THE

ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES.
WITH A SHORT INTRODUOTION
TO THE
RELATIONSHIP OP LANGUAGES.
PART l.-TEUTONIC NAMES.
BY R. MORRIS,
FOEMERLT STUDENT OP BATTERSBA TRAINING COILEGB.

Names have all some meaning when first imposed ; and when a place ia named for the first time,
by any people, they apply to it some term — in early times generally descriptive of its natural pecu
liarities, or something else, on account of which it is remarkable, from their own language. When we
find, therefore, that the old names of natural objects and localities in a country belong, for the most
part, to a particular language, we may conclude with certainty that a people speaking that language
formerly occupied the country. Of this the ilamea they have so impressed are as sure a proof as if they
had left a distinct record of their existence in words engraven on the rocks. Such old nt^es of places
often long outlive both the people that bestowed them, and nearly all the material monuments of
their occupancy. The language, as a vehicle of oral communication, may gradually be forgotten and
he heard no more where it was once in universal use, and the old topographical nomenclature may
still remain unchanged.— Pic((jriai History of England.

LONDON :
JUDD & GLASS, ISTEW BEIDGE STEEET;
AND GEAY'S INN ROAD.
1867.

LONDON:
PBINTED BY JUDD & GLASS, NEW BRIDGE STREET,
AND GKAY's inn BOAT.

The Value of Local Names j
The Composition of Local Names $

Names of Tribes, Individuals, Families, and Gods 4
Teibes 4
Families 6
Individuals 7
Gods 8
Names of Animals. 9
Names of Teees, Plants, 17
Names of Minerals 22
Names of Qualities, 23

Names of Eivees, Lakes, 25
Names of Mofntaiss, Hills, 37
Names of Vallbts, Plains, Woods, 43
Names of Habitations 49

INTRODUCTION.

THE EELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGES.
"Languages/' says the author of "The Cosmos," "compared
¦with each other, and considered as objects of the natural history
of the human mind, being divided into families according to the
analogy of their internal structure, have become a rich source of
historical knowledge. Products of the mental powers, they lead
us back, by the fundamental characters of their organisation, to
an obscure and otherwise unknown distance. The comparative
study of languages shows how races, or nations, now separated by
¦wide regions, are related to each other, and have proceeded from
a commou seat ; it discloses the directions and paths of ancient
migrations ; in tracing out epochs of development, it recognises in
the more or less altered characters of the language, in the per
manency of certain forms, or the already advanced departure from
them, -which portion of the race has preserved a language nearest
to that of their former common dwelling-place."
The coincidences between the languages of the globe have been
made the subject of careful study by eminent scholars, who have
established Comparative Philology upon the footing of a new
science. It has been found that mere verbal comparisons are utterly
¦worthless in determining either the formation of groups of

U INTRODUOTION.
languages or their relations to one another. The dictionary of a
nation may be borrowed, for -words are soon lost and easily
replaced ; but the grammar of a language — that is to say, its
syntax, conjugations, and declensions, the formation of new 'words
from certain primitive forms, and those relational ¦words -which
perform a similar function, as pronouns, numerals, and particles —
is as constant and invariable as the nation itself. Grammatical
analysis and comparison is therefore the only true method for the
classification of languages according to their radical affinity ; mere
superficial resemblances of words prove nothing, nor have they
any' value unless tested and confirmed by arguments drawn from
grammatical structure.
On the evidence afforded by a searching grammatical analysis,
the languages of the greater^art of Europe and Asia have heen
divided into three great families, -whose grammatical forms are
perfectly clear and distinct. They have been named Iiino-
EuEOPEAN or Aeian, Semitic, and Tueanian.
» (A) The Indo-Eueopban or Aeian family of languages extends
from the mouth of the Ganges to the British Isles and the Northern
extremity of Scandinavia. The term Arian is derived from Aeta,
the original name of this family. It signifies honourable; or of a
good family. In Asia we find two great branches of this family :
I. The Indian: This branch includes the Sanskrit (the language
of the Vedas, the first literary monument of the Arian world),
-with its living representatives, the Hindustani, Mahratti, Bengali,
Guzerati, Singhalese, &o. ; the Prakrit and Pali idioms ; the Siah-
Posh (Kafir dialect), and the language of the Gipsies.
II. The Iranian or Persian. To this branch belong the Zend or Old
Persian (the language of the Zendavesta), with its representatives
the language of the Achaemenians, -written in the Cuneiform
character ; the speech of Huzvaresh or Pehlevi ; the Pazend or

inteoduotion.

Parsi ; and the modern Persian. The following dialects, though
not very important in a philological view, belong to this class : —
the Afghan, Bokhara, Kurdian, Armenian, and Ossetian.
In Europe there are no less than six branches of the Arian
famUy. I. The Celtic. Though the Celts seem to have been the first
inhabitants of Europe, very few of their dialects are now spoken,
having been superseded by the Teutonic idioms.
Modern Celtic dialects are divided into two classes ; [a) the
Gallic or Ancient British, including the "Welsh (Cymric), Cornish, and
Armorican of Brittany ; (J) the Galic, Gadhelic, or Erse, including
the Irish (Eenic), the Highland Scottish (Gaelic), and Manx, the
dialect of the Isle of Man.
n. The Teutonic. This branch is divided into three dialects ;
(fl) the High German, including the Old High German, the
Middle High German, and the Modern High German ; (J) the
Low German, including the Gothic, the Anglo-Saxon and English,
the Old Saxon and Platt-I)eutsch, the Prisic, the Dutch and
Flemish ; (<;) the Scandinavian, including the Old Norsk, the
Icelandic, the Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish.
hi. The Italic. To this class belong the Osean, TJmbrian, and
Latin dialects ; the Old Provengal, and the Eomance languages
(Provengal and French, Italian and "Wallaehian, Spanish and
Portugeuse) formed during the decay of the Latin.
rv. The Hellenic. This branch includes the Greek and its dia
lects, the Aeolic, Ionic, Doric, and Attic.
T. The Albanian; including the Geghian and the Toskian
dialects spoken in Illyria and Epirus.
Ti. The Slavonic or Windic branch is divided into two dialects ;
{a) the Lettic, including the Lithuanian, Old Prussian, and
Lettish ; {b) the Slavonic Proper, which is again divided into two
branches, termed the Eastern and Western.

IT INTEODUCTION.
The Eastern dialect includes the Eussian (Great, Little, and
White Eussian), the Servian, Kroatian, and Slovenian ; and the
Bulgarian, or in its oldest form, the Ecclesiastical Slavonic.
The Western dialect includes the Polish, the Bohemian, the
Polabian, and the Lusatian.
(B) The Semitic Family (so called from Sham, one of the sons
of Noah) is not so widely extended as the Arian family, but the
nations composing it were the first to appear upon the theatre of
history. It comprises the following branches : — ¦
I. The Arabic, which includes the Ethiopian or Abissinian, and
the Maltese.
II. The Chaldean, which includes the Old Babylonian, the
Chaldee of Babylon and Mesopotamia, the Chaldee of Daniel and
of the Targums, and the Syrian (Aramaic).
III. The Hebrew, the language of Canaan, which includes the
Phoenician and Carthaginian.
IV. The Berber dialects, -which are spoken in Morocco, Algiers,
Tunis, Tripoli, and Fez. The Haussa and Galla dialects are now
considered as Semitic idioms.
(C) The Tueanian family of languages is distinguished from
the Arian and Semitic in the total absence of inflection.
To express the variations for case, mood, &c., Turanian words
undergo no inflection ; but an additional word is ghiei, as it were,
to the noun, verb, &c., as the case may be, in order to express
the relations of case, mood, &c. Hence these have been termed
agghdini&ing languages.
To connect the idea of plurality with the English word loy, we
merely inflect it, and obtain the word boys; but upon the principle
of agglutination, a syllable indicative of plurality must be aifixed, •
e.^g., singular, boy ; plural, boy -crowd. Thus the roots are never
obscured, while they admit of a vocal harmony which is altogether

INTRODUOTION.

peculiar to this famUy of languages ; e. g., (Turkish) aghd, a lord,
becomes in the plural, agha-lar ; er, a man, becomes in the plural,
er-ler, and not ef-lar, as in the former case.
The vowels of the agglutinized syllables, it is eaisily seen, must
harmonize with those of the roots ; e. g., (Magyar) hert, a garden,
makes Tcert-esi-neTt to the gardener, and not Icert-asa-nah.
There are two great divisions of this family : —
I. The Northern or Ural-Altaic division includes («) the Tun-
gusian dialects, spoken in Upper and Lower Tunguska, on the
coast of Okhotsk, and by the Mantchoos or Mandshus (in China) ;
(J) the Mongolian dialects, spoken in the North and South of Gobi,
in Tibet and Tangut, in the plains on each side of the Volga (by
the Olbts or Kalmuks) and by the Buriats of Lake Baikal ; (c) the
Turkish dialects, spoken in Derbend, Krimea, Anatolia, and Eume-
Ha ; (the Yakuts, the Tatars or Turks of Siberia, the Eirghis,
the Bashkirs, the Kumians, the Nogais, and the Karatschais, the
Usbegs, Uigurs and Turkomans, speak Turkish dialects) ; {d) the
Finnish dialects, spoken by the Hungarians, Lapps, Finns, Esths,
Voguls, Permians, &c. ; (e) the dialects of the Samoiedes and
Ostiakes. 1 1. The Southern division comprises the Tamul, the Bhotiya,
and the Malay.
The Caucasian dialects are degenerated branches of the Tura
nian family ; they include the idioms of the Georgians or Grusians,
the Suans, the Lazes, the Lesghi, the Mitsgeghi, and the Kerkes-
sians and Abasians.

WOEKS CONSULTED.

" Local Nomenclature of the Anglo-Saxons," by H. Leo.
" Codex Diplomaticus Myi Saxonici," edited by Professor Kemble.
'• The Germania of Tacitus," edited by Dr. Latham.
Bosworth's "Anglo-Saxon Dictionary."
Meidinger's " Comparative Dictionary of the Gothic Tongues."
Jamieson's " Scottish Dictionary."
" The Saxons in England," by Professor Kemble.
Worsaae's " Danes and Norwegians in England."
" The Northmen in Cumberland and Westmoreland," by R. Ferguson.
Wright's " Provincial Dictionary."

THE

ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES.

Names of places in a great measure belong to the oldest and most primitive evidences of
language, imd they are of the highest importanco in the history of nations and dialects.
—JET. Leo.
It cannot be doubted that local nrnnes, and those devoted to distinguish the natural features
of a country, possess an inherent vitality which even the urgency of conquest is unable to
remove. — Kemble.
The geography and history of a nation must be sought in the language of the name-giver
of that country, or in a traQslaiion of the language of the narae-givers of that country. —
Pococke. Geographical nomenclature is a branch of geography generally left to chance or caprice;
and it will not be easy to find any department so left which has been more abused. Where-
ever names exist, and wht^re these names may have existed for a number of ages, it appears
something like sacrilege to distm-b or change them ; such names, besides the sacredness of
antiquity, are often sigtiificantj and contain in themselves information as to the migrations of
the human race, and the former connexion which existed between tribes now far separated.
Names are seldom vulgar or ridiculous, and they furnish a copious fund of distributive terms,
to obviate the confusion which arises lo geographical nomenclature in the repetition for the
hundredth time of rivers— Thames, Trent, and Tyne, Ac. ; and it fortunately happens that
in no Country, however barbarous or thinly peopled, are the great features of nature, as rivers
and mountains, without names ; and the name of a river or mountain may be appropriately
applied also to the district in which it occurs.— Capt. Vetch.

" He who calls departed ages back again into being," says Niebubr,
" enjoys a bliss like that of creating." The study of words does this ; it
recalls the past with all its associationSj so that for a time it becomes
a part of the present. It cannot be otherwise, for every word rests
upon some fact ; so that when we attempt to account for the meaning
of a word, we only go back to the fact upon which it rests. There ia
one class of words which is very suggestive — we mean those names
which have been attached for ages to places familiar to us from the
days of our childhood, from our pleasure excursions, or from our
course of reading. The thoughtful mind cannot remain long con
tented with names that convey no meaning with them ; there is always
.the desire to retain them in the memory by some principle of
association, and this leads to an inquiry concerning their origin and
history, or when and why they were imposed. The study of place-

Z ETTMOLOGT OF LOCAL NAMES.
names is one, then, of great interest to the historian and to the
teacher. The signification of a single name throws much light upon
the history of nations and their migrations. In point of fact, there is
often more dependence to be placed upon words than upon history ;
for, says Halberstma, it pleases not the muse of history to apeak but
late, and then in a very confused manner : yet she often deceives ; and
before she comes to maturity she seldom distinctly tells us the truth.
Language never deceives, but speaks more distinctly, though removed
to a higher antiquity.
The object of the foUowiag pages is to supply teachers with the
chief rooi or key-words which are necessary for the explanation of local
names in England, and such kindred forms as are to be met with in
those countries occupied by nations belonging to the same family, and
usually termed Teutonic. It is a weU-known fact that many of the
names of places in England are also common to Germany. Verstegan,
in his scarce work, printed in 1605, very plainly alludes to it. "Thus
the Saxons," he says, " who at first came unto the aid of the Britons,
became about two hundred years after, to be the possessors and sharers
of the best part of the Isle of Britain among themselves. And, as
their language was altogether diflTerent from that of the Britons, so
left they very few cities, towns, villages, passages, rivers, woods, fields,
hills, or dales that they gave not new names unto, such as in their own
language were intelligible, and either given by reason of the situation
or nature of the place, or after some place in some sort like unto it in
Germany, from whence they came — as the name of Oxford or Oxen-
ford, on the river Thames, after the town of the same name in
Germany, situated on the Oder ; our Hereford, near unto Wales, after
Hervord, in Westphalia. And so, in hke manner, may be said of
Staff'ord, Swinford, Bradford, Norden, Newark, Bentham, Oxenbridge,
Buchurst, Scorethorpe, Holt, Mansfield, Swinefield, Daventry,
Hampstead, Radclifi', Rosendale, and a great number of places in our
country, that yet retain the names of places in Germany and the
Netherlands (albeit the ancient orthography may in some of them be
a little varied), as here to be reckoned up would be tedious."
We have chosen English names as the basis of comparison because
they are more familiar, and, indeed, of more importance than any
others. Emerson, speaking of them, says — " The names are excellent-;
an atmosphere of legendary melody spreads over the land. Older
than all epics and histories, which clothe a nation, this under-shirt sits

KTYMOLOQY OP LOCAL NAMES. 3
close to the body. What history, too, and what stores of primitive and
savage observation, it unfolds !"
The names of places in England, and among the Teutonic tril)08
generally, are composed of two parts. The first member is a descriptive
word referring to some particular historical circumstance, to personages,
to animals, vegetables, or minerals ; or it may be merely an adjective.
The second member designates, by some general and appropriate term,
either the natural features of the country, settlement, or neighbour
hood to be described — as hill, mountain, river, &c. — or some artificial
constructions, as town, borough, field, &c. The first member is
generally prefixed to distinguish places having similar positions — e. g..
Staple-ford, Notting-ham, New-ark, &c. Sometimes the names of
places are represented by a single word — e. g., Slough, Ford, Holt,
Down, Berg, Furt, &c.
All places do not admit of explanation. Those ending with Ing
or having after it Ham or Ton, are derived from the names of tribes,
famiUes, or individuals. The subject is naturally divided into —
I. — The Descriptive Element. Ti. — The General Element.
(a) Names of Personages (His- (o) Water, River, Brook, &c.
torical or Mythical). (6) Mountain, HUl, &c.
(6) Animals. (c) Valley, Plain, &c.
(e) Vegetables. (d) Habitations.
{d) Minerals.
(e) Adjectives.

DIVISION I.

DESCEIPTIVE ELEMENT.
(A) NAMES OP TRIBES, FAMILIES, INDIVIDUALS, AND GODS.
(a) Tribes.
(1) German. — This name was not applied to the people of Germany
by themselves, but they received it from the Celts on account of
their terrible war cry. The root of the word is the Celtic verb
Gairmean, " to cry out."
(2) Dutch (JDeutsch). — This term, which is now applied to the people
of Holland, is hterally an adjective signifying " popular " (Diut-isc).
It was originally applied to the language of the Teutonic people in
order to distinguish it from the Latin. The word Teutones, the
Latin form of the native word Theotisci, Teutisci, &cj,is derived from
the Gothic root Diut, a " people or nation." It occurs in the modern
name TEUT-o-berger.
The following tribes have left their names as an element of local
nomenclature : —
(3) ANeRrvAEi, in Anoern, Engern, ANGEE-miinde.
(4) Angles, in ANGLES-ey, ENG-land, Angbln, HuNGEE-ford ( Angles-
ford).
(5) Aravisci, in the river Baab, anciently Aeabo.
(6) BuEGUNDiANS, in Burgundy.
(7) Cheeusoi {Crherstini) in the Habtz mountains, HARTZ-burg, and
HEKZ-burg. The root seems to be the Gothic Har, Haruc, " a
temple." In the poem of Beo-Wulf it occurs as the name of the
great palatial hall of Hrothgar.
(8) Cauci, in Cux-haven.
(9) Catti, in Hesse.
(10) EuDOSBS, in EvD-er, EuD-ing, and Dosse.
(11) Frisians, in FKiEsland, PRis-by, and Fais-thorpe.

families.

