YALE
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

I DR. DOWitoG'S SUPPLEMENT TO HIS V

THE lIfE and reign

OP

}PE PIUS THE IIlTH,
WITH AN ACCURATE LIKENESS;

3THER WITH A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF HIS PKEDECESSOS. GREGORY XVI.
PREPARED AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SEVEN-rEJ-:NTll EUiriON OF^

BY JOHN BOWLING, D. D. NEW YORK.
NEW YORK :
EDWARD WALKER, PUBLISHER.,

^teiMgr & Townsend, W- H. Graltam, D&4>¥it & Daveupo

THE

LIFE AKD REI6I

POPE PIUS THE NINTH,

WITH AN ACCURATE LIKENESS;

TOGETHER -WITH

A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF HIS PREDECESSOR GREGORY XVL

PKEPARBD AS A SUPPLEMENT

TO THE SETENTEENTH EDITION OF
THE HISTORY OF ROMANISM.

BY JOHN DOWLING, D. D.,
t * I
NEW TORK.

NEW YORK:
EDWARD WALKER, 114 FULTON STREET.
1849.

M.

P^i-67:

index TO THE SUPPLEMENT.

Paoe
§ 1. — State of the Country under Pope Gregory XVI., ... 651
§ 2. — Reforms demanded by the Italian People, ...... 652
§ 3. — Character of Pope Gregory, and his favorite, the beautiful Cajetanina, 653
§ 4. — Curious History of the Pope's Barber, the husband of Cajetanina, 654
§ 5. — Pope Gregory's Death and Funeral Ceremonies, - . . . 657
§ 6. — Ceremonies of a Pope's Election, .... - 657
§ 7.— Election of Pius IX.,  - - - 658
§ 8. — Early life of the new Pope, ... . - 659
§ 9. — The first Reforms. Suppression of the Secret Tribunal, &c., and
Dismissal of Lambruschini, .... - - - 659
§ 10. — Proclamation of the Amnesty for Political Offenders, - - - - 660
§ 11. — The Pope encourages Railroads, dismisses Gregory's Police, and
preaches a Sermon, (!)..-.---..- 661
§12. — Swiss Soldiers dismissed. Press partially liberalized. Jews relieved, 661
§ 13. — Visit of the peasant Guidi to the Pope, ... . 662
§ 14.— The Soldier's bad Bread,  ... 663
§ 15. — Opposition of Austria to the Pope's Reforms, ... . 663
§ 16. — Conspiracy of the Anniversary of the Amnesty, .... 664
§ 17. — The Austrian Invasion of the Papal States, and Seizure of Ferrara, 665
§ 18. — The Pope's Reforms as a Prince no guaranty for Reforms as a Priest, 666
§ 19. — Pins IX. uo Protestant Pope, Romanists being -witnesses, - 667
§ 20. — The Pope's Political Reforms dictated by Policy alone, - - 668
§ 21. — Pins IX. no Republican. His Royal Speech to the Roman Con
sulta, --- .......... 668
§ 22.— The Pope's Proclamation,  670
§ 23. — Effects in Italy of the French Revolution of 1848, - - - - 671
§ 24. — Outlines of the (so-caUed) Constitution granted to his subjects by the
Pope,  ¦  672
§ 25. — This Constitution examined. The substance of all power vested in
the Pope and his Cardinals, --.--. .,- 674
§ 26. — War -with Austria. The Pope's opposition, .---.. 676
§ 27. — ^Intense Excitement in Rome. Pius IX. almost deposed from his
Temporal Power,  677
§ 28. — ^Reasons for the Pope's Policy. His love of Popery stronger than
his Patriotism, - -- ...... 678
The Enctclical Letter of Pope Pros IX., ...-.- 683
Review of the Pope's Enctclical Letter, -..-.. 695
Addenda, - ........-.--. 706
1. The fate of Maria J. Alves, ...  706
2. Ronge, and the new Reformation in Germany, -----. 706
3. Reverses of the Jesuits, and Decline of Popery in Europe, - - - 707

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

HISTORY OF ROMANISM.

Three years have now elapsed since the publication ofthe fore
going History of Romanism, during which time sixteen editions of
one thousand copies each have rapidly succeeded each other, and
have been exhausted, in the effort to meet the demand of an ap
proving and generous public. The period of tirae that has elapsed
since the preparation of this work, has been distinguished by a suc
cession of the most remarkable events, and to the future historian
will constitute an era in the History of Europe. The issue of yet
another edition, affords a favorable opportunity for the preparation
of an historical sketch of such of those events as ^re most intimately
connected with Rome and the Papacy.
§ 1. State of the Country under Pope Gregory XVI. — The dis
contented and disturbed condition of the Roman states under the im
becile but tyrannical old pontiff Gregory XVL, has already been
alluded to.* Aided by his associate and adviser in oppression, the
Secretary of State, Cardinal Lambruschini, he had long attempted,
by a series of confiscations, banishments, and executions, to quell
the rising spirit of liberty, and hundreds of the noblest spirits of
Italy had been crushed beneath the iron heel of his priestly despot
ism. The government beneath which the people had groaned for ages,
was a government of priests. The supreme council of Rome con
sisted exclusively of priests. The governors of provincials were
cardinals and bishops ; and all the political and financial affairs of
the Roman states were regulated by the priests. Tbeir single object
was the maintenance of their own priestly authority. Their spirit
was a narrow, bigoted despotism, and the country they governed,
though rich in the bounties of nature, was the poorest and the most
miserable in Europe. * Supra— pages 633, 634.

652 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Reforms demanded under Gregory XVI. Secret Manifesto.
Yet, though thousands of her patriots had been either murdered or
exiled, Italy still groaned for deliverance from her ghostly oppressors,
and like the smouldering fires of Vesuvius previous to eruption, the
fires of liberty were just ready to burst forth from their pent-up cav
erns, when the welcome news of the death of Gregory XVI. spread
universal joy throughout the states of the church.
§ 2. Reforms demanded hy the Italian People. — The following
passages, translated from the conclusion of a "Manifesto ofthe Peo
ple of the Roman States to the Princes and People of Europe," is
sued a short time previous to the death of the old Pope, and secretly
circulated, afford abundant evidence of the existence of this spirit
among the people, and point out the reforms that were most impera
tively demanded : —
" We venerate the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the whole clergy.
We entertain the hope that it will recognise the noble essence of civ
ilization embraced in Catholicism. Therefore, in order that our
views may not be misinterpreted by Italy and Europe, we proclaim
aloud our respect for the sovereignty of the pontiff as the chief of
the Universal Church, without restriction or condition. As respects
the obedience due to him as a temporal sovereign, behold the prin
ciples which we propose to him for a basis, and the demands which
we make : —
" 1. That he shall accord an amnesty to all political offenders ac
cused since 1821 5
" 2. That he shall accord a civil and criminal code, modeled on
those of other parts of Europe, establishing the publicity of debates,
trial hyjury, and t'he abolishment of confiscation, and of the punish
ment of death for the crime of treason ;
^ " 3. That the inquisition and other ecclesiastical tribunals shall be
divested of all jurisdiction over the laity ;
" 4. That the political trials shall be conducted before the or
dinary tribunals, with the ordinary forms ;
" 5. That municipal councils shall be freely chosen by the people,
and their choice approved by the sovereign ; that these councils shall
nommate provincial councils, and that the supreme councils of state
be named by the sovereign irom lists presented by the provincial
councils ;
" 6. That the supreme council of state, sitting at Rome, shall
have the control of thefinances and the public debt, that it shall have
a determining voice in reference to the receipts and expenses of the
state, and be consulted in reference to all matters of public interest ;
« 7. That all employments and dignities, civil and military, be con
ferred on the laity;
_ " 8. That the puhlic instruction shall cease to be subjected to
bishops and clergy, religious education being reserved exclusively to
them ; •'
" 9. That the censorship ofthe press he restricted to the prevention

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 653
Pope Gregory and the beautiful Cajetanina.
of injury to the divinity, the Cathojic religion, to the sovereign, and
to the domestic life of the citizen ;
" 10. That foreign troops be disbanded.
" 11. That there be instituted an Urhan guard, charged with the
maintenance of public order and of the observance of the laws ;
" 12. Finally, that the government enter upon the path of all the
social ameliorations demanded hy the spirit ofthe age, and practised
by the other governments of Europe."
§ 3. Character qf Pope Gregory, and his favorite, the hea-utiful
Cajetanina, — Before proceeding to describe the election of Gregory's
successor, by whom we shall see that several of the above reforms
have been granted, we shall pause, for the purpose of giving a brief
sketch of the history and character of Gregory XVI.
"Mauri Capellari was born atBelluno in 1765, and placed by his
parents, respectable cidzens, in a Benedictine convent of Camaldules.
In 1826 he was named Cardinal by Pope Leo XIL, and placed at
the head of the Propaganda, or missionary school at Rome ; and on
the 2d of February, 1831, crowned Pope, under the name of Greg
ory XVI.
" As a man, if not greatly calumniated, he was passionate, not
much restrained by his vows of chastity, and habitually addicted to
the intemperate use of intoxicating drinks. This last failing enabled
the French government to obtain great favors at Rome, by semi
annual presents of champagne ; and has been well hit off by a pas
quinade. It represents the deceased Pope knocking for admittance
at the gates of Paradise. ' Who wishes to enter ?' asks St. Peter.
' Gregory, your successor at Rome.' — ' But,' replies St. Peter, ' Greg
ory the Great died, and came here a long time ago. Who are you
that have taken his name V — ' Why, they call me, in Rome, Greg
ory Bevone' {the tippler). ' Oh ! I have heard of you ; come in.'*
* The Roman people have a great partiality for these pasquinades and carica
tures, and frequently exercise their wit upon a dead Pope, liowever obsequious
to the li-ving one. An amusing caricature and dialogue were got up in Rome,
after the death of Gregory — ^representing St. Peter and Gregory going to Para
dise. The journey being hard and tedious for an aged man like the Pope, he
complained to St. Peter thus : " How is it, St. Peter, that our journey is so long ?
I did not know that Paradise was so far from the Vatican." St. Peter replied,
" If you had allowed the construction of railways and steamers in your state,
we should have arrived there long ago. But now you must stop for a while in
Purgatory." Alter ha-ving remained some time in Purgatory, where he met his friend
O'ConneU — so the story goes — Gregory set out with St. Peter again on his eter
nal journey. Coming in sight of Paradise, the Pope asked St. Peter why the
angels and his last predecessors in the Papal chair, did not come out to meet him.
" Dear Gregory," replied St. Peter, " as for the Popes, there are few of them
in heaven, and the news- of your death has not yet reached there : as it would
have done, if you had established telegraphs, and granted the freedom of the
press." When the Saint and the Pope arrived at the gates of Paradise, St. Peter
asked Gre|;ory for his key, which after sorae time he found, and handed it to

654 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Curioua History of the Pope's Barber.  ^
" When he was crowned, he distributed copper coins to the popu
lace, saying, ' Aurum et argentum non est mihi, quod autem habeo
tibi do.' — ' Silver and gold I have none, but such as I have, give I'
unto you.' Yet he has left money and personal property, valued
at $2,000,000 to his nephews and nieces; for, of course, he had
no direct heirs.
" As monarch of the Papal States, his partisans endeavor to ex
cuse his many faults by saying that owing to his modesty he was
overruled by the cardinals ; but history will charge him with gross
misgovernment and bigoted cruelty. No sooner was he seated on
the throne than the occupation of Ancona, by the French, extorted
from him a promise of reform and progress. How has he fulfilled
it ? The answer will be found in his invitation to Austrian bayonets,
under Jesuitical influence, to enforce his despotic laws-— in the taxes
which have oppressed his subjects — in his encyclical letter, which
destroyed the liberty of the press — in the maintenance of the Inqui
sition — and in the pertinacity with which, obstinate in wrong, he has
clung to the antiquated prejudices which clog the advancement of
society. In no other civilized nation are the people so ignorant —
no other civilized nadon is without a mile of railroad."*
The allusion of the writer just quoted to Gregory's reputed want
of chastity, refers, doubtless, to the fact, so notorious in Rome, of
his concubinage with the beautiful wife of Count Cajetanino, formerly
the barher and intimate associate of Capellari, when a monk ; after
ward CAMARiBRO SECRETO, and chief favorite (always excepting
his wife) to the same Capellari, when Pope Gregory XVI. " Other
writers," says M. Cormenin, "will unveil, at the proper time, the
mysteries of the private life of the Pope, the origin of the astonish
ing fortunes of Cajetanino, the barber of Cardinal Capellari; they
will explain the excessive tenderness of the holy father for the beau
tiful Cajetanina, and her seven children ; they will tell the causes
which have given to her an apartment in the Quirinal palace, on the
same story with that of the Pope. We will content ourselves with
stating that at Rome strange rumors are circulated on this subject,
and that Gregory XVI. is openly designated as the father of the chil
dren of Cajetanina."t
% 4. Curious History of the Pope's Barber, the hushand of Caje
tanina. — The following circumstantial and somewhat amusing ac
count of the rise of this fortunate barber, is related upon the authority
ofthe Rev. Dr. De Felice, of Montaubon, the able and accurate for
eign correspondent of the New York Observer : —
" While yet a simple monk, father Capellari frequented the shop
him, but it proved to be the key of his wine-cellar. St. Peter was admitted
within the gates, but Gregory was lost among the fog.
* Correspondent of the Boston Atlas, dated Rome, June 5, 1846.
t De Cormenin's Lives of the Popes, translated from the French ; vol. ii.,
page 431.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 655
IV»ptd rise of tho monlc Cupellnri.
of a barber named Cajetanino Moroni, who was known as a facetious
fellow, full of wit and joviality. A sort of intimacy was formed be
tween the monk and the merry barber. They passed sometimes
hours together in the most friendly conversation, and Cajetanino said,
laughing, to father Capellari : ' When ynii shall be Pope, I will still
be your harber.' How little did he think that this jest would become
one day earnest !
"In his youth and riper years, the monk Capellari was fond of
study. He wrote some books in defence of the Cathohc ftiith. His
labors drew the attention of his superiors, and, in 1807, he was ap
pointed, by Pope Pius VII. member of the Acadeirty of the CathoUc
religion. In this new office, he devoted himself more ardendy than
ever to theological pursuits. He became successively censor of the
Academy, professor of theology, vice-president, and finally prior of
the Camaldules in Rome. As miglft be supposed, the high honors
conferred on Capellari would not allow him any longer to frequent the
humble barber's shop, and take his turn to sit in the chair with his
own clients ; but the intimacy between them v?as not diminished.
Cajetanino went on set days to the convent of the Camaldules, to
perform small offices for his old friend, and he repeated, with a more
exulting air than before : ' When you shall he Pope, I will still he
your barber.^
" But the protector and his dependant were subjected to severe
trials. It was the time when Napoleon ruled Europe with an iron
rod. He took the city of Rorae, made the Pope prisoner, and the
religious congregations vvere dispersed. Capellari left the convent
of Camaldules, and sought an asylum in tbe Venetian states, his own
country. This was a cruel separation, especially to the barber Caje
tanino, who was left exposed to the jests of his friends. They asked
him ironically : ' Do you still think you shall one day be the Pope's
barber?' What prospect was there, indeed, that an exiled monk
would ever be called to mount the pontifical throne ?
" Things remained thus till 1S14. Then Pius VII. returned tri
umphantly into what is called St. Peter's domains. Father Capellari
also left his retreat to resume the government of the monastery of
Camaldules. He published a work on the miracles which had re
stored the pontifical uiithority, considered as motives to faith. This
work, like all the other theological writings of Capellari contained a
species of learning mixed with revolting superstitions and ridiculous
reasoning. Such is the employment of professors of theology, and
ecclesiastical dignitaries in Rome. Men of very low capacity can
attain to these high stations provided they only subserve the interests
of the holy see. Capellari's conduct would seem extravagant in
another country, but at Rome he was caressed and honored. He
became councillor oi the Inquisition and of the Propaganda, and in
1826, he received a Cardinal's hat.
" The barber was not forgotten by his fortunate patron. He con-
42

656 SUPPLEMENT TO THE

The barber's all-po-werfal influence.  The silver-pigeoB.
tinned to perform his office about his person, and when he saw the
red cap upon the head of Capellari, he repeated with more assurance
than ever : ' Wlfen you shall he Pope, 1 will still be your barber.'
But the last step in the ascent remained to be taken. Cardinal Ca
pellari was appointed Pope. It is easier to imagine than to describe
the joy, the transport, the ecstacy, ofthe barber Cajetanino, when he
saw his prediction fulfilled. He was at last, as he had said so many
times, called to the honor of being the Pope's barber.
" Accordingly, when Gregory XVL was installed in the palace of
the Vatican, Cajetanino, with his wife and children, occupied splen
did apartments in the very dwelling of the Holy Father. The bar
ber was appointed ca.mariero (servant of the bedchamber) ; he re
ceived the respectful homage of the bishops and other ecclesiastical
dignitaries, who before had paid him no attention. He was loaded
with riches by the Pope's munificence. A journal affirms that Caje
tanino now owns several domains of barons, counts, and marquises.
He is become, indeed, the most important, most influential man in
Rome.* " Gregory XVI. naturally timid, exchanging suddenly, the quiet
life of a monk for the noise, intrigues, and perplexities of his govern
ment, sought for a favorite, a confidant in Cajetanino, and imparted
to him all his thoughts. After figuring in public and pompous cere
monies, or delivering a speech in the council of Cardinals, he seeks,
at night, the family of the barber, to rest from his fatigue and taste
the sweets of domestic life. Cajetanino seems to be a man of good
sense, who has not become giddy by his great fortune. He is the
confidant of the Pope in all his difficulties, his adviser, and the dis
penser of his favors.
" Applicants soon discovered the barber's influence, and to him
they address their requests, when they wish to obtain any important
office, or any other favors of the Holy See. They are careful to
add to their soHcitations some rich present, or large sum of money
to gain the concurrence of the Pope's servant. This is a very lu
crative business. I will mention but one example.
'•Lately, the Jews of Rome, having been threatened with perse
cution by the Inquisition, felt that they absolutely needed the good
offices of the barber Cajetanino for their security. They took sev
eral steps with him without success, because they did not offer money
enough. At last they invented an ingenious method to soften the
heart of the all-powerful favorite. One morning, when Cajetanino
opened his window there entered an automaton-pigeon, a master
piece of mechanism. This pigeon was of massive silver ; ils eyes
were formed of precious stones ; it had in its beak a golden twig, and
the petition of the unhappy Jews was hung around its neck by a
chain of gold. Cajetanino was enchanted, as you may well think
with this admirable manner of making him a magnificent present!
• This correspondence was dated May 23, 1844.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 657
fope Gregory-a death and funeral ceremonies. Ceremonies of a Pope's election.
The petition of the Jews was immediately presented to the Pope,
and they were rescued from the persecutions of the Inquisition.
" I could relate to you several similar facts ; but this one is enough
for my purpose. Here, then, you see the internal state of the court
of Rome ; you see who is this pretended infallible Head of the Chris
tian world ! The Romanists regard him as the interpreter of the
Holy Spirit, and they are not aware that there is one behind their
idol, or rather above their idol, a favorite — sometimes a nephew, a
more or less near relative — sometimes a barber, a domestic, who
really governs the holy father, and controls all his purposes. What
a strange religion is Romanism ! How shameful for intelligent beings
to prostrate themselves before a feeble old man, who is himself un
der subjection to an obscure household servant ! Let us thank God
that we, Protestants, acknowledge no other authority than that of the
Lord and his holy Word I"
§ 5. Pope Gregory's Death and Funeral Ceremonies. — Upon the
death of Pope Gregory, which took place June 1st, 1846, the- glory
of Cajetanino of course departed, and the tonsorial favorite was glad
to escape from Rome and to seek a refuge from the rage of an in
sulted and outraged populace, in the neighboring state of Tuscany.
As soon as the death of the Pope was made known to Cardinal
Camerlinque, that functionary, in accordance with the usual custom, ;,
proceeded to the Quirinal palace, raised the white covering over the
face of the corpse, and struck three blows on the forehead with a
small silver mallet. The Cardinal then proceeded to the window of
the palace, and exclaimed in the hearing of the people, " 11 Papa
realmente morto," that is, " The Pope is in reality dead." After
this, he broke the fisherman's ring and great seal of state. Prepa
rations were then raade for burying the Pope's body in state. The
corpse was embalmed, clothed in the pontifical robes, and afterward
placed on a throne in a chapel in the basilica of St. Peter, with the
feet projecting through a railing (in the manner represented in the en
graving on page 381) so that all the people who chose might kiss,
them as they passed through the chapel. After the funeral ceremo
nies, which are called Novem Diali from their occupying nine days,
the corpse was placed in a coffin and carried on a bier to the entrance
of the vaults, where the body of Pius VIIL had reposed since his
death in 1830 — ^there to remain till the death of his successor on the
papal throfte shall furnish another occupant for the temporary niche
and consign his remains to their place of permanent sepulture.
§ 6. Ceremonies of a Pope's Election. — The election of a new
Pope is a matter of surpassing interest in the city of Rome. The
whole city, during a conclave,* is under a strange excitement. Vast
multitudes assemble within view pf the building in the palace where
* Condave. So called from the fact that the cardinals during the election of
a Pope are closely confined under lock and key. From the Latin con, and cla-
vis, a key.

658 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
' Election of Pius IX.
the cardinals are confined, with their eyes fixed for hours upon the
chimney whence the smoke of the burning votes ascends, as a signal
that no election has been made.
The ceremonies connected with the election of the Pope — uni
formly observed on such occasions — were as follows. The day after
the last of the Novem Diali, or nine days funeral solemnities, which
in this instance was the Ilth of June, the cardinals, after hearing
mass, proceed to one of the pontifical palaces, where rooms have
been prepared for each of them. Upon their entrance the door is
locked and the passage to the palace walled np, so to remain till' the
election has taken place ; the keys of the palace, in the meanwhile,
being intrusted to a prelate, previously chosen by the cardinals, and
styled governor of the conclave. During their confinement, each
cardinal is allowed a secretary, called conclavisla, and two domestics.
While the cardinals are in conclave, the utmost precaution is taken
to prevent any communication with the people without. Even their
meals are closely examined by the proper functionary, to see that no
writing is concealed therein. At a stated hour each day, the cardi
nals meet to count the votes, two thirds of which are necessary to
secure an election. If no one is elected, tbe ballots are thrown into
a small furnace, together with some combustible materials, and the
smoke passing through a tube to the top of the palace, informs the
raultitude without that no election has taken place. Should the
stated bour pass by, as soon as the last toll of the clock has an
nounced the fact, the cry bursts forth from ten thousand voices, Non
v'efumo! — There is no smolce! which is equivalent to saying, ^ Pope
is elected. § 7. Election of Pius IX. — On the present occasion, the multi
tude had for five days in succession seen the smoke arising from the
chimney, as a signal that Rome was still without a Pope. On the
sixth day, however, the election was made. The hour passed and
no smoke appeared. The closed aperture was broken down, and
the master of the ceremonies came forth to the multitude and' bor
rowing the language of the angels at tlie birth of Christ,' " I brino-
you tidings of great joy"— " Annuntio vohis gaudium magnum," an
nounced that Cardinal Mastai Feretti was elected to the dignity of
Pope, under the name of Pius IX. Within the conclave, as soon
as the fact of his election is ascertained, he is invested with 'the pon
tifical robes, and the cardinals — an hour before his equals  bow be
fore him with the lowhest reverence, and kneel to kiss his feet. With
out, the air resounds with the shouts of the populace, the beatinff of
drums, the rattling of musketry, the ringing of bells, and the roaring
of the cannon of Saint Angelo ; and all this to celebrate the suc
cession of another to the vacant chair of St. Peter the fisherman
another king elected to reign over the church of Him who said'
" My kingdom is not of this world"— and to receive the homage and

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 659
Early life of the new Pope. First reforms.
prostrations of the disciples of Him who said, " One is your master,
even Christ, and all ye are brethren !"
§ 8. Early life of the new Pope. — The new Pope, whose full
name was Giovanni iNIaria Mastai Feretti, was 54 years old at the
time of his election. He was born at Sinigaglia, in the march of
Auconai on May 13, 1792. While yet a child, he is related to have
had a remarkable escape from drowning. He fell into a pool, and
was drawn fsom the water by a poor countryman named Guidi, vvho
has lived to see his little charge seated in the so-called chair of St.
Peter, and to be substantially rewarded by hira for the service he
had rendered half a century before. At the age of 18, young Fe
retti visited the city of Rome, and soon after entered upon military
life. It is related that he enlisted in the army of Napoleon, but at
tained no higher rank than that of a lieutenancy. Upon recovering
from a dangerous sickness, he exchanged the army for the church,
and soon after becoming a priest, he was sent by Pope Pius VII. to
Chili in South America, in the capacity of auditor to the (so-called)
vicar-apostolic of Chili, Mugi, now the Roman Catholic bishop of
Cita Castello. From C hili, Feretti afterward travelled to Montevi
deo and other parts of South America, as a missionary of the Pope.
On the return of Feretti to his native land, he found that his for
mer patron, Pius VIL, was dead, and that he had been succeeded
in the papal chair by Leo XII. The usual reward of the faithful
servants of the papacy was not, however, withholden frora the suc
cessful missionary; In the year 1829, he was raised to the lucrative
post of archbishop of Spoleto ; three years later, in December,
1S32, he was transferred by the late Pope Gregory XVI. to the
bishopric of Imola ; and in 1840 he was raised to the dignity of Car
dinal. § 9. The first Reforms. — Suppression of the Secret Tribunal, Ifc,
and Dismissal of Lambruschini. — Imraediately upon his accession to
the Popedom, Pius IX. surprised the world by the adoption of a
policy as extraordinary as it was novel for an occupant of the Papal
chair — a policy of political reform.
Leaving, for the present, the discussslon of the motives which
prompted this apparently liberal policy, we shall now proceed to re
late the principal reforms introduced by Pius, chiefly in the words of
a vigorous writer who is hiraself an Italian and an exile.* We
choose to borrow the words of this author, though soraetiraes a littie
too enthusiastic for our taste, principally because we believe the facts
to be correctly stated, and partly because we would not withhold from
the Pope the meed of praise which is his due.
At the commencement of the reign of the new Pope, the Italian
writer referred to represents him as casting a look over the eternal
city, and beholding it lying before him, a den of serpents, a desert
* See an article on Italy and Pius IX., by G. F. Secchi de Casali, in the
American Review for November, 1847.

660 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Suppression of the secret tribunal. Dismissal of Lambruschini. Amnesty for political ofiendertr,
— the people dying for food, or wandering in anarchy and poverty;
thousands exiled in foreign lands ; the prisons crowded with political
offenders ; the government held hy the enemies of the people, and
deaf to their cries. No public instruction ; no industry ; religion
corrupted by its own ministers ; crime triumphing m every shape of
depravity ; despotism showing its low and odious front at every step ;
justice unattainable ; the courts, which should be the schools of con
science, converted into offices of bribery and gross oppression ; the
whole state reeling to its centre, and about to fall for ever, and be
swallowed up. Rather than pass under a successor like Gregory,
the Roraan people would have preferred the dominion of Austria ;
but Heaven had so favored thera, that should their Pontiff perform
bis duty to himself and his officers, they might once again, and per
haps for ever, gain a footing among nations, and step forward boldly
in the race of civilization.
A few days after his election he suppressed the military warrants,
a kind oi secret tribunal ior the seizure and condemnation of political
offenders — analogous with the Council of Three of the Venetian
governraent. He then called upon six cardinals to compose a council for delib
eration upon public affairs, and resolved upon giving, on a certain
day of every week, a puhlic audience to all comers, without distinction
of rank or condition.
He caused a private letter-box for himself to he placed in the entry
of the Vatican. •
Lambruschini was still Secretary of State ; and while he continued
in that office, there was no hope of amelioration for the people ; he
saw- only anarchy and license inthe reform movements, and opposed
giving a constitution to the state, as if it were a merely revolutionary
policy. To oppose the injurious influence of this minister, Pius
then conjoined the two offices of foreign affairs and the secretaryship
in one, and conferred it upon Cardinal Gizzi— a man of liberal and
enlightened views, who was prepared to sympathize and co-operate
with Pius in his plans of reform.
§ 10. Proclamation of the Amnesty for Political Offenders.— At
the time of the death of Pope Gregory, the estimated number of
Italian exiles driven from their native land for political offences-
many of them for daring to whisper the name of liberty— was from
.five to six thousand. Letters containing supplications from the
friends and families of the exiles, poured in upon the Pope. " Pius •
Pius ! have mercy upon us ! pity our families, our brothers, in exile
and misery!" But, to call back and reinstate all, was an attempt
serious, if not dangerous. He had been Pope only one month when
he resolved upon this great act of justice. Cardinal Gizzi gave his
support to the measure, and on the evening of the memorable 16th of
July, the amnesty was declared for all political offenders.
The Romans, notwithstanding all their hopes, were taken by sur-

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 661
Encom-ages railroads. Dismisses Gregory's police. Preaches a sermon.
prise by this new proof of magnanimity in their chief, and the city
and country were filled with joy and mutual congratulations. A vast
crowd assembled in the Colosseum and at the Capitol, and marched
in procession, with wax candles, and singing joyful songs, to the
Monte Cavallo, to return thanks to their chief, and beg his benedic
tion. Since the fall of the last of the Tribunes, there had been
no such day in Rorae. The houses throughout the city, and every
palace except those of Cardinal Lambruschini and the Austrian am
bassador, were illuminated. The vast crowd moved to the ground
under the balcony of the Pope's palace, and here he extended his
hands and blessed them.
On the morning of the next day, the Pope returning in his car
riage, the horses were taken from it by the people, who then drew
him with songs of triumph to the Quirinal palace. No Pope was
ever treated with an equal degree of attention by the Roman people.
The festivals and illuminations continued for many days after the
amnest)^ both in the Roman states and iu other parts of Ital^.
The joy of the Bolognese was excessive ; they voted a marble
statue to Pius IX., and kept up the festivities three days and nights.
The bills of amnesty posted on the corners of the streets, were
wreathed with flowers. Political parties throughout all Italy resolved
themselves into the one party of the Pope.
¦^11. Encourages Railroads, dismisses Gregory's Police, and
preaches a Sermon. — To promote industry, commerce, and the ame
lioration ofthe country, on the 10th of November he invited private
companies of citizens to submit projects for railroads in the Roraan
states. In the raeantirae he granted econoraical and other govern
mental reforms, and established new institutions for municipal and
provincial legislation.
The terrible police of the last Pope was discontinued, and a de-
^cree promulgated, threatening severe judgments against criminal
offenders, but declaring that no person should be prosecuted for po
litical opinions. The employees oi Gregory XVI. were discharged
from office, and liberal and intelligent persons substituted. The se
cret and mysterious tribunals were abolished, and the judicial and
penal systems of Beccari and Filangieri, which abolish capital pun
ishment and establish trial by jury, adopted by the compilers of the
new code.
On the 18th of November, a vast crowd being assembled from all
parts, he preached in San Giovanni, in the Lateran, which is the first
instance of a Pontiff's preaching in public. The congregation fol
lowed him to the Quirinal palace, on his return, with vivas and cries
of joy.
¦§ 12. Swiss Soldiers dismissed — Press partially liberalized — Jews
relieved, ^c— Beside the above, the following reforms have been
effected : —

o62 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Swiss soldiers dismissed. Jews relieved. Visit of the peasant Gnidi to the Popg
The six thousand hired Swiss soldiers have been sent home, and
national and civic guards have been organized in their stead.
The tariff on cotton and woollen goods, and the enormous internal
duties on salt,* and other articles, have been reduced.
Private companies have been authorized to construct four lines of
railroad, having a total length of about four hundred miles.
The law concerning the liberty of the press has been so altered
that the rigid censorship which before existed was changed for a
somewhat more liberal one, and the censors, except of works on
rehgion, must henceforth be laymen. Still, it is a mistake to suppose
that the freedom of the press exists in Rome.
The Jews of Rome, who had been cruelly oppressed by the last
Pope,t and confined to that miserable part of the city called the
Ghetto, have been relieved from certain special taxes that had been
imposed on them, and are now permitted to establish themselves
where they please, in any part of the city.
§ 13. Visit of the peasant Guidi to the Pope. — Several anecdotes
have been related of the Pope, which, if true, are sufficient to show
that he is not only politic and prudent as a prince, but kind and be
nevolent as a man. One of the most interesting is the following ac
count of the interview between the Pope and the poor countrymaB
who, fifty years before, had saved him from a watery grave.
The peasant, Domenico Guidi, was already some seventy years
old — poor, and destitute of the raeans of subsistence for himself and
his daughter. Incited by the fame of Pius IX., after many days of
sufferings and hardship, the father and daughter arrived at Rome, -
quite destitute, and not knowing how to make themselves known to
* Says a correspondent of the New York Observer, in a letter dated jRome,
April 27, 1848—" The demoralizing effect of a single unjust law is great. For
example, take the late government monopoly here" of the manufacture of salt
and the enormous duty imposed' on it. 'This profit,' says a writer here, 'is
chiefly wrung from the poorer classes of the agriculturists. The most grievous *
consequences anse from the rigor with which it is protected. We have seen poor
peasants inhahiting the seashore, expiate in a dungeon the criine of loilins- sea
water to obtain a httle salt. We have seen saline springs destroyed, choked up
with stones and earth, and soldiers placed to guard them, at the risk of conflict
*•?? bloodshed with the poor wretches who sought to profit by these gratuitous
gilts of Providence.' " .jo
f Gregory XVI. in 1843, in connexion with the Holy Inquisition of Rome
published a cruel edict against the persecuted Jews. In this decree, thev were
forbidden to_ receive Catholic masses, orto engage Christians in their service.
Ihe cpnclusion ot this intolerant decree, conceived in the true spirit of Ponerv
is as follows : " No Israelite shall sleep out of his Ghetto, nor induce a Christian
to sleep m that accursed enclosure, nor carry ou friendly relations witb the faith-
tul, nor trade m sacred ornaments, nor books of any kind, under a penaUy of five
hundred crowns, and of seven years' imprisonment. The Israelites, in interrins
their dead, shall not make use of any ceremony, nor shall they use torches, unde?
penalty of confiscation. Those who shall violate our edicts shall incm the penal-
ties of the Holy Inquisition. The present measure shall be communicated m the
Orhetlo, to be pubhshed m the synagogue. Dated from ' The Ckancellary of
the Holy Inquisition, June Mth, 1843.' Signed, - ^ •'
" Fra VmcENzo Salina, Inquisitor- General."

