill) ; Pen-maen-maur (the great stone
head or hill) ; Pennigant (windy hill) ; Penryn and Penrhyn
(the head of the promontory) ; Pentraeth (of the strand) ;
Pen-y-craig or Old Radnor (the head ofthe rock) ; Penzance,
formerly Pensans — it is called the saint's headland,
from a head of John the Baptist (the to^vn's arms), but
Camden thinks it might mean the head of the sands ;
Pain-boeuf or Penn-Ochen (the ox's headland) ; Pendennis
(the fort on the headland) — v. dinas. Mount Pindus
and the Grampians, Van in Brecknock, and the Vans
in Wales, embody this root ; also the Apennines and the
Pennine Alps, Pena and Penha, in Spain and Portugal,
are applied tp rocks, thus — Penafiel (the loyal rock), in
Spain, and also Cape Penas ; Penha-verde (green rock),
in BrazU. In Germany this word signifies an enclosure
for cattle — in England and France, an en-

PFERCH (Get),
PEARROC (A.S.),

PARC CFr ^ i elosure for the protection of game or for

PAIRC (Irish).

pleasure ; e.g. Parkhurst (the enclosure in the
wood) ; Parkfoot (at the foot of the park), Co.
Stirling ; Parkham (park dwelling) ; Parkmore (great park
or field), in Ireland ; Parkatotaun (the field of the burning),
Co. Limerick.
PFERD (Get), a horse; e.g. Pferdsfeld (the horse's field) ; Pfers-
dorf (the horse's village).

PFORTE 155

PFORTE (Get),

a haven, landing-place, or passage — cognate
POORT CDutch) ^''^^ *® ^^*- P°^*^^' ^-S- Seligenpforten
/^ y. t \ { (the blessed port) ; Sassenpoorte (the
BAUTH (Cym.-Ceh), p„ , , f ¦/,' , r 5 ,.x. .
fr Hh 1" ^ Saxons haven) ; Himmelpforte (the port
^ '^' I of heaven) ; Pforzheim (the dwelling at
the passage or entrance to the Hyrcenian forest), in Baden ;
Zandpoort (sandy haven) ; Porlock (the enclosed haven),
in Somersetshire ; Portsmouth (the mouth of the haven) ;
Porthkerry (rocky haven), in Wales ; Porthaethroy (the
landing-place of the terrible water), a dangerous ferry in
Wales ; Portholgoch, corrupt, from Porth-y-wal-goch {i.e.
the harbour of the red wall) ; Porthstinian (the port of
Justinian), in Wales ; Porth-y-cawl, corrupt, from Porth-y-
Gaul (the harbour where the Gallic invaders used to land),
in Wales. In Ireland : Portraine, now Rathlin (the land
ing-place of Rachra) ; Portadown (at the fortress) ; Port-
law, Irish Port-lagha (at the hill); Portmamock (the
haven of St Marnock) ; Port-na-Spania (the port of the
Spaniard), where one of the vessels of the Invincible
Armada was wrecked, off the coast of Ireland ; Port- Arling
ton, named after the Earl of Arlington in the reign of
Charles II. ; Port-Glasgow, ane Kil-ma-Colm (St. Columba's
church). It received its modern name in 1668, when pur
chased by the merchants of Glasgow ; Portmoak, in Kin
ross (the landing-place of St. Moak) ; Port-Patrick (the
place from which it is said St. Patrick sailed for Ireland) ;
Portree, in Skye, and Port-an-righ, in Ross (the king's
haven) ; Portnellan (the landing-place of the island), in
Loch Tummel ; Portmore (the great port), in Wigton ;
Port-na-craig (of the rock) ; Port-na-churaich (of the boat),
in Iona, where St. Columba landed from Ireland ; Port-
skerrie (the rocky landing-place), in Sutherland ; Snizort,
in Skye, corrupt, from Snisport, probably named after a
Norse leader or pirate ; Port-ny-hinsey (the "haven of the
island), the Celtic name of Peel, in the Isle of Man ;
Portinscale, in Westmoreland (the passage where the
skaala or booths for the Scandinavian thing, i.e. meeting,
were erected) ; Portobello (the beautiful harbour), in South
America, so named by its founder; PortobeUo, in Mid
Lothian, named in commemoration of the capture of the

156 PIC— PITT

South American town in 1739 ; Portskewitt ox Porth-is-coed
(the port below the wood), in Monmouth ; Porth-yn-lyn (the
port of the pool), in Wales ; Portsoy, in Banffshire, i.e.
Port-saith (the safe port) ; Port-dyn-Norwig (the port of the
Northman), in Wales ; Maryport, in Cumberland, named
after the wife of its first proprietor ; Portlethan, Gael. Port-
leath-an (the port of the gray river), Kincardine ; Port-
Logan, in Wigton, i.e. Gael. Port-na-lagan (the port of the
hollow). Port became an established Saxon word for a
market-town — hence we have such names as Newport,
Longport, applied to inland towns ; Bridport, on the R.
Brit The Cinque-ports, Fr. cinq (five), were the towns of
Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Romney, Sandwich. In Portugal :
Oporto (the port) ; Portugal, ane Portus-cale, both mean
ing the harbour ; Porto-rico (rich port), an island of the
Antilles group ; Porto-Santo (the holy port), in the Madeira
Isles ; Porto-seguro (safe port) ; Porto- Vecchio (old port),
in Corsica ; Porto-Alegre (the cheerful port), in Brazil ;
Porto-farina (the port of wheat), in North Africa ; Porto-
ferrajo (fortified port), in Tuscany, on the coast of fhe Island
of Elba ; Port-Vendres, Lat. Portus- Veneris (the port of
Venus), in France ; Le Treport, cormpt from the Lat
Ulterior-Portus, in Normandy, at the mouth of the Bresle.
PIC PIKE (AS) (^ P^^'^ °'' PJ^omontory; e.g. the Pike o'
PIC and PtJY (Fr ) ^ ^'''^''^® (*^ P^^^ °^ ^''^ bigh rock) ; the
SPITZE (Ger ) ) '^e^lk, in Derbyshire ; Pike's Peak, in the
''' (Rocky Mountains, named after General
Pike ; Spitz, in Austria, built around a hill ; Spitzbergen
(the peaked mountains) ; Spithead (the head of fhe promon
tory) ; Le Puy (the peak), a town situated on a high hill ;
Puy-de-dome (the dome-shaped peak).
PISCH (Sclav.), sand ; e.g. Pesth, in Hungary (on a dry, sandy
soil) ; but Buttman suggests that the name may be derived
from paz, Sclav, (a baking place), as the German name for
Buda, on the opposite side of the Danube, is Open (the
oven) ; Peschkowitz, Peshen, Pisck, Pskov, Peckska, in
Russia and Bohemia. Pies, Sclav, (the dog), may, however,
be the root-word of some of these names.
PITT, PITTEN (Gadhelic), a hole, a small hollow. This word, as
a prefix, occurs very frequently in Scotland, especially in

PLESSA— POLDER 157

Fife, in which county the most important place is Pitten-
weem (the hollow of the cave, uaimh), the seat of an ancient
monastery, near which is the cave from which it was
named ; Pitcaim (the hollow of the caim), near Perth, in
the neighbourhood of which there are two large cairns of
stones ; Pitgarvie (the rough hollow) ; Pitglas (the gray
hoUow) ; Pettinain (the hollow of the river), a parish on the
Clyde; Pittencrieff (the hollow of the tree, cra^iJ.^); Pitgober
(of the goat) ; Pitnamoon (of the moss) ; Pittendriech (the
Druid's hollow) ; Pitcaithly, probably the hollow of the
narrow valley, in Perthshire ; Pittentaggart (the priest's
portion) — as in ancient times, the word pitte is understood
to have also meant a part or portion of land ; and it has
probably this meaning in Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, ane
Pittan-cleireach (the portion of the clergy or church-land),
as well as in Pittan-clerach, in Fife ; Pitmeddin, in Aber
deenshire, named after St. Meddane. Pittenbrae (the
hollow of the hill) ; Petty or. Pettie, ane Petyn (the hollow
of the island), on Beauly Loch, Inverness ; Pettycur (the
hollow of the dell, coire), in Fife.

e.g. Plessis, Le Plessin, Plessier, Le Plessial, etc. — v.
Cocheris's Noins de Lieu.
PLEU, or PLOE (Cym.-Cel.), a village, found only in Brittany ; e.g.
Pleu-meur (great village) ; Pleu-nevey (new village) ; Ploer-
mel (the mill village) ; Pleu-Jian (John's village) ; Pleu,
Ploven, Pleven, etc.
PLON, POLSKI (Sclav.), a plain ; e.g. Ploen, a town in Holstein ;
Plbnersee (the lake ofthe plain) ; Juriev-Polskoi (St. George's
town on the plain) ; Poland, i.e. Polskoi (the plain or level
land) ; Volkynia (the level country).
POD (Sclav.), near or under ; e.g. Podgoriza (under the hill) ;
Podmokla (near the moss) ; Potsdam, from Pozdu-pemi
(under the oaks).
POLDER (Dutch), land reclaimed from the sea ; e.g. Polder and
Polders, in Belgium ; Beemsterpolder (the meadow of the
reclaimed land); Charlotten- Polder (Charlotte's reclaimed
land) ; Pwlpolder (land reclaimed from a pool or marsh).

158 POLIS— POLL

POLIS (Grk.), a city ; pol (Sclav.), probably borrowed from the
Greek ; Constantinople, Adrianople, founded by the emperors
Constantine and Adrian ; Nicopolis and Nicopoli (the city
of victory) — the first founded by Augustus to commemorate
the battle of Actium, and the second by Trajan to com
memorate his victory over the Dacians ; Persepolis (the city
of the Persians) ; Pampeluna, corrupt, from Pompeiopolis,
so called because rebuilt by the sons of Pompey the Great ;
Decapolis (the district of the ten cities), colonised by the
Romans, in Palestine ; Sebastopol (the august city) ; Stav
ropol (the city of the cross), in Russia ; Bielopol (the white
city) ; Bogopol (the city of God, Sclav. Bog) ; Gallipoli,
ane Calipolis (the beautifiil city) ; Naples, NaupUa, Nablous,
and Neapolis (the new city) ; Grenoble, corrupt, from
Gratianopolis (the city of Gratian) ; HeliopoHs (the city of
the sun), being the Greek name for On, in Egypt, and also
for Baalbec, in Syria; Krasnapol (the fair city) ; Theriasipol,
in Hungary (named after the Empress Theresa) — its Hun
garian name Szabadka (the privileged) ; Yelisabetpol (after
the Empress Elizabeth) ; Tripoli, in Syria (the three cities),
being a joint colony from Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus ; Tripoli,
in Barbary, named from its three principal cities, Lepta,
Oca, and Sabrata ; Tripolitza, in the Morea, buUt from the
remains of the three cities Tegea, Mantinea, and Palantium ;
Amphipolis, now Emboli (the surrounded city), so called
because almost encircled by the R. Strymon ; Anapli, in
the Morea, corrupt, from Neapolis (new town) ; Annapolis,
in Nova Scotia, named after Queen Anne ; Antibes, in
Provence, a colony from Marseilles, ane. Antinopolis, named
after its founder ; Stamboul, the Turkish name for Con
stantinople, means eis ten polin (to the city).
POLL (Gadhelic) f ^ P°°' °'' "arsh, cognate with the Lat. palus;
PWL (Cym -Cel )' \ ^'^' ^oole, in Dorset, situated on a lagune ;
POEL (Teut) ) Pontypool (the pool at the bridge) ; Welsh-
¦'' ( pool, so called to distinguish it from Poole in
Dorset — its Welsh name is Trcllyn (the dwelling on the
pool) ; Hartlepool, Danish Hartncss (the pool hard by the
headland) — the Normans added Ic pol, from a pool called the
Slake, by which it is almost insulated ; Liverpool, probably
Llyr-pwl, Welsh (the sea pool) ; Blackpool, in Lancashire,

POMMIER — PONS 159

named from a marsh now drained ; Polton and Pulborough
(pool town) ; Polbaith and Polbeath, Gael, (the pool of the
birches) ; Poltarf (of the bull) ; PoUnaranny and Polrane
(of the ferns), in Ireland ; Wampool in Cumberland {i.e.
Woden's pool) ; Pwl-helli (the salt pool) ; PwU-du (black
pool) ; PwU-broch-mael (the pool of the warlike weapons),
the site of a battle between the Welsh and Saxons ; PwU-
tin-byd (the very deep pool, literally the pool at the bottom
of the world) ; PwU-y-wrach (the hag's pool), in Wales.
Pill, in Gloucester, means the mouth of a brook, e.g. Cow-
pill, Horse-pill, etc. ; Polmont, Co. StirUng, corrupt, from
poll-monaidh (the pool near the hill).
POMMIER (Ft), the apple-tree ; pomerattim (a place planted with
apple-trees) ; e.g. La Pommeree, Pommeray, Pomiers,
Pommera, Pommeraie, Pommereau, Pommereuil, in France.
C the bridge, with its derivatives in the Romance
PONS (Lat ) I ^^^ j^ ^j^g Welsh languages ; e.g. Pontefract,
PONT (Welsh), y j^^^^ Ad-pontem-fractum (at the broken bridge) ;
Pontoise (the bridge across the R. Oise) ; Pont-Audemer
(the bridge built by Aldemar across the R. Rille) ; Pont-de-
briques (the bridge of bricks) ; Pont-d'Espagne, corrupt.
from Pont-de-sapins (the fir-tree bridge) ; Ponteland, in
Northumberland, corrupt, from Ad-pontem-./Elianum (at the
bridge of ^lius) ; Pontigny (bridge town); Les -Fonts -
de-Ce (the bridges of Caesar), a town in France, with four
bridges across the Loire ; Negropont, probably a corrupt.
of Egripo, which the Italian sailors translated into Negripo
or Negropont (black bridge), in allusion to the narrow strait
called in Greek Euripos {i.e. the strait with the violent
current), on which the town was built — the name of the
town was gradually extended to the whole island, till then
called Euboea; Ponte-vedra (the old bridge), and Puenta-
de-la-Reyna (the queen's bridge), in Spain ; Grampound, in
ComwaU, Welsh Pout-maur (the great bridge), corrupt.
from the Fr. Grand-pont ; Paunton, in Lincoln, ane. Ad-
pontem (at the bridge) ; Pontesbury (bridge town), in
Cheshire ; Ponte-corvo (the crooked bridge), in Campania ;
Deux-ponts (the two bridges), in Bavaria. In Wales: Pont-
faen (stone bridge) ; Pont-newydd (new bridge) ; Pont-glas-
Uyn (the bridge at the blue pool) ; Pont-y-glyn (the bridge

i6o POOR— PRADO

of the glen) ; Pont-y-pair (the bridge of the cauldron) ;
Pont-ar-ddulas (the bridge on the dark water) ; Pont-ar-
Fynach (the devil's bridge) ; Pontypool (the bridge of the
pool) ; Pant-yr-ysgraff, probably corrupt, from Pont-yr-
j/j^ra^(the bridge of boats). In France: Poncelle, Ponchel,
Poncelet, Ponceaux, etc. ; Pont-k-couleuvre, in the depart of
Oise, probably from an Old Lat text, in which this place is
called Pont-d-qui-l'ouvre {i.e. the bridge to whomsoever may
open), it being a bridge closed by barriers — Cocheris's Noms
de Lieu.
POOR, PORE, PURA (Sansc), a city ; e.g. Nagpoor (snake city) ;
Chuta Nagpore (the little snake city) ; Amarapoora (divine
city) ; Bejapore or Visiapoor (the city of victory) ; Beram-
pore (of the Mahometan sect called Bohra) ; Bhagulpore
(tiger city) ; Ahmedpore (the city of Ahmed) ; Ahmedpore
Chuta (the little city of Ahmed) ; Callianpoor (flourishing
city) ; Bhurtpore (the city of Bhurat, the brother of the god
Ram) ; Rampoor (Ram's city) ; Bissenpoor (of Vishnu) ;
Ferozepore (of Feroze-Togluk) ; Huripoor (of Hari or
Vishnu) ; Shahjehanpoor (of Shah Jehan) ; Mahabalipoor
(of Bali the Great) ; Caujapoor (of the Virgin) ; Rajapore
(of the rajah) ; Cawnpoor or Khanpur (of the Beloved
One, a title of Krishna) ; Hajipoor (of the pilgrim) ; Ghazi-
pore (of Ghazi, a martyr) ; Mirzapoor (the city of the
emir) ; Secunderpoor (of Secunder Lodi) ; Sidhpoor (of
the saint) ; Singapore (of the lions) ; Russoulpoor (of the
prophet) ; Chandpoor (of the moon) ; Joudpoor (war city) ;
Ratnapoor (of rubies) ; Munnipora (of jewels) ; Darma-
pooram (of justice) ; Dinajpore (of beggars) ; Futtepoor (of
victory) ; Sudhapura (bright city) ; Conjeveram, corrupt.
from Canchipura (the golden city) ; Trivandrum, corrupt.
from Tiruvanati-thapuram (the town of the holy Eternal
One), in Travancore.
PRAAG, PRAYAGA (Sansc), a holy place ; e.g. Vissenpraag (the holy
place of Vishnu) ; Devaprayaga (God's holy place).
PRADO (Span, and Port), ( ^ nieadow derived from the Lat. pra-
PRATA CIt ) ; "cwy 6'. <?-. the Prairies or meadow lands;
PRAIRIE (Fr.) i Prato-Vecchio (the old meadow), in
' (Tuscany; Ouro-preto, corrupt from
Ouro-prado (the gold meadow), near a gold mine in Brazil.

PUEBLA — QUELLE i6i
In France, Premol, i.e.pratutn molle (the smooth meadow);
Prabert, i.e. Pratum Alberti (Albert's meadow) ; Pradelles,
Les Presek, Premonti^, Lat. Pratum-mons (the mount in the
meadow), the site of an abbey, chief of the order of the
Prdmontie.
PUEBLA (Span.), a coUection of people, hence a village; e.g. La
Puebla, in ^lexico ; La Puebla-de-los-Angelos (the village of
the angels), in Mexico.
PULO (Malay), an island ; e.g. Pulo-Penang (betel-nut island).
PUSTY (Sclav.), a waste place ; e.g. Pustina (on the waste ground) ;
Pusta-kaminica (the stony waste).
,, „ . /a well or pool of standing water, cognate with
^ ','''' , J the Lat. puteus and its derivatives in the
PYDENaVelsii) ) Romance languages ; e.g. Puozzuoli in Italy,
^ \ and Puteaux in France, ane Puteoli (the place
of weUs) ; Le Puiset, ane Puteolis castrum (the camp of
the well) ; Pfutzenburg and Pfutzenthal (the town and valley
of the wells or pools), in Germany ; Poza-de-la-sal (the salt
well), near a salt mine in Spain ; also in Spain : Pozanca
and Pozancos (the stagnant pools) ; Pozo-blanco and Pozo-
hondo (the white and deep pool) ; Putney, ane Putte?iheath
(the pool on the heath), in Surrey ; Puttenheim, in Belgium
(a dweUing near a well or pool).

O

QUELLE (Ger.), WEDEL (Old Get);
WYL (AS.),
KILDE (Scand.),
KILL (Dutch),

' aplacefrom which waterflows
— from quelle7t,tos'px'u\g, and
wyllan, to flow ; e.g. Miihl-
quelle (the mill fountain) ;
Hoogkill (corner well), and
Bassekill (low well), in Holland ; Quilleboeuf (well town), in
Normandy ; Roeskilde (the fountain of King Roe), in Den
mark ; Salzwedel (salt well); Hohenwedel '(high well);
Tideswell, in Derbyshire — probably from a personal name, as
there is a Tideslow in the neighbourhood ; Wells, in Nor
folk (a place into which the tide flows) ; Wells, in Somerset,
named from a holy fountain dedicated to St. Andrew ;
Motherwell, in Lanarkshire, named from a well dedicated to
the Virgin Mary ; Amwell, in Hants, corrupt from Emma's

1 62 RADE— RAIN

well; Holywell, in Wales, named from St. Winifred's well —
in Welsh it is called Treffynnon (the town of the well) ;
Shadwell, in London (St. Chad's well) ; BakeweU, ane
Badican-wylla (the bath wells), in Derbyshire ; Walston, a
parish in Lanarkshire, named from a sacred well near the
site of the church ; Ashwell (the well among ash-trees), in
Hertford ; Ewell, in Surrey, found written Etwell and
Awell {at the well). R
RADE, RODE (Teut.), a place where wood has been cut down, and
which has been cleared for tillage, from reuten, to root out,
to plough or turn up. The word in its various forms, reud,
reut, and rath, is common in German topography ; e.g.
Wittarode (the cleared wood) ; Herzegerode (the clearing
on the Hartz Mountains) ; Quadrath (the clearing of the
Quadi) ; Lippenrode (the clearing on the R. Lippe) ; Rade-
vor-dem-walde (the clearing in front of the wood) ; Randa-
rath and Wernigerode (the clearing of Randa and Wemer) ;
Zeulenroda (the clearing on the boundary, ziel) ; Schabert,
corrupt, from Suabroid (the Swabian clearing) ; Pfaffrath
(the priest's clearing) ; Baireuth (the cleared ground of the
Boii or Bavarians) ; Schussenried (the clearing on the R.
Schussen). Royd, in England, means a path cut through a
wood, as in Huntroyd, Boothroyd, Holroyd. Terra-rodata
(rode land) was so called in opposition to Tcrra-Bcmata, i.e.
an ancient enclosure which had been from time immemorial
under the plough, i.e. Ormeroyd (Ormeris rode land).
a promontory or peninsula ;

RAIN, RAND, RA (Teut. and Scand.),

t'.^''. Rain, a town name in

,-\ }. ¦" '''' .j Bavariaand Styria ;Randers,

RINN (Irish),
ROINN (Gael.),

on a promontory in Den
mark ; Hohenrain (high pro
montory) ; Steenrain (rock headland) ; Renfrew (the pro
montory of the stream, f-cio), ane Straihgriff, on the R.
Griff ; the Rhinns {i.e. the points), in GaUoway ; Rhynie,
a parish in Aberdeenshire ; Rhind, a parish in Perthshire,
with the parish church situated on a headland jutting into
the R. Tay ; Rinmore (the great point), in Devon, Argyle,

RAJA — RATH 163

and Aberdeenshire ; Rindon, in Wigton ; Tynron^ Gael.
Tigh-an-roinne (the house on the point), a parish in Dum
friesshire ; Reay, in Sutherlandshire, and Reay, a station
on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, from Ra, Norse (a
point) ; Penryn (the head of the point), in Cornwall. This
word, in various forms, such as rin, reen, rine, ring, is of
frequent occurrence in Ireland ; e.g. Ringrone (the seal's
promontory) ; Rineanna (the promontory of the marsh,
eanaigh) ; Ringville and Ringabella, Irish Rinn-bhile (the
point of the old tree) ; Ringfad (long point) ; Ringbane
(white point) ; Rineen (little point) ; Ringagonagh (the
point of the O'Cooneys) ; RinvUle, in Galway (the point of
Mhil, a Firbolg chieftain) ; Ringsend, near Dublin (the end
6f the point).
R.\JA, RAJ (Sansc), royal ; e.g. Rajamahal (the royal palace) ;
Rajapoor (royal city) ; Rajpootana (the country of the Raj
poots, i.e. the king's sons — putra, a son).
.. Ca cape; e.g. Ras-el-abyad (the white cape);
CH h N \ Rasigelbi, corrupt, from Rasicalbo (the dog's
^ ' ( cape) ; Rasicarami (the cape of the vineyards) ;
Ras-el-tafal (chalk cape) ; Rasicanzar (the swine's cape) ;
Ras-el-shakah (the split cape) ; Ras-el-hamra (red cape) ;
Rascomo (Cape Horn).
RATH, RAED (Teut.), council ; e.g. Rachstadt or Rastadt (the town
of the council or court of justice) ; Rathenau (the meadow of
the council) ; Raithby (the dwelling ofthe court of justice).
RATH (Gadhelic), a round earthen fort or stronghold, cognate with
the Welsh rhath, a mound or hill ; e.g. Rathmore (the great
fort) ; Ratass or Rathteas (the south fort) ; Rattoo or Rath-
ticaith (northern fort) ; Rathbeg (little fort) ; Rathduff (black
fort) ; Rathglass (green fort) ; Rathcoole (the fort of Cum-
hal, the father of Finn) ; Rathcormac (of Cormack) ; Rath-
drum (of the ridge) ; Rathdowney, Irish Rath-tamhnaigh
(of the green field) ; Rathbane (white fort) ; Rathfryland
(Freelan's fort) — all in Ireland. Rattray, in Perthshire,
where there are the remains of an old fortress on a hill, and
near what is called the Standing Stones, supposed to have
been a Druidical temple ; Rathven (hill-fort), in Banffshire ;
Rathmorail (the magnificent fort), in Aberdeenshire ; Ra-
phoe, Co. Donegal, abbrev. from Rathboth (the fort of huts).