(12) Goths, in GoTH-land, GoTHEN-burg, GoTH-a.
(13) Langobaedi, in Lombardy, BARDEN-gan, BARD-wick.
(14) MoNAVi (Menapi), in Man, Mona, and Menai straits.
(15) Saxons, in Es-sex (East Saxons), Sus-sex (South Saxons),
Middle-SEx (Middle Saxons), Holstein— i.e., Holt Sassen, or Olt
Sassen, " Old Settlers."
The inhabitants of Holstein were called Holsati or Holzati, from
the Platt-Deutsch Sittm, Satten " to sit."
(16) SuioNES, SuEvi, in Sweden, Suabia, Oder, at one time called
SuEvus, and the Viadrus, whose mouth is still called SwiNE-mund.
(17) SuARDONEs, in SonwART-au.
(18) Thuringi, in TnuKiNGiAN-wald.
(19) RuGii, in the island of Eugen.
(20) Lemovh, in the river Leba.
(21) Dulqibini, in the river Ddlmen.
(23) SiTONES, in SiGTUN, Shun.

(&) Families.
The names of famOies and individuals enter largely into the compo
sition of local names. They may be easily discovered by the particle
ing before Ham, Ton, Hall, &c. Thus BiRMiNQ-ham was originally
the home of the Beormingas, the descendants of Beorm ; BADLDfG-
ham of the Baedlingas ; BuoniNG-ham of the Bucingas ; Littling-
ton was originally the enclosed residence of the Lythingas ; Elving-
ton of the Elfingas, and KiLLiNG-hall the fortified residence of the
Cylingas. Professors Leo and Kemble have thrown much light on this subject:
the latter writer has furnished us with a valuable list of these family
names in his Saxons in England.
The following extract from the pen of Mr. Wright wiU be of some
service to the students of names : —
The family or clan did not always take its name from the chief who
obtained the allotment of land ; it was often but a branch of a much older
family in the land from which the settlement came. Hence we find patro
nymics in distant parts of England, which would seem to indicate that
different members of the same original family had joined in various
separate expeditions to Britain ; and it is still more curious that this
identity of name is found in districts peopled severally by the different
races, Angles, Saxons, or Jutes. This admits of two explanations : it shows

6 ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES :
the close relationship between the three races themselves, and it proves,
probably, that when a great chieftain of one race, an Angle, for instance,
planned an expedition to Britain, subordinate leaders from the other
Saxons, Jutes, or others, were ready to enlist among his followers. Thus
we find the Billingas at BiLLiNO-ham in Durham, at BiLLiNG-ley in York
shire, at BiLLiHG-hay in Lincolnshire, at BiLLTNG-ton in the. counties of
Bedford, Stafford, and Lancaster, as well as at other places, all within the
district occupied by the Angles. We find a settlement of the same family
at BiLLiNG-hurst, in Sussex, and some of them appear to have established
themselves in the outskirts of London, and to have given name to Billinos-
gate. (There was a family of Billdng on the Continent ; and Hermann
Billung was invested with the Duchy of Saxony by Otto I. In 1106 the
male line of this house became extinct on the death of the last Billung,
Duke Magnus, who left two daughters, Eilike and Wulfhild ; Wulfhild was
married toHenry of Bavaria, surnamed the Black, a descendant of the Guelph
family.) The Bosingas are found at BosiNG-ham in Kent, and again at the
two BossiNGTONs in Hampshire and Somerset.
The SCEAEING4.S are found at SHAKRiNG-ton, SnEBiRG-ford, and Shar-
BiNG-ton in Norfolk, Sheerihg in Essex, at SoABRiNG-ton in Notting
hamshire, and at SHEEKiNG-tou in Buckingham and Wiltshire.
We have the Haningas at three places named HANNiNG-ton in North
amptonshire, Herefordshire, and Wiltshire, and also probably at Han-
NiNG-field in Essex. When we examine further we find iu these patro
nymics, names which belong to the great families whose history is mixed
up in the earliest Teutonic mythology. The Waelsings, who are found at
WALSiNG-ham in Norfolk, at WoLsiNG-ham in Durham, and at Woolsing-
tou in Northumberland, appear to have been offsets of the great family of
the Volsungak of the Edda, and the Volsungen of the old German
romances. The Haelings (Herelingas), who are found at three places
named HAELiNG-ton in Middlesex, Bedfordshire, and Yorkshire, as well as
at Harling in Norfolk, are also connected with the ancient Teutonic mytho
logy, and their name is found at Haelingen in Friesland. The Swaefas,
a tribe who was known to have dwelt on the borders of the Angles on the
Continent, appear to have given their name to SwAFP-ham in Norfolk. Mr.
Kemble, quoting other well-known names from the mythic and half mythic
history of the continental Teutons, poiots out, as further instances, that
the Beentings of the northern romance are found in England at Brenting-
ley in Leicestershire, and at BRANTiNG-ham in Yorkshire. The Scyldikgs
and SoYLPiNGS, celebrated northern racs'S, gave their name to' SKBLniNG,
and to two places named SKiLLiNG-tonin Northumberland and Dorsetshire.
The Ardi.vgs, who are found at AEDiNG-ton in Berkshire, and at Ardikg-
ley in Sussex, are, he says, the Azdingi, the royal race of the Visigoths

INDIVIDUALS. 7
and Vandals ; and the Banings of the Continent, over whom, when the
curious Anglo-Saxon fragment called the Traveller's Song was written, a
Prince named Becca ruled, are recognised in BAN^•ING-ham in Norfolk.
The Helsings gave name to HELSiNG-ton in Westmoreland, and to Helsing-
land in Sweden ; and wo find the name of the Blboingas as well in Bleck-
ingen iu Sweden as in BLETCHiNQ-ton in Oxfordshire and BLEiCHiNG-ley in
Surrey. In the Gttixgas found at Guyting in Gloucestershire, we perhaps
trace the Jutungi of Germany ; and another Alamannic tribe, the Soudingi,
are supposed to be traced in the Scytings, who gave their name to
SHUTTiNG-tou in Warwickshire. — (The Celt, the Roman, and tlie Saxon.)

(c) Indbiiduals.

The names of persons, especially those of princes and great land
owners, constitute a very large element in local nomenclature. The
name of Ella is found iu ELLES-mere (Ella's lake) ; and in Ellbs-
croft (the field of Ella) ; and that of his son Cissa is found in Gm-
chester (CissAN-ceaster, the fortified residence of Cissa), and in
Ciss-bury (the city of Cissa). Cerdio is remembered in CHAR-ford
(CERDic's-ford), and in CHBABS-ley (OERDio's-meadow). Bebba, the
Queen of Ida, has left her name in BAM-borough (Bebba's city—
Bebban- burgh). The Christian prince Oswald, who was slain in
battle, and fell at a particular place near Maserfield, has left his name
in OswBS-try, or OswALo's-tree. The name of the Danish King
Canute is found in KNUTS-ford (CANUTB's-ford), CNUTS-delf (Canute's-
ditch), and in CANEW-don (CANUiE's-hill). Danish names are a very
important element of the local names m the North of England— e. g.,
ORMS-kirk, WoRMS-head, ORMES-by and Unst (Ormst), derive their
names from some Scandinavian leader, Orm or Urm. The name of
Rafn or Raven is found in RAVEN-side (the seat or residence of
Raven), and in RAVEN-stone (the stone of Raven). Ulleb has given
his name to ULLERS-thorpe, Hubba to HuBBEK-sty, and Ulpb to
ULLBS-water and ULVER-stoue. Numerous other examples might be
given of names of Danish origin, but many of them will be noticed as
we proceed.
The following places are derived from the names of the original
possessor — e. g.,
AYMES-try, Elmod's-tree. Ers-om, (EBBis-ham), Epha's.
EL-ton, Elnod'stov/n. home.

ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES :

PAD-stow, .4deZ's-dweUing-place. WooPFEE-ton, Widferd's-iown.
LEVER-ton, Leofric's-to-wa. WiL-ley, IFii/Zffl/''«-meadow.
MALMS-bury, ^t. Maidulph's- Opp-ham, O^a's-home.
city.

id) Names of Qods.
It is well known that the ancient Teutonic tribes were heathens,
and that in their original settlements they worshipped Odin, Thor, Tiw,
&c., whose names are still preserved, not only in the days of the week,
but in the names of numerous places.
WuoTAN, Woden, or Odin, the presiding deity of the Northern
nations, has his name preserved in 0-dean, WooDEN-dean, (Odin's-
hollow), WpoDS-dale (ODiN's-vale) ; WEDNES-bury and WAN-borough
(OoiN's-city) ; WsDNES-field (OniN's-field) ; WAM-pool (OoiN's-pool) ;
WAM-brook (OoiN's-brook) ; WoN-stone (ODiN's-stone) ; Wans-
ford (ODiN's-ford) ; WANs-beck (ODiN's-rivulet) ; WAN-stead (Odin's-
residence) ; WENS-ley-fold (ODiN's-meadow-enclosure) ; WANs-dike
(OniN's-ditch) ; ODENs-wald (OniN's-forest) ; Oden-sc (Odin's-
lake). The name of liis wife, Feigga, Feba, Feby, or Feeyja,
occurs in FRBYS-torp, in PKiDAY-thorpe, and FsAis-thorpe (Peigga's-
city). We are reminded of Thoe by such places as TnoE-up and
TnoES-torp (TnoE's-city) ; TnoES-dal and TuESjdale (TnoE's-vale) ;
ToE-ness (TnoE's-promontory) ; TnuES-by, and TnuRSO-by (Thoe's-
town); TnuEDYS-toft (TnoE's-fleld) ; ToE-boU (THOE's-dwelling) ;
Kirby-Thore (Church of Thoe) ; TnuES-ley, and TnuE-ley (Thoe's-
meadow); TnoRS-aa (TnoE's-stream).
Thor was also known by the names Donae (Thunoe) and Hamae,
which occur in TnuNDBES-field (TnoE's-field) ; and in TuHNDEES-ley
(TnoE's-meadow) ; in HAMBE-ton and HoMEE-ton (Tnos's-town) ;
HAMBK-ton-kirk (THOE's-town-Church) ; HAMBE-wick (Thoe's-
marsh) ; and iu IlAMMBE-stein (TnoE's-stone). The name of Baldee,
the son of Odin, and god of light, is still preserved in BALDBES-ly (the
meadow of Baldee) ; BALDEEs-dale (BALDEn's-vale) ; Boldee-
wood (BALDEE's-wood) ; and in BALDERS-haye (BALDER's-enclosure) :
that of Beagb, the gq^ of orators, in BEAG-naes (BEAGB-naes, the
promontory of Beagb).
The god of war and of champions, Teu, Tiw, or Tyb, has his name

conferred upon TEWEs-ley, and TBw-ing (the meadow of Tew), and
upon TYE-hall and TYE-farm.
LoK appears in Lox-wood, Lox-field, and in LocK-ing.
Seator appears in SATTBE-leigh, SATiER-thwaite, and in Sattbe-
land. Perhaps local names are indebted to the fairy mythology. Mab the
elf-queen, occurs in Mab's-WU, and the merry Puok inPuoK-pool Bay,
PoocK-burne (PucKE-ridge), PoocK-hill, and PucKB-tye. GaiM-a, a
ghost, hag, or witch, is found in GEiMs-by, GEiMs-bury, GEiMMs-hoo,
GEiMs-how, and in GEiMS-ditch. It is the safest plan, however, in
tracing local names to their origin, to resort to such a mode for their
explanation only when we find ourselves unable to offer a more
rational etymology— that is to say, one in harmony with their natural
or historical associations.

(B) NAMES OF ANIMALS.

The names of animals which enter largely into geographical nomen
clature need httle explanation ; most of them, being familiar, may be
easily identified.
Nate, Net, (Scandinavian) horned cattle ; Neat (English), occurs
inNATE-ly, NAT-land, and NAiE-ly Scures.
The Wild Boae, in Anglo-Saxon Ever (eofer, ebur, efer), is found in
EvEE-shaw, the toild boar's field ; EvEE-ton, the wild boar's town
EvEE-shot, EvBES-holt, the wild or enclosure.
Soar's wood; EvBE-leigh, EvBE-ley, the wild
EvBES-don, the wild boar's hill ; bear's meadow.
Ebee, the German form of this root, occurs in
EBEE-stein, the wild boar's stone; EBEES-berg, the wild boar's hi\l ;
EBEE-bach, the wild boar's EsBE-ach, the wild boar's dwell-
stream ; ing by the stream.
The Bear (Bar, Barin in German) no doubt was an inhabitant of
the following places : —
BAE-walde, the bear's forest ; BAEEN-wald-a, the bear's forest
BAE-uth, the bear's region ; by the stream ;
BAEEN-spring, the bear's spring ; BARBK-horst, the bear's thicket.

10 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES :
In the following places we find the name of the Badgee (Beoc, Baw,
Baud, Bag, Badge, in Anglo-Saxon, and Daohs in German) : —
B AG-shot, BEOx-bourne, the badger's stream;
BAG-borough, BEOX-ton, BEOc-ton, the badger's
BADGBN-don, town ;
BADGE-worth, BEOCK-thorp,the badger's village;
BAGiN-thorpe, BEOCK-holes, the badger's caves ;
BAUGH-hurst, Bsoc-kles-by, the badger's abode
BAWs-ley, of the spring ;
BAW-burgh,, BEOCK-dish, the badger's ditch ;
BAUD-rip, Bsoc-den, the badger's hollow ;
BAUDS-ly, DAOH-stein, the badger's stone ;
BEOCK-ley, the badger's meadow; DACHS-berg, the badger's hiU.
The Bbavbb (in German, Bibee), occurs in
BBVBE-ley,*the beaver's meadow ; BiBBR-ach, BiBE-a, the beaver's
BEVEE-born, the beaver's stream; abode on the stream.
The Dutch form of the root Bbvee occurs in BEVEB-en (in the
province of East Flanders), and in Bbvee-u (in the duchy of Bruns
wick), both signifying the beaver's river isle.
The Buck (Bucca, in Anglo-Saxon) may be traced in
BucKBN-ham, the buck's home ; BucK-low, the buck's hill ;
BucK-den, the buck's hollow ; BoK-hurst, the buck's forest ;
BicK-leigh, the buck's meadow; BucK-land, tlie buck's district;
BoCK-field, the buck's field ; BicKN-or, the buck's border ;
Bu-cup, the buck's hollow; Buo-kle, the buck's spring.
The low German form is Buck, the High German, Book— e. g.,
BocBN-em, BoccBN-heim, Bock- Boc-holt, the buck's wood.
um, the buck's home ;
The Cow (Cu, Cy) may be found in
Cows-ley, Cow-ley, Cow-leaze, Co-dale, the cow's vale;
CuERD-ley, the cow's meadow ; Cos-grove, the cow's grove ;
Co-ton, Cow-ton, the cow's town ; Co-stock, Cow-fold, the cow's
KAY-land, cow district ; fence or enclosure.
The Ox may be traced in
OxN-ead ; OxN-ey, the island of the ox ;
Ox-ton, the town of the ox ; Ox-stones, the heights of the ox ;

11

Ox-ley, the meadow of the ox ;
Ox-ford, the ford of the ox ;
Ox-fold, the enclosure of the ox ;
Ochsen-werder, the island of the
ox ;
The Calf (Cielf) occurs iu
Kelve-don, the calfs hill;

OxBN-hope, the shelter of the ox;
OcHSEN-furt, the ford of the ox ;
OcHSBN-kopf, the summit of the
ox.

Calver-ley, the calfs meadow.

The Haet (Heoet), in German Hiesch, is found in

HAET-fold, the harfs enclosure ;
HEET-ford, HAET-ford, the harfs
ford;
HAET-ing, the harfs meadow ;
HAETs-bath, the harfs bathing
place ;

HAKT-burn, the harfs stream ;
HAETBN-stein, the harfs stone;
HiESCH-au, the harfs meadow ;
HiESCH-berg, the harfs hiU ;
HiESCH-horn, the harfs angle ;
HiESCH-field, the harfs field.

