YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1938 Health Institute & Movement Cure, 291 THIED STEEET, ST. PAUL. MINN. We Treat all Forms and Phases of Disease. ELECTRIC BATHS. This bath occasions the elimination of mercury and other poisons, and is beneficial in the treatment of Neuralgia, Rheu matism, Paralysis, Female Weaknesses, Epilepsy, and other Chronic Ailments. RUSSIAN VAPOR BATHS. This celebrated bath is very beneficial in relieving Colds, Billiousness, Torpidity of the Skin, Kheumatism, besides being a real luxury to be enjoyed by all. THE MOVEMENT CURE We regard as one of the most effectual appliances known for the Cure of Consumption, Paralysis, Uterine Displacements, Spinal Curvature, Torpidity of the Liver and Kidneys, Constipa tion, Imperfect Circulation, Coldness of the Extremities, /Sperma torrhoea, &c. THE LIFTING- CURE. Dr. Butler's Centre Lifting Machine is, without qualification, the best apparatus ever devised for securing the harmonious and co-operative action of the Heart, Lungs, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, and whole Muscular system. It gives a sense of equalizing power and efficiency to the organs and functions of the brain and body ; it builds up the weak functions and equa lizes the life forces; it soothes and tranquilizes the nervous system, and is adapted to both sexes. Send Stamp for Circular. JOHN SMITH & CO., Proprietors. P. O. Box, 973. <©AWMOA®W 4k CM>« • (ESTABLISHED 1882,) fc». ftQQS 132 THIRD STREET. No. 180 Third Street, Manufacturer of and Dealer in all kinds of Muzzle and Breech- Loading MPP I §111 All BIBLE The style and workmanship cannot be excelled in the United States. A full supply of Gun Makers' Materials, Metallic Cartridges, Fishing Tackle, Pocket Cutlery, /Skates, Newhouse Traps, &c. Notarial and County Seals Made to Order. REPAIRING- PROMPTLY DONE. OLD ^lND EELIABLE Minnesota Scenery. WHITNEY & ZIMMERMAN, Whitney's Gallery, Saint Paul, Minnesota, Established 1850, Has the LARGEST, MOST COMPLETE, and BEST COL LECTION OE MINNESOTA SCENERY in the State. MINNE-HA-HA, Falls of St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Kiver Views, In fact everything unsurpassed. A large collection of Portraits- of Indian Chiefs, Braves, Squaws, Indian Scenes, &c. All the principal views in size for framing. Everything in Card size. Making our own Negatives and publishing our own Views, purchasers can rely upon getting the best. Cards $1.50 per doz. ; 15 cents single. Stereographs $3.00- per doz. ; 30 cents single. Sent by mail on receipt of price. OHDER SAMPLES. A LIBERAL DISCOUNT TO THE TRADE. WHITNEY & ZIMMERMAN, SAINT PAUL, MINN. PORTRAITS IN EVERY STYLE. 4 SAINT PAUL,. MINN PAINTINGS, ENGRAVINGS, CHROMOS. MINNESOTA AND FOREIGN VIEWS. FRAMES, BRACKETS, STATUETTES. SAINT PAUL,, MINN. Kastta'a Agt @all©gy. ICHROOER'S BBUSEUM, 290 Third Street, near Winslow House, ALL THE VARIETIES OF MHESOTA BIRDS, Over 100 in number, besides 75 varieties of European Birds. NATURAL AS LIFE, Prepared and ON EXHIBITION. ALSO THE Wild Animals and Natural Curiosities of the State. Duplicates of all for Sale, as Suitable Ornaments for the yard and parlor. STRANGERS, VISITORS AND TOURISTS will find this one of the most pleasant places of resort in the city. Cash Paid for Birds, Bird Skins, Deer, Elk and Buffalo Heads, &c, Sec. PET BIRDS PREPARED AT THE SHORTEST NOTICE. 5 THE New- York Freeman's Journal, FOR YEAR 18 70. The Freeman's Journal, based on the traditions of the Fathers of the Republic, and deflecting neither to one extreme or the other, holds up the old standard of A UNION OF STATES, IK ONE FREE AND CONSENTED GENERAL GOVERNMENT. It maintains the inherent rights of States to their own internal government. It maintains that those, by the free act of each State, invested with the rights of freemen, are the only ones that should control a State. It maintains the right of Freemen to have a Free State. It maintains that White men should have a government of White men. It maintains that, in departing from the political landmarks our forefathers set up, we have gone wrong ; and that our only wise policy is to hunt back, and recover the spirit, and so far as possible, the forms, that are established. It maintains that "Revolution" is not true or healthy "progress." TBKMS : One