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 663

The soldier's had bread.  Opposition of Austria to tho reforms of Plus.
«
the Pontiff. Since his election Pius IX. had strictly forbidden pub
lic beggary, and at his own cost had founded splendid almshouses for
the destitute. The ofiicers arrested Domenico Guidi and his daugh
ter as vagrants, and took them to the police-oflice. After discovering
who he was, and the intent of his journey, the commissioner inforraed
the Pope of this story of Guidi and bis daughter. Both were there
upon well dressed by the order of the Pope, and taken in a car
riage to the Vatican. On the 2Sth of March, 1847, accorapanied
by the physician of the governraent and by his daughter, Guidi en
tered the pontifical hall of the Vatican, to be admitted to audience,
but fainted at the entrance, and fell upon the floor. The ofiicers
and prelates of the court, with the physician, relieved the unfortu
nate Guidi, and the Pope gave order that he should be removed to
a comfortable room of the palace, and receive every attention.
The next day, when Guidi had sufficiently recovered himself, he
was admitted to audience. Nothing could be more interesting and
admirable than the interview between the Pontiff and the saver of
his life. Pius received hira as an old friend, and with the kindest
expressions. Guidi could neither speak nor show any deraonstra-
tions, so great was his astonishraent and adrairation. The Pope
would not permit hira to kneel before him, but embracing him, he
said, " Guidi, you were the friend of ray childhood, and the saver of
my life. You shall suffer no more frora want. You and your
daughter shall go to Sinigaglia to my palace, and live with my friends."
The next day Guidi left Rome, in a post-carriage. His daughter
was placed in a house of education, and Guidi still lives comfortably
in the Mastai palace.
¦§ 14. The Soldier's bad Bread. — Another pleasing anecdote re
lated of Pius, is the following : It has already been mentioned that
one of the early steps taken by the Pope was the granting of a pub
lic audience to all classes of his subjects, without distinction of rank,
and without the comraon ceremonies of presentation. On these oc
casions the meanest of his subjects was allowed full permission to
state his grievances and to prefer his petition. At one of these audi
ences, a common soldier brought to the Pope a loaf of raiserable
bread, and said it was a fair saraple of their daily allowance. Pius
took the loaf, invited the. minister of war to dinner, and laid it on his
plate. The astonished functionary turned pale when he saw it, and
the Pope inquired if that was the kind of bread he furnished to his
soldiers. After that he passed through the barracks, and having
found some four thousand similar loaves, he ordered them to be given
away, imprisoned the bakers who furnished them, degraded the min
ister of war from his office, and supplied each soldier with money to
buy bread for hiraself.
§ 15. Opposition of Austria to the Pope's Reforms. — During the
reign of Pope Gregory XVL, the despotic government of Austria
had exercised a controlling influence in the Roman states. The im-

664 SUPPLEMENT TO THE

Design against the Pope's life.  Conspiracy of the anniTersary of the amnesty.
perious and tyrannical Prince Metternich, then at the summit of his
power, had more than once listened to the supplications of the Pope
to protect him against the rising spirit of liberty among his own peo
ple. At the comraenceraent of his reign the attempted revolution of
1831 had been quelled by Austrian armies, and Austrian bayonets
alone had prevented the patriots of Italy from demanding and se
curing from the old Pope all and more than all the reforms that have
been granted by his more liberal and politic successor.
At die comraenceraent of the reign of Pope Pius, Metternich saw
hiraself in danger of losing the influence he had long possessed in
the Roman states, and by means of the Austrian ambassador in
Rome, used every means to turn Pius IX. from his course of reform,
and to induce hira to follow the policy of his predecessor. The-
ambassador exerted himself to the utmost to create a breach between
the Romans and the Pope ; and failing in this, excited against him
several of the cardinals, whose power had been mucb abridged since
the death of Gregory XVL, besides a number of fanatical priests
and friars, who resolved, if possible, to effect his destruction.
The first conspiracy against the life of Pius IX. was to have been
accomplished on the 5th of April, 1847. This diabolical plot has
been shown hy clear evidence to be the work of the fanatics and of
Austria. The French ambassador, Signor Rossi, revealed their de
signs and names to the Pope. Instead of immediately arresting
them, he followed the policy of a man confident of his position.
The conspirators had put their names into a vase, and drawn the one
who was to visit the Pope and kill him during the interview. A
Capuchin, or religious friar, was the person whose name carae out
first ; and, followed by the other conspirators, he went to the Vati
can, and asked to speak with the Pope. Pius sent for the name
of the friar, which was boldly given. His name was on the list.
Orders were immediately given to arrest him. As he was admitted
and entered the hall, two pistols and a poisoned dagger were
found upon his person. He was then sent to tlie castle St. Angelo
with the rest ; and many others were afterward arrested. The fact
had to be kept secret for a short time, in order to avert the vengeance
of the Roraan people from the friars. Other conspiracies, in which
ecclesiastics were engaged, have been discovered in the Roman states.
Cardinal Della Genga, nephew of Pope Leo XIL, was arrested and
sent to the castie St. Angelo, for not fulfilling the orders of the new
government, while he was a legate in Romagna. Some priests
preached in the churches against Pius IX. Of these, some were
arrested ; others, known to have been ultra-Catholic, were murdered
by the irritated people.
¦^ 16. Conspiracy of the Anniversary of the Amnesty. — The 18th
of July was the anniversary of the amnesty. To celebrate this
epoch, the people were making sumptuous preparations, erecting tri
umphal arches, temples to Amnesty, illuminations, fire-works, and

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 666
I'l&n of tlie conspirators. Austr-ian invasion of the Papal states. Seizure of FeiTara.
pageants, as such things are done in Rome. Every one looked for
ward with joy to the approaching anniversary, when a population of
180,000 uihabitants would unite in celebrating the election of Pius
IX. and the Amnesty. But now the festival was to be made a car
nage ; thousands of people were secredy marked for slaughter, and
the Pope was to be hurried off frora Rome, while an anti-Pope was
to be elected in his stead. The Austrian emissaries distributed
money and granted favors to whoever would engage in the conspiracy.
Arms, funds, all the necessary raeans were offered, and when the
work was accomplished, the same day she made ready to send an
army to invade the Roman states. As it was, her advance was no
farther than Ferrara. A few days previous to the execution of the
plot, by the boldness of some citizens of Faenza, and by the energy
of Ciceronachia, a man of the people, all was discovered, and Pius
triuraphed again over his eneraies.
The plan of the conspirators was to attack the soldiers and gen
darmes on the evening of the 18th of July, while the people and the
army were celebrating the anniversary of the Amnesty. They were to
attack the troops with daggers, on which were carved the words, "Long
life to Pius IX.," as if the authors of this massacre were the exiles
and followers of Pius IX. The conspirators, mingled with the sol
diers, were to kill all the liberal citizens — to carry the Pope to Naples
— to oblige him to abdicate, and to call for an Austrian intervention.
As soon as this atrocious plot was discovered, Pius IX. said that
" the time for clemency had passed, it was necessary to act with se
verity." He ordered the festival to proceed, as if nothing had hap
pened, and established the National Guard. The government used
all the necessary precautions that the crisis demanded, and named
his cousin, the cardinal Feretti, Secretary of State, instead of Gizzi.
The National Guard was organized, and men of all ages and con
dition enlisted. The wealthy families offered arms and money, and
their palaces to be used as barracks for the troops. The next day,
after the nomination of Feretti, the advocate Morandi succeeded
Grasselini as Pro-governor of Rome. Grasselini fled the same night
to Naples. The active movers in arranging the plot, appear to have
been a number of disbanded agents of a secret police of the late
Pontificate. Nothing appeared directly to implicate the cardinal
Lambruschini, who remained quietly at Civita- Vecchi, notwithstand
ing that the people believed him to be one of the conspirators.
^ 17. The Austrian Invasion of the Papal States, and Seizure
of Ferrara. — ^If any proof were wanting that the conspiracy we have
related was set on foot by Austrian agency and intrigue, the occupa
tion of Ferrara, a town in the Papal states, on the very same day, by
Austrian troops, is abundantly sufficient. When the governor of
Ferrara, Cardinal Ciacchi, protested against this invasion of a peace
ful state, the Austi-ian general calmly inquired whether he had not
received special notice frora Rome of the expected arrival of the

666 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
The Pope's reforms as a prince no guaranty for reforms as a -priest.
Austrian army in Ferrara ; thus establishing the fact of a mutual agree
ment between the Austrian conspirators at Rome, and Austrian in
vaders at Ferrara. In the broad noonday, those barbarous hordes
invaded the town, and compelled the pontifical garrison to surrender
the different posts into their hands. To crown their insolence, they
sent a guard of honor to the cardinal legate, who immediately aban
doned the government-house, and removed to the bishop's residence.
On receipt of this intelligence at Rome a council of cardinals was
assembled, and Pius IX., moved by the signal insult thus offered to
him, declared that he would protest ; and that if that new protest
was disregarded, he would decree a sentence of excommunication
against the invaders, and that if that measure did not avail, he would
hoist the la.barum (the sacred standard of the Papacy), and march
against the Austrians at the head of his people. Several of the
Powers oi Europe protested against this high-handed outrage on the
part of Austria against Pius IX. ; and when the Austrians discovered
the failure of the conspiracy at Rorae, they shortly after evacuated
Ferrara, and departed from the dominions of the Pope.
§ 18. The Pope's Reforms as a Prince no guaranty for Reforms
as a Priest. — It is not surprising that in America, and other lands
that have tasted the blessings of freedom, a widespread sympathy
should have been felt in the reformatory movements of the Pope, and
a universal indignation at the efforts of Austrian despots to crush
these moveraents toward political liberty, in the bud. Nor is it
strange that sorae have fondly hoped that Pius was about to extend
these Hberal movements into the domain of religion, and that, per
chance, Popery itself might change its character, and instead of be
ing, as heretofore, a system of spiritual despotism, falsehood, and
tyranny, that it was about to become a religion of truth, of gentle
ness, and of love. No mistake could be greater than this. ' Sooner
might " the Ethiopian change his skin, and the leopard his spots."
These reforms, such as they are, are political, not religious. Pius is
a Papist still.
The position occupied by a Pope of Rome is one which is entirely
sui generis. It has no parallel am6ng the sovereigns or dignitaries
of the civilized worid. He is at the sarae time a Prince and a Pon
tiff. In the former character, he is the head and monarch o'f the
state ; in the latter (according to the creed of Romanism), he is the
head and monarch of the church. As a Prince, he may alter,
araend, or raodify, the political institutions ofthe state over which he
reigns ; while as a Pontiff he is hiraself bound by the infallible de
crees of his church, as erabodied in the acts and canons and anathe
mas of preceding Popes and councils. Hence, it is a mistake,
though raany fall into it, to iraagine that Pius IX.'s reforms as a
pnnce are to be considered as any guaranty of reforras as a priest.
The government of the Roman states, hitherto the most wretched in
Europe, may perhaps be ameliorated by the adoption of a portioa

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 667
tius no Protestant Pope. Testimony of Homan Catholice.
of those liberal institutions and political rights which have been long
enjoyed by every Protestant nation ; while Popery remains the sarae
bible-hating, heretic-cursing system of bigotry, intolerance, and spir
itual despotism, as it ever has been. No mistake can be greater
than to suppose that the present Pope's "political acts" are to be
regarded as an index of his " ecclesiastical dispositions," that the
reforms he has granted in the state are to be followed by any
changes or modifications in the system of Popery itself. Infallibility
and immutability are the boast of the Romish church. " It is a te
net of their creed," says one of their own writers " that what their
faith ever has been, such it was from the beginning, such it is now,
and such it ever will be."*
§ 19. Pius IX. no Protestant Pope, Romanists being witnesses.
— None are raore strenuous than Roman Catholics themselves in de
nying that the liberality of the Pope as a Prince is to be regarded as
any indication of his feelings as a Priest. "How widely," says the
writer of an article lately published in Bishop Hughes' Freeman's
Journal, " has the belief spread that Pope Pius IX. was in every
sense of the word a liberal Pope : that his poUtical acts, misread
by infidels and revolutionists, afforded an index of his ecclesiastical
dispositions : that his concessions to the spirit ofthe time fixed a deep
gulf between him and the old Gregories and Innocents of the Pope
dom : that a new spirit was being breathed into the Catholic religion
by the secular influences of the time. . . . How widely have these
most delusive hopes spread ! How fondly have they been nursed
and cherished ! In every country, araongst weak, or wicked, or ig
norant men, this thought has made its way — that in a liberal Pope
was to be found a traitor to his own church, an apostle of some mad
scheme of universal fusion, a destroyer ofthe antiquated dograas of
Christianity. . . . In Ireland, as elsewhere, the character of the Pope
has been misconceived ; the nature of his liberality mistaken. There,
as elsewhere, dreams have been nursed of a false peace — a peace,
the characteristics of which were to be universal philanthropy, tolera
tion, charity — a peace, to attain and preserve which, the odious ex
clusiveness of Catholicity was to be abolished for ever ; and — not
merely in civil laws — but in the language of its own clairas, and the
forms of its own institutions, it was to bring itself down to the mis
erable level of the sects."t
According to the admission of this Roman Catholic writer, the
boasted reforms of Pope Pius are nothing more than " concessions
to the spirit of the time ;" and every Protestant should know that
this policy is as old as the Papacy itself. Popes have seldom re-
* Charles Butler, in his Book of the Church. _
t The article from which the above extracts are taken, was pubhshed in the
Freeman's Journal, the week following the great meeting in the Broadway
Tabernacle, in November, 1847, for the glorification of Pius IX. ;— a fitting re
ward for American Protestants who are willing to lick the dust beneath the feet
of " his Holiness," the Pope of Rome.

668 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
The Pope's reforms dictated solely by policy. Pius IX. no Republican.
fused, in secular politics, to commit themselves to the humor of the
day ; but it was that they might always be Popes — spiritual despots,
ecclesiastical tyrants, lording it over the -consciences and souls of men.
If any one doubts whether the partial political reforms of Pius were
in reality demanded by the " spirit of the times," let him refer back
to the secret manifesto which we have copied in section the second
of this suppleraent, and then let hira reraeraber that that document,
demanding all and more than the present Pope has granted, was in
circulation before Pius had dreamed of the Papacy, and while he
was siraply Bishop of Iraola.
§ 20. The Pope's Political Reforms dictated by Policy alone. —
After the caveat just quoted, frora Roraan Catholic authority, it is to
be hoped that there is but littie danger that Protestants should in
dulge the vain hope of any essential change in the Antichristian sys
tera of Popery, or that they should raistake the true character, as
political acts, of the reformatory raovemehts of the present Pope,
since his elevation to the sovereignty of the Roman states. True
policy pointed to the course which as a temporal sovereign, he has
hitherto pursued. Had Pius — as many minions of the last Pope
fondly hoped he would — pursued a policy sirailar to that of Gregory
XVL, the volcano of popular indignation, which was just ready to
burst upon the old Pope and Larabruschini, would have poured forth
its burning lava' upon his own devoted head. Pius was too much a
man of the world to suppose it possible that he could prevent the
eruption of this volcano, unless he quenched its fires. The act of
amnesty would cost him nothing, and would gain him thousands of
friends. Nothing could be easier ; nothing could be more politic.
His experience as a soldier, and, above all, his travels and observa
tion in America, had taught hira some lessons relative to the difficulty
of suppressing the spirit of hberty, and he was too politic and too
prudent — perhaps he was too patriotic and benevolent — to neglect
those lessons. Here, doubtless, was the secret of his movements of
reform. %2l. Pius IX. no Republican — His Royal Speech to the Roman
Consulta. — It has been a very general error in America and else
where, that Pius IX., by the partial political reforms he has conceded
to his people, intended to raake some approach toward republicanism.
Sufficient has already transpired to prove this hope fallacious. It is
true that he may find it difficult to lay the spirit of Hberty which has
been evoked, and the Romans may ere long discover the folly of
associating the spiritual and temporal power in the same individual;
but we raay rest assured that a Pope of Rorae will never voluntarily
lay aside the temporal sovereignty which his predecessors have, for
so many centuries, enjoyed. Pius IX. is no exception to this remark,
and time wdl show, if it has not already, that nothing but absolute
compulsion will ever induce him to resign the dignity of a Prince,
and to return to the condition of a simple priest, though at the head

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 669
The Pope's royal speech to the Roman Consulta,
of the Romish church. The Pope has already begun to realize the
danger lest he may soon be compelled to relinquish his political sov
ereignty, and has publicly uttered his rebuke of those " restiess"
spirits who have manifested a disposition to be satisfied with nothing
short of a separation between the temporal and the spiritual power. In
October, 1847, as a sort of compUance with the increasing demands of
the Roman people for a Constitution, Pius IX. established at Rorae
a kind of Council of State, consisting of delegates from the different
Roman provinces, called the Consulta. At the first session of this
Consulta, or parliament (as it may be called), held on the 15th of
November, after an address to the Pope from the President of the
Consulta, assuring him, in the name of all the deputies, of their
homage and obedience, Pius IX. repHed in the foHowing remarkable
and significant language : —
" I thank you for your good intentions, and appreciate them as tending to the
public good. It has been -with a view to the public good that, from the first
moment of my being raised to the pontifical throne, I have done, under the in
spiration of God, all that I have been able to do ; and I am ready, by God's as
sistance, to dn as much in future, -without, ho-wever, in anywise retrenching the
sovereignty of the pontificate ; as Ihave received it full and entire from my pred
ecessors, so will I in like manner transmit it to my successors.
" I have for my witnesses my three millions of subjects — I have all Europe
for a -witness of what I have hitherto done to bring my subjects near to me, and
unite myself -with them, that I raight become acquainted with their wants, and
make pro-vision for them. It is with the object of better knowing these wants,
and pro-viding for the exigencies of the public welfare, that I have united you in
a permanent council — ^it is to listen, in case of need, to your advice, and avail
myself of its aid in my sovereign resolutions, in which I shall consult my own
conscience, and confer upon it vnih my ministers and the sacred college.
"He will deceive himself greatly who shall see in the Consulta di' Stato,
which I have just created, a realization of his own Utopian notions, or the germ,
of an institution incompatible with the pontifical sovereignty."
Pius IX. having delivered this speech with some warmth of em
phasis, paused an instant, and then resuming his natural mildness,
continued to the following effect : —
" These words are not addressed to any of you, whose social education and
Christian and ci-vil probity, as well as the loyaUy and rectitude of your inten
tions, were known to me from the moment at which I proceeded to your election.
Neither do these words apply to the mass of my subjects, for I am sure of their
fidelity and ohedience. I know that the hearts of my subjects are united -with
mine in the love of order and concord.
" But, unfortunately, there exist some persons (small in number, it is true,
still they do exist), who, having nothing to lose, are fond of disorder and revolt,
and even abuse concessions. It is to them that these words are addressed — ^let
them well consider their signification. In the co-operation of the deputies I see
only a firm support from persons who, divesting themselves of all private inter
ests, will labor -with me, by their councils, for the public good, and who will not
be stopped by the vain words of restless and injudicious men. You will aid me
with your wisdom to find that which is most necessary for the security of the
throne, and for the real happiness of my subjects."
The attention of the reader is particularly called to those portions
of the above address which we have italicised. In these sentences

670 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
The Pope's proclamation.
Pius IX. seems to have feh that he was a King. How royally does
he tell the representatives of. the people why he has sent for them —
" to listen, in case of need, to your advice, and avaij myself of its
aid in my sovereign resolutions, in which I shall consult
MY own conscience !" Even the Autocrat of all the Russias
could not have spoken more like a sovereign and a despot. — " Re
member" (says the Pope, in substance), " you are not to legislate,
but to advise. Pius is Master still !"
§ 22. The Pope's Proclamation. — Still, Pius IX. had granted to
the Roraan people no Constitution, and there were thousands of Ital
ians in the Papal dominions who had before suffered for the cause of
liberty, who could not be deceived by this wretched shadow of a
popular representation. The people were clamorous for a Constitu
tion. To allay this agitation, the Pope issued the following procla
mation, published at Rome, on the 10th of February, 1848. This
document may be valuable for future reference, as it shows, in the
Pope's own words, what he has done for his people, and what he
intends to do for them, as well as what he does not intend to do. It
hints, moreover, in no arabiguous terras, at what the Pope considers
his safeguard in any future eraergency, viz., the two hundred railHons
of Papists throughout the world, who, to whatever nation they be
long, still regard theraselves as his faithful subjects and servants.
" Pius P. P. IX. — The Pontiff, who in the course of two years has received
from you so many proofs of love and faith, is not deaf to your desires, to your
fears. We never cease to meditate within ourselves how to develop most use
fully, consistently with our duties to the church, those civil institutions which we
established, not forced by necessity, but from the desire for the happiness of our
people, and the esteera we felt for their noble quahties. We also turned our
thoughts to the reorganization of the army, before even public opinion demanded
it; and we have sought the raeans of obtaining the service of foreign officers to
aid those who honorably serve the Pontifical govemment. The better to extend
the sphere of those who can bring their talents and experience to bear upon pub
lic reforins, we have also taken measures to increase the laical part of our Coun
cil of Ministers. If the unanimous will of the princes to whom Italy owes the
new reforms is a guaranty of the preservation of those boons, received vdth so
much gratitude and applause, we cultivate it by maintaining and consolidating
the most amicable relations with them. Nothing, in short, which may be con
ducive to the tranquillity and dignity of the state will ever be neglected.
_ " O, Romans and Pontifical subjects, by your father, and sovereign, who has
given you the most certain proof of his affection for you, and is ready to eive
you more, if he be worthy to obtain fi-om God that he may inspire your hearts
and those of all the Itahans with the pacific spirit of his wisdom ; but he is ready
at the satne time to resist, by means of the institutions already conceded, all dis-
orderly violence, as he would also resist demands contrary to his duties and to
your happiness. Listen, then, to the paternal voice which admonishes you, nor
be reraoved by that cry that proceeds from unknown mouths, to agitate the peo
ple of Italy with the terror of a foreign war, aided and prepared by internal con
spiracies, or by the malignant ignorance of those who govern. This is, indeed
deceit to impel you by terror to seek public safety in disorder; to confound by
tumult the councils of your ruler; and to prepare, by creating confusion, pre
texts for a war that could never, by any other motive, be declared against us.
What danger, in fact, can impend over Italy, so long as a bond of gratitude and

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 671
Effects in Italy of the French Revolution. Address to tho Pope.
confidence unites the strength of the people with the wisdom of princes, with the
sacredness of right?
" But we principally — we, the head and sovereign Pontiff of the niost Holy
Catholic religion, should we not have in our defence, if we were unjustly attacked,
innumerable sons who would defend the centre of Catholic unity like the house
of their father ? It is, indeed, a great blessing among the many which Heaven
hath imparted to Italy, that scarce three millions of our subjects have two hun
dred millions of brothers of every nation and of every tongue. This was, in more
dangerous times, and in the confusion of the whole Roman world, the safeguard
of Rome. It is for this the ruin of Italy was never complete. This will ever
be her defence, so long, as this Apostolic See shall reside in her centre.
" Oh, then, great God, shower thy blessings on Italy, and preserve for her this
most precious boon of all, faith ! Bless her with the benediction that thy vicar,
prostrated before Thee, humbly demandeth ! Bless her with the benediction
that the saints to whom she gave birth, the Queen of Saints, who protects her,
the .Vpostles whose glorious relics she preserves, thy Incarnate Son, who sent
his representative upon earth to reside in this same Rome, ask of Thee !"
^ 23. Effects in Italy of the French Revolution of 1848. — In
the document just quoted, the Pope speaks of his resolution to
" resist demands contrary to his duties and to the people's hap
piness." By this, he unquestionably meant the demands which
were everyday becoming louder and more frequent fora Constitution.
In less than two weeks, however, from the issuing of that proclama
tion, an argument arose for concessions to the spirit of liberty, which
the most despotic sovereigns of Europe were unable to resist — this
was the French revolution of February, 1848, by which Louis
Philippe was driven from the throne of France by an indignant and
outraged people. As soon as the news of this event, and the subse
quent proclamation of the republic was known at Rome, an iramense
crowd of people proceeded with banners, and amid cheers for the
Constitution and the French republic, to the Quirinal, where a depu
tation was chosen to present the following address to tbe Pope : —
" Holy Father — The recent events of France are of such impor
tance that they raust exercise the greatest influence in every part of
Europe, and particularly in Italy. The subjects pf your Holiness,
with the strongest attachraent to yoi*r person and throne, feel the ne
cessity of expressing their fears and hopes in this emergency. For
the purpose of giving a wise direction to the movement of political
passions which raay rise in the present circurastances, your subjects
think it -urgent that a Constitution be immediately puhlished, in har
mony with the institutions of the other Italian states, and that all the
efforts of the nation be turned to the maintenance of interior order
and exterior independence. Hence, if a homogeneous, compact,
and liberal ministry, equal to the gravity of the case, was universally
called for some time ago, it now becomes of the utmost necessity, and
every moment of delay might produce fatal and irreparable evils,
which your generous heart has constantly striven to avoid. Men
able to support so great a weight, and who enjoy public confidence,
are not wanting among the laity of your dominions, and public opinion
has already called your attention upon them. You, who, by giving
43

672 SUPPLEMENT TO THE

The Pope's address to the municipality.  Submission to princes.
your benediction to Italy, have, in the face of the world, associated
her cause with that of religion, will now perceive that your teraporal
power is directly involved in the destinies of our common fatherland.
And it will be the greatest glory of your Pontificate, if, in the raidst
of the tempests now preparing in Europe, Italy, avoiding the evils
that may result frora them, is capable of preserving internal order,
estabhshing her liberty, and regaining her independence. Such is
the faith your subjects have in your intentions, that they are convinced
you will confirm in this moraent of trial the universal opinion of your
wisdom and magnanimity."
The journals of Rome publish the following reply of the Pope, to
the address of the municipality, calling for constitutional institutions
and guaranties : —
•*• The events which follow precipitately and in rapid succession, sufficiently
justify the deraand which you, Signor Senator, addressed to me in the name of
the magistrates and council. It is well known that I am unceasingly engaged in
giving to the government that form which you, gentlemen, demand, and which
nations require. But every one understands the serious difficulty with which
he who is invested with two great dignities, has to contend. What in a secular
govemraent raay be done in a night, can not be effected in the Pontifical govem
ment without mature examination, since it is very difficult to trace exactly the
line which shall distinguish one power frora the other ; nevertheless, I flatter
myself that, in a few days, the work being completed, I shall be able to an
nounce the new forra of government, which will obtain general satisfaction, and
more particularly that of the Senate and Council, who are more minutely ac
quainted with the circurastances and the position of the country. May God
bless these ray desires and labors; and if conducive to the welfare of religion,
1 shall stay at the foot of the crucifix, to offer up thanks for all the events Prov
idence has allowed to take place : whilst I, not as much as Prince, but as head
of the universal church, shall be content if they contribute to the glory of God."
The feeHngs with which Pius IX. regards the recent revolts by
which Europe has been distinguished against crowned oppressors,
can not be mistaken, when the following extract from a speech of the
Pope in a Consistory at Rome, is duly considered : " We are greatly
afflicted at seeing, that in different places, raen are met with among
the people, who, boldly making %n unwarrantable uso of our name,
and being guilty of the greatest insult to our person and our supreme
dignity, dare to deny to princes the submission which is due them, to
raise multitudes against thera, and to excite criminal movements ;'all
of which is so contrary to our thoughts, that, in our encycHcal letter,*
addressed to all our venerable brethren, the bishops, we did not fail
to inculcate the obedience due to princes and powers, and which,
according to the precepts of the Christian law, no one can cast off
without crime, unless it be in the event of anything being ordained
contrary to the laws of God and the Church."
§ 24. Outlines of the (so-called) Constitution, granted to his sub
jects hy thc Pope.— At length, on the 14th of March, 1848, a proc
lamation was issued at Rome, authenticated by the sign-manual of
* This encyclical letter will be found printed in full at the Close of the present
histoncal sketch. ^ --ocui,

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 673
Outlines of the new Constitution granted to thc Italian people.
the Pope, granting a Constitution to his subjects. The friends of free
dom throughout the world should read and study this stingy, forced,
and conteraptible concession to the people of Rorae, which is called
a Constitution, and which, be it reraerabered, is the ne plus ultra oi
a nation's rights, in the view of that Pontiff, who, even by- Protestant
Araericans, in their mistaken sympathy, has been lauded to the
skies as " the Apostle of Liberty." How would America, or any
other nation that knows what liberty is, be satisfied with a Constitu
tion such as that of which the following is a brief abstract? We
invite the special attention of the Araerican Protestant adrairers
and worshippers of Pius IX. to those items which we have printed
in italics.
" The College of Cardinals (chosen by the Pope) is to be constituted a Senate,
inseparable from the sarae, and two Deliberative Councils for the foi-mation of
the laws are to be established, consisting of the ' High Council' and the ' Coun
cil of Deputies.'
" The judicial tribunals are to be independent of the government, and no ex
traordinary commission courts are to be in future established. The National
Guard is to be considered an institution of the state.
" The Pope convokes and prorogues the Legislative Chambers, and dissolves
Oie Council of Deputies, being required to convoke a new Chamber within three
months, which will be the ordinary duration of the annual session. The sessions
are to be public.
" The members ofthe Senate are to be appointed by the Pope for life, and their
number is not unlimited. The qualification of a Senator is the age of thirty years,
and the plenary exercise of civil and political rights.
"The Senate will he chosen, par preference, from ^e prelates, ecclesiastics,
ministers, judges, councillors of state, consistorial lawyers, and the possessors of
an incorae of four thousand scudi* per annum.
" The Pope -will appoint the President and Vice-Presidents.
" The second council -will be elective, on the numerical basis of one deputy to
every thirty thousand souls. The electors are to consist of the gonfalonieri
(mayors), priors, and elders of the cities and communes ; the possessors of a cap
ital of three hundred scudi ; the payers of direct taxes to the amount of twelve
scudi per annum ; the merabers of the colleges of their faculties, and the titular
professors of the universities; the raembers ofthe councils of discipline, the ad
vocates and attorneys practising in the collegiate tribunals, the laureates ad
honorem in the state universities, the members of the chambers of commerce,
the heads of factories and industrial establishments, and the heads of scientific
and public institutions assessed for certain amounts.
" The qualification of a deputy is the possession of a capital of three thousand
scudi, or the payment of taxes to the amount of one hundred scudi per annum,
and the members of colleges and professors of universities, &c., -will be eligible
ex officio.
"A distinct electoral law tvill regulate the elections of deputies. The per
sons of the members of both councils are sacred, as far as their votes and
speeches are concerned, but it appears that the privileges of freedom from ar
rest on civil and criminal process are limited to the actual session, and a month
before and after.
" All laws and new taxes musi be sanctioned by these two councils and assented
to by the Pope ; but the councils are not to be allowed to propose laws which may
affect ecclesiastical or mixed affairs, which may be opposed to the canons and dis
cipline of the church, or which may tend to vary or modify the present statutes.
They are also forbidden to discuss the ^ religious diplomatic relations' of the Holy
See to foreign countries. * The Boman saudo (plural emdi} is equal to one dollar

674 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Profession of the Popish religion necessary for the enjoyment of civil rights. Constitution examined.
" The discussion of financial matters exclusively appertains to the Council of
Deputies. The sum or civil list appropriated to the endowment ofthe Pope and
the College of Cardinals, and to ecclesiastic purposes generally, as well as to the
expenses-of the corps diplomatique, the Pontifical Guards, the maintenance of
the apostolical palaces and rauseums, and various other purposes, is flxed at
six hundred thousand scudi per annum, including a reserve fund for contingen
cies. The canons, tributes, and dues, amounting to the annual sum of thirteen
thousand scudi, are to remain at the entire disposal of the Pope. The ministers
are responsible for their actions, and have a right to speak in both councils,
whether merabers or not.
" The session of the Chambers will be suspended by the death of the reigning
Pontiff, but the new Pope must convene them a month after his election. The
ministers are to be confirmed and chosen hy the Sacred College [of Cardinals].
" The rights of temporal sovereignty, exercised by a defunct Pontiff, are
vested in the Sacred College during the interregnum.
" There will also be a Council of State composed of ten councillors and a
body of auditors not exceeding twenty-four. This council will be required to
draw up projects of laws, and to give its advice on administrative affairs in cases
of emergency. Ministerial functions may also be conferred upon it by a special
law. " The present statute will be enforced on the opening of the new Councils,
which will take place about the first Monday in June. The functions of the
present Council of State will cease twenty days previous to the opening of the
Councils; but it will, nevertheless, continue to examine such administrative
measures as may be presented to it for consideration. All the legislative enact
ments, not contrary to the decrees of the present statute, remain in force.
" The profession of the Popish religion is indispensable as a qualification for
me exercise of civil a-nd political rights."
^ 25. This Constitution examined, — The substance of all power
vested in the Pope and his Ca.rdinals. — Such is an outline of the Con
stitution which Pius IX., after nearly two years of promise and eva
sion and delay, has at length presented to his subjects. Well may
we apply to this worse than contemptible result of the protracted
study and labor of the modern " Apostle of Liberty," the biting sar
casm by which the Latin poet rebukes the orator or author whose
labored openings and inighty promises resuh only in abortion and
imbecility —
"Parturiunt montes; nascitur ridiculus mus."* — Horace.
If anything were wanting to convince the American people that
their congratulations were premature, and that Pius IX. is no more
the friend of genuine liberty than the spiritual despots and tyrants
who have preceded him on the Papal throne, surely this miserable
abortion of a constitution is sufficient !

How ingeniously is this instrument constructed, so as, while ap
parently making concessions to the people, to retain all the substance
ol power where it has ever been since the establishraent of the Papal
despotism--with the Pope, his Cardinals, and Priests. The mem
bers of the Senate are to be appointed by the Pope. The President
and Vice-Presidents are to be appointed hy the Pope. The Legisla
tive Chambers are to be convoked and prorogued, at his pleasure,
* The mountains are in travail— and a httie mouse is bom.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 675
Ail power with the Pope and Cardinals. Poor, priest-ridden Italy.
by the Pope. The Council of Deputies, should they at any time
prove refractory or disobedient, may imraediately be dissolved hy the
Pope. The discussion of financial matters belongs exclusively to the
Council of Deputies ; but as though afraid to trust them for his own
salary, Pius gives them to know that before entering upon the dis
cussion of other financial matters, six hundred thousand dollars per
annura must be secured for the endowment of the Cardina.ls and the
Pope, with his corps diplomatique. Pontifical guards, apostolic pal
aces, museums, &c., besides a neat little perquisite of thirteen thou
sand dollars more, from canons, tributes, and dues, to be "at the entire
disposal of the Pope." The College of Cardinals is to be constitu
ted a Senate, and these " princes of the church" are to be chosen,
of course, hy the Pope. The Ministers are to be chosen and con
firmed hy the Cardinals. Should a Pope die, then, lest the people
should presume upon a Httle raore liberty, the rights of teraporal
sovereignty are to be exercised, during the interregnum hy the Car
dinals. Is any preference to be shown in the choice of raembers of
the Senate ? That choice is to rest fast on prelates and ecclesiastics;
after them, upon ministers, judges, counciUors, lawyers, and rich
men, with an income of at least four thousand dollars per annum.*
It is true that in addition to this noble " High Council," there is
to be a popular assembly, called the " Council of Deputies," but
what they are to do, and what they are not to do ? Why they are
• The baneful effects of the overwhelming influence of priests and nobles,
throughout Italy, is forcibly exhibited in the following extract from a recent num
ber of Blackwood's Magazine : —
" Italy has two evils, either of which would be enough to break down the
most -vigorous nation — if a -vigorous nation would not have broken both, ages
ago. These two are the nobles aud the priesthood — both ruinously numberless,
both contemptibly idle, and both interested in resisting every useful change, which
might shake their supremacy. Every period of Italian convulsion has left a
class of men calling themselves nobles, and perpetuating the titles to their sons.
The Gothic, the Norman, the Papal, the ' nouveaux riches,' every man who buys
an estate — ^in fact, every man who desires a title — all swell the lists of the nobil
ity to an intolerable size. Of course, a noble can never do anything — his dig
nity stands in his way. The ecclesiastics, though a busier race, are still raore
exhausting. The kingdom of Naples alone has eighty-five prelates, with nearly
one hundred thousand priests aud persons of religious orders, the monks forming
about one fourth of the whole ! In this number the priesthood of Sicily is not
included, which has to its own share no less than three archbishops and eleven
bishops. Even the barren island of Sardinia has one hundred and seventeen
convents ! Can any rational mind wonder at the profligacy, the idleness, and
the dependence of the Italian Peninsula, with such examples before it ? The
Pope daily has between two and three thousand monks loitering through the
streets of Rome. Beside these, he has on his ecclesiastical staff, twenty car
dinals, four archbishops, ninety-eight bishops, and a clergy araounting to nearly
five per cent, of his population. With these two millstones round her neck,
Italy raust remain at the bottom. She may be shaken and tossed by the politi
cal surges which roll above her head, but she never can be buoyant. She must
cast both away before she can rise. Italy, priest-ridden, noble-ridden, and
prince-ridden, must be content with her fate. Her only chance is the shock
which will break away her encumbrances."