The KiD (in Anglo-Saxon Tic, Tych, and in German Ziegb),
appears in

Kid-land,
Kid-sty,
KiDDBE-minster,TiCE -hurst, the kid's forest;
TiTCHBN-worth, the kid's farm ;
TiTCH -borne, the kid's stream ;

TiCK-ton, the kid's town ;
TiTOH-marsh, the kid's marsh ;
TiCKEN-ham, the kid's home ;
ZiEGEN-hayn, the kid's wood ;
ZiBGEN-hals, the kid's castle ;
ZiBGEN-ruck, the kid's ridge.

In STAGS-den and SiAGS-bath we see the name of the Stag ; in
DuR-nesSj DBBE-hurst, DEAE-ham, DvE-have, DAK-field, DEEB-ham,
we find some form of the modern word Dbee, with a more general
signification. Like its Gothic and German cognates, it denoted any
wUd animal.
The Goat (Gaet) occurs as an element in the formation of the
following names : —

GoAD-land, GAT-acre, the goafs
field;
GAT-ford, the goafs ford ;
GAT-comibe, the goafs valley ;

GEis-mar ;'
GBisEN-hein ;
GEis-ingen ;
YAT-ton, the goafs town.

12 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES :
The Hare (Hara) is found in
HARE-stane, the harf^s stone ; HAR-bottle, the har^s dwelling ;
HAR-pole, the hare's pool ; HAR-combe, the har^s valley.
The German form, Hase, is found in
HAS-lach, the har^s lake ; HASSE-feld, the har^s field and
HAs-selt, the hare's seat ; plain.
HASS-furt, the hare's ford;
The Horse occurs under the forms Hoes, Hest (Scandinavian) and
Ross — e. g. —
HoRS-ley and Ro«-ley, the horse's HEST-holme, the horses island ;
meadow ; HoRSE-lease, the horses meadow ;
HoRSBN-don, the horses hiU ; HoRSB-ford, the horses ford ;
Ross-thwaite, the horse's path ; Ros-heim, the horses home ;
HoRS-ham, the horses home ; Ross-bach, the horses stream ;
Hest Fell, the horse's rock or hiU ; Ross-lau, the horse's meadow ;
HES-ket, the horses hut ; Hesten Field, the horses ridge.
The Sheep (Seep) occurs in
Snip-ley, the shea's meadow ; Ship- wash, the sheep's ford ;
SniP-ton, the sheep's tour ; Snip-lake, the sheep's stream.
Snip-ham, the sheep's home ;
The same root is found in SHAP-wick and SnAP-moor, SnEPPER-ton
and SHEPP-ey ; SKiP-ton, SKiP-sea, and Scop-wick.
The German form is Schaf, which is found in
ScHAF-berg, the sheep's hill ; ScHAF-en, the sheets isle ;
ScHAF-hausen, the sheep's house ScHAP-stadt, the sheep's place.
or dwelling ;
The Enghsh Wether (Wbdbe) is found in
WBTHEE-den, WsTHEE-al,
WETHEE-ley, WETHBRS-field,
WEDER-ley, &c.
The Lamb in
LAMB-hurst, Lambton,
LAMBER-hurst, LAM-brookj &c. '"
We find the Scandinavian forms for Sheep, (Saude and Faae,) ia^
SouTEE-fell, SouDEN-hill, the SouTER-gate, the «Aeep'* street ;
sheep's hill ; Fair-ford, the sheq)'s ford ;

13

PAR-leigh, FARS-ley, the sheep's
meadow ;
FAiE-field, the sheep's field ;
The Sow (SuGu) may be traced in
SuG-ley, the sow's meadow;
So-ham, SuEES-ham, the sow's
home; Swine in
Swm-burn, SwTN-bourne, the
swine's stream;
SwiN-hope, the swine's shelter ;
SwiNEs-co, SwiNEs-cot, the
swine's hut;
Gris (Scandinavian) vrild swine, gives name to

PAiR-leigh, the sheep's meadow ;
FAE-a, Pae-oc, the sheep's island.

SuG-gate, the sow's street ;
SowEE-by, the sow's town.

ScHWEiN-a, the swings abode by
the stream;
ScHWEiN-furt, the swine's ford ;
ScHWBiNS-berg, the swings hill.

GEis-dale, the toild swings vale ;
GBis-mire, the wild swine's bog ;
We may trace the Wolf in
WooLVEE-hampton, the wolfs
home-town ;
WooLVis-ton, the wolfs town ;
WooL-hope, WoLP's-hope, the
wolfs shelter ;
WoLN-ey, the wolfs island ;
WooLYBR-den, the wolfs hollow ;
WooL-mer, the wolfs lake ;
WoLF-ham-cote, the wolfs home-
hut;

Mun-GBis-dale, the monks' .wUd
swine's vale.
WooLS-ton, the wolf's town ;
WooL-wich, the wolfs bay;
WoL-an, the wolfs meadow ;
WoLF-ach, the wolfs abode by
the stream;
WoLF-hagen, the wolf's enclo
sure;
WoLF-stein, the wolfs stone ;
WoLFEN-buttle, the wolf's dwell
ing.

WooL-pit, the wolfs pit ;
The Fox gives name to Fox-hole, Pox-hunt, Oar-Fox, &c.; but Tod,
another name for this animal, occurs in
Tod- here, the forest of the fox; ToD-mor-den, the marshy hoUow
ToD-hurst ; of the fox ;
ToD-burn, the stream of the/ox ; ToD-wick, &c.
The dog, HoiJND or Hund, is found in
HouNDS-borough, the hound's HuN-ley, Hunsley, the Jwund's
city ; town ; 1) 2

14

ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES I

HouNs-low, the hound^s hill ; HuNS-rucken, HuNDS-ruck, the
HuND-holm, the hound's island; hound's ridge ;
HuND-wyl, the hound's well ; HuND-loch, the hound's hole.
HuN-feld, the hound's field ;
The Squirrel (Dray) is the root of
DEA-cot, DBAY-cot, the squirrel's DsAT-ton, the squirrel's town.
hut; WANT-ley, WANTis-den, and WAHT-age derive their name from
Want, Wanat, the mole.
The names of Birds are sometimes to be met with in local nomen
clature ; among the most important are the following : —
The Eagle, Ael (German) in

AvLES-bury, the eagle's city ;
AYLE-stone, the eagle's atone
EAGL-ey, the eagle's river isle.

ARLS-heim,ARL-jberg, EAGLES-cliffe, the eagle's rock;
EAGLE's-hay, the eagle's field ;
We find some trace of the Scandinavian name for the eagle (Aei,
Arin, Ern, Obn) in

ARNES-by, the eagle's town ;
EAEN-ley, AE-ley, the eagle's
meadow ;
EAES-dale, the eagle's vale ;
AEN-old, the eagle's wood ;
AEN-heim, the eaglets home ;
. ARNs-berg, the eagle's hill ;
AENs-walde, AEENs-walde, the
eagle's wood or forest ;
The Daw, in '
DAW-ley,
DEW-bury, The Owl, in
IlL-combe,
ULLEN-hall, OwLS-bury, the owl's city ;
OwL-ton, the owVs town ;

AEN-stadt, the eagle's town ;
AEENs-burg, the eagle's city ;
AEBN-berg-thal, the eagle's moun
tain valley ;
Aee-oc, the eagle's isle ;
AE-schot, the eagle's wood or
field;
AEEND-see, the eagles lake.

DBW-saU.

EuLBN-gebirge, the owl's moun
tains ;
IlL-ey, TJGL-ey, the owl's river
island.

animals.

15

The Ceow (Ceawe, Anglo-Saxon; Keaka, Scandinavian) in

Ceaykb, the crow's region ;
Ce AKE-hall, CEAKB-hiU, the crow's
hill;
CEAOKEN-thorpe, the crow's vil-

KRA-winkel, the crow's angle ;
KEE-feld, the crow's field.

CEAN-ach, the cranes dwelling by
the stream ;
CEANEN-burg, the cranes city.

CEACKEN-dale,CEOUGH-tOn, Crbake,CROw-hurst, the crow's forest ;
CEOW-land, the crow's district ;
CEOw-borough, the crow's city ;
CEAW-ley, the crow's meadow ;
The Ceanb, in
CRAN-brook, the crane's brook ;
CEAN-field, the cranes field ;
CEAN-ham, the crane's home ;
OEAN-bourne, the crane's stream ;
The Scandinavian Teana, a crane, is perhaps found in
Tean-wcII, the cranes spring ; TRAN-mere, the crane's lake.
The Swan, in
SwAN-cot, the swan's hut ;
Swan -more, the swan's moor;
The Dove (Culver), in
CuLVBE-hayes, the dove's field.
The Ween, in
WEEN-hurst, the wren's thicket ;
The Hen (Habn), in
HBN-stead, HEN-baun,
HEN-don, the hen's hill ;
The Goose, in
GAS-garth, the enclosure of the

ScHWAN-den, the swan's ravine ;
ScHWANE-beckjthe swan's rivulet.

WEEN-thorpe, the ivren's village.

HEN-ley, the hen's meadow;
HiN-ton, the hen's town.

Gos-forth, the ford of the geese;
GAS-dale, the vale of the geese.
The word Fowl, which occurs in numerous places, had originally a
much wider meaning than at present. Any^yire^' creature was a bird;
and in this sense we find it in
FouLS-ham, FuL-ham, the bird's PouLN-ey, FcoL-oe, the
home ; island ;
FuLL-wood, the bird's wood ; VoGELS-berg, the bird's liill.

16 ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES:

The names of Fish seem rather scarce ; we find

PisH-boume, the stream abound- FisH-toft^ j^sA field ;
ing is. fish ; PisH-field,^sA field ;
FiSHEB-gate,_^A street ; FisCH-baak,_7?sA rivulet ;
FisHER-ton,^A town ; FisK-um-foss, the waterfall of the
FiSH-guard,^s^ enclosure ; fish dwelling.
The Salmon (Lax) occurs in
LAxey, LAX-voe, salmon bay ;
LAX-field, LAXE-fiord, salmon firth.
LAX-ay, salmon river ;
The Trout (Teuht) is found in
TsouTS-dale, Tfioui-beck, the trout rivulet.
The Bel may be traced in
AAL-borg, eel city ; AAL-st, eel district ;
AAL-en, eel island ; AAL-rust, eeHorrent.
The Fbog and Toad are perhaps the only reptiles we find in place-
names. They evidently give names to
FBOG-hillj FROG-more, the frog's PBisKN-ey, the frog's island;
moor ; TAO-ley,
FEOx-feld, the frog's field ; Tad-Iow.
FROx-ton, the /roof's town ;
The Scandinavian term for the reptile is Padda, which occurs in
PAD-gate,yro^ street ; PADDY-giU,_/rop' rivulet ;
PADDON-Beck,/^^ stream; &c.
The insect Wigga, Wiega, a beetle, is perhaps found in
WiG-more, the beetles moor ; WiG-ton, WiGS-ton, WiGGlN-ton,
WiGGEN-holt, the beetle's wood ; the beetle's town ;
WiG-sell, the beetle's seat ; WiG-toft, the beetles field.
In German the name of the beetle is Kafer, cognate with the En-
ChafbRj which occurs in
KAFEE-loh, the beetles meadow ; KAFERN-burg, the beetles city.

17

(C) THE NAMES OF TREES, PLANTS, &o.
Trees performed no unimportant part in the division of land among
the Teutonic nations ; they were used as landmarks and boundaries,
and county courts were held under them.
The word Tree occurs very often in the names of places, and is
no doubt connected with some historical circumstance : e. g. —

Oswes-TEY,
Coven-TBY,Dodin-TREE, The Oak (Ac) is found in
Ac-ton, the oak town ;
AcK-worth, the oak farm ;
AuCK-land, the oak district ;
AiKE-Beck -Mouth, the mouth of
the oak rivulet ;
OAK-leigh, OcK-ley, OAK-ley,
WoK-ing, the oak meadow ;
As-kew, (AKE-skeugh), the oak
knoll ;
Ax-holme, the oak island;
Ex-fold, the oak enclosure ;
The Ash (Absc) occurs in
AsH-stead, ash dwelling ;
As-cot, ash hut ;
AsH-don, AsHEN-don, AsH-down,
ash hill ;
AsH-combe, Es-combe, ash valley ;
EsH-gill, ash rivulet ;
AsH-ling, ash heath ;
The Scandinavian form occurs in
AsK-rigg, ash ridge ;
AsK-ern, ash dwelling ;
The German form is found in
EscHEES-leben, AscHERS-leben,
ash field or level ;
As-perg, flwA hill;
EscHEN-bach, ash stream ;

Web-TREB, Grey-TREE, Els-TREE, &C.
Ex-twistle, the oak borders ;
OKE-hanger-mere, the oak mea
dow-lake ;
OAK-ham, the oak dwelling ;
OcK-brook, the oak brook ;
UcK-field, the oak plain; |
Bald-ocK, the bare oak;
Mart-ocK, the market oak;
EiCH-horn, the oak height ;
EiCHS-feld, the oak field ;
EiCH-stadt, the oak town.
AsH-by, AsH-ton, As-ton, ash
town;
Ash- well, ash spring ;
AsH-borne, ash stream ;
As-hurst, ash thicket ;
AsH-fold, ash enclosure.

AsKER-sund, ash sound;
AsK-ham, AsK-heim, ash home.
EscH-wege, ash way ;
EscH-weiler, ash dwelhng ;
As-sens, As-sen, ash dwelhng ;
AssBN-lieim, ash home.

18

etymology of LOCAL NAMES:

The Alder is found in
ALDEE-bury, alder city ;
ALDER-ley, alder meadow ;
ALDER-minster, alder church ;
ALLEE-dale, alder vale ;
AiLER-by, alder town ;
ALDERS-haugh, alder hill ;
Ai/DEB-mas-ton, alder marsh
town;
AiDEN-ham, alder home;
ALDER-shot, alder wood ;
ALLi-thwaite, alder path-;
The Broom gives name to
BROM-ton, broom town ;
BEOM-borough, broom city ;
BEOM-ley, broom meadow ;
BBOM-yard, broom enclosure ;
BROM-hurst, broom forest ;
BROMS-wold, broom wood ;
The Beech may be traced in
BocK-am, beech home ;
BucH-au, beech meadow ;
BucH-holz, beech wood ;
The Birch gives name to
BARK-by ;
BAEK-ham ;
BARK-brough ;
BARK-ey ;
BiEK-stall ;
BEEKE-ley, birch meadow ;
BiEKBN-shaw, birch field ;
The Apple is found in
AppLB-ton, AppLE-by, appUtowa. ;
AppuLDUE-combe, Appuldre-
combe, apple valley ;

ALLEK-ton, OwLERton, Bller-
ton, alder town ;
ELLB-ray, alder corner ;
ELL-feld, alder field ;
ELL-bogen, alder bending ;
ELL-rich, alder district ;
ELL-wangen, alder meadow ;
EEL-ach, alder dwelhng on the
stream ;
EEL-angen, EEL-au, alder mea
dow.

BROM-berg, broom hiU ;
BEAM-field, broom field ;
BEAM-with, broom wood ;
BRAM-shot, broom wood ;
BRAM-ber, broom pasture ;
BRAM-cote, broom hut.

BucH-horn, beech corner ;
BucHS-weiler, beech dwelling.

BEEK-hamp-stead, birch home
stead ;
BAEK-by, Birc^-town ;
BiEKEN-field, birch field ;
B.roEK-0, birch island ;
BiEK-thwaite, birch path.

AppLE-shaw, apple field or wood';
AppLE-dore, AppLE-thwaite,
apple path.

teebs.

19

The Hazel occurs in
HAZEL-ton ;
I-lAZE-leigh ;
HAZEL-badge ;
HASLE-mere ;
HAZLE-wood, hazel wood ;
HASEL-bury, hazel city ;
The LiMB-tree (Linde) occurs in
LiNO-field, lime field ;
LiND-ridge, lime ridge ;
LiND-hurst, lime forest ;
LiND-au, lime meadow ;
The MAPLE-tree is found in
MAPPEE-ley ;
MAPLE-stead ;
MAPPEE-ton, maple town ;
The PiNB occurs in

IlASLK-don, Imzel hill ;
IlASLE-wall, hazel bank ;
IlAYSEL-dean, hazel hollow ;
HAZLE-shaw, hazel wood ;
HAssEL-feld, hazel field.

LiNDBN-fels, lime hills ;
LiNDES-berg, lime hill ;
HoHEN-LiNDEN, the high lime
tree,
MAPPOWD-er, maple dwelling ;
MAPLE-hurst, maple forest ;
MAPUL-beck, maple rivulet.

PiNE-hurst, pine thicket ;
&c.

Pightles-THOENB, the enclosure by
the thorns;
Moster-TON (Mortes-TORNE),
slaughter thorn.