1 64 REICH— RHEDIG

,r. ., N /a kingdom; e.g. France, i.e. Frank-retch
REICH, REIKE (Goth.), \ ,,.,,¦, ^ r ^x. ir i i.
' „ , ^ 'J (the kingdom of the Pranks, who are
^' '-^'j , \ supposed to have derived their name
^ ''' (from a kind of javelin called ^a«i;a) ;
Austria, CEstreich (the eastern kingdom), as opposed to
Neustria (the western) ; Surrey or Sud-rice (the southern
kingdom) ; Goodrich, in Hereford (Goda's rule or kingdom) ;
Rastrick (Rasta's rule), in Yorkshire ; Norway or Nordrike
(the northern kingdom) ; Ringerige, in Norway (the king
dom of King Ringe) ; Gothland, ane Gotarike (the kingdom
of the Goths) ; Sweden, ane Sviarike (the kingdom of the
Suiones).
REIDH (Gadhelic), smooth, used also as a noun to signify a level
field, and Anglicised re, rea, or rey ^ e.g. Remeen (the
smooth plain) ; Muilrea (smooth hill, mullagh, p. 145) ;
Rehill for Redh-choill (smooth wood).
REKA (Sclav.), a river ; e.g. Riga, Rega, Regan, Regnitz (river
names) ; also the R. Spree, Sclav. Serbenreka (the river of
the Serbs or Wends) ; Meseritz and Meseritsch (in the
midst of rivers), in Moravia and Wallachia ; Rakonitz (the
town on the river), in Russia ; Reka, the Sclavonic name for
Fiume, It. (the river), a town on the Adriatic, at the mouth
of a stream of the same name.
RHEDIG (Cym.-Cel.), fto/ow, from whence are derived rzVz..
RUITH (Gadhelic), and nT/zc/a, Lat ; no Span, and Port.;
REO CGrk ) [rivola, roes, and nth, A.S. (a stream).
^The Eng. river comes through the Ft
riviere, and that from liparia, in IMedise-
val Lat. a river, but literally a river-bank.
From these root-words many river names are derived, or
from rhe, rea (swift), joined to root-words signifying water ;
e.g. the Rhone, ane Rhodanus, the Rhine, Rye, Rea, Rhee,
Rhea, Rey, Rheus, Roe, Ruhr, etc. ; Rio-doce and Rio-
dulce (sweet or fresh river), in opposition to Rio-salada
(salt river) ; Rio-branco (white ri\er) ; Rio-bravo-del-norte
(the great north river) ; Ri o- grande- do -sul (the great south
river); Rio- negro (black river) ; Rio -tinto (coloured river) ;
Rio-colorado, with the same meaning ; Rio -de -Janeiro,
generally called Rio — so named by the Portuguese dis
coverer because the bay was discovered on the feast of

RUO (Lat.),
RI, SRI (Sansc),

RHIADUR — RHUDD 165
St Januarius : the city founded at the place, and now called
Rio, was originally named St. Sebastian; Rio-de-Cobra
(the snake river), in Jamaica ; Rio-dos-Reis (the river of
the kings), in Africa, so named by Vasco de Gama, because
discovered on the feast of the Epiphany; Rio-de-Ouro
(the river of gold), on the coast of Guinea ; Rio-azul (the
blue river); Rio-JNIarahao (the tangled river); Rio -de- la -
Plata (the river of plata, i.e. silver), so called from the
booty taken on its banks.
RHL\DUR (Cym.-Cel.), a cataract ; e.g. Rhayadar (the cataract), a
town in Radnor, near a fall of the R. Wye, removed in
1780. Radnor itself is supposed to have taken its name
from Rhiadur-Gwy (the cataract of the R. Wye) ; Rhiadur-
mawr (the great cataract), in Caernarvonshire ; Rhaidr-y-
wennol (the cataract of the swallow), so named from the
rapidity of its motion, like that of the bird.
RHIW (Welsh), an ascent ; e.g. Ruabon, corrupt, from Rhiw-
Fabon (the ascent of St. Mabon).
RHOS, ROS (Cym.-Cel.), in Wales signifying a moor, in Cornwall
a valley ; e.g. Ross, a town in Hereford ; Rhoscollen (the
moor of hazels), in Anglesea ; Rhos-du (black moor) ;
Penrhos (the head of the moor), in Wales. In Cornwall :
Roskilly (the valley of hazels) ; Rosecrewe (the valley of
the cross); Rosvean (little valley); Rosmean (stony valley).
" red ; e.g. Rutland (red land), or per
haps cleared ground — v. rode ;

RHUDD (Cym.-Cel.),

ROTH and RUD (Teut),
ROD (Scand.),

RUADH (Gadhelic), jRhuddlan (the red bank, glan);
•OrvrXA nnr^ t»TTT-\ t^(^\,\ \ ^ » O / '

Rhuthin, corrupt, from Rhudd-din (the
red land) ; Llanrhudd (the red church),
in Wales ; Romhilde, ane Rotemulte (red land) ; Rother,
Rotha, Rothback (red stream) ; Rotherthurm, Hung.
Vdrostoroney (red tower) ; Rothen-haus, Sclav. Czerweny-
hradek (red house or castle), in Bohemia j Rotenburg, in
Switzerland (the town on the red brook) ; Rothenburg, in
Hanover and Bavaria (the red fortress) ; Rothenburg, in
Prussia proper, is called by the Sclaves Rostarezewo (the town
of the Sclavonic deity Ratzi) ; Rothenfels (red rock) ;
Rotherham (the dwelling on the red river) ; Roughan and
Rooghaun (reddish land), in Ireland. But the prefix rud
is sometimes the abbreviation of a proper name, thus —

1 66 RHYD—RIPA

Rudesheim, in Germany, is from Hruodinesheim (the dwell
ing of Hruodine) ; Rudby, in Yorkshire (of Routh) ; Rud-
kioping, in Denmark (the market-town of Routh).
RHYD (Welsh), a ford ; e.g. Rhyderin, corrupt, from Rhyd-gerwin
(the rough ford) ; Rhyd-y-Boithan, corrupt from Byddin
(the ford of the army) ; Rhydonen, corrupt, from Rhyd-hen
(the old ford) ; Rhyd-dol-cynfar (the ford of the valley of
the ancient fight).
RIDING, or THRITHING, the three things, q.v., i.e. the three places
or districts where the Scandinavians held their judicial
assemblies ; e.g. the Ridings, in Yorkshire, so named under
the Danish rule ; Lincoln was divided by the Danes in the
same manner.
RIED (A.S.), a reed; e.g. Retford and Radford (the reedy ford) ;
Radbourne (reedy brook) ; Redbridge, in Hants, ane
Reideford (reedy ford). Bede calls it Arundinis-vadum,
Lat (the ford of the reeds).
RIGGE CA S ) ( ^ ^'^^^ ' ^-^- H^nsriicke (John's ridge) ;
RtJCHEN CGer ) ) Hengistriicke (the horses' ridge) ; Hundsricke
^ '" \ (the dog's ridge) ; Rudgeley (the field at the
ridge) ; Brownrigg, Grayrigg (the brown and gray ridge) ;
Reigate (the passage through the ridge), contracted from
ridgegate; Lindridge (lime-tree ridge) ; Rucksteig (the
steep path on the ridge) ; Langrike (long ridge) ; Steen-
riicke (stony ridge). a bank or the border of a stream ; e.g.
Riva (on the bank of Lake Como) ;
Riva or Rief (on Lake Garda) ; Rive-
de-Gier and Aube-rive (on the banks of
the R. Gier and Aube) ; Aute-rive and
Rives-altes (the high river-banks) ; Rieux, ane Rivi-Castra
(the camp of the river-bank) ; Riberac (on the bank of the
water), in France ; Rivalta (the high bank), in Piedmont ;
Rivoli, ane Ripida (the little bank), in Piedmont ; Romor-
antin, ane Rivus-Morentini (the bank of the R. Morantin),
in France ; Riveria or Riberia, in Low Lat. signified a
plain on the bank of a river — hence Riviere, Riviferes,
Hautes-Riviferes, La Rivoire, etc., in France; Rivar-
rennas, i.e. Ripa-arence (the sandy bank), on the R. Cher ;
the Rialto at Venice is corrupt from Riva-alto (the high

RIP A (Lat.),
RIVA (It.),
RIBA (Span, and Port),
RIVE (Fr.),

RISCH—ROS 167

bank) ; Rye, in Sussex, in Lat. records Ripa; Ryde, in the
Isle of Wight, formerly Rye (on the bank of the water) ;
Altrupp, on the R. Rhone, ane Alta-tipa (the high bank) ;
Ribaute and Autrepe, for Haute-rive (high bank), in Belgium ;
Ribadavia and Riba-de-Sella (the bank of the Rivers Avia
and Sella), in Spain ; Ripon, in Yorkshire, ane Ripum (on
the bank of the R. Ure).
/ the rush ; ^.^. Ruscomb (the rushy hollow) ;
RISCH (t^er), j Rushbrook (the rushy stream) ; Rushford,
RISGE (A.S.), . Rushmere, Rushholme, Ryston (the rushy
ROGOSCHA (Sclav.), y^^^^^ marsh, island, and town); Rogatzn,
in Poland, and Rogatchev, in Russia (the place of
rushes). ..p. , / a rock — derivatives from the Lat. rupes; e.g.
ROC, ROCHE (f t), j Rocca-bianca (white rock) ; Rocca-casale (rock
^°^'^c'a S ?' J viiiage or dwelling) ; Rocca-secura (the safe
ROC (A.S.), (^rock fortress), in Italy ; Rocca- Valoscuro (the
rock in the dark valley), in Naples ; Rochefort-sur-mer (the
strong fortress on the sea), at the mouth of the R. Charente ;
La Rochelle (the little rock fortress) ; Rochefort (rock for
tress), in Belgium ; Rochester, Co. Kent (the fortress on
the rock), or, according to Bede, the fort of Hrop, a Saxon
chief ; Rochester, in New York, named after Colonel
Rochester, one of the early settlers; Roche -Guyon, Lat.
Rupes-Guidonis{the rock fortress of Guido); Roche-Foucault,
ane Riipes-Fucaldi (the fortress of Foucalt) ; Rocroi, Lat.
Rupes-Regia (the royal fortress), in France ; Roxburgh (the
rock fortress) — the ancient town, as well as the county,
taking their name from the strong castle, situated on a rock
near the junction of the Tweed and Teviot — the ancient
name of the castle was Marchidun (the hill-fort on the
marshy land).
ROS, ROSS (Gadhehc), a promontory or isthmus, and also, in the
south of Ireland, a wood ; thus New Ross, Co. Wexford,
ane Ros-mic-Treoin (the wood of Treuon's son); Ros
common (of St Coman) ; Roscrea (Cree's wood) ; Ross-
castle (on a promontory on Lake Killarney) ; Muckross
(the peninsula of the -pigs), in several places in Ireland ;
Muckros (with the same meaning — the pig's headland)
was the ancient name of the town of St. Andrews ; Ross-

i68 RUHE— SABHALL

begh (of the birches) ; Rossinver (of the confluence) ; Port-
rush (the landing-place of the promontory) ; Ross-shire
seems to have taken its name from Ross (a wood) ; Mon
trose, ane Monros (the promontory on the marshy land,
moin) ; Rosneath, ane. Rosneveth (the promontory of St.
Nefydd), in Dumbartonshire ; Roslin (the promontory on
the pool) ; Kinross (the head of the promontory), either
with reference to the county — in regard to Fife, of which
it anciently formed part — or with reference to the town at
the head of Loch Leven. Fife was anciently called Ross :
it got the name of Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to
whom it was given by Kenneth II. ; and in 1426 Kinross
was made a separate county. Roskeen (the head or comer
of Ross-shire) ; Rosehearty, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt from
Ros-ardty (the dwelling on the high promontory).
RUHE (Get), rest ; e.g. Ludwigsriihe (Ludowic's rest) ; Carlshriihe
(Charles's rest), founded by Charles William, Margrave of
Baden, in 171 5 ; Henricksriihe (Henry's rest).
RUN (A.S.), council ; e.g. Runhall (the hall of the council); Run-
nington, ane Runenton (the town of the council) ; Runny
mede (the meadow of the council).
RYBA (Sclav.), fish; e.g. Rybnik, Rybniza (the fish pond);
Rybinsk, Rybnaia (fish town).
RYSCH, or ROW (Sclav.), a dam or ditch ; e.g. Prierow (near the
dam) ; Prierosbriick (the bridge near the dam) ; Ryswick
(the town on the dam) ; Riez, Rieze, Riezow, Riezig (at the
dam).

SA (Sclav ) ( behind ; e.g. Sabor (behind the wood) ; Zadrin
' \ (behind the R. Drin) ; Zamosc (behind the moss) ;
( Zabrod (behind the ford) ; Zablat (behind the

ZA,

marsh).
SABHALL (Gadhelic), a barn ; e.g. Saul, Co. Down, ane Sabhall-
Patrick (Patrick's barn), being the first place of worship
used by St. Patrick in Ireland ; Saval (the bam used as a
church), near Newry ; Drumsaul (the barn or church on
the ridge) ; Sawel, a mountain in Ireland, probably from
the same root ; Cairntoul, a hill in Aberdeenshire, origin
ally Carn-t-Sabhall (the cairn of the barn).

SABLE — SALZ 169

SABLE (Ft), sand ; e.g. Sable, Sabld, Sablat, Sablon, Sabliferes,
La Sabloni^re, in France.
SALH, SAEL (A.S.), j *';""7.'„ -¦<.-• Salehurst(.yillow copse) ;
SALIX CLat ) • "^ Salford (willow ford) ; Saul, m Gloucester-
^ ''' \ shire (the place of wiUows). In France
many places take their name from Saitle, Fr. (the willow) ;
e.g. Sailly, from Salicetum (a place planted with willows), as
also Saux, Saules, Saulzais, etc.
CT t ^ ( ^ stone dweUing; set, a cottage, cognate with the
\ Span, and Port sala; e.g. Hohensale (high dwell-
' ( ing) ; Nordsehl (north dwelling) ; Oldenzeel (old
dwelling) ; Eversal (the dwelling of the wild boar) ; Brun-
sele (the dwelling at the well) ; Holzselen (at the wood) ;
Laufenselden (the dwelling near the waterfall) ; Marsal (on
the marsh), in France. In Spain : Salas (the halls) ; Salas-
de-la-ribera (the dwellings on the river-bank) ; Salas-de-los-
Infantes (the dwellings of the infantry) ; Upsal, Scand.
Upsalr (the high halls), in Sweden.
salt, cognate with the Lat. sal and the Grk.
hals; e.g. the Rivers Saale, Salzach, Salz
bach, Sal, Salat (salt stream) ; Salies,
Salins, Salinas, Salines, Salenillas, Salskaia,
place-names in France, South America, and
Russia (in the neighbourhood of salt mines or springs) ;
Saalfeld, on the R. Saal, in Saxony ; also Saalfelden, in
Austria (the salt field); Salamanca, in Spain, ane Salmantica
(the place in the neighbourhood of salt springs) ; Salzburg,
on the R. Salzach ; Salzbrunn (the salt well) ; Salzkam
mergut (the public treasury of the salt-works) ; Soultz or
Soultzbad (the saline bath) ; Soultzbach (the salt brook) ;
Soultz-sous-forets (the salt springs under the woods) ; Soultz
matt (the meadow of the salt springs) ; Sellers, ane
Saltrissa, in Nassau, near the Selzar or mineral springs ;
Saltzkotten (the huts of the salt miners), in "Westphalia ;
Solikamsk (the town of the salt-works on the R. Kama), in
Russia ; salt and saltz, as affixes, are also applied to dwell
ings on the sea-coast, thus — Westersalt, Ostersalt, Neusaltz
(the west, east, and new watering-place by the sea) ; but
Salton, a parish in East Lothian, does not come from this
word. It is said to have derived its name from Nicolas de

SALZ (Ger.),
SALANN (Gadhelic),
SOL (Sclav.),
HALEN (Cym.-Cel.).

170 SANG^SCALE
Soules, who possessed that part of the country in the
thirteenth century. Hal, the (Celtic word for salt, stiU exists
in the names of places where there are or were salt-works ;
e.g. Haling, in Hants ; Halton, in Cheshire ; Halsal and
Hallaton, in Lancashire ; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, stands
on the R. Saala ; Reichenhall, on the Saale ; HaUein, on the
Salza, near the salt mines in Tyrol.
SANG (Ger.), a place cleared of wood by burning, from sengen, to
burn ; e.g. Feuersang (the fire clearing) ; Altensang (the old
clearing) ; but Vogelgesang means the place of singing-birds.
SARN (Welsh), a road. The word sarn refers to the old Roman
road which the Emperor Maximus called in honour of his
wife Helen, a Welsh princess whom he had married ; e.g.
Sarn-Helen (Helen's road) ; Pen-Sam (the head or end of
the road) ; Tal-Sam (the face of the road).
SAX, SAHS (Teut.), a stone, cognate with the Lat. saxum; e.g.
Sachsa (the stony water in the neighbourhood of quarries) ;
Sasso, in Italy (the stone or tomb) ; Sassoferrato (the forti
fied rock) ; Sassuolo (the little rock or stone), in Italy ; but
these words, either as prefixes or affixes, in topography
generally indicate places belonging to the Saxons, who were
so called from the seax, a kind of sword which they used in
warfare ; thus Sachsenberg, Sachsenburg, Sachsenheim,
Sachsendorf, Sassetot, denote the dweUings of the Saxons ;
Saxony, in Germany (peopled by Saxons) ; Sussex, Essex,
and Wessex (the south, east, and west districts of the
Saxons), in England ; Saxby (the Saxons' town), in Lincoln ;
Saxlingham (the home of the descendants of the Saxons),
in Norfolk ; Sassenberg (the Saxons' hill), in Westphalia.
SCALE, SKALI (Scand.), f \ ^"' °; ^^^^ ' /••?• Sf Iby and
SHEAL, SHEALING (Scotch), ^caleby (hut town) ; Scalloway (the
[ huts on the bay, vig), in Shetland ;
Galashiels (the huts on the R. Gala) ; Biggarshiels (the
huts near the town of Biggar) ; Larbert, Co. Stirling,
formerly Lairbert-sclieills (the huts of a man named Lair-
bert) ; North and South Shields, originaUy a coUection of
fishermen's huts ; but as scald, in the Scandina\-ian language,
means a bard — that word is likely to ha\"e formed an element
in place-names. Scaldwell is probably the bard's weU;
Skalholt, in Iceland, may be the bard's hiU.

SCAM—SCHMAL 171

SCAM (Old Ger.), little ; e.g. Schambach, Schamach (the little
stream).
SCHANZE (Ger.), a bulwark ; e.g. Rheinschanze (the bulwark of
the Rhine) ; Hochschanze (high bulwark).
SCHEIDE (Get), a watershed, from scheiden, to divide ; e.g. Lenn-
scheide, Remschede, Nettenscheide (the watershed of the
Rivers Lenn, Rems, and Nette) ; but this word sometimes
means a place separated by an enclosure from the surround
ing land, as in Scheidhof (the separated or enclosed court) ;
Scheidlehen (the separated fief).
SCHENKE (Get), a public-house ; e.g. Schenholtz (the wood near
the public-house) ; Shenklein (the Uttle public-house) ;
Shenkendorf (the inn village).
SCHEUNE (Ger.), a shed or bam ; e.g. Ziegelscheune (the brick bam) ;
Kalkscheune (lime-shed); ScheunensteUe(the place of sheds).
SCHLAG (Ger.), a wood clearing or field ; e.g. Leopoldschlag (the
field of Leopold) ; Grafenschlag (of the count) ; Pfaffen-
schlag(of the priest) ; Kirchsclag (ofthe church) ; Schlagen-
wald (the cleared wood) ; Schlagberg and Schlaghock (the
cleared hill and corner) ; Murzuschlag (the clearing on the
R. Murz), in Styria.
SCHLANGE (Get), a snake ; e.g. Slagenhorst (snake thicket) ;
Schlangenbad (snake. bath).
SCHLEUSE (Ger ) ( ^ ^^"^'^^ ' ^¦¦^" Rbinschleuse (the sluice of the
CD t >l^ J Rhine) ; Sluys, in Holland ; and Slooten, also
„_ _; ^T7 \ ] a town in Holland, on a lake of the same
^ ''' ( name (from sloot, a ditch) ; Sluispolder (the
reclaimed land at the sluice) ; Schlusseburg, in Russia (the
fortress at the sluice), built on an island at the spot where
the R. Neva issues from Lake Ladoga ; Helvoetsluis (the
sluice on the Haring-vliet, an arm of the R. Maas) ; Fort
de I'Ecluse (the fortress of the sluice), in France.
, SCHLOSS (Get), a castle ; e.g. Marienschloss (the qp.stle of the
Virgin Mary) ; Heidenschloss (the castle on the heath) ;
Schlossmiihle (castle mill) ; Schlosshof (the castle court).
ir- \ { little ; e.g. Schmalkalden, ane Schmalenaha (the
SMAA CS A\ \ *°^" °^ '¦be small stream) ; Smalley, with the
^ ''' \ same meaning ; Smaalehlen (the small fief), in
Norway ; Smallburgh (little town) ; Schmallenberg (little
hill) ; Smailholm (little hill), a parish in Roxburghshire.

172 SCHMEIDE—SEE

SCHMEIDE (Ger.), a smithy; e.g. Nagelschmeide (the naU smithy);
Schmeidefeld and Schmeidsiedel (the field and site of -the
smithy) ; Schmeideberg (the hill of the smithy).
irwAn C a cattle-shed ; ^.^.Herrnschweige (the count's
SCHWAlG(01dGet),J cattle-shed); Brunswick, ane Braunswei^
SCHWEIG, ) ,„ , / J ,1.1, t f T3 \
' ( (Bruno s shed, or the town of Bruno).
SCHWAND (Ger.), a wood clearing ; e.g. Schwand or Schwandt,
in Bavaria ; Schwanden, in Switzerland ; Schwandorf (the
village at the wood clearing).
SCHWARZ (Ger.), black ; e.g. Schwarza, Schwarzach, Schwarzbach,
Schwarzwasser (black stream) ; Schwarzburg (black for
tress) ; Schwarzberg (black mountain) ; Schwarzwald (black
wood) ; Schwarzkreutz (the black cross).
SCHWERE (Sclav.), a wild beast ; e.g. Schwerin and Schwerin-
lake, in Mecklenburg ; and Schwersentz, in Posen (places
infested by wild beasts).
, , „ . C clear, bright ; e.g. Sherboume (the clear stream) ;
^ ' 'I'' ) but this word is sometimes used instead of scyre,
' [ a division or shire, as in Shenvood (the wood
where the shire meetings were held) ; Sherston (shire
boundary stone) ; Shardlow and Shardhill (the boundary
hill) ; Sharnford (the boundary ford) ; Sharrington (the
town of the children of the shire or division).
SEANN (Gadhelic), old ; e.g. ShanmuUagh (the old summit) ;
Shandrum (the old ridge) ; Shangarry (the old garden) ;
Shanbally and Shanvally (the old dwelling) ; Shanbo,
Shanboe, and Shanbogh (the old hut), in Ireland ; also
Shankill (old church), and Shandon, Irish Seandun (old
fort). There are several places in Ireland caUed Shannon
from this word, but it is uncertain what is the origin of
the R. Shannon, whose ancient name was Scnos; Sanquhar,
Gael. Seann-Cathair (the old fortress), in Dumfriesshire,
named from an old castle near the town.
(C \ ( ^ '^'^^ °' ^^^ ' '^'S- Ostsee and Oostzee (east lake) ;
cn t h^ 1 Zuyderzee (the Southern Sea) ; Zealand and Zee-
' *¦ " \ land (land surrounded by the sea) ; Gransee
(boundary or corner lake) ; Bodensee or Lake Constance,
named from Bodami-Castrum, the castle of the legate of
the Carlovingian kings on its shore, and latterly from a
fortress erected by Constantine the Great ; Dolgensee,

SEIFEN— SET 173

Sclav, (the long lake) ; the Plattensee (the lake on the
marsh, blatto) ; Unterseen (below the lakes) ; the Red Sea,
the translation of the sea of Edom (the red).
SEIFEN (Get), a place where metals are washed ; e.g. Seifen and
Seifendorf (towns where metals were washed) ; Seifengold
(where gold is washed) ; Seifenzinn (where tin is washed) ;
Seifenwerk (the hill of the metal washing).
SEILLE, an affix in French and Belgian topography, signifying a
wood or forest, derived from the Lat. saltus and sylva;
e.g. Baseille (low wood) ; Haseille (high wood) ; Forseille
(out of the wood) ; Senlis, Lat. Civitas Sylvanectensium
(the town of the Sylvanectes, i.e. dwellers in the woods) ;
Savigny and Souvigny, Lat. Sylvaniacum (in the woods) ;
Selvigny, Souvign^, with the same meaning; La-silve-
bdnite (the blessed wood) ; Silve-real (royal wood), etc., in
France ; Transylvania (the district beyond the woods) —
its Hungarian name, Erdely-Orsag, means the woody
country ; Selwood, ane Brit. Coit-mawr, Lat. Sylva-magna
(the great wood), perhaps Selby, in Yorkshire.
SELENY, or ziELENY (Sclav.), green ; e.g. Selinga (the green
river) ; Zelendorf (green village) ; Zielonagora (green moun
tain) ; Zieleng-brod (green ford) ; Zielenzig and Szelenek
(green place).
SELIG (Teut.), holy; e.g. Seligenstadt, Seligenfeld, Seligenthal
(the holy place, field, valley) ; Sellyoak (holy oak), perhaps
Selby, in Yorkshire, if it is not from sylva, wood.
' a seat, settlement, or possession, cognate
with the Lat. sedes; e.g. Dorset (the settle-
.p J ment of the Durotriges, i.e. dwellers by the
CQ 1 ^ I '^ater) ; Wiltshire, ane Wilsaetan (the
.J., ,, ¦'.' , I settlement on the R. Willy) ; Shropshire,
^ "^'1 ane Scrobsaetan (the settlement among
shrubs) ; Somerset, named from Somerton (the summer seat
of the West Anglo-Saxon kings) ; Settle, in Yorkshire (the
settlement) ; Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the
brook). In the Lake District, colonised by Norsemen, this
word often takes the form of side; e.g. Ormside, Ambleside,
Kettleside, Silverside (the settlement of Ormr, Hamel,
Ketyl, Soelvar), etc. ; Pecsaeten (the settlement at the peak), in
Derbyshire ; Alsace, ane Alsatia, i.e. the other settlement,

SET, SE.iTA (A.S.),
ZETEL (Dutch),

174 SHAN— SIDH

with reference to the German settlements on the west
bank of the Rhine, as distinguished from the Franks or
Ripuari, on the east ; Holstein, ane. Holtsatia (the settle
ment in the woods) ; Waldsassen (wood settlement) ;
Winkelsass and Endzettel (the corner settlement) ; Neusass,
Neusiedel, and Neusohl (the new settlement) ; Einsiedeln
(the settlement of Eina), in Switzerland ; Wolfsedal (of
Wolfa) ; Soest or Sost, in Prussia, for Suth-satium (the
southern seat). In Sclavonian names we have SedUtz (the
possession); Stary-Sedlo (the old possession); Sedlitz-
gross (the great settlement) ; Sursee, in Switzerland (the
seat or dwelling, Old Fr. Zi), on the R. Sur ; Sion or Sitten,
in Switzerland, Cel. Suidh-dunum (the seat on the hill-fort).
In Ireland : Seagoe, Irish Suidhe-Gobha (St. Gobha's seat) ;
Seeoran (Oran's seat) ; Seaghanbane (the white seat) ;
Seaghandoo (the black seat) ; Shinrone, ane Suidhe-an-roin
(literally the seat of the seal, but figuratively of a certain
hairy man) ; Hermosillo, in Mexico, Span, (beautifiil seat).
SHAN (Chinese), a mountain ; e.g. Shan-tung (east of the moun
tain) ; Shan-se (west of the mountain) ; Thian-Shan (the
celestial mountain). ,
SHAMAR (Pers.), a river ; e.g. Samer, Samara, Sambre, river
names. The Samur, which flows into the Sea of Asoph.
SHAW(A.S.),.«a^a,j^ T"^, °^ ^°T\ 'S- *e Shaws in
SKEG CScand ) i Cumberland and Lanarkshire ; Birchen-
^ '-'' ( shaw (the birch grove) ; PoUokshaws (the
woods near the village of Pollok) ; Bradshaw (broad
wood) ; Shaugh-Prior (the prior's wood) ; Shawbury (the
town in the wood) ; Evershaw (the wood of the wUd boar,
eofer) ; Skegness (the headland of the wood).
SHEHR (Pers ) f ^ dwelling ; e.g. Begshehr (the dweUing of the
CHERI CTamii) \ ^^° °''^ ^^'^^ ' ^bou-shehr (the dwelling of
^ ''' ( Abou) ; AUah-shehr (God's house) ; Eskshehr
(old dwelling) ; Yenishehr (new dwelling) ; Anoopshehr
(incomparable dwelling) ; Pondicherry, originally Pudicheri
(new dwelling or town) ; Paraicherie (the \-illage of Pariahs)
— probably Shiraz and Shir\-an belong to this root.
SIDH, SITH (Gadhelic), a fairy or a fairy hill. The beUef in these
supernatural beings is still general among the Celtic races.
It was believed that they resided in the interior of pleasant

SIERRA — SKAER 175

hiUs called sidhe or siodha. The word frequently takes the
form of shec, as in the Shee Hills, in Co. Meath ; Glenshee,
in Perthshire ; Mullaghshee (the fairy hillock) ; Sheetrim,
i.e. Sidh-dhruim (the fairy ridge), the old name of the rock
of Cashel ; Killashee (the church near the fairy hill) ;
Rashee (the fort of the fairies) ; also Shean, Sheann,
Sheane, Shane, in Ireland.
. C a mountain chain, having a serrated appear-
'' P '" I ance, from the Lat. serra, a saw; or perhaps
CERRO (Port.), y j.^^^ jjjg ^j._ j^,^^^^^ j^n uncultivated tract of
land, being the root of the desert of Sahara, in Africa ; e.g.
Sierra- de-fuentes (the mountain chain of the fountains);
Sierra-de-los-vertientes (of the cascades) ; Sierra Leone (of
the lion) ; Sierra-Calderona (the mountain chain with the
cauldrons or craters) ; Sierra-de-las-Monas (ofthe apes);
Sierra Morena (the dark mountain range) ; Sierra Nevada
(the snowy) ; Sierra Estrella (the starry mountain range) ;
Sierra-de-Culebra (of the snake) ; Sierra-de-gata (of agates) ;
Esmeraldas-Serradas (the emerald mountains), in Brazil ;
Cerro-da-vigia (the mountain of observation) ; Cerro-de-la-
Giganta (of the giantess) ; Cerro-largo (broad mountain) ;
Cerro-gordo (fruitful mountain); Cerro-del-cobre (ofthe
snake) ; but serra, in Italian, means a narrow place — as in
Serra-capriola (the narrow place of the goats) ; and Serra-
Monascesca (of the monks). C a sharp rock — allied to the Welsh
SKAER (Scand.), I skerid, cleft asunder, ysgariad ;
SGOR and SGEIR (Gadhehc), | ^^_ Skerid-fawn and Skerid-fach
(the great and little skerid or division). Esgair is another
word from the same root, applied to a long ridge ; e.g
Esgair-hir (the long ridge) ; Esgair-graig (the rock ridge) —
e.g. Scarcliff (the cliff of the sharp rock) ; Nashscaur (the
promontory of the steep rock) ; Scarborough (the town on
the rock or cliff) ; Scorton, with the same . meaning, in
Yorkshire ; Scarnose and Scarness (the sharp cape) ; Skerry-
ford, Skeerpoint, on the coast of Wales ; Sheerness (the
sharp headland), on the Thames ; Scaranos, with the same
meaning, on the coast of Sicily ; Scarabines (the sharp
points), in Caithness ; Scuir (a sharp rock), on the island
of Egg ; Scordale, in Westmoreland, and Scordal, in Ice-