676 SUPPLEMENT TO THE

The Pope's Constituljon an insult to the people of Rome.

« not to propose laws which may affect ecclesiastical or mixed affairs."
Otherwise, poor priest-ridden Rorae raight, perhaps, be relieved from
a portion of the raisery and oppression which the Papal despotism
has imposed on her for ages. They are not to meddle with laws
which raight affect tiie " canons or disciphne of the church." Oth
erwise, the secrets of inquisitorial chambers might be brought to
light, or the lust and cruelty of Roman nunneries might be exposed
and denounced. They are not to do anything which may even
" tend to va-ry or modify the present statues .'" Otherwise, the hateful
fabric of tyranny which ages of oppression have reared, might be
seen crumbling beneath the rays of the sun of raodern freedom which
has just arisen upon the worid. They are forbidden even "to dis
cuss the rehgious diplomatic relations of the Holy See to foreign
countries." This, of course, is a raatter which no profane hand
must touch. The Pope is " God's vicegerent upon earth," and his
plans of universal empire and control, raust be left entirely to him
self and his priests.
Thus fully does this Constitution teH the Council of Deputies
what they raust not do. If we ask what they must do, the answer is
— They raust provide for the Pope's salary — they must do the Pope's
bidding — and when his Holiness needs their services no longer, they
must be dissolved at his bidding, and return whence they carae. To
crown all, these obedient servants of the Pope, under the name of a
popular assembly, are to be elected, not by tbe people, but by mayors,
priors, and other privileged characters, and possessors of at least
three hundred dollars — and these must be exclusively Papists, for
" the profession of the Popish religion is indispensable for the exercise
of civil and poUtical rights .'" Is any further proof needed that the
Papacy and Liberty are entirely and utterly antagonistic ? or that the
professed and loudly- vaunted liberalism of Pope Pius IX. is "vox,
vox, prcetereaque nihil" ?
§ 26. War with Austria. — The Pope's opposition. — The few
months that have elapsed since the granting of the above Constitu
tion, have been chiefly occupied by disputes between the Pope and
the Roman people relative to the question whether war should be
proclaimed against the Austrians, the tyrants and oppressors of north
ern Italy. Soon after the breaking out ofthe Revolution of 1848 in
France, the people of Lombardy and Venice rose in arms against
their Austrian conquerors, expelled the garrisons frora several of their
cities, and under the generalship of Charles Albert, of Sardinia,
gained several signal victories over their oppressors. Encouraged
by this temporary success, the people of the different ItaHan states
forraed the idea of national unity and independence of all foreign
rule. The subjects of the Pope joined in the national enthusiasm,
and longed to raarch against the Austrian invaders. Pius IX., fear^
ful of offending the Austrian bishops, and thus creating a schism in
the church — unwilling to offend or to alienate that mighty empire,

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 677
War -with Austria. Intense excitement at Rorae. Pius IX. almost deposed".
which had for ages been the great bulwark of the church, refused to
second the wishes of his subjects ; pocketed the affront of the in
vasion of Ferrari, and exhorted his subjects to submission and to
peace. In a secret consistory of the College of Cardinals held at
Rome, April 29th, 1848, the Pope expressed hiraself as follows : —
" Everybody knows. Venerable Brothers, the words which we addressed to
you last year, when we reminded princes of the paternal kindness and attentive
care which they owe to the people placed under their power, and the people
of the fidelity and obedience which tliey owe to their princes. Afterward, we
neglected nothing to impress these same sentiments on all. Would to God
that the effect had responded to our paternal exhortations ! But every one
is aware of the public coramotions which have taken place both in Italy and
in other countries. If any one should wish to pretend that the path was opened
to such events hy th« acts which our love and kindness prompted us to carry out
at the commencement of our reign, that man certainly is mistaken, and can not
justly impute such things to us, since we have done nothing but what appeared
necessary for the prosperity of our temporary state. With respect to those who
in our kingdom have abused our benefits, we shall, in accordance with the ex
ample of our Di-vine Master, pardon them from the bottom of our hearts. We
call them back to better thoughts, and we pray God to turn away from their
heads the chastisements which fall on ungrateful men.
" Besides, the people of Germany can not reasonably complain of us, because
we were unable to contain the ardor of such of our subjects in the temporal order
who have applauded what was done in Italy, who, inflaraed with the love of
their own nation, united their efforts to those of the other Italian populations.
Many other princes in Europe, whose armies were more numerous than ours,
beheld themselves eqally unable to oppose the uprising of their people. In that
state of things, we, however, ga-ve no other orders to our troops than to protect
the integrity and security of the Pontifical state.
" However, several persons manifest a desire to behold us, in aocord with the
other populations and princes of Italy, declare war on Germany ; in consequence
we judge it our duty to announce in your assembly that nothing can be more dis
tant from mn- thoughts than such a course, which would be altogether unbecom
ing our position, as holding on earth the place of Him who is the author of
peace." % 27. Intense Excitement in Rome. — Pius IX. almost deposed
from his Temporal Power. — The exciteraent produced in Rome by
this address was intense. The Pope was virtually made a prisoner
in his own palace. On Sunday, April 30th, the whole general staff
held a sitting. The municipality went in procession to the Pope, to
demand explanations as to his policy, and recommend hira to abdi
cate. The civic guard took possession of all the gates of fhe city,
and had orders to let no one, whether priest, bishop, or even the
Pope himself, leave the town. The ministry notified the Pope of
their intention to resign, and all was in preparation for the formation
cf a provisional governraent, if the Pope did not yield.
The morning came for the decision — the streets were filled with
people waiting the answer of the Pope— the answer did not arrive ;
and at eight o'clock in the morning, a new deputation was sent to the
Pope, who asked till twelve o'clock to make his decision. At this
moment the anxiety and agitation doubled ; the Guard took posses
sion ofthe fort Saint Ange, the arsenal and mint, the prisons, and all

678 SUPPLEMENT TO THE

Extracts from Italian joumola.

The Pope's popularity gone.  ^ 
the public establishments; Duke de Rignano declared to the Pope
that he could not depend upon the National Guard ; there was not
a raoment to lose ; and yet the Pope reraained firm. At noon, tbe
Minister Maraiani tried one more effort ; the Pope yielded ; Mami
ani announced it to the people that the ministry had been sustained,
and received a carte blanche for things temporal, and that it comprised
a power to declare war. The joy was expressed in popular demon
strations ; the correspondence of the cardinals that was seized was read
to the pubHc on the capitol by a senator. The cardinals, seeing the
irapossibility of getting away, assembled round the Pope, who, it is
said, had made every preparation for departing himself. The minis
try promised to co-operate with all the forces of the state in expelHng
the Austrians ; and the Austrian minister was sent away from Rome.*
Frora that time to the last advices from Rome and Italy, the war
againstthe Austrians has been prosecuted with various reverses, though
from recent defeats which Charles Albert and the Italians have sus
tained, and the recapture by the Austrian general Radetsky, of Milan,
and several other cities, from which the Austrians had been expelled,
there is too much reason to fear that the cause of Italian freedora
will, for the present, be prostrated, and that Austria will regain her
forraer authority in Lombardy, Venice, and other parts of Italy.
§ 28. Reasons for the Pope's Policy — His love for Popery stronger
* The effect of this policy of the Pope has been almost entirely to destroy
the popularity which be so lately enjoyed. " Eulogies to the Pope have now
ceased; the hymn of Pius IX. is forgotten ; Reproaches and accusations take
the place of applause, and the Pope is often stigmatized as a Jesuit" — a reproach
which his reluctance to the recent expulsion from Rome of these intermeddling
pests of society, seems to justify. A correct idea of the present state of the
public mind of Italy toward Pius IX. may be formed by reading the following
extracts from recent numbers of three well-known Italian journals.
The Contemporaneo, published at Rome, says: "The Pontiff has saved the
Prince, but in doing so he has comproraised the glory of both, and the calamity
of Italy will be his conderanation. There remains to this land only God and
her rights. Let our Itahan brethren be assured they do not deceive theraselves
in relying on the people — those are deceived who rely upon the Papacy for the
redemption of Italy."
La Patria, published in Tuscany, says: " The Pope is the friend of Austria's
emperor — may God pardon him ! If repentance could be a reparation, Italy
would rise once more from the abyss into which Pius IX. has plunged her. But
repentance only expiates faults — ^it does not change their effects. As Prince, let
him put himself at the head of his people, whora he has thrown like Iambs into
the raouth of wolves — as Pontiff, let him anathematize, instead of weeping over
his throne and altar."
The Co-wrier Mercantile, published at Genoa, says : " We do not flatter our
selves that our words can reach the ears of him who has done everything to cast
us back into the slavery of Babylon— to present us as a holocaust to the Austrian
idol. ¦ But should they reach him, we would boldly say — ' Ymi are not the vicar
of God, but the vicar of the Austrian emperor. You fear the schism ofthe Aus
trian prelates, and heed not the curse of nations. Wait awhile, and, you -win
reap such fruit as you deserve. Poor Italy ! whither has the dominion of the
Pope led you ? After this protest, what have we to hope for from our Pontiff?
Nothing. Mark well, O people ! These are the terrible effects of
THE temporal DOMINION OF THE PoPES."

*

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 679
The Pope's dilemma. Afraid of an Austrian schism in tho church.
than his Patriotism. — The position of the Pope since the declaration
of war against Austria, has been extraordinary. Compelled by tho
force of circurastances to sanction the war, and yet fearful of cutting
off the right hand of the Roraan church, by creating a schism in
Austria, with which he had been threatened by German priests and
Jesuits, he has endeavored to escape frora the dilerama — by keeping
himself aloof from all connection with the war — thus throwing his
moral influence in the scale of Austria — and transferring all the re
sponsibility ofthe war to the ministry he had created, with these ex
traordinary powers. This strange posture of affairs in Rome has
been so well explained in a recent article in an able religious journal,
that we can not better close the present sketch than by transferring
the larger portion of it to our pages.
To explain how the collision has taken place which has already, in
effect, divested the Pope of his civil and secular power (says this wri
ter) nothing more is necessary than to look at the condition of the
Italian people, and to recollect, in connection with the existing state
of facts, some of the plainest principles of international right.
1. Italy is in fact one country, and the Italians are one people.
If it were an island, instead of being a peninsula, its extent, and the
natural demarcations by which it is separated frora all other countries,
could hardly be raore definite. Throughout its whole extent there is
essentially one race, one language, one religion. The people have
a comraon history, and a comraon literature. They have common
sympathies and prejudices, and a common character, distinguishing
them from all their neighbors, the French, the Swiss, the Spaniards,
the Greeks, and the Germans. They are known and spoken of, the
world over, as one people, with their own national designation, not
as Lombards, or Tuscans, or Neapolitans, but as Italians.t Italy is
one country, marked out and shaped into unity by the God of nature
and of history, raore corapletely by far than Gerraany or Switzerland.
2. Italy then being a nation, with boundaries distinctly marked by
Him who " hath determined the tiraes before appointed, and the
bounds of their habitation," has, by a charter from God, aU the rights
that belong to a nation. It has a right to its own national unity, and
* The New York Evangelist.
¦f The population of the different states of Italy is as follows : —
Naples and Sicily, or the kingdoms of the two Sicilies - - - 8,566,900
Piedmont and Sardinia ---  4,879,000
Boman States  2,877,000
Tuscany and Lucca -------  1,701,700
Monaco  '''SS*'
San Marina  '''SSO
Modena  483,000
Parma and Placentia  -- - ' 477,000
Venetian Lombardy - -  4,759,000
Italian' Tyrol  522,608
Istria -  458,000
Total  24,739,738

QQQ SUPPLEMENT TO THE

Orestes A. Brownson,

Italian right to national independence. 
to a coraplete national independence.* No Congress of kings at Vi
enna or Verona, chaffering, and bargaining, and bartering provinces
and cities, with all their population, as speculators bargain village-lots,
can take away such a right from the Italian people. The Italians
have the same right to a complete national independence, and the
same right to raodel their political institutions according to their wants
that the French have — that we have. Fdreigners have no more right
to govern Italy, or any part of it, than the British have to govern
France or any part of it. The Austrians in Italy are foreigners.
Their only right to govern those parts of Italy which they have had
in their possession, is the right of the sword ; and the moment the
Italian people have it in their power to drive out the intruding gov
ernment, that right ceases. Whenever Italy, as a whole, has the
power to assert her national unity and independence, she has a right
to do so ; and in that hour every part of Italy has a right to protec
tion and support from every other part. This is the principle on
which the Italians are acting.
3. Whatever existing form of government in Italy is found to be
an obstacle in the way of a combined effort to establish national unity
and independence, ought to be reforraed. The people under that
governraent have a right, and it is their duty to reforra it. If the
government of any Italian state is so constituted that it must needs
weaken the power of the entire Italian people to assert their national
* There is one man, at least, in the world, who dissents from these enlightened
views, who looks -with horror upon the awakened spirit of freedom in Italy, who
groans in spirit at beholding the downfall of hoary despotism, and who stigma
tizes all who are sighing and daring for the deliverance of their native countries
frora royal and priestly despotisra, as "miscreants — the spawn of hell — doing
their best to desolate Europe." That man is an American, but he is a Papist.
His name is Orestes A. Brownson. Here is an extract from a late number of
his Quarterly Review : —
" Nor have these Italian liberals been content with expelling Jesuits. They
have proceeded farther, and at this moment the Holy Father is in a sort of du
rance — ' honorable imprisonment,' as it is termed — because he does not choose
to violate faith, conscience, and duty, at the bidding of a graceless mob. And
we have men araong us — men passing for Cathohcs even — who are frantic -with
joy, throw up their greasy caps, and cheer them on with their loud hurrahs, as
the genuine friends of freedom. Stupid dolts ! do these sympathizers not know
that the foundations of liberty are never laid in injustice, never established in
outraging law and rehgion — and that the men who know not how to obey, who
-will not respect the rights of others, and who demand freedom only for their own
selfish purposes, can only be the assassins of liberty? T%ese liberals, these
miscreants, the spawn of hell, who are doing their best to desolate Europe, and
replunge the nations, civilized by Christianity, into the darkness of barbarism,
deserve the execration of every man who has a human heart under his left
breast ; and the man who calls the Church his Mother deserves something far
worse if he but dreams for a moment that there is the remotest possibihty that
the least conceivable good can be effected, even for the temporal condition of
the people, by their exertions."
For an extract from the writings of this same Brownson, relative to the designs
of the Pope upon America, and his right to possess this country, and the aid
afforded hira in securing this right, by the Cathohc prelates, priests, and Jesuits,
see the foregoing History, page 643.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 681
The Pope's interests as a Pontiif, and his duties as a Prince, incompatible.

independence, and to establish their common Hberty, then the com
raon necessity of all Italy requires that the constitution of that gov
ernment be changed. And when that necessity is felt by every Ital
ian heart from the Alps to the straits of Messina, the raischievous
anomaly must be removed.
4. Such an anomaly has been found to exist in the peculiar gov
ernment at Rome. The sovereign of that state is at the sarae tirae
the religious head, the chief-priest of the Roman Catholic world ;
and what he does in one capacity may be disastrous to his interests
in the other. It so happens that Pius IX., whose wise and benefi
cent reforras in the adrainistration of the civil government at Rome,
were the beginning of the grand movement for the emancipation of
Europe,* has found that his interests as a Pontiff and his duties as a
ruler over a free people are incompatible. As head of the Roraan
government, which in many respects, aside from ecclesiastical influ
ence, is the most important government in Italy, though in military
streno-th inferior to some others, he ought to insist on the independ
ence and federal union of all Italy, and therefore on the removal of
the Austrian troops from Lombardy. All those patriotic feelings for
which we give him full credit, prompt hira to this course. AH those
desires, which, as a true-hearted ItaHan, weary with the sight of the
degradation which results from political oppression, he can not but
cherish, prompt him to say to Austria, " The tirae has come when
Italy will no longer endure the presence of your barbarian armies on
her classic soil. Our divisions are at an end ; the day of our infirm
ity is passed, and the day of our deliverance is come." This is
what Pius EX. would say if he was only a secular prince, and as
such had nothing to regard but the welfare and the rights of his coun
try. And a bold deraonstration on his part would unite all Italy, and
would bring upon the plains of Lorabardy such a force as would
corapel the Austrians to go horae and raind their own affairs. But,
unfortunately, Pius IX. is also " His Holiness," " our Lord the
Pope ;" and as head of the church he must take care lest Austria
become schismatic. The eraperor of Austria is a dutiful son of
the church. The Austrian erapire has been for ages one great
bulwark of the Papacy. Spain is fallen into ruins. France is no
more to be depended on. Austria is undergoing political changes
which predispose the minds of men to all sorts of novelties ; and
if at such a time as this the head of the church should become per
sonally obnoxious to the Austrian government and to the people of
Vienna, the church of Austria might declare itself independent of
the Holy See. Expostulations and remonstrances from Austrian
prelates have no doubt been addressed to His Holiness, with all rev
erence and humility, and yet with an earnestness that could not be
* Though this may be true in the order of time, yet we have seen that the
Pone in his speech to the consistory (page 677) denies that the path "was open to
these " public commotions" (as he terms them) by any act ot his own.

682 HISTORY OF ROMANISM.
Either Popery or Italy to be sacrificed-  The end not yet.
disregarded. He raust either sacrifice the unity and independence
of Italy to the interests of Popery, or the interests of Popery to the
welfare of his country.
This was and is a painful dilerama. We give him credit for a
hearty attachment to the Roraan Catholic unity, and to those interests
which are coramitted to hira as the head of the church. We give
him credit, also, for a true love to his country. Surrounded by his
cardinals, he speaks as Pontiff. He tells thera that he is a minis
ter of the gospel ; that the Austrians are a portion of his pastoral
charge ; that the eraperor is a dutiful son of the church, and that he
can not make war upon Austria.
But all Rome cries out that the Austrians raust be expeHed from
Italy, and that Italy must bring her whole strength, undivided, to
make the expulsion speedy, safe, and final. And with an earnest
ness of tone in which there seems to be some echo of tbe voices
that expeHed the Tarquins, Rome tells him, " If your conscience as
a rainister of the gospel will not permit you to perforra your duties
to us and your country in your capacity as a civil ruler, resign that
power into hands that can wield it for the welfare of Italy and ofthe
world !"
What the result is to be, does not yet appear. The Pope has
made farther concessions to his people — concessions almost equiva
lent to the abdication of his secular sovereignty. That this is the
end, who wiU say ?

683

THE ENCYCLICAL LETTER OF POPE PIUS IX.
TO ALL PATRLA.RCHS, PRIMATES, ARCHBISHOPS, AND BISHOPS."
Venerable Brethren, Health and Apostolic Benediction.
We, who during raany years past were striving together with you.
Venerable Brethren, to fulfil to the best of our powers the Episcopal
charge — that charge so fuU of solicitude — and to feed that part of
the Lord's flock coraraitted to our care in the raountains of Israel,
araid the streams and fruitful pastures, have been, in consequence of
the death oi our illustrious predecessor, Gregory XVL, whose memory
and whose illustrious and glorious deeds, written in letters of gold on
the records of the Church, posterity tvill always admire, quite con
trary to all our thoughts and expectations, and with considerable
alarm and trepidation, by the hidden designs of Divine Providence
raised to the Chief Pontificate. For indeed if the' charge of the
Apostolic Ministry is justiy esteemed and ever to be esteeraed one
of danger and iraportance, more particularly is it a matter of dread
in these most difiicult times for the Christian Republic.
Hence, fully conscious of our own weakness, and contemplating
the most weighty duties of the Supreme Apostleship, particularly in
the present critical state of affairs, we should have wholly given up
ourselves to sad sorrowing and tears, had we not placed our hope in
God our Salvation, who never deserts those hoping in him, and who
in order to display the strength of his own power, chooses even the
weakliest for the governraent of his Church, that all may raore and
more learn that it is God hiraself who rules and defends his Church
by his admirable providence.
Our consolation is that we have, as companions and helpers, you.
Venerable Brethren, who, caHed to share our solicitude, endeavor
with every care and earnestness to fulfil your ministry, and to fight
the good fight.
Hence, when first, though undeservedly, placed in this sublirae
seat of the Prince of the Aposties, we received that iraportant charge
bestowed in the person of Blessed Peter, by the Eternal Prince of
Pastors, of feeding and ruling, not only the larabs, naraely, the uni
versal Christian people,^ but also the sheep, that is, the Bishops,
nothing was raore sought for or desired by us than that we might ad
dress you all with the deepest feeling of affectionate charity.
Wherefore, scarcely have we, according to the usage and custom
of our predecessors, taken possession of the Supreme Pontificate in
our Basilica of St. John Lateran, than we address unto you without
* This Encyclical Letter is copied verbatim from the Catholic Herald of
February 4th, 1847. The italics and small capitals, and also the headings be
tween the paragraphs, are our own.

584 ' SUPPLEMENT TO THE

EncycHcal Letter of Pope Pius IX.

delay this Epistie, in order to inflame your profound piety, so that
with even greater alacrity, vigilance, and earnestness, keeping the
watches of the night over the flock committed to your care, and with
the strength and constancy of Bishops fighting against that most
hideous enemy of the human race, strenuously, like good soldiers of
Jesus Christ, you may " set up a wall for the House of Israel."
POPE PIUS DENOUNCES. ALL THE OPPONENTS OF CATHOLICITY.
None of you, Venerable Brethren, but must be aware that in this
our deplorable age, a fierce and formidable war is waged against
every portion of Catholicity by those men who, linked in nefarious
companionship, not enduring sound doctrine, and turning their ears
frora the truth, dig out from darkness every monstrous shape of
opinion, and endeavor with all their might to exaggerate and dissem
inate them among the people.
We shudder indeed with horror, and we are bitterly affected with
sorrow, when we reflect on all the monstrosities of error, and the va
rious and multiform arts, snares, and machinations of mischief, by
which these haters of the truth and of the light, and most skilful
artificers of fraud, labor to quench in the minds of all men every
aspiration after piety, justice, and honesty ; to corrupt morals, to con
found all rights human and Divine ; and to rend asunder, to under
mine, nay, if such a thing were ever possible, to overturn from their
foundations, both the .Catholic religion and civil society.
For you know. Venerable Brethren, that these deadly enemies of
the Christian name, miserably hurried on by the blind force of a fran
tic impiety, rush forward with such a rash daring of thought, that
with almost unheard of audacity, " opening their mouths in blasphe
mies against God," they blush not openly and publicly to teach that
the solemn, sacred raysteries of our religion are fables, and raere in
ventions of raen ; that the doctrine of the Catholic Church is opposed
to the good and advantage of huraan society ; they even tremble ndt
to deny even Christ himself and God. And the more easily to de
lude the people, and particularly, -to deceive the unwary and hurry
the inexperienced along with thera into error, they assert that to them
selves alone are known the ways of prosperity, and arrogate without
hesitation to themselves the tide of Philosophy, whose whole scope
is the investigation of nature's truth, should reject that which God,
the raerciful Author of all Nature, had with singular beneficence and
mercy designed to raen in order that they might attain true safety
and happiness. Hence, with a preposterous and most fallacious
species of arguing, they cease not to appeal to human reason, and to
extol it at the expense of Christ's most holy faith, audaciously set
ting forth that it is opposed to huraan reason. Than wKich conduct
nothing certainly more insane, nothing more impious, nothing, in fine,
more repugnant to reason itself, can be fashioned or thought of. For
although faith be above reason, no real disagreement, however, no

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 685
Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.
hostility between them can ever be discovered, since they both flow
from one and the same fountain of imrautable and eternal truth — the
Most Excellent and Mighty God, and so render assistance to each
other, that right reason demonstrates, protects, and defends the truth
of Faith ; while faith frees reason frora all errors, and wonderfully
enHghtens, confirms, and perfects it by the knowledge of Divine
things. Nor is the faHacy, Venerable Brethren, less of those enemies of
Divine Revelation, who, extolHng with loud-sounding praise, the
progress or march of human things, would with clearly rash and sac
rilegious daring thrust into the Catholic religion, as if that religion
were not the work of God, but of man, or some philosophical dis
covery that could be perfected by human means. On men thus mis
erably mad the reproach of Tertullian to the philosophers of his day,
falls with peculiar fittingness, that they (the Philosophers) had pub-
Hshed a Stoic, a Platonic, and a Dialectic Christianity. And cer
tainly, since our most holy religion was not invented by' man, but
revealed in mercy by God to man, every one must without difiiculty
see that religion, in fact, must derive all its force from the authority
of the same God speaking, nor can in any wise be derived frora, or
ever perfected by, human reason. It behooves human reason, indeed,
diligently to inquire into the fact of Divine Revelation, that it may
be clear that God has spoken, and that to Him, that according, to the
very wise teaching of the Apostie, he may render " a reasonable
obedience." POPE PIUS CONFOUNDS CHRISTIANITY WITH POPERY.
For who is ignorant, who can be ignorant, that iraplicit faith is to
be given to God when he speaks, and that nothing can be raore con
sistent with right reason than a firm consent and adhesion to those
things which shall be proved to have been revealed by a God who
can neither deceive nor be deceived !
But how numerous, how wonderful, how splendid, are the argu
ments by which huraan reason should most lucidly be convinced that
the reUgion of Christ is divine, and that " every principle of our dog
mas has taken its root from the Lord of the heavens on high." And,
moreover, that nothing more certain, more secure, more holy, or
which is founded on firraer principles — exists ; to wit, this faith, the
instructress of life, the expeUer of all vices, the fruitful parent and
nurse of all virtues — confirmed by the birth, Hfe, death, resurrection,
wisdom, wonders, and prophecies of Christ Jesus, her author and
finisher ; radiant on every side with the Hght of heavenly doctrine,
and laden with the treasures of heavenly riches ; illustrious and dis
tinctively marked by the predictions of so many Prophets, the splen
dor of so many miracles, the constancy of so many martyrs, the glory
of so many Saints ; proclaiming the saving laws of Christ, gaining
day by day more strength frora the most cruel persecutions them-

686 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
' Encyclical Letter of Pope Pins IX.
selves ; hath the cross, 'her only banner, journeyed by land and sea
the whole earth ; having beaten down the falsehood of idolatry, scat
tered the darkness of error, triumphed over enemies of every kind,
she enlightened all people, all nations, however savagely barbarous,
however diversified by disposition, manners, laws, and institutions,
with the light of Divine knowledge, and — announcing peace and good
tidings — has brought thera under the most sweet yoke of Christ; all
which shine forth on every side with such a splendor of wisdom
and povver that every mind and thought raay easily understand that
the Christian faith is the work of God. Therefore human reason,
frora these raost splendid and equally solid arguraents, clearly and
distinctly recognising that God is the author of this same faith, can go
no further, but throwing utterly aside every doubt and difficulty, is
bound to yield every obedience to faith, knowing with certainty that
whatever faith proposes to men to be believed and done, was deliv
ered by God himself.
POPE PIUS CONDEMNS PRIVATE JUDGMENT.
Hence, too, plainly appears in what error they continue, who,
abusing their reasoning power, and esteeming the words of God as
a human production, dare rashly to interpret it, when God himself '
has appointed a living authority to teach the true and legitimate sense
of his heavenly revelation, to establish it, to settle away all controver
sies on matters of faith and morals with an infallible decision, so
that the faithful raay not be carried about by every wind, of the
wickedness of raen to the circumventing of error. Which living
and infallible authority exists only in that Church, which, built by
Christ our Lord on Peter, the Head, the Chief and Pastor of the
whole Church, whose faith he proniised shall never fail — has ever
legitimate Pontiffs deducing their origin without intermission, from
Peter himself, placed in his chair — heirs and possessors of the same
doctrine, dignity, honor, and powers. And since " where Peter is
there is the Church," and Peter speaks by the Roraan Pontiff, and
ever lives and exercises judgrpent in his successors, and gives forth
the truth of faith to those seeking it, therefore the Divine words are
clearly to be received in that sense which this Roman Chair of Bles
sed Peter, the Mother and Mistress of all Churches, hath always pre
served whole and inviolate, and has ever taught Jo the Faithful,
showing to all the path of safety and the doctrine of uncorrupted
truth. For this is the chief of Churches, from which the unity of
the Priesthood hath arisen. This is the centre and metropolis of
piety, wherein is the entire and perfect solidity of the Christian re
ligion, in which the primacy of the Apostolic Chair hath ever flour
ished ; to which, on account of its pre-eminent dignity, it is neces
sary that all churches— that is to say, the Faithful— wheresoever found,
should repair ; with which whosoever gathereth not, scattereth. We,
therefore, who, by the inscrutable judgment of God, have been seated

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 687
Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.
in this chair of truth, appeal with earnestness in the Lord to your
eminent piety. Venerable Brethren, that with all solicitude and zeal
you may assiduously exert yourselves to admonish and exhort the
faithful comraitted to your care, to the end that firraly adhering to
these principles they raay never suffer themselves to be deceived. or
led away into error by those men who, having become abominable
by their pursuits, under the pretence of human " progress," labor to
undermine faith, impiously to subject faith to reason, and to over
throw the revealed word of God ; who hesitate not to offer the high-
est'insult and outrage to God hiraself, who bath deigned by His holy
religion most graciously to provide for the good of men here and
their salvation hereafter.
POPE PIUS (forgetting THE JESUITs) DENOUNCES SECRET
societies.
You are already well acquainted. Venerable Brethren, with other
monsters of error, and the frauds with which the children of ihe pres
ent age strive bitterly to beset the Catholic religion and the divine au
thority of the Church ; to oppose its laws, and to trample on the
rights ofthe sacred as well as ofthe civil power. To this point tend
those guilty conspiracies against this Roman Chair of the Blessed
Peter, on which Christ laid the irremovable foundations of His
Church. To this point tend the operation of those secret societies,
emerging from their native darkness for the ruin and devastation of
the comraon weal, as well sacred as social, who have been again and
again conderaned with anathema by the Roman Pontiffs, our prede
cessors, in their Apostolic letters, which we, in the plenitude of our
Apostolic power, confirm, and coraraand to be most strictly observed.
POPE PIUS condemns bible societies, and endorses GREGORY
xvi.
This, also, is the tendency and design of these insidious Bible So- ,
cieties, which, renewing the crafts of the ancient heretics, cease not!
to obtrude upon all kinds of men, even the least instructed, gratu- |
itously and at iramense expense, copies in vast nurabers of the books i
of the Sacred Scriptures tiranslated against the hoHest rules of the
Church into various vulgar tongues, and very often with the most ,
perverse and erroneous interpretations, to the end that Divine tradi
tion, the doctrine of the Fathers, and the authority of the Catholic j
Church being rejected, every man may interpret the Revelations of -,
the Almighty according to his own private judgment, and perverting |
their sense, fall into the most dangerous errors. Which societies, ''
emulous of his predecessor, Gregory XVL, of blessed memory, to
whose place we have heen permitted to succeed without his merits, re
proved hy his Apostolic letter, and we desire equally to condemn.
Still, to the sarae point tends that horrible system, extremely repug
nant even to the light of natural reason, of indifference to any kind
44

688 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.
of religion, by which these irapostors, abolishing all distinction between
truth and falsehood, between honesty and baseness, pretend to secure
eternal salvation to men of any forra of worship whatsoever, as if it
were possible that there should be any participation of justice with
iniquity, any association of light with darkness, any agreement be
tween Christ and Belial.
POPE PIUS TOUCHES UPON SACRED CELIBACY AND DIVERS OTHER
MATTERS.
To this point tends tiiat infamous conspiracy against the sacred ce
libacy of the Clergy, which, oh ! sharae, has been encouraged even
by some ecclesiastics, who, miserably forgetful of their proper dignity,
have suffered themselves to be overcome and drawn aside by the se
ductions and blandishments of illicit pleasure. To this point tends
that perverse theory of education, especially in philosophy, which in a
most pitiable manner deceives and corrupts ingenuous youth, and com
mends to it the gall of the dragon in the chalice of Babylon. To this
point tends the shameful doctrine so especiaHy adverse to natural right,
of what is called Communisra ; a doctrine which if once adraitted, the
rights of all men, their property, their privileges, nay, the social sys
tera itself, even from its foundation, would be overthrown. Again,
to this same point tend the darkly-hidden snares of those who, with
the outside of the sheep, but ravening wolves within, under the false
and fraudulent pretence of a purer piety, of severer virtue, and with
an appearance of humility, enter in, mildly take, softly bind, secretiy
slay and deter men from the observance of any religious worship,
and kill and tear to pieces the sheep of the Lord.
POPE PIUS BEWAILS THB FOUL PLAGUE OF BOOKS, AND THE
LICENSE OF THINKING, SPEAKING, AND WRITING.
Lastly, to this point tends, oraitting other things which are well
observed by and fully known to you, that most foul plague of books
and pamphlets, flying everywhere and inculcating sin, which books,
being ably written and full of fallacies and artiulness, are spread
abroad throughout all parts, among Christian people, at enormous
expense, and everywhere disseminate pestiferous doctrines, depraving
the rainds and souls, especially of the incautious, and working the
greatest possible injuries to religion.
Frora this overflow of errors and the unbridled license of thinking,
spealdng, and writing, public manners are deteriorated, the most holy
rehgion of Christ despised, the majesty of the Divine worship scorned,
the power of this Apostolic See is thwarted, the authority ofthe Church
opposed, and reduced to a vile servitude, the rights of Bishops tram
pled underfoot, the sanctity of marriage violated, the influence of all
power melted away, and with so many other evils to the Christian
comraonwealth, as well as to the civil state, that we are compelled,
Venerable Brethren, to weep over them, and mingle our tears witb
yours.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 689
Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.
Therefore, in such vicissitudes of religious affairs, and in such
critical periods, we being earnestly solicitous for the safety of the
whole flock of the Lord divinely comraitted to our care, shall cer
tainly not leave untried or unatterapted any duty of our Apostolic
ministry, by which, with all our strength, we may seek counsel for the
good of the wholfe Christian faraily. But at the sarae time we ear
nestly in the Lord, appeal to your eminent piety and prudence, Ven
erable Brethren, that with help from Heaven you may with us boldly
defend the cause of God and of His Holy Church, as becomes the
place you hold and the dignity with which you are invested.
POPE PIUS DEVOTES TO ETERNAL DESTRUCTION ALL HERETICS
(including HIS PROTESTANT ADMIRERs).
That it becomes you to fight valiantiy, you will understand, as you
are not ignorant with how raany and how great wounds, the stainless
Spouse of Christ is pierced, and with how fierce an assault of bitter
eneraies she is beset. You know especially to defend and preserve
the Catholic faith with episcopal strength and firmness, and to watch
with unceasing care that the flock coraraitted to you raay be retained
in that faith firmly and immoveably, which unless one preserves whole
and uncorrupted, without doubt he shall perish eternally. In order,
therefore, to preserve and protect this Faith by the discharge of your
pastoral duties, apply yourself diligentiy and without ceasing to in
struct in it all men, to confirm those who waver, to convince those
who gainsay it, to strengthen the weak in Faith, never overlooking or
enduring anything wbich raay appear even in the slightest degree to
violate the purity of the Faith. With no less energy of raind should
you encourage in all things, union with this Catholic Church, beyond
which there is no salvation, and obedience toward this chair of St.
Peter, whereon the whole superstructure of our holy religion rests,
as on a secure foundation.
POPE Plus WARNS AGAINST PESTIFEROUS BOOKS, SECTS, AND
ASSOCIATIONS.
And with equal constancy watch over the keeping of the most
holy laws of the Church, by which, indeed, virtue, religion, and
piety, do best increase and flourish.
And, " as it is great piety to lay bare the lurking-places of the
wicked, and in them to overcome the Devil himself, whom they
serve," we entreat and admonish you that with all diligence and labor
you expose to the faithful the multiform snares, deceptions, errors,
frauds, and machinations of evil men, and that you diligently turn
them away from pestiferous books, and strenuously exhort them that
flying away as fi'om the face of a serpent, from the sects and associ
ations ofthe impious, they may most carefully avoid all things that are
hurtful to the integrity of faith, religion, and morals. For this pur
pose let it never happen that you desist from preaching the Gospel,