PiNE-low ;
PiN-hoe, pine hill ;
The Thobn gives name to
Thoene- waste, thorn level ;
THOEN-bury, thorn city ;
TnoEN-ey, tliom island ;
THORN-ham, thorn home ;
TnoEN-ton, thorn city ;
The German form, Dorn, occurs in
DoRN-burg, thorn city ; DoEN-han, thorn field ;
DoEN-holz-hausen, thorn wood- DoEN-stetten, tJiorn town.
dwelling ;
The Willow (Welig) may be traced in
WiLLOUGH-by, WiLLOUGH-ton, WiTHY-ham, willow home ;
vjillow-towTi ; WEiD-a, willow water dwelling
WiTHB-ridge, willow ridge ; Weid-bu, willow district ;
WiTH-ern, willow dwelling ; WEiDEN-au, willow meadow.
WiTHY-sike, willow brook ; E

20

ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES :

Sauch, Sough, Say, a vnllow, is the root of Nick-souGH, SAW-ley,
SAiGH-ton, and SAUG-haU.
The Yew appears in
U-ford,
Up-ton, U-ton, Iw-erne,Iw-ade,Ew-hurst, yew-forest;
The Beiee occurs in

Ew-den, yew hollow ;
EwAN-rJgg, yew ridge ;
Iw-ern, yew dwelling ;
The Views, the yews ;
EiBBN-stock, yew enclosure.

BEiBR-dean, BRIBE-Cliff, The Fern gives name to
FuRN-ham, PAEN-ham, jfe^ home ;
FEEN-ton,_/enj town ;

BEiER-ley, briar meadow ;
BEE-wood, briar wood.

FARNs-ley,/erw meadow ;
PARN-borough,/enj city.

The Furze (Fyes) Whin, Scandinavian, occurs in

WniN-bergh,WniN-fell, WHiN-brig-dale,
WniNN-ey-nab, Flax (Lin) appears in
LiN-gards, j?aa; enclosure ;
LiN-thwaite, j?aa; path ;

FuRZ-leigh, the fur zy meadow;
FuRZE-brook, the furzy brook ;
PuEZE-moor-gate,the/Mrey moor-
street.

LiN-ton,j?fl!a; town ;
LiN-dale,^aa: vale.

Geass (Gaers, and Speot) is found in

YEARs-ley,GEAT-ton, GRETN-a, SpROT-ton,
SPRAT-tOn,SPROUGH-ton, SpROS-ton,GRAS-mere, grass lake ;
GAB-grave, grass grove ;

GRAS-garth, grass enclosure ;
GARS-ton, grass field ;
GAii-stang, grass pool ;
GARS-dale, grass vale;
GEAS-croft, grass field ;
GKASs-by, grass town ;
QEAs-brook, grass brook ;
GAES-by, the enclosed grass town.

TREES, PLANTS, &C.
Ceess (NASTDRTitjM) occurs in
Cress-wcII, nasturtium spring ;
CREAs-y, nasturtium dwelling by
the stream ;
Moss gives name to
MosE-ley,Moss-ley,mossmeadow;
Mos-ton, moss town ;
Mus-borough, m^ss city ;
Gil-Moss, the rivulet of the moss;
Sedge appears in
SEDGE-moor, SBDGB-ley, sedge
meadow ;
The Rush is an element in
RusH-ley, rush meadow ;
EusH-hulme, r^ts^ island ;
RusH-mere, rush, marsh ;
Ris-borough, rush city ;

21

CREss-ham, nasturtium home ;
Cress-Iow, nctsturtium hiU.

Moss-soe, moss lake ;
MosEN-berg, moss hill ;
Mosbach, moss stream.

SEDG-barrow, sedge wood.

Rus-combe, rush valley ;
Rus-warp, rush mound ;
RusH-worth, rush farm ;
Rus-land,RusH-land,r'!i«Adistrict.

The Nettlb in NETTLE-combe, NETTLE-den, NETTLE-stead, and
NETTLE-ton. The Reed gives name to
REED-ham, reed home ;
RiD-ley, reed meadow ;
Barley (Bigg) may be traced in
BiG-by, barley town ;
Beans appear in
BiN-stead, bean dwelling ;
BEBN-ham, bean home ;
BiNB-gar, bean enclosure ;
The Oat occurs in OAD-by, Oi-ley, and OAT-land.
The Scandinavian Haver (oats) gives names to HAVEE-liam,
HAVBB-ford, and HAVER-thwaite.
The Slow is easily seen in Slow -burn and SLow-combe.
IlAW-ley and HAW-don derive their name from the Aaw; Apse-,
AsP-ley, and Asp-don from the asp (aps). B 2

RoE-bach, reed stream ;
&c.

BYG-land, barley district ;
BiN-don, bean hill ;
BiN-field, bean field.

22 ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES:
Wheat appears in WaiT-field, WnEAT-ley, WnEAT-hamp-stead,
WHEAT-on, WHATB-ly, and WniT-barrow.
SHBop-ham, SHROP-shire, ScEOP-ton, ScROP-ley-hill, ScRAPloft, and
ScROBB are derived from Sceybe, a shrub ; as well as ScREVE-by,
ScROO-by, and ScRAF-ton.
WoET-ley, WoET-well, WoE-stead, WoEs-borough, WoES-ley,
Wkoot, WuEZ-burg, WuEZ-ach, WuEZ-em, &c,, contain the root
Wyet, Woet, an herb.

(D) NAMES OF MINERALS.
Eez (German), Ore, occurs in
ERZ-gebirge, ore mountains ; ERZ-en, ore district.
Clay in
CLAY-pole, CLAY-don, clay hiU ;
CLAY-worth, CLAi-borne, clay stream.
CLAY-gate, clay street ;
CisBL {gravel), in
CrasEL-hampton, CmsLE-hurst, gravel forest ;
CmsLB-don, CHisEL-bury, gravel city;
CHEsiL-borne, CnEsiL-bank, gravel bank.
Chalk gives name to CnALK-grove, CHAL-ford, CniLT-em, Kalk-
stein, and Calke.
Gries (German), gravel, is found in
GEiES-bach, gravel stream ; GRiES-kirch, gravel church;
GRiES-heim, gravel home ; &c.
Marl occurs in Mae-Iow, MARL-borough, and MAELS-ton.
Salt appears in SALTBE-ton, SALT-ash, SALTN-ey, SAL-combe,
SALT-coats ; SALZ-brunn, SALZ-burg, SALZ-dahl um, SALZ-wedel, &c.
EiSEN (German), iron, is found in EisEN-ach, EiSEN-berg, Eiseld,
Eis-leben, Eis-grub, BiSBN-burg, &c.

NAMES OF MINERALS. 23
Sand gives name to SAND-wich, SAND-hurst, SANDER-croft, &c.
Stone (Stan) appears in SroNE-leigh, SiAN-ley, STAN-ton, Staines,
SxAN-bury, SrAiN-land, SxAiN-drop, SiAN-hope; STEEN-bergen,
STEEN-wyk, Stein, STEiN-ach, SiEiN-au, Stein -bach, SiEiN-borth,
STEiN-holm, SiEiN-horst, STEiN-weiss, &c.

(E) ADJECTIVES.

Al, Alt, Ald, Au, (o/(?)— ALD-borough, AL-thorpe, AL-bourne,
AL-ton, AL-ford, AL-cester ; ALTEN-burg, ALTEN-markt, ALTEN-dorn,
ALTEN-feld, AL-torf, OLDE-bach, OLDB-boorn, OLDBN-dorf, Oldbn -burg,
Au-burn, and Au-thorpe.
Brad {broad) — BEAD-well, BEAD-stock, BEAD-ford; BEEiT-horn,
BREiTEN-bach, &c.
Chel, Col, Cald (cold) — CoL-burn, CoAL-brook, CoLD-stream,
CoLD-side, CHELS-field, OowD-ham, CniLD-hay, CniLT-thorn, Chil-
worthy, Cald-wcU; CALDE-cote, CAL-bourne, CAUDB-bec (Calde-
bec), CoLDEN-weide, CoLDEN-hofi", KALT-brun, KALTBN-nord-heim, and
KALTBN-sund-heim. Deop {deep) — DEPx-ford, DEEP-dale, DiEPBN-beck, DiEPBN-heim,
DiEPEN-au, &c.
KiNE, King, (royal, king) — KiNE-ton, KiNNEE-ton, KiNGS-bury,
KlNGER-by. OsT, OosT, OsiEN {east) — BAST-bourne, EAs-ton; Osx-ende,
OsTEE-ach, OsTEB-end, OsTEE-holz, OsxE-rode, OsxEE-sunde, Ost-
hem, OsT-heim, OsT-wolde, OosT-burg, OosTER-einde, OoSTBB-wyk,
OosTEE-wolde, OoST-kerke, &c.
HoL (hollow) — HoL-beach, HoL-land, HoL-born, HoL-bek, Hollen-
beek, &c.
Lang (long) — LANG-baurgh, LANG-don, LANGEN-hoe.
LiLLB (little) — LiLLES-don, LiLLES-hall.
MicKLE, Much (tor^/e)— MicKi.E-fell, MiCKLB-field, MucH-wen-lock.

24 ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES:
NoE, Nobd {north) — ^NoR-folk, NoR-ham, NoE-mandy, NoR-mark,
NoR-den, NoRD-heim, NoRE-telge, NoRR-land, NoEE-koping, Nobd-
horn, NooED-weUe, NooBDER-wyk,-NoEDBN-ey, &c.
Neu, Nibu (nem) — NEU-berg, NEU-haus, NEU-land, NEU-stadt,
NiBU-wold, NiEuw-kerk, NiBu-berg, NY-stad, NY-kerk, &o. ; New-
lands, NEW-ark, NBW-bury, NEW-ton, &c.
Nieder, Nether (downward or further) — NETHEE-bury, Nethee-
Compton, NETHER-lands, NiEDEH-bronn, NiEDER-rad, NiEDERN-hall,
NiBDEE-wald, NiDER-dorf, &c.
SuD, SuT (south) — SuR-rey, Sup-folk, SuT-ton, Sus-sex, South-
leigh, SouT-ham, SouTH-end, SuT-torp, SuD-bury, Sudee-ob, Sundee-
land, Kalten-SuND-heim, SuND-gau, SoDER-fors, SoDER-hamn, Soder-
telge, SoEEE-Koping, &c.
Sell (happy, fortunate) — SEL-by, SsL-kirk, SELL-hurst, &c. ;
SSLIGBN-Stadt, SBLIGEN-thal, &c.
Up, Upper (higher) — Up-ton, Up-hay, Ur-lyme, Up-sala, &c.
Under (lower) — UNDEE-barrow, UHDEB-chfEe.
West, Wester, Vestee (west) — WEST-bury, WESTER-borg,
WESTEE-by, WESTER-holt, WESTBE-laud, Westee-Ioo, WEST-heim,
West- land, WEST-rup, WBSTR-um, VEST-irg, VESTER-hoe, &c.

25

DIVISION II.

GENERAL ELEMENT.
(A) WORDS SIGNIFYING WATER, RIVER, &o.
Ea. — This Anglo-Saxon 'word signifies (1) water in general, and (2)
any running body of water, river, &c. — It occurs in the names of rivers,
in the names of places near rivers, and in the names of marshes formed
by rivers.
The rivers Medway and Stour were anciently written Meduw-EA,
and Stur-EA. In the East Anglian counties the term is still preserved,
for we meet with Popham's ea, St. John's ea, Hammond eau, &c.
Bye, Ybo, and Aye, are slightly altered forms of the same root, and
ea is another name for the river Leven.
B-hen, fowl riser ; ' EA-mont(BA-mot),2ooier-meeting.
The following places near rivers contain some form of the Anglo-
Saxon root, EA : — (
Chels-BA, the cold river-marsh ; Batters-EA,St. Fetei'ariver-marsh.
It formerly belonged, together with Peter's-ham, to St. Peter's
Abbey, Cherts-BY.
EA-ton, E-ton, the town of the B-rith, water channel ;
riv^ ; EA-land, YEA-land, ril>er district ;
B-dale, the river vale ; EG-ham,the dwelling on the stream.
The plural form, Eas, water-course, occurs in EAS-dale, Eas-
writh, and BAS-tyn.
In the Gothic we meet with the following cognate forms : — aha,
AUE, awe, owe, ahva, and ach, e. g. —
Fuld-a, Fuld-AHA ; Lahn, Lou-aha ;
Goth -a, Goth-AHA; Sieg, Seg-AHA.

26 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES:
We find A, a contraction of aha, in Schwein-A, Asch-A, Born-A,
Buch-A, Baren-wald-A, Konigs-werth-A, Hoyers-werd-A, Berk-A,
Vach-A, Goth-A, &c.
In Burgundy, we find the terminations ay, OY,and y, used to designate
habitations established along running water, e. g. — Cambr- ay, Tourn-AY,
Dou-AT, Quesn-OY, Chaum-Y, &c.
The ending ow, in Beesk-ow, Godan-owA, and Buch-ow, is another
form of the same root.
The form Ach occurs in
Stadt-stein-ACH, Wurz-ACH, the herb dwelling on
Dorn-ACH, the stream;
AAOH-en, Wolf- ACH, the wolf's dwelling on
Baden-ACH, the stream;
Gold- ACH, Rod-ACH, the cleared spot or path
Nieder-ACH, on the stream.
Stein-AOH, the stony-dwelling on
the stream;
The plm'al form, ae, er, signifying the confluence of waters, occurs
in Ohbe, EB-furt, OHE-druf, and Neck-AE.
The Scandinavian forms for water are. A, A A, and Aab.
In England we find Cald-A, Routh-A, Rath-A, AY-am, AY-clifie, &c.
Aa occurs as the name of several rivers in Hanover, Prance, Brabant,
Groningen, and Switzerland.
Aa is found in
Nips-AAE, Hag-A,
Schol-AAE, FOSS-AA,
Sus-AAB, AA-kirke,
Skar-A, A-bo, the dwelling by the water;
Grenn-A, A-land, water district ;
Wad-sten-A, A-hus, the house by the water ;
Sal-A, A-dorf, AY-throp, the village by
Nor-A, the water.
AiN, the river, forms part of the following names :— Glomm-EN,
Alt-EN, Ul-EN, Sus-EN, &C.