copy, one year, by mail, - - - $ " six months, " " three " " Six copies, one year, " Ten " " " with an extra copy to the person forwarding the money - Twenty copies, one year, by mail, with two extra copies to the person forwarding the money, In all cases Subscribers' names will be on their papers. All communications should be addressed to JAS. A. McMASTEE, Editor and Proprietor, 5 Tryon Row, N. Y. i 3 00 1 50 75 15 0O 22 50 40 00 WM. DAWSON. E. A. SMITH. ALBERT SCHEPFEK. -A. XT IL „ 3^ I 3ST J>T . Deposits, Exchange, Gold, Government Bonds, and other Stocks. Sight Drafts on all the Countries of Europe. ESTABLISHED 1S56. BANKING OFFICE OF ZP^IfcKlEI?, DP^AJLIVJS. Exchange Sold on the Principal Cities in the United States, and England, Ireland, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. INTEREST ALLOWED ON TIME DEPOSITS. AGEXT FOR COTARD LINE OF STEAMERS; ALSO Agent for the Continental and Washington Fire Insurance Companies of Xev: York. JOSEPH LEWIS, 6ENEBAL COLLECTING AfiEHT (Commissioner of Deeds for New York and Penn., and Notary Public,) ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA. Taxes paid and charge taken of property and collections in any part of the State, for non-residents or others. Refers to Hon. Alex. Ramsey, U. 8. SeDator, St. Paul, for whom he has been agent for thirteen yeare. 21 IM AGRI6ULTURAL WAREHOUSE. BROWNELL & CO., 55 JACKSON STREET, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA, BELL A BETTER CLASS OF Than any House in the State. Specialities. — Champion Reapers and Mowers, Dodge Reapers and Mowers, Massillon Reapers and Mowers, the justly celebrated Massillon Threshers, Grain Drills, Broadcast Seeders, Buckeye & Case's Sulky Corn Cultivators, Champion Steel-Tooth Hay and Grain Rakes, Grand Detour Plows, Fan ning Mills, Feed Cutters, Corn Shellers, &c, &c. All Goods warranted as represented, or Money will be refunded. HEWITT'S BEIL ESTATE OFFICE ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA, (Established in 1856.) Sells Farms, Farm Lands, Dwellings, and Business Property, Makes Investments, Loans and Collects Money, Examines Titles, Pays Taxes, &c, &c. (Correspondent for Capitalists.) GLRAET HEWITT, Attorney at Law. 22 W. H. Grant, Att'y. at Law. F. X. Brosseau, Notary Public. GRANT & BROSSEAU, DEALERS IN LAHM, LANB WABBAHW* AND HALF-BREED SCRIP (Sioux &. Chippewa Scrip.) Money Loaned and GoIIeotions Made* No. 94 THIRD STREET, ST. PAUL, MINN. The Half-Breed Scrip enters the land prior to its survey, or before offered for Sale by the Government. MORGAN & METCALF, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA. We have constantly on hand and for Sale the most extensive and complete list of Real Estate to be found in the State. We attend to the Purchase, Sale, and Management of Real Estate, Payment of Taxes, Investment of Money, Collection of Rents, &c., &c, &c, and can always offer Good Bargains in St. Paul City Property, Suburban Lots, Farms and Farming Lands, Pine and Timber Lands, We ha-ve had Fifteen, years1 experience in Beat Estate operations in St. Paul and vicinity. 23 T. T. Cheritrbe, F. B. Far-well, j st p , New York. G. L. Earwell, i Bt' ™"- GHERITREE & FARWELLS, WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 111SW1S1 NAILS, GLASS, TIMHIS' STOCK, AGRICULTURAL TOOLS, k. Agency of Shoenberger & Co's Nails, Sheet Iron, & Horse Shoes. No. 99 THIRD STREET, st. f^ttij, - - nvciisrnsr. JOSEPH I. BEAUMONT, Wholesale and Reiail Dealer in 9 115 THIRD STREET, - ST. PAUL, Next Door to the Office of the St. Paul Daily Pioneer. Patentee of Beaumont's Air Escape Funnels, Patented July 7, 1868, June 29, 1869. Choice Liquors in Packages expressly for Invalids & Tourists. 24 MINNESOTA AS IT IS nsr i87o. HS SE\TLAL BlatfCBCES 151 aHUCIBJSS MS Mfraife, Mis, ftnisls, CssitalMs. aii Bbsibsss Im, (PaBtifaSj fe*s Oaid As&anaes.) ¦arrra speciai. descbtptioxs of ah its COUNTIES AND TOWNS, iHflB TOPOGEAFHT- P0PHUXI05, XAHOSACmjeS. PROBUCTS, BiraQTESS, ¦STEALTH, SOCIAL ADVASTAGBS ASD IS- DUCEMETTS TO THOSE TX QUEST OF HOMES, HEALTH, OB PLEASURE. Bt J. W. McCLTXG. ST. PAUL. C05TATSTSG A JWTS5HIP MAP OF THE STATE, MADE EXPBESELT TO AOCOMPASTT THB BOOK ^FOTTE COUDBS-) A5I» SHO'WTXG THE GOVEK2KJ1KST LA3EDS TST ETEET eOTTSTT. K5TTH ¦FliCiiL 3ISGUPTIQIS OF ErilT PAST OF Tfll STATE, FC5U5HED BT TCTTC AETHGB- 15 70. DEDICATION. To the Immigrant, Invalid, Tourist, Capitalist, Business Man or any other man who buys this book and pays the price, viz. : $1.75 with Cloth Binding, $1.25 " Paper " 50 cts, Extra with the Map, It is most respectfully dedicated, with the hope that the facts and information communicated may " pay." Sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price. Full colored township map, showing all railroads finished or projected, new towns, post roads, &c, 50 cts. without the book. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, By J. "W. McCLUNG, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of Minnesota. Errata— Page 14, elevation at Snake Biver, 1015 feet should be 933; at Kettle River, 946 should be 1001. Page 33,Featherstonhaugh should be Feather- stonaugh ; and on 91 Wilton should be Milton. On page 20, number of lakes in the State corrected in page 179. Personal property of Ramsey County, page 277, should be $2,161,488 instead of $2,554,377 ; and on page 279, 12 miles should be added to the railroad lines built in 1869, for the Central road from Austin to State line. Printed by the Press Printing Co., St. Paul. PREFACE It was the intention of the writer of the following pages to have issued an octavo volume of 400 or 500 pages in 1868, with engravings of scenery, the handsome buildings of the State, and other objects of interest, together with brief sketches of the first settlements of the counties, in addition tothe matter embraced in this volume ; and to this end printed circulars were sent to all the counties, with over 20 questions, which elicited materials enough to make a book of 1200 pages. But wheat de clined from $2.50 to 80 cts. and $1 in the autumn of 1868 ; and with this decline, a shadow was cast over the book trade, and it became evident that an octavo book to sell at $3.50 would fail either to benefit the State or to remunerate the writer. A change of base was therefore determined on, and the delay in the publication -of the volume was caused by the increased labor of gathering new facts to keep pace with the rapid growth of the State, and condensing the matter already gathered, in such an abridged form as would give to the public all the practical information possible, and at the same time a book small enough and of a price to be within the reach ofthe people. To make a large book was easy enough. To make a small book, and yet comprehensive and attractive, was a more difficult work. To do this the writer has been compelled to put a curb upon his pen and to curtail many matters which would have added greater interest and variety to the book, and to circumscribe the whole within such limits as rather tend to cramp and impair its value, and detract from the State some of the unrivaled attractions and beauties with which a flowing pen and an untrammeled carte blanche of space would have invested it. To give credibility to its statements, the writer has endeav ored to quote official or disinterested authority for every fact, rather than rest it upon his own language— the tendency of western writers upon western interests to exaggerate and color their statements, together with their self interest, making this necessary to prevent any western book from passing at a dis count. Such official and disinterested authority had been pub lished in great abundance. But it was lying idle and dumb upon the shelves of State libraries, or in historical societies or executive State documents, weighed clown with heavy learning, or mingled with other irrelevant subjects, or bound in such vol uminous pages as to be sealed books, or scattered in disjointed forms in the columns of newspapers, where it only dispensed a meteoric light. The task of the writer has been to brush off the dust from these musty documents, and put their authors ou the stand, to- testify specially in behalf of Minnesota; to dig among the mines, and separate that which was valuable to Minnesota from that which encumbered it ; to gather into popular shape, for the popular reader, these valuable materials, and combining them with local statistics of the counties and towns, endeavor by their use to spread upon the canvas a faithful portrait of " Min nesota as it is in 1870." For local items in reference to