690

SUPPLEMENT TO THE

Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.

for by that means the Christian people becoming daily more instructed
in the precepts ofthe most Holy Christian Law, may increase in the
knowledge of God, avoid evil and do good, and walk in the way of
the Lord.
And as you know that your ministry is the ministry of Christ,
who declared himself raeek and hurable of heart, *nd who carae not
to call the just, but sinners, leaving to us an exaraple that we raight
follow in his footsteps, do not fail in the spirit of lenity and meekness,
with fatherly admonition and advice to correct, reprove, entreat, or
rebuke, in all gentieness, with patience and doctrine, those whom you
find breaking the commandments of the Lord, and straying from the
paths of truth and justice ; as benevolence is often more efficacious
in correction than authority, entreaty more than menace, and charity
more than power. *
This, also. Venerable Brethren, strive with all your energies to
accomplish, that the Faithful may cultivate charity, seek peace,
zealously perform the duties of charity and peace, so that all dissen
sions, enmities, strife, and envyings, being destroyed, all may delight
in mutual charity, and being perfectly of one mind and one feeling,
they may feel and speak, and know the same things in Christ Jesus
our Lord.
POPE PIUS enjoins OBEDIENCE AND SUBJECTION TOWARD PRINCES.
Apply yourselves to inculcate on the Christian people the due obe
dience and, subjection toward princes and powers, teaching, according
to the admonition ofthe Apostie, that there is no power except it be
of God, and that to resist the power of God's ordination is to draw
down condemnation on themselves, and therefore the precept to obey
the powers that be can never now, by any individual, be violated
without crirae, unless, indeed, the thing coramanded be opposed to
the laws of God and the Church.
POPE PIUS GIVES SUNDRY COUNSELS TO HIS CLERGY.
Now, as there is nothing which more incites others to piety and
constantiy disposes to the worship of God than die light and examples
of those who dedicate theraselves to the Divine ministry, and as the
Priests are, so does it often happen that the people are also — you wiH,
in your singular wisdora, perceive. Venerable Brothers, that it will be
hoove you to use great care and zeal, that in the clergy a gravity of
raanners, integrity oflife, holiness, and learning, raay shine out, and
ecclesiastical discipline be strictiy preserved, as prescribed by the
canons of the Church, and where it has lapsed may be restored to
pristine splendor.
Therefore, as you very well know, it becoraes you to be wary, that,
according to the precept of the Apostie, you may not hastily or
lightly impose hands on any one, and that you initiate into holy or
ders, or admit to the administration of the sacred mysteries those

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 691

Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.

only who, strictly and carefully examined and proved, appear adorned
with all virtues, and regarded with approval by the wise, may become
to your dioceses both of use and ornament, and who, declinino- all
things which are forbidden to the clergy, and lending themselves to
reading, exhortation, and teaching, raay be an example to the Faith
ful in word, deed, in charity, faith, and chastity ; may win reverence
from all men, and help to form people's minds, and inflarae and ex
cite to the love of the Christian religion. For " it is better," as
Benedict XIV., our predecessor, of blessed raeraory, said, "to have
fewer ministers, but those honest, suitable, and useful, than a larger
number of men who, for the edification ofthe body of Christ, which
is the Church, might be of no avail."
You are not ignorant that you ought, with even greater care, to in
quire concerning the morals and the science of those to wlinm are
comraitted the direction of souls, that they, as faithful dispensers
of the treasures of God's grace, may continually apply themselves to
support and assist the people confided to them, by the administration
of the sacraments, the preaching of the Divine word, and the exam
ple of good works, instilling into them the precepts of the Gospel,
and leading them into the paths of salvation.
You know that a clergy being ignorant or negligent of their du
ties, the raorals of the people also instantly fall away, Christian dis
cipline is relaxed, the practice of religion abused, and all the vices
easily glide into that Church. Lest that the word of God| which
" full of life and power, and sharper than a two-edged sword," was
established for the salvation of souls, should become unfruitful through
the ministers, cease not. Venerable Brothers, to demand of the
preachers of the Divine word that being themselves penetrated with
tliat same Divine word, that well considering in their own souls the
gravity of their office, they may exercise their Evangelic ministry,
not in the persuasive words of huraan wisdom, not with the parade
and vanity of arabitious eloquence, but with the assistance of the
Spirit and the virtue from on high. That rightly treating the word
of truth, and preaching not their ownselves but Christ crucified, they
may announce to the people, in clear and intelligible language, yet in
a style full of dignity, the dogmas and precepts of our holy religion
according to the Catholic Church and the Fathers, so that by detailed
explanations of individual duties all may be turned frora crirae and
won to piety, and thus the Faithful, fed and nourished by the word
of God, raay abstain frora all vices, practise all virtues, escape eternal
punishraent, and attain to heavenly glory.
In your Episcopal solicitude, assiduously warn all ecclesiastics,
and exhort them to consider seriously the rainistry which they have
received from God, so that they exactiy fulfil its obligations, that they
may have at heart supremely the glories of God's house, that they
give themselves up unceasingly to prayer, and the recitation of the
Canonical hours conformably to the precept of the Church, with a

692 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.
 #  ¦ 
view to obtain Divine assistance for the accomplishment of their du
ties of appeasing God and rendering hini propitious to tbe Christian
jieople. As you are not ignorant. Venerable Brothers, that the education
of clerks is the only means of procuring good ministers for the
Church, and that it exercises great influence throughout the whole
course of life, continue to use all your efforts that young clerks raay
be formed even frora their tender years, to piety and solid virtue, lo
a knowledge of letters, to the study of the sciences, and, above all,
of sacred science. Having nothing so rauch at heart as to establish
serainaries for clerks according to the precepts of the Fathers of
Trent, where they do not exist; increase and enlarge, if need be,
those that are ; to give thera excellent superiors and raasters, and to
watch over thera incessantly till young clerks be educated in the fear
of the Lord, in the love of ecclesiastical discipline, may be therein
formed to the knowledge of the sacred sciences, according to the
Catholic doctrine, and without any fear of error taught the traditions
ofthe Church, and the writings of the Holy Fathers ; instructed in
ceremonies and sacred rites, you may add to them kind, skilful, and
courageous workraen, who, aniraated with ecclesiastical spirit, and
forraed by fitting studies, raay in time, cultivate the field of the Lord,
and diligently fight his batties.
Moreover, understanding, as you do, that nothing tends more to
suppor|and preserve the dignity and hohness of the priesthood than
the pious institution of spiritual exercises, encourage with all your
influence this salutary work ; cease not to exhort aH those who have
been called to the heritage of the Lord to withdraw themselves into
some place proper for these exercises, so that being freed from the
distraction of external affairs, and exclusively devoted to meditation
on internal and divine truths, they may purify themselves from the
stains contracted amid the dust of the world, steep themselves in the
ecclesiastical spirit, lay aside the old man and his works, and clothe
themselves with the new man, created in hoHness and justice. If we
have spoken at length on the subject of the education and disciphne
of the clergy, regret it not, for you know that there is a multitude of
men, who, disgusted with the variety, inconstancy, and multiplicity
of errors, feel the necessity of embracing our holy religion, and, witb
the blessing of God, they will decide the more easily on embracing
the precepts and practices of this religion when they see that its
clergy are distinguished from other men by the piety and purity of
their life, the repute of their wisdom, and the example set by them
of all the virtues.
Finally, most dear Brethren, we have the consoling conviction that,
kindled as you are with an ardent charity toward God and man, in-^
flamed with great love for the Church, enriched with aH but angelic
virtues, gifted with episcopal courage and prudence, all animated
with one holy desire, walking in the footsteps of and imitating, as be-

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 693
Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX. ^

comes Bishops, Him whose ambassadors you are, Jesus Christ, the
model of aH pastors, become, through your union, the form and rule
of the flock, enlightening with the rays of your holiness the clergy
and the faithful, having bowels of mercy, compassionating the lot of
those who wander into the darkness of ignorance and error ; we have,
we say, the consoHng conviction that you are disposed, after the ex
ample of the Shepherd in the Gospel, to go eagerly in search of the
sheep which is lost, to bear it with fatherly tenderness upon your
shoulders, to bring it back to the flock ; and that you will spare
neither care nor counsel, nor labor, to fulfil religiously the duties of
the pastoral charge, to put in safety from the rage, the attacks, the
ambuscades of ravishing wolves, the sheep that were bought with the
blood of Jesus Christ, confided to your care, and who are all very
dear to us ; to turn them from the poisons of error, to lead them into
fat pastures, and bring them by your care, your exertions, and ex
araple, to the gates of eternal Salvation.
Advance with all your power. Venerable Brothers, the glory of'
God and of the Church, and by your activity, zeal, vigilance, and
harraony, endeavor that all errors being dissipated and vices rooted
out, faith, religion, piety, and virtue, raay increase from day to day in
all places, aijd that all the Faithful renouncing the works of darkness,
conduct themselves in a manner worthy of children of light, seeking
in all things the good pleasure of God, and laboring to do all kinds
©f good works. In the raidst of so many grave embarrassments, dif
ficulties, and inseparable danger, above all, at this present lime of
your episcopal charge, be not beaten down with fear, but seek strength
in the Lord, and confiding in the power of His grace, think that from
the height of heaven He has fixed his eyes on those that struggle for
the glory of His name, that He applauds those who venture nobly,
that He aids those who fight, and crowns those who conquer.
As we love you all very dearly in the bowels of Jesus Christ, and
desire nothing so much as to help you with our love, our counsels,
and our power, and to labor with you for the glory of God, the de
fence and propagation of the CathoHc faith, and the salvation of those
souls for whom we are ready to sacrifice, if necessary, our own life,
corae then, we conjure you. Venerable Brethren, corae with open
hearts and entire confidence to this see of the Blessed Prince of the
Aposdes, the Centre of Catholic Unity and Fount of Episcopacy,
whence the Episcopate itself and all authority of that narae was
drawn, come to us whenever you think that you have need of the
help or protection of our authority and that of this Holy See.
POPE PIUS ENJOINS HIS "DEAR SONS," THE PRINCES, TO EMPLOY
THEIR REGAL POWER FOR THE DEFENCE OP THE CHURCH.
OF ROME.
We confidently hope that our dear sons in Jesus Christ, the princes,
recollecting in their wisdom and piety that the regal power was givers

694 HISTORY OF ROMANISM.

Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX.

them not only for the government of the world, but especially for the
defence of ihe Church, and that we maintain at one and the same
tirae the cause of the Church, that of their kingdoms and of their
salvation, by which they enjoy in peace their authority over their
provinces ; that they wiU favor by their support and authority the
vows and desires that we forra in common, and that they will defend
tlie liberty and prosperity of the Church, in order that the right hand
of Christ may defend their empires.
To obtain the happy accomplishment of these wishes, let us go
with confidence. Venerable Brothers, to the throne of grace, and al!
penetrated with a deep feeling of humility, address unceasingly to
the Father of Mercies and God of all Consolation, tbe most urgent
prayers, that by the merits of His only Son he may deign to spread
over our weakness the abundance of his heavenly gifts, that he will
overthrow our enemies by his powerful virtue, that he wHl make the
Faith flourish everywhere with truth and piety, devotion and peace,
and that dissipating all errors and all oppositions, the Church may
enjoy her much-desired Hberty, and that there wdl be but one flock
and one Shepherd.
POPE PIUS CLOSES BY MAKING HIS ADVOCATE, MEDIATRIX, AND
FIRMEST HOPE  THE VIRGIN MARY. *
And that the Most Merciful God may more readily hear our prayers
and grant our desires, let us have recourse to the intercession of the
Most Holy Mother of God, the Immaculate Virgin Mary, our most
sweet mother, our mediatrix, our advocate, our firmest hope, the
source of our confidence, and whose protection is most powerful and
most efficacious with God. Let us invoke also the Prince of the
Aposties to whom Christ gave the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven,
whom he chose for the foundation-stone of his Church, against which
the gates of Hell shaH never prevail, and his co-apostle Paul, and all
the saints of Heaven, who already crowned, possess the palra, that
they may shed down upon all Christian people the treasures of Di
vine mercy.
Finally, as the presage of these heavenly gifts, and in testiraony
of our great love toward you, receive the Apostolic Benediction,
which we give from the bottom of our heart, to you our Venerable
Brothers, to all the ecclesiastics, and all the faithful laity confided to
your charge.
Given at Rome, at the Church of St. Mary the Greater, on the
9th day of November, in the year 1846, in the first year of our Pon
tificate.

695

REVIEW OF PIUS IX.'S ENCYCLICAL LETTER.*
The inaugural which the Pope, according to established usage,
bas addressed to all Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, and Bishops,
shortly after his accession to the pontifical throne, would merit the
title of extraordinary, if any extravagance proceeding from that quar
ter could deserve the narae.
The Encyclical letter is addressed to them, just as the coraraander-
in-chief of an array addresses orders to his subordinates, and ev
ery raan among them at his ordination, has taken an oath to obey the
mandates of the Pope ; strong presumptive evidence, we should
think, that they believe him to be infallible, for if they do not, how
can they thus solemnly pledge theraselves beforehand, to uncom
promising obedience ? The following is the clause in the oath to
which vee aHude : " With my whole strength, I shall observe, and
cause to be observed by others, the rules of the Holy Fathers, the
decrees, ordinances, or dispositions, reservations, provisions, and
mandates, of the Apostolic See. According to my ability, I shall
pursue and impugn heretics, schismatics, and rebels against our said
Lord, or his successors as aforesaid." — We commend this paragraph,
in passing, to the attention of the " sympathizers" who accuse us of
persecuting the Pope, when we speak of his mandates. "According
to my ability, I shall pursue and impugn heretics, schismatics, and
rebels against our said Lord and his successors as aforesaid." That
sounds something Hke a threat of persecution. If he has ability to
shut heretics up in prison, or to send thera to the scaffold or the stake,
he must do it, or he is a perjured man. And who are heretics in the
Pope's estimation ? Look at the Bull in Ccena Domini, which was
pronounced not three months ago, by the liberal Pius IX., in person,
on the Tuesday before Easter, and you will find a Hst of them. We
need not enumerate them, they may be suramed up in one word :
Protestants, aye, Protestants, are the " heretics," whora every
Roman Bishop is sworn to pursue and impugn, " according to his
abihty," be it great or sraall. Let us go a step farther in the exara
ination of this oath. " When caHed to a Synod, I shall come, un
less I be prevented by a canonical impediment. I shall personally
visit the Apostolic See, once every ten years, and render an account
to our Lord, and his successors as aforesaid, of my whole pastoral
office and of everything in any way appertaining to the state of ray
church, to the discipline of the clergy and people, and to the salva
tion of the souls intrusted to ray care, and I shall hurably receive in
return the Apostolic raandates, and most diligentiy execute them."
* For this masterly review of the Pope's letter, we are indebted to an article
which we have abridged from the Protestant Quarterlv Review, for July, 1847
from the pen of the editor, Rev. Dr. Berg.

696 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Review of the Pope's Encyclical Letter.
Hence, we are not asserting too much, when we hold every Ro«-
raan Bishop responsible for the injunctions contained in the Pope's
letter. It is called " Encyclical," because it is addressed to all Ro^
rnan prelates, who are in the circle of the Pope's jurisdiction, and as
he clairas both teraporal and spiritual power over the whole earth,
we raay raeasure the circuraference of the globe, and then we have
the dimensions of the circle which his Pontifical majesty modestly
includes in his domain. In strict accordance with these pretensions,
the Roman Council which convened last year in Baltiraore, is styled
in their own docuraents, a " Provincial Council," intiraating that these
United States are a Province of the Pontifical realra. We call upon
any Roraan prelate to deny, if he can, that the Church of Rorae
claims jurisdiction over every baptized child or adult, in every denom
ination of Christians or Heretics, or whatever else they may be called.
We ask Dr. Kenrick to deny, if be dare, that the approved text
books and systems of theology in use in Roman Catholic Serainaries,
base the right of the Papacy to inflict corporeal punishments upon
heretics — fine, iraprisonraent, confiscation of goods, and even death
itself — upon the ground that by baptisra Protestants have becorae sub
ject to the jurisdiction of the church and am.enable to the penalties,
which she would irapose upon thera if she could, for it raust be remem
bered that her approved standards of theology teach her to forego
this right, whenever the execution of it would be prejudicial to her
interests. This is the reason and the only reason, why we who live
in this Papal province, are graciously permitted to discuss matters
pertaining to the Pope's authority.
When Pius IX. donned his triple crown, he exhibited some traits
of liberality, which for a Pontiff, were sufficiently wonderful to throw
all Rorae into an ecstacy of joy. He declared a general aranesty, it
is said, to all who had been iraraured in prison for political offences,
and gave them, not the liberty for which they had suffered and pined,
but Hberty to leave the Papal dungeons. That was well done!
Would that he had said to poor Bishop Reese, the former Roman
Catholic prelate of Michigan, who has been shut up in die gloomy
vaults of the Inquisition at Rorae, for the last eight years or more,
" Bishop Reese, return to America." Would that he had said to
Cashiur, archbishop of Memphi, " You raay leave your cell, and go
out and breathe God's pure air, and look upon the blue and balmy
sky." Would that he had gone to Dr. O'Finan, bishop of Killala,
and with his own hands, stricken the manacles and fetters from those
emaciated limbs, that the victira of Papal tyranny might be oppressed
no longer. But no, they were doing penance for ecclesiastical offences,
and they raust stay till death opens those iron bolts— God grant that
then, they raay find a horae in heaven !
The Rev. J. Delaunay, once of the order of Jesuits, but now, or
lately, raissionary of the American Protestant Society of New York,
was with Bishop Reese daily, for raore than a year, in Rome. The

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 697
Review of the Pope's Encyclical Letter.
bishop told him that he was held there a prisoner without his consent,
and that he ardently desired to return to the United States. But
Pope Pius gave liberty to political offenders. So far, that was well
done. He performed another prodigy. What was that? He au
thorized the construction of four petty sections of railroads ! The
Sultan of Constantinople, and the Czar Nicholas, are in advance of
hira there ! Still, give the Pope his due. It was wonderful that a
Pope should sanction railroads at all. No wonder that he dislikes
them. But what harm could railroads do ? None at all, but they
might do some good in facilitating the transmission of intelligence,
and in exerting a general influence in favor of civiHzation, and then
Rome would be Rorae no longer.
Whatever opinions raay have prevailed araong well-inforraed men,
previously to the publication of the Pope's manifesto, it will be suf
ficiently evident to every one who reflects soberly upon its contents,
that there is not rauch prospect of essential reforras either in the Pa
pal church or state. The first paragraph dissipates all such illusive
expectations. He speaks of his " illustrious predecessor, Gregory
XVL, whose memory and whose illustrious deeds, written in letters
of gold on the records of the church, posterity will always admire."
If posterity can admire the character of the imbecile and cruel Greg
ory XVL, it wiH be either because it is not fairly represented, or else
because virtue is at a very low ebb. Gregory XVI. is dead. We
would not needlessly speak evil of him, but justice to the subject
compels us to say, that if there be anything admirable, we can not
discover it in the despotism which he established in Italy, where
thousands of innocent victims were imprisoned for imaginary offences,
and the blood of the best men was wantonly shed by this " iHusti't
ous predecessor" of the reigning Pontiff. If there be anything a*-
mirable in indulging a low appetite for strong drink, then posterity
will have reason to admire the illustrious exaraple of Gregory XVL,
whose boon companion and confidant was his barber, Moroni. If
there be anything admirable in surrendering the weak to the vindic
tive cruelty of a successful tyrant, then Gregory has given to the
worid a noble example of raagnaniraity, in anathematizing the Poles,
when they had fallen into the iron grasp of the Russian autocrat. If
there be anything admirable in resisting the progress of civiHzation
 in repressing every effort to enlighten and elevate the masses, by
the diffusion of knowledge, then Gregory was indeed an illustrious
Pontiff. And, if to denounce Bible Societies as inventions of the
devil, be an iUustrious deed, to Gregory belongs this credit. When
in his manifesto of 1833, he stigraatized •' Hberty of conscience" as
« a most pestilential error," and described the freedora of the press
to be " that worst, and never sufficiently to be execrated liberty of
the press," his example may be illustrious in the eyes of his suc
cessor, but posterity wiU accord him but a slender meed of admira
tion for such glorious exhibitions of liberality.

698 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Review of the Pope's Encyclical Letter.
After various expressions of deep regret that he had been called
to ihe exercise of the Pontifical authority, in tbe present critical stale
of affairs, the Pontiff gives vent to his feelings, in expressions of in
dignation against the eneraies of the Roraan faith. He has at com
mand a very copious vocabulary. The adversaries of the Papal see,
he says, are men bound together hy criminal pledges, men carried
away hy a. blind and impious rage, blasphemers, perfidious, given up
to detestable passions, children of the devil, serpents, &c. These are
hard sayings, and raust be very edifying to the admirers of the Pon
tiff's much-extolled charity. With the usual indiscriminating zeal
ofthe occupants of the " chair of St. Peter," he includes aH opponents
of Papal pretensions in one general overwhelming accusation of dis
organizing infideHty, at the outset of his epistle.
He denounces the right of private judgment, and whether wilfully
or through ignorance misrepresents the doctrine which he controverts.
He charges Protestants who claira that right, with " esteeraing the
words of God as a huraan production !" This is an absurd and ex
travagant Hbel ! No man who knows whereof he affirms, wiH define
the right of private judgraent, as maintained by Protestants, to be
" the right of every man to think and believe in matters of religion,
as he pleases." God has not given to men a right to abrogate his
laws, and cast off his authority. If he had done so, it would be dif
ficult to conceive what the Holy Scriptures, which are the revelation
of his will, are designed to accomplish. But God does hold men
responsible for the right exercise of reason. He has endowed them
with this noble faculty, that they may use it. He has promised the
light of his Holy Spirit to guide them into aH ti-uth, in answer to hum
ble and believing prayer, and he designs that the Bible should be
j^ut into every man's hand, that he may read it — he has comraanded
every man to exercise his understanding — " to prove all things and
hold fast that which is good" — to " search the Scriptures," and see
whether the things which even his aposdes taught are so, and this
right of private judgment we claim, and by God's help, we wiU ex
ercise it. ^ We set up no new authority. We adhere to the standard
which Isaiah lifts up in his prophecy, and with the prophet we say to
Pope Pius, his patriarchs, archbishops, priraates, and bishops, " to
the law_ and to the testimony ! If ye speak not according to this
rule, it is because there is no light in you !" Wo to thee. Pope !
Wo to you. Bishops, who say " the Lord saith and the Lord hath not
sent you !" Wo to you, who denounce tbe right of each man's
reading for himself, and seeking inwardly to digest the truths of God's
living oracles, and not content with this, would snatch the sacred
Scriptures from our hands, and banish, imprison, and burn us, for
daring to obey God's comraand, despite of your authority ! Ye Wind
guides, who strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel — who would have
all men deprived of the lamp of life, that ye may work wickedness

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 699

Review of the Pope's Encyclical Letter.

in the dark, because sorae men, yourselves araong the nuraber, wrest
the Scriptures, by wilful distortion, to their own perdition !
Oh ! Venerable Pontiff, you are the raouth of the Hving and infal
lible authority which God has appointed to teach the true and legiti
mate sense of his heavenly revelation ! You sit in Peter's chair, and
" where Peter is, there is the church !" — " Peter speaks by the Ro
man Pontiff, and ever lives and exercises judgraent in his successors !"
Well, if this be so, Peter has lived sorae very scandalous lives, and
exercised a great raany unrighteous and aborainable judgraents ! Did
Peter live in that HHdebrand, who sent the raercenary armies of Eu
rope to butcher and exterminate the simple and pious Waldenses,
until the hills and valleys of Piedmont were red with the blood and
covered with the bones of hundreds of thousands of God's slaughtered
saints ? Did Peter live in the harlot Joan, who contrived to have
herself elected Pope, according to canonical rule ? Oh 1 Pope Pi
us ! thou art beside thyself! Much vanity has made thee raad !
There is a feature in the encyclical letter of the reigning Pontiff
which raust strike every careful reader. Sorae editors of public jour
nals, both in this country and in Europe, have been so much carried
away by reports of the extreme liberality of the recent successor to
" the chair of St. Peter," that they seem almost to have come to the
conclusion, that the Roman Catholic church had, by sorae strange
concurrence of circurastances, obtained a Protestant Pope. We
will adrait that in a certain sense Pius IX. is a very ardent Protestant.
He protests raost earnestly against all the men and all the raoveraents
in Christendom. Nothing is right that is not Popery dyed in the
wool. The raen, the books, the religious tendencies of the age, are
all against him. He is against them, and he laments raost piteously
that the church of Rome is assailed by bitter and unrelenting ene
mies. He " shudders with horror" — he " is bitterly affected with
sorrow ;" poor man ! he would be disposed " wholly to give him
self up to sad sorrowing and tears," when he reflects upon " these
deadly enemies of the Christian name, miserably hurried on by the
blind force of a frantic impiety, who rush forward with such a rash
daring of thought, that with almost unheard-of audacity, opening their
mouths in blasphemy against God, they blush not openly and publicly
to teach that the solemn, sacred mysteries of [A«s] religion are fables
and mere inventions of men." Surely the infallible church is blessed
with a Protestant head. But, now, in all seriousness, is this man,
who has the weakness and va.nity to suppose that he is called to ex
ercise the office of the supreme apostieship over the entire church
of Christ, and who ventures to style hiraself God's vicegerent on
earth, when he is evidently as ignorant of fhe raeaning of Scripture
and of the whole design of the gospel, as though he had never seen
a Bible — is this man to be allowed to insult the whole Christian world
by indecent and scurrilous wholesale denunciation, and are we to be
arraigned as guilty of unpardonable bigotry, when we venture to re-

700

SUPPLEMENT TO THE

Review of the Pope's Encyclical Letter.

buke this turgid insolence ? We have quoted scarcely a paragraph
of his epistie, and yet in this single sentence, this " enlightened and
liberal Pontiff" stigmatizes with raost abusive epithets those Protes
tants whom his American bishops in their raelting mood, and when
the fit is on thera, are wont to address as their " dissenting brethren"
— their " separated brethren," and so on, for they will " roar you
gently as a sucking dove," when they have soft and simple subjects
to deal with — or when they hope their auditors are such. The Pope
talks in different style. His paragraphs are crowded with sterner
stuff. In one sentence, without a single qualifying or redeeming
clause, he tells the world, that the dear separated brethren are " deadly
eneraies of the sacred narae" — they are blind, impious, frantic, au
dacious blasphemers ! Mercy, venerable Pontiff! Have a littie pity !
No, not he. In the sarae breath, he tells his patriarchs, priraates,
archbishops, bishops, &c., that we, raiserable Protestants, are " haters
of the truth and of the light" — " raost skilful artificers of fraud" —
that we " labor to quench in the minds of all men every aspiration
after piety, justice, and honesty — to corrupt morals, to confound all
rights, human and divine, and to rend asunder, to undermine, nay,
if such a thing were ever possible, to overturn from their foundations
both the Catholic rehgion and civil society." Yet Pius IX. is a lib
eral Pope, and his bishops, who are bouhd to receive and obey his
opinions and mandates, for they have sworn to do it, are all, all liberal
men ! At least, a great many learned and honoraljle men will have
it so. But, after all, we find sorae comfort in the Pope's wordy tem
pest of sound and fury. One who is conscious of his strength, and
who knows thathe has truth on his side, wiU not rave Hkeamadraan!
We need no .stronger evidence than this epistie, to prove that Pius
IX. has a bad conscience and a worse cause, and he knows it. He
feels that the " chair of St. Peter" is in a very rickety condition.
He rerainds us of a raan in an earthquake, who holds fast his three-
legged stool, and berates the reeling earth right soundly for the " bhnd
force of its frantic irapiety," and its " alraost unheard-of audacity" in
frightening him out of his propriety ! Poor man ! If he already
" shudders with horror," he will have a far more severe attack of the
ague, before he is twenty years older !
The next item in the Pope's manifesto is a vehement tirade against
secret societies. We are no adrairers of secret societies, and there-
* fore decline their fellowship. But, of all the men in the worid, the
Pope ought to be the last to denounce secret societies. The Church
of Rome is from first to last a grand secret society. When did you
ever hear of a Romish councH sitting with open doors in the United
States ? The Pontiff hiraself is elected by the cardinals, who are
locked up in secret conclave, and are not perraitted to leave their
council chamber, untH they have decided upon a successor to the
v-acant see ! And yet the Pope « shudders with horror," when he
thinks of « secret societies." He tells us that they " emerge from

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 701
Review of the Pope's Encyclical Letter.
their native darkness." Where do his secret societies originate ?
Tell us, most conscientious Pontiff, what think you of the order of
the Jesuits and their " Secret Instructions" ? If it is right for you
to have " secret societies" whose head and roots are at Rome, and
the lirabs and branches of which spread poison by their fruit and their
very shadow over the earth, how can you complain that Protestants
maintain their secret societies too ? And then, what say you to the
secret tribunal of the confessional ? Why, the Pontiff sets up his
priests as a secret hierarchy, and bids them pry into every social and
domestic relation of his subjects, that he may use the knowledge he
thus obtains to the advantage of his own dynasty, and then turns
round and looks with a wo-begone visage, the very picture of sorrow
and distress, because sorae people choose to keep their own matters
secret araong theraselves ! A raost consistent Pope is Pius IX., anii
wonderfully Hberal withal ! But why is he in such trouble ? Just
for the simple reason that he has not the privilege of knowing the se
crets of the various orders of secret societies which refuse to bow to
his authority. This is the head and front of their offending. This
constitutes a " guilty conspiracy against the Roman chair ofthe Blessed
Peter !" ifence he wiH not let an odd-fellow or a mason reraain in
coramunion with the church of Rorae, unless he be a Jesuit who has
obtained a dispensation from headquarters to join either society, under
false colors, that he may keep his master apprized of their doings.
Nay, if he can help it, he will not even allow them to be buried in
what he calls consecrated ground, though they have bought their bu
rial-place, and paid for it beforehand ! The whole secret of the
Pope's opposition to these societies is just this, that their regulations
place some of tbe actions of his subjects beyond the reach of the
priest's scrutiny.
The next enemy which raakes the Pope shudder, and here he
shakes so that his teeth chatter and his hair stands on an end, ap
pears in the forra of Bible Societies. Ah ! " those insidious Bi
ble Societies!" exclaims our Protestant Pope! "My predecessor,
Gregory XVL, of blessed meraory, to whose place I have been per
mitted to succeed without his merits, reproved them by his apostolic
letter, and I desire equally to condemn them !" Oh ! Pope Pius,
you are too modest ! If Gregory had any merit in calling Bible So
cieties hard naraes, the honor belongs equally to yourself. In 1824,
Leo XIL, in his encyclical letter dated " Rome, May 3d," denounced
Bible Societies, and declared that they turned the gospel of Christ
" into a huraan gospel, or, what is still worse, into the gospel of the
devil." We shall not stop to defend Bible Societies. They need no
apology. If the Bible is the word of God, it must be true, and if it
be true, then all Scripture is, by its own testimony, profitable. We
know no more blessed work than to put into the hands of the ignorant,
besotted, and depraved, those heavenly counsels which are able to
make* wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus.