WAXEE, RIVER, &C. 27
Beck (Scandinavian), a rivulet. —In. England, the following places
contain this root : —
Elder-BBCK, BECK-with, the wood of the
BEOK-cote, rivulet ;
Raven-BBCK, BECKEN-ham, the home of the
Pinch-BBCK, rivulet ;
Wel-BBCK, Wans-BBCK, Odin's rivulet;
Pur-BECK, Coupland Beck (Coupman Beck),
Cvumm-ocK-water, merchant's rivulet ;
Crum-BECK-water, BBX-ley, the meadow of the
Hol-BECK, hollow Hvulet ; rivulet ;
Hil-BECK, hiU rivulet ; BECK-ford, the ford of the rivulet,
Swarth-BECK, black rivulet ; called the Yare or Yarty.
In Denmark we meet with Aale-BEKS, Aal-BEK, Egje-BEK, Vinde-
BEK, and Hol-BBK.
In Oldenburg we find Vis-BEOK, sacred rivulet; in the south of
Luxemburg we meet with BECKE-rich, the district of the rivulet.
In West Flanders the form b eke occurs in Roos-bekb, Wam-BSKE,
Haerle-BEKE, Meule-BEKE, &c. ; in south Brabant the form beeke is
prevalent, e. g. — Buus-bbekb, Clab-BEEKB, &c. We also meet with a
BECKE-voort, having the same signification asBBOK-ford in England.
The root Beck occurs very frequently in the names of places in the
neighbourhood of the rivers Rhine and Elbe, e. g. — Wandes-BEOK,
Schwarzen-BBCK, Flot-BECK, Stein-BBOK, Barn-BECK, Suder-BECK,
Ilals-BECK, Schip-BECK, &c.
In France we find the exact spots where many of the old Norse
leaders settled down, by the presence of this root — p. g.,
Bol-BEC, the habitation by the Ro-bec, the rivulet of the cleared
rivulet ; ground ;
Foul-BLO, the rivulet of bu-ds ; Caude-BEC, the cool rivulet.
In Germany' and Austria we find the cognate form, Bach, a
rivulet — e. g.,
Hunds-BACH, the hound's rivulet; Bschen bach, the ash rivulet ;
Ror-BACH, the reed rivulet ; Ross-bach, the horses' rivulet ;
Gries-BAcn, the gravelly rivulet ; Erl-BACH, the alder rivulet;
Finster-BACH, the dark rivulet ; Alde-BACii, the ancient rivulet ;
F

28 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES:
Pisch-BACH, the fish rivulet ; Wam-PACH, the deep rivulet.
Bem-BACH, the tree rivulet ;
Bath (baed, baeth, bad, Anglo-Saxon), water. — Bath, BAXH-ford,
BATH-easton, BAD-by, BAD-bury, BADON-hill, Bux-ton, BA-ke-well, &c.
The German form, Bad, Pad, occurs in Baden, Wies-BADBN,
Carls BAD.
BoENE, Bourne, Buen, Buene (Anglo-Saxon), a stream, from
BiRNAN, to burn.— It "denotes the bubbhng of a welling running
stream with the singing of the boiling water and the flaming of fire."
Winter-BOBNB, the stream flowing Hart-BUEN, the hart's stream ;
in the winter season ; BuRN-side, the habitation of the
Sher-BOENE, the clear stream ; stream ;
Ty-BOKN, the district stream ; BuEN-ham, the stream dwelling ;
Hol-BORN, the hollow stream ; Au-burn, the ancient stream ;
Col-BUEN, the cool stream ; HE-burn, the high stream.
We find BoEN on the continent, in Sal-BORN, Pader-BOEN, Sonne-
BOEN, Eschen-BORN, &c.
The German form, Beun, occurs in
Wolf's - BRUNNEN, the wolf s BRUNS-wick, the city on the
stream ; stream ;
KieselBRUNN, the gravelly BEUNS-buttel, BRUNS-torp, the
stream ; village on the stream.
Schon-BRUNN, the bright stream ;
BoTXBN, BoTN (Scandinavian), i^e seo.— Gulf of Bothnia, N()rr-
BOTTEN, BoDEN-see, BoTT-sand, Holt-PADB, Lacus BoDAM-icus (Lake
Constance), Botten Viken, Botten Hafvet, &c.
Beigg, Bridge, a passage of wood or stone over a river. — It is often
applied to fording and landing places.
Beigg, BBix-ton, the town of the bridge;
Glandford Beiggs, BEis-tol, the dwelling-place of the
BBiG-stock, bridge;
BEix-ham, the home of the bridge;
The Scandinavian form, Beo, occurs in
Bso-ra, ftrirf^'e-rivulet ; Vester-BEO, yue&t-bri^dge ;
BRo-gar, bridge-enAo^xae ; &c.
As cognate forms, we find Bruges, Esten-BEuo, Coppen-BEUOOE,

WATl'.R, EIVBE, &C. 29
Beugg, Brio, Inns-PRucK, DcI-bbuok, Konigs-BEUCK, Hers-BRUCK,
BeUCK, BRUCKBN-aU.
Bebd, Bread (Anglo-Saxon), border, shore-bank. — BREAD-sale,
BEBT-by clump, BRED-hurst, BuED-field, BiiBD-sted.
Bead (Anglo-Saxon), broad, expansive, the expansion of a river in a
flat country, a lake so formed. — Outton-BROAD, Braydon-BROAO,
BEEYDON-water, Mutford-BROAD.
Broc (Anglo-Saxon), a brook, a rushing stream. — Beox- ash, Brox-
bourne, Ock-BEOOKE, Cole-BEOOKE, PuI-beook, Wam-BROOK, MUl-
BEOOK, BRUCK-land.
We find the same root in Rad-BROOK, Alten-BEOCK, Ooster-BEOCK,
Wester-BEOCK, Strad-BEOKE.
Beuoch (old High German), and Beuch (German), evidently cognate
forms, signify a bog or marsh, e. g. — Alten-BEUCH, BjiucH-sal, Beuch-
berg, and Brussels (Beuschels.)
Ceol, Ciol (Anglo-Saxon) Kbol, (Danish), a sAip.—KiEL,KiELEE-
fiord, CuLEN-burg, and KuYLEN-burg.
Crundel (Anglo-Saxon), a water-course, " a spring or well with its
cistern, trough, or reservou- to receive water." — Geindle, Geindla-
ton, GiiiNDLBS-mere, Cron-dall, Crow's Ceundbl, Cradwan Crun
del (Crowden Farm).
Comber (Scandinavian), Kumpe (Old Nurse), a running sheet of
water ; and hence it enters into combination with the names of places
bordering on ponds and water-troughs — CoMBEB-ton, CoMBER-mere,
CoMBBE-bach. Dam, from Dammbn (German), to bank, dam. — Amster-DAJi,
(Armstel-DAM), Rotter-DAM, Saar-DAM, Schie-DAM, &c.
Delve (English), to dig. — Delve is a local word, signifying a quarry
or ditch — DELVEK-au and Delft.
Dio (Anglo-Saxon), a ditch, dike, or river. — Wans-DIKE, Wran-DYKE,
Dish, Plen-DisH (Flamin-Dic), Caes-dyke, Hague-DiKE, DYCK-buttel,
Wolvers-DYK, &c.
DioPE, Diup (Scandinavian), deep. — It is often applied to parts of
the sea, and to rivers— Dieppe, Diupa, DEPE-dale, HoUauds-DiEP,
Mars-DiEP. We also find Linn Deeps.
Dub (Scandinavian), a pool or piece of water (from Dyb, (Danish),
deep). — Ash-DUB, the ash-pool. F 2

30 etymology OF LOCAL NAMES:
Efes, Eves (Ango-Saxon), tlie bank of a river, a border, edge of a
mountain. — EvES-ham, Habergham-EAVES, EvES-batch, EvES-knoll.
Elf (Scandinavian), a river. — ELPS-burg, ELFS-nabben, Kong-BLF,
ELP-karle-by, Elbe, Alb, &c.
Fiord (Danish), Pioeth yO\A Norsk), Firth (Scotch), an inlet of
the sea, a bay, a station for ships. — Fieth of Forth, Firth of Tay.
(Frith is a mis-spelling for Firth.)
The FoED in Mil-POBD, Haver-roRD, Water-PORD, is not to be con
founded with FoBD, a passage, but is another form of the Scandinavian
FioED, in Kieler-piOED, Ecken-PiOED, Laxe-piOED, &c.
PoED, FoET, Pyrd (Anglo-Saxon), Poeth (Scandinavian), a passage
through a stream. <
Holm-pORTH, island _/bra!; Here-PORD, the ford of the army;
Spot-POBTH, the place at the ford ; Wad-po ud, the waded ford ;
Sand-P0ED,Mud-POED,Brad-poKD, Sto-POBD, the dwelling-place at
ford ; the ford ;
Cuck-TOED, the ra^id. ford; Ash-POED, the ford of the ash;
Whit-POED, the yriieford ; FEOES-ham, the home of the/or^Z.-
Ox-poED, the/ord of the ox; TiVEE-ton (Twy-POED-tun), the
Rom-FOED, the hro&A ford ; two ford town.
Stam-POED, the stony /ord;
The German Furt, a ford, occurs in Hirsch-ruRX (Hart-poED), Her-
FURT (Here-POBD), Schwein-puRT (Swine-poRD), Ochsen-puET (Ox
ford). The Dutch Vooet, a ford, is found in Wester-VOORT, Becke-vooET,
Amers-POOET, Brede-vooET, &c.
Fen, Faen (Anglo-Saxon), wet-land. — FEN-ham Flats, Fen Ditton,
Walling Fen, FEN-stan-ton, FENi-ton, FiNS-bury, FBN-brig, &c.
The Dutch form, Veen, occurs in Amster-V£EN, and in Vbn-1o, &c.
Pljot, Ploi, Plod (Scandinavian), Fleot, Plbth (Anglo-Saxon),
Fleet (English), a flow or flush of water, channel or arm of the sea
between the coast, and an island, a river, a tide creek. — 'I he presence of
the root marks habitations on ,the sea, rivers, or canals — The Fleet,
Long-PLEBT, Ben-PLBET, Shal-PLBET, Salt-PLEET, Pax-PLEEX, The
Flow (a piece of water in Scotland), Flow Moss, Solway Plow,
PLOUT-ern, Scar-LBx, and PLOW-ton.

WATER, EIVEE, &C. 31
In France the root Ploi occurs, under the form Fleub, in Bar-PLEUE,
Har-PLEUE, Vite-PLEUR (White-PLEBx), PLOT-beck, Pos-flbthb,
Beyden-PLBTH, and Aver-PLEin.
PoRs, FoBSB, PoECE, Poss (Scandinavian), a water /aZL— River
Poss, PoEss-water, Poese, PoEsm-ard, Low-foece, Scale-poECE,
Bilhng-FOES, Pos-kilde, and Pos-land.
Gat (Scandinavian), a sound. — Catte-GAT, the Gatt, HeUe-GAT,
Rams-GATE, Mar-GATE.
Gau (German), a district watered by a river. — Aar-GAU, Tor-GAU,
Breis-GAU, Bur-GAU, Wolve-GA, and Pinke-GA. — Gaw, in England, as
a local word, signifies a hollow with water springing in it, a furrow
— GAW-thorpe, GoY^-don, &c.
Geo (Scandinavian), hollow, a chasm in the shore, a small inlet. —
Wolfs-GBO, Gcri-odin, Gsu-odin (Odin's-inlet.) Varren-GE-fiord, Varen-
GB-vUle, Varren-GUE-bec.
Gob (Old Norsk), a cleft, a small opening in the land, a bay. — Red-
GOE, Raven-GOE, Tod's-GOE, Whale-GOB.
Gill (Scandinavian), a small gravelly stream, also a glen or valley ;
GooL, a ditch. — Row-gill, Woo-oiLL-tam, Kesh-oiLL-burn, EsIi-gill,
Ive-GILL, GiLS-land, &c. ; Goolb, GiLLB-bye, GiLLE-skaal, &c.
Gout, Gote, a drain or diicA, from Geotan (Anglo-Saxon), to pour.
— River Goyt, Win-thorpe-GouT, Trus-thorpe-GouT, Tyd-GOTE, Got-
ham, &c.
Prom the German Giessen, gosse, gegossen, to pour, to water, are
derived — GiBS-en, GiESS-bach, Goss-au, &c.
Haf (Scandinavian), the sea, Havn (Danish), a haven.— Btone-
HAVEN, White-HAVEN.
The old Haap, Havre, HAVER-ford, IlAPS-lund, Prisohe-HAF,
Aland Hap, Happ of Stettin, Haps-Ioc, Westman's havn, HAVN-sur-
Dive, HAVN-sur-Merderet, &c.
Hamn (Scandinavian), a port, bay, g-M//!- Hamna-voc, Soder-HAMN,
Carls-HAMN, Torn-HAMN-sudde, Quister-HAM, Go-ham, Cane-HAM,
Estre-HAM, HAM-bye, &c.
Hatch (Provincial), a flood-gate, cZam.- Mers-ham-HATOH, Kelve-
don-HATCH.

32 etymology op LOCAL NAMES :
Hyd, HiTHE, Hythe (Anglo-Saxon), originally a receptacle ; (2),
haven; (3), coas^.— Hythe, Hyde, Seche-HYTHE, Rother-HITHE,
Green-HITHE, Lamb-EiH.
Holm (Scandinavian), a river island, a green plot of ground sur
rounded by water, low land lying along the river or ocean. — Holm,
Holmes, Holm moss, HoLM-head, HoLM-forth, Kirk-yet-HOLM, Hipper-
HOLMB, Den HOLM, Steep-HOLM, aud Flat-HOLM, Houlmes (near Rouen),
EngO-HOMME, Tur-HUiiM (Tor-HOLM), Stock-HOLM, Hoy-HOLM, Borg-
holm, Born-HOLM.
Heapod (Anglo-Saxon), the source of a stream. — Wood-HEAD,
Holm-HEAD, Leather head, &c.
Ig (Anglo-Saxon), an island. — It assumes the various forms of Eage,
Aege, Big, &c.— Aic-burth, EiGH-ton, Eo-ham, loHT-field, Ight-
han, &c.
Kell, Keld (Scandinavian), a spring, "the gathering of water
within a hill side, which then bursts out with a considerable gush, and
forms a strong stream." — KiL-ham, KiL-bourn, KEL-sal, KiL-hope,
KEL-atedge, KpL-sale, KeL-sey, Lath-KiLL, Gunner- kild bottom, Oer-
KELL, Halli-KELD, Sal-KELD, KlELDER MoorS, KELDER-vik.
Lad, Lode, Lade (Anglo-Saxon), water running into the sea, a pan
for water, a drain, a pool, a gentle lake, an artificial water-course. —
River Lydb or Lythb, Even-LODB, Wcst-lode, Whap-LODE, Salter's
LoDB-sluice, So-ham-LODE, BurweU-LODE, Reach-LODE, Swaff-ham-
LODE, Lech-LADE.
Lays (Provincial), lakes; Lay, a largepond. — LoWBS-toft, the field
of lakes ; the provincial form is LAYS-toft ; . forest of Lowes,
LowBS-by, &c.
Laug (Scandinavian), water. — Bal-LAUGH, Lamp-LUGH, LAUGH-ton,
Skir-LAUGH, Winters-LAG, &c.
Lock, meeting of waters, junction of rivers. — Mat-LOCK, Whee-LOCE,
Wen-LOCK. Lecha, Letch, a small n'»e»-.— LBCK-hampstead, LATCH-ford,
LBCKON-field, LETCH-worth.

WATEE, EIVEE, &C. 33
Lagu, Lage, Lachb (Anglo-Saxon), water, a lake  River Lao,
Mort-LAKB, Shock-LACH, LAKBN-heath, Ship-LAKE, Burg-has-LACH,
Dur-LACH, and LACE-by.
Meee (Anglo-Saxon), a Zafe.— Comber -mbee. Winder mere, Ool-
MEEE, MEE-ton-Say, Hornsea-MEEE, Youns-MERE, Riug-MER, Aves-
meee ; Haar-lem-MBBB, Alk-MAAE, MoE-ton, MAR-tin.
MiRE, the Scandinavian form, Myri (Old Norsk), signifies a marsh
or bog. — Gris-MiEB, Ling-MiRE, Wrag-MiRE,- Sour-MiBE.
In Norway we find Rossc-myre, and in Iceland, Skala-MYEB.
We find the Frisian form, Mae, in MAE-strand, Hiel-MAE, MAE-stall,
Wis-MAR, Wol-MAE.
Mersc, Mars, Mas (Anglo-Saxon), a marsh or bog.—Muis-ton-
moor, MERS-ham, Raw-MARSH, AJder-MAS-ton, MisEST-ham, Meas-
ham, MiESK, Os-MAS-ton, MAs-ham, Tor-MAs-ton, MAES-den, the
Mash. Perhaps the river Mease or Meuse is derived from the same root.
MuND (German), the mouth of a river ; Muyden (Dutch) ; Mouth
(English). — Rore-MUND, WcI-mend, Witt-MUND, Wame-MONDE, Mun-
DEN, MuiDEN.
Ob (Scandinavian), an island. — Angles-EY, Guerns-EY, Aldern-BY,
Shepp-EY, Nordern-EY, Wo1v-ey, Holm-OB, Wragg-oE, Wag-OE, Rom-
OE, Hoal-OB, Par-OB, Langer-ooG, Wanger-ooG, Cantal-EU, Jur-A,
Isl-A, Straths- AY.
Oed, Oet (Dutch), a point, the junction of two rivers. — Havel-oET,
Calv-ORDE, Frederiks-oRT.
Ora (Anglo-Saxon), the shore, coast, border, those parts of the sea
or river affording safe landing-places. — OR-ton, HoE-ton, OEE-by,
Toln-ORB, HoR-dle.
The Scandinavian, Eye, E!^ei, Aue, Oi, Oee, occurs in EBi-boH,
EEi-sta, ORE-sund, Sand-AEEA, Net-AEEA, Rabbit-AHBA.
OfEE, Opba, Ovbe (Anglo-Saxon), the shore, bank. — ^Little Ovee,
Mickle Over, OvER-leigh, Wend-ovEE, And-ovER; OvEE-yssel,
Hanu-ovBR, Ovbe, near Cologne, Ofbe, in the neighbom'hood of the
Elbe.