176 SKA W^SLIABH

land (the valley of the steep rock) ; Scarsach (abounding
in steep rocks), in Perth ; Scarba (the island of the
sharp rock), and Scarp, in the Hebrides ; the Skerry
and the Skerries, in the Shetlands, and on the coast
of Ireland and Wales ; Skerry- vore (the great rock), in the
Hebrides.
SKAW, SKAGI (Scand.), an isthmus or promontory ; e.g. the Skaw
or Skagen Cape, on the coast of Denmark ; Skagerack or
Skagen-rack (the strait near the promontory).
SKI, SK, SKIA, an affix in Sclav, topography, signifying a tovrai,
often annexed to the name of the river near the town, or to
the name of its founder ; e.g. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Pinsk,
Vitepsk, Volsk, Omsk, on the Rivers Tobol, Tom, Pina,
Viteba, Volga, Om ; Irkutsk, Berdiansk, Bielorietzk, Bob-
roninsk, Illginsk, Miask, Olekminsk, Okhotsk, Olensk, on
the Rivers Irkut, Berda, Biela, Bobronia, Ilga, Miass, Olekma,
Okhota, and Olenek ; Bielozersk (the to^^•n on the white
island) ; Jarensk (the town on the Jarenga or strong river) ;
Kesilskaia (on the red river) ; Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautifiil
town of the R. Ufa) ; Petsk (silk town), in Turkey, where
the mulberry- tree is extensively cultivated; Yakutsk (the
town of the Yakuts, a Tartar tribe) ; Salskaia, on the R.
Sal ; Sviajsk (the town on the Sviga, holy river) ; Sviatskaia
(the town of Sviatovid, a Sclav, deity) ; Dmitrovisk (the
town of Demetrius, a Russian saint) ; Kupiansk and Kupiszki
(the town on the promontory, kupa).
SKIP '(Scand ) f ^ ^^^^P ' ^"•^' Skipton, Skipwich, Schaefheim
SCHAEF (A S ) I ^^'^^^P '°'^") ' Shapfells (sheep hills) ; Sheppey
^ ¦ ¦'^' ( (sheep island); Skipsia (sheep's stream) ; Schaef-
matt (sheep meadow) ; Shefford (sheep's ford) ; Scaefstadt
(sheep town).
SLIABH, SLIEVE, or SLIEU (GadheUc), a mountain or heath, akin to
the Ger sliet, a declivity ; e.g. Slieve-Anieran (the iron
mountain), so called from its mines ; Slievesnaght (snowy
mountains) ; Slieve-Bernagh (gapped mountain) ; Bricklive
(speckled mountain) ; Beglieve (small mountain). In all
these places in Ireland the original names haye been cor
rupted : Sleaty (the mountains) ; Sleeven (the little hill) ;
Slievenamon, i.e. Sliabh-na-mban-Jibti (the mountain of the
fair women or fairies) ; Slievebloom (Bladh's mountain) ;

SLOG— SPITAL 177

Slieve-beagh (birch-tree hill) ; Slieve-corragh (rugged hill) ;
Slieveroe (the red hill) ; Sliabh-cuailgne, now the Cooley
Mountains, in Ireland ; Sleibhe-Cuillinn (the Coolin or
CuchuUin Hills), in Skye ; Slamannan (the sliabh or moor of
the district formerly called Manan, parts of Stirling and
Clackmannanshire).
SLOG (A.S.), a slough or marshy place ; e.g. Slough, Co. Bucks ;
Sloby, Slawston, Slaugham (the dwelling on the marshy
ground).
SLUAGH (Gadhelic), a multitude, a host ; e.g. BaUinasloe (the ford-
mouth of the hosts), in Co. Galway ; Srahatloe, i.e. Srath-
a'-tsluagh (the river holm of the hosts) ; Knockatloe and
TuUintloy (the hill ofthe hosts), in Ireland.
SNAID, SNOED (Teut.), a separated piece of land, from the Old Get
sniden and Modern Ger. schneiden (to cut) ; e.g. Eckschnaid
(the oak snaid) ; Hinterschnaid (behind the snaid) ; Snaith,
in Yorkshire ; Snead, Montgomery ; Sneyd, Co. Stafford ;
Sneaton (the town on the snaid) ; Snodland and Snodlands
(the separated lands) ; Snodhill (the hill on the snaid).
. . „ , C a place privileged to hold local courts ; e.g.
SOC (A.b.), ) Thorpe-le-Soke and Kirby-le-Soken (the village
^ ¦•'' ( and church-town where the courts were wont to
be held) ; Walsoken and Walton-le-Soken (the place near
the wall, or perhaps the well, where the court was held) ;
Sockbridge and Sockburn (the bridge and stream near the
court station).
SOTO (Span.), a grove; e.g. Soto, the name of several places in
Spain ; SotiUa (the little grove) ; Sotilla-de-las-Palomas
(the little grove of the doves) ; SotiUa-de-la-ribera (the little
grove of the river-bank).
<!PiwA CT ,f ^ [^ thorn ; e.g. Epinac, Epinal, Epinay, in France ;
bi-iJNA^i^at;,^ Espinosa, in Spain (the thorny place); EpinviUe
EPlNE(I'r), I ^^^ thorny villa); EpineuU (the thorny fountain,
csuiT) ; Epinoy, Epineuse, etc., in France ; Speen, in Co.
Berks, ane SpincB (the thorny place).
/ an hospital or place of entertainment for
SPITAL (Nor.-t r.), strangers or invahds, from the Lat hospi-
YSPYTTY (Cym..Cel.), <^ ^.^^^^ g j^^^l ;„ Caithness and Co.
SPIDEAL (Gadhehc), ( pgn^broke ; Spittk, in Cheshire and in
Berwickshire ; the Spital of Glenshee, in Perthshire ; Dal-
N

178 ,SPRING—SRON

na-Spidal (the field of the hospital) ; Spittalfields, in Middle
sex ; Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith, on the R. Ystwith ; Yspytty-
Evan (Evan's hospital), in Wales ; Llanspithid, in Brecknock,
which derived its name from an ancient Ysbytty hvspitium
that existed here, supported by the priory of Malvem.
These names and many others in England and Scotland
derived their names from hospitals attached to religious
houses in the Middle Ages.
SPRING CTeut ) ( ^ water-source ; e.g. Springthorpe (the fann
,r. ,'n < at the fountain); Adlerspring (the eagle's
SPRONG (Scand.), 1 ^ , . , ^ . -" . , f ^. ^ '' p .
^ " \ fountain) ; Lippspring (at the source of the
R. Lippe) ; Springe (at the source of the R. HaUer) ;
Magdespring (the maiden's fountain).
,p ,, ,. , j an extensive valley. Anglicised strath; e.g.
fr r \\ \ Strathmore and Strathbeg (the great and
YSTRAD (Cym.-Gel.), y j.jjjg vaUeys) ; Strathavon, Strathblan,
Strathbogie, Strathconan, Strathearn (the valleys of the
Rivers Avon, Blane, Bogie, Conan, and Earn) ; Strathyre,
corrupt, from Srathiar (the westem valley, with reference to
Strathearn, the eastern), in Perthshire ; Strathclyde, Strath
naver, Strathspey, Strathallan, Strathpeffer, Strathbran, Strath-
griffe (the valleys of the Rivers Clyde, Naver, Spey, AUan,
Peffer, Bran, and Griffe) ; Strath Tary, in Sutherlandshire
(the bull's strath, tairebb) ; Strichen, in Aberdeenshire,
corrupt, from Srath-Ugie (the valley of the R, Ugie) ; Strath-
don, corrupt, from Srath-domhain (the vaUey of the deep
river) ; Ystrad-Tywy (the valley of the R Tywy), in Wales ;
Ystrad-yw (yew-tree valley or the valley of the brook Ywen) ;
Yester, a parish in East Lothian, from Ystrad; Ystrad-fflur
(the flowery valley), called by the Romans Strata- Florida ;
Ystrad-gwnlais (the valley of the trench, dais, through which
a stream flows) ; Straiten, in Ayrshire (the town on the
Strath) ; Traquhair (sheep valley).
SRON CGadhelic) f ^ "°^^' ''^"^^ ^ promontory ; e.g. Stronaba
TRWYN CCym-Cel) \ ^*^ ''°^'^ promontory) ; Stronaclacher (the
^ \ stony promontory) ; Stronechrigen (the
rocky point) ; Stronfeam (the point of the alders) ; Stron-
deas (the southern point) ; Strontian (the little promontory) ;
Sorn, in Ayrshire, named from an ancient castle situated
on a rocky headland ; Troon (the promontory), on the

SRUTH— STADT 179

Ayrshire coast ; Sroan-keeragh (the sheep's promontory) ;
Shrone-beha (birch-tree promontory), in Ireland ; Duntroon
Castle (the fortress on the promontory), in Argyleshire ;
Tumberry Head, in Ayrshire, from trwyn; also Trwyn
Point, in Ayrshire ; Au-tron (on the point), in Cornwall ;
Trviryn-y-Badan (the promontory of the boats), in Wales.
,r^ ji 1- N (^ a river or flowing water ; sru,
SRUTH, SRUTHAIR (Gadhehc), „ ^ „ ^ ^ -.1
',„ , ^ " <[ Sansc, to flow — cognate with
SROTA (Sansc), , rp ^ . • c 1
^ ' ( stroum, Teut, struja, Sclav. ; e.g.
Srue, Sruh, Shrough, Sroughan (the stream), in Ireland ;
also Abbeyshrule (the abbey on the stream) ; Bealnashrura
(the ford-mouth of the stream) ; Sroolane, Srooleen, Sruffan,
and Sruffaun (little stream) ; Killeenatruan, ane Cillin-a-
tsruthain (the little church of the stream) ; Anstruther in
Fife, and Westruther in Berwickshire, probably from the
same root ; but Strowan, in Perthshire, is named for St.
Rowan ; Ardstraw, in Tyrone, is a corrupt of Ard-sratha
(the height near the bank of the stream).
^TAPKR CSrpnd ^ ( ^ Pi^ojecting rock or point ; e.g the Stack
biACKR ^acana.;, ; ^^^^^ ^^^ g^^^^^ g^^^j^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^
STUAIC (Gadhehc), y .^^jg^ . ^j^g g^^^^^ ^^ ^j^g j^jgj^ ^^^g^ . gj^^^
Island, Wales ; and St. Bude's Stack. In Ireland this
word is generally Anglicised into stook; thus — the Stookans
(the little rock pinnacles), near the entrance of the Giant's
Causeway ; Stookan and Stookeen (the little rock).
,_ > ( a place or town ; ^estade, a station for
STADT and STATT (Ger), J J ^ ^ ^^^jj ^^^^ ^^^^J^ ^
STEDE, or STEAD (A.S.), | ^^^ ^^ ^j^^^^ . ^^^_ Caristadt, Therie-
sanstadt, Christianstadt (towns named after one of the
German emperors, Charles, after the Empress Theresa,
and after Christian IV. of Sweden) ; Darmstadt, lUstadt,
Stadt-Steinach, Lippstadt (towns on the Rivers Darm, III,
Steinach, and Lippe) ; Bleistadt (lead town), near lead
mines ; Brahestadt, in Russia (founded by Count Brahe) ;
Elizabethstadt, Hung. Ebes-falva, named after the Empress
Elizabeth ; Frederickstadt (Frederick's town), in Denmark
and in Norway ; Gerbstadt, in Saxony (the town of Gerbert) ;
Gluckstadt, Lat. Fanum-fortunce (the fortunate town or the
temple of fortune) ; Halbertstadt (the town of Albert) ;
Heiligenstadt (holy town) ; Hermanstadt (the town of

i8o STAEF—STAN

Herman, one of the Germans who colonised certain German
cities in Transylvania in the twelfth century) ; Ingoldstadt,
in Bavaria (the town of Ingold) — the name of this town
was mistranslated by Latin and Greek authors into Auripolis
and Chrysopolis (the golden city) ; Rudolstadt (the town of
Rudolph) ; Grimstadt, in Norway, and Grimstead, in Co.
Wilts (the town of Grim, a common Scandinavian name) ;
Stade (the station), in Hanover ; Scoppenstadt, in Brunswick,
ane. Scipi7igestete (the ship station) ; Stadt-am-hop (the
town at the court), in Bavaria ; Tennstadt, ane Dannenstedi
(the station of the Danes), in Saxony ; Kroppenstadt, the
Germanised form of the Sclav. Grobenstadt (the count's
town) ; Reichstadt (rich town) ; Altstadt (old town) ; Elstead,
in Sussex and in Surrey (the place of Ella, the Saxon) ;
Stadhampton (the town at the home place), in Oxford ;
Thaxsted (the thatched place), in Essex ; Boxstead (the
place of beech-trees, or of the Bokings, a patronymic) ;
Hampstead (the home place) ; Wanstead (Woden's place) ;
Armenianstadt, in Transylvania, colonised by Armenians in
1726; Staithes (the banks), in Cumberland; Stathera
(the dwelling on the bank), Leicester ; Halstead, AS.
Haelsted (a healthy place).
STAFF STAUF (Teut ) ( ^ ^'^^^ °'' P°^^' ^^°' '" Germany, applied
" c's H ^ < to a perpendicular rock ; e.g. Stauffen-
^ ''' ( berg (the mountain with pillar-like rocks),
in Lower Hesse ; Donaustauff (the steep rock on the
Danube) ; Hohenstauffen (the high rocks), in Wurtemberg ;
Regenstauf (the rock on the R. Regen) ; Staufen (a fort
situated on a rock), in Baden ; Staffa (the island with the
pillar-like rocks), off the coast of Argjleshire ; Staffenloch
(the lake of the pillars), in the Island of Skye.
STAL, STUHL (Teut.), j f^f ^"'. P]^"' °\ ^^^' ' 'S' Hohenstellen
STEELE 1 ^ ^^ place) ; Herstal (the place of
' ( the army) ; Tunstall (the place on the
hill, dun), in Co. Stafford.
STAN CA S ) i^ stone or rock, and in topography sometimes
STEIN CGe^^ ^ applied to a rock-fortress ; e.g. Staunton, Steynton
STEEN Dutch), V^!'^ *°"'" ^" *^'^ ''"."J' ground); Stanton, in
^ " \ Gloucestershire, named from a remarkable stone
in the neighbourhood) ; Fewstone (fire stone), in Yorkshire,

STAN i8i
said to have been named from a fire-circle near the place ;
Staines (the stones), in Middlesex, marking the jurisdiction
of the mayor of London ; Stantz (the stony place), in
Switzerland ; Steenbeke, Steenbegue, Steinbach (the stony
brook) ; Stanley (stony field), in Yorkshire ; Steenbirge,
Steenbrugge, Steenhout, Steenkirche (the stony hill, bridge,
wood, church), in Belgium ; Steenvorde (stony ford) ;
Stein-am-anger (the rock on the field) ; Steinitz (the German
rendering of Sczenz, dog town), in Moravia ; Offenstein
(the fortress of Offa) ; Lahnstein (the fortress on the R.
Lahn) ; Lauenstein (the lion's fortress, with reference to
some person who bore that sobriquet) ; Ehrenbreitstein
(the broad stone of honour) ; Stennis (the headland of the
stones), in Orkney ; Hauenstein, in Baden (the hewn rock),
so called because the precipices of the Jura in that locality
resemble masonry ; Ysselstein (the rock on the R. Yssel) ;
Bleistein (lead rock), near lead mines, in Bavaria ; Dach-
stein, in Alsace, ane Dagoberti Saxum (the rock of Dago-
bert) ; Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks) ; Falkenstein
(of the falcon or of the personal name Falk) ; Greiffenstein
(ofthe vulture) ; Schaunstein (the beautiful rock or fortress) ;
Neckar-Steinach (the stony place on the Neckar) ; Iselstein,
on the Isel ; Wetterstein, on the Wetter ; Buxton, in
Derbyshire, was named from the piles of stones called
buck-stones, found in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire moors ;
Standish, in Gloucestershire, corrupt, from Stonehouse. In
some cases the affix stone is used instead of town or ton,
as in Maidstone, A.S. Medwegston, Cel. Caer-Medwig {the
town on the R. Medway) ; Goodmanstone (the priest's
town), Dorsetshire ; and in Cumberland and Westmoreland,
where the Norsemen had settlements, this word often marks
the site of the grave of one of their heroes, as in Harold-
stone, Hubberstone, Thurston, Gamfrestone, Silverstone,
Stanton, Drew (the Druid's stone), in Somersetshire, near
an ancient stone-circle ; Kingston, in Surrey, where in the
centre of the town is still shown the stone on which the
A.S. kings were crowned.
STAN CPers ) ( ^ 'iistrict or region ; e.g. Hindostan (the
,c'" ,. \ district watered by the R. Indus, Pers. hindu
STHANA (banse), y _,^^^^^^^ . Affghanistan (the district of the

i82 STAPLE — STEORT
Affghans, who are said to have taken their designation
from a certain chief called Malik Afghana) ; Rajpootana
(the district of the Rajpoots or king's sons) ; Kurdistan (of
the Kurds) ; Beloochistan (of the Beluchis) ; Gurgistan or
Georgia (the district watered by the R. Kur or Kyros) ;
Kaffaristan or Kaffraria (of the unbelievers) ; Arabistan (of
the Arabs) ; Bootan (the district of the Highlanders) ;
Dushistan (the south region), also called Gurmsir (warm
country) ; Gulistan (the district of roses) ; Baghistan (of
gardens) ; Khorasan (the country of the sun) ; Zangistan or
Zanguebar, Pers. and Ar. (the country or coast-lands of
the Zangis) — v. bahr.
STAPLE (Teut.), literally a prop, support, or heap ; but in the
commerce of the Middle Ages it was applied, in the first
place, to the buildings or towns in which the chief products
of a district were treasured up or sold ; and, in the second
place, to the commodities themselves ; e.g. Stapleton (the
town of the market) ; Staplehurst and Stapleford (the wood
and ford near the market-place) ; Dunstable (the market
place on the hill), formerly Dunstaple; Whitstable (white
market-place) ; Barnstaple, ane Berstable (the market-place
for the produce of the district — beor, what it bears). In
France : Etaples, L'^tape, Staple, etc.
STARY (Sclav.), old ; e.g. Stargard, Starogard (the old fortress); Stary-
sedlo, Storosele, Starosol (the old settlement) ; Starodub (the
old oak-tree) ; Starwitz, Staria, Starinka, Stariza (old place) ;
Starobielsk (the old town on the R. Biela) ; Staro-Constan-
tinov (the old town of Constantine). In places where the
population is chiefly German this word takes the form oi stark,
as in Starkenburg, Starkenhorst ; Istarda or Starova (old
town), in Turkey; Staroi-Oskol (the old town on the R. Oskol,
in opposition to Novoi-Oskol, the new to-i\Ti on that river).
STEIG, STIG, STY (Teut. and Scand.), a steep path ; e.g. Stickney
(the island or watery meadow b)' the steep path) ; Kirchsteg
(the steep path to the church) ; Durnsteeg (thorny path) ;
Stiegmiihle (the mill on the steep path) ; Amsteg (at the
steep path).
STEORT (AS) \ *^ tail— in topography a point ; e.g. Start-
STERZ (Old Get), P°'"'' in Devonshire ; Starston (the town on
^ ^' [ the point) ; Sterzhausen, Sterzmuhle, Staart-

STEPPES— STOC 183

polder — V. haus, MtJHLE, polder ; Staartven (the marsh on
the point).
STEPPES (Sclav.), an uncultivated waste — a word applied to the
extensive desert plains in Russia.
STER, or ESTER, in Brittany, a stream; e.g. Ster-boueux (the
muddy stream) ; Stercaer (the stream at the fort) ; Ster-
poulder (of the black pool), etc. According to Forsteman,
there is a Teutonic river-root, sir, which he finds in the
names of 100 German streams ; e.g. Elster, Alster, Wilster,
Gelster, Laster, and Ister — an ancient name ofthe Danube —
Stour, Stura, etc.
STER (Scand.), Old Norse setr (a station or place), contracted
from stadr (a place) ; bu-stadr (a dwelling-place), contracted
to bister or buster; e.g. Grunaster (green place) ; Kelda-
bister (the place at the well or fountain) ; Kirkbuster (the
dweUing at the church) ; Hesting-ster (the settlement of
Hesting). The same word appears in the names given by
the Danes to three of the provinces of Ireland — Ulster, for
the Irish Uladh, i.e. Ulla-ster; Leinster, Irish Laighen or
Layn; Munster, Irish Mumha (named after a king).
STOC, STOW (Teut.), literally a stake or the trunk of a tree,
applied at first to a place protected by a stockade, or
surrounded by stocks or piles ; and in German topography
sometimes applied to hills, as in Hochstock (high hill) ;
Stockheim (the home on the hill) ; sometimes to places
built upon stakes, as in Stockholm. In Great Britain,
standing alone, it means simply the place, as Stock, in
Essex ; Stow, a parish in Mid Lothian ; Stoke-upon-Trent ;
Stow-in-the-Wold or waste land ; Stoke-Bardolph, Stoke-
Fleming, Stoke-Gabriel, Stoke-Poges, Stoke-Edith (named
from the proprietors) ; Stow-market (the market-place) ;
Stow-Upland (the place in the high lands) ; Kewstoke (at
the quay) ; Elstow, in Wilts (old place) ; Elstow, in Bed
ford (St. Helen's place), the site of a nunnery dedicated to
that saint ; Basingstoke (the place belonging to the Basings,
a patronymic) ; Bridstow (St. Bridget's place) ; Bristol, ane
Briegstow (the place at the breach or chasm, brice, through
which the R. Avon passes) — its Celtic name was Nant-Avon
(on the valley of the Avon) ; Padstow, in Cornwall, ane
Petrocstowe, Welsh Llan-petroc (the place or church of St.

STOLL — STRELITZ

Petroc) ; Tavistock and Tawstock (places on the Rivers
Tavy and Taw). As a prefix, stock often denotes the
chief place in a district, as in Stockton (the chief town
on the Tees), and in Stockport (the chief port on the
Mersey).
STOLL (Ger.), a mine-shaft ; e.g. StoUenberg (the hill of the mine-
shaft) ; StoUenschmeide (the smithy at the mine-shaft) ; but
StoUenkirchen, i.e. Stallinchirchun, is from Stalla (a per
son's name).
STOLPE (Sclav.), a rising ground in a marshy place ; e.g. Stolpe,
the name of a circle and of several tovras in Hungary and
Pomerania ; Stolpen, in Saxony.
STOR (Scand.), great ; e.g. Stbrfiord (the great bay) ; Storhammer
(great hill) ; Storoe (great island) ; Storaa (great river) ;
Storsjon and Storsoen (great lake) ; Stora-kopparberg (the
great copper mountain), in Sweden and Norway.
a row, a street, a road, borrowed from the
Lat. strata; e.g. Stratford (the ford near
one of the great Roman roads, called
streets) ; Stratford-le-Bow (the ford with
the bow or bridge near the Roman road) ;
Stratsett (the road station) ; Streatham and
Stretton (the town on the road) ; Stratton, in Cornwall,
and Stradbally, in Ireland (the village of one street) ;
Straid, Strade (the street) ; Stradeen (little street), in
Ireland ; Strond, on the R. Strond ; Strasbourg, in West
Prussia (the town on the highway) ; but Strasbourg, in
Alsace, ane. Stratiburg, is the German translation of its
Latin name Argentoriatwn (the town of silver — strati,
Teut., silver) ; Stony Stratford (the stony ford on the great
Roman road, called Erming Street) ; Watling Street is said
to have been named from waedla (the mendicant or pil
grim) ; Icknield Street from the Iceni; Erming Street
from earm (a pauper).
STRAZNA (Sclav.), a watch-tower, akin to the A.S. streone; e.g.
Sjraznitz, in Moravia (the town with the watch-tower).
STRELITZ (Sclav.), a huntsman ; e.g. Strelitz-klein and Strelitz-
gross (the great and little town of the huntsman, or of
the Strelitzi, the name given to the lifeguards), in Russia ;
Strelitzkaia and Strielinskaia, with the same meaning.

STRAD (A.S.),
STRASSE (Get),
STRCEDE (Scand.),
SRAID (Gadhelic),
YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.),

STROM— SUNTARA 185
STROM, STROOM (Teut.), a Stream' or current; e.g. the Maelstrom
(mill stream, so called from its rushing sound) ; Rheinstrom
(the Rhine current) ; Stroomsloot (the sluice ofthe current) ;
Stroma, Stromoe, Stromsoe, Stromay (the island of the
current) ; Stromen and Stromstadt (the place near the
current) ; Stromen-Fiorden (the bay of the current) ; Strom-
berg (the town or hill on the stream) ; Stromness (the
headland of the current).
SU (Turc), water ; e.g. Ak-su (the white stream) ; Kara-su (the
black stream) ; Adji-su (bitter water).
SUD SUTH ( '^^ south ; Buttman traces this word to the
SODER SOUDEN ) ^'^"' ^"^^ oldest form of the word being sundar ;
' ' { e.g. Sonnenburg, Sonderhausen, Sundheim,
Soudham, Southofen (the south dwelling or enclosure) ;
Southdean (south hollow) ; Southwark, Dan. Sydvirche
(the south fortress) ; Southover (south shore) ; Suffolk (the
district of the south people, as distinguished from Norfolk) ;
Sutton and Sodbury (south town) ; Sudborne (south stream) ;
Suderoe (south island) ; Sudetic Mountains (the southern
mountain chain) ; Sudereys (the southern islands), a name
applied by the Norsemen to all the British islands under
their rule south of the Orkneys and north of the Island of
Man — hence the bishoprick of Sodor and Man ; Sutherland
(the land to the south of Caithness) ; Soderkoping (the
south market-town), in Sweden ; Soest, in Prussia (on the
Sosterbach) ; Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference to
their forming the south boundary of Strathmore).
SUMAR, SOMAR (Teut.), summer ; e.g. Somercotes, Somersall,
Somerton (summer dwellings) ; Somerghem in Belgium,
and Sommerberg in Bohemia, with the same meaning ;
but Somarsheim, in Hungary, is the German corrupt, of
Szomorfalva (the viUage of sorrow) ; Szmarja or Szent-marfa
(St. Mary's town), Germanised into Sommarein.
SUND (Scand.), a strait ; e.g. the Sound, between Sweden and
Zealand ; Christiansund, at the mouth of a narrow inlet,
founded by Christian IV. ; Frederichsund, on a narrow
inlet in Zealand ; Ostersund (the eastern strait), in Sweden ;
Stralsund (the arrow-like strait — straele, an arrow).
SUNTARA (Teut.), privileged land ; e.g. Frankensundem (the
privileged place of the Franks) ; Beversundem (the privi-

SZASZ— TAL

leged place on the R. Bever) ; Sontra, in Hesse-Homburg
(the privileged place) ; Sunderland (the privileged land), in
Durham.
SZASZ (Hung.), Saxon ; e.g. Szasvaros, Ger. Sachsenstadt (the
town or fortress of the Saxons), in Transylvania ; Szasz-
Sebes (the Saxon-Sebes or swift stream).
SZENT CHune ) ^ ^ ^^'"' ' ^¦•^" ^zenta, Szentes (the saints' town
SANT (Welsh) \ °^ "^"^y '""^"^ '' ^¦^- S^endro (St. Andrew's town) ;
^ " ( Mindszent (the town of All Saints); Szent-kercsyt
(the town of the holy cross) ; Santarem, in Portugal, from
St Irene, Santiago (for St. James) ; St. Denis, named
after St. Dionysius, where the remains of this saint were
interred ; St. Heliers, in Jersey (for St. HUarius) ; Szent-
Gyorgy (St George's town) ; St. Ives, in ComwaU, named
after an Irish saint called y/a, who came to that spot; St.
Ives, in Huntingdon, named after Ivon, a bishop.