702 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Review of the Pope's EncycHcal Letter.
We know no surer evidence that a religion is from above than this,
that it desires to live and to flourish only in the light of the sacred
Scriptures, and we know not a more certain token that a religious
systera is frora beneath, and false as sin and hell can raake it, than this,
that it hates the word of God, and seeks to shut men out from the
green pastures and the still waters prepared for them by the Great
Shepherd and Bishop of souls! What would be thought of a ser
vant who has bread to eat, and has the key to a storehouse of whole
some and excellent food, who should drive his master's famishing
children frora their father's table, and fling poisonous offals at their
feet, bidding thera eat the vile refuse or starve ? He is an angel of
light, corapared with the wretch who would snatch the living bread
which came down frora heaven out of the hand and raouth of a fara-
ishing soul, and consign it to the horrors of eternal starvation ! We
do not say that this is the character of the Pope of Rorae, for charity
would lead us to hope that he sins ignorantly, but who can contera
plate the responsibility which he incurs in forbidding the two hundred
millions who bow to him as their spiritual head, to search the Scrip
tures which testify of Christ, without shuddering at the consequences
both to him and themselves. From the period when Wickliff's
translation ofthe Scriptures into the English language was completed
in 1380, down to the present day, the efforts of the Papacy to arrest
the circulation of the word of God have been unremitting. No ex
pedients which cunning or cruelty could devise have been untried,
and Rome's policy toward the Bible and those who wUl read it, des
pite of Papal mandates to the contrary, presents a most singular and
revolting history. For no other crime than that of searching the
Scriptures, nay, for even hearing them read by others, raen and
woraen have been comraitted to the flames by hundreds in England
alone. But, we raay be asked, Why advert to these horrid scenes
in the drama of Papal cruelty, which have occurred centuries ago?
Why not suffer thera to be forgotten, and look upon Rome as having
laid aside these garments rolled in blood ? Let Rome repent of
them, and we wHl do so. Let her confess her sin and forsake it, and
we wiH not hold her guilty of this blood. But when, for the last
twenty years, she has not ceased to reiterate, in every Papal mani
festo, her abhorrence of the Bible, and when she denounces from
year to year her anathemas upon the circulation of the book of God
—when she claims the right to put heretics to death, and teaches her
priests that they ought to be thus punished — when, in every country
in which she has the supreme power, she stiH executes her bloody
decrees— as, for exaraple, in the island of Madeira, in which, during
the past year, the native converts frora Romanism have been actually
persecuted to the death— when her bishops declare that this is not a
Protestant country, and claim America as a province of the Pope —
when Brownson, of the Boston Roraan Catholic Review, protests
that the Pope must and will have this country-^and when the new

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 703
Review of the Pope's Encyclical Letter.
Pontiff, while scarcely warm in the " chair of St. Peter," proclaims
to the world that Bible societies are insidious and pernicious institu
tions, and renews the enactments of his bigoted predecessors, we
can not forget that Rome hates the Bible. She will not suffer us to
forget it even if we are disposed to forgive her : and when we see
her increasing her bishoprics and sees in this favored country, and
multiplying her estabhshments in every city, we should be guilty of
treason against the church of God and our coramon liberties, if we
were to hold our peace, lest we should, forsooth, stir up the people-!
It is time that the community should be roused to the contemplation
of this subject ! Do we not know that only a few years ago the Ro
mish hierarchy of this city endeavored to exclude the Bible from the
public schools, and to a very great extent have actually succeeded
in doing so ? And are we to bow to the decrees of a bigoted despot;
and lay the honor and beauty of Araerican liberty at the feet of the
Pope of Rorae, that he may trample thera in the dust? God forbid !
God forbid, that the eagle of Araerica should be thus hurabled by
the serpent of Italy ! Rorae is playing with Araerican freedom as
the anaconda toys with its victim — and if those who should be cham
pions of Protestant libert}'- wiH only hold still a little longer, until the
Pope has Hcked thera all over from head to foot, and covered them
with his slime, they may find, when too late, that this soothing process
is only the preparation for that maternal embrace which wdl crush
every bone in their body, and reduce it to a lifeless mass, which the
monster may swallow at his leisure ! This is not the tirae for silence
or tarae submission to the deraands of the Roraish hierarchy !
The Pontiff is greatly enraged at what he is pleased to call an
" infaraous conspiracy against the sacred celibacy of the clergy !"
Sacred celibacy, indeed ! There is not a raore arrogant violation of
God's ordinance, or a more flagrant outrage upon the constitution of
man than this same sacred celibacy ! In the beginning it was not so.
God said it was not good for man to be alone. In the beginning of
the Christian church it was not so. Peter, we know, was a married
man. Was he therefore base and infaraous ? He conspired against
the " sacred celibacy" of the clergy, and perpetrated the crirae of
matrimony, and yet, oh consistency ! thou jewel ! Peter was the
prince of the aposties, and Pius the Ninth is his successor !
There is frequent mention of Peter's wife in the New Testament,
as if for the very purpose of rebuking Papal celibacy in advance,
and yet the Pope tells us that all the institutions of the Roman
church have taken their root frora the Lord of the heavens, and that
none of them are huraan inventions ! What is this but a palpable
untruth ! We will not offend against decency by detailing even a
few of the notorious facts which abound in the history of the Papacy,
and which iUustrate the beauties of sacred cehbacy, but we wiH place
the matter in such a light that the monstrosity of the systera shall be
apparent, without offending either good taste or the modesty of the
45

7Q4 SUPPLEMENT TO THE
Review of the Pope's EncycUcal Letter.
most fastidious. Suppose that in this city of brotherly love, a nuraber
of lawyers should organize themselves into a society, of which the
main condition should be, that they were all to be bachelors. They
have a large fund at their control. They select a spot, which they
embellish with every refinement of taste and with all the elegancies
of art. They erect magnificent and commodious buildings, which
they surround with the most lovely and enchanting gardens, decked
with flowers, and shrubs, and ornaraental trees of every variety.
The establishraent affords every appointment requisite for the main
tenance of the most absolute retirement and privacy. These gentle
men, who are all pledged to " sacred celibacy," invite their Iriends
and acquaintances to send to then! their wives and daughters, that
each one raay receive frora them, in private, a full confession of every
thought, word, and action, of their lives, with a view to guard them
against everything impure. What would be thought of such a de
mand ? How long would it be before this society of sacred celibates
would be put down by the voice of the people, and the strong arra
of the law ? They who can trust Romish priests farther than they
would such a society of bachelors, have a better opinion of them
than we have.
It is not surprising that this conspiracy against the sacred celibacy
of the Pope's clergy is gathering strength, and the alarm which the
Pontiff exhibits is easily accounted for. It is essential to the propa
gation of his systera that his priests should be without a doraestic tie
to bind them. They raust be prepared, at a moment's warning, to
change their position. They must have hearts as cold to the influ
ence of doraestic love as the raarble in the quarry — and as hard, too,
or they will not be good soldiers of Antichrist. When they are
transported from one point to another, it will not do for them to be
encumbered with such baggage as a wife and children.
After alluding to various systems of education and phUosophy,
which the Pontiff believes to be fraught with mischief to the interests
of the Roraan Catholic church, he takes occasion to denounce the
liberty of the press, and the rights of conscience. Gregory XVL,
in his encyclical letter of 1833, described " liberty of conscience"
as " a raost pestilential error," and denounced the freedom of the
press as " that worst and never sufficientiy to be execrated liberty of
the press," and Pius IX., emulous of his illustrious predecessor, is
thrown into a paroxysm of sorrow by " that most foul plague of books
and pamphlets." There can be no stronger proof of the native
tyranny of the Papal system than this desire to fetter the press and
muzzle the lips of free discussion. If all the books that are written
were vindications of the Papal authority, Pius IX. would not object
to their " flying everywhere," but because some of the books and
pamphlets of the present age expose the corruptions and enormities-
of the Papacy, and prove its doctrines to be, at best, " human inven
tions," the Pontiff exclaims against them, and declares^ ex cathedra.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 705
Review of the Pope's Encyclical Letter.
that they " inculcate sin." Yes — the sin above aU others is that
of which they are guilty, who claim the right of standing erect as
freemen, and who, in obedience to the commands of Christ in mat
ters pertaining to the worship of God, call no man master, knowing
that one is our Master, even Christ ! We bow the knee to the
only true God, and Jesus Christ whom He has sent ; we proclaim
that God alone is the Lord of the conscience, and therefore the Pon
tiff, with characteristic audacity, denounces us for disseminating pes
tiferous doctrines, and " depraving the minds and souls of men !"
Who does not see that just in proportion as the power of the Pope
advances, every attribute and eleraent of liberty vanishes, and all its
institutions wither, as under the breath of a moral sirocco ? The
Pontiff clairas the right of thinking, not only for hiraself, but for us,
too, and would leave us nothing but the sorry privUege of submitting
to his infallible decisions! But whence has he derived this right?
Who has conferred upon him this vast monopoly of reason ? Is he
the only being on God's footstool that is endowed with a mind capa
ble of weighing and discerning truth ? Or has no man on earth a
tongue but himself, that he commands universal silence, untU the
whole earth has received its cue from himself, his patriarchs, and
bishops ! Verily Popery is a very beautiful system of religion, and
Pius IX. is a most enhghtened expounder of its principles !
Toward the close of his epistie, the Pontiff invokes the aid ofthe
princes, whom he styles his " dear sons in Jesus Christ," and de
clares the regal power was given them not only for the government
of the worid, but especially for the defence of the church, thus
openly advocating the union of the church and state : —
" We confidently hope that our dear sons in Jesus Christ, the princes, recol
lecting in their wisdom and piety that the regal power was given them not only
for the govemment of the world, but especially for the defence of the Church,
and that we maintain at one and the same time the cause of the Church, that of
their kingdoms and of their salvation, by which they enjoy in peace their au
thority over their provinces ; that they will favor by their support and authority
the vows and desires that we form in common, and that they -will defend the lib
erty and prosperity of the Church, in order that the right hand of Christ may
defend their empires."
Could stronger evidence of the aim of the Pontiff at suprerae
power in the United States be afforded than is furnished in this sin
gle passage ? Does he not teU his bishops in the United States that
temporal authority is entrusted to the powers that be for the very
purpose that they may use it for " the prosperity of the Church"
 and you know the church of Rome is the Church! But we
need not enlarge upon this point now. The language of the docu
ment itself is sufficient. It gives the He to aH the hollow professions
of Romish prelates in favor of " equal rights ;" and proves that if
they could, they would be compelled by the obligations of their oath
to raake these United States a dependency of the Pope's tiara.

yQQ SUPPLEMENT TO THE

Thifoi"rf"itoi;rj:Alve3.  Ronge and the new Reformation in Germmy.
But, in the face of all that Jesuitical craft can do, we may con
sole ourselves with the thought, that the days of the Papacy are
numbered. Whatever the intermediate designs of Providence may
be, the final overthrow of that apostate power has been decreed in
the counsels of Heaven. It stands out against God and his Bible,
and God and the Bible will crush it.

ADDENDA.
1. The fate of Maria J. Alves. — On page 614 of the foregoing
History, an account is given of the persecution and condemnation to
death of this lady in the Portuguese island of Madeira, in the year
1844, for the crirae of heresy ! On page 615 the author expresses
a doubt whether the Popish priesthood of Madeira would dare, in the
light ofthe nineteenth century, to cause this sentence to be executed.
The result has justified this doubt. Mrs. Alves, and about six hun
dred other victims of Popish persecution, were permitted to escape to
Trinidad, in the West Indies, whence an appeal has lately been sent
forth to enable them to settie in the United States.
2. Ronge, and the new Reformation in Germany. — On pages
635-'9, is given an account of the moveraent of the Gerraan reforraer,
John Ronge, in 1844, occasioned by the shameless traffic of the ex
hibition of the pretended holy coat of Jesus, by Arnold, the Popish
bishop of Treves.
The friends of evangelical truth have been somewhat disappointed
in the subsequent course of Ronge, who seeras to have substituted
for Popish superstition a German Rationalism, scarcely less unscrip
tural and dangerous to the souls of men than the system he has
abandoned. Nevertheless, he has done iraraense good by his faithful
and fearless exposures of the knavery and iraposture of the Romish
priests, and all who love the gospel should everywhere pray that the
spirit of God would enlighten the mind of this courageous man, and
that he may be led into the truth as it is in Jesus. Since the seces
sion of Ronge from the Papal ranks, large numbers have foHowed,
many of whora are far raore evangelical in their doctrines.
The rationalistic party headed by Ronge, is called " the Gerraan
Catholic Church." The evangehcal party call theraselves " the
Apostolic or Christian Catholics." John Czerski, who appears to
be a pious and devout Christian, is perhaps, their most eminent
pastor and leader.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 707
Reverses of the Jesuits.  Decline ot Popish enthusiasm in Italy.
3. Reverses of the Jesuits, and Decline of Popery in Europe. —
On page 640 we have given an account of the recent attempts of the
Jesuits to exercise a controUing influence in Switzerland. They
have since sustained a most disastrous and decisive defeat from the
troops ofthe diet, and have been expelled as a plague and a pestilence
from that country as well as from several other countries of conti
nental Europe.
The year 1847, says a recent able- writer,* has not been a good
one for the Jesuits, the Ultramontanes,t and the Roraan Catholic
Church generally. In spite of their pompous declarations about the
revival of Popery, wherever the priests have seriously essayed to en
ter the lists against the tendencies of modern tiraes, they have ex
perienced sad losses. It raay not be without interest and utility to
recapitulate these nuraerous defeats, and to inquire into the principal
causes of thera. ,
First, let us "look at Italy. This, according to comraon opinion,
is tbe cla.ssic ground of Popery. There is the sovereign Pontiff,
with aU the prestige of his ancient associations and all the splendor
of his teraporal dominion. There are cardinals, bishops, abb^s, and
monks, in iraraense numbers. The clergy possess enorraous reve
nues, and in certain states of the Peninsula they occupy the highest
places of governraent. It would seera, therefore, that the doctrines
and the hierarchy of Roraan Catholicisra should have struck deep
root in the soU of Italy, and that this edifi<5e, which has lasted for so
many ages, should not be shaken by anything.
But the year which has just ended has revealed raore clearly than
those which have preceded it, that the greater nuraber of Italians,
even in the inferior classes of the people, are no longer attached in
heart to their ancient religion, but are laboring to eraancipate thera
selves from tbe sacerdotal yoke. If they persist in bearing the name
of Roraan Catholics, and in practising some of the forms of their
worship, it is a vain and deceptive appearance only. In reahty, they
despise almost all their priests, detest the monks, abhor the Jesuits,
and are raore and more adopting principles opposed to the Pontifical
theocracy. See, indeed, what is the true spirit of the Italians. They have
received with transports of joy the news of the defeat of the Jesuit
faction in Switzerland. In vain has Pius IX. expressed his grief,
his lively sorrow, at these events ; the people have displayed alto
gether opposite sentiraents. And now, the papers announce what is
still raore reraarkable — that thousands of the inhabitants of Rome,
» In a number of the periodical entitled Evangelical Christendom, the organ
in Great Britain, of the Evangelical Alliance. • ^ , „
t The Ultramontane party, are those who hold to the superiority ot the Pope
to a General Council, and entertain extravagant notions of the power of the
Pope over all the sovereigns and kingdoms of the earth ; so called from their
inhabiting the regions principally beyond the mountains (the Alps), in distinction
frora the Gallic church, who reject these claims of the Papacy.

708

SUPPLEMENT TO THE

Humiliation of the Jesnit faction in Belgium and Bavaria.

headed by the celebrated tribune Ciceronacchio, have presented an
address to Pius IX., requesting the expulsion ofthe Jesuits from the
Pontifical states.* This demonstration, it must be confessed, con
trasts singularly with the flattering letter which the Pontiff recently
wrote to the Reverend Father Peronne ! When the Pontiff says to
the Jesuits, " You are my friends," the people reply, " No, they are
alilcc your enemies and ours I"
It is quite certain that the Ultramontane party lost considerable
ground in Italy in the course of last year. The real sentiment of
the populace, long suppressed or concealed, has manifested itself in
all directions — in Tuscany, in Piedmont, in the kingdom of Naples,
at LuCca, and at Modena, and the theocracj' of the Holy See is
shaken to its very foundations.
Let us next turn our eyes to Belgium. There, too, the sacerdotal
facjion appeared to rest upon the most solid basis. A credulous and
superstitious people, with innumerable convents, Jesufts increasing in
number from one end of the country to the other, the creatures of
the clergy in the cabinet and the principal offices of state, the bish
ops taking the lead-in parliamentary elections, the cures ruling mu
nicipal councils; the hand, the arm, the eye of the priests every
where; what a splendid position! And yet the year 1847 has seen
all this iraposing structure crumble into dust. The clergy and their
friends have been humiliated and beaten by the liberals, and com
pelled to abandon the plages which they bad usurped.
This is assuredly one of the most curious phenomena of our
times. The Hberal party itself did not dare to hope for so complete
a victory ; it supposed that the Jesuits would be sufficiently strong
to make a long and obstinate resistance. But it has not been thus.
In the first regular struggle, the Ultraraontanes have lost ground.
Not only have the inhabitants of the large towns, but raany among
the i-ural population, have deserted the clerical standard. Several
functionaries holding high office in the state, who, from motives of
political expediency, had pretended to be very bigoted,. turned their
backs on the priests immediately they saw that they were becoming
unpopular. King Leopold has yielded to the torrent, and there is
new littie probability of the Popish clergy ever recovering in Belgium
the influence of which they have been deprived.
Consider, thirdly, Bavaria. This was the bulwark and the pride
of the Jesuit faction in Germany. The priests and monks were all-
powerful at court, in the council, in the towns and viUages, in the
universities and schools. They exerted their powerful influence to
vex and oppress the Protestants ; for it is the constant practice of
Romish ecclesiastics, when they are the stronger party, to become
persecutors; they complaisantly express and avow the most retrograde
opinions; their advocates, through the press and in academical insti-
* The Jesuits have since been expelled from Rome.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. 709
"The Jesuit league of thc Sonderbund in Switzerland.
tutions, openly avow the intention of reviving the middle age, with
all its slavery and all its follies. The king of Bavaria was in their
hands a mere tool, which they moved at pleasure.
But — oh unforeseen affliction ! oh lamentable and cruel catastro
phe ! — aU on a sudden the king of Bavaria turned against those
whose suggestions he had been accustomed to follow with such do
cility. We do not inquire into the causes of this change ; we simply
point out a fact — a fact worthy of the most serious attention, namely,
that immediately after the change in the king's conduct, the Ultra
montane party dwindled into the most extrerae insignificance. No
bles, magistrates, professors, learned raen, raen of the people, all, or
nearly all, have shown the greatest joy, and saluted the prince with
iheir plaudits, notwithstanding his offences against public decency.
The priests have made an atterapt to take up a threatening attitude;
but everybody has laughed at thera, and if they consult the dictates
of prudence, they will speak and act with considerable circumspec
tion. What must we conclude from this ? Undoubtedly, that the influ
ence of the Jesuits and the Ultraraontanes in Bavaria vvas a pure
phantasmagoria. There was no reality, no soHdity in their rule. So
long as they were sustained by the royal favor, they had a show of
power ; but imraediately the arra of the monarch is withdrawn from
them, they fall, as a scene in a theatre disappears under the hand of
the machinist. The Bavarian people. Catholics as well as Protes
tants, had no thorough attachraent to them ; they had no faith in their
words, and it has been very easy, therefore, to break this humiliating
yoke. Finally, let us recollect what has happened in Switzerland during
the past year. Certes, the Jesuits and their friends assumed a some
what arrogant tone with respect to the Sonderbund.* They prophe
sied with imperturbable assurance, that if they could not triumph, they
would at least defend themselves to the last extreraity. Priests,
monks, reverend fathers, and brothers of every name, had neglected
nothing to fanaticize the people. They had distributed to the soldiers
miraculous medals, talismans, amulets, and banners with the iraage
of the Holy Virgin. The women, even, like modern Amazons,
prompted by their confessors, practised shooting with the rausket,
and promised bravely to shed their blood in the comraon cause. Our
ige, according to the testimony of the clergy, was anew to witness
:he miracles of the raartyrs, the heroisra of the crusades ; and we
Qurselves, misled by these sublirae predictions, iraagined that the
Papists of Switzeriand would display the same valor and constancy
as our old French Huguenots, who fought and struggled for fifty
years — one against ten or twenty.
* The Sonde-Aund is the term apphed to the league of the seven Cantons
whom the Jesuits had persuaded to unite in defence of the Jesuit rule. They
consisted of Lucerne, Uri, Unterwalder, Schwytz, Zug, Friburg, and Valkis

710 HISTORY OF ROMANISM.
Defeat of the Jesuits in Switzerland. The nations have forsaken them,
Alas ! alas ! What a bitter disappointment to the Jesuits and their
partisans throughout Europe! The famous warriors of the Sonder
bund hardly maintained one or two little skirmishes, and at the first
repulse they threw down their arms at tbe feet ofthe radicals. The-
valiant Amazons reraained at horae ; they prepared their husbands'
dinners instead of rushing to the field of battle, and we confess that
they acted wisely. The leaders of the Helvetic League took to
flight, and within a fortnight frora the coramencement of hostilities,
the reverend disciples of Ignatius Loyola decamped as quickly as
possible. In stating these things, we do not pretend to applaud in the slight
est, the success of the radicals. Swiss radicahsm has unhappUy vio
lated the most sacred rights of conscience in the Canton de Vaud
and elsewhere ; its principles are imbued with a desolating skepticism ;
its rules of conduct are often dictated by brutal despotisra. Our
object is raerely to adduce another important proof that Jesuitisra
and Ultramontanism had a superficial and precarious power only in
Switzerland. It was a very showy building without, but within it
was fuH of worthless ruins. To speak without a figure, the adhe
sion of the populations of the seven cantons to Popery, was external
rather than internal ; they were far from being the subjects of fanati
cism, which it was impossible to reanimate. These good people had
no wish to sacrifice their property and shed their blood for opinions
which they no longer hold, with aH the powers of their mind, as arti
cles of faith. They will continue to be Roraan Catholics by the
performance of certain ceremonies ; hut the voice of the priest has
ceased to be for thera the voice of God.
And now, how coraes it that the Ulti-amontane party has suffered
so many humUiating defeats, so many irreparable losses, in a single
year ? The essential cause of these reverses of Roman Catholi
cism is to be found in its utter want of harmony with the principles,
the aspirations, and the tendencies of the present age. The Jesuits,
or more generally the decided Papists, are the representatives of the
past — of a past wbich has declined, which for the last three hundred
years has been growing more and raore obsolete, and whicb in the
present day is breathing out its last' sigh. The nations have for
saken them; they repulse them by whatever there is in tbem most
energetic and raost profound ; and they themselves, bave no longer a
hvely and vigorous faith in their own doctrines ! They belong,
notwithstanding their efforts, to the movement of the present age ;
and they are incapable of fanaticizing the nations, because they are
themselves no longer the subjects of a sincere fanaticism !

END OP the supplement.

THE LATEST NEWS FROM ROME.
Decskbeh 1, 1848.
During the printing of the present Supplement, intelligence of the
most important character has arrived from Rome, and we stop the
press for the purpose of inserting the following particulars, abridged
from the European journals : —
Revolution in Rome. — An event has just occurred, which,
common and frequent as startiing events have become during the
present year, can not fail to awaken a profound sensation throughout
Christendom, and wiU doubtiess result in consequences of incalcula
ble inaportance. A revolution at Rorae has raade the Pope a pris
oner in his own palace, and compeUed him to select a ministry in
accordance with the popular wUl. Pius IX. has been forced to yield
to a spirit that has waxed too potent for the spell by which he himself
conjured it up. Ere long, perhaps, this spirit may treat tiaras and
mitres with as little reverence as it now begins to show for crowns
and coronets. Both ecclesiastical and political despotism wiU yet
hide their dirainished heads before the brightness of its power.
Pope Pius IX., having resisted and frustrated for a tirae the Italian
movement for nationality, has been obliged to yield. His prime min
ister, Rossi, a pupil and imitator of Guizot, the late prirae minister
of Louis Philippe of France, has been assassinated, in spite of his
guards, near the spot where Julius Cassar fell. The conspirators
seem to have had rauch raore generalship to take advantage of their
bloody deed than Brutus and Cassius had.
Since the revolution in Paris it had becorae evident that the eccle
siastical supremacy of Pope Pius IX. was seriously iraperilled. The
reconquest of Lorabardy kept down, but did not extinguish, the aspi
rations of the liberals for Italian unity. It was seen that the project,
if allowed to assurae a practical shape, would extinguish the spiritual
claims of the Pontiff. The policy of the Vatican has, consequently,
been shaped with a view to preserve the statu quo. Without means
to stem the torrent, the Pope has applied all his resources and every
temporizing expedient to turn it aside. During the conflict his per
sonal popularity melted away. His antiquated assumptions came to
be regarded as the great stumbling-block to ItaHan nationality, and to>
the settled establishment of constitutional freedom. His governraent
was despised and powerless.
At length Count Rossi undertook the difficult task of reorganizing
the papal government. A man of energy and experience, and a pupil
of M. Guizot, he brought to the task rauch of the talent and unbend
ing austerity which distinguished his master, without the resources to
carry his intentions into effect. His haughty spirit and contemptu-

Missing Page

Missing Page

SUPPLEMENT TO THE

Assassination of Roi?si, the Pope's Prime Minister.

ous bearing marked him out as the especial object of popular enmity.
On the 15th of November, 1848, he proceeded to open the Chamber of
Deputies, and met the execrations ofthe populace by scowls of scorn
and defiance. In a sudden outburst of popular fury, the prime min
ister was attacked, and, though surrounded by a mihtary force, fell
beneath the poniard of an assassin in the crowd. Like Caesar, he had
been warned of, but disregarded his danger, and he fell within a few
yards of the spot where the Roman dictator was sacrificed. The death
of Rossi assured the triuraph of the populace.
After the death ofthe premier a sudden pause ensued, though tow
ard evening groups of raingled soldiers and citizens, with lighted
torches, were heard singing in chorus along the streets, " Benedetta
quella mano che il tiranno pugnalo .'" — (" Blessed be the hand that
stabbed the tyrant !") On the morning of the 16th the city was in com
motion. A gathering began in the great square del Popolo, and symp
toms of a menacing character to any one cognizant to Roman pecu
liarities were perceptible in the leading streets. The civic guards
and troops of the line in fragraentary sections commingled with the
people ; and carbineers, whose uniform have hitherto been invariably
arrayed against the populace, were now for the first time seen to frat
ernize with the mob. From the terrace of the Pincian hill the spec
tator could count nearly twenty thousand Romans in threatening
groups, and mostly arraed. Printed papers were handed eagerlv
about, all having the same purport, and containing the foUowing
" fundaraental points : 1. Proraulgation and full adoption of Italian
nationality. 2. Convocation of a constituent Assembly, and realiza
tion of the federal pact. 3. Realization of the vote of the war of in
dependence given in the Chamber of Deputies. 4. Adoption in its
integrity of the Programme Mamiani. 5. Ministers who have public
confidence — Mamiani, Sterbini, Cambello, Saliceti, Fusconi, Lunati,
Sereni, Galletti."
The ostensible object was to proceed with these five points to the
Charaber of Deputies in a constitutional raanner. But the chiefs
finding theraselves in such numbers, and many deputies being found
mixed up with the crowd, the cry was raised to march to the Pope's
palace, and accordingly the procession moved on orderly enough '
through the Babuino, and reaching the Quirinal by tbe avenue
opened by Sextus the Fifth. At one o'clock the members of the
chambers presented themselves as the mouthpiece of the multitude,
and transmitted the five points to the monarch. In about ten miiv
utes, the president of the late ministerial council. Cardinal SogHa,
came forth from the private apartment, and informed the deputation
that Pius IX. would reflect on the subject and take it into his best
consideration. This answer was proclaimed to the people, but a general murmur
of dissatisfaction gave evidence of its insufficiency to meet the crisis,
and the crowd insisted on the deputation getting a personal audience

HISTORY OF ROMANISM. iii
 The Pope's Secretary killed.— A Shot tired into tho Pope's Room.
¦ ¦ '¦ '  ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦'¦'f— ' -
with the Pope. This was obtained, and in about a quarter of an
hour Galletti, the ex-police minister, appeared on the balcony to ac
quaint the people that the Pope had positively declined adhesion to
their request, and had stated that " he would not brook dictation."
At two o'clock the position of the Pontiff began to grow critical.
AU the avenues of the Quirinal palace were blocked up by dense
crowds ; and as no preparation had been made for this unanticipated
influx of visiters, there was but the usual small detachment of Swiss
guards on duty. These men were known to be resolute, and, had
there been but a few more of them, the monarch raight have cuthis
way through the raob, and gained Subiaco, in the Apennines, whimer
it had often been a question of retiring from the rabble of Rome on
previous outbreaks. As it was, one of the advanced sentinels having
been seized and disarmed by the mob, the Swiss body-guard instantly
flung back and barred the gates of the palace, presenting their mus
kets, in readiness to fire at once on the immense multitude of the
populace which beleagured the Quirinal.
At this stage of the proceedings it was evident that the die was
cast. Frora the back streets raen eraerged, bearing aloft long lad
ders, wherewith to scale the pontifical abode ; carts and wagons were
dragged up and ranged within rausket-shot of the windows, to protect
the assailants in their deterrained attack upon the palace ; the cry was,
" To arms, to arms !" and rausketry began to bristie in the approaches
from every direction ; fagots were produced and piled up against one
of the condemned gates of the building, to which the raob was in the
act of setting fire, when a brisk discbarge of firelocks scattered the
besiegers in that quarter. The raultitude began now to perceive that
there would be a deterrained resistance to their further operations,
but were confident that the Quirinal, if not taken by storm, raust
yield to progressive inroad.
The drums were now beating throughout the city, the disbanded
groups of regular troops and carbineers reinforcing the hostile display
of assailants, and rendering it truly formidable. Random shots were
aimed at the windows, and duly responded to ; the outposts, one after
another, being taken by the people, the garrison within being too
scanty to man the outworks. The belfry of St. CarHna, which cora
mands the structure, was occupied. Frora behind the equestrian
statues of Castor and Pollux a group of sharp-shooters plied their
rifles, and at about four o'clock Mtfiseigneur Palraa, private secretary
to the Pope, was killed by a bullei penetrating his forehead. A shot
is also said to have entered the room where the Pope was. Of the
people and troops, twelve were wounded and none killed. Two six-
pounders were now drawn up by the people and duly pointed against
the main gate ; and a truce having been proclaimed, another deputa
tion clairaed entrance and audience of the Pope, which the monarch
ordered to be allowed.
The deputation were bearers of the people's ultimatum, which was

iv HISTORY OF ROMANISM.
Terrible Threats of the Mob to the Pope, — Flight of the Pope from Rome.
a reproduction of the five points before stated ; and they now declared
that they would allow the Pope one hour to consider ; after which,
if not adopted, they announced their firm purpose "to break into the
Quirinal and put to death every inmate thereof, with the sole and sin
gle exception of his holiness himself." Pius IX. no longer hesitated.
A popular ministry was at once appointed, and the other demands
of the people were referred to the Charaber of Deputies.
The week foHowing this popular outbreak, the Pope remained a
close prisoner in his palace. The business of the governraent went
oi^n the Pope's name, but without his sanction or co-operation. At
le*th, on the 24th of Noveraber, Pius IX. disguised hiraself as an
attendant of the Bavarian arabassador, and raade his escape from
Rome, to the city of Gaeta, where he was cordially received by
that tyrannical and cruel despot, Ferdinand, king of Naples.
These events are of fearful raoment to corrupt and apostate Rome,
and are so regarded by the mitred dignitaries of that church, as well
in America as in all other parts of the papal dorainions. The journals
of this very day inforra us that " Bishop Hughes has issued a circular
to the clergy and laity of the diocese of New York, directing special
prayers to Alraighty God for the protection of the Holy Father Pope
Pius IX. and of the church, and for their safe deliverance frora the tri
als in which they were placed at last accounts. The bishop of Albany
requests a like observance on the part of the clergy and ofthe faith
ful of that diocese. The archbishop of Baltiraore has issued a cir
cular to the sarae effect."
In spite of these hypocritical prayers of the cringing slaves of papal
despotisra, however, the days of the apostate church of Rorae are
numbered ; and soon shall the prediction of her faU contained in the
eighteenth chapter of Revelation be accoraplished, when " the kincrs
of the earth who have coramitted fornication and lived deliciousty
with her, shall bewaU her and lament for her, saying, Alas ! alas !
that great city Babylon, that mighty city ! for in one hour is thy judg
ment come !" Then shall the angel cry mightily with a strong voice,
saying, " Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen ! Rejoice over her, thou
heaven, and ye holy aposties and prophets; for God hath avenged
you on her  And the voice of harpers and musicians, and of
pipers, and trumpeters, shall be heard no more at all in her: and no
craftsraan, of whatsoever craft he be, shaU be found any more in her:
and the sound of a miUstone shaj|) be heard no more at aU in her :
and the light of a candle shall shine no raore at aU in her: and the
voice of the bridegroom and of ihe bride shall be heard no more at
all in her : for her merchants were the great men ofthe earth ; for by
her sorceries were all nations deceived. And in her was found the
blood of prophets, and of saints, and of aU that were slain upon the
earth," ^

GLOSSARY
OF TECHNlCAl OR ECCLESIASTICAL TERMS CONNECTED WITII ROMANISM.

Abbot (or Abbe). — The chief or ruling monk of an abbey.
Abbey. — A monastery of persons devoted by vow to a monastic life.
Absolution. — The third part of the sacrament of penance ; signifying the
remission of sins.
Acolyte. — One of the lower orders of the priesthood in the Roman church.
Advent. — The four Sundays preceding Christmas day. The first Sunday in
Advent is the first after November 26th.
Agnus Dei (lamb of God). — A consecrated cake of wax stamped with the figure
of a lamb, supposed to have the power of saving from diseases, accidents, &c.
Alb. — A vestment worn by priests in celebrating mass. So called from its
color, alha — white.
All Saints. — An annual feast in honor of all the saints and martyrs, cele
brated on the first of November.
All Sodls. — A festival, appointed for praying all souls out of purgatory ; prin
cipally out of regard to those poor souls who had no living friends to purchase
masses for them. Celebrated November 2d.
Altars in the Romish church are built of stone, to represent Christ, the foun
dation-stone of that spiritual building, the churchy There are three steps to an
altar, covered with carpet, and adorned with many costly ornaments, according to
the season of the year.
Amict. — A part of the emblematic dress of the priest in celebrating mass. It
is made of linen and worn on the neck, and sometimes forms a sort of hood for
the head. It is said to represent how Christ was blindfolded aijd spit upon.
Anathema. — ^A solemn curse pronounced by ecclesiastical authority.
Annats or Annates. — A year's income, due, anciently, to the popes on the
death of any bishop, abbot, parish priest, &c., to be paid by his successor.
Annunciation. — A festival celebrated on the 2Sth of March, in memory of the
annunciation or tidings brought by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary of the
incarnation of Christ. On this festival, the Pope performs the ceremony of mar
rying or cloistering.
Apocrisarius. — A kind bf legate or ambassador from the Pope to the court of
some sovereign.
Ash Wednesday. — The first day of Lent. It arose from a custom of sprink
ling ashes on the heads of such as were then admitted to penance. The ashes
must be made of the olive tree, laid on the altar, blessed, and strewed on the heads
of priests and laity.
Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, a festival held August 15th, in memory of
the pretended assumption of the Virgin Mary to Heaven, body and soul, without
dying. Augustins. — An order of monks who observe the rule of St. Augustine, pro
perly called Austin friars.

,720 GLOSSARY.
Auriculae Confession. — Confession made in the ears of a priest privately.
Auto da Fe, or act of faith, is a solemn day held by the Inquisition for tha
roasting alive of heretics. ^
Ave Maria (Jiait Mary), — A common salutation or prayer to the Virgin.
Ban. — A sentence of the Emperor, by which a person is forbidden shelter or
food throughout the empire, and all are commanded to seize the person who is put
under the ban of the Empire. Charles V. put Luther to the ban of the Empire
after the Diet of Worms.
Bartholomew's (St.) Day. — A festival celebrated on the 24th of August ; St.
Bartholomew was one of the twelve apostles. On this day was the horrid mas
sacre of Paris in 1572.
Beads-man, froni bede, a prayer, and from counting the beads. A prayer-man,
one who prays for another.
Bead-Roll. — ^This was the catalogue of those who were to be mentioned at
prayers. The king's enemies were thus cursed by name in the bead roll at St.
Paul's. Beatification (from Beatus, happy), — The act by which the Pope declares a
person happy after death.
Benedictines. — An order of monks who profess to follow the rules of St. Bene
dict. In the canon law they are called black monks, from the color of their
habit ; in England they were called black Mars.
Bemson. — A blessing.
Bernardins. — ^A sect first made by Robert, Abbot of Moleme, and reformed by
St. Bernard, Abbot of Clervaux. Their usual habit is a white gown.
Bourdon. — A staff, or long walking-stick, used by pilgrims.
Bre-vtary. — The Roman Catholic Common Prayer-Book, generally in Latin.
Briefs, apostolical, denote letters which the Pope dispatches to princes and
other magistrates touching any public affair.
Brothers. — Lay-brothers among the Romanists are those persons who devote
themselves, in some convent, to the service of the monks.
Bull. — A written letter, dispatched by order of the Pope, from the Roman
chancery, and sealed with a leaden stamp (bulla).
Candlemas day, Feb. 2, called also the feast of the purification of ihe Blessed
Virgin. Called Candlemas, because on this feast, before Mass is said, the candles
are blessed by the priests, for the whole year, and a procession made with them.
Canon, i. e. rule ; it signifies such rules as are presented by councils concern
ing faith, discipline, and manners, as the canons of the council of Trent.
Canons. — An order of religious, distinct from monks.
Canonical Hours. — There were seven ; — 1. Prime, about six a. m. 2. Tierce,
about nine. 3. Sext, about twelve at noon. 4. Nones, about two or three p. m.
5. Fespers, about four or later. 6. CojnpKre, about seven. 1 , Matins ; a.Qd Lauds
at midnight.
Canonization (Saint making). — A solemn official act of the Pope, whereby,
after much solemnity, a person reputed to have wrought miracles, is entered into
the list of the saints.
Capuchin. — Monks of the order of St. Francis, so called from capuce or capu-
cJion, a stuff cap or cowl with which they cover their heads. They are clothed
with brown or grey, always barefooted, never go in a coach, nor even shave their
beard. Cardinal. — A prince of the church, distinguished by wearing the red hat ; and
who has a voice in the Roman conclave at the election of a Pope.
Carmelites. — An order of mendicants or begging friars, taking their name
from Carmel, a mountain in Syria, formerly inhabited by the prophets Elijah and
Elisha, and by the children ofthe prophets, from whom this order preliends to
descend in an uninterrupted succession.