34 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES:
Pot (Scandinavian), the hole formed by a river in the rocks which
compose its bed. — Lade-POT, Bu11-pot, Spear-poTS.
Peddle, Puddle (Anglo-Saxon), a thin stream. — PiDDLE-town,
PiDDLE-trent-hide, River Biddel, ToI-piddle, Aflf-puDDLS.
Pol, Pole, Pell (Anglo-Saxon) deep standing water, a detached or
enclosed piece of water, a haven or harbour. — PooL-croft-hea, Pul-
ham, PBL-ham, Yar-POLE, PuL-borough, PooL-ey, PoLES-worth,
Poole, &c.
PiNB (Provincial), a pit. — Wash-ford-PYNE.
Pyt (Anglo-Saxon), a body of standing water, a puddle, cistern ;
from Pyttan, to excavate.— Pvim-ey, PuiTEN-ham, PiTS-ford, Pud-
sey, PiTN-ey, WooI-pit, PiT-stone, &c.
Ra (Scandinavian), a river. — Oxe-EA, Bro-RA (bridged-river),
Nordu-BA. Rea (Anglo-Saxon), RY-ton, RYE-gate.
Run (Anglo-Saxon), a stream, water-course. — RuN-ton, Run-
ham. Rack (Scandinavian), a trace, strait, channel. — Dam -back, Sky-
EACK, &c., the Race, Skage-BACK.
Sola (Old High German), water, river. — Bagos-soLA (bug), Salza,
Saalb. Sloh, Slaew (Anglo-Saxon), a slough. — Slough, the name of
several places in England.
Slaed, Slade (Anglo-Saxon) wet ground, low marshy ground.—
Lin-SLADE, SLAi-thwaite, SLED-dale, Sloten. *
Spout (Scandinavian), a waterfall.-^Cji.v'i-lej Spout, Gale-forth-
SPOUT, SPYTEN-vand (in Norway), Spout.
Steind, Strund (Scandinavian), the beach, sea coast. — The Strand,
Whitby-STBAND, Flad-STEUND, Nord-STBAND, Es-steand, &c.
SiKB (Scandinavian) a water course, drain. — Pul-siCK, Meer-
SYKB.

WATER, EIVEE, &C. 35
Stang (Scandinavian), a pool. — Meller-sTANO, Gar-STANG, &c.
Steom (Scandinavian), a stream. — STEOMS-a, Stroms-oc, Steom-
ness, STRAUMS-ey, STROMs-holm, and Mael-sxROM.
Strommeb, a channel which separates the Isle of Siaeland from the
Isle of Amak.
Saef, Siv (Anglo-Saxon), a rush, torrent. — The river Shbap,
SwAVBs-ey, &c.
Sea (Anglo-Saxon), See (German), the sea, a lake. — SBA-ham, Sea-
ton, SsA-forth, Horn-sEY, Whittle-SEA, &c. ; Lange-SEE, Esrum-SEE,
Gruner-SEE, and Moss- see.
The Scandinavian Soe (sea), occr s in Mor-SOE, Mos-soe, Sonder-
sop, &o.
Skell (Scandinavian), a well, spring. — SKEL-man-thorpe, Skell-
eftea, SKELDBE-vik, SKEL-ton, &c.
SuND (Scandinavian), separated, a channel, a strait. — SuNDEB-land,
the Sound, Helle-suND, Stral-suND, &e.
Tjobn, Teen, Taen (Scandinavian), a small ZaAe.— Lough-rigg-
taen, Flat-TARN, Plou-TEEN-XAEN (from Ploi, Scandinavian, a bog,
marsh, &c.). Angle Tabn, Beacon Tabn, Tjoen (an island off the coast
of Sweden), Holms-.roN, Mars-JON, Flas-JON.
Vatn, Vat, Vand (Scandinavian), water, a lake. — Apa-VATN, My-
VATN, Sands-VATN, Bjork-VATN-et, Rys-VAND ; Olle-vAT (a lake in the
Hebrides), VATN-dale, WATEND-lath (in Cumberland), Steapa-VAx, &c.
Sometimes Vand is changed into Watee, as in Helga-WATBE (a
lake in Shetland), UHs-waiee, Gates-WAXBE, Broad- water, Oude-
WAXEE, WATEB-vliet (Netherlands), Vara-BOT (Prance).
Vaag, Vob (ScandSnavian), a bay, harbour, in
VoE (Sum-brough,) SoI-way,
Burra-voE, Groes-VAOH,
Usk-VAGH, Hamna-voE, harbour bay ;
Flad-VAGH, SeUa-voE, herring bay ;
VAAG-oen, . &c.
Vaag- en,
ViG, ViK, Wick (Scandinavian), a small bay, harbour, landing-

36 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES :
place, a town on the sea-coast, mouth of a nuer.-T-Bruns-wiCK,
Schles-wiG, Laur-viG, Steen-viG, Lem-vio, Weston-viK, Bra-viKEN,
Wool-wiCH, Green-wicH, Har-wiCH, Ips-wicn, Dib-ic, Cu-ic,
and Green-oc.
Wath, Wade (Scandinavian), a ford. — WATH-upon-Deame, Win-
¦ der-WATH, WADES-mills, WADs-ley ; Waythe, Biggles-WADE, Sands-
VATH, WaITHE.
Wash (Scandinavian), an arm of the sea, a river, ford. — The
Wash, Ship-wAsH, Vis-by, WASH-field, and WAS-dale.
Well (Anglo-Saxon), a spring. — Both-WELL, WvL-am, WEL-ton,
WiL-land ; Waedensch wyl, Walch-WYL, WYL-au, Hof-WYL, &c.
Wasseb (German), Waes (Anglo-Saxon), water. — WASSBE-burg,
WASSBE-trudingen, WAEs-ten, WAES-land, Watee-Ioo, (water-mea
dow), WEASBN-ham, WASSEN-bury, &c.
Wac (Anglo-Saxon), soft marshy ground ; Wax (Scandinavian). —
WAC-ton, WAX-holme, WAX-holm, WAX-ham, WHAX-grove, &c.
Wael, Wheel (Provincial), a whirlpool. — WHEEL-don, Webl,
WEBL-ey, WHEE'L-ton, &c.
Worth (Anglo-Saxon), an island formed by a river, a canal
between the two branches of a river, a yarm.^;-Teb-woETH, Hems-
WOETH, TetS-WORTH, Nails-WOEXH, Rush-WOETH, Til-WOETH, Clos-
WOBTH, Wid-WOETHY, Tat-WOETH, Chil-WOETHY, Dodge-WAARTj Bols-
WAARD, Holt-wiEBDB, aud Schoeuen-WBETH.
Wychen (Ango-Saxon), springs; Wych (Provincial), a salt
spring. — Wnix-ley, WiCK-en, Middle-wrcH, Nant-wiCH, and Pord-
wich.

(B) NAMES OF MOUNTAINS, HILLS, &o.
Bao, Bead (Anglo-Saxon), a ridge or back; Bac (Gothic), a woody
mountain, an ascent or descent.
BuHEL, PuHEL, BuHL (German), a hill, rising ground.
Baich (Old English), a " languet of land." — Saddle-BACK, BAC-ton,
BACON's-field, Hog's-BAOK, Bainton-BEACON, Inkpen-BBACON, &c.
Caesar makes mention of a Sylva Bacen-Is, which separated the
Cherusci from the Suevi ; and Ptolemy speaks of a Meli-Boc-os, in
the north of Germany. There is still a Meli-BOC-us in the south of
Germany. The German form (Buhl, Puhel, &c.), occurs in
Eichen-BUHL, the oak ridge ; Ross-buhl, the horse's ridge ;
Dun-kels-BUHL, the ridge of the Lust-BUHL, the hill of pleasure.
mountain springs ;
Berg, Beoeg, Beroh (Anglo-Saxon), a mountain, a hill, a heap of
stones or earth; Berg, Peeeg (High German), Bairgs (Gothic),
BiERG, Bjorg, Boeg (Scandinavian). — Ha-BEE6-ham-eaves, Wa-BEE-
thwaite, Wi-BERG-thwaite (holy mountain path), Leg-BSE-thwaite
(law mountain path), Brown-BBEG-hill, Lang-BAUEGH.
Bareow and Barf occur frequently in the North of England. They ^
are probably only slightly altered forms of Berg. — Under-B4ERow-
scar, High-BARROw-ridge, &c. ; Clee-BARP, Baep near (Bassen-thwaite),
&c. The German Bbeg is found in
Berg, BEBG-en, the mountain Alten-BEEG, the ancient hill ;
region ; As-pbeg, the ash hill ;
BEEGB-dorf, the hilly city ; Heidel-BBBG, the heath hill ;
BERG-heim, the hilly home ; Konigs-BEEG, the King's hill;
Adels-BEEG, the nobles' hill ; Mittel-GEBiBGE, middle range.
Arns-BEBG, the eagles' hill ;
The Scandinavian form, Boeg, appears in
BoEG-loh, the ^i% dwelling by the BoBG-holz-hausen, the hilly-
water ; wooded dwelluig ;
BoEG-holm, the hilly island; &c.
G2

38 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES:
Break (Scandinavian), the slope of a mountain, the hollow in a hill.
— Mel-BREAK, Cal-BEEAK, LoV-BEEKKE, Skards-BRBKKE, Saud-
BRBKKE, &C.
Calf (Scandinavian), a smaller mountain near a larger one. It is
is also applied to islands.— Calva, Calf, KALVA-berg (the " Calf of
Man"), CALVEE-peak, &c.
Car (Anglo-Saxon), a roc/c. —Uugin-CAR, Rugh Cab, GoIcar, the
Cares. Cam (Scandinavian), a summit, top.— CAM-feU, Cachede-CAM, &c.
Clife, Clip, Cliffe, Clee, Clou, Clough (Anglo-Saxon), a rock.
— Cleve, Old CLEBVE-hill, CLBVE-land, CLAVEE-don, CLBVB-don,
CLAYEB-ley, CLippBS-by, CLiP-stone, CLOP-hill, KLOP-stock, Clop-
ton, CLOP-ham, Cliffe, CLiPF-ton, Top-CLiFPE, Shorne-CLiFPE, SwU-
low-CLipT, CLiFPE-end; CLEE-thorpes, CLE-hanger, CLEE-hiUs, Clee-
barf, Clebver, CLAW-ton, OLEO-bury, CLOUGH-ton, Buc-cleugh,
Clbves, KLOPPEN-burg.
Clump (Provincial), a heap. — Chariot- clump, Heaver-CLUMP.
Club, Clbnt (Anglo-Saxon), a piece of rock. — Pen-ket-CLouD,
Temple-CLOUD, CLOUD-end, Clent-IuII, CLiN-ton.
Cnol (Anglo-Saxon), rising ground, a small round hill. — Falk
land Knoll, Brent-KNOLL, Mays-KNOLL, BlNowL-bury, Windy-KNOWL.
Cop (Anglo-Saxon), a top, summit. — Mole-cop, Wyle-cop, Mow-
cop, War-cop, Schnee-KOPPE (snow-top).
DoDD (Scandinavian), a mountain with a rounded summit. — Harts-
op-DODD, Skiddaw-DODD.
Dun, Don, Down (Anglo-Saxon), a hill, sometimes applied to
dwelling-plqces on hills. — The Downs, Downe, DoWN-ton, Leigh-
DOWN, Hunting-DON, Ham-DON, Suow-don, DuN-feU, DuN-maUet,
DowN-holm, DowN-head, DuNS-by, DuN-score, DuNs-fold, DuN-stan.
Edge (Anglo-Saxon, Ecg), high moor-lands'the sharp ridge of a
mountain.— 'EiDd^-YaHl, Swirrell-EDGE, Strathon-EDGE, LandEGGE.

Fell, Pjeld (Scandinavian), a rock-hill, mountain chain. — Dovre-
PJELD, Hardanger-FJELD (the mountains of hunger and poverty), Rute
PiBLLE, FAL-aise, Oxen-PELL, Hart-PELL, Shap-PELL, Bow-pell,
Campsie-PBLLS, Snae-FELL, Mickle-PELL.
Garb, Goeb, Goe (Anglo-Saxon), a triangular piece of ground,
a narrow slip of ground, generaUy dirty or marshy. — Water-ooRE,
the Gore, Haven-GOEB-marsh.
Ha (Scandinavian), high. — HA-wick, HA-warden, IlA-worth, Hea-
ley, HBA-laugh, HBA-ton, HBY-don, liEY-thorpe, HEY-sliot, Pool-
croft-HEA, Hirne-HA.
Hammbe (Scandinavian), a rock. — HAMMEB-scar, HAMMEB-end,
HAMMEB-fest, HAMMEB-Stein, Stor-HAMMBE, Lille-HAMMBE.
Hart, Hard (Gothic), high.— KATWER-yvyk, HARDBN-burg, the
Hardt mountains.
Hawes, Haw (Scandinavian), a rock, an oblong mountain, a
prospect. — ^Bsk Haws, Buttermere Haws, Haws- water.
We find Aas (pronounced Aws), the Norwegian form, in AAS-fjeld,
AAS-vand, &c.
Haugh, Houg, How, Ho, Hoo, Hov, Hoe, Hoy,&c. (Scandinavian),
a hill, sepulchral mound, promontory. — Both-well-HAUGH, Haugh-
am, HAUGH-ton, HAUGH-ley, HAUGH-mond-hill ; Alders-HAUGH, Hogh-
ton, Bar-HAUGH, HouGH-ton-le-spring, Green-ouGH, Bere-HOUGH,HEW-
by, Kew (Kay-HOUGH, Kay-HOWE) ; the Haugh, HAioH-ton, Scale-
How, Hund-How, Red-HOW, Grimes-Hoo, the Hoo, HAUX-ley, HAX-ley,
Hox-ay (the isle of the promontory), HAUGS-eid (the isthmus of the
hillock), HAux-ton, &c. ; Loose-Hoo, Iving-HOE, Stapl-op, HoY-land,
Al-sta-HAUG, La Hogub, Jord-HBUE, Le-Hou, Ne-Hou, Cape Hoc,
Hbvb, Hogues d'Isigny, Hogues de Baucy, HoY-a, HoY-holm.
Haus (Old Norsk), top, summit. — Herd-HousB, Lad-HOUSE, Husa-
fell, &c.
Hang (Anglo-Saxon), a heel. — East and West Hang, HANGLE-ton,
Hankb-Iow. Hook, Hawk, Hack, and Hoch have a simOar signification. — Hace-
by, HAOKBE-saU, HACK-ford, HAOK-thorne, HACK-ness, HAOK-don',
Hoc-khffe, &c. ; HAWK-moor, Hook, HooKBR-ton, HooK-mor-ton,
HACK-sted, Haok-Iow.

40 ETYMOLOGY OB LOCAL NAMES :
HoHE, HoCH (German), height, high. — HoHB-geibS, HoHEN-stein,
HoHEN-linden, HoHEN-as-perg, &c. ; HoCH-heim, HocH-kirch, HocH-
wald, &c. ; HooG-veen, HooG-meide.
Heigh, High (Anglo-Saxon), elevated. — HEiGH-am, HBiGH-ley,
HEiGH-ton, HiGH-bray, HiGH-ley, HiGH-week, &c.
Hbafoed (Anglo-Saxon), head-top, ijp^er. — HEAD-lam, HEAD-ley,
HEAD-worth, HED-don, HED-hope, HEED-ley.
Hean (Anglo-Saxon), high. — Hean-ot, HBAN-wood, Hainton,
HBNT-land, HAUN-ton.
Hope, Op, Ope (Scandinavian), the side of a hill, a "sheltered spot
on the side of a hill. — Hop-town, Harts-OP, Harr-op, WooI-hope,
Oxen-HOPE. Hob (Scandinavian), a rising eminence ; Heap (English.) — HoB-
linch, HoB-knap ; Heap, HEAP-ey, HEAP-ham, &c.
HuL, Hyl (Anglo-Saxon), a mountain, elevation in general. —
Tintin-HULL, SoU-hull, Mag-HULL, HiL-ton, HiL-bury, HiL-gay,
HiLL-am, HiLLEES-don, HiL-per-ton, and HiLL-side.
HoFVBD, HoTED (Scandinavian), a head, promontory.—
Skov-HOVED, wood Mad; Vorms-HOPVED, worm's head.
Head, when it occurs in the names of capes, promontories, &c., in
England, is of Scandinavian origin.
Horn, Huene, Hyene, Hebnb (Anglo-Saxon), an angle or corner-
land projecting into the sea or river, a peak. — HiENB-ha, CoW-irne,
Guy-HiENE, HoRN-castle, HoEN-sea, HoBN-um, Stor-HOEN, Breit-
HOEN, Tenfels-HOEN, WUd-noEN, and Rinder-HOEN.
Knot (Scandinavian), a round heap. — Hard-KNOT, Scald-KNOT,
School-KNOT, Whim-bury-KNOTS, Knots-Iow.
Knaep (Anglo-Saxon), rising ground. — Mister-ton Knap, Hob-
KNAP, &c.
Knab, the Scandinavian form, occurs in KwAB-scar, the Knab, &c. ;
KwiPE-scar, KNiPEN-berg.