TA (Chinese), great ; e.g. Ta-kiang (the great river) ; Ta-Hai (the
great lake) ; Ta-Shan (great mountain) ; Ta-Gobi (the
great desert).
TABERNA (Lat and Span ) ( ^" '"" ' ^'S' Tabema, in Spain ;
TAFARN (Welsh) ¦-"< Zabem-Rhem (the mn on the Rhine);
'' ( Zabern-berg (the hill inn) ; Zabem-
Elsass (the Alsatian inn), called in French Savemce, corrupt.
from the Lat. Tabernce ; Tavemes and Tavemy, in France.
.T,<,»T^ .... . »T„ . /T .. JO J N (a tongue, a point of land;
TAING, TANGA (Teut. and Scand.), ) .S . , •
TUNGA, \ ^-S- Tongue, a pansh in
( Sutherlandshire ; Tong, in
Ross ; Tongland, in Kirkcudbright, upon a peninsula fomied
bythe Rivers Dee and Tarf; Tonge, in Lancashire; but
Tongres, Tongrinnes, and Tongerloo, in Belgium, derive
their names from the Tungri, a tribe ; Tong-fell, in Cumber
land, and Tangfjeld, Norway, and Tunga-feU, Iceland (the
mountain with the tongue or point) ; Thong-castle, in Kent,
and Thong-castor, near Grimsby.
TAL (Cym.-Cel.), the forehead, or, as an adjective, high; e.g.
Talgarth (the brow of the hiU ; Talibont (bridge-end, pont) ;

TAMH— TEACH 187

Talbenny (the head of the hill-pen), in Wales. Tal-y-cavn
(the head of the trough) ; Tal-y-Llychan (the head of the
pools), in Caermarthen ; Talachddu (the head of the black
water, a small brook called Achddu), a parish in Brecknock.
TAMH, TAW (Cym.-Cel.), quiet, cognate with A.S. tam, found in
many river names ; e.g. the Tame, Tamar, Tamer, Teane,
Teign, Thame, Taw, Tawey, Tavoy, Tay, Temesch, Tees,
Thames (the quiet water), joined to uisge, a, y, o, or, ri
(fiowing water).
TAMNACH (Gadhelic), a green field, common in Irish topography
under various forms, such as Tawny, Tawnagh, Tonagh,
and Taminy ; e.g. Tonaghneeve, for Tamhnaich-naemh (the
field of the saints), now Saintfield ; Tawnaghlahan (broad
field) ; Tawnkeel (narrow field) ; Tamnaghbane (white field) ;
Tavnaghdrissagh (the field of the briers).
TANNA (Old Ger.), wood ; tanne (modern), the fir-tree ; e.g. Nieder-
than (the lower wood) ; Hohenthan (high wood) ; Than-
heim, Thanhausen, Tandorf (the dwellings at the wood) ;
Tanberg (wood hill).
TARBERT, or TAIRBERT (Gadhelic), an isthmus ; e.g. Tarbet, in
Cromarty and Ross ; Tarbert, in Harris ; Tarbet, on Loch
Lomond ; East and West Tarbert, in Argyleshire ; Tarbet-
ness (the point of the isthmus), in Ross-shire.
.^ „ ,. s (a bull, cognate with the Lat. taurus and
TAREH (Gadhehc), j ^j^^ ^^^_ ^^^^^^. ^^_ Knockatarriv and
TARW (Cym.-Cel.), y gnockatarry (the hill of the bull) ; Clontarf,
ane Cluain-tarbk (the buU's meadow) ; Cloontarriff and
Cloontarriv, with the same meaning. Some river names,
such as Tarf, Tarras, Tarth, Tarn, may have this word as a
prefix, or perhaps tara, Irish, rapid.
TARNIK (Sclav.), the thom ; e.g. Tarnowce and Tarnowitz (thorn
viUage) ; Tamau, Tarnow, Tornow, Torniz (a thorny place) ;
Tamograd (thorn fortress) ; Tamopol (thorn city).
,^ „ ,. , C a house or dwelling, cognate with
TEACH and TIGH (Gadhelic), I ^j^g ^at. tectum, Ger. dach, and
TY (Cym.-Cel.), | g^^nd. tag, a roof; Anglicised
tagh, in the genitive, tigh. This word, under various forms,
is common in Irish topography ; e.g. Tagheen (beautiful
house); Taghboy and Taghbane (the yellow and white
house); Taghadoe (St. Tua's house); Tiaquin, in Co.

TEA MHAIR — TEINE

Galway, i.e. Tigh-Dachonna (St. Dachonna's house);
Timahoe, for Tech-Mochua (St. Mochua's house or church).
Joined to the genitive of the article, it takes the form of tin
or tinna, thus — Tinnahinch (the house of the island or river
holm, innis) ; Tincurragh (of the marsh) ; TinakiUy (of the
church or wood) ; Timolin (of St. Moling) ; Tigh-na-bruaich,
in Argyleshire (the dwelling on the edge of the bank) ;
Tynron, in Dumfries, i.e. Tigh-an-roinne (the house on the
point) ; Tyndrum, in Perthshire (the dwelling on the ridge) ;
Tisaran, ane Teach-Sarain (the house of St. Saran), in
King's Co. Stillorgan, also in Ireland, corrupt, from Tigh-
Lorcain (the house of St. Lorcain or Lawrence) ; Saggard,
from Teach-Sacra (of St. Mosacra) ; Cromarty, ane. Crum-
bachtyn (the dwelling on the winding bay) ; Tinnick, in
Ireland, i.e. Tigh-cnuie (the house on the hill). In Wales :
Ty-gwyn (white house); Ty-Ddewi (St. David's house);
Great Tey and Little Tey (great and little dwelling) ; Tey-
at-the-elms, in Essex.
TEAMHAIR (Irish), a palace situated on an elevated spot ; e.g.
Tara, ane. Teamhair, the ancient capital of Meath, and
several other places called Tara, in Ireland. This word
sometimes takes the form of tavver, tawer, or tower, as in
Towerbeg and Towermore (the little and great palace).
TEAMPULL (Gadhelic), a temple or church, derived from the Lat
templum; e.g. Templemichael, Templebredon (the churches
of St Michael and St. Bredon) ; Templemore (the great
church or cathedral) ; Templecarriga(of the rock) ; Temple-
tochar (of the causeway), in Ireland ; Templemars and
Talemars, in France, ane Templum-Martis (the temple of
Mars).
TEINE (GadheUc), \^l^\ ^" topography this word is found in
.,-«,, /r- I- -i \ \ the forms of /z;z and tinny, and must indicate
TAN (Cym.-Cel.), ) ^ , . . ...
' ( spots where fires of special importance were
wont to be kindled. Whether these fires were beacon-fires,
or whether they referred to the Beltane fires kindled by the
ancient Celts on May Day, cannot, in special cases, be
determined ; but that the Beltane fires were connected with
the religious rites of the Druids is allowed, even by those
who do not derive the word Beltane from the name of a
Celtic deity, or trace the observance of these rites to the sun

TEPE TL — TERRA

and fire worship once alleged to have existed among the
Celtic tribes, but now held to be an untenable theory by
Celtic scholars.! In Ireland, near Coleraine, we find Kil-
tinny (the wood of the fire) ; Tamnaghvelton (the field of
the Beltane sports) ; Clontinty, Co. Cork (the meadow of
the fires) ; MoUynadinta, ane Mullaigh-na-dtaeinte (the
summit of the fires) ; Duntinny (the fort of the fire), Co.
Donegal. In Scotland tinny is also found in topography,
thus — Ardentinny and Craigentinny (the height and rock of
the fire) ; Auchteany, and perhaps Auchindinny (the field of
the fires) ; Tinto (the hill of the fire), in Lanarkshire.
TEPETL (Astec), a mountain ; e.g. Popocatepetl (the smoky
mountain), in Mexico ; Citlaltepetl (the star-like mountain —
citaline, a star) ; Naucampatepetl (the square-shaped moun
tain), in Mexico.
TEPLY (Sclav.), warm ; e.g. Tepla (the warm stream) ; Tepel, on
the R. Tepla (in the neighbourhood of warm mineral
waters) ; Teplitz, the name of towns in Hungary, Bavaria,
and Illyria, sometimes written Toplitz ; Teplik and Teplovka,
in Russia ; Tefiis, in Georgia, celebrated for its warm baths.
land ; e.g. Terciera (the rough

TERRA (Lat., It., and Port),
TIERRA (Span.),
TERRE (French),
TIR (Gadhehc and Cym.-Cel.),

land), in the Azores ; Terranova
(the new land), in Sicily, sup
posed to be on the site of the
ancient Gela ; Tierra-del-fuego
(the land of fire), so named on account of the numerous
fires seen on the land by the first discoverers ; Terregles
(church land) ; Tiree Island, Gael. Tir-ith (the land of
com) ; Terryglas, i.e. Tir-da-ghlas (the land of the two
rivers), Co. Tipperary ; Terryland, i.e. Tir-oilein (the land
of the island) ; Tyrone, ane. Tir-Eoghain (Owen's land) ;
Tir-Rosser, i.e. Tir-Rhos-hir (the long peat land), in
Caermarthen ; Pentir (the headland) ; Gwydir, from the
roots gwy, water, and tir, a general term for moist land in
different places in Wales. It was the ancient name of
Glastonbury ; Tiranascragh (the land ofthe sand hill, esker),
Co. Galway ; Tyrconell (the land of Conell), the ancient
name of Co. Donegal ; Carstairs, in Lanarkshire, ane
^ For the word Beltein, v. Joyce's Irish Names of Places, vol. i. p. 187 ;
Chambers's Encyclopadia : and Petrie's Round Towers of Ireland.

190 THAL — THOR

Casteltarras, probably corrupt, from Castelterres (the castle
lands), the castle in the village having been the site of a
Roman station ; Culter, in Lanarkshire, ane. Cultir (the
back of the land) ; Finisterroe (land's end), now Cape
Finist^re, the north-west extremity of France ; Blantyre
(warm land — blane, warm), in Lanarkshire ; Terrebonne
(good land), in Canada; Terre -haute (high land), in
Indiana.
THAL (Ger.), a vaUey — v. DAL.
THING, or TING, a term applied by the Scandinavians to the legis
lative assemblies of their nation, and also to the places
where these assemblies met, from an old word tinga, to
speak. Traces of these institutions appear in the topo
graphy of certain districts in Great Britain formerly occu
pied by Danes or Norwegians. The Norwegian Parliament
is still called the Storthing or great assembly ; smaller
courts are called Lawthings, and the Althing was the
general assembly of the whole nation. These meetings
were generaUy held on some remote island, hill, or promon
tory, where their deUberations might be undisturbed. The
_ Swedish Parliament used to assemble on a mound near
Upsala, which still bears the name of Tijigs/wgen, Scand.
haugr; Thingveller (the council-plains), in Iceland ; Sands-
thing (the place of meeting on the sand), in Iceland ;
Aithsthing (the meeting-place on the headland), in Ice
land ; Dingvi^all, in Ross-shire, has the same derivation — its
Gaelic name is Inverpeffer (at the mouth of that stream) ;
TingwaU, in Shetland, Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, Thingwall
in Cheshire, and Dinsdale in Durham, from the same root ;
Tinwald, in Dumfries (the wood of the meeting) ; Tain, in
Ross-shire, Norse 77zz';z^ — its Gaelic name is Baile-Duich
(St Duthic's town).
THOR and THUR, prefixes derived from the Saxon and Scandi
navian deity Thor; e.g. Thorley, Thurley, Thursley, Thorsby,
Thuriow, the valley, dwelling, and hill, named after Thor,
or perhaps from a people or family name derived from the
god, i.e. the Thurittgs, from whence also probably come
Thorington in England, and Thorignd and Thorigny in
France ; Thuringerwald, in German)' ; Thurston, Thursford,
Thurscross, Thurlstone, etc. ; Thorsoe (Thor's island) ;

THORPE— TOBAR 191

Thurso (Thor's stream, on which the town of Thurso is
situated) ; Thorshaven (Thor's harbour), in Norway and in
the Faroe Islands. On the continent the god Thor was
worshipped under the name of Thunor, hence the English
word thunder and the German Donner (supposed, in the
Middle Ages, to be Thor's voice). From this word are
derived Thunersberg and Donnersberg (the mountain of
Thor) ; Donnersbach (Thor's stream), in Styria ; Torslunde
(Thor's sacred grove), in Denmark.
THORPE (A.S.), an assembly of people, cognate with the Welsh
torf (a crowd or troop), Gael, treubh (a tribe), and troupe,
French ; and then gradually coming to denote a farm or
village ; e.g. Thorp, in Northamptonshire ; Calthorpe (cold
village) ; Langthorpe (long village) ; Ingelthorpe, Kettles
thorpe, Swansthorpe, Bischopsthorpe (the farm or viUage
of Ingold, Kettle, Sweyn, and the bishop) ; Nunthorpe (the
nun's village) ; Raventhorpe (Hrafen's village) ; Thorparch,
in Yorkshire (the village bridge), on the R. Wharfe ; Milne-
thorpe (the village of the mill) ; Althorpe (old villages) ;
Basingthorpe (the village of the Basings, a patronymic) ;
Copmanthorpe (ofthe merchant).
THWAITE (Scand. thveit), a cleared spot or an isolated piece of
land, akin to the Danish tvede, a peninsula ; e.g. Harrow-
thwaite, Finsthwaite, Ormathwaite, Sattersthwaite, places
cleared and cultivated by the Scandinavians, whose names
they bear; Applethwaite (of apples) ; Calthwaite (cold clear
ing) ; Birkthwaite (of birches) ; Micklethwaite (great clear
ing) ; Crossthwaite, in Cumberland, where St. Kentigern
is said to have erected a cross ; Lockthwaite (Loki's
clearing).
TOBAR (Gadhelic), a fountain or well, from the old word doboir,
water. WeUs and fountains were held in great veneration
by the Celts in heathen times, and are the subjects of many
traditions in Ireland and Scotland. Many of the early
preachers of Christianity established their foundations near
these venerated wells, which were the common resorts of
the people whom they had come to convert. In this way
the new religion became associated in the minds of the
converts with their favourite wells, and obtained the names
of the saints, by which they are known to this day ; e.g.

192 TOFT— TON

Tobermory (St. Mary's well), in the Island of Mull ; Tobar-
na-bhan-thighem (the chieftainess's well), in Badenoch ;
Ballintobar (the town of the well), Co. Mayo, now called
Tobermore (the great well), which had a weU blessed by St
Patrick ; Tibbermore or Tippermuir (the great well), in
Perthshire ; Tobar-nam-buadh, in Skye (the well of virtues) ;
Tipperary, ane Tiobrad-Arann (the well of the district of
Ara) ; Tipperkevin (St. Kevin's weU) ; Tipperstown, ane
Baile-an-tobair (the town of the well) ; Tobercurry (the
well of the cauldron) ; Toberbilly (the well of the old
tree) ; Tobernaclug (the well of the bells, clog). BeUs were
held sacred by the Irish on account of a certain bell
favoured by St. Patrick. Perhaps the rivers Tiber and
Tiverone, as well as Tivoli, ane Tibur, may come from
this root.
TOFT, TOT (Scand.), an enclosure or farm ; e.g. Lowestoft, Dan.
Luetoft (the enclosure or place of the beacon-fire, which in
early times was placed on the promontory where the town
stands) ; Langtoft (long farm) ; Monk's Tofts (the monk's
farm), and West Tofts, in Norfolk ; Ecclestofts (the church
farm buildings), in Berwickshire ; Ivetot, ane Ivonis-tot
(the farm of Ivo and Hautot (high farm), in Normandy ;
Sassetot (the Saxon's farm) ; Littletot (little farm) ; Bergue-
tot (birch farm), in Normandy.
TOM (Gadhelic and Welsh), a knoll or mound ; e.g. Tomintoul
(the knoll of the barn), Gael. Tom-an-t-sabhail, Co. Banff;
Tomachuraich (the boat-shaped knoU), Invemess-shire;
Tom-ma-Chessaig (St. Kessag's mound), at Callander ;
Tom-na-faire (the knoll of the watch-tower), on Loch Etive ;
Tomatin (the knoll of the fire, teine) ; Tomnacroiche (of
the gaUows) ; Tom-da-choill (of the two woods) ; Tombreck
(speckled knoU) ; Tomgarrow (rough knoll) ; Tomnaguie
(windy knoll), in Ireland ; Tom-bar-lwm (the mound of the
bare hill) ; Tommen-y-Bala (the mound of Lake Bala,
having been raised as representative of Mount Ararat) ;
Tommen-y-mur (of the rampart).
TON CA S ) f ^" enclosure, a town. The primary meaning of
TUN CScand ) I ''^'^ ^^°"^ comes from the Gothic tains, Scand.
¦'' yteinn, Ger. zaiiii, a fence or hedge formed of
twigs. OriginaUy it meant a place rudel>- fortified with

TON 193
stakes, and was applied to single farm-steadings and manors,
in which sense tun is still used in Iceland, and toon in
Scotland. The word toon retained this restricted meaning
even in England in the time of Wickliffe. These single
enclosures became the nucleus of a village which, gradually
increasing, became a town or city, in the same manner as
villages and towns arose around the Celtic duns, ratlis, and
Uses. This root, in the names of towns and villages, is
more common than any other in Anglo-Saxon topography,
being an element in an eighth part of the names of dwelling-
places in the south of Great Britain. The greatest number
of these names is connected with those of the original pro
prietors of the places, of which but a few examples can be
given here. In such cases, the root ton is generally pre
ceded by J or ing — qu. v. ; e.g. Grimston, Ormiston, Ribston,
Haroldston, Flixton, Kennington (the property of Grim,
Orm, Hreopa, Harold, and Felix) ; Canewdon (of Canute) ;
Addlington and Edlington (of the nobles) ; Dolphinton,
Covington, and Thankerton, parishes in Lanarkshire, took
their names from Dolphine, Colban, and Tancred, to whom
the lands were given in very early times ; Symington and
Wiston, in Lanarkshire, are found ¦ mentioned in old
charters, the one as Symington, in Ayrshire, named from
the same Simon Lockhart, the progenitor of the Lockharts
of Lee ; Cadoxton, i.e. Cadog's town, in Wales ; Ecclesia
de uilla Simonis Lockard (the church of Simon Lockhart's
villa), and the other, Ecclesia uilla Withce (the church of
Withce's villa) ; Haddington (the town of Haddo) ; Alfreton,
Wimbledon, Herbrandston, Houston (of Alfred, Wibba,
Herbrand, Hugh) ; Riccarton, in Ayrshire, formerly Richard-
ston, took its name from Richard Waleys, i.e. Richard the
Foreigner, the ancestor of the great Wallace) ; Stewarton,
in Ayrshire, had its name from the family which became the
royal race of Scotland; Boston, in Lincoln. (named after
St. Botolph, the patron saint of sailors) ; Maxton, a parish
in Roxburghshire (the settlement of Maccus, a person of
some note in the reign of David I.) ; Flemingston and
Flemington (named from Flemish emigrants) ; Woolston
(from St. Woolstan) ; Ulverston (from Ulphia, a Saxon
chief) ; Wolverhampton and Royston (from ladies who
o

194 TON— TOPOL

endowed religious houses at these places) ; Minchhampton
(the home of the nuns, minchens) ; Hampton (the enclosed
home) ; Preston and Presteign (priest's town) ; Thrapston
(the dwelling at the cross-roads) ; Broughton (the town at
the fort or mound), a parish in Peeblesshire, with a viUage of
the same name ; Albrighton (the town of Aylburh) ; Har
rington (of the descendants of Haro) ; Barton and Bamton
(the enclosure for the crop ; literally, what the land bears) ;
Shettleston, in Lanarkshire, Lat. Villa-filii-Sadin (the villa
of Sadin's son) ; Bridlington (the town of the Brihtlingas,
a tribe), sometimes called Burlington; Adlington (town of
Eadwulf) ; Prestonpans, in Mid Lothian, named from the
salt pans erected there by the monks of Newbattle ; Layton,
in Essex, on the R. Lea ; Luton, in Bedford, also on the
Lea ; Makerston, in Roxburghshire, perhaps from St.
Machar ; Johnstone, in Renfrew (founded by the Laird of
Johnston in 1782); Liberton, near Edinburgh, where
there was an hospital for lepers ; Honiton, Co. Devon,
Ouneu-y-din (the town of ash-trees) ; Kensington (of the
Kensings) ; Edmonton, in Middlesex (Edmond's town) ;
North and South Petherton, in Somerset (named from the
R. Parret), ane Pedreda; Campbeltown, in Argyleshire,
received its name from the Argyle family in 1701 — its
Gaelic name was Ceann-Loch (the loch head) ; Launceston —
V. LANN ; Torrington, in Devon (the town on the hUl, tor,
or on the R. Torridge) ; Watlington (the viUage protected
by wattles). Of towns named from the rivers near which
they are situated, CoUumpton, Crediton, Frampton, Taun
ton, Lenton (on the Culm, Credy, Frome or Frame, Tone,
and Lee) ; Northampton (on the north shore of the R.
Aufona, now the Nen) ; Okehampton, on the R. Oke ;
Otterton, Leamington, Bruton, Moulton, Wilton, on the
Otter, Leam, Brue, Mole, and Willy ; Darlington or
Darnton, on the Dar ; Lymington, in Hants, ane Lenton
(on the pool) ; Southampton (the south town on the Anton
or Test, which with the Itchen forms Southampton Water) ;
Ayton, in Berwickshire, on the R. Eye.
TOPOL (Sclav.), the poplar - tree ; e.g. Toplitz, Neu and Alt (the
place of poplars), in the basin of the R. Elbe, to be distin-

TORGAU— TORR 195

guished from Teplitz, in Bohemia — v. TEPLY, which is
sometimes misnamed Toplitz.
TORGAU (Sclav.), a market-place ; e.g. Torgau, Torgovitza, Torgo-
witz (market-towns).
TORR (Gadhelic) ( ^ mound, a heap, a conical hill, cognate with
TWR (Cvm -Cel )' 1 ^^ ^^'' ^^'''''"' tbe Ger. thurm, and the Grk.
( pyrgos (a tower) ; Tor, in Ireland, means a
tower also ; e.g. Toralt (the tower of the cliff) ; Tormore
(great tower or tower-like rock) ; Tornaroy (the king's
tower) ; Tory Island, off the Irish coast, had two distinct
names — Torach {i.e. abounding in tower-like rocks), and
Toirinis (the island of the tower), so named from a fortress
called Tor-Conaing (the tower of Conaing, a Fomorian
chief) ; Torran, Tortan (little tower), applied to little knolls,
as in Toortane and Turtane ; Mistor and Mamtor, in Devon
shire ; Croken Torr, in Cornwall (a hill where meetings were
held — gragan, Welsh, to speak) ; Torphichen (the raven's
hill), a parish in West Lothian ; Torbolton, in Ayrshire,
tradition says is the town of Baal's mound. There is a
beautiful hill in the parish where superstitious rites are still
held ; a bonfire is raised, and a sort of altar erected, similar
to those described in the sacrifices to Baal on Mount
Carmel ; Torbay, in Devonshire, named from the hill which
overlooks the bay, which gives its name to Torquay ; Torr-
dubh and Torrduff (black hill) ; Torbane and Torgorm
(the white and the blue hill) ; Torbreck (speckled hill) ;
Torinturk (the wild boar's hill) ; Kintore (at the head of the
hill), in Aberdeenshire ; Turriff, in Banffshire, is the plural
form of toir. From the Lat turris and its derivatives,
come Tordesillas (the tower of the bishop's see), in Spain ;
Torquemada, Lat Turris cremata (the burned tower) ;
Torr-alba and Torre-blanca (the white tower) ; Torrecilla,
Lat TurricellcB (the church-towers), in Spain ; Torres-novas
and Torres-vedras (the new and old towers), in Portugal ;
Torella (the little tower), Naples ; Truxillo, in Spain, i.e.
Turris-Julii {the tower of JuUus); Tourcoing (corner tower),
in France ; La-tour-Sans-Venin, near Grenoble, is a corrupt, of
Tour-Saint- Verena — to this saint the chapel was dedicated ;
Tournay, in Belgium, Lat. Turris Nerviorum (the tower ofthe
Nervii); Torres-Torres (the fortifications ofthe mountains),

196 TRAETH—TRE

Tours, in France, is not named from this root, but from the
Turones, a tribe ; but Torres Strait was named after the navi
gator Torres, who discovered it in 1606. In the Semitic lan
guages also Tzur means a rock ; it is the root of the names
of the city of Tyre, and of Syria, of which in early times it
was the chief city. Taurus or Tor is a general name for a
mountain chain ; Tabris (the mountain town), a city of Persia.
„„,„„„ .p^^ p^, . (a strand ; e.g Traeth-mawr (great strand) ;
TRAI H Ccldhelic) ) Traeth-bach (little strand) ; Trefdraeth (the
^ '' ( dwelling on the strand), in Wales ; Traeth-
coch (red strand), in Anglesea. In Ireland : Tralee, Co.
Derry, is from Traigh-liath (the gray strand) ; Tranamadree
(the strand of the dogs), Co. Cork ; BaUintra, when it occurs
on the coast, means the town on the strand, but inland it
comes from Baile-an-tsratha (the town on the river-holm) ;
Ventry, Co. Kerry, is from Fiojin-traigh (white strand) ; as
also Trabane, Trawane, and Trawbawn, which derive their
names from the whitish colour of the sand ; Fintray, a parish
in Aberdeenshire on the R. Don, is also white strand ; but
Fintray, in Dumbartonshire, was formerly Fyntref ox Fyntre,
probably the dwelling, tre, on the Fenach, which is the
boundary-stream of the parish on one side ; Traeth-Saith,
in Wales, named after a mythological patriarch.
TRANK (Get ), a tank for watering animals ; e.g. Kleintrank (little
tank) ; Rosstrank (horse tank) ; Trankmiihle (mill tank).
TRAWA (Sclav.), grass ; e.g. the Traun and the Trave {i.e. the
grassy rivers) ; Traunkirchen (the church on the Traun) ;
Traunik, Trawitz (the grassy place) ; Traunviertel (the dis
trict of the R. Traun), in Silesia and Austria.
TRE or TREE (Cym Cel) ( ^ dweUing, a town; e.g. Treago, ane
TREABHAIR (Gael ) \ Tref-y-goll (hazel-tree dwelling), in
'" ( Monmouth ; Tre-n-eglos (church town),
in Cornwall ; Tremaine (stone dwelling), ComwaU ; Tref-y-
clawdd (the town of the dyke, i.e. Offa's dyke), the Welsh
name for Knighton, in Pembrokeshire ; Oswestry might
come naturally from this word, but the ^^^elsh call it Croes-
Oswald (the place of St. Oswald's martyrdom) ; Coventry,
too, might be from the same root, but Camden says it is a
corruption of Conveiitria (the district of the convent) ;
Daventry, abridged from Dwy-avon-tre (the dweUing on the

TROM— TULACH 197

two rivers) ; Truro, i.e. Tre-rhiw (the dwelling on the sloping
bank, or on the stream) ; Redruth, in Cornwall, ane Tref-
Derwydd (the Druid's town) ; Trefrhiw (the town on the
stream), in Caernarvon ; Tremadoc (Madoc's dwelling) ;
Trecoid (the dwelling in the wood) ; Braintree, Co. Essex
(hill dwelling) ; Dreghorn, in Ayrshire, ane. Trequern (the
dwelling near alder-trees) ; Thrisk, in Yorks]/ire, ane Tref-
Ysk (the dwelling by the water) ; Tranent, in Mid Lothian,
corrupt from Treabhairnant (the dwellings in the valley) ;
Crailing, in Berwickshire, ane Travertin (the dwellings on
the pool) ; Tring, Co. Herts, ane Treungla or Treangle (the
viUage at the corner), Welsh ongl, Lat. angulus; Trelech
(the dweUing at the stone, caUed Harold's grave) ; Tre-
Taliesin (the dwelling of Taliesin, the celebrated Welsh
bard) ; Trenewydd (new dwelling), in Wales ; Rhuddry, a
parish in Glamorgan, probably corrupt, from Yr-yw-tre (the
yew-trees' home) ; Tre'r Beirdd (bard's town) ; Trefawr,
Trefach (great and little town) ; Tredegar, i.e. Tre-deg-fair-
ar (land), (the choice abode) ; Tre-Wyddel (the forester's
abode) ; Trefhedyn, i.e. Tref-y-din (hill town).
TROM, TRIUM (Gadhelic), the eldertree ; e.g. Trim, in Co. Meath,
cormpt. from Ath-trium (the ford of the elder-trees) ;
Trummery and Trimmer (places abounding in elder-trees) ;
Tromann, Trumman (the little elder-tree).
TUAIM, TOOM (Gadhelic), a mound raised over a grave, cognate
with the Lat. tumulus; e.g. Tuam, Co. Galway, ane
Tuaim-da-ghualann (the tumulus of the two shoulders,
from the shape of the ancient sepulchral mound) ; Toome,
on the R. Bann ; Tomfinlough (the tumulus of the clear
lake) ; Tomgraney (the tomb of Grian) ; the Tomies (hills
on Lake Killarney) ; Toomona (the tomb of the bog) ;
Toomyvara, i.e. Tuaim-ui-Mheadra (O'Mara's tomb).
TUAR (Gadhelic), a bleach-green, Anglicised toor; e.g. Tooreen
(little bleach-green) ; Tooreenagrena (the snnny little bleach-
green) ; Monatore (the bog ofthe bleach-green) ; Tintore, for
Tigh-an-tuair (the house at the bleach-green), in Ireland.
TULACH (GadheUc), a little hill or mound, and also a measure
of land — Anglicised tulla, tullow, tully, or tiilli; e.g.
Tullow (the hill) ; TuUamore (great hill) ; TuUanavert (the
hiU of the graves, ferta) ; TuUaghcullion and TullycuUion