GLOSSARY. 721
Caeozo. — A kind of conical pasteboard cap, with devils and flames painted on
it, worn hy the condemned victims of the Inquisition, on their way to the flames
at the Auto da fe.
Carthusians. — An order of monks instituted hy St. Bruno about the year 1086,
remarkable for the austerity of their rule, which obliges them to a perpetua] soli
tude, a total abstinence from flesh, even at the peril of their lives, and absolute
silence, except at certain times. Their houses were usually built in deserts,' their
fare coarse, and discipline severe.
Cassock, the gown of a priest.
Catechumen. — One who is receiving instruction preparatory to Baptism.
Cathedral. — A church wherein a bishop has a see or seat (cathedra).
Catholic. — ^Universal or general — Charitable, &c. This term is monopolized
by the Romish church, tiiough destitute of the slightest claim to it.
Celebrant. — The priest ofiiciating in any religious ceremony.
Chalice. — The cup or vessel used to administer the wine in the mass.
Chasuble. — A kind of cape open at the sides, worn at mass, with a cross em
broidered on the back of it.
Childermas Day, called also Innocents' Day, held December the 28th, in me
mory of Herod's slaughter of the children.
Chrism. — A mixture of oil and balsam, consecrated by the bishop on holy
Thursday, with great ceremony, used for anointing in Confirmation, Extreme Unc
tion, &c.
Christmas '(Christi missa), that is, the mass of Christ. A festival, celebrated
December the 25th, to commemorate the birth of Christ.
Chrysom. — A white linen cloth used in baptism.
Cincture. — A girdle with which the priest in the mass binds himself, said to
represent the binding of Christ.
Cistertian Monks. — A religious order founded in the nineteenth century by St.
Robert, a Benedictine and Abbot of Moleme.
Cloister. — A house for monks or nuns.
College. — A society of men set apart for learning or religion, and also the
house in which they reside.
CoLOBiuM. — A tunic or robe.
CoMMENDAM, in the church of Rome, is a real title of a regular benefice, such
as an abbey or priory given by the Pope to a secular clerk, or even to a layman,
with power to dispose of the fruits thereof during life.
CoMPLiH. — ^The last act of worship before going to bed.
Conception of the Virgin Mary, a feast observed December Sth.
Conclave. — The place in which the cardinals of the Romish church meet, and
are shitt up, in order to the election of a Pope. (From Latin con, and clavis,
a key.) CoNFiTEOR. — Latin for I confess, the term applied to a general confession of sins.
Confirmation. — Imposition of hands by a bishop, given after baptism. Ac
cording to the church of Rome, it makes the recipients of it perfect Christians.
Consistory. — A college of cardinals, or the Pope's senate and council, before
whom judiciary causes are pleaded.
Cope. — An ecclesiastical habit. It was, at flrst, a common habit, being a coat
without sleeves, but was afterwards used as a church vestment, only made very
rich by embroidery and the like. The Greeks pretend it was first used in memory
of the mock-robe put upon our Saviour.
Corporal. — A fair linen cloth thrown over the consecrated elements at the cel
ebration of the eucharist.
Corpus Christi, or Corpus Domini (the body of Christ or of our Lord)— a
feast held on the Thursday after Trinity-Sunday, in which the consecrated wafer

722 GLOSSARY.
is carried about in procession in all popish countries, foi the adoration of the mul
titude. Council. — An ecclesiastical meeting, especially of bishops and other doctors,
deputed by divers churches for examining of ecclesiastical causes. There are
reckoned eighteen general councUs, besides innumerable provincial and local ones.
Cowl. — A sort of monkish habit worn by the Bemardines and Benedictines.
Some have distinguished two forms of cowls, the one a gown reaching to the
feet, having sleeves and a capuchon, used in cereraonies ; the other, a kind of hood
to work in, called also scapular, because it only covers the head and shoulders.
Crosier. — The pastoral staff, so called from its likeness to a cross, which the
bishops formerly bore as the common ensign of their office, and by the delivery of
which they were invested in their prelacies.
Crucifix. — ^A picture or figure of Christ on the Cross in common use among
papists. Crusade. — A holy war, or an expedition against infidels and heretics, as those
arainst the Turks for the recovery of Palestine, and against the Albigenses and
Waldenses of France in the thirteenth century.
CuRLiLL. — A class of officers attached to the Pope's court.
Dalmatica. — A vestment or habit of a bishop and deacon, so called because it
was first invented in Dalmatia. It had sleeves to distinguish it from the colobium,
which had none. It was all white before, but behind had two purple lines, or
stripes. Datary. — An officer in the Pope's court, always a prelate and sometimes a
cardinal, deputed by the Pope to receive such petitions as are presented to him
touching the provision of benefices. This officer has a substitute, but he cannot
confer any benefice.
Decree. — An ordinance enacted by the Pope, by and with the advice of his car
dinals in council assembled, without being consulted by any person thereon.
Decretal. — The collection of the decrees of the Pope. Several forged collec
tions of the decrees of the early popes have been published.
Degradation. — The ceremony of unrobing a priest, and thus degrading him
from the sacred office ; always performed previous to delivering up a heretical
priest to the secular power to be burnt.
DiRiGE. — ^A solemn service in the Romish church ; hence, probably, our Dirge.
Dispensation. — ^Permission from the Pope to do what may have been forbidden.
Dominicans. — An order of mendicant friars, called, in some places, Jacobins,
Predicants, or preaching friars.
DuLiA and hyperdulia. (See Latria.)
Ember Weeks or Days. — ^Fasts observed four times in the year ; that is, on
the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent ; after Whit-
Sunday ; after the 14th of September ; and after the 13th of December. Accord
ing to some, ember comes from the Greek hemera, a day ; accordino- to others
from the ancient custom of eating nothing on those days till night, and then only
a cake, baked under the embers, called ember-bread,
Epiphany, called, also, the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. Observed
on the 6th of January, in memory of the Star appearing to the wise men of the
East. Eucharist. — A name for the Lord's supper.
Excommunication.— An ecclesiastical penalty, whereby persons are separated
from the communion of the Roraish church, and consigned to damnation.
Exorcism.— Ceremony of expelling the Devil performed, preparatory to tiie
administration of baptism, hy Romish priests.
ExoKcisT.— One of the Inferior orders of the mimstry, whose office it is to
expel devils.
Extreme Unction.— One of the sacraments of the Romisl> church, adminis.

GLOSSARY^ 723
tered to the dying, as a passport to Heaven, consisting of ajiointing the feet, hands,
ears, eyes, &o., with holy oil or chrism.
Feasts of Goi>,— Files de Dieu, A solemn festival in the Romish church,
instituted for the performing a peculiar kind of worship to our Saviour in the
eucharist. Tjaso^j.s.— Betrothing. — A ceremony performed by the priest, after which an
oath was administered " to talce the woman to wife within forty days, if holy
church will permit."
Franciscans. — A powerful order of mendicant friars in the Romish church, fol
lowing the rules of St. Francis.
Friary. — A monastery or convent of friars.
GipciERE. — A small satchel, wallet, or purse.
Good Friday. — A fast in memory of the sufferings and death of Christ, cele
brated on the Friday before Easter.
Gradual. — A part of the mass service, sung while the deacon was ascending
the steps. (Chradus,)
Graal. — ^The Saint Graal, or holy vessel, was supposed to have been the ves
sel in which the paschal lamb was placed at our Saviour's last supper.
Heretics. — A name given by papists to all Christians not of their church.
Hierarchy. — A sacred govemment or ecclesiastical establishment.
Holy rood day. — May 3. — A feast in memory of the pretended miraculous
finding of the true Cross, by Helena in the year 326.
Holy Water, a mixture of salt and water, blessed by the priest, to which the
papists attribute great virtues.
Host. — ^A term applied to the wafer, after it has been turned into a god by
the priest (from the I/atin hoslia, a sacrifice.)
I. H. S. and I. N. R. I. — Letters on the wafer that signify Jesus hominum Sal
vator, " Jesus the Saviour of men," and Jesus Na%arenus, Rex Judceorum, " Je
sus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews," being the initials of the Latin words.
Incense. — A rich perfume, burning of itself, or exhaled by fire, offered by Ro
manists in their worship.
Indulgence .-^In the Romish theology, the remission of temporal punishments
due to sin, and supposed to save the sinner from purgatory. The Popes have
made vast sums of money by the sale of them.
In petto. — Held in reserve.
Interdict. — A censure inflicted by popes or bishops, suspending the priests
from their functions, and consequently the performance of divine service. An
interdict forbids the performance of divine service in the place interdicted. This
ecclesiastical censure has fi-equenfly been inflicted in France, Italy, Germany and
England. Introit. — The beginning of public devotions among the Papists.
Jesuits. — A famous religious order in the Romish church, founded by Ignatius
Loyala, a Spaniard, A. D. 1534.
Jubilee. — A grand church solemnity, or ceremony, celebrated at Rome — now
every 25 years — wherein the Pope grants a plenary indulgence to all who visit the
churches of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome.
Kyrie Eleison. — " Lord, have mercy upon me !" a form of prayer often used.
Lammas Day. — August 1. Celebrated in the Romish church, in memory of St.
Peter's imprisonment.
Latria. — The kind of worship due to God and to the consecrated wafer, distin
guished from dulia or hyperdulia, paid to the saints, relics, &c. An unmeaning
distinction invented by Romanists to shield themselves from the charge of idolatry.
Legate, from Latin legatus. — A cardinal or bishop, whom the Pope sends as
his ambassador to sovereign princes.

724 GLOSSARY.
#
Lent, called in Latin quadragesima, — A time of mortification, during the space
of forty days, beginning on Ash- Wednesday and ending on Easter Sunday
wherein the people are enjoined to fast, in commemoration of our Saviour's fasting
in the desert.
Magdalen (St.) the religious of. — A denomination given to many communi
ties of nuns, consisting generally of penitent courtesans.
Malison. — A curse.
Maniple. — A portion of the dress of a priest in celebrating mass, worn upon
the left arm.
Mariolatry. — A term frequently and justly applied by protestants to the idol
atrous worship of the Virgin Mary.
Mass. — The office or prayers used in the Romish church at the celebration of
the eucharist. The sacrifice of the Mass is the pretended offering in sacri
fice of the body of Christ (created from the wafer by the priest) every time the
eucharist is celebrated, as a true propitiatory sacrifice for the living and the dead.
The word is supposed to be derived from the expression anciently used, when the
congregation was dismissed before the celebration of the sacrament " ita missa
est" (thus the congregation is dismissed). In process of time the word missa
(mass) was employed to designate the service, about to be performed.
Maunday Thursday. — The Thursday before Goo'd Friday -, probably so called,
from the Latin dies mandati ; that is, the day of command to commemorate the
charge given by our Saviour to his disciples before his last supper — or from the
word mandatum, a command, the first word of the anthem sung on that day (John
xiii., 34), " A new commandment," &c.
Mendicants. — Begging friars, as the Franciscans, Dominicans, &c.
Miracle. — A prodigy. Sorae effect which does not follow from the known
laws of nature.
J Miserere (have mercy), — A lamentation. The beginning of tiie 51st peniten
tial psalm.
Month's Mind. — A solemn office for the repose of the soul, performed one
month after decease.
Nativity of Christ. — Christmas day, December 25th.
Nativity of John the Baptist. — A festival held on the 24th of June.
Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mart.— A festival held September Sth.
Novitiate. — The time spent in a monastery or nunnery, by way of trial, before
a vow is taken.
No-vioe. — One who has entered a religious house, but not yet taken the vow.
Nun. — A woman secluded from the world in a nunnery, under a vow of perpe
tual chastity.
Nuncio. — ^An ambassador from the Pope to some Catholic prince or state.
Obit. — A funeral celebratioij or office for the dead.
Oblat^e. — Bread made without leaven and not consecrated, yet blessed upon
the altar ; anciently placed upon the breasts of the dead.
Orders. — The different ranks of the ministry in the Romish church. The
nuraber of orders is seven, ascending as follows : porter, reader, exorcist, acolyte,
sub-deaco3, deacon and priest.
Oriel. — A portico or court ; also, a small dining-room, near the hall, in monas
teries. Pall.— A pontifical garment worn by popes, archbishops,, &c., over the otlier
garments, as a sign of their jurisdiction.
Palm SuNDAY.^The Sunday next before Easter, kept in memory of the tri
umphant entry of Christ into Jerusalem.
Palmer.— A wandering votary of religion, vowed to have no settled home.
Pasch Eggs.— Easter eggs, from pascha— the pascha, the passover

GLOSSARY. 725
Passion Week. — The week preceding Easter, so called from our Saviour's pas-
Bion, crucifixion, &c.
Paten. — A littie plate used in the sacrament of the eucharist.
Paternoster. — (Our Father) the Lord's prayer. Also used for the chaplets of
beads, worn by nuns round their necks.
Patriarch. — A church dig-nitary superior to archbishops.
Pax, or Paxis (an instrument of peace), — A small plate of silver or gold, with
a crucifix engraved or raised upon it, which, in the ceremony of the mass, was
presented by the deacon to be kissed by the priest, and then to be handed round
and kissed by the people, who delivered it to each other, saying, " Peace be with
you." It is said to be now disused.
Pax. — The vessel in which the consecrated host is kept.
Penance. — Inffiction, public or private, by which papists profess to make satis
faction for their sins.
Peter-Pence. — An annual payment from various nations to the Pope ; at first
voluntary, but afterward demanded as a tribute. '
P1SCIN.S;. — Sinks where the priest emptied the water in which he washed his
hands, and all consecrated waste stuff was poured out.
Pis, or Pyx, — The box or shrine in which the consecrated host is kept.
Placebo. — The vesper hymn for the dead.
Planeta. — Gown, the same as the chasuble ; a kind of cape, open only at the
sides, worn at mass.
Plenary. — Full, complete. Plenary indulgence is the reraission of all the
purgatorian and other temporal penalty due up to the time it is given.
Portesse, or Portasse. — A breviary, a portable book of prayers.
Prior. — The officer in a priory, corresponding to an abbot in an abbey.
Priory. — A convent, in dignity below an abbey.
Purgatory. — A place in which souls are supposed by the Papists to be purged
by fire from carnal impurities, before they are received into heaven, unless deliv
ered by papal indulgences.
Requiem. — A hymn imploring for the dead requiem or rest.
Reredoss. — The screen supportmg the rood-loft.
Rocket. — The bishop's black satin vestment, worn with the lawn sleeves.
Rogation Week (from Kogo, to ask, pray). — The next week but one before
V/hitsunday, because certain litanies to saints are then used.
Rood.  An image of Christ on the cross in Romish churches.
Rood-loft. — In churches, the place where the cross is fixed.
Rosary. — A chaplet or string of beads, on which prayers are numbered. There
are ten small beads to every one large one. The small ones signify so many Ave
Marias, or prayers to the Virgin. The large ones so many paternosters, or pray
ers to God.
Sacrament.  Thus defined by the Romish authors of the catechism of the
council of Trent : " A thing subject to the senses, and professing, by divine insti
tution, at once the power of signifying sanctity and justice, and of imparting both
to the receiver." The sacramente of the Romish church are seven. Baptism, Con
firmation, Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Orders and Matrimony.
Sacring, Saunce, or Saints' Bell. — A small bell which is used to call to pray
ers and other holy offices.
Sacristy.  The place in a church where the sacred utensils and the conse
crated wafer are kept.
San Benito.  The garment worn by the victims of the Inquisition, at the Auto
da fe with devils and fiames painted on it. Those who were to be burnt alive had
tiie fiames pointing upward. Such as had escaped this horrible fate,. pointing
downward.

726 GLOSSARY.
Santa Casa, or Santissima Casa, the pretended Iwly house of the Virgin Mary,
carried by angels through the air, from Nazareth to Loretto in Italy.
Santa Soodella. — The pretended holy porringer in which the pap of the infant
Jesus was made, kept in the Sanla Casa, and exhibited to the pilgrims by Romish
priests. Saviour, Order of our. — A religious order so called, founded 1344, under the
rule of St. Augustine.
Scapular, or Scapttlary  A badge of peculiar veneration for the Virgin
Mary, said to have been given, in person, by the Virgin Mary to a hermit named
Simon Stock, to be worn by her devotees as " a sign of salvation, a safe-guard in
danger, and a covenant of peace." It forms a part of the habit of several orders
of monks. Of the scapular there is a friary or fraternity, who profess a particular
devotion to the virgin. They are obliged to have certain prayers, and observe cer
tain austerities in their manner of life. The devotees of the scapular celebrate
their festival on the 10th of July.
SoLAViNA. — A long gown worn by pilgrims.
Shrift, or Shrive. — Confession to a priest.
Shrovetide. — The time of Confession.
Sins, the Seven mortal. — ^Pride, idleness, envy, murder, covetousness, lust,
gluttony. Soutane. — ^A cassock, or clerical robe.
Stole. — A part of the emblematical dress of the priest, worn in celebrating
mass ; a kind bf linen scarf, hanging loosely from the shoulders in front.
Suffragan. — A bishop considered as subject to the metropolitan bishop.
Thurible. — ^A censer or smoke-pot to burn incense in.
Tonsure. — The particular manner of shaving the head, as practised by Romish
priests arid monks.
Trinity-Sunday. — A feast in honor of the Trinity on the octave of Whit
sunday. Viaticum (from Via, way), — The terra applied to the Eucharist, when adrain
istered to a dying person, or one who is on his way to the unseen world.
Vulgate. — A very ancient Latin translation of the Bible, made by Jerome, and
the only one, which the church of Rome acknowledges to be authentic. The
council of Trent placed the Vulgate higher in point of authority than the inspired
Hebrew and Greek texts.
Unhouselled. — ^Without receiving the sacrament.
Uesulines. — An order of nuns, who observe the rule of St. Augustine ; chiefiy
noted for educating young maidens. They take their name from their institutrix,
St. Ursula, and are clothed in white and black.
Weeping-Cross..— A cross where penitents ofiered theu- devotions.
Whitsunday, or Pentecost (fiftieth). — A feast in memory of the descent of the
Holy Ghost fifty days after the resurrection. Called Whitsuntide from the cate
chumens being anciently clothed in whiie, on this festival, at their Baptism.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
OF POPES, GENERAL COUNCILS, AND HEM.4.RKABLE EVENTS IN THB
HISTORY OP eomanism.
In ihefoUoming table, tlie list of ihe bishops of Rome up io 606, and the popes after
that (taken chiefiy from Bower), is printed in capitals with a cross f ,- ihe kings
of England, after tlie conquest, with an asterisk * ; and other famous sovereigns
in the same characters, without any mark.
In reference io ihe General Councils, ii is well knoion thai Romanists are divided
among themselves, into fiercely contending sects and parlies, as to which of the
cou-ncUs possess a claim to thai character. In compiling ihe complete list of the
General Councils embodied in the following table, we have adopted the most popu
lar and generally received list among Romanists, as given by Father Gahan in
his popular manual of Roman Catholic Church History, At the same time, we
have mentioned some other Courwils which have, by some Romish authors, been
regarded as General.

65. Martyrdom of the apostles Peter and Paul.
^ote. — Pkter is asserted by Romanists to have
been the first Popk of Rome. Of this, how
ever, there is not a particle of evidence. Dif
ferent and opposing lists are given of his sup
posed immediate successors, which have been
mentioned in this work (page 48. note), bat as
Romish writers disagree among themselves, we
shall commence our chronological catalogue of
the bishops of Rome, with Victor, who is the
first of whom anything of importance is cer
tainly known. The names previous to Victor,
generaUy inserted in the catalogues by apos
tolic Kuccessionists, sometiraes in one order
and sometimes in another, are Linus, Cletus, or
AaacletoB (sometimes one and sometimes two
persons), Clement, Evaristus, Alexander, Six
tus, Telesphorus, Hyginns, Pius, Anicetus, So-
ter, and Eleutheriua.
100. Death of the apostle John, the last of the
apostles.
192. t VICTOR, bishop of Eome. In the dispute
with the eastem Christians about the time of
observing Easter, Victor excluded thein from
fellowship wilh the church of Rome. This
ia the first instance on record of this kind of
Eomish tyranny and assumption. His excom
munication of the eastern Christians was re
garded by them aa of no authority whatever.
(See p. 32.)
201. tZEPHYRLNUS
219. tC.tLtXTDS.
5!23. tOBBANUS.
230. t PONTI ANUS.
235. t ANTERIUS.
336. tPABIANUS.
250 Paul the hermit, (luring the persecution of
becius, betakes himself to the deserts of Egypt,
where he lives for upwards of 90 yeara.
251. t CORNELIUS.
252. t LUCIUS.
253. t STEPHEN.
856. Council of Carthago relative to the baptism
of heretics St. Cyprian excomraamcated by
Stephen, bishop of Rome, for deciding con-
tranr to his opinion in this council. His cx-
conununicatioB regarded aa of no authonty,

which is n proof that papal supremacy was
not yet establishsd
257. t SIXTUS II.
258. Martyrdom of Cyprian, bishop of Carthage.
259. t DIONYSIUS.
269. t FELIX.
270. About thia time, Anthony, an Egyptian, the
founder of Monasticism, retires to the deserts,
where he continued till his death iu 356, at tbe
age of 105.
275. tEUTYCHIANUS.
2S3. t CAIUS.
296. t MARCELLINUS.
308. t MARCELLUS.
310. t EUSEBIUS.
311. t MELCHIADES.
312. Supposed miraculous conversion of the em
peror Constantino. He takes Christianity un
der the patronage of the State.
314. t SYliVESTER.
314. Ministers forbidden to marry after ordination
at the council of Aiiryra.
325. First General Council at J^ice. Arian
ism condemned, and the Nicene creed framed.
336. t MARK.
337. t JULIUS
347. Council of Sardis i^Uows of appeals to
Rome. One of the first steps toward papal
supremacy.
352. t LIBERIUS.
356. Death of Anthony the hermit, aged 105.
363. Attempt of Julian the apostate to rebuild the
temple at Jerusalem frustrated.
366. DAMASUS. Bloody contest between Da
masus and Ursicinus, his rival competitor for
the See of Rome. 137 pt-rsons killed in the
church itself.
372. Law of Valentinian, empowering the bishops
of Eome to judge other bishops.
381. Skconp General Council, first of Con-
stantinople. Thc distinct personality and deity
of the Holy Spirit declared, in opposition to
the tenets of Macedonius.

Missing Page

Missing Page

712

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

384. t SIRICIUS. ITie first bishop of Rome who
issued decrees enjoining celibacy on the clergy.
386. St. Ambrose professes miraculously to dis
cover the bodies of two saints, as he could not
consecrate the church at Milan without relics.
395. Jerome translates the bible into the Latin
Vulgate.
398. t ANASTASIUS.
402. t INNOCENT,
410. Rome besieged and sacked by Alaric, king
of the Goths.
417. t ZOSIMUS.
417. Appeal of Apiarius, a presbyter of Africa, to
Zosimus, bishop of Rome. The decree of
Zosimus in his favor rejected by the African
bishops, and their own independence asserted,
proving that papal supremacy was not yel es
tablished.
419. t BONIFACE.
422. tCELEfeTINE
430. Death of Augustine, bishop of Hippo.
4.31. ThirdlGenera.l Codncic, at Ephesus, con
demns Nestorius for refusing to apply to the
Virgin Mary, ^e title of '• Mother of God."
The result of this controversy contributes much
toward originating the idolatrous worship of
the Virgin. Opinions of Pelagius also con
demned.
432. t SIXTUS in.
440 tLEO THE GREAT.
451. Fourth General ConNCiL at Chalcedon.
The opinions of Eutyches condemned, relative
to the nature of Christ. This council decrees
the same rights and honors lo the bishop of
Constantinople as to the bishop of Rome.
452. Leo, bishop of Rome, vjsits the camp of the
ferocious Attila, king of the Huns, and pre
vails upon him to retire fiom Italy.
454. Rome taken and pillaged by Genseric, king
of the Vandals.
461. tHILARUJS.
461. Death of Symeon Stylites, the pillar saint,
aged 69, after spending 47 years on tops of dif
ferent columns ; the last of which was 60 feet
high.
467. fSIMPLIClUS.
476. End ofthe Western empire. Auguatulus de
posed and banished by Odoacer, the Gfothic
conqueror, king of the Heruli.
483. r FELIX n,
493. tGBLASrUS.
496. t ANASTASIUS II.
496. Dec. 25, Clovis, king of the Franks, baptized
with 3000 of his subjects.
498. t SYMMACHUS.
500. Fierce and bloody schism at Rome between
the rival bishops Symmachus and Laurentius.
514. jHORMISDAS.
523. tJOHN.
526. t FELIX.
529. Benedict founds the order of Benedictine
monks, and builds his monastery on Mount
Gassino. The monks of Clugni, the Carthu
sians, the Cistercians, and the Celestines, es
tablished in after ages, were regarded as dif
ferent branches of the Benedictine order.
530. t BONIFACE IL Another disgraceful
schism at Rome between Boniface II. and Di-
oscurus.
532. t JOHN n.
535. tAGAPETUS.
. 536. t SILVERIUS.
537. t VIGILIUS, who succeeds Silverius, after
intriguing with the Emperor to drive him from
his See.

553. Fifth General Council, second of Con
stantinople. The opinions of Origen con
demned.
555. t PELAGIUS.
560. tJOHN IU.
574. t BENEDICT.
578. t PELAGIUS II.
590. t GREGORY THE GREAT.
591. Gregory strenuously opposes the title of
Universal Bishop, which had been assumed
by the bishop of Constantinople, and pro
nounces him who accepts it to have the pride
and character of anti-Christ. In opposition to
- it, hypocritically adopts for himself the title
' Servus Servorum Dei '— ' Servant of the ser
vants of God."
596. Augustin the monk lands in Kent, England,
as a missionary from Rome- Ten thousand
baptized on Christinas day.
601. Gregory oi ders that images should be useij
in churches, but not worshipped.
602. Phocas, a centurion, cruelly murders the em
peror Mauritius, his wife and children, and
usurps his throne
605. tSABINIAN.
606. JPOPE BONIFACE III. EPOCH OF THE
PAPAL SUPREMACY. Birth of Popery pro
per. Boniface obtains from the tyrant and
murderer Phocas the title of Universal
Bishop, and the Pope is thus proved to be
ahti-Christ, Saint Gregory being witness.
Boniface, properly speaking, was the first of
the popes.
608. t BONIFACE IV.
615. jDEUSDEDIT.
619. t BONIFACE V.
622. Era of the Hegira,, or fiight of Mahomet
from Mecca to Medina.
625. t HONORIUS.
634. Commencement of the Monothelite contro
versy.
636. Jerusalem taken by the Saracens under
Omar, who retain it 429 years, till taken by
the Turks in 1065.
638. t SEVERINUS.
640. t JOHN rv.
642. tTHEODORE. ,
649. t MARTIN, who was banished by the em
peror Constans II. to Taurica Chersonesus,
where he died.
656. t EUGENIUS.
657. tVITALIANUS.
667. The Pope by his sole authority appoints Theo
dore, archbishop of Canterbury, who is de-
tained'thrce months at Rome to have his head
shaved with the Romish tonsure.
672. t ADEODATUS.
676. t BONUS.
678. t AGATHO.
680. Sixth General Council, third of Constan
tinople, condemns Monothelitism and anathe
matizes pope Honorius for heresy.
682. t LEO n.
684. t BENEDICT II., who obtains a decree
from the eraperor Constantine IV., permitting
the election of popes wirhout imperial con
firmation. Revoked by Justinian two years
after.
685. t JOHN V.
686. tCONON.
687. t SERGIUS.
692. The council at Constantinople called Quini-
sext, because regarded as supplementary to
the fifth ^nd sixth general councils. Causes
great contention between the East and West.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

713

TOI, tJOHN VL
715. tJOHN VU.
708. tSISINNIUS
708. t CONSTANTINE.
710. The emperor Justinian kisses the feet of pope
Constantine, while on a visit to Constantinople.
Supposed to be the origin of the custom of
kissing the Pope's feet,
715. t GREGORY II.
726. Commencement of the great controversy on
image worship. The emperor Leo issues his
first decree agtunst image-worship.
730. Leo's second decree enjoining the removal or
destruction of images, occasions tumults at
Constantinople and Rome.
732. t GREGORY HL
734. The Emperor sends a fleet against the re
fractory Romans, which is lost at sea.
740. Luitprand, king of the Lombards, invades
and lays waste the papal territories, and tlie
Pope applies fi)r help to Charles Martel, mayor
of the palace in France.
741 . Death of the emperor Leo, the great opposer,
and pope Gregory, the great advocate of
image worship, and also of Charies Martel, all
in the same year.
741. t ZACHARY.
751. PEPIN of France, son of Martel, encouraged
by pope Zachary, dethrones king Childeric
UI. of France, and usurps his place.
752. t STEPHEN II.
754. Council at Constantinople, called by the em
peror Constantine V., condemns image-wor
ship. The Greek church claims this as the
seventh general councU. The Romish church
denies it.
756. EPOCH OF THE POPES' TEMPORAL
SOVEREIGNTY. Pepin of France compels
Aistulphus, king of the Lombards, to yield up
the exarchate of Ravenna, to the See of Rome,
which thus becomes a temporal monarchy.
757. tPAUL.
767. t STEPHEN IU.
772. t ADRIAN.
772. CHARLEMAGNE of France, son of Pepin.
774. Charlemagne visits Rome, and confirms and
enlarges the donation of Pepin.
781. Charlemagne visits Rome a second time, and
causes his son Carloman to be crowned king
of Lombardy, and Lewis, king of Aquitaine.
787. Seventh General Council. The infamous
empress Irene convenes the second council of
Jifice, called by the Latiia the seventh general
council^ which establishes the worship of
images.
794. The body of Albanus, the proto-martyr of
BritEiin, said to be revealed to Offa, king of
Mercia, who build St. Alban's monastery.
795. tLEO IU.
800. Charlemagne crowned emperor of the
RoaiANs by pope Leo, at Rome.
817. t PASCHAL.
824. t EUGENIUS IL
827. t VALENTINE.
©7, * EGBERT of England, who unites the se
ven kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy into
oue kingdom.
828. t GREGORY IV.
831 . Paschasius Radbert, the inventor of TV ansub-
stantiation, publishes his treatise on that sub
ject.
644. t SERGIUS IL This pope changed his
original name of Os Porci, upon the pretext of
inutating the Saviour, who altered Simon to
Peter. This is the origin of the custom that
has ever since been followed of every pope
assuming a new appellative after his election.