their counties and towns, and valuable assistance, he acknowledges his indebtedness to the following gentlemen in the counties named. Anoka County, J. F. Blodget, now of St. Paul ; Benton Coun ty, Dr. McMahon, Sauk Rapids ; Blue Earth, Daniel Buck, Man- kato; Carver, Joseph Weinman, Carver; Chisago, Hon. Ansel Smith, Franconia, now Duluth; Douglas, Hon. L. K. Aaker, Alexandria, and Geo. B. "Wright, Minneapolis; Faribault, Jacob A. Kiester, Blue Earth City; Fillmore, J. E. Burbank, Preston; Freeborn, Wm. Morin, Albert Lea ; Goodhue, Dr. W. W. Sween ey, Bed Wing ; Hennepin, Col. J. H. Stevens, Minneapolis ; Houston, N. E. Dorival, Caledonia; Isanti, Hon. Stephen Hew- son, Oxford; Jackson, Geo. C. Chamberlain, Jackson; Kandi yohi, Mark W. Piper, and A. C. Smith, Forest City; Le Sueur, Henry Swann, Le Sueur; Martin, O. P. Chubb, Fairmount; McLeod, Wm. A. McWrlght, Giencoe, and Lewis Harrington, Hutchinson; Meeker, A. C. Smith and Mark W. Piper, Forest City; Monongalia, A. C. Smith, Forest City; Mille Lac, H. M. Atkins, Princeton ; Morrison, 0. A. Churchill, Little Falls ; Mow er, Hon. Geo. M. Cameron, Austin ; Nicollet, Wm. G. Hayden, St. Peter; Olmstead, W. D. Hurlbut, Rochester; Pope, A. W. Lathrop, Glenwood; Rice, F. W. Frink, Faribault and Dr. L. PREFACE. 5 H. Kelly, Northfield; St. Louis, Hon. Luke Marvin; Scott, Robt. H. Rose, Belle Plaine, and L. R. Hawkins, Maple Glen; Sherburne, Wm. Tubbs, Elk River; Sibley, Daniel Picket, Hen derson ; Stearns, O. E. Garrison, St. Cloud ; Steele, J. H. Abbott, Owatonna; Todd, A. D. Brower, Round Prairie ; Wabashaw, W. J. McMasters, Lake City, and Capt. J. H. Arnold, Wabashaw ; Washington, Hons. Wm. Holcomb, and J. N. Castle, Stillwater; Watonwan, Thomas Rutledge, Madelia; Winona, D. Sinclair, Winona; Wright, B. F. Miller, Monticello. He is also under obligations to State Auditor Mclllrath for free access at all times to assessors' returns of property from all the counties; to Col. Rogers, Secretary of State, andPennock Pusey, Esq ., Assistant, for much official matter ; to Gov. Marshall for documents, and to Hon. Geo. L. Becker, Joseph A. Wheel ock, Editor Press, Col. D. A. Robertson, and A. J. Hill, for books and authorities which were invaluable ; to Dr. A. Barnard, Geo. B. Wright, Capt. Jos. Anderson, Gen. J. W. Bishop, and H. M. Atkins, for information relative to the frontier; to Hon. L. K. Stannard, Taylor's Falls, Hon. Henry Hill, of Litchfield, Geo. C. Chamberlain, of Jackson, Hon. Chas. A. Gillman, of St. Cloud, Hon. L. K. Aaker, and J. H. Vandyke, of Alexandria, and Tillson Tibbets, of St. Peter, for Land Office statistics ; and to Bishop Grace, Rev. Dr. Brown, Horace Greeley, Rev. John Ireland, Chas. H. Sweetzer, and others who in various ways have aided him in giving variety and interest to the book. To the Press of the State, which has generally seconded his efforts with an enlightened liberality, he also desires to express his gratelul acknowledgments. Conscious that he does not "know it all, " and that his book may be greatly improved in many particulars, he will thank any gentleman for any criticism, either of style or matter, which will remedy its defects and make it more perfect or accurate ; and as it is his intention to push off the present edition as soon as pos sible and publish another in a few months, he will thank his old correspondents or any new ones for any information concerning their counties or towns, which will give a, more correct or a fuller account thereof than that here published. Any information sent from any quarter will be treasured up and used for the benefit of the State or Counties in the next edition. St. Paul, January 15th, 1870. Ill !i ii: 'I II .