TUNDRA — UISCE

(of the holly) ; KiltuUagh (church hill) ; TuUaghan (little
hill) ; Tallow, Co. Waterford, more correctly Tealach-a?t-
iarainn (the hUl of the iron, from the neighbouring iron
mines) ; TuUyallen, on the Boyne, and TuUiallan, in
Perthshire, i.e. Tulaigh-dlainn (the beautiful hill) ; TuUyard
(high hill) ; Tillicoultry (the hiU at the back of the land),
in Clackmannan ; TuUibardine (the bard's hiU) ; TuUoch-
gorum (the blue hiU) ; TuUybody (the hill ofthe black cow, bo
dubh) ; Tillyfour (the grassy hill, feoiridh). Tully or tilly,
however, is sometimes a corruption of teaglach (a family), as
in TuUynessle and TiUymorgan — v. W. Skene, LL.D.
TUNDRA (Tartar), a mossy flat, the name given to the vast plains
on the Arctic Ocean.
TURA (Tartar), a town or settlement ; e.g. Tura, a rivei- in Russia,
so called by the Tartars because they made a settlement
at the place ; Tura, also in Hungary ; O'Tura (old town) ;
Turinsk (the tovifn on the R. Tura), in Russia.
TWISTLE (Scand.), a boundary ; e.g. Twistleton (the to^vn on
the boundary) ; Oswaldtwistle (Oswald's boundary) ; Hal-
twistle (high boundary) ; Birchtwistle (birch-tree boundary) ;
Ectwistle (oak-tree boundary). U
. UAMH (Gadhelic), a cave ; e.g. Cluain-uamha (the pasture of the
cave), the ancient name of Cloyne, Co. Cork ; Drumnahoe,
i.e. Druim-na-huamha (the ridge of the cave) ; MuUinahone
(the mill of the cave) ; Lisnahoon (the fort of fhe cave), in
Ireland. Wem, in Salop, and Wembdon, in Somerset, as
well as other place-names with the prefix wem, may be
derived from the A.S. wem (a hollow), analogous to the Cel.
uaimh. Wamphray, in Dumfriesshire, Gael. UamJi-fridh
(the forest-cave).
UCHEL, UCH (Cym.-Cel.), high, cognate with the Gael, uclida (a
height) ; e.g. Ucheltref and Ochiltree (the high dwelling) ;
the Ochills, a hill range in Perthshire, Lat. Occlli-montes.
UISCE, or UISGE (Gadhelic), ( -;^^' -g-/^^; Usk, f^^^^^^^
^-^ (^>'-^^^-)' t Sx Ex? U'se O^'sel A^'ist'Etka:
Esla, Aisne, Isar, Is^re, Isen, Etsch (river names) ; Duffus

URA—VALLIS

199

and Doubs (black water) ; Marosh (marshy water) ; the
Theis, ane Tibiscus'; Adige, ane Athesis; the Po, ane
Padusa; Loch Ewe, and Ewes, a parish in Dumfries watered
by a stream of this name ; Wisbeach (on the beach of the
Wysg or Wash), now some miles from the beach by the
gradual advance of the land ; Knockaniska (the hillock on
the water) ; Killiskey and Killiskea (the church on the
water), in Limerick ; but Balihiskey, in Tipperary, is from
Bealach-uisce (the road of the water) ; the Rivers Minho and
Mincio, ane Minius and Mincius (little stream) ; Duffus
(dark water) ; Istria (half land, half water) ; Argense or
Argenteus (silver stream), in France ; Caldas (warm waters),
in Spain and Portugal ; Ischia (the island of waters), abound
ing in mineral springs ; Issny, on the R. Leine, ane Issia-
cum (on the water) ; Metz, ane Mettis (between the waters),
also named Divodurum (on the two rivers) ; Osimo, in
Italy, ane Auximum, and Osna, in Spain, ane Uxama
(on the water).
URA (Basque), water ; e.g. Astura (rocky water), a river which
gives its name to the Asturias ; lUuria (the town on the
water) ; lUuro, with the same meaning, now Maturo, in
Spain ; Osuno, ane Ursonum, and Tarazona, ane Turiaso
(the place of good waters), in Spain — osoa, Basque (good) ;
Oloron, ane Illura (the town on the water) — illia, Basque
(a town).
URBS (Lat.), a city; e.g. Orvieto, Lat. Urbs-vetits (the old city).
V
/ a valley ; e.g. Vallais (the land
VALLIS (Lat.), \^ valleys), in Switzerland — its
VAL and VALLfE (Fr.), \ inhabitants were formeriy called
VALLE (Span., Port, and It), ^^^^t^^^tes, i.e. valley dwellers ;
Val-de-Avallano (the valley of hazels) ; Val-de-fuentes (of
fountains) ; Val-del-laguna (of the lagoon) ; Val-del-losa
(of the flagstone) ; Val-del-Moro (of the Moor) ; Val-de-
Olivas (of olive-trees) ; Val-de-penas (of the rocks) ; Val-de-
robles (of the oak-trees), in Spain ; Val-de-lys (the valley of
streams), in the Pyrenees, from an old Provengal word
lys (water) ; VaUde -de -Carol (of Charles), through which

VAR — VELIKA

Charlemagne passed from his conquest of the Moors ;
VaUombrosa (the shady valley) ; Valparaiso (the vaUey of
Paradise) ; Valtelline, in Lombardy, consisting of a long
valley, traversed by the R. Adda and Teglio ; Vaucluse,
Lat. Vallis-clusa (the enclosed valley) ; Orvaux, Lat. Aure-
vallis (the golden valley) ; Rieval, Lat. Regia-vallis
(the royal valley) ; Vals (in the valley of the Volane) ;
¦Vaucouleurs, Lat. Vallis-coloris (the valley of colour), in a
valley of the R. Meuse, whose green and smiling meadows
have given it this name ; Gerveaux or Yorvaux, in Durham,
Lat. Uri-vallis (the valley of the R. Ure) ; Pays-de-Vaud
(the country of valleys or of the Waldenses) ; Clairvaux,
Lat. Clara-vallis (the bright valley) ; Roncesvalles (the
valleys abounding in briers) ; Vaudemont, Lat. Vallis-de-
monte (the valley of the mountain) ; Val-di-chiana (the
valley of the standing pool), in Italy.
VAR, VARAD (Hung.), a fortress ; e.g. Kolos-var, Ger. Klausen
burg, ane Claudipolis (the enclosed fortress, or the city of
Claudius) ; Nagy-varad (great fortress) ; Vasvar, Ger.
Eisenburg (iron fortress) ; Szamos-Ujvar (the new for
tress), on the R. Zamos ; Sarivar (palace fortress) ; Foldvar
(the land fortress) ; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. Stuhl-Weissen-
bitrg (the white fortress of the throne) ; Karoly-Fehervar
or Karlsburg (Charles's white fortress) ; Varosvar, Ger. Eisen-
thurm (the red fortress or iron tower), in Hungary ; Ersek-
Ujvar, Ger. Neuhausel (the bishop's new fortress or seat).
VAROS (Hung.), a town ; e.g. Ujvaros (the new town) ; Also-varos
(lower town) ; Szasz-varos, Ger. Sachse7istadt (the Saxon's
town).
VATN and VAND (Scand.), a lake ; e.g. "^'atnsdalr (the vaUey of
lakes) ; Arnarvatn (eagle lake) ; Fiskvatn (fish lake) ;
Langavat (long lake) ; Steepavat (steep lake) ; Sanvatn
(sandy lake) ; Miosen- Vand (little lake) ; Helgavatn (holy
lake) ; Vatster (the lake dwelling) ; IMyvatn (the lake ofthe
midges) ; Vatnagaard (the farm on the lake).
VEGA (Span.), a plain ; e.g. \'ega-de-la-neustra-Senora (the plain
of our Lady) ; Vega-Espinarada (the plain surrounded
by thorns).
VELIKA, or weliki (Sclav.), great ; e.g. 'V'elikaia (the great river) ;
Velikja-luki (the great marsh), in Russia ; Welkawes (the

VERNUS— VINEA

great village or dwelling), in Sclavonia ; Welka, Welkow,
Welchau, Welchow, etc., with the same meaning.
VERNUS (Lat.), the 3.ldex-txee,' Ce\. gwern; e.^. Verney, Vernez,
Vernois, Vernoy, Verneuil, Vernieres, etc., the names of
various places in France.
VIE, VE, WY (Scand.), holy; e.g. Wydale (the holy valley);
Wyborg, Weighton, Wisby, Wigthorpe (holy dwelling) ;
Wigan, ane Wibiggan (the holy building), in Lancashire ;
Wigton, in Cumberiand (holy town) ; but Wigton, in Scot
land (the town on the bay, vig) ; Sviga (holy river), in
Russia ; Sviajsk (the town on the holy river) ; Sveaborg
and Viborg (holy town) ; Sviatos-nos (holy cape) ; Sviatskaia
(holy town, or of the deity worshipped by the Sclavonians,
called Sviatovid), in Russia.
VILLA (Lat.), a farm, manor, or town, with its derivatives in the
Romance languages ; e.g. ViUa-hermosa (the beautiful
town) ; Villa- franca -de-panades (the free town of the
bakers), in Spain. In France : Charleville (named after
Charles, Due de Nevers) ; Flamanville (founded by a colony
of Flemings), in Normandy; JoinviUe, 'La.t. fovis-Villa (the
city of Jove, named from a Roman tower near the town) ;
LuneviUe (the city of the moon), supposed to have been
named from a temple to Diana ; Offranville, in Normandy,
Lat. Vulfrani Villa (the manor of Wulfran) ; Auberville
and Aubervilliers (the manors of Albert) ; Thionville (the
manor of Theodone), Lat. Theodonis Villa; La Ville-tertre
(hill town) ; Deville, formerly Dei Villa (the city of God) ;
Marteville, Lat Martis Villa (of Mars) ; Villa-Vigosa
(abundant town), in Spain and Portugal ; Villa-rica (rich
town) ; Yeovil, in Somerset (the town on the R. Yeo) ;
Maxwell, in Kirkcudbright and in Roxburghshire, corrupt.
from Maccusville (the manor or settlement of Maccus, to
whom the lands were given by David I.); Phihpville or
Philipstadt, in Belgium (named by Charles '^. after his son) ;
LouisviUe, in the United States (named after Louis XVI.,
whose troops assisted the Americans in the War of Inde
pendence).
VINEA, VINETUM (Lat.), a vineyard ; e.g. Le Vignse, La Vignelle,
Les Vigneaux, Vigneaux, Vigny, Vinax, and places abound
ing in the vine ; La Vigne, in France.

VOE — WALD

VOE CScand ) ( ^ bay ; e.g. Leirvogr (mud bay) ; Laxvoe (sal-
vnpR 1 "'"'^ bay) ; Siliavoe (herring bay) ; Gmnavoe
' ( (green bay) ; Westvoe (west bay) ; Aithsvoe
(the bay on the aith or headland) ; Sandvoe (sandy bay) ;
Kaltenwaag (cold bay) ; Vaage (on the bay), a town in
Norway.
VORM (Get), in front of; e.g. Vormbach, Vormbusch, Vorm-
horst, Vormhagen (in front of the brook, thicket, wood, and
hedge). W
wAFi W4TH CA S ^ ( ^ ^"f'^' cognate with the Lat. vadu7n and
VAD '(Scand) 1*^ Gadhelic ath; e.g. Wadebridge (the
^ ''' ( bridge at the ford), in Cornwall ; Wath-
upon-Deame (the ford of the R. Dearne), in Yorkshire ;
Carnwath (the ford at the cairn), in Lanarkshire ; Lasswade
(the ford on the pasture-land, toes), in Mid Lothian ; Wath
(the ford), on the Yorkshire Ouse ; Langpwaden (long ford),
in Germany ; Wageningen, Lat. Vadu (on the ford), in
Holland, on the R. Leek.
wAdi, or WADY (Ar), a river-course or ravine; e.g. W4di-el-Ain
(the ravine of the fountain) ; W4di-Sasafeh (of the pigeons) ;
Wadi-Sidri (of the thorn) ; Wady-Solab (pf the cross) ;
Wady-SheUal (of the cataract) ; Wady-Magherah (of the
caves); Wady-Sagal (of the acacia); Wady- Mousa (of
Moses) ; Widy-Abou-hamad (of the father fig-tree, named
from a very old tree) ; Wady-Mokatteb (of the writing,
from the number of inscriptions made by pilgrims) ; Wady-
hamman (of the wild pigeons).
WALD CCer ) ( ^ wood or waste land ; e.g. Walden-
WEALD, WOLD (A.S.), ] ^f^^"' I" ^^^^^ /^^ ^^'^^'^ 1^^ °"
\ which saffron was afterwards cultivated) ;
the Weald, Wold, and Wealdon (the waste lands), in
Essex, Kent, Lincoln, and Yorkshire ; Waltham and Wal-
thamstow (the dwelling-place near the wood) ; Waldstadt,
Waldheim, Walddorf (dwellings near the wood), in Ger
many ; Waldeck (woody corner, or corner of the wood) ;
Waldshut (the forest hut), in Switzerland ; Boemerwald
(the Bohemian forest) ; Waldau (woody meadow) ; Wald
sassen (the settlement in the wood) ; Unterwalden (under

WALL — WALSCH 203

or below the wood) ; Zinnwald-Sachsisch (the wood near
the Saxon's tin mine) ; Finsterwalde (the dark wood) ;
Greifswald (the griffin's wood) ; Habechtswald (hawk's wood) ;
Lichtenwald (the cleared wood) ; Rugenwalde (the wood of
the Rugii, a tribe), in Pomerania ; Regenwalde and Saalwalde
(the woody districts ofthe rivers Rega and Saale); Methwald
(in the midst of woods), in Norfolk ; Leswalt (the pasture,
laes, in the wood), in Wigtonshire ; Mouswald (the wood near
Lochar Moss), in Dumfriesshire ; Wooton-Basset, in Wilts
(the woody town of the Basset family, so called from the
quantity of wood in the neighbourhood).
_ . , p , C an embankment, a rampart, a wall, cognate ,
WALL (Old Get), 1 ^.^j^ ^j^g ^^^ vallum, the Gadhelic balla, and
WEALL (A.b.), y ^j^g wgish g^al; e.g. Walton, on the Naze,
where there was a walled enclosure to defend the northern
intruders from the assaults of their hostile Saxon neighbours ;
Walton, also, in the east corner of Suffolk (the town near
the wall) ; also Walton, on the Thames ; Walton -le- dale
and Walton (on the hill), in Lancashire ; Wallsend (at the
end of the wall), in Northumberland ; Walford, in Hereford
(the ford near a Roman fortification) ; Wallsoken (the place
near the wall, where the judicial courts were held) — v. SOC ;
Walmer (the sea-wall), in Kent ; WaUburg, Walldorf (walled
towns), in Germany ; Wallingford, in Berks, ane Gallena,
Welsh Gwal-hen (the old waU or fortification), A.S. Weal-
ingaford; WallmiU, Wallshiels, WaUfoot, Wallhead, places
in Northumberland near the wall of Adrian ; Walpole (the
dwelling, bol, near the waU), in Norfolk, a sea-bank raised by
the Romans as a defence from the sea ; but Walsham and
Walsingham, in Norfolk, take their name from the Wael-
sings, a tribe. This place was caUed by Erasmus Parath-
alasia, Grk. (by the sea-beach).
/foreign. These words were applied by the
WALSCH (Get), J -pgmQnic andSclavonicnations to alfforeigners,
¦WEALH (A S.), -> ^^^ ^^ jjjg ^.Q^ntries inhabited or colonised
VLACH (Sclav.), I^^y ^j^^gg ^j^^ ^;^ j^^^ ^pjj^g jCj.Qna a Teutonic
stock or speak their language. In the charters of the
Scoto-Saxon kings the Celtic Picts of Cambria and Strath
clyde were called Wallenses; e.g. Wales, Gwalia — root
gwal or gall, foreign. The Welsh call their own countiy

204 WALSCH— WANG

Cy7nru (the abode of the Kymry or aborigines) — (the home
of the Cymric Celts), so named by the Saxons ; Wallachia
(the strangers' land, vlach), so called by the Germans and
Sclaves because colonised by the Romans ; Walcherin, ane
Walacria or Gualacra (the island of the strangers or Celts) ;
Cornwall (the horn or promontory of the Celts) ; also
Cornuailles (a district in Brittany peopled by British emi
grants from Wales) ; Wallendorf (the town of the strangers),
the German name for Olaszi or Olak, in Hungary, peopled
by Wallachians ; Wallenstadt and Wallensee (the town and
lake on the borders of the Romansch district of the Grisons,
conquered by the Romans under Constantius) ; Walschland,
the German name for Italy. The Celts of Flanders were
also called Walloons by their German neighbours ; and
Wlachowitz, in Moravia, means the to\vn of the Wallachs
or strangers. The Gadhelic gall (foreign), although used
with the same meaning as wealh, is not connected with it
It is a word that has been applied to strangers by the Irish
from the remotest antiquity ; and as it was applied by them
to the natives of Gaul {Galli), gall, in the first instance, might
mean simply a native of Gaul. It was aftenvards used in
reference to the Norwegians, Fio7in-ghaill (the fair-hahed
strangers) ; and to the Danes, Dubh-gludll (the dark^dSxed
strangers) ; and in connection with them and with the
English the word enters largely into Irish topography ; e.g.
Donegal, i.e. Dun-nau-Gall (the fortress of the foreigners
or Danes) ; Clonegall and Clongall (the meadow of thi
strangers) ; Ballynagall and Ballnagall (the to\™ of the
strangers, or English). For the further elucidation of these
words V. Irish Na77ies of Places, by Dr. Joyce, and Words
and Places, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. The words Gaill
and Gallda are applied by the Highlanders of Scotland to
their countrymen in the Lowlands, but they have no con
nection with the name which they apply to themselves —
The Gaidheil, derived from an ancestor Gaodal.
WANG (Get and A.S.), a field or strip of land, allied to the Scot
tish whang, a slice ; e.g. Feuchtwang (moist field) ; Duir-
wangen (barren field) ; Ellwangen, ane Ellhcnwang (the
field of the temple, clch or allts) ; Affolterwangen (apple-tree
field) ; \\'angford (the ford of the i^'ang).

WARA— WARID 205

WARA (Sansc), a dweUing ; e.g. Kattiwar (the dwelling of the
Katties, a tribe) ; Judwar (of the Juts or Jats) ; Kishtewar
(the dwelling in the wood). In Anglo-Saxon wara means
inhabitants — thus Lindiswaras (the inhabitants of Lincoln ;
Ca7itwara, of Kent).
WARD, WART, WARTH (Teut.), a watch-tower or beacon, or a place
guarded, A.S. waerdian, Ger. warte/i, to guard — waering,
a fortification ; e.g. Hohenwarth, Lat. Altaspecula (the high
watch-tower) ; Warburg (the town of the watch-tower),
in Westphalia. In England : Warden, Wardle, Wardley
(guarded places, or places where the warden of the district
resided) ; Wardlaw (the beacon hill) ; Wardoe (beacon
island), in Norway ; Warwick, i.e. Waering-vic (the fortified
dwelling, or the fort of the Waerings) ; Woerden or War
den (the fortified place), in HoUand ; Vordhill, in Shetland,
and "Varberg, in Sweden (the hill of the beacon) ; Warthill,
or beacon hill, in Westmoreland ; Warburton, found as
Wardeburgh (the town near the watch-fort) — here Athel-
freda, Queen of Mercia, built a citadel ; Warrington (the
town with the fortress, waering) ; Gross-wardein, the Ger
man rendering of Nagy varad, Sclav, (great fortress).
From guardar. Span, (to defend), we have Guardamar (the
sea guard, with a hill-fort at the mouth of the R. Segura) ;
La Guardia (built as a defence against the incursions of the
Moors) ; Guardia-regia (royal fortress) ; Leeuwarden, ane
Lienwarden (the guarded place near lime-trees), in the
Netherlands. ,„, , ^ ^ (a river island, or sometimes a plot
WARID, WERID (Old Get), I „f nd insulated by marshes and
WERDER (Mod. Ger), | ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^_ H ^^^^^ ^^,^^^
the forms of werth or wirth, cognate with the A. S. worth or
worthing, qu. v.; e.g. Bischopswerder (the bishop's island);
Elsterwerder, Saarwerder (the islands in the Rjvers Elster
and Saar) ; Donauworth (the island in the R. Danube) ;
Kirchwerder (church island) ; Marienwerder (the island or
enclosure dedicated to the Virgin Mary) ; Falconswaart (the
falcon's enclosure), in Holland ; Poppenwarth (the priest's
enclosure) ; Werden, Werder, Wertheim (dwellings near
river islands) ; Worth (the enclosed place), in Bavaria ;
Worth-sur-Sauer (the enclosure on the R. Sauer) ; Nonnen-

2o6 WARK—WEIDE

werth (the nun's enclosure) ; Furstenwerder (the prince's
island) ; Verden (near a large island formed by the R. AUer),
in Hanover ; Verderbruch (the island bridge) ; Bolswaard
(Bolswine's river island), in Holland ; Wertingen (a town
on an island in the R. Schmutter) ; Schonwerder (beautiful
island, on the R. Unstmth) ; Werth-sur-Sauer, in Alsace (on
an island formed by the Rivers Sauer and Soultzbach) ;
Borumeler-Waard (an island near the town of Bemmel), in
Holland, formed by the junction of the Rivers Waal and
Maas ; but Hoyerswerda, in Silesia, is a corruption of the
Wendish name Worejze (the town on the ploughed land).
WARK, VIRKI (Scand.), a fortress ; e.g. Wark, in Dumfriesshire,
Warke Castle, on the Scottish border ; Warkthwaite (the
enclosure belonging to the fortress), in Cumberland ; Ald
wark (old fortress) ; Newark, in Nottingham and in Selkirk
(the new fortress) ; Southwark (the south fortress) ; Warks-
burn, Warkton, Warkworth (places named from their vicinity
to Warke Castle), in Northumberland.
WASSER, WAZAR (Teut.), Ir'^i '¦^- ^""fl^^^^^ (^ '°^, 0"
WODA (Sclav.), *^^ "^f "l-f.";).: Schwartzwasser (black
^ ' \ water) ; ^^ hiteadder (white water),
river names ; Ullswater (named from UUa or Ulf, a Norse
chief) ; Wasserburg, in Bavaria, on the R. Inn, and Wasser-
burg on Lake Constance (the town on the water) ; Waterloo
(the watery marsh) ; Wasserbillig (the plain by the river) ;
Zwishenwassern (between the waters, at the confluence of
two streams), in Illyria ; Altwasser, Sclav. Starawoda (the
old stream), in Moravia. The ancient name of the R
Odra was Wodra (water).
WEG (Ger ) ( ^ ^^^^'' ^ ''°^'^' <=ognate with the Lat. via; e.g.
WAAG (Dutch) JWegefurt and Wayford (the way to the ford) ;
WAEG (A S ) j Bradenwaag, (broad way) ; Lichtenweg (the
^ - •'' ( cleared road) ; Wegmiihle (miU road) ; Wainfleet
(the way by the harbour) ; ^^¦akefield (the field by the way
side) ; Norway, A.S. No7-waegas (the northern districts or
paths) ; Courbevoie, Lat. Curba-via (the curbed way), in
France.
WEIDE (Ger ) ( P^^ture ; e.g Langenweid (the long pasture) ;
WEOD (A S ) 1 Rathsweide (the counciUoris pasture) ; Neuweid
^ ¦ ¦''' ( (new pasture) ; Mittweyda (the middle pasture).

WEILER — WEND 207

WEILER (Ger.), a hamlet. Old Get wila; e.g. Kleinweil
(the little hamlet) ; Kurzweil (short hamlet) ; Langwell
(long hamlet), Pfaffwyl (the priest's hamlet) ; Weiller, in
Alsace, Echzell, in Hesse-Darmstadt, corrupt, from Achizwila
(the hamlet on the water) ; Eschweiler (the hamlet near ash-
trees) ; Dettweiler (the hamlet of the diet, or people's
meeting) ; Rappersweil (the hamlet of Rappert, a per
sonal name); RothweU, in Baden, ane Rotwili {xed hamlet).
In England this word takes the form of well or will, as
in Kittlewell and BradweU. In Normandy, Hardvilliers,
Rohrwiller, Neuviller, etc.
WEIR (A.S.), a dam, that which wards off the water, wearan, A.S.,
to guard ; e.g. Ware, in Co. Hertford, named from a dam
on the R. Lea, made by the Danes ; Wareham (the town
on the Weir), in Dorsetshire ; Warminster (the monastery
near the weir.)
,p , / white ; e.g. Weisshorn (white cape) ; Weissmaes
HwiT C A S \ J ('"'bite field) ; Weissenberg and Weissenfels
Hvin CS H ^ 1 (white rock) ; Weissenburg and Weissenstadt
(^ (white town); Weissenthurm (white tower).
Sometimes the word takes the form of witte7t, as in Witten
berg and Wittenburg (white fortress), although this prefix
is frequently derived from vitu, wood ; Whitacre (white
field) ; Whitbume, Whitbourne, Whitbeck (white stream) ;
Witley (white meadow) ; Whiston, in Worcester, so named
because it was originally a convent of white nuns.
WEND, WIND, words applied in German topography to mark the
settlements of the Wends or Sclavonians, from the verb wa7t-
deln, to wander. The Sclavonians call themselves Slowja7ie,
which means intelligible men, or Srb, which means kins7nen;
while, by all the Sclavonic tribes, the Germans are called
niemiec, the dumb men, because their language is unintel
ligible to their Sclavonic neighbours. The Wends in the
sixth century occupied the north-eastern parts'of Germany,
but are now chiefly confined to Lusatia ; e.g. Wendischbach
(the Wends' brook) ; Wendischhausen and Windsheim (the
dweUings of the Wends) ; Wendischgratz (the Wends' for
tress) ; Wendischkappel (the Wends' chapel or church) ;
Windecken and Wendischhayn (the Wends' comer and
enclosure).