847. Rabnnus Maurus writes in opposition tu Piis-
chasius, against the newly-invented doculno
of Transubstantiation.
855. t BENEDICT UI. '
858. t NICHOLAS.
863. t Fatal schism between thc Latin aud thc
Greek churches. Pope Nicholas excommuni
cates Photius, who had been appointed patri
arch of Constantinople by the emperor Michael,
in the pjaceof Ignatius, upon the appeal of tho
latter to Nicholas. The excom mur. i cation ia
disregarded, and Photius in his turn excommu
nicates the Pope.
867. t ADRIAN U.
869. Eighth General Council, tlie fourth of
Constantinople. At this council thc legates of
pope Adrian presided ; Photius, the patriarch
of Constantinople, was deposed, and the ban
ished patriarch Ignatius appointed in his stead,
who had been recalled from his exile by the
emperor Basil, the murderer of his predecessor.
This proceeding partially healed the schism
between the Latin and Greek churches.
872. tJOHN VIII.
872. * ALFRED THE GREAT, of England.
875. CHARLES THE BALD, grandson of Charie-
magne, after a fierce contest with other de
scendant of Charlemagne, crowned Emperor
at Rome on Christmas day, by pope John VIIL,
who was rewarded by Charles with many
costiy presents. From this time, the popes
claimed the right of confirming the election of
the emperors.
882. IMARINUS.
884. 1 ADRIAN IU.
885. t STEPHEN V.
89L tFORMOSUS. .
896. t BONIFACE VL
896. t STEPHEN VL
897. t ROMANUS.
898. t THEODORE IL
898. t JOHN IX.
900. t BENEDICT IV
903. tLEO V.
903. t CHRISTOPHER.
904. t SERGIUS III. At this time a notorious
prostitute named Theodora and her two equal
ly infamous daughters, Theodora and Marozia,
ruled at Rome, and appointed popes by their
influence. Pope Sergius had a bastard son by
Marozia, who was afterward made pope
(JohnXI.), through Ihe influence ofhis mother.
911. t ANASTASIUS III
913. tLANDO.
914. tJOHN X.
929. t LEO VI.
929. t STEPHEN VU.
931. JOHN XI. He was the bastard son of the
harlot Marozia, by pope Sergius IIL
936. t LEO VIL
939. t STEPHEN VIIL
941. Dunstan, the English monk, made abbot of
Glastonbury.
942. tMARINUS U.
946. t AGAPETUS IL
956. tJOHN XIL
960. Dunstan made archbishop of Canterbury.
963. tLEO VIII.
965. tJOHN XIIL
968. Custom of baptizing bells introduced by pope
John XIU., who places a new bell in the Late
ran, which he baptizes by the name of John.
969. A commission granted by king Edgar lo
Dunstan againstthe married clergy of England.
973. t BENEDICT VL

714

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

974. tDONUS II.
975. t BENEDICT VIL
984. tJOHN XIV.
985. tJOHN XV.
988. Death of Saint Dunstan.
993. Pope John XV. canonizes Saint Udalric.
This is the first lime a pope exercised alone
the prerogative of saint-making. In this year
the feast'Of AU Souls was established, through
the influence of Odilo, abbot of Clugni.
996. t GREGORY V.
999. t SILVESTER IL
' 1000. About tbis time a wide-spread panic pre
vailed relative to the expected conflagration
of the earth.
1003. tJOHN XVU.
1003. t JOHN XVIII.
1009. t SERGIUS IV.
1012. t BENEDICT Vtll.
1024. tJOHN XrX.
1033. t BENEDICT IX.
1045. Berenger of Tours publicly opposes Transub
stantiation. *
1045. t GREGORY VL
1046. t CLEMENT VL
1047. t DAMASUS IL
1048. tLEO IX.
1054. The schism between the Greek and Latin
churches made irreparable. Vehement dispute
between the patriarch Michael Cerularius and
pope Leo IX. Three papal legates sent to
Constantinople, who, before their return, pub
licly excommunicate Cerularius and all his ad
herents; who afterward excommunicates ),he
legates and their foHowers, and burns the act
of excommunication they had pronounced
against the Greeks,
1055. t VICTOR IL The monk Hildebrand, after
ward pope Gregory VIL, empowered to go to
Germany, and select a pope. Nominates Vic
tor U., who is chosen.
1056. HENRY IV., emprf-or of Germany.
1057. t STEPHEN IX.
1058. t BENEDICT X.
1053. t NICHOLAS IL
1059- Origin of the college of Cardinals. Pope
Nicholas issues a decree confining the elec
tion of future popes to the college of Cardinals,
and granting to the great body of the clergy
and the Roman people, who had heretofore
had a vote in the elections, only a negative
power. This negative power was annulled a
century later under pope Alexander III,
1061 t ALEXANDER IL
1065. Jerusalem taken by the Turks from the Sara
cens.
1066. * WILLIAM THE CONaUEROR. Con
quest of England, under the sanction of the
Pope, by William of Normandy.
1073. t GREGORY VIL, or HILDEBRAND.
1075. Commencement of the controversy between
the Pope and the Emperor relative to investi
tures of bishops.
1077 The emperor Henry IV. excommunicated
and deposed by pope Gregory VIL, and his
subjects absolved from their allegiance. Sub
mits to the Pope, and stands three days in the
court of the Pope's palace before admitted to
his presence.
1078. Berenger compelled to renounce his opinions
against Transubstantiation.
1086. t VICTOR III.
1087. * WILLIAM H (Rufus) of England.
1088. t URBAN U,
1088 Berenger dies persisting in his opjnjons against

Transubstantiation, and bitteriy repenting Ms
dissimulation.
1091. Under pope Urban, the ceremony of sprink
ling the forehead with ashes on Ash-Wednes
day is efiitablished, in a council at Benevento.
1095. First invention of rosarief to pray by.
1095. Crusades, to the Holy Land resolved on In
the council of Clermont, under pope Urban.
First Orusade under Peter tbe hermit.
1098. Council at Rome, in which pope Urban ar
gues against clerical homage to kings, because
to priests it is granted "to create God, the
Creator of all things.*'
1099. t PASCHAL U.
Ib99. Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders.
1100. * HENRY L, of England.
1109. Death of Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury,
after a fierce contest with king Henry, who is
in no haste to appoint a successor.
1113. Knights of John of Jerusalem associated.
1118. tGELASIUS IL
1118. Order cf Knights Templars formed.
ni9. t CALIXTUS IL
1122-, Ninth General Council, First in the
Lateran palace at Rome chiefiy on the subject
of investitures. Plenary indulgence granted
to crusaders to Palestine.
1,124. t HONORIUS IL
1126. The Pope grants a commission to his legale,
cardinal Crema, against the married clergy of
England, who is himself detected in the gross
est licentiousness, the night after the national
council.
1130. t INNOCENT IL
1135. * STEPHEN (of Blois), king of England.
1139. Tenth General Council, second of Lata-
ran,, relative to a schism in the papacy, caused
hythe claims of Peter Leo, called by his ad
herents Anacletus IL The doctrines of Arnold
of Brescia condemned, who had maintained
that the Pope aud the priesthood should only
possess a spiritual authority, and be supported
by the voluntary ofierings of the people.
1143. t CELESTINE IL
1144. t LUCIUS IL
1115. t EUGENIUS UI.
] 147. Second crusade^ excited by St, Bernard.
1152. FREDERICK (Barbarossa), of Germany.
1152. Gratian's papal decretals collected.
1153. t ANASTASIUS IV.
1154. t ADRIAN IV.
1154. * HENRY IL (Plantagenet), king of England.
1155. Arnold of Brescia burnt.
1155. King Henry receives Ireland as ^gift from
pope Adrian. Commencement of the contest
between t^^e popes and the emperor Frederick
Barbarossa.
1159. t ALEXANDER IIL
1159. Thirty dissenters from Popery are pe^ecuted
to death in England. First instances of death
for heresy in that country.
159. Peter Waldo preaches against the corruptions
of Popery.
J 161. Kings Henry IL of England, and Louis VIL
of France, lead together the Pope's horse at
the castie of Toici on the Loire.
1163. Beginning of the dispute between the king
of England and Thomas a Becket.
1171. Murder of Becket, who is soon after canon
ized.
1177. Frederick Barbarossa leads the Pope's mula
through St Marks Square.
ina Eleventh Gjbnbral Council, third of
Lateran. Pope Alexander issues a violent
and cruel edict against the Albigenses, oi Wal-

CHRONOLOGICAL TAULE.

715

denses. At this council it was ordained that a
two-thirds vote of the cardinals should in th-
ture be necessary to the election of a pope.
1181, t LUCIUS m.
1184. Pope Lucius issues a cruel edict ogtunst the
Waldensian heretic^.
1185. t URBAN m.
1187. t GREGORY VIIL
1187. Jerusalem re-taken by Saladin.
1188. t CLEMENT IU.
1189. * RICHARD II. (Cceur de Lion), of England.
1189. Third crusade, under king Richard of Eng
land, and Philip Augustus of France.
1191. t CELESTINE IU.
1192. Battle of Ascalon. Saludln defeated by
Richard,^Cceur de Lion.
1198. t INNOCENT IIL
1198. Pope Innocent sends his orders to king Rich
ard of England, and the archbishop of Can-
leibury, to demolish the works of an episcopal
palace commenced at Lambeth, which they re-
luctantiy obeyed in the January and February
following. With this year the Annals of
Baronius close, and the Annals of Raynaldus
commence.
1199. *JOHN of England.
1202. Fourth crusade sets out from Venice.
1207. Pope Innocent and his legate excommunicate
count Raimond of Thoulouse for refusing to
exterminate his heretical subjects. Compels a
few monks at Rome to choose Langton arch
bishop of Canterbury. Commencement of the
Mendicant orders, the Dominicans and Fran
ciscans.
1208. In consequence of king John s opposition to
Langton, the Pope lays England under an in
terdict.
1209. Otho crowned Emperor at Rome, after tak
ing an oath of allegiance to the Pope. Cru
sade against the Albigenses in France com
menced. Destruction of Beziers, &c.
1211. King John excommunicated. Lavaur taken
by the bloody Montfort and the crusaders in
France, and the inhabitants burnt for heresy.
1212. FREDERICK IL, of Germany.
1213. King John's disgraceful submission to Pan-
dulph, the Pope's Legate. Yields up his king
dom, and receives it back aa a vassal of the
Pope.
1215. Twelfth General Council, fourth of
Lateran. Transubstantiation first declared an
article of faith. Auricular confession to a
priest enjoined at least once a year. Decree
of pope Innocent IIL passed for the persecu-
tiun of heretics, and enjoining upon all princes
the duty of extirpating ihem out of their do
minions. In the same council. Innocent ex
communicated the barons of England, for their
opposition to his now faithful vassal, king
John.
1215. Magna Charta^ the great charter of English
liberty, extorted by the barons of England
from king John, who signs it at Runnymede.
1216. * HENRY UI , of England.
1216. t HONORIUS IIL
1227. t GREGORY IX.
1228. The emperor Frederick makes an expedition
to Palestine, and the Pope invades his do
minions in his absence.
1233. The Inquisition established, and committed
to the charge of the Dominicans.
1239 Frederick is publicly and soleranly excommu
nicated on account of his quarrel with pope
Gregory.
1241. t CELESTINE IV.
1243. t INNOCENT IV.
1245. Thirteenth General Council. Firat

of Lyons. The omperm- Frederick deposed
by pope Innocent IV. The Cuidiiials first dia
tinguished hi this council by iho ricj) hat.
1248. Fifth crusade, under St. Louis of France.
1250. Frederick II. dies after a lon^; anil successful
opposition both to the temporiil and spiritual
weapons of Uie Pope.
1254, t ALEXANDER IV.
1261. t URBAN IV.
1264. The festival of Corpus Christi^ or body of
Cliristi in which the consecrated wafer is car
ried about in procession, instituted by pope
Urban IV.
1265. t CLEMENT IX.
1265. Charles of Atyou, at the invitation of the
Pope, inviidea Sicily; kills Manfrijd, son of
Frederick II. , the head of the Ghibeline party,
and usurps his throne.
1568. t GREGORY X.
1273. * EDWARD L, of England.
1274. Fourteenth General Council. Second
of Lyons. To consider the re-union of the
Greek and Latin churches, and the state of
the Christians in Palestine. Election of popes
in conclave decreed.
1276, t INNOCENT V,
1276. t ADRIAN V.
1277, t NICHOLAS IIL
1278. Pope Nicholas IU. obtains from the emperor
Rudolph of Hapsburg, a deed of the independ
ence of the Papal States on the Empire.
1280. t MARTIN IV.
1281. Pope Martin excommunicates the emperor
of Constantinople.
1282, The Sicilian vespers, a massacre in which
more than 4000 French were destroyed in
Sicily.
1285, t HONORIUS IV.
1288. t NICHOLAS IV.
1292. t CELESTINE V., the hermit.
1294. t BONIFACE VUI. This haughty and tjp-
rannical man ascends the papal throne after
persuading the simple-minded Celestine to re
sign,
1298. OTTOMAN, or OTHMAN, the founder and
firs! Sultan of the Turkish empire.
1300. Establishment of the Romish Jubilee. A
vast multitude at the Jubilee of Boniface at
Rome. Comraencement of the quarrel be
tween pope Boniface and Philip the, Fair of
France, Boniface issues his famous bull
Unam Sanctam.
1303. t BENEDICT XL
1304. t CLEMENT V.
1305, Commencement of the residence of the
popes at Avignon in France, frequentiy called
by the Romans the seventy years captivity in
Babylon.
1307. *PDWARD U.
1309. Fifteenth General Council, at Vienne,
in France. The order of Knights Templars
suppressed, and many of them cruelly tortured
and slain upon raost absurd charges.
1314. t JOHN XXU.
1324. Birth of the English Reformer, John Wick-
LiFP, the morning star of the Reformation.
1327. * EDWARD UI.
1334. t BENEDICT XU.
1342. t CLEMENT VI., who reduces the tirae of
the Jubilee to once in 50 years.
1347. Suppression of the Flagellants, or flelf-whi[H
pers, on account of their sensuajjtj.
1350. Celebrated Jubilee of Clement VL at Rome.
1352. t INNOCENT VJ.
1362. t URBAN V.

716

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

1371, tGREGORY XI.
1373. Birth of John Huss, the Bohemian reformer
and martyr.
1374. Pope Gregory XL, at the persuasions of
Saint Catherine of Sienna, removes his court
from Avignon to Rome. End of the seventy
years* captivity,
1377, * RICHARD U.
1378. * URBAN VL Tumult of the populace at
Rome for an Italian pope, in consequence of
which Urban VL is elected. The cardinals
retire to Fondi, and elect another pope, the
cardinal of Geneva, known as Clement VII.
This is the origin of the Great Western Schism,
which continued till the election df Martin V.
by the coimcil of Constance, A, D. 1417. John
Wickliff writes his work " on the Schism of
the Popes."
1383. Wickliff completes his translation of the
New Testament.
1384. Wickliff dies, and is buried in the chancel
of his church at Lutterworth.
1389. t BONIFACE IX.
1399. * HENRY IV.
1400. Cruel outrage of the papists upon the Wal
denses in the valley of Pragela.
1404. t INNOCENT VU.
1406. t GREGORY XIL
1409. t ALEXANDER V.
1409. Council of Pisa, called by some writers the.
Sixteenth General Council, assembles to heal
the papal Schism, but only makes it v^orse by
electing a third pope, known as Alexand«r V,
There were now three rival popes, cursing and
excommunicating each other.
1410. t JOHN XXIIL
1410. John Huss excommunicated by the Pope.
1413. * HENRY V. of England.
1414^1418. Sixteenth General Council, at Con
stance, which condemns John Huss and Je
rome, who are burnt alive, orders Wick-
liflT's bones to be dug up and burnt, and ter
minates the Western Schism by the election
of pope Martin V.
1417. t MARTIN .V.
1418. John Oldcastle (Lord Cobham) roasted alive
by the papists in England.
1422. * HENRY VI.
1421. Death of John Zisca of Bohemia.
1428. The bones of Wickliff, the first translator of
the New Testament into English, dug up and
burned, 44 years after his death, according to
the sentence of the council of Constance.
1431, t EUGENIUS IV.
1431-1443. Council of Basil, regarded by some as a
General Council. Protracted quarrel between
this council and pope Eugenius, with his oppo
sition council of Ferrara.
14.37, Seventeenth General Council, at Fer
rara, and afterwards at Florence. .Sustains
the cause of pope Eugenius againstthe council
of Basil.
1 444. Invention of printing.
3447. t NICHOLAS V.
1450. Jubilee of pope Nicholas at Rome. Acci
dent by which ninety- seven persons were
thrown frora the bridge of St. Angelo and
drowned, in consequence of the throng.
1453. Capture of Constantinople by the Turks.
1455. t CALIXTUS IU.
1458. t PIUS n. (iEneas Sylvius).
1461. * EDWARD IV. of England.
1464. t PAUL U.
1471. t SIXTUS IV.
1472. Pope Sixtus issues his bulls against the free
dom of the press.

1483. * EDWARD V. of England.
1483. * RICHARD UL of England.
1483. Birth of Martin Luther, the great German
reformer.
1484. t INNOCENT VUL
1485. * HENRY VU. of England.
1487. Pope Innocent VIII. issues a violent bull
for the extirpation of the Waldenses,
1491. Conquest of Granada by Ferdinand amf
Isabella. End of the Moorish kingdom ia
Spain.
1491. Birth of Ignatius Loyala, the foimder of the
Jesuits.
1492. t ALEXANDER VL, the Devil's master
piece.
14^. Columbus discovered America.
1493. May 2d. Pope Alexander VL issues his bull
granting the newly-discovered regions of
America to the Spaniards.
1501. Pope Alexander VI. decrees that no book
shall be printed in any diocess without the
sanction of the bishop.
15(E. Tetzel, the Dominican friar, appointed seller
of indulgences.
1503. t JULIUS IL, the warrior.
1506. Foundation stone of St. Peter's church laid
by pope Julius.
1509. '* HENRY VIIL of England.
1510, Luther dispatched on a journey to Rome on
behalf of his monastery at Wittemberg.
1511. CouncU of Pisa. They quarrel with pope
Julius, and pass a decree suspending hiih from
his oflice.
1512-1517. Fifth council of Lateran. The pro
ceedings of the council of Pisa annulled and
condemnedby order of pope Julius. Decrees
passed forbidding, under heavy penalties, the
freedom ofthe press, and enjoining the extirpa
tion of heretics.
1513. tLEO X.
1515. FRANCIS I. of France.
1516. CHARLES V., emperor
1516, Zwingle, the Swiss reformer, begins to pub
lish the gospel at the convent of Einsidlen.
1517. Luther begins his opposition to the proceed
ings of Tetzel, the peddler of indulgences.
Oct, 31. Fixes his theses against indulgences to
the door of the church at Wittemberg.
1518. August 23d. Cardinal Cajetan comraissioned
as legate by pope Leo to reduce Luther to sub
mission.October 7-17th. Luther at Augsburg before
Cajetan.November 28th. Luther appeals from the Pope
to a general council.
December. Zwingle appointed preacher in the
cathedral of Zurich, in Switzerland.
1520. June 15. Bull of pope Leo anathematizing the
books and doctrines of Luther.
October 6th. Luther publishes his famous
tract on the Babylonish captivity ofthe church.
December 10th. Luther bums the Pope's bull
iu Wittemberg.
1521. Cortez completes his conquest of Mexico
152L January 3d. Leo issues his bull excommun^
eating Luther as an incorrigible heretic.
April 17. Luther's first appearance before the
Diet of Worms.
April 28. On his return from the Diet, he is
seized and confined in the castle of Wartburg.
where he translates the New Testament into
Gerraan.
1522. t ADRIAN VL
1523. t CLEMENT VU

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

717

1SS5. Battle of Favia. Francia I. taken prisoner
by Cliaries V.
1539. Diet of Spires, in which the popish party
triumphed. Reformers called Protestants
for protesting against the decision of this Diet.
1534. tPAUL III.
1534. Ignatius Loyala, Lainez, Xavier, and four
others, form themselves into " the Society
or Jescs."
1540. The order of Jesuits sanctioned by a bull
of pope Paul.
1540. Dissolution of monasteries in England by
Henry VIU.
1545. Eighteenth Generai. Council at Trent
begins Dec. 13th.
1546. Feb. 18th. &uther*s death during a visit to
his native village at Eisleben.
1547. * EDW.\RD vl Of England.
1550. t JULIUS IU.
1552. Francis Xavier, the apostle of the Indians,
dies m sight of China.
1553. * MARY of England.
1555. t MARCELLUS U.
1555. tPAUL IV.
1555. dueen Mary begins her persecutions.
Oct. 16th. Latimer and Ridley burnt.
1556. March 21st. Cranmer burnt.
1558. *ELIZABETH of England.
1560. tPius rv.
1560. CHARLES IX. of France.
1560. Inquiry in Spain relative to priestly solicita
tion of females at confession. Number of
criminals found so great that the Inquisition
deemed it expedient to hush it up, and consign
the depositions to oblivion.
1560. Horrible butchery ofthe Waldenses of Cala
bria, by order of Pius IV.
1560. Reformation in Scotland, completed by John
Knox.
1563. December 4th. Closing session of the council
of Trent.
1566. tPIUS V.
1569. Pope Pius V. issues his bull of excommuni
cation and deposition against queen Elizabeth.
157S. t GREGORY XIU.
1572. August 24. The horrible massacre of St. Bar
tholomew's in France.
1582. The JVew Style introduced into Italy by pope
Gregory, who ordered the 5th of October to be
counted the 15th.
1585. t SIXTUS V.
1587. Mary, queen of Scots, beheaded.
1590. t URBAN VU.
1590. tGREGORY XIV.
1591. t INNOCENT IX.
1592. t CLEMENT Vm.
1596. Baronius, the great Romish annalist, raised
to the dignity of Cardinal.
1598. Tolerating edict in France, called the edict
of Nantes.
1603. * JAMES 1, of England.
1604. Jesuits expelled from England by royal pro
clamation.
1605 The gunpowder plot of the Jesuit Garnet
and others, to blow up the English king and
both houses of parliament
1606. tLEO XL
1606. tPAUL V.
1609. Galileo discovers the Satellites of Jupiter.
1621. tGREGORY XV.
1622. Establishment of the CSon^e^otim De Pro
paganda Fide at Eome.
1823 t URBAN VUI.

1625. * CHARLES I. of England.
1627. Establishment of the College De Propaganda
Fide.
1631. Daill6 writes his celebrated work on the
Fathers.
1633. Galileo imprisoned by the Inquisition for as
serting that the eartli moves.
1641. October 23. Irish rebellion, and bloody mas
sacre of the Protestants.
1643. LOUIS XIV. of France.
1644. t INNOCENT X.
1649. * COMMONWEALTH. Oliver CromweU.
1655. t ALEXANDER VIL
1660. * CHARLES II. of England.
1666. Great flre of London.
1667. t CLEMENT IX.
1670. t CLEMENT X.
1676. t INNOCENT XI.
1685. * JAMES II.
1685. Revocation of the edict of Nantes by Louis
XIV. Renewal of cruel persecutions in Franca
1689. * WILLIAM III. and MARY of England.
1689. t ALEXANDER VIII.
1692. t INNOCENT XII
1700. t CLEMENT XI.
1702. *ANNE of England.
1704. Pope Clement XI. decides againstthe Jesuits'
mode of converting- the Chinesei by adopting
their heathen ceremonies.
1713. Pope Clement's bull unigenitus, against the
Jansenist 4uesnei's work on the New Test.i-
ment.
1714. * GEORGE L of England.
1715. LOUIS XV. of France.
1715. Pope Clement's second decree allowing the
Cliinese heathen ceremonies in Christian wor
ship, if regarded as civil and not religious in
stitutions.
1724. t BENEDICT XUI.
1727. * GEORGE II. of England.
1730. t CLEMENT XIL
1740. t BENEDICT XIV.
J752. JVeffl Style introduced in Britain. Septem
ber 3d reckoned 14th.
1758. t CLEMENT XIIL
1759. Jesuits expelled from Portugal.
1700. * GEORGE IH. of England.
1762. Martyrdom of the Huguenot pastor Rochette
and the brothers Grenier, at Thoulouse in
France.
1764. Jesuits expelled from France.
1767. " " from Spain.
1768. " " from the Two Sicilies and
Parma.
1769. t CLEMENT XIV.
1773. July 21st. Bull of pope Ganganelli, or Cle
ment Xrv., flnally abolishing the order of the
Jesuits.
1774. rPIUS VI.
1774. LOUIS XVI. of France.
1781. November 7th. A woman burnt alive at Se
ville. The last public burning of the Inquisi
tion in Spain.
1798. The papal government suppressed by the
French. Feb. 26. The Pope quits Rome, and retires for
refuge to a convent near Florence. Afterward
transferred to France, where he died m Au
gust, 1799.
1800 t PIUS vn. The Cardinals at Venice elect
cardinal Chiaramonti as Pope, who is crowned
at Venice on the 2lBt of March.

718

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

ISOO. July 25. Bonaparte restores the Pope to his
sovereignty at Rome, who raakes his public
entry July 25th.
1808. The Inquisition in Spain suppressed by Bona
parte.
1809. Pope Pius VU. deposed by the French (May
I7th), and taken captive to France.
1814. The Pope is restored to freedom and power,
after a. captivity of five years, upon the over
throw of Bonaparte by the allied armies.
1814. July 31st. Inquisition in Spain ro-established
upon the restoration of the Catholic king Fer
dinand VIL
1814. August 7th. Bull of pope Pius VII. restoring
the order of the Jesuits.
1S20. * GEORGE IV. of England.
1820. Inquisition In Spain finally suppressed by
the Cortes.
1822. t LEO xn.
18-25. The last popish Jubilee at Rom&
1829 tPius vm.
1330. * WILLIAM IV. of England.
1831. tGREGORY XVL
1637. Persecutions by the papists of tlfe protestant
exil^ of Zillerthal, who are driven from their

homes iu the Tyrol, to seek an asylum hi
Prussia.
1837. * VICTORIA of England.
1842. October 27th. Public burning of bibles by
. the Roraish priests at Charaplain, N. Y.
1844. May 2d. A woman conderaned to death for
heresy by the papists of the Portuguese island
of Madeira.
1844. May Sth. Bull of pope Gregory XVT. agamst
the Christian AUiance and Bible Societies.
1844. August Sth. The exhibition of the pretended
holy coat of our Saviour by the Romish' priests
at Treves, which continues till October 6th.
John Ronge, for protesting against this impo.<*-
ture, is eKcoramunicated, and forms a new
German Qatholic churc!^ upon protestant
principles. "^
1344. Civil war caused in Switzerland by the ef
forts of the Jesuits to obtain the control of
education.
1845. The British govemment (chiefly by means
of Sir Robert Peel) grants an endowment to
Maynooth Roman Catholic College in Ireland,
of 26,000 pounds, or over $120,000, annually
Causes an immense excitement among pro
testants in Great Britain.

NOTICES AND TESTIMONIALS
OF THE
STATESMAN'S MANUAL.
TWO VOLUMES LARGE OCTAVO.-1700 Paoes.
PRICE FIVE DOLLARS.
e. WAUKER, 114 FULTON. STREET, N.Y.
From the Democratic Review, August, 1846.
" The 30th of April last completed 57 years since the inaugural of George Wash
ington as the first President of these United States. A population of some 3,500,-
000 souls then occupied 13 states on the Atlantic coast, covering an area of some
473,000 square miles. The population of these United States has sweUed to
20,000,000. They have added S14,S10 square miles to their represented territory
They have risen to the first ranlc as a commercial nation, and have successfully
disputed with England the dominion of the seas. They have become an object of
dread to the despots of Europe, and of admiration and hope to the people of the
world. Their flag is respected in all quarters of the world, and their friendship
courted by all nations. They have successfully pushed their claims to the Pacific
Ocean, and in doing so have been declared in Europe as the first nation ' that
obtained from the fears of England what her sense of justice would not yield.
These wonderful results have, doubtless, mainly to be attributed to Ihe virtue, ener
gy, and freedom ofthe people ; but the successful working of our institutions under
eleven chief magistrates, from Washington to Polk, has been the necessary attendant
upon those elements. The whole development of this 'experiment' under the
action of the executives ; the successive steps by which every important event in
our progress has been met and overcome ; the annual growth of our importation
abroad ; the purchase and annexation of empires at home; the application of our
elastic institutions to a people and territory doubling every few years ; the changing
interests of the masses, and the working of internal politics, are all spread out in
one splendid coup deceit in the two volumes before us under the above title. The
messages and addresses of the presidents, following each other in chronological
order, keep the reader informed of every important event as it occurred, accompa
nied by an impartial statement of the leading events of each administration. A
complete index at the close ofthe 2d volume, adds great value to the whole, as a work
of prompt reference ; a chronological table of events, with tables of commerce, popu
lation and revenue, are also added. The whole forms a most complete library in
i self, of all that concerns the politics of the country. No individual should be
without these two volumes at hand for prompt reference. How many hours of
idle discussions and senseless debates might be spared to heated partizans, were
these books at hand for appeal. We shall have frequent occasion to refer to them.
From the JVew York Express of August 21, 1846.
" This is emphatically a national work, and as such eminently deserving of a
national support. Its editor, Mr. Edwin Williams, aa a compiler of statistics, is
geierally admitted to have no superior in the Union.
"The whole task has been executed with rare tact and fidelity The reader it
parried on smoothly, from the birthday of the nation to very nearly the present mo-

2 Critical Notices of ihe Statesman's Manual.
ment, and every topic of abiding interest is laid open to his view in a singularly
clear and graphic style. The history of each administration is an excellent feature
ofthe work. Every one is enabled to ascertain for himself, with all necessary ease,
accuracy and satisfaction, the several points of leading importance which mark the
career of the American Republic.
" It will be readily seen that a work embodying such a vast fund of intelligence
must prove indispensable to any one in the Union who makes pretensions to a
knowledge of public affairs.
From the Journal of Commerce of August 13, 1845.
" This is one of the most important books published in the U. S. for a long time
The country needs such a worS, in which by ready reference the citizen finds at
once all the valuable opinions on the course and policy of the nation, from the
beginning. " Mr. Williams manifests the first qualification for such a composition in his
regard for truth. His biographical sketches of the Presidents, and history of their
administrations, although written wfiile the minds of men yet feel the agitations of
party differences, are so fair in the statement of fact, and so reasonable in comment,
that party men read them without offence, and reasonable men of all parties ac
knowledge their truth."
From the Courier Sf Enquirer of Aug. 18, 1846.
" This is themost important contribution to American political history ever pub
lished, inasmuch as we have here, condensed into a convenient form, information
not elsewhere to be found, without consulting an immense number of volumes, and
even then the inquirer would be deficient in much of the matter in the book now
before us, as it is now first published.
" Mr. Williams, the Editor of this work, has had the benefit of more than
twenty-five years of political experience and intimacy with public men and mea
sures, and of course possesses advantages enjoyed by few persons for the task he has
performed, which we learn he has accomplished principally within the last twelve
months. Of the 1700 pages in this work, he has contributed nearly one-third, or
about 500 pages of his own, in Memoirs of the Presidents, Histories of their ad
ministrations, and of each session of Congress since 17S9 (about sixty in number) —
with a sketch of the successive rise and progress of parties in the United States, a
history of the events which led to the American Union, and the adoption of the
Coiistitution, &c. These various sketches are written in such a style of impar
tiality as cannot fail to be satisfactory to reasonable m.en of both parties.
" What adds greatly to the value of this work, is the copious analytical Index at
the end of the second volume, comprising thirty-five pages of doiible columns, and
over three thousand references to the subjects contained in the volumes, and this
Index is so arranged as of itsell to form a sort of political History of the United
States. " The tables of electoral votes given at each election of President and Vice Presi
dent, of Sessions of Congress, Presidents of the Senate and Speakers of the House
of Representatives, members of the different Cabinets, Ministers to foreign coun
tries from 1789 to 1846, annual expenditures of each Administration, Lists of
Judges of the Supreme Court from 1789 to the present time, synopsis of the diffe
rent State Constitutions, summary of the Census of the United States, and a chrono
logical table of political events, — will all be found extremely valuable to the states
man, the politician, and indeed to every class of inquirers.
" The work is published in a very handsome and even elegant style, and cannot
fail to find its way to the library of every person who feels the slightest interest ii
the history of the country. To all men in any way connected with, or interestei
in, public aflFairs, it is indispensable."
jsy-om the JVew York Herald, ofAug-ust 25, 1846.
" We hail the appearance of this work with no ordinary pleasure, as it is, in
truth, the best historical narrative of our political statistics that we have ever read'.
Commencing with the very inception of our government, Mr. Williams has, in a
clear and succinct manner, traced the. progress of prominent acts, legislative and
executive, connected with our national policy, from the first struggle for independ
ence down to the present period, when we hold an equal rank with the proudest
nations ofthe earth. Our historians, MarshaU, Sparks, Bancroft, Prescott, Pitkin,

Critical Notices of ihe Statesman's Manual. 3
aiid others, have severally distinguished themselves in biographical and historical
researches, all elucidating the history and character of our public men of different
periods ; but we venture to say that neither of these gentlemen has produced a work
of equal value, to American citizens of all classes, as the one now before us by Ed
win Williams. It has been executed in a most masterly manner, and gives its author
a wc-rrant to rank with the first of our living authors. No statesman, no politician,
no one who "pretends to speak to and guide the masses, ought to be without this
work. In fact, it should be the vade mecum of all politicians and statesmen, for if
you wish to refer to constitutional law, and ' the principles of '93,' a fa,vorite figure
with some — the Statesman's Manual is the great text-book to preach from.
The merest tyro in politics, or fledgling statesman, can at once qualify himself for
the high functions his ambition raay aim at, as a law-maker or ruler, by giving the
Manual a place in his library. With a cojiious index, embracing over 3000 subjects
of reference, tlie whole fills over 1,700 pages of reading matter, nearly 600 of these
being entirely original from its pains-taking author. If we mistake not, there will
be a large demand for this work in Europe, and, illustrating as it does so admirably
the practical operation of our system of government, it will, unquestionably, make a
profound impression there.
" ' The Statesman's Manual' is the best work we know of on republican
government — in fact, it is the best, we think, that has ever been published on the
science of government, of any description whatever, for it furnishes, throughout,
the varied and interesting development of the action of a free and enlightened
government on the multifarious interests of society, and demonstrates that the latter
are more fully and perfectly guarded under the segis of republican institutions than
any others we know of. It proves, moreover, that liberal institutions are best calcu
lated to foster and promote the interests of a people — for ransacking history as you
will, from the commencement of time to the present period, you can find nothing
aualogous to the perfect experiment of free government which was tried in 1776
More might be said relative to this valuable publication, but it is unnecessary."
The Commercial Advertizer, of August 14th, says : — " Such a work is invalu
able, and is offered at a comparatively low price in expectation of a large sale."
From the Luzerne Democrat, Wil/csbarre, Pa., August 26, 1846.
" The Statesman's Manual is a very valuable work, comprising a domplete
condensed political history of our country from the formation of our government
until the present time.
" As the sale of this work is confined to the publisher's agents, our citizens would
do well to embrace this opportunity to obtain the work."
From the Washingtonian, Washington, Ohio, Septemoer 1, 1846.
"it is but scanty praise to say that no work of equal value to the American
Statesman, Politician, Journalist, Historian, &c , &c., has ever before appeared.
Much valuable information, which many a man has vainly searched days for, is here
made familiar and easy."
From the Harrisburg (_Pa.) Argus, of August 26, 1846.
" We are indebted to the publisher (E. Walker, New York) for a copy of this
extremely valuable work. No politician, no man who desires to understand the
history of the several administrations of the General Government, should be without
a copy of it. As a book of reference, it is invaluable, comprising, as it does, in a
comparatively small compass, matters frequently sought after, which it would take
months to search for through other channels. The Editor has discharged his duty
with fidelity and impartiality, and the publisher has furnished, in a very neat style,
a work which is worth double the subscription price. We can safely recomiiiend
the Statesman's Manual to the patronage of the public."
AGENTS X^ANTED. — Good and responsible men wanted to obtain
subscribers for the STATEMAN'S MANUAL among the Legislatures of the va-
riniifl states of the Union at their next sessions. An early application is necessary
[f the choice of a state is de.^ired. E. WALKER, 1 14 Fulton St.. JV. K

6 Criiical Notices qf the Statesman's Manual.
From the Louisville, Ky., Morning Courier of January &th, 1S47 ,
"The Statesman's Manual. — 'The Addresses and Messages of the
Pbesidents of the United States, — Inaugural, Annual and Special, from 1789
to 1846 : with a Memoir of each of the Presidents, and a History of their adminis
trations ; also the Constitution of the United States, and a selection of important
documents and statistical information. Compiled from oflicial sources, by Edwin
Williams, 2 vols — New York : Edward Walker. 1846.' This title page, copious
as it is in details, scarcely gives a full view of the contents of this remarkable
work, and a mere description of it cannot impart a full knowledge of its importance,
its interest and value. There is no man that ever investigated a political subject
connected with American affairs, who did not feel the necessity of having just such
a book of reference as this, and its possession would have often saved hours of
search after facts. The work not only contains all the Messages of all the Presi
dents, but a notice of every prominent political event that has occurred since the
present government commenced its career. Mr WiUiams, the accomplished statis
tical writer, has managed to crowd into the historical sketches of the various adminis
trations a very perfect view of all the political events of each period ; the predomi
nant influences of eich term of administration are fully presented, and all are
vn-itten in a spirit of candor, of fairness, and of the strictest impartiality, that is
highly commendable. If he has any partisan feeling, he has managed to keep it
well subdued to the governing principle of his great undertaking. He presents
facts, and leaves his readers to draw their own conclusions, to form their own opi
nions, and to enlist their political sympathies where they please. It is scarcely pos- ,
sible to exaggerate the value of a work of this kind among a people who enjoy the
risht of universal suffrage ; from whom all power emanates, who give every politi
cal principle its ' form and pressure,' and who direct the vast machinery of govern
ment for their own aims and ends. These are the facts that render education of vital
importance to the people of the United States, since an intelligent action must
always have its supremacy as long as reason is the arbiter between right and wrong.
Afl:er the schools have performed their objects with the youth of the country, in
training them in the elements of active life, this book comes into play, for the great
purpose of indoctrinating the minds of che young with the principles on which the
government has been hitherto managed. These can never be acquired from the
catchwords or the political catechism of party ; these only serve to narrow the
mind, to cramp its energies, and to drill a man into the evolutions of some fugleman
who may be set up as the embodiment of all that is patriotic, great and noble, while
all who deviate but a hair's breadth from the perfectness of this fugleman, are anar
chists, destructives, architects of ruin, canaille and all other things that are impure or
polluted. This book, compiled with great fidelity by Mr. Williams, is best calculat
ed, of any that we know, to correct this lamentable and increasing state of thino-s, and
it sheuld be the ardent wish of every patriot, to see it evtensively circulated, to see
it put into the hands of the youth, just on the verge of manhood, in order that they may
learn from the authors themselves, the meaning.of that stereotyped expression of
party tactics— 'the return to the first and pure principles of the government'  and
may learn from the mind of each chief agent of the people entrusted with the helm of
public affairs, what he understood as the true republican principle. Throuo-h all
the storms of political warfare, in every hour of doubt or hesitation, this compila
tion of historical fdcts will sbed its light and lead to truthful conclusions.
" That father who does not. feel a pride in warping the mind of his son to his own
political tenets and dogmas, but prefers letting his reason take its fullest scope, to
range wherever information can be gathered, could not in the whole compass of
books, find anything to be compared to this, for the object in view. We know of
extensive libraries that might be culled, without finding the useful knowledge con
tained in this book — knowledge, essential alike to the voter, the political aspirant,
the editor, the legislaior and the statesman. No man can rise from its attentive
perusdl, without feelmg that he has found the key tothe prosperous issues that have
been reached by twenty millions of people, from a starting point of three millions ; and
while rejiiicinij in the great unfoldings of the sources bf the greatness of his coun
try, he will learn to reverence the mighty names that adorn the political history of
the United States. ^ ¦'
"We have dwelt 'longer than is our wont on subjects of this kind, on the merits ot
this work, because it has characteristics that will bear the most rigid scrutiny There