WATEE, RIVER, &C. 41
Low, Lewb, Loe, Law (Anglo-Saxon), a small round hill. — Broad-
Low, Had-Low, Tax-Low, Mar-Low, Wins-Low, Hal-Low, DoUar-LAW,
Bug-LAW-ton, Hag-LOE, Lev (Scandinavian), Orms-LBV, and Ors-Lov.
LoppB, Hly'pe (Anglo Saxon), an uneven place, a leap.— limd-
Lip, Lop-ham, Lax-LBip, Hous-Lip-burn, Deer-LEEP-hill, &c.
Lynch, Link {kaglo-Saxon), ploughed ground on the side of a hill,
high ground.— Stock-LTNon, Moor-LYNCH, &c.
Loft (Scandinavian), a mound. — Carl-LOPTS, LoF-sta, Lopta-
hanmar, LoPT-house, LoPTs-ome, &c.
Lad (Scandinavian), a pile or heap. — ^Lost-iAD, LAD-cragg.
Klint (Scandinavian), sea rocks. — Spoel-KLINT, Stevens-KLINTE,
Steyns-KLiNT. Mob, Mooe (Anglo-Saxon), a common, highlands covered with heath ;
MooE (English).^Nort-MOOE, Backe-MOOB, MoR-peth.
Nap (Anglo-Saxon), a hill, peak, point, top of a hill ; Neb (Scan
dinavian). — NAP-ton-on-the-HiH, Nap Farm, NEP-ton, NEP-cote,
Whinney Neb, White Nab, Con-mer Nab, the Nabs, Nabs Buts.
Ness, Naze, Nose (Scandinavian), damp, humid land stretching out
into the sea, a promontory, a projecting portion of land. — Lowestoft-
NESS, Poul-NESS, Dunge-NESs, Sheer -NESS, Skeg-NBSs, Strom-NESs,
Bow-NBss, Scar-NESS, Put-ness, Skeg-NAS, Sand-NOES, the Naze.
In France, Ness takes the form of Nez.
PiiCE, Peak, Pio (Scandinavian), a point.— Kii-atj-mKB, Duftpn-
piKBS, Mur-ton-piKBS, the Peak, PiG-don, Knock-piKES, PiCK-mere,
Jolly Waggon Pike, PiKE-law, West-PIKE.
RiGG (Scandinavian), a ridge, an oblong hill ; Hriog (Anglo-Saxon),
a back.
Lough-RiGG-fell, Long-RIGG, long-ridge ;
Ask-RiGG, mh-ridge; Ewan-BiOG, yew ridge.
Lat-EioG, the dwellingonthe ridge.
The German form, RuoK, occurs in
Ziegen-EUCK, the kid's ridge ; Hund-RUCK, the hound's ridge.
Rise (Anglo-Saxon), Raise (Scandinavian), a mound, hill-top, a
high wood, &c.— Clap-ham Rise, RiSE-ley, RAiSE-gill, RiSB-holm,
RisE-brough.

42 ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES:
Scar, Scarth, Scarf, Sooe, Scbee, Skrid (Scandinavian), a rock,
sharp, steep, or precipitous. — SoAR-borough, ScAR-overton, Black
Hope-SCAES, SoABS-dale, U1-skee, Skerey, U1-scarth, Gate-sCARTH,
Balder-soARTH, ScARP-gap, the Screes, ScEBE-scar, Soeax, SKAE-a,
Skiel-SKioR, SKAA-up, SKiER-um, Sten-bids-SKAAE, ScAR-stad, Scae-
ild, SKA-tunge, Bluer- skee, Svart-SKEE, CnEE-bourg, Evar-SKAED,
Haka-SCAED, SKARVEN-Pjeld, Maastjern-SKABV, Skaed, Skrid, Ref-
SKRID, SKEiDs-hol, SoARTHiN-cliflfs, ScoB-burgh, ScoR-ton.
ScuG (Scandinavian), a declivity. — Scuggee, Skugg, SKEG-ness.
Sty (Scandinavian), an ascending path. — Kid-STY-pike, STY-head,
An-STY, Hubber-sTY, Steb.
The Anglo-Saxon forms are Steele, Stbigle, Stege. — Ham-
STEEL, High-STILE, Loug-sTiLE, Stile, Stbel Pell.
The German Steig, a path, occurs in Alten-STEiG, Stege,
STEIGER-wald. Steap (Anglo-Saxon), sieep. — STEEP-holm, SiouPB-brow, Steep.
Shelf, Skelf (Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian), a crag, rock,
steep places. — SHELF-anger, SnEL-don, Tib-SHBLP, SELF-stones, Ra-
skelfb, &c.
Stack, Stake, Stickle (Scandinavian), a rock, peak. — Stawkbrs,
Stack, Hay-STACKS, the Stake, Harrison Stickle, Pike o'Sxickle,
STICKLE-Stad, &c.
Steet (Anglo-Saxon), a tail. — SiAET-point, SiEBT-island, &c.
Stones (Provincial), hills, heights. — Blake-low-STONES, Ox-stones,
Dane Head Stones, &c.
Top (Anglo-Saxon), head, summit. — Top-clifife, ToPs-ham, Lewis-
TOP, Pon-Top Pike, TiP-ton, Top-croft, &c.
Tunga (Scandinavian), a promontory, headland, applied to rocks
and mountains. — ToNGE-with-Haulgh, Middle Tongue, ToNG-fell,
TuNGE-fiord, Ska-TUNGE, TANG-fjeld, TuNGN-fell.
Weald, Wald, Wold, Wbalt, Would, Wild, Welt (Anglo-
Saxon), a forest, a high woodland district. — The Wealds of Kent,
.the Wolds of Yorkshire, Moncton-wEALD, GIcii-whblt, WALT-ham,

VALLEYS, PLAINS, WOODS, &C. 43
Cots- WOLD, Wold- brow, Wald-bu, WALD-bach, WALD-burg, Wald-
eck, WAiT-by, WALD-heim, WALD-kiroh, Wald-sbc, Ost-woLDE, Wold,
and WouDE.
Winch, Wink (Scandinavian), a corner.— WiNCH-combe, Wink-
field, WiNK-leigh, WiNCHEL-sea, PiNKLE-bridge, WiNKEL-seth, Rose-
WINKEL, Ruh-WINKEL, &C.
Waen, Whabn (Anglo-Saxon), steep. — WHABN-side, WHABN-chfi'e,
WHAEN-ham. Yoke (Scandinavian), a hill, chain. — YoKB-thwaite, Yoke-cMc.

(O) NAMES OF VALLEYS, PLAINS, WOODS, &c.
Acbe, Akee (Anglo-Saxon), afield. — West-AOEB, Kint-AKER.
Bbarw, Bearo, Been (Anglo-Saxon), a fruitful productive wood,
from Beban, to yield; Bar, Bub, a bower, knoll ; Bybas, woods, plots
of woody ground. — Brown-BER-hill, Bram-BBE, Tod-BBRE, Green-
BER-field, BuR-ton and BAR-ton, Sheb-BEARB (sheep-woo(i), Keutis-
BEARB, Beer (near Seatou), Bibe-Iow, Baum-BER {tree-wood), Bear-
stead, BEARS-ton, BEAR-ley, BEE-don, BuR-combe, BuK-land, Burs-
lem, BuE-stall, BuE-marsh, BuR-wash, BAR-ham, BAE-ford, and
Bae-wcU. Beabne (Provincial), a wood. — BABN-by, BARN-ey, Barn-wcU,
BARN-ham, BARN-brough, &c.
Bit (Anglo-Saxon), a pasture. — Cow-bit, Ncs-bit, &c.
Bus, Bush (Anglo-Saxon), a small wood. — Busch (German), Bosc
(Scandinavian). — BusH-ey, Bos-ham, Bus-by, Bus-cot, BusH-bury,
Buss of Newham, Buss of Werdie ; Col-Bosc, Mille-Bosc, Bom-BOSC,
BosCHEN-ried, and Dicke-BUSCH.
Bent (Provincial), a plain, field, a common. — BENT-ham, BBNT-ley,
Hayton's Bent, BENx-hall, BBNT-worth, Chow-BENT, &c. H

44 ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES :
BoTM (Anglo-Saxon), Bottom (English), a dale.— Gunner-kM-
BOTTOM, Houn-dene-BOTTOM, ShufBe-BOTTOM (Shaw-fleld-bottom),
Owler-BOTTOM, and Brook-BOTTOM.
Car (Anglo-Saxon), a plain. — CAE-ham, CAE-stairs.
Chin, Chine (Anglo-Saxon), o cleft hollow. — CHiN-ley-churn,
CrOW-CHINB, &c.
Cup (Anglo-Saxon), a hollow. — Bu-cup, CuB-ley, &e.
Ceopt (Scandinavian), a small field. — CEAW-ton, Wey-CBOFT, Ceoft
Farm, Sander-CEOPT, Ilaver-CEOPT, CEor-ton, Coxceoft, and
Wivels-CEOPT. In Prance the same root is found under the form
Ceottes. .¦*
Comb (Anglo-Saxon), a valley or low piece of ground, a space
between two hills.— Comb's, Brans-coMBE, Bot-combb, Clo- combe,
Gat-coMBE, Sted-coMBE, CoMP-ton.
Dal (Scandinavian), a valley, (from Dala, to depress) ; Thal
(German). — Scar-DALE, Ken-DAL, Arun-DELL, Dal- wood, Dingley-
DELL, Co-DALE, Gris-DALE, Ul-DALE, DuL-wich, DuL-vcr-ton, Schon-
thal. Rein-thai, Dussel-XHAL, DAL-hem, DALS-land, DAL-bye
DAL-heim, DAL-river, &c. ; Dane-iAL, Darne-xAL, Delle du Bog,
Delle du Fosse.
Deonu, DiONu, Denu, Den, Dean (Anglo-Saxon), a woocZ,pasi«7'e,
valley, hollow, ravine, Hfc. — Taunton Dean, Forest of Dean, Deb-DEN,
Cob-DBN, Hammer-DEN, Bals-DEAN, 0-dban, Dib-DBN, DEN-by,
DEN-bigh, &c.
Field, Peld (Anglo-Saxon), detached localities partly open, an
open height, a plain. — Heath-piBLD, Spring-PIBLD, Nether-piBLD,
Lang-piELD, &c.
The German form, Peld, occurs in PELD-berg, FBLD-kirch, Lingen-
FELD, Hnme-FBLD, Alten-FELD ; Lichter-VELDE, Basse-VELDE, &c.
Fold, Fol, Pald (Scandinavian), land district, enclosure for sheep,
^c. — Nettle-FOED, Ox-fold, Had-POLD, Ex-fold, AsIi-pold, Prith-
fold, Duns-POLD, &c.
Gap (Scandinavian), an opening between hills. — Raise Gap, Whin-
latter-GAP, YAP-ton.

VALLEYS, PLAINS, WOODS, &C. 46
Grafe (Anglo-Saxon), a small wood, a grove. — No-bottle-GROVE,
Bo grove, By-QRAVE, GRAF-ton, Cot-GBAVE, Red-QRAVE, and
Chal-GROVB. Hag, Hay, Hedge, Edge (Anglo-Saxon), a limit boundary, fence,
any enclosure, a single field, a plot of ground fenced in and surrounded
by an hedge; Haga (Scandinavian), Hag (Gtothic), enclosed pasturage,
a cultivated copse or woodland.— llko-horne, IlAG-ley, HAG-loe,
HEDGBR-ley, HAY-don, HAY-dock, Hay, West-HAT, Cut-HAYEs,
Wil-HAY, Child-HAYES, HAY-ton, Hayes, Comb-HAY, HAG-a, Hagen,
the Hague, HAOEN-au, Dorls-HAOBN, Palken-HAOBN.
Hanger, Hancra, Anger (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow near a wood,
surrounded by a furrow. — Fisher-ton-ASGEE, Clay-HANGEE, Angee-
ton, Cle-HANGER, Oke-HANGEB-mere.
Hat, Had, Heath (Anglo-Saxon), HEATH,^eM,- Heidb (German).
— HAT-field, HATcliffe, IlATHBB-leigh, HATii-ern, Hathbe-op, Hat-
ton, HEDEN-ham, HAD-ley, IlETHER-set, HEXHERS-gill, HsT-ton ;
Hide, HADDEN-ham, HAD-don, HAD-leigh, Had-Iow, HAD-naU-ease,
Had -stock, Pook-HYDB, HoATU-ley, HBiDEL-berg, IlEiDBN-heim,
Heide. Hayne, a cleared spot fenced in, is perhaps connected with the
German Hain, small grove, wood, though it is generally considered
another form of Hag, Hay, &c. — WU-hayne, Hoober-HAYNE, Cown-
hayne, Down-HAYNE, Blaukcu-HAYN, Balken-HAYN, Burg-HAUN, and
HAiN-ault. Hesb, Hysb (Anglo-Saxon), a grove, wilderness. — HBS-wall, Hes-
ton, HEs-ley-Hurst, HESS-ay, His-ton, His-ket, HAS-combe, HAS-field,
HASE-ley, HAS-guard, HAS-land, and Haye.
Holt, Hot, Hod (Anglo-Saxon), a wood, copse; Holz (German). —
The Holts, Spars-HOLi, HoDDES-don, HoTS-pur, Boc-holt, Borck-
HOLT, HoLZ-minden, HoLi-land, HoLi-rup, Ter-HOULDE.
Hunt (Anglo-Saxon), a chase.^Fox-miST, Ches-HUNT.
HuESX, Herst, Hest, Est (Anglo-Saxon), Hoest (German),
Heiostr (Old Norsk), woods which produce fodder for cattle, a
H 2

46 ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES:
thicket, a clump of forest trees which have not attained thevr full
growth, or to masses of standing cor». —Ew-hurst, Pens-HURST, As-
HUEST, Wad-HUEST, Sell-HUEST, Ex-HUEST, HuBST-lcy, WoRST-ley,
Ping-EST, Made-HUEST, Hurst, HoRS-mar, Baren-HORST.
Ing (Anglo Saxon), a meadow. — iNG-birch-worth, iNGEE-thorpe,
iNGLE-by, iNG-ham, Ing-oc, Read-ING, Bark-iNG, Martins-iNG, Earl's-
iNQ-Lee. Leagh, Lah, Leh, Lay, Lea, Ley, Leigh (Anglo-Saxon), a
meadow, field, thicket, a woodland district, enclosure, place favourable
to growth of grass ; Loh (German), Lo, Loo (Dutch). — Had-LEIGH,
Hor-LEIGH, HOO-LEIGH, Pash-LEIGH, Mor-LEIGH, Bing-LEY, Leigh-
ton, Wark-LEiGH, LAY-sters, LEiGH-down; Ven-LO, Water-LOO,
Kafer-LOH, and Sapel-LOH.
Lease, Labs (Anglo-Saxon), pasture land. — Lewes, LEWES-ham,
Oxen-LBASE, Cow-lbaze.
Leben (German), ground cleared of wood. — AIs-leben, Aschers-
LEBEN, Bis-LEBEN.
Ling (Anglo-Saxon), heath. — Ash-LiNG, BIt-ling.
LuM (Provincial), a wooded valley. — ^LuM-ley, Burs-LEM.
Lund (Scandinavian), a wood, forest. — Lund, LAUND-booth, Laun-
ditch, LAUN-ton, Hoff-LUND, Hanging-LUND.
Maed, Mead (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow. — Hot-MEAn, MAD-ley,
MADE-ley, METH-wold, BaSS-MEAD.
Maestbne (Anglo-Saxon), a forest, grove of oak. — Sel-MBSTON,
West-MESTON, Mis-ter-ton.
Mbaec (Anglo-Saxon), a woodland district, meadow land; More
(Scandinavian), a wood.— Meucia., Mark (Lincoln and Somerset),
MAEK-ham, MAEK-by, MARKS-hall.
Peece, Pacce (Anglo-Saxon), dirty, watery land. — PASH-ley,
PATCH-am, PATCH-way, PAX-ton, PAS-ton, PAX-ford.
Plas, in PLAS-ket, PLAss-ey, PLAX-tol, has a similar signification.
Plumbe (Anglo-Saxon), a woody place. — PLUM-ley, PLUMP-ton,
PLUM-stead.