2o8 WERBA — WICH

WERBA (Sclav.), pasture ; e.g. Werben, on the Elbe:
WERCH (Sclav.), a summit ; e.g. Werchau (the town on the height),
in Prussia ; Werch-see (the lake on the height) ; Werchne-
Udinsk (the height on the R. Uda) ; Verkne-Dnieprevosk
(the high town on the R. Dnieper) ; Werchne-Uralish, on
the R. Ural; Verkne-Kolynski, on the R. Kolyma;
Verkne-Sousensk, on the R. Sosna ; Werchblatt (high
marsh).
WERE, WARE (Teut.), a dam or wharf; literally, what is thrown up —
werfen; e.g. Werfen (the town on the embankment), in
Upper Austria ; Antwerp, ane Andoverpu77i (at the wharf) ;
Hohenwerpum (high wharf) ; Neuwarp (new wharf).
WERK, WEORC (Teut.), a work, applied in topography to places
where manufactures are carried on ; e.g. Bergwerk (a hill
work or mine) ; Konigswerk (the king's manufactory) ;
Hofwerk and Werkhausen (places connected with mines) ;
Hiittenwerk (the huts of the workmen in the Hartz ;Moun-
tains) ; Seifenwerk (the place for washing the metals at the
mines) ; Frederickswerk (a cannon foundry in Denmark
established by King Frederick) ; Wirksworth, in Derbyshire
(the enclosure near the mines).
WESTEN (Ger.), the west. This word Buttman traces to an old
Ger. root wesen, Goth, visan (rest), i.e. the quarter of the
heavens where the sun sinks to rest ; e.g. Westphalia (the
western plain) ; Westerwald (west wood) ; Westerufer (the
western shore, i.e. of the R. Inn) ; Westhausen and West-
hoffen (the west dwellings and court), in Alsace ; Wesen,
on the west shore of Lake \\'allensee ; Westeraas, in
Sweden, ane Vestra-aros (western dweUing), so called to
distinguish it from Ostra-aros (the eastern dweUing) ; West-
man's Isles, Scand. Vestmanna-cyar, on the coast of Iceland,
so caUed because peopled by men from the west — Irish
pirates ; Westbury, Westbourn, Weston, ^^'estbrook, from
the same root.
WICH, wic, WYK (Teut.), i^ d^veUing, a village, a town— a word
WICK, VIG (Scand.), - '" g^"!f=^l "^^ '" *e topography of
WAS, WIES (Sclav.), ^'¦^=^' 2,"'^'"' ^^ ^^'s" ^s on the con-
l^ tment, but with various meanings.
According to Leo, the Teut wich or vichs arose from the
root waes, A.S., and wicsc, Ger. (a moist meadow) and

WICH 209
hence was applied to places situated on low lands, often on
the bank of a stream ; e.g. Meeswyk (the town on the
Maas) ; Beverwyk, on the Bever. The primary meaning
seems to have been a station — with the Anglo-Saxons a
station or abode on the land, with the Norsemen a station
for ships. The root of the word runs through all the Aryan
languages — Sansc. vega, Grk. oikos, Pol. wies, Ir. fieh,
Cym.-Cel. qwic, all meaning an abode ; e.g. Alnwick (the
town on the R. Alne); Ipswich, ane Gippenswich, on the
Gipping ; York, A.S. Eorvic, Lat. Eboracum, Welsh Caer-
Ebreuc (the town on the water, or R. Eure) ; Hawick (the town
on the haugh or low meadow) ; Noordwyk (north town) ;
Nederwyk (lower town) ; Zuidwyk andZuick (south town),
in Holland and Belgium ; Harwich (army town), so called
from having been a Saxon station or military depot ; Keswick
(the town of Cissa) ; Wickware, in Gloucestershire (the
town of the family of De la Ware). On the other hand, the
Scandinavian wich or vig signifies a bay, or a place situated
on the coast, or at the mouth of a river — thus Schleswick (on
a bay formed by the R. Schlie), in Prussia ; Wick (the
town on the bay), in Caithness ; Sandwich (the town on the
sandy bay) ; Lerwick (on the muddy bay) ; Greenwich,
Scand. Granvigen (the town on the pine bay) ; Reikjavik,
in Iceland (the reeky or smoky bay) ; Vigo in Spain, and
Vaage in Norway (on spacious bays) ; Swanage, in Dorset,
ane Swanwick (Sweyen's bay town) ; Brodick, in Arran
(the broad bay town) ; Wicklow, in Ireland, probably
Danish Vigloe (bay shelter), used by the Danes as a ship
station ; Smerwick (butter bay) ; Berwick, contracted from
Aberwick (at the mouth of the R. Tweed) — v. aber. Wiche
also denotes a place where there are salt mines or springs,
and in this sense is probably connected with the Scand. vig,
as salt was often obtained by the evaporation of sea-water
in shaUow bays; thus Nantwich — v. NANT; Middlewich
(the middle salt works) ; Droitwich, Lat. Salince (the salt
springs, where the droit or tax was paid). In some cases
wich or wick is derived from the Lat. vicus, cognate with
the Grk. oikos and Sansc. vei^a (a dwelling)— thus Katwyk-
sur-mer and Katviyk-sur-Rhin are supposed to occupy the
site of the Roman Vicus-Cattorum (the dwelling-place of
p

WIDR— WIN

the Chatti) ; Vick or Vique, in Spain, from Vicus-Ausoni-
ensis (the dweUing of the Ausones) ; Vidauban, in France,
from Vicus- Albanus (the dwelling of Albanus) ; Longwy,
from Longus-vicus (long town) ; Limoges, ane Lemovicum
(the town of the Lemovici) ; also in France : Vic-"flespr6s
(the town on the meadows) ; Vic-sur-Losse and Vic-sur-
Aisne, the towns on these rivers. The Sclav, wice is
found in Jazlowice (the town on the marsh) ; and Malsch-
wice (Matthew's town), etc.
WIDR, or VITU (Teut and Scand.), wood; e.g. Norwood (north
wood) ; Selwood, Lat. Sylva-7nagna (great wood), Celtic
Coit7naur; Coteswold (from its sheep-cotes, in the wood) ;
the Wolds, near Woldemess, in Yorkshire ; Ringwood, in
Hants, Lat. Regni-sylva (the wood or forest of the Regni,
a tribe) ; Wittstock and Woodstock (woody place) ; but
Wittingau, Wittingen, Wittgenstein, Wittgensdorf, and
other names with this prefix in Germany, come from the
patronymic Wittick or Wittikind {i.e. the chUdren ofthe
woods). In England the same prefix may mean white, as
in Witney, or from places where the Saxon Witangemote
held their meetings; Holywood, in Dumfriesshire, Lat
Abbia sacra nemoris (the abbey of the sacred wood), caUed
by the Irish Der-Congal (the sacred oak grove of Congal).
WIECK, or wiKl (Sclav.), a market especially for com ; e.g. Wieck
(the market town), the name of numerous places in the
Sclavonic districts ; Wikow (the Sclavonic name for Elster
werder) — V. WARID, etc.
wiESE (Ger ) (pasture -ground or meadow; e.g. Pfaffenwiese
WAES (A S ) 1 ^^ priest's meadow) ; Schaafwiese (sheep
¦ ¦ ' ( pasture) ; Wiesbaden (the meadow baths) ; the
Wash (near moist pasture-ground) ; Wismar (beautiful or
rich meadow), in Mecklenburg ; Wiesflech (the hamlet in
the meadow pasture) ; Ziegelwasen (the goat's meadow) ;
Wisheim (the dwelling in the meadow or pasture-ground).
WILIG (A.S.), the willow; e.g. Wilcrick (willow crag); Wilden
(willow hollow) ; but Willoughby and Willoughton, probably
from a personal name.
WIN (A.S.), victory; e.g. Winford, Winslow, Wingrave, Wim-
borne (the ford, hill, entrenchment, and brook of the victory).

WIXKEL— WORTH

wiNKEL(Get) (a. corner; e.g. Winceby (corner dwelling);
^„_- /A c\\ Winchcomb (the comer hollow) ; Winchelsea (the
' \ island or moist land at the comer) ; Winchendon
(corner hill) ; Winkleigh (corner meadow) ; Winkelhorst
(corner thicket) ; Winkeldorf (comer village) ; Winklam
(the waste field at the corner).
WISCH, or OSSICK, contracted from the Sclav, hussoki (high) ; e.g.
Wissek, Weissagh, Wisowice or Wisowitz, Ossiegt, and
Ossagh (high village) ; Wischhrad (high fortress) ; Wisoki-
mazo-wieck (the high middle market-town), in Poland ;
but in Germany wisch is sometimes a form of wiese
(meadow), as in Wischmiihle (the meadow mill) ; Wisch-
hausen (the dweUing in the meadow) ; Essek, for Ossick
(high place), in Sclavonia.
WITHIG (A.S.), the vrillow ; e.g. Witham, Withern (wiUow dweUing) ;
Withybrook (wiUow stream) ; Withridge (willow ridge).
WOH (A.S.), a turning; e.g. Woburn, Wooburn (the bend of the
stream) ; Woking (the turning at the chink or chine).
WOL (Sclav.), the ox ; e.g. Wolgast (the oxen's shed) ; Wohlau (an
enclosure for oxen), a town in Prussia which carries on
a great trade in cattle ; WoUin (the place of oxen), at the
mouth of the R Oder.
WOLSCHA, or OELZA (Sclav.), the alder-tree ; e.g. Wolschau, Wol-
schen, Wolsching, Wolschinka (the place abounding in
alders) ; the Sclavonic name for the R. Elster is Wolshinka
(the river of alders) ; Oels, in Silesia, on the Oelse (alder-
tree stream) ; Oelsen and Olsenice (the village of alder-
trees) ; Olsnitz (the town on Elster, or alder stream).
WOLV, or WOL, a prefix sometimes employed with reference to the
wolf, as in Wolvesley (the wolves' island), where a tribute
of wolves' heads was paid annually by the Britons to the
Saxons, by order of King Edgar Sometimes as a contrac
tion for wold (the waste land), as in Wolford^ Wolborough,
Woldingham, Wooler, and in Woolverton ; but it comes
often also from a personal name, as in Wolfhamcote,
Wulferiow, Wolferton (from Ulp or Wulfhern).
WORTH, or WEORTHING (A.S.), a farm, manor, or estate, a place
warded or protected, A.S. warian (to defend); cognate
with the Ger. warid or werder; e.g. Worthing in Sussex,
Worthen in Salop, Worthy and Worting in Hants,

WURZE— ZERKWA

Worthington in Lancashire (the farm or manor) ; High-
worth (high manor) ; Kenilworth (the estate of Kenelm) ;
Bosworth (of Bosa) ; Edgeworth (the estate on the border) ;
Edgeware, ane Edgeworth, same meaning ; Polwarth (the
estate on the marshy land), a parish in Berwickshire ;
Ravenworth (the manor of Hrafen) ; Rickmansworth (of
Rickman) ; Tamworth (the manor), on R. Tam ; Wands
worth, on the R. Wandle ; Worksworth (the place near
the miner's works) ; Chatsworth (the manor in the wood),
Celtic coed; Hammersmith, corrupt, from Hermoderworth
(the manor of Hermode).
WURZE (Ger ) ( ^" ^^^^' ^ P^^"* ' '^y'^*""' ^ garden ; e.g. Wurtz-
WYRT CA S ) 1 ^"''^' ^"'^^ ^^^^^P°^^^ (tbe city of plants) ;
^ ' 'h ( Wortley (the place or field of herbs); Warton
(the garden). Y
YEN (Chinese), salt ; e.g. Yen-shan (salt hiU) ; Yen-yuen (salt
spring).
YENI (Turc), new ; e.g. Yenidja-Vardar (the new fortress), ane
Bella; Yenidya-Carasu (the new place on the black water) ;
Yenikale (the new castle) ; Yenikhan (new inn) ; Yeniseisk
(the new town on the R. Yenisei) ; Yenishehr (the new
dwelling) ; Yeni-Bazar (new market) ; Yenikoi (new viUage) ;
Yeni-Hissar (new castle).

ZAB (Ar.), a fountain ; e.g. Great and Little Zab, in Turkey.
ZARNY, or CZERNY (Sclav.), black ; e.g. Zschorne (black to\vn) ;
Somosche-Elster, i.e. the black R. Elster ; Zschomegosda
(black inn) ; Zarnowice, Zarnowitz, Same, Samow, Samowo,
Sarnaki (black village).
ZERENY, or CZERENY (Sclav.), red ; e.g. Tschema (the red river) ;
Tscherniz or Zerniz (red town) ; Tzemagora (red mountain).
ZERKWA (Sclav.), a Greek church, from the Grk. kuriake; a
Romish church in their language is called kosciol; a
Protestant church, zbor; e.g. Zerkowo, Zerkowitz, Zerkwitz
(the town of the Greek church).

ZETTEL — ZI 213

ZETTEL (Sclav.), from sedal (Ger.), a seat or settlement; e.g.
Brockzettel (the settlement or seat on the broken-up land) ;
Endzettel (the settlement at the corner) ; Weinzettel (the
wine settlement).
ZI (Old Fr.), a habitation ; e.g. Sussi (the habitation on high
ground) ; Issy (the dwelling, here, or on low ground) ;
Passy (the dwelling near the boat — bac or bad).

INDEX

A few Names which do not occur in the body ofthe Work are explained
in the Ijidex.

Abbeville, 4
Abbeyfeale, 4
Abbeyleix and Abbeyshrule, 4
Abyssinia, named from the Rivers Abai
and Wabash, or, according to Bruce,
firom haiish (mixed), i.e. the country
of the mixed races
Acapulca, 9
Acre, ane. Accho, Ar. the sultry or
sandy shore
Adelsberg, the nobles' fortress
Aden, Ar. a paradise
Afium-kara-hissar, Turc. the black
castle of opium
Agades, the enclosure
Agde, in France, Grk. Agathos, the
good place, founded by Greeks from
Marseilles
Aghrim, or Aughrim, 67
Agosta, Lat. Augusta
Agra, 2
Airdrie, 10
Aix, 9
Aix-la-Chapelle, 9
Akemian, "Turc. (white castle)
Akhalzk, new fortress
Alabama, the land of rest
Alagous Bay (abounding in lakes)
Aland, water land
Albania, 7

Albert, in Cape Colony, named after
the Prince Consort
Albuera, Ar. the lake
Albuquerque, Lat. the white oak-
tree
Alcala, Ar. the castle, 114
Alcantara, 6
Alcarez, Ar. the farm
Aldershott, 107
Alemtayo (beyond the R. Tagus)
Aleutian Islands, the bold rocks
Alexandria and Alexandretta, named
after Alexander the Great
Alexandria, in Cape Colony, in honour
of Queen "Victoria
Alexandria, in Italy, after Pope Alex
ander III.
Alhama, 100
Alleghany Mountains, from a tribe
Alloa, the way to the sea
Almaden, Ar. the mine
Almanza, Ar. the plain
Almanzor, Ar. victorious
Almeida, Ar. the tafcle
Altona, called by the Hamburgians
All-zu-nah, i.e. (all too near), in
alltision to its vicinity to Hamburg
Alyth, the ascent or slope
America, named after the Florentine
adventurer Amerigo- Vespucci
Angora, ane. Ancyra

2l6

INDEX

Annam (the place of the South)
Anstruther, 179
Antrim (at the elder trees)
Antwerp, 208
Aoasta, Lat. Augusta
Apennine Mountains, 154
Appenzel, 4
Appleby, 37
Applecross, 3
Aranjues, Lat. Ara lovis, the altar of
Jove
Aravali Mountain, the hill of strength
Arbois, ane. Arborosa, the woodyplace
Arbroath, 3
Archangel, named in honour of the
Archangel Michael
Archipelago, the chief sea
Arcos, ane. Argotriga, the town on
the bend
Ardeche, now Ardoix, in France, from
ardoise, slate
Ardee, in Ireland, on the R. Dee, now
the Nith
Ardeen and Ardennes, 10, 11
Ardfert, 10
Ardrossan, 10
Argos, the plain
Argyle, 150
Aries, Cel. Ar-laeth, the marshy land
Armagh, i.e. Ardmacha, Macha's
height
Armorica, 143
Arras, named from the Atrebates
Arthur Seat, in Edinburgh, Gael. Ard-
na-said, i.e. theheight of the arrows,
meaning a convenient ground to
shoot from
Ascension Island, so named because
discovered on Ascension Day
Asperne, n
Aspropotamo, Modern Grk. (the white
river)
Assouan, Ar. the opening at the mouth
of the Nile
Astrakan, named after a Tartar king
Astura R. , 199
Asturias, 12
Attica, Grk. the promontory
Aubusson, 36

Auch, named after the Ausci, a tribe
Auchinleck, 5
Auckland, 5
Audlem, 7
Augsburg, 35
Aurillac, supposed to have been named
after the Emperor Aurelian
Auriol, ane. AurioluTn, the golden or
magnificent
Austerlitz, 151
Australia, the southern land
Austria, 164
Autun, 69
Auvergne, the high country, 11
Ava, or Awa, named from angwa, a
fish-pond
Avignon, 14
Avranches, named from the Atrin-
catui
Awe, Loch, 2
Azores Isles, Port, the islands of hawks

B
Baalbec, 15
Babelmandeb Strait, 15
Bactria, Pers. the east country
Badajos, corrupt from Lat. Pax Au
gusta
Baden, 15
Baffin's Bay, named in honour of the
discoverer
Bagdad, 16
Bahar, corrupt, from Vihar, a Buddhist
monastery
Bahia, Port, the bay, 16
Bahr-el-Abiad, 17
Bahrein, 17
Baikal, the rich sea
Baireuth, 162
BakeweU, 162
BaJchtchisarai, the palace of the gar
dens
Bala (river head), in ^^'ales
Balachulish, 17
Balaclava, 21
Bala-Ghauts, 18
Bala-hissar, 18
Balasore, 18

INDEX

217

Balbriggan, Brecan's bridge
Balearic Isles, because their inhabitants
were skilful in the use of the sling
[Balla, Grk. to throw)
Balfour, 17
Balkan, 18
Balkh, 18
BaUantrae, the dweUing on the sea
shore, 196
Ballater, 125
BalUna, corrupt, from Bel-atha, ford
mouth, 21
BalUngry, the town of the king — v.
BAILE
BaUintra, 196
BaUoch, 22
BaUycasfle, castle-town — v. 17
BaUymena, 17
BaUymoney, 17
BaUy shannon, 22
Balmaghie, 18
Balmaklellan, the town of the Mac-
lellans, 18
Balmerino, 17
Balmoral, 17
Balquhidder, the town at the back of
the country
Balta and Baltia, the country of the
belts or straits, the ancient name of
Scandinavia, 18
Banbury, 35
Banchory, the fair valley
Banchory -Devenick and Banchory -
Ternan, named in honour of two
saints who lived there
Banda- Oriental, the eastern bank of
the Rio-de-la-Plata
Banff, 34
Bangor, 23
Banjarmassin, from bender, a harbour,
and musing, usual, or from banjer,
water, and massin, salt
Banks Islands and Banks Land, named
in honour of Sir Joseph Banks
Bantry, Ir. Beantraighe, i.e. belong-
^ote. — For Scotch or Irish names beginning
with bal or bally, v. baile or beai-, pp.
17 and 21

ing to the descendants of Beann, of
the royal race of Ulster
Barbadoes, Port, the island of pines
Barbary, the country of the Berbers
Barbuda, the island of the bearded men,
so named by the Portuguese
Barcelona, named from Hamilcar
Barca, who founded it
Bardhwan, Pers. the thriving place
Bardsey, 72
Barfleur, 81
Bar-le-Duc, 194
Barnstaple, 1/2 Jf
Barrow, 19
Barrow Strait, named in honour of
Sir John Barrow
Barton, 194
Basque Provinces, from bassoco, a
mountaineer, or, according to Hum
boldt, from basoa, a forest
Bass Strait, named after Bass, a navi
gator
Basse Terre, low land
Bassora, or Bozra, the fortress
Batavia, 108
Bath, 16
Battersea, 71
Battle and Buittle, 27
Bautzen, 33
Bavaria, the country of the Boii
Bayeux, named from the Bajoccas, a
tribe
Bayonne, 17
Beachy Head, 19
Beauley and Beaulieu, 21
Beaumaris, 21
Beauvais, named from the Bellovacii
Bedford, 82
Bednore, 151
Beersheba, 20
Behring Strait, so named by Captain
Cook in honour of Behring, a Rus
sian navigator
Beinn, Ben, etc. , a mountain, 22
Beira, Port, the river-bank
Beja, corrupt, from the Lat. Pax-Julia
Belfast, 22
Belgium, named from the Belgae
Belgrade, 21

2l8

INDEX

Belize, named after a person called
Wallace
BeU Rock or Inch Cape, a reef of rocks
south-east from Arbroath, so caUed
fromthe Ugh thouse which was erected
on it in 1811, previous to which the
monks of Arbroath caused a bell to
be suspended upon it so as to be rung
by the waves, and thus give warning
to mariners
Belleisle, 21
Bellie, the mouth of the ford
Belper, 21
Beluchistan, 182
Benares, named from the names
of the two rivers on which it is
situated
Bender, etc., 23
Beni, etc., 23
Benin, corrupt, from Lat. benignus,
blessed
Berbice, at the mouth of the R.
Berbice
Berdiansk, 176
Berg and its derivatives, 23
Bergamo, on a hiU
Berhampore, 160
Berkeley, 25
Berkshire, 25
Berlin, perhaps from Sclav, berle, un
cultivated ground, but uncertain
Bermudas Isles, named after the dis
coverer Juan Bermudez
Berriew, corrupt, from Aber-Rhiw,
at the mouth of the R. Rhiw, in
Wales, 3
Bervie, 112
Berwick, 209
Berwyn, 19
Beveland, 122
Beverley, 25
Bewdley, 21
Beyrout, 20
Bhagulpore, 160
Bhurtpore, 160
Bicester, corrupt, from Birineester, i.e.
the fortress of Birin, Bishop of Glou
cester
Bideford, by the ford

Biela-Tsorkov, white church
Bielgorod, white fortress
Bielorietzk, 176
Biggar, the soft land
Bilbao, under the hiU
Bingley, the field of Bing, the original
proprietor
Bir, 20
Birkdale, the birch vaUey
Birkenhead and Birkhampstead, 25
Birmingham, 99
Biscaya and Bay of Biscay, named
from the Basques, which, accord
ing to Humboldt, means forest
dweUers
Bishop-Auckland, so called firom the
number of oaks that grew here, and
from the manor having belonged to
the bishops of Durham
Black Sea, perhaps so caUed from its
frequent storms and fogs. The
Greeks called it Euxine, from euxinos,
hospitable, disliking its original
name, Axinos, inhospitable
Blaen and its derivatives, 26
Blair and its derivatives, 26
Blantyre, the warm retreat
Bodmin, 27
Bohemia, 100
Bois-le-Duc, the duke's wood
Bokhara, the treasury of sciences, the
chief town in a state of the same
name
BoUvia, named after its liberator
Bolivar
Bologna and Boulogne, named from
the Boii
Bombay, named after an Indian god
dess Borab^, but translated by the
Portuguese into Bom-bahia, good
bay
Bordeaux, 9
Bornholm, 127
Borovsk, 28
Borrowstounness, 145
Bosphorus, Grk. the passage of the
buU
Bourges, named from the Biiuriges
Brabant, 18

INDEX

219

Bramapootra R. , the offspring of
Brahma
Brazil, named from the colour of its
dye-woods, braza. Port, a live coal
Breadalbane, 29
Brecknock, the hiU of Brecon or Bry
chan, a Welsh prince
Breda, 29
Breslaw, named after King Vratis-
law
Breton, Cape, discovered by mariners
from Brittany
Bridgenorth, 31
Bridgewater, 31
Brieg, 29
Brighton, corrupt from Brighthelm-
ston, from a personal name
Bristol, 183
Britain : the Cym. -Cel. root brith, to
paint, is supposed by some to be the
root of the word ; the British poets
caUed it Inis gwyn, white island,
which answers to the Roman name
Albion
Brixton, 31
Brodick, 209
Brody, 30
Brooklyn, in New York, Dutch, the
broken-up land
Bruges, 31
Brunswick, 172
Brussels, 30
Brzesce-Litewski, 28
Bucharest, the city of enjoyment
Buckingham, a tribe name, or the
dwelUng among beeches, 33
Buda, 33
Budweis, 33
Buenos-Ayres, 28
Builth, 8
Bungay, 95
Burgos, 26
Burslem, Burward's dwelUng, in the
clayey soil, leim
Bury, 34
Bushire, 174
Bute, 33
Buttermere, 136
Buxton, 33

Cabeza-del-Buey, 117
Cabrach, the timber-moss, a parish in
Co. Banff
Cader-Idris, the chair of Idris, in Wales
Cadiz, 86
Cahors, named from the Cadurci
Cairo, Ar. Al-kahirah, the victorious
Calahorra, 114
Calais, 39
Calatayud, 114
Calcutta, 88
California is supposed to have taken its
name from an old romance, in which
this name was given to an imaginary
island fiUed with gold, and Cortes
applied the name to the whole dis
trict
CaUander, the corner of the water — v.
DUR
The Calf of Man. The word calf
was frequently used by the Norse
men for a smaller object in relation
to a larger — i.e. the smaU island off
Man
Calvados, named from one of the vessels
of the Spanish Armada, wrecked on
the coast of France
Cambay, ane. Khumbavati, the city of
the pillar
Cambuskenneth, 39
Canada, Ind. Kannahta, a collection
of huts
Candahar, named after Alexander the
Great
Candia, Ar. Khandce, the trench island
Cannes, 40
Cannoch, i.e. cann, bright, and oich,
water, the ancient name of the spot
on which Conway Castle stands
Canopus was called % the, Egyptians
the city of Kneph, a god
Cantal, the head of the rock, 41
Canton, i.e. Kwang Chou, the metro-
poUs
Cantyre or Kintyre, 45
Capri and Caprera, the islands of wild
goats

INDEX

Cardigan, named after its ancient king

General of Canada in the seventeenth

Ceredig, and is therefore corrupted

century

from Ceredigion

Charles Cape, named after Baby

Carew, 38

Charles in the reign of James I.

Carlingford, 39

Charlestown, named after Charles II.

Cariisle, 38

Chatham, 55

Carlow, 129

Chaumont, 39

Carlscroone, 118

Chelsea, 46

Carlshamm, Charles's haven, 97

Chemnitz, 114

Carluke, 39

Chepstow, 47

Carmel, Heb. the fruitful field

Chester, 43

Carmichael, 39

Cheviot Hills, 46

Carnac, 41

Chilham, 99

Carnatic, named from the Carnaies, a

Chiltern HiUs, 11

tribe

China, probably named from the

Carniola, 41

dynasty of Thsin in the third century

Carolina, U.S., named after Charles

B.C.

II.

Chippenham, 47

Caroline Isles, named after Carlos II.

Chiusa, 116

of Spain

Christchurch, in Hants, ane. Twinam-

Carpathian Mountains, from Chrabat,

burne, between two streams, and

a mountain range

afterwards named from a church and

CarrantuohiU, Ir. the reversed reap

priory founded by the W. Saxons

ing-hook, the highest mountain in

in the reign of Edward the Confessor

Ireland

Christiana, named after Christian IV.

Carthage, 86

of Sweden

Carthagena, 86

Ciudad, 49

Casale, 42

Civita-Vecchia, 49

Cashel, 42

Clackmannan, 49

Caspian Sea, named from the Caspii,

Clameny, 109

a tribe

Clare Co., 50

Cassel, 42

Cleveland, 50

Castile, 42

CleVes, 50

Catania, Phcen. the Uttle city

Clifton, 50

Cattegat, 88

Clitheroe, 50

Caucasus, 147

Clogheen, 49

Cavan, 44

Clonakilty, 50

Caxamarca in Peru, the place of

Clones, 50

frost

Clontarf, 50

Cefalu, 46

Closeburn, 48

Cephalonia, 46

Cloyne, 50

Cerigo, ane. Cythera, the harp-shaped

Coblentz, 54

Cerro — v. sierra

Cochin, kochi, a morass

Cevennes, 46

Cockburnspath, in Berwickshire, cor

Ceylon, 65

rupt from Colbrand's Path

Chambery, the bend of the water, on

Cognac, the corner of the water

the R. Leysse, in France

Coire or Chur, 56

Chamouni, 40

Colberg, 31

Champlain, named from the Governor-

Coleraine, 58

INDEX

Colmar, Lat. Collis-Martis, the hill of
Mars
Colombo, corrupt, from Kalan-Totta,
the ferry on the Kalawa Ganga
Colonna, Cape, 117
Como, Lake, 54
Comorin, Cape, named from a temple
to the goddess Durga
ComposteUa, Santiago de, corrupt, from
Sancfus Jacobus Apostolus, so called
firom a legend that the Apostle James
was buried there
Comrie, at the confluence of three
rivers, in Perthshire, 53
Cond6, 33
Congleton, 33
Connaught, ane. Conaicht, the territory
of the descendants of Conn of the
hundred battles '
Connecticut, Ind. Qunniiukut, the
country on the long river
Connemara, 144
Constance, Lake, 172
Copeland Isle, 47
Copenhagen, 47
Corbridge, 56
Cork, 54
ComwaU, 54
Coromandel, corrupt, from Choloman-
dala, the district of the Cholas, a
tribe
Corrientes, Span, the currents
Corryvreckan, 52
Corsica, the woody
Corunna, corrupt, from Columna, the
piUars, in aUusion to a tower of
HerctUes
Cosenza, Lat Cosentia, the confluence
Cotswold HiUs, 52
Cottian Alps, named after a Celtic
chief
Coutance and Cotantin, named after
the Emperor Constantius
Coventry, 196
Cowal, in Ayrshire, named after King
CoiU
Cowes, 45
Cracow, the town of Krak, Duke of
Poland

Cramond, 38
Crathie, 56
Cremona, ane. Cremonensis-ager, the
field named from a tribe
Crewe, 56
Crewkerne, 56
Crieff, Gael. Craobh, a tree
Croagh-Patrick, 56
Croatia, 109
Cromar, the heart of Mar, a district
in Aberdeenshire
Cronstadt, 118
Croydon, 70
CRUG, as prefix, 58
Cuenpa, Lat. concha, a shell
Cueva-de-Vera, 45
Culebra R. , the snake river
Cumberland, 122
Cumbernauld, 53
Cumbraes Isles and Cumbrian Moun
tains, named after the Cymbri
Cundinamarca, named after an Indian
goddess
Cura9oa, named from a kind of bird
Currie, 56
Cuzeo, the centre, in Peru
CWM, as prefix — v. 53, at COMBE
Cyclades Isles, Grk. kuklos, a circle
Cyprus, perhaps named from the herb
kupros, with which it abounded,
called by the Greeks Cerastes, the
horned
Czernowitz, Sclav, black town

Dacca, Sansc. Da-akka, the hidden
goddess, from a statue of Durga
found there
Dantzic, Danish fort, 61
Daventry, 196
Daviot, 6
Dax, 9
Deal, 59
Deccan, Sansc. Dakshina, the south
land
Delft, 62
Delhi, Sansc. dahal, a quagmire

INDEX

Denbigh, 64
Denmark, 134
Deptford, 54
Derbend, the shut-up gates or the
difficult pass
Derry or Londonderry, 61
Derwent R., 70
Desaguadero R. , Span, the drain
Detmold, 64
Dtooit, the strait between Lake St.
Clair and Lake Erie
Devizes, ane. de vies, denoting a place
where two ways met
Devonshire, 64
Dhawalagiri Mountain, 90
Dieppe, 54
Digne, 64
Dijon, 69
Dinan and Dinant, 54
Dingle, 58
Dingwall, 190
Dinkelsbuhl, 33
Dmitrov, the town of St. Demetrius
Dnieper R., i.e. Don-ieper, upper river^
Dniester, Don-iester, lower river Don
Doab, 2
Dole, 59
Dolgelly, 60
Dominica Isle, so named because dis
covered on Sunday, i.e. Dies Domi
nica
Donagh, as prefix, 65
Dondra Head, 65
Donegall, 69
Donnybrook, 65
Doon R., 14
Dorchester, 44
Dorking, 70
Dornoch, 66
Dorset, 173
Dort or Dordrecht, 66
Douglas, 91
Douro R., 70
Dover, ane. Dubris, or ane. Brit. Dufy-
rraha
Dovrefield Mountains, 78
Downpatrick, 68
Downs, The, 69
Drachenfels, 78

Drenthe, 18
Dresden, Sclav. Drezany, the haven
Dreux, named from the Durocasses
Drogheda, 65
Drohobicz, Sclav, the woody place
Droitwich, 209
Dromore, 67
Drontheim, 99
Dryburgh, 62
Dubicza, 68
DubUn, 126
Dubro, 57
Dumbarton, 68
Dumfries, 68
Dungeness, 145
Dunkirk, 70
Dunluce, 128
Dunse, now Duns, 70
Dunstable, 182
Durham, 106
Durrow, 62
Dynevor, 64
Dyrrachium, Grk. the place with the
dangerous breakers, Dus and rachia
Dysart, 63

Eaglesh-\m, church hamlet
Ecclefechan, the church of St. Fechan
EccleshaU, 72
Ecija, 12
Ecuador, i.e. on the equator
Edessa, 73
Edfou, corrupt, from Atbo, the Coptic
synonym for Hut, the throne of Horus
Edinburgh, 68
Edom, the red land
Egripo or Negropont, 159
Ehrenbreitstein, 181
Eichstadt, Ger. oak town
Eiger, the giant, in Switzerland
Eisenach, 74
Eisenberg, 74
Elbing, named from the river on which
it stands
Elboeuf, 37
Elch6, 109

INDEX

223

Elgin, named after Helgyn, a Nor

Etna, corrupt, from attuna, the furnace

wegian chief, about a.d. 927

Eton, 71

Elimo or Elath, the trees

Euboea, the weU-tilled land

EUzabeth, county in New York, named

Euho or Yuho R. , 105

from the daughter of James I.