*¦¦ I'll. lis W'fm>- >«$ iCTS^^Si i I lllillii I* * B^^vm~ ¦*! above zero, as well as by a dry. crisp atmosphere, with the mercury at 32° below zero. It may be caused by the application of a wet blanket with the mercury at summer heat, or by exposure to a raw wind with the mercury at summer heat. Yon may be as cold in Indiana or Kentucky, or Texas, with a raw, chilling, damp atmosphere, with the mercury at 32° above zero, as in Minnesota with the mercury at 32° below. Why ice do not feel the Cold. — A moist atmosphere is a conductor. Wind is a conductor. Rarely having either in Minnesota during our cold terms, the warmth of the body is retained, and not abstracted ; and a sensation of chilliness is rare, even in the coldest weather. ABSENCE OF WIND. 79 Effect of the Wind. — Dr. Kane, in his Diary in the Arctic Regions, says the wind adds 30° to the cold. He says : " Our experience has taught us to prefer 40° below zero, with a calm, to 10° below with a gale in the face. * * I walked myself into a comfortable per spiration this morning with the mercury at 42° below zero. * A breeze sprang up ; it was very gentle, but instantly the sensation came over me of intense cold." Dr. Owen, in his official report (1851) on Minnesota, says : "Since itis usually very calm when the thermometer is so low, the cold is not felt so much as when the mer cury is higher with a breeze." Absence of Wind during the cold terms in Minnesota. — This we have proved by the personal testimonials on the climate in preceding pages, and by Dr. Owen, just quo ted. We merely add the result of years of observations published in the official reports from the different mili tary stations of the IT. S. as to the force of the wind in Minnesota and other places. In Minnesota, 1.87 ; Con necticut, 2.67; New York, 2.96; Maine, 2.63; Penn sylvania, 2.20; Michigan, 2.26; Iowa, 2.48; Kansas, 2.09. We do not mean to say that we have no wind during the winter, but merely that it is rarely windy during the " cold terms." What wind we have is in the moderate weather almost entirely. Prevalence of Southerly Winds during the year. — From the Army Register kept at Fort Snelling of the temper ature, &c, twelve years' observations show that the yearly average of south and southerly winds was 172 days, or nearly half the year. 80 THEORY OF THE CLIMATE. Dryness of the Winter Air. — Absence of Moisture. — Besides the personal testimonials, in preceding pages, to show that we have rarely a rain in winter, we present the following : " Rain has not fallen in winter but once in many years. The whole winter is a radiant and joyous band of sunny days and star-lit nights." — Wheelock1 s official report. Inches of water falling in rain and snow during the winter. — Minnesota. 1.92 ; Philadelphia, Pa., 9.26 ; New York, 10.79: Mass.. 10.83: Oregon, 26.50 : Mo.. 6.29; R. L, 13.30. — Disturnel on Climate. Cold not regulated by Latitude. — Prof. Maury, for merly Superintendent of the Observatory at Washington, says : ¦• Most men of our age were educated under the belief that parallels of latitude and terrestrial climates are correlatives : that we might tell the temperature of any unknown country or region of country if we knew its latitude. Humboldt and Dove exploded this idea, with their isothermal lines. For example, they show that the mean aminal temperature of North Cape. lat. 70 3. in Europe, is the same as that along the north shore of Lake Superior, in lat. 50°. Here is a difference of 20° of latitude without any difference in the average annual temperature of the two places." Disturnel. ¦• On the Influence of Climate.'' says : ¦¦ The temperature of latitude -MP on the Atlantic finds its parallel in latitude 50a on the Pacific." He quotes an English writer as saying : " The western side of the continent is greatly warmer than the eastern. For ex ample, the Island of Sitka has a mean annual tempera ture of 42", while Nain. in Labrador, near the same latitude, 573, has a mean temperature of only TdT Quebec, in lat. 46:49, has a mean of 40^3 : Ottawa, Canada, in 45323. a mean of 42J3. He quotes Bonny- WARM AIR. 81 castle, on Newfoundland, as saying if the laws of climate were regulated by the thermal zones which philosophers have drawn around the globe, Newfoundland would be an abode for man, equally free from great heats and from intense cold, as it lies in nearly the same parallels as France ; whereas it has the general temperatm-e of the European countries situated 15 or 20 degrees higher than the northern shores of that fertile country. He places the mean annual temperature of St. John, Newfoundland, 47J° north, the same as St. Petersburg, Russia, 60° north, viz., 39° Fah. The Gulf Stream and Warm Air from the Pacific Ocean. — The same author says the great Equatorial Cm-rent and Gulf Stream, carrying in its extended course warmth and moisture, penetrates the Valley of the Mississippi far inland, until