Critical Notices of the Statesman's Manual. 1
is a common defect in political works that does not belong to this, the want of a pro
perly arranged index to enable an inquirer to refer to the point where he may seek th«
information he wants. Mr Williams, as if determined to shut the door against
everything like cavilling, has mitfle a copious table of contents for each volume, a
minute and complete analytical index, a perfect miniature history in itself, and a
chronological table of the principal political and other events in American history,
from the discovery in 14ya to 1846. A man might easily spend hundreds of dollars
in American political works, without putting himself in possession of the informa
tion contained in these volumes, and these are afforded at the very low price df flve
dollars. It is impossible that a work of such rare merits can knock at the door of
the public understanding without obtaining a welcome admission.
" If Mr. Williams has performed his duties as compiler in the creditable manner
we have endeavored to describe, he has been fortunate in finding a publisher who
has discharged his responsibilities in a corresponding sfyle of excellence. The typo
graphy, paper and binding, are all that can be desired."
From the Louisville, Ky., Journal, January 6M, 1847.
" The Statesman's Manu.a.l. — In the very brief notice we made of this im
portant \york afew days ago, we promised a more extended account of it, and we
recur to it with pleasant memories of the use it has been to us already. We cannot
well see how any one who takes any interest whatever in political events can do
without this book. The universality of suffrage gives rise to universal debates, and
facts are daily asserted which need prompt verification qr refutation, and all who
have made toilsome search after confirmation or disproval of particular statements,
a search too often fruitless, must at once feel the value of a book that brings to his
hands almost every species of information wanted by an American politician either
of high or of low degree. Nearly fifty-eight years ago, the Constitution of the
Uniied States commenced its career of prosperity under the auspices of Washington,
and its workings, under the influence of his spirit, are here fitly seen in a most
impartial history of his Administration, and the messages delivered by him to the
representatives of the people. The same minute detail, the same impartiality in
historic coloring, andthe same course depicting the action ofthe Executive' and
Legislative departments of the Government, are followed with each of Washington's
successors, making the most perfect portraiture of each Administration that has yet
been given to the American people ; and in all their fulness and breadth, in all their
light and shade we here discover the results and courses of fifty'eight years of the
experiment upon the great principle that man is capable of self-government. The
price of liberty is eternal vigilance, but what is vigilance worth that is ignorant of
what it is to look for .' Next to the duty which a man owes to his Creator, is His
duty to his country, and as uo one can know his religious duty but by a faithful and
full understanding of the revelation of God, no one can know his political responsi;
bilities except by indoctrinating his mind with the principles on which delegated
power rests, and the administrations of that power. To perfect this political educar
tion, Mr. Williams, the editor of the Statesman's Manual, has made a vade mecuhi
that has no competitor among the books of this country, and though access to political
information seemed before to offer almost every variety that could be looked for, this
work fills a hiatiis that has long been sensibly felt by every inquirer into public
affairs. . ,
" While looking through the first volume, we were impressed with the idea that the
work would have been more valuable if it had contained the repqrts ofthe Secretary
of the Treasury for each year, but we found in the second volume that the suspected
deficiency did not exist, for there are full and carefully prepared tables that embody
all the information of any practical value thatcpuld have been obtained from the en
tire report from the Treasury Department, and we now think the work almost, if
not quite faultless.
" The abilities of Mr. Williams as a statistical writer have been displayed to great
advantage in the work, and his analytical index is one of the most perfect things of
its kind ever prepared. We earnestly hope that he may be abundantly rewarded
for hii labors. His publisher has performed his duties in a corresponding style of
excellence— the binding, paper, and typography are very superior to the general
style of books of this kind.
" This work, containing nearly seventeen hundred pages, in two voiumes larga
octavo, is offered for the very low pric» of five dollars."

8 Critical Notices of ihe Statesman s Manual.
From the Aurora, JVew Lisbon, Ohio, January 13, 1847.
" Statesman's Manual. — Several months ago I inserted an advertisement fo«
Mr. Walker, bookseller of New York, which descsibed a number of valuaWe boolu
which he has for sale, and among others the Statesman's Manual was noticed. Foi
inserting this notice Mr. Walker has kindly sent me the work, and a most useful
one it is — one which every man who would know a great number of the most
important facts and statistics in the history of our government ought to have. Every
person who would know or have an intelligeu. idea of this growing country should
possess this book, or the many documents it contains in some shape or other
Would he have the articles of confederation ? They are in it (the book) with the
names of all the delegates, and .where from, who framed them. Would he have the
Constitution of the United States ? Here it is, with copious notes, in the shape oi
judicial decisions. Would he have the Presidents' messages ? Here they are, from
Washington's first one down to Polk's war message — annual, special, veto and all.
These form the principal body of the work, and are, no doubt, correct copies. In
those of Washington we can see how he put a stop to the whisky insurrection — so
of other important matters. Also, all the Presidents' proclamations, inaugurals,
and valedictories, and their secret messages. In short, everything in the shape of
a president's talk to Congress or the country. Here is also a brief biographical
sketch of every President of the Union, with a succinct account of his administra
tion. A historical outline of the American public, giving important proceedings
of the Congress held in New York in 1787. There is likewise a short account of
the Congress in Albany,in 1T54, and one in New York, 1765, with the names ofthe
members. These are full of interest to the American citizen.
" Next come the names of all the members of the Continental Congress from 1774
to 1788, in alphabetical order, making a long list. A list of the names of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence, when and where delegated from, and
their ages at the time of death. The names of all the United States senators, also
alphabetically arranged, from the formation of the constitution to the present time,
vvith the time that they were in office : also, all the same particulars of the represent
atives to Congress during the same period. The length of each session of Congress
in days, number of acts passed, resolves adopted, number of vetoes, and the names
ol speakers, and where from. Then come the electoral votes of every state at each
presidential election, and for whom given — and the same for Vice President. The
cabinet of every administration, including all the changes ; the expenses of every
administration ; the ministers to all foreign governments with whom ours has held
or is holding commercial relations, with the salaries received; salaries of all the
government officers. Census of 1840 — Synopsis of the constitutions of the several
states — Chronological table of important events of this country from the discovery
of Columbus to 1846. Table ofimports and exports of the United States, from
1791 to 1845. Presidents pro tem. of fhe Senate. And, in conclusion, a copious
analytical index, which will direct the reader to any particular subject in the work
in two large volumes comprising the manual, in all making more than sixteen hun
dred pages.
" The books are printed in an excellent or superior style, and on fine paper.
" This brief outline gives but an inadequate idea of the work ; to know its value
one should examine it extensively, and no unprejudiced mind can but be pleased
with the book." From the Cincinnati, Ohio, Momi-Ag Herald.
" The Statesman's MANUAL.^t is seldom that we have the opportunity oi
ecommendin^ to our readers, a book.that really contains so much that is interesting
and valuable, in so small a compass and for so cheap a price. It is a collection of
oil the messages of all the Presidents, with original histories of all the principal
events of each administration, from that of Washington down to the present point
in Polk's. The work has been compiled from the most authentic sources and the
original parts written by Mr. Edwin Williams, of New York, author of the New
York Annual Register. There is an original memoir of each President by the same
gentleman, with lists of all the Cabinets and Congressmen from 1789 to 1346. It
u, in fact, a most authoritative political history of the country, from its foundation
to this time. The information is exceedingly various and highly imporC^nt, and
•uch as, if it could, by ordinary diligence, be obtained at all, could be only in many

1776

B
A FAITHFUL CHRONICLE OF THE WAR OP
AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.

05^ To every true-hearted American, this is a most
¦welcome and invaluable vrork ; It is the voice of our
Fathers calling upon us to guard most sacredly tJie
precious boon of Freedom, — ^to purchase and secure
¦which, they offered upon their Country's altar, their
lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
" To THE Youth of mt beloved Countkt.
" Having carefuUy read and critically examined this work just published
entitled ' The War of Independence,' I am' enabled to give my opinion of the
merits of the same, which I do most cheerfully, in conformity with the author's
request ; although I am conscious that my judgment on a subject of this kind
is of less value than that of many others of more experience than myself, as
critics or historians.
" The peculiar merits of this work appear to me to consist chiefly in its admi
rable arrangement in chronological order, and the author confining himself
strictly to the subject of the Revolution, from its incipient stages to the final
termination of the contest, and the permanent settlement of our national
govemment by the adoption of the Constitution, enabling him to present in
detail a greater variety of important and interesting facts than are to be found
in any other compendium of the kind. If any fault is to found on this head, it
is perhaps in the overcrowding of the narrative of events in the closing chap
ters, to which condensation the liraited number of pages of the work compelled
him to conform.
" Of the performance of that portion of the task, which belonged to him as aa
artist, it becomes not me to speak, having no claims to the character of a con
noisseur in the arts, but I may be permitted to say that the general arrange
ment and execution of the engravings display originality, judgment, and taste,
as appears to me, and I think the pubhc will concur with me in placing thie
book before any other illustrated work on the Revolution yet published.

2 Critical Notices of « 1776."
" With regard to the tone and spirit of the volume, the felicity of the style of
narrative and reflections, and the great care taken to insure accuracy, as is
shown by the author's frequent reference to the best authorities, I am confi
dent that he is entitled to the reputation of a competent and faithful historian.
" With my best wishes for the general circulation of this valuable work
among you, • " I remain yours,
"EDWIN WILLIAMS."
From the Knickerbocker Magazine, August, 1847.
" The enterprising and patriotic-spirited publisher of this exceedingly beauti
ful volume will surely find that he has not misjudged, in believing that' a book
in one volume, well written, and embracing a faithful chronicle of events which
accompUshed the laying of the foundation-stone of this great republic, would
be inva.luable to the present and future generations.' He has certainly spared
no expense in the preparation of the work. All the engravings were expressly
made for it ; and we would invite particular attention to the appendix, which
contains documents and information that the present generation are but slightly
familiar with ; while the work, in its general mechanical appearance, will be
found well worthy the patronage of the American people. The volume begins
with the period of the union of the colonies against the French, and ends with
the inauguration of Washington. Its numerous engravings, by Mr. Benson
J. Lossing, reflect great credit upon the skill and care of that capable artist ;
as does the entire work, indeed, alike upon editor, pubhsher, illustrator, and
binder. Its extensive sale must soon become a ' fixed fact.' "
From the Merchants' Magazine, September, 1847.
" Mr. Lossing, the compiler of the present volume, is an engraver of more
than ordinary skill, possessing a correct hterary taste, and is, withal, a chaste
and graceful writer. In the preparation of the work, his aira seems to have
been to give a concise, yet complete and comprehensive narrative of the lead
ing events of the American Revolution, than which no subject is of more
general interest to the American people. As far as we are competent to judge,
he seems to have accomplished successfully all that he proposed, having
grouped succinctly the more important facts and circumstances connected with
the rise, progress, and termination of the war, and presented them in a popular
and attractive form. The facihties aflforded by previous works, and recent
biographies of the men who figured more or less conspicuously in the events
of that memorable period, seem to have been diligently consulted, and the
materials thus turnished, used with discrimination. The numerous pictorial
illustrations are handsomely executed ; and we have seldom seen a work, so
far as its typographical appearance was concerned, more generally attractive.
The type and paper on which it is printed, the binding, and, indeed, the entire
manner of the ' getting up,' reflect great credit on the taste and enterprise
• of Mr. Walker, the pubUsher." From ihe New York Express.
" This history of the American Revolution, comprised in a handsome octavo
volume of over 600 pages, is a valuable contribution to this branch of our lite
rature, as we are here presented, in a condensed and cheap form, with the most
important and interesting portion of our national history. The ponderous
volumes of Gordon, Andrews, Marshall, and other writers, containing the details
of our revolutionary history, are accessible to only a smaU portion of modern
readers; while the imperfections of such histories as Botta's, Rarasay's, and
others, are so weU known as to prevent a general reliance on them for authority.
It will be adraitted, therefore, we think, that a concise popular narrative of our
Revolutionary War, embracing clear and connected details of the causes and
events of that momentous period, is a desideratum.

Critical Notices of ".1776."
" We are happy to say that the want referred to is supplied in the work now
before us, whicn is executed with admirable skill and taste, and profusely
embellished with handsome engravings on wood, which possess the novelty of
being from the same hand to whom the reader is indebted for the pleasing
narrative and reflections contained in the volume.
" Mr. Lossing, although favorably known to the public as an artist, whose skill
is displayed in many of the best illustrated works of the day, has had but little
experience as an author, but his present efi"ort in the latter capacity cannot fail
to give him an enviable repvttation as an historian. The arrangement of the
work, its tone and spirit, and the studied regard for accuracy displayed by the
writer, corabined with a feUcitous style, are sure to coramend it to the favor of
all classes of readers. The copious index, occupying 19 pages, wilh about
1,500 references, is sufficient proof of the great variety of matter embraced \u
this compendium, while the body of the work is enriched with interesting notes,
thus adding greatly to its value. The appendix is a unique collection of docu
ments, relating to the Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution.
" The book is elegantly printed and bound, and the engravings (seventy-eight
in number) form in themselves a rare historical gallery of great interest and
variety, displaying the originality and taste of the author-artist in this depart
ment. As a whole, we have no hesitation in commending this volume as the
best popular history of our Revolution yet published."
From ihe New York Evening Post.
" It contains in a single volume the aimals of our Revolutionary War, suc
cinctly drawn up, yet noting all the events of historical importance and relating
them with clearness. These are iUustrated with engravings, which are the
work of the author, Benson J. Lossing, and the whole is got up in a superb
manner." From the New York Atlas.
" This will be one of 4e most widely circulated works ever issued from the
press. It gives, without unnecessary prolixity in detaU, a full and cohiplete
narrative of ' The War of Independence,' a history of the Anglo-Americans,
from the period of the union of the colonies against the French, to the inaugu
ration of Washington, illustrated by numerous engravings of plans of battles,
prominent events, interesting localities, and portraits of distinguished raen of
the period. Of the latter there are forty-five. These, and aU the other engrav
ings, reflect great credit on the artistical skill of Mr. Lossing, who is both the
author and iUustrator of the work. To the work is added an appendix and
analytical index, alphabetically arranged. The appendix contains several state
documents of great interest to every American. They are drawn from sources
not generally accessible. The work is got up by Mr. Walker in superb style ;
the letter-press, and the paper on which it is printed, are alike beautiful. The
book is elegantly bound and gilt. The plates on the sides and back are en
graved on brass, expressly for the work, by Thompson. They represent Wash
ington receiving his coraraission, the capture of Major Andrfe, and other national
subjects, and are alike tasteful and beautiful."
From ihe Evening Mirror.
" This is the title of a very elegant-looking book of sorae 600 pages, pubUshed
bv Edward Walker, 114 Fulton street. The author, or compiler, is Benson J.
Lossing a name new to us in literature. The work is beautifuUy illustrated
with a great number of engravings, and the typography and binding are abso
lutely faultless. It contains a great amount and variety of information relating
to the Revolutionary period of American history, and is a work which will
doubtless command a very extensive sale. Of the purely literary merits ot
the work we shall be better able to speak when we have found time to read it.

4 Critical Notices of " 1776."
From ihe Farmer and Mechanic.
" The publisher has displayed his usual enterprise in gi'ving to the work a
beautiful and attractive exterior, and affording it a good quahty of paper, and
clear, open print. The author, B. J. Lossing, Esq., in seventj-eight well chosen
and finely executed iUustrations, has shown a skiU as an artist worthy of his
high reputation, while the style of the work is a model for history, and an
honorable iUustration of the refinement of inteUectual power, which is being
developed in this country, in connexion with the exercise of practical mechanics
and the arts.
" The subject will commend the work to the patronage of every true Ameri
can, as a patriotic mind must delight to dweU on the struggles which developed
the strength of repubUcan principles, and gave birth arid features to this great
and grqwing nation. This is emphatically the book for the miUion, based as
it is on facts, and making its highest ostensible aira the dissemination of useful
and entertaining knowledge." From ihe New York Observer.
" In point of typographical execution, press-work, paper, and external erabel-
lishraent, this book is one of the raost beautiful issues of the press, a credit to
the American arts. It is also illustrated by a series of wood cuts, of plans of
battles, prominent events, interesting localities, and portraits of distinguished
men, these cuts being handsome specimens of skill in that art by Lossing &
Barritt. The author of this volume is himself an artist, and in his new voca
tion as a writer, shows that tbe pen is a tool which he is able to handle with
success, the work being done in a style of neatness, purity, and strength, that
commends it to the favor of the reader, and renders its perusal attractive to all.
We are sure that in compiling and iUustrating this volurae, Mr. Lossing has
done his countrymen a good service, and we hope that his work will be very
widely circulated. It is as concise and coraplete a history of the Revolution as
we have seen. The Appendix contains sorae docuraents of great value and
mterest, rarely embodied in historical compilations, and we are glad to have
them within reach." From ihe Albany Spectator.
" This is a great national work, the beauties and exceUences of which
should be studied by every one who would understand the history of human
freedora, and the inalienable rights of raan. Especially, should it be fresh in
the meraory of the youth of our country, to whora it is afi"ectionately inscribed
by its artist-authpr — whose love for his land, steady perseverance in the ad
vance to erainence, and present farae, commend him as one worthy of their
regard, and his exaraple as deserving of their imitation. Lossing's course,
since he left the Poughkeepsie Telegraph, has been onward and upward ; and
in no effbrt does he merit so rauch of the approbation of his countrymen as in
this, in the execution of which he has been both composer and artist, designing
and finishing with his own hand the seventy-eight illustrative engravings of
plans, battles, scenes, characters, ruins, seals, &c., which adorn the work. Mr.
Walker has issued it in a style of beauty and elegance worthy of the subject
the author, and his country." From ihe Tme Sun.
" ' 1776 ; OK THE War of Ihdepekdenoe.' — Edwaed Walkek, 114 Fulton
street, has just issued a volume bearing the above title, which does honor to
the city, both in its design and in its execution. It contains, in a single volume
of 620 pages, a History of the Anglo-Americans, from the period of the union
of the Colonies against the French to the Inauguration of Washington, and is
iUustrated by numerous engravings of the first class of art, of the Declaration

TESTIMONIALS
FROM ALL PROTESTANT DENOMINATIONS,

IN APPROBATION OF

DOWLING'S HISTOEY OF ROMANISM

OPINIONS OF EPISCOPALIANS.
From tlie Protestant Churchman (New York.)
This is a beautiful volume of 672 pages. Good service has been done for the cause of
tmth by its publication, and it certainly ought to secure for its author an enviable reputa
tion among contributors to the standard literature of the day. We think that it cannot hut
reflect much credit on the still, patience, industry and judgment of the author. In such a
work, we look for a history — veritable, authentic history, and not the fabrications of a one
sided controversialist — not the conjectural inventions of a deterrained and bigoted parti
zan — not a series of declamatory tirades against what the Romish Church is supposed to be
by those who discard her doctrines and authority — but a plain, unvarnished history of what
she is actually by her own admissions and practices — a faithful and impartial exhibition,
from her oum archives, of her recorded and attested opinions and usages.
We go to their records, and councils, and bulls, and proclamations, and, in iheir own
language, we let thera speak for themselves. In this respect it seems to us that the author
has, in a great measure, redeemed the pledge given in the second page of his preface.
That he has sometimes permitted Protestants to tell their stories, too, is no more than fairi
so long as they are well authenticated and vouched by coinpetent witnesses.
As a book of reference, the work wUl be found valuable. The evidence of what Roman
ism is, and has been, — evidence which until now, has been scattered over a wide field, an(J
embraced in an immense number of works in diff'erent languages, is here brought together and
condensed in'a comparatively small compass ; and those who wish to become better inform
ed on the subject, can find all they desire, without the toil and expense of wading through
libraries of books, and composing and arraying for use, the scattered materials of a host of
writers. The author appears very justly to have conceived the idea of a work, which has
long been regarded as a desideratum by a large portion of those interested in the great
controversy with the Romanists.
The plates are of a very high order, the execution of the work, reflects gre at credit on
the publisher, and its general merits are such, that we trust it may have a widecirculation.
From the Episcopal Recorder (Philadelphia,)
This work is by the Rev. John Dowling, A.M., Pastor of the Berean Church, New
York. It traces its subject from the earliest corruptions of Christianity to the present time.
It has a full Chronological Table, with Analytical and Alphabetical Indexes and Glossary.
It is ornamented with a large number of highly finished and beautiful engravings. It is a
large and beautiful volume, and full of valuable information .
OPINIONS OF LUTHERANS.
in? READ THE FOLLOWING.
¦From the Rev. L. Giustiniani, D. D., formerly a Roman Catholic Priest in the City of
ome, and author of a popular work, entitled "Papal Rome as it is,' now a Clergyman oj
t'he Lutheran Church (published in the Christian Repository.)
The writer of the following interesting letter, was born and educated as a Roman
Catholic Priest at the city of Rome. After his conversion, which was brought
about by the blessing, of God, upon a French copy of " Father Clement," and a
copy of the Bible, which providentially fell into his way ; he fled from the Papal
dominions to Florence, to escape the vengeance of the Roman Inquisition, to which
he was destined by his popish enemies. At Florence, he was demanded as a

LITERARY NOTICES O^
subject of the Popei but again Escaped to Switzerland, where he supported himself
for some time, by lecturing on the Oriental languages, io the Gollege of Lausanne.
He subsequentlj' came to America, and was admitted as a raember of the BaltimcTe
Sjnnod, of the Lutheran Protestant church, where he still remains. The testimony
of such a man relative to tbe value of this "History of Romanism" is of great worth.
Mr. Editor. — If the nineteenth century is really the age of progress, as it is agreed
upon, the doctrine that Popery will ultimately sway its iron sceptre, and fetter the con
sciences of the whole human race, as in former tiraes, must be rejected as absurd, and
contrary to the progressive spirit of the present age.
I am not a theorist who sets down systems at the table of my study- ; I am not a politi
cian who frames plans for his party, right or wrong, just or unjust ; I am speakingof my
own experience, though, yet a young Protestant, I can say without presumption or pride,
that I know sufficiently of the power of Protestantism, to give ray humble opinion, that
Protestantism will and must sway the sceptre of truth and liberty over the whole world ;
and if Protestant ministers would fearlessly speak what they know of the man of sin, and
faithfully set before the eyes of the American people the immoral, and all-grasping tendency
ef Popery in the United States, they would crush the papal power to atoms, exile the
foreign influence from our schools, from our firesides and from the American soil; and the
sophistry nf the hundreds of Brownsons, and thousands of Hughes would perish by the
arows of truth.
A few years ago, when I left the church of Rome, I scarcely found a dozen of Protest
ants in a city, who would believe me when I recounted the corruptions ofthe Roman
clergy, the immoralities of nunneries and the political influence of Rome in Protestant
countries. The pulpits were silent, the people indifferent, and §ven ignorant on that topic.
But now Protestant rainisters are writing histories of Popery, and we have a History of
Romanism before us, from its birth to its grave, from its cradle to its manhood ; which
every Protestant family ought to possess : that the sons and daughters of Araerican parents
may read, and study the past, and take necessary measures for the future.
If the reader wishes to be acquainted with the errors of Romanism, he has only to open
the pages of Dowling's History ; if he is desirous to know of her cruelties, he can find all
in that work ; if he likes to know of her soul-destroying doctrines, he will find it in the
decretals of the principal councils, the Lateran, and the Tridentmum included. If the
reader is anxious to read an epitome of the history of the popes, and their corrupt lives ;
of their inhuman persecution of the Waldenses ; their ambition ; their intrigues ; their
avariciousness ; their tyranny ; their blood-thirstiness ; their superstitions, and their mum
meries, he can find all in Dowling's Histo-c-^ proved and authenticated by the most accredited
authors of the Church of Rome.
It is got up in the finest style, and would be an ornament upon every centre table ; useful
in every family, and a valuable reference book in every library. In one word it is a librarv
AND NOT A BOOK. The plates are well executed ; I have seen all the buildings, sceneries,
&c., and was an eye witness of all these ecclesiastical funotioHs, or rather theatrical per
formances, and am delighted to see them so faithfully represented in the plates.
The Rev. Mr. Dowling will pardon me for the liberty I have taken in speaking of his
work, without having a personal acquaintance with him. His zeal for Protestantism his
love to America, and over all his desire to promote the kingdom of our Redeemer, Jesus
Christ, constrain me to bring him the tribute of a Protestant, an American citizen, and
minister of Christ ; and if my critique is not adequate to the raagnitude and extent of the
work, he must attribute it not to my will, but to ray insufficiency, and to ray ignorance of
the English idiom.
_, .,  . L. GlUSTINUNI.
Philadelphia, August 4th, 1845. From the Lutheran Observer.
This is a large and beautiful volume, containing a comprehensive and complete history of
Romanism, through the whole period of its existence. In many other works the errors of
the papacy are discussed and refuted ; in this, the author relates the story of their origin,
progress and fruits, ^.s ¦ developed in the history of the Romish communion. Here the
reader may see its unscriptural doctrines and ceremonies, the lives of its most distinguished
popes, the proceedings of its celebrated councils, the details of its tyranny over monarchs
and states ; its inquisitions, tortures, and massacres, the efforts of good men in various ages
t-a deliver the worid from its thraldom ; all presented in their chronological order. From a
partial examination, we think it it an able work, comprising the results of extensive reading
and research, and well adapted to fill an important chasm in our literature.
It is printed in superior style, on fair type and paper, and emhelUshed with more than fiftv

NI8M.

y,\^]^^- *1'?^^.^ engravings, which illustrate the ceremonies, superstitions, persecutions, and i
his oncal mcidents,of Popery. The Ulustrations which' are executed in the most elegani
siyie, are vivid representations of the scenes which they are designed to portray. The
work no doubt will receive, as it merits, liberal and extensive patronage.
OPINIONS OF THE DUTCH REFORMED.
From the New York Christian Intelligencer,
We have had the pleasure of examining the largest part jjf Mr., Dowling's forthcoming
work, in sheets, and regard it as a most important addhion to the historical and religious
literature of the age.
Mr Dowling is already favorably known to the reading public by his work on the
Prophecies of Darnel in reply to Miller; his " Defence of the Protestant Scriptures in
reply to Popish apologists for the Champlain Bible-burners," &c. In the present e.xtensive
and iraportant work, he has performed his task with learning, ability and tact, ami has suc
ceeded in presenting withm the compass of a single volume, a clear, succinct, well written
and well authenticated History of Romanism, its Ceremonies, Doctrines, Councils, Popes,
Inquisitions, &c., from the earliest ages down to the present time. Heretofore, in order to
possess an adequate knowledge of Popery in aU its ages, it has been necessary to possess
and fo study a librai-y of books on the subject. I>B' this work, facts scattered through hun
dreds of volumes, Roman Catholic as well as Protestant, and many of them in the Latin
language, have been brought together chronologically arranged, and condensed, and related in
the author's pleasing and attractive style ; thus supplying a chasm that has long been
felt by those who wished to become familiar with that subject, which is destined tor years
to come to be the great subject of controversy in America — Romanism, and with it mental
and political slavery ; or Protestantism, the Bible, and with it liberty of thought, of worship,
and of the press.
_ The engravings are all Ulustrative of soaie facts in the history of Romanism, the descrip
tion of which is embodied in the page adjoining the engraving. In this respect, the work
differs in toto from the mere pictorial works of the day. A collection of pii^torial orna
ments, not adapted to iUustrate important facts, and of which no description is given, is
fitter for children than men. In the present work the engravings have been prepared, not
as mere ornaments, but to illustrate the facts, and thus to impress them more strongly or.
the memory. They are printed by an artist in the English style upon plate paper, not it
the way most common in America, with letter press on the back of the same leaf. In ar
tistical and mechanical execution, Mr. Walker has spared neither labor nor expense tr
make this volume one of the most elegant works ever issued from the American press.
Tbe History is divided into nine books, each book subdivided into chapters tuiH section;
with running titles, analytical and alphabetical indices, and full chronological table of the
Popes, general councils, and most remarkable events. Each Book embraces a period, and
the arrangement is original, novel, and striking. We give the titles nf two or three ofthe
books as specimens. The title of t\\e first book is "Popery in Embryo, from the first
dawn of papal corruptions tUI the establishment of the papal supremacy. A. D 606."
Of the yoMriA, " Popery IN ITS Glory; the World's Midnight, from the Coronation
of Charlemagne, A. D. 800, to the pontificate of Pope Hildebrand or Gregory VIL, A.D.,
1073." Of the fifth, " Popery, the World's Despot, from the accession of Pope
Gregory VII., A. D. 1072, to the death of Boniface VIIL, 1303." In the seventh book,
entitled Popery at Trent, he has given the citation ofthe most important ofthe decrees
and the canons and curses ofthe Council of Trent, in paraUel columns of Latin and Eng
lish, an arrangement adopted, as Mr. Dowling informs us, in order to obviate the common
objection of Romanists of inaccurate translations. The same plan is adopted in citing
from several other original authorities. This will much enhance the value of the work in
the eyes of ministers and theological students, while it will not diminish the value tu any,
as the English translation is invariably given.
From a subsequent notice in the same paper.
Having previously apprised our readers of the preparation of this invaluable work, we
need do little more than announce the fact that it is now ready for delivery. It is an octavo
volume of 670 pages, with admirable typography, on beautiful paper, and in superbly gilt
¦bindino-. Its contents form a rich storehouse of historical instruction, which, if it could be
placed" within the reach of every family, would prove an unspeakable blessing lo our
beloved country. This is the book for Americans. Americans must have books, and of
the rieht kind. Americans must read. The man who neglects it, does it at his own peril,
and at the peril of his country. Every American patriot should thoroughly study the long
BStoblished and unchangeable principles and practices of Romanism. It should be known

HTERARY NOTICES OF
V what this Mystery of Iniquity hasf'ever done in ages past — what it is now doing wherever
^vU restraint does not intimidate and hinder ; and it should be distinctly understood that it
is immutable. It lays claim to infaUibUity, and ever spurns the idea of the possibUity of
change. Those who would see a correct and condensed exhibition of these, and the ten
thousand other abominations of the Papacy, may find it, to their amazement, in " Dowling's
Historic of Romanism." The author, as it seems, has availed himself of all the standard
and authentic works on General and Ecclesiastical History, on the Inquisition and perse
cutions of Popery, on the Reformers and the Reformation, and on the points of controversy
between Popery and Protestantism.
Had we room to spare, we would gladly make some extracts ; but as it is, we must refer
our readers to the work itself. For Auricular confession, see pages 517 and 518. On the
Inquisition, pages 570-573. For the Slaughter of the Waldenses, see page 583. In a
word, see the entirevolume. Place it beside your Bibles. Compare its records of crime
and the Papal principles it exposes, with the holy doctrines and immaculate life of Jesus of
Nazareth. When you have done this, you will have no difficulty in determining whether
or not Romanism is Christianity.
From the Rev. W. C^^rownlee D.D., New York.
I, have examined the work entitled, 'i Dowling's History of Romanism, Illustrated."
I consider it one of the most valuable works on the subject, that I have ever perused : and
trust it will meet with an extensive circulation. W. C. BROWNLEE.
From the Rev. Joseph Wilson, D.D., Pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church, Tarrytoum.
I have carefully read Dowlino's History op Romanism, and can cheerfully reoom-
riend it to my feUow Protestants, as an intsructive and faithful exhibition of Popery, from
ils origin down to the present tirae. Jt is a book that should be in the hands of every
one desirous of obtaining a perfect knowledge of the great Apostasy. J. WILSON.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESBYTERIANS AND CONGREGA
TIONALISTS.
From the New York Evangelist, (Rev. Dr. George B. Cheever, Editor.)
We ought to have noticed this excellent and beautiful work before. It possesses raany
and very strong claims for popular favor, and we do not doubt that it is destined to have
an extraordinary sale. It is one of the most elegantly embellished and executed works we
have ever seen issued from the American press ; containing a large number of highly
finished engravings, illustrative of the cereraonies, superstitions, persecutions and incidents
of Romanism, which often tell a most eloquent tale, and are of real utility as well as highly
ornamental. The work itself is characterized hy great research, and a comprehensive and
Scriptural view ofthe nature and history of the Popish system. It presents a succinct,
but sufficiently full, history of the rise, progress, errors, cruelties, and present condition of
the Papacy, authenticated by reference to the most undoubted historic sources, related in a
spirited, engaging and impressive style, and arranged in the most lucid manner. It
abounds in facts and incidents, and, with its beautiful illustrations, is better adapted to fur
nish a vivid and impressive portraiture of Romanism as it is, than any other book we
know of. It supplies a great lack in our theological literature ; and now that a conflict
with Rome is forced upon us, and is soon to become the business of us all, clergy and laity
a work so richly stored with facts and arguments will be most timely and useful. We
should be glad to see it in every family, and adorning every centre-table IK
THE LAND. From the Philadelphia Presbyterian,
This work exhibits a comprehensive view of Romanism— its doctrines and ceremonies,
its politico-religious machinery, its popes and councUs, its intolerant spirit, and its murder
ous practices — from its first origin to the present day. Such a work required deep and
protracted research, and it affords evidence that dUigence, caution, and judgment, in the
selection and arrangement of materials, have not been wanting. The author has avaUed
himself of the writings of both Protestants and Papists, and has brought together a greater
mass of information on the history, the spirit, and the doings of Popery, than we have ever
seen before in one volume, • VHien the enemy is coming in upon us like a flood, it is time to
lift up such a standard. The deluded votaries of the Man of Sin may raise the cry of per
secution, and recreant Protestants may join in the ory, but aU who value the truth of God,
and the civU and religious independence of our country, wUl haU the appearance of such a
work.

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