Euphrates R. , the fruitful, Ar. Furat,

Elizabethgrad, 94

sweet water

Elmina, Ar. the mine

Europe, Grk. euros and ops, the broad

Elphin, Ir. Aill-finn, the rock of the

face

clear spring

Euxine, Grk. the hospitable, formerly

Elsinore, 150

axinos the inhospitable sea

Elster R. , the alder-tree stream

Evesham, 76

Elstow, 183

Evora, the ford, in Spain

Elvas, ane. Alba, Basque, the place on

Evreux, 9

the steep hiU, alboa

Exeter, 44

Ely, 71

Emden, 69

F

Empoli, corrupt, from the Lat empo

rium, the market-place

Faenza, Lat. Faventia, the favoured

Enkhuizen, 75

Fair Head and Fair Island, ixoxsxfarr.

Ennis, in

Scand. a sheep

EnniskiUen, in

Falaise, 78

Eperies, Hung, theplace of strawberries

Falkirk, 116

Epemey, ane. aqua-perennes , the ever-

Famars, 77

flowing water

Fano, 76

Epinal, 177

Fareham, 76

Epping, no

Farnham, 79

Epsom, 99

Faroe Islands, 71

ErekU, ane. Heraclea

Faulhorn, 108

Erfurt, 83

Fazal, the beech-tree island, in the

Erith, los

Azores

Erivan, Pers. Sewan, named after its

Femern, 11

founder

Fermanagh, Ir. the men of Monagh

Erlangen, 75

Fermoy, the men of the plain

Eriaw, 75

Fernando Po, named after the dis

Errigal, Ir. Airegal, a smaU church

coverer

Erzeroom, cormpt. {rom Ars-er-Room,

Ferney, 77

the fortress of the Romans

Ferns, 77

Eschwege, ash-tree road

Ferrara, 84

EschweiUer, 6

Ferriby, 76

esgair — V. skafr, 175

Ferrol, Span. /are/, the beacon

Esk R., 198

Fetlar Isle, 72

Essek or Ossick, 211

Fez, Ar. fertile

Essex, 151

Fife, said to be named from Feb, a

Estepa, 12

Pictish chief

Estepona, 12

Figueras, Span, the fig-trees

Esthonia, the district of the people of

Finisterre, Cape, and district 190

the East

Finster-Aar-horn, 107

Estremadura, Lat. Estrema-Durii, the

Fintray and Fintry, 196

extreme Umits of the R. Douro

Fishguard, 87

324

INDEX

Fiume, 8i
Flamborough Head, ane. Fleamburgh,
the flame hill or beacon hiU
Fleche, La, named from the lofty spire
of the church of St. Thomas
Fleetwood, 8i
Flintshire, supposed to have derived
its name from the abundance of
quartz in the country
FUsk, the moist place, Gael, fleasg
Florence, Lat. Florentia, the flourish
ing
Florida, caUed bythe Spaniards Pascua-
Florida because discovered on Easter
Sunday
Flushing, 8i
Fochabers, Gael. Faichaber, the plain
of the confluence, but more anciently
Beulath, the mouth of the ford
Foldvar, 8i
Folkstone, the people's fortress, Lat.
Lapis-populi
Fondi, 8i
Fontenay, 8i
Fontenoy, 8i
Fordyce, the south pasture
Forfar, supposed to have been named
from a tribe, the Forestii
ForU, 83 ¦
Formentara, abounding in grain
Formosa, Span, the beautiful
Forth R., Scot. Froch, and Welsh
Werid
Fossano, 81
Frankenstein, 181
Frankfort, 83
Frankfurt, 83
Fraubrunnen, 32
Frederickshald, 98
Freiburg, 84
Friesland, 122
Frische Haff, 97
FriuU, 84
Fuentarrabia, 82
Fiihnen Isle or Odensey, 71
Fulham, 100
Funchal, a place abounding ixifuncho.
Port, fennel
Ftirth, 83

Gainsborough, the town of the
Ganii, a tribe
Galapago Isles, Span, the islands of
the water tortoises
Galashiels, 170
Galatia, 108
Galicia, 108
GaUlee, Heb. a district
GaUe, Point de, Cingalese, the rock
promontory, galle
Galway, named from Gaillimh, rocky
river, 86
Ganges R., 86
Garioch, 86
Garonne R. , 86
Gateshead, 40
Gaza, At. a treasury
Gebirge — -o. BERG, 24
Genappe, 8g
Geneva, 89
Genoa, 90
Georgia, named after George III.
Ghauts Mountains, 88
Ghent, 89
Giant's Causeway, 49
Gibraltar, 89
Giessbach, the rushing brook
Girgeh, St. George's town, on the Nile
Girvan R. , the short stream
Gim-gevo, St. George's to\vn
Glamorgan, 'Welsh Morgatiwg, i.e.
Gwlad - Morgan, the territory of
Morgan-Mawr, its king in the tenth
century, 143
Glarus, corrupt from St. Hilarius, to
whom the church was dedicated
Glogau, 92
Gloucester, 44
Gmiind, 89
Goat Fell, 78
Godalming, Godhelm's meadow, in
Surrey
Goes or Ter- Goes, at the R. Gosa
GoUnitz ,ind Gollnow, 92
Goole, 86
Goritz, 93
GorUtz, 93

INDEX

225

Goslar, 122
Gottingen, a patronymic
Gouda, on the R. Gouwe
Gower, Welsh Gwyr, a peninsula in
Wales, sloping west from Swansea
— it may signify the land of the
sunset
Grabow, 93
Gradentz, 94
Gran, on the R. Gran
Grasmere, the lake of swine
Gratz, 94
Gravelines, 93
Gravesend, 93
Greenland, 95
Greenlaw, 123
Greenock, 94
Greenwich, 209
Grenoble, 158
Gretna Green, 102
Grisnez, Cape, gray cape, 145
Grisons, Ger. Graubiinden, the gray
league, so called from the dress
worn by the Unionists in 1424
Grodno, 94
Grongar — v. caer, 38
Groningen, a patronymic
Grossenhain, 97
Guadalquivir, 95
Guadiana, 95
Giiben, Sclav, dove town
Gueret, Fr. laud for tiUage
Guienne, corrupt, from Aquitania
Gustrow, Sclav, guest town
Gwasanau, corrupt, from Hosannah,
a place in North Wales. The name
was given in allusion to the Vic
toria -Alleluiatica, fought on the
spot in 420, between the Britons,
headed by the Germans, and the
Picts and Scots

H

Haarlem, 96
Hadersleben, 124
Haemus Mountain, 18
Hague, The, 97

Haguenau, 97
Hainan, Chinese, south of the sea,
corrupt, from Hai Lam
Hainault, 88
Halicarnassus, Grk. Halikarnassos,
sea horn place
Halifax, 103
Halifax, Nova Scotia, named for the
Earl of Halifax
HaU and Halle, 98
Hamburg, 97
Hameln, 99
Hammerfest, 100
Hampstead, 98
Hankau or Hankow, the mouth of
commerce, a city in China
Hanover, 150
Harbottle, 27
Harrogate, 88
Hartlepool, 158
Hartz Mountains, loi
Harwich, 100
Haselt, loi
Hastings, A.S. Haesiinga - ceaster,
the camp of Hastings, a Danish
pirate
Havana, the harbour
Havre, Le, 97
Hawarden, "Welsh, upon the hill
Hawes, 97
Heboken, Ind. the smoked pipe, the
spot in New Jersey at which the
EngUsh settlers smoked the pipe of
peace with the Indian chiefs
Hechingen, a patronymic
Hedjas, the land of pilgrimage
Heidelberg, 24
Heilbron, 32
Heiligenstadt, 103
Heligoland, 103
Helvellyn, if Celtic, jierhaps El-velin,
the hiU of Baal
Hems, probably named from Hms, the
Egyptian name of Isis
Henly, Cym.-Cel. old place
Herat, ane. Aria-Civitas, the town
on the Arius, now the R. Heri
Hereford, 82
Hermon, the lofty peak

226

INDEX

Herstal, i8o

Hurryhur, named from the goddess

Hesse, named from the Catti or Chatti

Hari or Vishnu

Himalaya Mountains, 123

Hurst loi

Hinckley, the horse's meadow

Hythe, 105

Hindostan, 181

Hindu Koosh Mountains, i.e. the

I

Indian Caucasus

Hinojosa, Span, the place of fennel

Ilfracombe, 54

Hirschberg, 105

lUinois, named after the tjibe Illini,

Hitchen, 100

i.e. the men ; and ois, a tribe

Hoang Ho, 105

Imaus, the snowy mountain

Hobart Town, named after one of the

Inch — V. INNIS, ni

first settlers

Ingleborough Mountain, 24

Hohenhnden, 106

Inkermann, Turc. the place of caverns

HoUand, 106

Innerleithen, 112

Holstein, 174

Innsbriick, at the bridge, on the R.

Holt, 107

Inn

Holyhead, 103

Interlachen, 119

Holy Island, 103

Inverness, 112

Holywell, 103

Iona or I, 108

Holywood, 103

Iowa, the drowsy ones, a tribe name,

Homburg

U.S.

Honduras, Span, deep water

Ipswich, 209

Hong Kong, the place of fragrant

Ireland or leme, 108

streams

Irkutsk, 176

Hoorn, 107

Irrawadi, the great river

Hor, the mountain

Iscanderoon, named after Alexander

Horeb, the desert

the Great

Horn, Cape, 107

Iserlohn, 130

Horncastle, 107

Isla, in the Hebrides, named after

Horsham, 99

Yula, a Danish princess who was

Howden, 102

buried there

Howth Head, 102

Ispahan, Pers. the place of horses

Hudson R., named after Henry Hud

Issoire, 70

son, who ascended the river a.d.

Issoudun, 69

1607

Ithaca, the strait or steep

Huelva, Basque Onoba, at the foot of

the hill ; and Ar. Wuebban, corrupt.

to Huelva
J
Huesca, ane. Osca, the town of the
Basques or Euscs
Jabalon R., 112
Hull, 117
Jaffa or Joppa, Semitic, beauty
Hungary, Ger. Ungarn, the country of
Jamaica, corrupt from Xaymaca, the
the Huns ; Hung. Magyar- Orzag,
land of wood and water
the country of the Magyars
JaraboU, Sclav, the city in the hoUow
Huntingdon, hunter's hill, or a pat
Janina, Sclav. John's town
ronymic
Jaroslav, named after its founder
Hurdwar, 70
Jassy, Sclav, the marshy place
Huron, Lake, from a tribe
Jauer, 113
INDEX

227

Java, 65
Jersey, 71
Jersey, in U.S., so named by Sir
George Carteret, who had come
from the Island of Jersey
Jerusalem, Semitic, the abode of
peace
JoinviUe, 201
Joppa — V. Jaffa, the beautiful
Jouare, ane. Ara-Javis, the altar of
Jove
Juggernaut, or more correctly Jaggana-
tha, the Lord of the world — jacat,
Sansc. the world, and natha. Lord
JuUers, 109
Jumna R., named after Yamuna, a
goddess
Jungfrau Mountain, Ger. the maiden
or the fair one, so caUed from its
spotless white
Jura Isle, Scand. Deor-oe, deer island
Jiiterbogk, named for the Sclav, god
of spring
Jutland, named from the Jutes

K
KAFFRARiA,.Ar. the land of theKaflrs
or unbelievers
Kaisarizeh, the mod. name of ane.
CtBsarea
Kaiserlautern, 113
Kalgan, Tartar, the gate, a town in
China
Kampen, 35
Kandy, splendour
Kansas, a tribe name
Karlsbad, 16
Keith, Gael, the cloudy, from ceath, a
cloud or mist
Kel and Kil — v. coill or CiLL
Kells, 48
Kelso, 38
Kempen, 40
Ken — V. CEANN
Kendal, 60
Kenmare, 46
Kensington, the town of the Kensings

Kent, 45
Kentucky, the dark and bloodyground
Kerry Co. , Ir. Ciarraidhe, the district
of the race of Ciar
Kettering, a patronymic
Kew, 107
Khartoum, the promontory
Khelat, 114
Kin — V. CEANN
Kinghorn, 45
Kingsclere, 5
King's Co., named after Philip II.
of Spain
Kingston, 147
Kingussie, 45
KirkiUisia, the forty churches in Turkey
Kirkintilloch, 38
Kirkwall, 115
Kishon R. , i. e. the tortuous stream
Kissengen, a patronymic
Klagenfurt, 84
Knock — V. CNOC
Koniggratz, the king's fortress
Kordofan, the white land
Koros R. , Hung, the red river
KosUn, 118
Kothendorf, 47
Kralowitz, 118
Kraszna R. , beautiful river
Kremenetz, 118
Kremnitz, 118
Krishna or Kistna R., the black
stream, in India
Kronstadt, 118
Kulm, 47
Kyle — V. GAOL

La Hogue, Cape, 102
Laaland Isle, 119^
Labuan Isle, Malay, the anchorage
Laccadives, 65
Laconia, 120
Ladrone Isles, Span, the islands of
thieves
Lagnieu, 120
Lagos, 120
Laguna, 120

228

INDEX

Lahr, 123

Leominster, 130

Lambeth, 105

Leon, ane. Legio, the station of the 7th

Lambride, 121

Roman Legion

Lamlash, 120

Lepanto, Gulf of, corrupt, from Nau-

Lampeter, 121

pactus, Grk. the ship station

Lamsaki, ane. Lampsacus, the passage

Lerida, ane. Llerda, Basque, the town

Lanark, 121

Lesmahago, 128

T.nnd's End — v. PEN

Letterkenny, 125

Landemeau, 121

Leuchars, the marshy land

Langres, ane. Langone, namedfrom the

Levant, Lat. the place of the sun-rising,

Lingones, a tribe

as seen from Italy

Languedoc, named from the use of the

Leven R., 124

wordoir, iax yes, in their language, i.e.

Lewes, Les ewes, the waters

Langue-d'oc

Lewis Island, Scand. Lyodhuus, the

Lannion, 121

wharf

Laon, 130

Leyden, 69

Larbert, named from a man of this

Liberia, the country of the free, colon

name

ised by emancipated slaves

Largo, 124

Lichfield, 77

Largs, 124

Lidkioping, 47

Larissa, named after a daughter of

Li^ge, 125

Pelasgus

Liegnitz, 130

Lassa, the land of the Divine inteUi-

Lifford, 25

gence, the capital of Thibet

Ligny, a patronymic

Latakia, corrupt, from ane. Laodicea

LiUe, III

Latheron, 103

Lilybaeum, Phosn. opposite Libya

Lauder, named from the R. Leader

Lima, corrupt, from RiTns, the name

Lauffen, 123

of the river on which it stands and

Launceston, 121

of a famous idol

Laval, ane. Vallis-Guidonis, thevaUey'

Limbourg, 126

of Guido

Limerick, corrupt, from Lomnech, a

Lawrence R. , so named because dis

barren spot ; lorn, bare

covered on St. Laurence's Day, 1535

Limoges, ane. Lemavicutn, the dweUing

Laybach or Laubach, 15

of the Lemovici

Leam R., 125

Linares, Span, flax fields

Leamington, 125

Lincoln, 53

Lebanon Mountain, 89

Lindesnaes, 126

Leeds, 125

Lindores, in Fife, probably a corruption

Leibnitz, 124

oi Lann -Tours, being the seat of an

Leighlin, 91

ane. Abbey of Touis, founded by

Leighton-Buzzard, 21

David, Earl of Huntingdon

Leinster, 183

Linkioping, 47

Leipzig, 128

Linlithgow, 127

Leith, named from the river at whose

Lisbellaw, 128

mouth it stands

Lisbon, 104

Leitrim, 67

Lisieux, in France. Lat. Nimomagus,

Lemberg, 24

the new field, subsequently named

Leobschiltz, the place of the Leubusi,

from the Lexorii

a Sclavonic tribe

Liskeard, 128

INDEX

229

Lissa, 125
Liverpool, 158
, . ' I named from the Liefs, a
L!™y; \ Ugrian tribe
Livonia, ) "
Llanerch-y-medd, the place of honey,
in Wales
Llanos, Span, the level plains
Lochaber, 3
Lockerby, 37
Lodi, ane. Laus-Pompeii
Logie, 120
Lombardy, the country of the Longo-
bardi, so called from a kind of
weapon which they used
London, 64
Londonderry, 61
Longford, 83
Longniddrie — v. LLAN, 122
Loop Head, 123
Lorca, 109
Loretto, named from Lauretta, a lady
who gave the site for a chapel at that
place
L'Orient, so named from an establish
ment of the East India Company at
the place in 1666
Lorn, Gael. Labhrin, named after one
of the Irish colonists from Dalriada
Lossie R., i
LoughiU, Ir. Leamchoil, the elm-
wood
Louisiana, named after Louis XIV. of
France
Louisville, 201
Louth, in Lincoln, named from the R.
Ludd
Louth Co., Ir. Lugh Magh, the field
of Lugh
Louvain, Ger. LSwen, the lion, named
after a person caUed Leo
Lowestoft, 192
Lubeck, 128
Luben, 128
Lublin, 128
Lucca, ane. Luca — v. LUCUS
Lucena, Basque Lucea, the long town
Lucerne, named from a Ughthouse or
beacon, lucerna, formerly placed on

a tower in the middle ofthe R. Rheus
Lucknow, corrupt, from the native
name Laksneanauii, the fortunate
Ludlow, 123
Ludwigslust, 131
Lugano, 119
Lugo, 130
Lugos, 130
Lund, 131
Lurgan, Ir. the low ridge
Luxembourg, 131
Luxor, corrupt, from El-Kasur, the
palaces
Lycus R. , Grk. leukos
Lyme, in Kent, ane. Kainos-livien,
Grk. the new haven
Lyme-Regis, on the R. Lyme
Lyons, 69 M
MACAO, in China, where there was a
temple sacred to an idol named Ama.
The Portuguese made it Ainagoa,
the bay of Ama, corrupted first to
Amacao and then to Macao
Madeira, Port, the woody island
Madras, 153
Madrid, ane. Majetit, origin unknown,
but perhaps from Madarat, Ar.
a city
Maelawr, from mael, Welsh, mart,
and lawr, ground, a general name
for places in Wales where trade
could be carried on without any
hindrance from diversity of races. —
James's Welsh Names of Places
Maestricht, 66
Magdala, Semitic, " watch-tower in
Abyssinia "¦
Magdala, in Saxe-Weimar, on the R.
Midgel
Magor, cormpt. from Magwyr, Welsh,
a rain, the name of a railway station
near Chepstow
Maidenhead, 105
Maidstone, 181
Main R., 132

230

INDEX

Maine, in France, named from the
Cenomani
Mainland, 132
Malabar Coast, or Malaywar, the hilly
country
Malacca, named from the tree caUed
Malacca
Malaga, Phcen. malac, salt, named
from its trade in salt
Malakoff, named after a sailor of that
name who established a pubUc-house
there
Maldives Islands, 65
Maldon, 69
MaUow, 132
Malpas, Fr. the difficult pass
Malta, Phcen. Melita, a place of refuge
Malvern, 139
Mancha, La, Span, a spot of ground
covered with weeds
Manchester, 44
Manfredonia, named after Manfred,
King of Naples, by whom it was built
Mangalore, named after an Indian
deity
Mangerton Mountain, in Ireland,
corrupt, from Mangartach, i.e. the
mountain covered with 7nang, a long
hairlike grass
Mans, Le, named after the Cenomani
Mansorah, in Egypt, the victorious
Mantinea, Grk. the place of the pro
phet or oracle, mantis
Mantua, 133
Manzanares, Span, the apple-tree
orchard
Maracaybo, 143
Maranao, Span, a, place overgrown
with weeds
Marathon, a place abounding in fennel,
m.arathos
Marazion, 84
Marburg, 134
March, 134
Marchena, the marshy land
Marengo, 136
Margarita, the island of pearls
Margate, 88
Marienwerder, 205

Marlow, Great, 136
Marmora, Sea of, named from an
adjacent island, celebrated for its
marble, marTnor
Mamoch, Co. Banff, named from St.
Marnoch
Maros R., 136
Maros-Vasarhely, 103
Marquesas Isles, named after Marquis
Mendoza, Viceroy of Pem, who
originated the voyage through which
tbey were discovered
Marsala, 135
Maryland, named after the queen of
Charles I.
Mathem, corrupt, fi-om Merthyr, the
martyr, the name of a church near
Chepstow, buUt in memory of
Fewdrig, King of Gwent, who died
on its site as he was returning
wounded from a battle against the
Saxons
Mathravel, the land of apples, one of
the ancient provinces into which
Wales was divided
Matlock, 130
Mauritius, discovered bythe Portuguese
in 1505, visited by the Dutch in
1596, who named it after Prince
Maurice of the Netherlands. From
1713 tiU 1810 it belonged to the
French, who called it Isle of France
May Island, 132
Maynooth, 132
Mayo, the plain of yew-trees
Mazzara, Phcen. the castle
Mazzarino, the htde castle
Mearns, cormpt. from Alaghgkerkkin,
the plain of Kerkin
Meau,x, named from the llfcldi
Mecklenburg, 137
MedeUin, named after its founder,
Metellus, the Roman consul
Medina, 135
Mediterranean Sea, 138
Meiningen, 132
Meissen, on the R. Meissa
Melbourne, named after Lord Mel
bourne in 1837

INDEX

231

Meldrum, 67
Mehose, 139
Melun, 69
Memmingen, a patronymic
Memphis or Memphe, i.e. Ma-m-
Phthah, the place of the Egyptian
god Phthah
Menai Strait, ane. Sruth-tnonena
Menam, the mother of waters, a river
of Siam
Mendip HiUs, i.e. mune-dupfe, rich in
mines
Mentone, It. the chin, on a point of
lead
Merida, Lat. Augusta Emerita, the
town of the emeriti or veterans,
founded by Emperor Augustus
Merioneth, named after Merion, a
British saint
Merth)T - Tydvil, named after the
daughter of an ancient British king
Meseritz, 138
Meshed, Ar. the mosque
Mesolonghi or Missolonghi, 119
Mesopotamia, 138
Metz, named from the Meomatrici, a
tribe
Michigan Lake, Ind. great lake, or
the weir, or fish-trap, from its shape
Middelburg, 138
Midhvurst, 138
Miklos, 137
Milan, 115
MUton, 144
Minnesota R. , the sky-coloured water
Miramichi, Ind. happy retreat
Mirgorod, 138
Mississippi R., Ind. the father of
waters
Missouri, Ind. the muddy stream
Mitrovicz or Mitrovitz, 152
Mittau, named from Afi/a, a Sclav, deity
Modena, Lat. Mutina, the fortified
place
Moffat, the foot of the moss
Mogadore, named after a saint whoge
tomb is on an island off the coast
Moguer, Ar. the caves
Mohawk R. , named from a tribe

Moidart or Moydart, 132
Mola, It. the mound, ane. Turres-
Juliani, the town of JuUan
Mold, 142
Monaghan, Ir. Muneachain, a place
abounding in httle hiUs
Monaster, 138
Monasterevin, 138
Monda, 142
Mondego, 142
Monena, the river or sea of Mona
Monmouth, at the mouth of the
Mynwy, i.e. the border river, from
which it took its ancient name
Montgomery, 142
Montrose, 168
Moravia, 136
Morayshire, 1*9 [ -: ¦
Morbihan, 119 ifi
Morecambe Bay, 39
Morocco, the country of the Moors, 22
Morpeth, 143
Morven, 143
Morvern, 143
Moscow, 142
MotUins, 141
Moume Mountains, 142
Moy, Moyne, 132
Muhlhausen, 141
MuU Island, 145
Miinden, 140
Munich, 140
Munster, in Germany, 138
Munster, in Ireland, 138
Murcia, 134
Murviedro, 145
Muscat or Meschid, Ar. the tomb of
a saint
MuthU, 143
Mysore, corrupt from Mahesh-Asura,
the name of a buffalo-headed monster,
said to have been destroyed by the
goddess Kali

N
Naas, Ir. a fair or place of meeting
Nablous, 158

232

INDEX

Nagore, na-gara, Sansc. a city
Nagpore, i6o
Nagy-Banja, i8
Nagy-Koros, 146
Nairn, on the R. Nairn, ane. Ainear-
nan, east-flowing river
Nancy, 146
Nankin, Chinese, the southern capital
Nantes, 146
Nantwich, 146
Naples, 158
Narbonne, named from the A'arfoKSKjej
Naseby, the town on the cape
Nashville, named from Colonel Nash
Nassau, 146
Natal, Colony, so named because dis
covered on Christmas Day, Dies-
natalis, by Vasco de Gama in 1498
Natchez, a tribe name
Naumburg, 148
Naupactus, the place of ships
Nauplia, a sea-port, from the Grk.
naus, a ship, zx^A. pleas, full
Navan, Ir. n Eamhain, literaUy the
neck brooch, so named from a legend
connected with the foundation of an
ancient palace there
Navarre, 147
Naxos, the floating island
Naze, Cape, 145
Nebraska, Ind. the shaUow river
Nedjed, Ar. the elevated country
Negropont, 159
Neilgherry Hills, 90
Nemours, the place of the sacred grove,
nem.us
Nenagh, 74
Ness, Loch and R. , 73
Neston, 73
Netherlands, 147
Neusatz, 148
Neusohl, 148
Neuwied, 148
Nevada Mountains — v. sierra, 175
Nevers, ane. Nivernum and Novio
dunum, the new fort or the R. Nifevre
Neviansk, on the R. Neva
Newark, 206
Newcastle, 43

Newport, 156
New Ross, 167
Newry, Ir. lubhar-cinn-tragha, the
yew-tree at the head of the strand
New York, named after the Duke of
York, brother of Charles II.
Niagara, corrupt, from Oni-aw-ga-rah,
the thunder of waters
Nicastro, new camp
NicopoU, 158
Nijni Novgorod, 148
Nile R. , native name Sihor, the blue,
called by the Jews Nile, the stream
Nimeguen, 133
Nimes or Nismes, 147
Ningpo, the repose of the waves
Niphon Mount, the source of Ught
Nippissing, a tribe name
Nogent, 149
Noirmoutier, 138
Nola, 148
Nombre-de-dios, the name of God, a
city of Mexico
Norrkoping, 47
Northumberland, 149
Norway, 149
Nova Scotia, so named in concession to
Sir William Alexander, a Scotsman,
who settled there in the reign of
James II. It was named Markland
by its Norse discoverer, Erie the
Red
Nova Zembla, 148
Noyon, ane. Norjiodunum, the new
fort
Nubia, Coptic, the land of gold
Nuneaton, the nun's town, on the R.
Ea, in Warwickshire, the seat of an
ancient priory
Nurnberg, 24
Nyassa and Nyanza, the water
Nyborg, 148
Nykoping or Nykobing, 47
Nystadt, 148