VALLEYS, PLAINS, WOODS, &C. 47
Paeth (Anglo-Saxon), a way, path, entrance, roa(^.— Mor-PETH
(moor-path), PAD-fleld, Pad- worth, PAD-bury, PATE-ly.
Rake (Provincial), a mine. — Land-RAKE.
Raynb (Provincial), limit, bound. — RAiN-hUl, RAiN-ham.
RiOTHE, Raith (Scandinavian), a clear place, an open field; Ryde,
to clear away.— REiTH-by, RAiTH-by, RATH-mill.
Rode (German), Rode, Rod, Royd (EngUsh), land cleared or
grubbed tip.— Ruthyn, RuT-land, Martin-EOYD, HoI-boyd, Hunt-
eoyd, Orme-ROD, Ack-EOYD, Werni-GERODE, Elbin-GERODE, RoD-ach,
Mount RuTi, RuTHi, Oste-RODB.
Skoge, Scow, Scaw, Skov, Shaw, Shoe (Scandinavian), a wood.^
SoAW-ton, Scop-ton, Scow-garth, Fla-scow, We-scow, Bri-soo, Ever-
SAW, Auden-SHAW, SKOvs-hoved.
¦ In Prance we find Bois d'EsoovBS.
Shot (Anglo-Saxon), a wood.— Soot -hy, ScoT-ton, SnoT-ton, Alder-
SHOii (aliei-wood), Bag-SHOT (badger's-wootZ).
Snadas, Snaed, Snad (Anglo-Saxon), a piece of land with well-
defined limits without enclosures, public woods, or pasture grounds. —
Snaith, Sned, SNETXis-ham, Whip-sNADE, SNOD-land.
SxocK (Anglo-Saxon), a wood, enclosure. — SxooK-land, STOCK-hnch,
Taw-siooK, Hal-siocK, Chard-sTocK, SiocKjholm.
Smeth, Smid, Smith (Anglo-Saxon), smooth, level ground. — Smba-
ton, SMES-towe, SMiTH-field, Smeeth, SMEETH-cote.
Spring (Anglo-Saxon), a grove. — SPEiNG-thorpe.
Stob, Stub, Stobbe (Anglo-Saxon), a stump. — SioBS-wood, Bl-
STUB, SxEPN-ey (Stehen-heath), SxuB-croft, SiUB-land, STUBBE-rup.
Toll (Anglo-Saxon), a small grove of lofty trees. — Toii-piddle,
ToL-ton, TEL-ton, ToLLBE-ton, ToL-land, ToLE-thorpe.
Toft (Scandinavian), a field; the border of the house and home-
sieaci.— Lowes-TOPT, Knocking-roFxs, Toft.
In Prance we find Hau-TOT, Crique-TOT, Ec-tot, Sasse-TOT, Anse-
TOT, Bbel-TOFT, Enges-TOFiE.

48 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES:
ToT (Anglo-Saxon), a small g'rowe.— ToTN-ore, ToT-ham, Totten-
ham, TuT-bury, Toi-land Bay, TBT-bury, DoD-pits, ToT-lets, ToT-ern-
hoe. Tblgr (Scandinavian), a tract of land. — Soder-TELGB, Soder-TEUE,
Norr-TBLGE. TvED, Thwaite (Scandinavian), a path, an isolated piece of ground,
ground cleared of wood.— Lock-THWAITB, Stanger-THWAITE, Hall-
THWAlTE, Line-THWAITE, TVEDB, Om-THYETI, Skis-VBD.
Wan, Wing, Wang (Anglo-Saxon), a large indefinite tract of land,
a meadow. — WANG-ford, WiNG-field, WAN-stead, Tongs-wiNGE,
WANGER-oog, Wang, El- wan gen.
Waste (Provincial), a level. — WASTE-water, TnoEN-waste.
Weide (Anglo-Saxon), an intertwining, luxuriant thicket.— Wrays- .
bury, Weittlb, Ease-WEiTH, WEBi-ham, WRET-ton, Ting-RiTH,
(Tyn-GRAVB). With (Scandinavian), a wood. — Ask-wiTH, Bram-wiTH, Withbr-
by, &c.
Wood (EngUsh), Weidb (German), pasture ground.— WEiD-a,u,
WiD-au, WED-more, WiD-combe, WooT-ton, WiDDE-combe, &c.
WiBSE (German), a meadow. — WiES-baden, WiESEN-thied, &c.

49
(Z>) NAMES OF HABITATIONS,
Band (Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian), a division, boundary. —
How Band, Millstone-BAND, Taylor's-gill-BAND, Southernly-BOUND,
&c. By, Bo (Scandinavian), a town, from Bua, to dwell; Byr, the town
of commerce.— Kir-BY, Kirk-BY, Thores-BY, Der-BY, Den-BY, Wait-BY,
Horns-BY, Ire-Bv, &c. ; Kirke-BOB, Prode-BOE, Qual-BOE, Bv-grave,
BY-field, BuBB-dale, Wibelbuhr, and Ochtel-BUHE. In Prance we
find this root, under the form Bbuf, in Lim-BEUF, Mar beof, QuiUe-
BEUP, and Marque-BEUF.
Bold, Balt, Booth, Bottle (Anglo-Saxon), a dwelling.— Wil-
BOTXLE, NeW-BOLD, New-BALD, BoLT-ou, Par-BOLD, BooTiE, Lor-
BOTTLE, BooTH-by, Morc-BATTLE, Bot-ley, NeW-BOTTLB, BouDBK-dale,
BuiTTLB, BoT-ham, and BoT-hall.
BoBDE (Provincial), a cottage. — BoED-well, &c.
BuTTEL (German), a dwelling. — Wolfen-BUTiEL, Lust-BUTTEL,
BrunS-BUTTEL, &c.
BiGGEN (Provincial), a building, from Big, to build. — Ncw-biggen,
Sun-BiGGEN (south-building), &c.
Bow, BoL (Scandinavian), a dwelling, house of a proprietor. —
Bows, Bow-ness, Bow-scale Tarn (Bowness was anciently called
BoL-ness or BuL-ness), Boly, BoL-bec, Mum-BLE, Strum-BLE, Alden-
BULL, Tetten-BULL, BoL-stadoren.
BuBG, Bury, Borough (Anglo-Saxon), a city, place of retreat or
defence. — Buby, Nether-BURY, Hem-BURY, Stan-BUEY, Sid-BURY,
Salis-BUEY (Searo-BYEiG, the dry-city), Shaftes-BUEY (town of
shafts), BoKG-walter (BEiDGE-water), BoROUGH-bridge, Sea-
BOEOUGH, Sad-BOBOUGH, Watcr-PBEEY, Wood-PBERY.
BuEEA-voe, Beough, and BEOUGH-under-Stainmore are examples of
the Scandinavian form, Beough.
BusTA, Buster, Bust (Scandinavian), a dwelling-place, a contraction
o/BoL-STATHR, dwelling -scat. (SeeBoL). — Hob-BisTER, Swan-BiSTER,
Plada-BISTEE, Swara-BiSTBR, Swara-STBE, Mura-STEE, Kirka-BisTEE,
and BusTA-voe.

60 ETYMOLOGY OP LOCAL NAMES:
Chip, Cheap (Anglo-Saxon), a market. —
Chipping Norton, CHBP-stow, market place ;
CoPEN-hagen, CHBAP-side, marfei-seat ;
CoppEN-brugge, Coup-man Beck (Coup-land
KiOB stae. Beck), merchants district
Norr-KOPiNG, north-marte^; brook;
Ny-KOPiNG, new-market ; Soder-KOPiNG (south-marW).
Cot, Coat, Cote, Kex (Anglo-Saxon), a hut, salt-pit, cottage, the
dwelling of the poorer classes.
Swins-coB, swine's cottage; Coi-leigh, the cottage by the
Hes-KET, horse-cottage ; pasture ;
Plas-KET, vaaxshy-cottage ; CoTiBS-more, the cottage by the
CoTS-wold, the cottages of the moor;
wolds ; &c.
Deenb (Anglo-Saxon), a solitary place. — Dearnb, DAEN-all,
Wath-upon-DEAENB, Bode-DEEN, DEBN-yett, &c.
Dacee, Daker (Scandinavian), log-house. — Dacrb, DAKEE-stead,
&c. Ben, Erne (Anglo-Saxon), a dwelling, hermitage. — Crewk-BEENE,
Ask-ERN, KiU-EABN, CoW-ARNE, &C.
Gata (Scandinavian), a street, road, path, thoroughfare. — Fresh-
water-QATE, Fisher-GATE, Clappers-GATE, HoUow-gate, Darn-YBXT.
Some of the leading thoroughfares in London end in Gate — e.g.
Bishops-GATE street, Moor-GATB-street, Kings-GATE-street.
The form Gade, found in Denmark and Norway, has the same
signification. — GADB-busch, &c.
Gale, Geil (Scandinavian), a dwelling in a hollow. — GALE-garth,
GALE-hows, Grettis-GEiL, &c.
Hut, Hutte (Anglo-Saxon), a sJielter, house, dwelling, l^c. — Hut-
ton, HuT-toft, &c.
Ham (Anglo-Saxon), Heim (German), Um (Frisian), Home
(Eingliah), farm, enclosed land, a village or town; the same root occurs
in Ham let. — High-HAM, Low-ham, East-HAM, HAM-don, HAMP-ton,
HAM-burgh, Dront-heim, Blen-HEiM, Hus-UM, Hol-UM, Fisk-UM,
Skiv-uM, Ann-HAM, and Zel-HAM.

HABITATIONS. 51
Garth, Guaeds (Scandinavian), an enclosed place; Yabd
(Anglo-Saxon). — McI-guards, Stain-GARTH, Sky-GAETH, Gas-GARXH,
Cal-GARXH, Bro-GAE, Land-GUAEDS, Lan-GAR, Humble-YARD, and
YARD-ley. Hall, Ealu (Anglo-Saxon), a castle, mansion, house of a Icing, a
temple ; Alhs (Gothic). — HAL-twistle, HAL-stock, Lilles-HALL,
Coppen-HALL, Darn-ALL, ALA-darp, ALS-hein, and ALS-field.
Hold, Hald (Anglo-Saxon), tenement, fortress. — HoLD-shott,
HoLD-fast, HoLD-gate, HoLDEN-by, HALDEit-ness, and Ncu-Haldens-
leben. Helm (Provincial), hovel, cottage. — HELM-don, HBLM-ley, &c.
Hem (Anglo-Saxon), limit, border. — HEM-don, HEM-bury, Hem-
ley, &c.
Heene (Anglo-Saxon), a dwelling, retired place. — Lan-HEENE,
Matr-HEENE, HEENE-Bay, HEENB-hill, &c. (See Ern).
House (English) ; Hus, Huus (Scandinavian) ; Haus, Hausen,
HusBN, Sen (German), a residence. — Hus-thwaite, Wood-HOUSE,
Bo-Hus-land, Ar-os, Aa-Huus, HAUS-ruck, Schaff-HAUSEN, Borg-holz-
HAUSEN, Ink-HUIZEN, Al SEN, and As-SENS.
Hop, Hoven (German), a court, temple; Hop (Scandinavian). —
There is near Appleby a village called Hoff ; HoFF-row, Hoff-
common, and Hopp-lund are places containing the same root.
In, Inne (Anglo-Saxon), an enclosure, occupied by the proprietor.
— iN-gars-by, iN-gate-stone, iN-skip-with, iK-golds-by, EN-field, In-
ward-leigh. KiRKE, Kirk (Scandinavian), a church. — KiR-by, KiRK-by, Aa-
KIRKE, Dun -KIRK, &C.
Lath, Laith (Scandinavian), a barn. — LAXH-kfll, LAiTH-kirk,
LATH-bury, &c.
Land (Scandinavian), a district. — Nat-LAND, Mor-LAND, Ly-LAND,
Rusland, Gar-LAND, &c.
Mel (Gothic), Boundary.— MuL-guards, MEL-beck, Cart-MELL-fel,
MEAL-rigg, MBL-ay.

62 ETYMOLOGY OF LOCAL NAMES:
PiGHTLE, PiGLB, PiNGLE (Auglo-Saxon), ffl smoll parccl of land
enclosed with hedges, a field adjoining the /arw-Aojise.- Pighibls-
thorne, PiGLES-thorne, and Pix-stone.
Ray, Reay (Scandinavian), a corner. — Reay, Dock-RAY, EUe-
BAY, &e.
Rick (Provincial), a dis<n'c<.— Rast-BICH, Land-RiCK, Lind-RICK,
Mar-BICK, Reich, Rich (German), RBiOHEN-hall, REiOHEN-au,
Au-RICH, and EU-eich.
Row, Rowe (Anglo-Saxon), a street. — Row-botham, Hoff-Bow,
Hard-ROW, Row-land, &c.
Sad (Anglo-Saxon), a camp.— SAD-borough, SED-bergh.
Scale, Shiel, Shield (Scandinavian), a log -house, fishermaris hut.
— ScALE-force, Thomy-scALE, Bou-soale, Hud-SCALES, ScALE-hUl,
North Shields, South Shields, Lin-SHEELS, Shill-IuII.
Sel, Sele, Sale (Anglo-Saxon), a hall, mansion, seat. — Bo-sell,
Kel-SALB, SEL-side, SALE-feU, SEL-by, Buer-siLL, Bruch-SAL, and
Up -s ALA (high halls.)
Set, Seta, (Anglo-Saxon), Seat, Side (Scandinavian), a seat or
dwelling, pasture upon a mountain side. — Lang-SBiT, Somer-SEx,
"^ Dor-SBT, Settle, Shottle, As-kel-siDB, Orm-siDE, Raven-siDE,
SEAx-allan, SEAX-Robert, SBAT-oUer, Out-SBAis, Thor-sET, and
Ulv-SET. Shie, Shire (Anglo-Saxon), a division. — SnABES-hUl, SnEE-wood,
SHABN-brook, Half-SHiEE, &c.
Shed Shad (Anglo-Saxon), a division. — Sead-wbU, Shad-forth,
SHAD-ox-hurst, &c.
Skans (Scandinavian), a fort. — ScAN-dale.
¦* Skew (Scandinavian), a place in a corner. — Scale-scEUGH, Barn-
SKEW, A-SKBW, North-SCEUGH.
SoK (Anglo-Saxon), a ward.— Socic-burn, SocK-hjre, &c.

HABITATIONS. 63
Stall, Stell (Anglo-Saxon), a residence.— 'Bor-siALjj, Hep-ton-
stall, Tun-sTALL, Bo-STELL, Heiken Borg-STELL, (a residence on the f
side of a hUl).
Staple, Stapol, Stable (Anglo Saxon), a market-place, an estab
lishment. — Staple, Barn-STAPLE, SiAPLB-ton, Stapl-oc, Staple-
ford. Stead (Anglo-Saxon), Stade, Steb (Scandinavian), the site of a
building, a mansion. — Kirk-STEADs, Hamp-stead, Ash-sTEAD, Sxead-
combe, the Sxaiihe, Staithes, Brab-STEE, Wolp-stee, Honi-sTBR, '
Ul-STBE, Lein-STBB, Mun-sxBR, Y-stad, Nbu-stadt, Strom-STRATT,
and SxADEN.
Stitches (Anglo-Saxon), deep, narrow furrows for draining land.
— SxiTCH-bury, Stitchel, STBTCH-worth.
Stoke (Auglo-Saxon), a place by the water. — Stoke, Stoke-
Pogis, &c.
Stow (Anglo-Saxon), a place village ; Stoe, Sta (Scandinavian). —
Stowe, Chep-STOW, Sme-STow, Bri-sxoL, Sxow-market, Sxow-on-the-
Wold, Dock-STA, (marshy-^Zace), Bio-sta (hriige-village), Fog-STOEN,
Haver-STOB (oat-village), and Mogle-STUB.
Thing (Scandinavian), a coaraa'Z.—THiNG-oe, Ding- wall.
Thoepb, Toep, Drup, Rup, Up (Scandinavian), a village; Torf,
DoBP (German). — CoI-thorpe, Addles-iROP, SouI-drop, Cracken-
THOBPB (crow-village), Hack-THOEPE, Ebers-DOEF,» A1-toef, Hump-
DBUP, Brade-EUP.
Ton, Ton, (Anglo-Saxon), an enclosure, town. — Ac-ton, Wcs-ton,
New-TON, Olay-TON, TuN-bridge, TuN-staU, Eas-TYN, As-ten.
Twistle, Twizle (Anglo-Saxon), a border, boundary. — Ex-
TWISTLE, Hal-TWISTLE, Hau-TWYSEL, Tin-TWISEL, TWIZELL, TWISEL.
Tye (Anglo-Saxon), a disirici!'. — TiiE-ton, the Tybs, Tew, Teigh,
Tby.

54 ETYMOLOO-Y OP LOCAL NAMES.
War, Waek (Scandinavian), a fortification. — Ne-WARK, Grims-
ABGH, South-WARK, WAE-COp, WARK-lcigh, LeSSOC-VARKS, WABK-Um.
Ward (Anglo-Saxon), a watch, guard, &c. — Waed-Ib, Ward-cu,
WART-hiU. Wall, Vold (Scandinavian), a rampart, mound, fortification. —
..Ting-WALL, Kirk-WALL, WALL-op, Ude-VALLA, Eids-voLD.
Weiler (German), a dwelling, station. — Esch-WBILBR, Buchs-
WEILER. Won, Win (Anglo-Saxon), a dwelling, possession. — WoN-ersh, Won-
ton, WoN-ford.

LONDON : JUDD 4 GLASS, NEW liEIDGIS STHEKT, AND GEAY'S IKN ROAD.

4293

C
O