Oakham, 5
Oban, Gael, the little bay

INDEX

233

OchiU Hills, 198
Ochiltree, 198
Odensee, 71
Oeta Mount, sheep mountain
Ofen or Buda, 33
Ohio, beautiful river, called by the
French La Belle riviire
Oldenbm-g, 7
Olekminsk, 176
01)'mpus Mountain, the shining
Omagh, Omeha, named from a tribe
Omsk, 176
Oosterhout, 107
Oporto, 156
Oppeln, the town on the R. Oppo
Oppido, Lat. Oppidum
Orange, ane. Arausione, the town on
the R. Araise
Orange R. and Republic, named after
Maurice, Prince of Orange
Oregon R., from the Span, organa, wild
marjoram
OreUana R. , named from its discoverer
Orissa, named from a tribe
Orkney Islands, in
Orleans, corrupt from Aurelianum,
named after the Emperor Aurelian
Orme's Head, Norse ormr, a serpent,
from its shape
Ormskirk, 125
Orvieto, 199
Osborne, named after the Fitz-Osborne
family
Oschatz, Sclav. Osada, the colony
Osimo, 199
Osnabriick, 31
Ossa Mountain, Grk. the_watch-tower
Ostend, 74
Ostia, Lat the place at the river's
mouth, Os
Oswestry, 57
Othrys, the mountain with the over
hanging brow, Grk. oihrus
Otranto, ane. Hydruntum, a place
almost surrounded by water, iidor,
Grk.
Ottawa, a tribe name
Ottawa R. , a tribe name
Oudenarde, 7

Oudh or Awadh, cormpt. from Ayodha,
the invincible
Oulart, corrupt, from Abhalgort, Ir.
apple field
Oundle, 60
Ouro-preto, 160
Ouse R., 198
Overyssel R., 150
Oviedo is said to have derived this
name from the Rivers Ove and Divo.
Its Latin name was Lucus-Asturum,
the grove of the Asturians
Owyhee, the hot place

Paderborn, 32
Padstow, 183
Paestum, ane. Poseidonia, the city of
Poseidon or Neptune
Palamcotta, 55
Palermo, corrupt, from Panormus, Grk.
the spacious harbour
Palestine, the land of the PhUistines,
strangers ; from Crete, who occupied
merely a strip of the country on the
coast, and yet gave their own name
to the whole land
Palma, the palm-tree
Palmas, Lat. the palm-trees
Palmyra or Tadmor, the city of palms
Pampeluna or Pamplona, 158
Panama Bay, the bay of mud fish
Panjab or Punjaub, 2
Paraguay, 153
Parahyba, 153
Paramaribo, 144
Parapamisan Mountains, the flat-
topped hiUs
Parchim, 153
Paris, 130 ,
Parsonstown, named form Sir WiUiam
Parsons, who received a grant of the
land on which the town stands, with
the adjoining estate, from James I.
in 1670
Passau, 44
Patagonia, so called from the clumsy
shoes of its native inhabitants

234

INDEX

Patna, 153
Paunton, 159
Pays de Vaud, 200
Peebles, ane. Peblis, Cym.-Cel. the
tents or sheds
Peel, 153
Peiho R., 105
Pe-king, Chinese, the northern capital
Pe-Ung Mountains, the northern moun
tains
Pelion, the clayey mountains, pelos,
Grk. clay
Pella, the stony
Pembroke, 30
Penicuik, 154
Pennsylvania, named after WiUiam
Penn, whose son had obtained a
grant of forest land in compensa
tion for ;^i6,ooo which the king
owed to his father
Pentland HiUs, cormpt. from the
Pictsland Hills
Penzance, 154
Perekop, the rampart
Perigord, named from the Petrocorii
Perm, ane. Biarmuland, the country
of the Biarmi
Pernambuco, the mouth of hell, so
called from the violent surf at the
mouth of its harbour
Pemau, 126
Pershore, 150
Perth, 19
Perthddu, Welsh, the black brake or
brushwood, in Wales
Perugia, 152
Peshawur, the advanced fortress
Pesth, 150
Peterhead, 112
Peterwarden, the fortress of Peter the
Hermit
Petra, the stony
Petropaulovski, the port of Peter and
Paul
Pforzheim, 135
Philadelphia, the town of brotherly
love, in America
PhUippi, named after PhiUp of Mace-
don

PhiUppine Isles, named after PhiUp II.
of Spain
Philipstown, in Ireland, named after
PhiUp, the husband of Queen Mary
Phocis, the place of seals
Phcenice, either the place of palms
or the Phoenician settlement
Phoenix Park, in DubUn, 80
Piedmont, the foot of the mountain
Pietermaritzburg, named after two
Boer leaders
Pillau, 153
Pisgah Mountain, the height
Pittenweem, 157
Pittsburg, named after WiUiam Pitt
Placentia, Lat the pleasant place
Plassy, named from a grove of a cer
tain kind of tree
Plattensee or Balaton, 173
Plenlimmon Mountain, Welsh, the
mountain with five peaks
Plock, or Plotsk, 26
Ploermel, 157
Podgoricza, 157
Poictiers, named from the Pictones
Poland, Sclav, the level land
Polynesia, 112
Pomerania, 143
Pondicherri, "Tamil, the new viUage
Pontoise, 159
Poole, 158
Popocatepetl Mountain, the smoking
mountain
Portrush, 168
Portugal, 156
Potenza, Lat. Potentia, the powerfiU
Potsdam, 157
Powys, the name of an ancient district
in North Wales, signifying a place
of rest
Pozoblanco, 161
Prague, Sclav. Prako, the threshold
Prato-Vecchio, 160
Prenzlow, the town of Pribislav, a
personal name
Presburg or Brezisburg, the town of
Brazilaus
Prescot, 55
Presteign and Preston, 194

INDEX

23s

Privas, ane. Privatium Castra, the
fortress not belonging to the state,
but private property
Prossnitz, on the R. Prosna
Providence, in U.S., so named by
Roger WiUiams, who was perse
cuted by the Puritan settlers in
Massachusetts because he preached
toleration in reUgion, and was
obUged to take refuge at that place,
to which, in gratitude to God, he
gave this name
Prussia, the country of the Pruezi
Puebla, Span, a town or village
Puebla-de-los-Angelos, the town of the
angels, so caUed from its fine
cUmate
Puenta-de-la-Reyna, 159
Puerto, the harbour
Pulo-Penang, 161
PuozzuoU, 161
Puy-de-dome, 156
PwlheUi, 159
Pyrenees Mountains, named either
from the Basque pyrge, high, or
from the Celtic pyr, a fir-tree
Pyrmont, 142

Quang-se, the westem province, in
China
Quang-tung, the eastern province
Quatre-Bras, Fr. the four arms, i.e.
at the meeting of four roads
Quebec, in Canada, named after
Quebec in Brittany, the village on
the point
Queensberry, 24
Queen's County, named after Queen
Mary
Queensferry, 76
Queensland and Queenstown, named
after Queen Victoria
Quimper, 53
Quimper-16, 53
Quita, the deep ravine

R

Radnorshire, 165
Radom and Radomka, named after
the Sclav, deity Ratzi
Rajputana, 163
Ramgunga, 86
Ramnaggur, ram's fort
Ramsgate, 88
Randers, 162
Raphoe, 163
Rapidan R. , named after Queen Anne
Rappahannock R. , Ind. the river of
quick-rising waters
Rastadt, 163
Ratibor, 28
Ratisbon, Sclav, the fortress on the
R. Regen, Ger. Regena Castra or
Regensburg
Ravenna, 79
Rayne, Gael, raon, a plain, a parish
in Aberdeenshire
Reading, a patronymic
Redruth, in ComwaU, in old deeds,
Tre-Druith, the dweUing of the
Dmids
Reeth, on the stream, rith
Rega R. , 164
Reichenbach, 15
Reichenhall, 98
Reigate, 88
Reims or Rheims, named for the
Rem.i, a tribe
Remscheid, 171
Renaix, corrupt, from Hrodnace, the
town of Hrodno
Renfrew, 162
Rennes, named from the Rhedoni, a.
tribe
Resht, At. headship
Resolven, Welsh Riiw, Scotch maen,
the brow of the stonehead, in
Glamorganshire
Reculver, in Kent, corrupt, from
Regoluion, the point against the
waves
Retford, 166
Reutlingen, a patronymic
Revel, named from two small islands

236

INDEX

near the town, called reffe, the

Rothesay, the isle of Rother, the

sand-banks

ancient name of Bute

Reykiavik or Reikiavik, 209

Rotterdam, 60

Rhine R. and Rhone R., 164

Rouen, 133

Rhode Island, 74

Rousillon, named from the ancient

Rhodes and Rosas, in Spain, named

town of RusciTio, a Roman colony

from the Rhodians, a Grecian tribe

Roveredo, Lat Roboretum, a place

Rhyddlan or Rhuddlan, Cym. -Cel.

planted with oaks, in Tyrol

the red church

Row, in Dumbartonshire, from rub ha,

Rhyl, the cleft, a watering-place in

Gael, a promontory ranning into

North Wales

the sea

Rhymni, the marshy land, in Mon

Roxburgh, 167

mouthshire, on a river caUed the

Ruabon, cormpt from Rhiw-Mabon-

Rhymni, from the nature of the

Sant, the ascent of St Mabon, in

land through which it flows — v.

North Wales

Romney, at ea, 71

Rudgeley or Rugely, 166

Riga, 126

Rugen, named from the Rugu

Ringwood, in Hants, the wood of the

Runcorn, 45

Regni

Runnymede, 132

Rio-de-Janeiro, 164

Rushbrook and Rushford, 167

Ripon, 167

Russia, named from the Rossi, a tribe

Ritzbuttel, 27

of Norsemen in the ninth century

Rive-de-Gier, 166

Ruthin and Rhuddlan, 165

Rivoli, 166

Rutland, 165

Rochdale, the valley of the R. Roche

Rybinsk, 168

Rochefort, 167

Ryde, 167

Rochelle, 167

Ryswick, 168

Rochester, 167

Roermonde, 140

Romania or RoumiUi, 109

S

Romans, ane. Romanuin-Monasterium,

Saale R., 169

the monastery of the Romans,

Saarbriick, 31

founded by St Bernard

Saar-Louis, 12

Rome, perhaps named from 'Cn&groma,

Sabor, 28

or four cross roads that at the

Sabor R., 28

foram formed the nucleus of the

Saffi-on Walden, 202

city

Sagan, Sclav, behind the road

Romorantin, 166

Sahara, 176

RoncesvaUes, 200

Saida or Sidon, Semitic, fish to\vn

Roque, La, Cape, the rock

Saintes, named from the Santones

Roscommon, 167

Salamanca, 169

Roscrea, 167

Salem, in U.S., intended by the

Rosetta, ane. Ar. Rasched, headship

Puritans to be a type of the New

Ross, in Hereford, 165

Jerasalem

Rossbach, the horse's brook

Salford, 169

Ross-shire, 168

Salins, 169

Rothenburg, 165

Salisbury^ 35

Rotherham, 165

Salonica, corrupt, from Thessalonica

Rotherthurm, 165

S.ilop, contracted from Sloppesbury,

INDEX

237

the Norman corruption of Scrobbes-
bury, the town among shrubs, now
Shrewsbury — v. 34
Saltcoats, 55
Salzburg, 169
Samarcand, said to have been named
after Alexander the Great
Samaria, the town of Shemir
Samos, Phoen. the lofty
Sandwich, 209
Sangerhausen — v. SANG
Sanquhar, 172
San Salvador, the Holy Saviour, the
first land descried by Columbus, and
therefore named by him from the
Saviour, who had guarded him in so
many perils
San Sebastian, the first Spanish colony
founded in South America
Santa Craz, 57
Santa F^, the city of the holy faith,
founded by Queen IsabeUa after the
siege of Granada
Santander, named after St. Andrew
Saragossa, corrupt from C<esarea
Augusta ; its Basque name was
Saluba, the sheep's ford
Sarawak, Malay Sarakaw, the cove
Samow, 212
Saskatchewan, swift current, a river in
British North America
Saul, in Gloucester — v. salh, 169
Saul, Co. Down — v. sabhall, 168
Saumtu, ane, Salmuriurn, the waUed
building
Saxony, 170
Scala-nova, 39
ScaUoway, 170
Scarborough, 175
ScawfeU Mountain, 78
Schaffhausen, 102
Schemnitz, 114
SchichalUon Mountain, Gael. Ti-chail-
linn, the maiden's pap
Schleswick, 209
Schmalkalden, 171
Schotturen, the Scotch Vienna, a
colony of Scottish monks having
settled there

Schreckhorn Mountain, 107
Schweidnitz, Sclav, the place of the
cornel-tree
Schweinfurt, the ford of the Suevi
Schwerin, 172
Scilly Islands, the islands of the rock,
siglio
Scinde, the country of the R. Indus or
Sinde
Scratch meal Scar, in Cumberland —
V. SKAER, 175
Scutari, in Albania, corrupt, from
Scodra, hill town
Scutari, in Turkey, from Uskudar,
Pers. a messenger, having been in
remote periods, what it is to this day,
a station for Asiatic couriers
Sebastopol, 15S
Sedlitz, 174
Segovia, ane. Segubia, probably the
plain on the river -bend ; ce, a plain,
and gubia, a bend
Selby, 173
Selinga, 173
Semipalatinsk, 152
Senlis, 173
Sens, named from the Senones
Seringapatam, 153
Settle, 173
Seville, Phoen. Sephala, a marshy plain
Sevres, named from the two rivers
which traverse it, ane. Villa Savara
Shamo, Chinese, the desert
Shan — V. SEANN, 172
Shanghai, supreme court
Shansi, west of the mountain
Shantung, east of the mountain
Sherborne, 172
Shetland Islands, 104
Shields, 170
Shiraz, 174
Shirvan, said to have been named after
Nieshirvan, a king of Persia
Shotover, corrupt, from Chateauvert,
green castle
Shrewsbury — v, Salop
Sicily, named from the Siculi, a tribe
Sidlaw HiUs, fairy hills— i-. SiDH
Sidon — V. Saida, in Index,

238

INDEX

Silesia, Sclav. Zlezia, the bad land

Spitzbergen, 156

Silhet or Sirihat, the rich market

Spurn Head, the look-out cape, from

Silloth Bay, perhaps herring bay, sit,

spyrian, to look out

Norse, a herring, and lod, a bundle

St. Alban's Head, cormpt. from St.

of fishing lines

Aldhelm's Head

Sion or Sitten, 174

St. Andrews, so named from a tradi

Sion, Mount, the upraised

tion that the bones of St Andrew

Skagen, Cape, 176

were brought to that place by St.

Skager-rack, 176

Regulus : formerly caUed Mucros,

Skaw Cape, 176

the boar's headland, and then KU-

Skipton, 176

rymont, the church or cell of the

Skye Island, Gael. Ealan - skianach.

king's mount

the winged island

St Cloud for St. Hloddwald

Slamanan, 177

St. David's, in Wales, Welsh Ty-

SUgo, named from the R. Sligeach,

Ddewi — V. TY

sheUy water

St. HeUers for St. HUarius

Sluys, 171

St Omer for St. Awdomar

Slyne Head, 46

Stadel, etc., 179

SnafeU Mountain, 78

Staffa, 180

Snaith, 177

Staines, 181

Snowdon Mountain, 70

Stamboul, 158

Socotra, 65

Stanislaus, named after Stanislaus of

Soissons, named from the Suessiones

Poland

Sokoto, the market-place

Stantz, 181

Soleure, corrupt, from St. Ours or

Stargard, 182

Ursinus, to whom the church was

Starodub, 182

dedicated

Startpoint, 182

Solway Firth, according to Camden,

Stavropol, 158

was named from a smaU viUage in

SteUenbosch, 36

Scotland called Solam

Stepney, 105

Somerset, 173

Stetten, Sclav. Zytyn, the place of green

Sommariva, the summit of the bank

com

Somogy, Hung, the place of cornel-

StirUng, Cym.-Cel. Ystrevelyn, the

trees

town of the EasterUngs, from

Sophia, Grk. wisdom, dedicated to the

Flanders

second person of the Trinity

Stockholm, 106

Sorbonne, inaraed from Robert de Sor-

Stockport, 184

bonne, almoner of St. Louis

Stockton, 184

Sost or Soest, 174

Stoke, 183

Soudan — v. BELED

Stolpe, 184

Southampton, 194

Stonehaven, 97

Southwark, 206

Stow-market, 183

Souvigny, 173

StradbaUy, 184

Spa, 82

Stralsund, 185

Spalatro, 152

Strasbourg, 184

Sparta, Grk. the sowed land or the

Strehlitz, 184

place of scattered houses

Striegau or Cziska, Sclav, the place on

Spires or Speyer, named from the

the small stream, tschuga

R. Speyerbach

Stulweissenburg — v. feher

INDEX

239

Stuttgard, 87
Styria or Steyermark, the boundary
of the R. Steyer
Sudetic Mountains, 185
Suez, the mouth or opening
Suffolk, 185
Sumatra, corrupt, from Trimatra, the
happy
Sunderbunds, cormpt. from Sundari-
vana, so called from the forest
vana, of Sundari-trees
Sunderland, 186
Surat i.e. Su-rashta, the good country
Surrey, 164
Susa, a city of ancient Persia, so
caUed from the lilies in its neigh
bourhood ; susa, a Uly
Sussex, 170
Sutherlandshire, 185
Sviatoi-nos, 146
Swan R. , so named from the number
of black swans seen by the first dis
coverer
Swansea, 71
Sweden, 164
Sydney, named after a governor of
the colony
Syria — V. beled, 20
Szent-kercsyt, 186
Szentes, for saint, 186

Tabriz, ane. Taurus, the mountain
town
Tagus or Tejo R., Phcen. the fish
river
Tain, 190
Takhtapul, the throne city, the seat
of the Turkish Afghan government
Takht-i-Soliman, the throne of Solo
mon, being the highest of the Solo
mon Mountains
Talavera, 29
Tamsai, fresh water town, in China
Tananarivo, the city of one thousand
tovTOS, the capital of Madagascar

Tanderagee, Ir. Ton-legceith, the place
with its back to the wind
Tanjier, Phosn. the city protected by
God
Tanjore, corrupt, from Tanjavur,
derived from its ancient name
Tanja-Nagaram, the city of refuge
Tarazona, 199
Tarifa, named after a Moorish chief
Tamopol, 187
Tarporley, 126
Tarragona, ane. Tarraco, Phoen.
Tarchon, the citadel or palace
Tarsus, Phcen. the strong place
Tasmania, named after Abel Tasman,
who discovered it in 1642. It was
called Van Diemen's Land in honour
of the Governor - General of the
Dutch East India Company
Taurus Mountain, 196
Tavistock, 184
Tay R., 187
Tcherniz, 212
Tefiis, 189
Tehown, Ir. Tailten, where Taillte,
the daughter of the King of Spain,
was buried
Temeswar, Hung, the fortress on the
R. Temes
Temisconata, the wonder of water, a
county and lake in Canada
Temple, a parish in Mid-Lothian, where
there was an establishment for the
Templars or Red Friars, founded
by David I.
Tennessee R., the spoon-shaped river,
so caUed from its curve
Tenterden, 62
Teramo, 14
Temi, 14
Terranova, 189
Texas, Ind. hunting ground
Tezcuco, Mexican, the place of de
tention
Thames R., 187
Thannheim, 187
Thapsus, the passage
Thaxsted, 180
Thebes, in Egypt, Taba, the capital

240

INDEX

Thermia, Grk. the place of warm
springs, in Sicily
Thermopylae, the defUe of the warm
springs
Thian-shan, Chinese, the celestial
mountains
Thian-shan-nan-loo, the country south
of the celestial mountains
Thian-shan-pe-loo, the country north
of the celestial mountains
Thibet, supposed to be a corrupt, of
Thupo, the country of the Thou, a
people who founded an empire there
in the sixth century
This or Abou-This, i.e. the city of
This, corrupted by the Greeks into
Abydos
Thouars, 12
Thrace, Grk. the rough land, trachus
Thun, 69
Thurgau, 88
Thurles, 128
Thurso, I
Tiber R. , 192
Tideswell, 161
Tienra-del-Fuego, 189
TiUicoultry, 198
Tilsit or TUzela, at the conf. of the
R. Tilzele with the Memel
Tinnevelly, corrupt, from Trinavali,
one of the names of Vishnu
Tinto HiU, 189
Tipperary, 192
Tiree Island, 189
Tiverton, 83
Tlascala, Mexican, the place of bread
Tobermory, 192
Tobolsk, 176
Todmorden, cormpt from Todtnare-
dean, the vaUey of the foxes' mere
or marsh
Tomantoul, 192
Tomsk, 176
Tongres, 186
Tonquin, Chinese Tang-king, the east
ern capital
Toome — v, TUAIM, 197
Toplitz, Neu and Alt
Torgau, 195

Torquay, 195
Torres Straits, named after one of
Magalhaen's Ueutenants
Torres-Vedras, 195
Torquemada, 195
Tory Island, 195
Toul and Toulouse, 50
Toulon, ane. Telonium or Tela Mar-
tius, named after its founder
Tourcoing, 195
Tours, 196
Towie and Tough, parishes in Aber
deenshire, from Gael tuath, the
north
Trafalgar, 90
Tralee, 196
Tranent, 197
Transylvania, 173
Trapani, ane. Drapanum, the sickle,
Grk. drepa?ion
Tras-os-Montes, 142
Traun R. , 196
Tratmik, 196
Traunviertel, 196
Trave R,, 196
Trebizond, Grk. irapezus, the table, so
caUed from its form
Trent, ane. Civitas-Tridentium., the
town of the Tridenti
TrSves, named from the Treviri, a
tribe
TrichinapaUi, the town of the giant
Trisira
Trim, at the elder-tree, 197
Trinidad, so named by Columbus
from its three peaks, emblematic of
the Holy Trinity
Tring, a patronymic
TripoU, 158
TripoUtza, 158
Trolhatta FaU, Goth, the abyss of the
trolls or demons
Trondhjem or Drontheim
Troon, 178
Troppau, i. e. Zur- Oppa , on the R. Oppa
Troyes, named from the Tricasses
Truro, 197
Tmsillo, in Spain, cormpt. from
Turris-Iulii, Julius's tower

INDEX

241

Tuam, 197
Tubingen, ane. Diowingen, probably
a patronymic
Tudela, ane. Tuiela, the watch-tower
TuUamore, 197
TuUe, ane. Tutela, the watch-tower
Tullow, 197
Turin, ane. Augusta- Taurinorum,
named firom the Taurini, ;'. e. dwell
ers among hiUs
Tweed R. , Brit, tuedd, a border
Tyndram, 188
Tynron, 188
Tyre, 196
Tymau, on the R. Tymau
Tyrone, 189
Tzerna or Czerna R. , 212
Tzemagora, 212

U
Udny, a parish in Aberdeenshire,
i.e. Wodeneyi from the Saxon god
Woden
Uist, North and South, Scand. Vist,
an abode
Uj-hely, Hung, new place
Ukraine, Sclav, the frontier or boundary
UUeswater, 206
Ulm or Ulma, the place of elm-trees
Ulster, 183
Unst Island, ane. Ornyst, Scand. the
eagle's nest
Unyamuezi, the land of the moon
Upsala, 169
Ural Mountains and R., Tartar, the
belt or girdle
Usedom, the Germanised form of Huz-
ysch, Sclav, the place of learning
Usk R., 198
Utrecht, 66 V
Valais, 199
Valence, in France, and
Valencia, in Spain, ane. Valentia, the
powerful
Valenciennes and Valenza, or Valence,

said to have been named after the
Emperor Valentinian '
Valentia Island, in Ireland, Ir.
Dearbhre, the oak wood
Valetta, in Malta, named after the
Grand Master of the Knights of St.
John in 1566
Valparaiso, 200
Van Diemen's Land, named after
Maria Van Diemen by Tasman
Vannes, named from the Veneti
Varna, Turc. the fortress
Varosvar, 200
Vasarhely, 103
Vaucluse, 200
Vaud, Pays de, 200
Velekaja R. , 200
Vendfe, La, and
Vend6me, named from the Veneti
Venezuela, little Venice, so called from
an Indian village constmcted on
piles, discovered by the Spaniards
Venice, 79
Venloo, 79
Ventnor, 150
Ventry, 196
Verdun and Verden, 69
Vermont, green mountain
Vevey, ane. Vibiscum, on the R. Vip
Viborg, 201
Vick, 210
Vienna, Ger. Wien, on the R. Wien,
an affluent of the Danube
Viesti, named from a temple dedicated
to Vesta
Vigo, 209
Vimeira, Port, the place of osiers,
vime
Vincennes, ane. Ad-Vicenas
Virginia, named after Queen Elizabeth
Vistula or Wisla, the west - flowing
rivSr
Vitr^, corrupt, from Victoriacum, the
victorious
Vitry, the victorious, founded by
Francis I.
Vladimir, founded by the ducal family
of that name in the twelfth century
Vogelberg, the hiU of birds

R

242

INDEX

Volga, the great water

Whitehaven, 97

Volhynia, Sclav, the plain

Whithom, 11

Voorburg, 84

Wiborg, 201

Voralberg, i.e. in front of the Arlberg

Wick, 209

ridge

Wicklow, 209
Vukovar, the fortress on the R. Vuka
Wiesbaden, 16
Wigan, 201
Wight, Isle of, ane. Zuzo-yr-with, the
W
island of the channel
Wigton, 201
Wakefield, 206
WUtshire, 173
Walcherin Island, 204
Wimbleton, 193
Waldeck, 202
Wimbome, 210
Walden, Saffron, 202
Winchester, 44
Wales, 203
Windsor, 150
Wallachia, 204
Wirksworth, 208
Wallendorf, 204
Wisbeach, the shore of the R. Ouse,
WaUenstadt, 204
uisge, water
WalUngford, 203
Wisconsin, Ind. the wUd rushing
Walthamstow, 202
channel
Ware, 207
Wismar, 210
Wareham, 207
Withey, 207
Warminster, 207
Wittenberg, 207
Warrington, a patronymic
Wittstock, 210
Warsaw, the fortified place — v. var
Wladislawaw, the town of 'Wladislav
Warwick, 205
Wokingham, 5
Waterford, 80
Wolfenbuttel, 27
Waterloo, 130
Wolga — V. Volga
Weimar, 134
Wolverhampton, 193
Weissenfels, 207
Woodstock, 210
Weistritz R. , the swift, straight stream
Wooler, 211
Well — V. QUELLE
Woolwich, 104
Welland R., the river into which
the
Worcester, ane. Huic-wara-ceaster,
tide flows
the camp of the Huieci
WeUingborough, a patronymic
Worms, 133
WeUington, a patronymic
Worm's Head, the serpent's head.
Wells, i6i
ornr, from its form
Welshpool, Welsh Trallwng,
the
Worthing, 211
quagmire
Wrath, Cape, Scand. the cape of the
Wem, 198
Iivarf, or turning
Wemys, uamh, the cave
Wrietzen or Brietzen, Sclav, the place
Werden, 205
of birch-trees — v. bras.\
Wesely, Hung, pleasant
Wroxeter, ane. Uriconium
Weser R., i
Wurtemberg, ane. Wrtinisberk, from
Westeraas, 208
a personal name
WestphaUa, the westem plain
Wurtzburg, 212
Wetterhorn, 108
Wycombe, 53
Wexford, 80
Wyoming Valley, corrupt. irorxiMaugh-
Whitby, 37
wauwami, Ind. the large plains
INDEX

243

Xanthus R. , Grk. the yellow river
Xeres de la Frontera, ane. Asia Regia
CcEsariana, Caesar's royal fortress
Xeres de los Caballeros, Caesar's
cavalry town

Yakutsk, named firom the Yakuts, a
Tartar tribe
Yang-tse Kiang R., the son of the
great water
Yarra, the ever -flowing, a river in
Australia
Yeddo or Jeddo, river door
YeU, barren
Yemen, to the south or right
Yeni-Bazaar, 212
Yenisi R. , 212
Yeovil, 201
York, 209
Youghal, ane. Eochaill, the yew wood
Ypres or Yperen, the dweUing on the
Yperlea
Ysselmonde, 140
Yimnan, the cloudy south region, in
China
Yvetot, 192
Yvoire, 9

Zab R. , 212
Zabern, 186
Zambor, Sclav, behind the wood
Zanguebar or Zanjistan, Pers. and
Arab., the land of the Zangis and
Bahr
Zaragossa — v. Saragossa
Zealand, in Denmark, Sjvelland,
spirit land
Zealand, in Netherlands, land sur
rounded by the sea
Zeitz, named after Ciza, a Sclav.
goddess
ZeU or CeU, 48
Zerbst, belonging to the Wends,
Sserbski
Zittau, the place of corn
Zug, ane. Tugium, named from the
Tugeni, a tribe
Zurich, ane. Thiouricum, the town
of the Thuricii, who built it after it
had been destroyed by Attila
Zutphen, 79
Zuyder-Zee, 172
Zweibriicken, 31
Zwickau, the place of goats, Ger.
Ziege
ZwoUe, ane. Suole, Old Gen Sval, at
the swell of the water

THE END

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