met by counter currents of air sweeping across the Rocky Mountains north of the 49th parallel. Prof. Hind's Report on the Sascatchewan, says : " Warm air from the Pacific Ocean passes at certain periods of the year over the whole range of the Rocky Mountains in British America and the United States. The winds become more warm and more dry as they descend the eastern Rocky Mountain slope, until they meet the moist winds from the Gulf of Mexico, passing up the Valley of the Mississippi." As a consequence of the Pacific current, Capt. Mullan's report is quoted by Mr. Disturnel, showing that the tem peratm-e of Walla-Walla, in latitude 46°, is similar to that of Washington City, in latitude 38° ; the temperatm-e of Clark's Fork, in latitude 48°, to that of St. Joseph, Mo., in latitude 41° ; the temperature of Bitter Root Valley, in latitude 46 3, to that of Philadelphia, in latitude 40°. Gov. Isaac L Stevens' report gave the winter tempera ture of Fort Benton, 1853-4, on the Missouri River, in 82 THEORY OF THE CLIMATE. latitude 47°49, as 25° above zero, while at Quebec, 1 de gree further south, the same ivinter it was 11° above zero, and at Montreal, nearly 3 degrees further south, it was 13° above zero : Fort Benton, in latitude 47°49, having the same winter temperature as Chicago, in latitude 41°53. These facts are sufficient to dispel the theory that Min nesota must be cold and inhospitable, because of its high northern latitude. Moreover, " The favorable climate and soil are not confined to Minnesota and Dakota, but extend north to the valleys of the Assiniboine and Sas- catchewan rivers, in British America." Apropos to this, Carlton, correspondent of the Boston Journal, in July, 1869, wrote from Red River : One of the most wonderful features of this region is its cli mate. Here we are in latitude 46, several degrees further north than Boston, but the summers are longer than in Massachusetts, and the winters, though colder, are less severe than in that State. The air is dry, the days calm ; and the hundreds of men that I meet, who have come hither from Maine and New Hamp shire, selecting this as their future home, say that this climate is far preferable to that of New England. Yesterday I saw a Scotchman, who lives five hundred miles north of this point in a straight line, on the shore of Lake Win nipeg. The winter, there,he says, is not so severe as at Chicago. Scientific men have speculated on this phenomena, but we have seen no satisfactory explanation. Doubtless it is due to a combination of causes : the influence of the great lakes on the one side aud the Eocky Mountains on the other ; to the Missouri and Mississippi and Red rivers : to the currents of air sweeping up the Missouri valley from the dry plains of Nebraska. Be the cause what it may, the fact remains that here — reaching from Chicago northwest, over a territory embracing Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dacota, Northern Montana, and a vast region in the British Possessions — lie the wheat lands of Xorth America. THE ISOTHERMAL LINE. S3 The Isothermal Line, or the Line siarkdcg the same Mean Annual Temperature through America and Europe, as applied to Minnesota. — Minnesota further South than the most populous European States. — From the London Financial Clironicle : There is a portion of this country which promises in a few years to yield to none other in population, wealth and produc tions. It is a region, however, now comparatively unknown, of vast extent, of healthful climate and of large resources. It has for its streams the upper waters of the Mississippi, those of the Ked Biver of the North, of the Assinniboine and of the Sas katchewan. It touches the shores of Lake Winnipeg, extends far westward along the borders of the United States and of the Sew Dominion to and beyond the Rocky Mountains. It has Lake Superior for its eastern limit. The State of Minnesota, part of Wisconsin, part of Dakota, and a broad section of the New Dominion lie within this region. At first thought one would say that this section was far to the northward, but a glance at the map shows that while St. Paul is in the latitude of Venice, the northern shore of Lake Superior is in the latitude of Paris, two hundred miles further south than London, and seven hundred miles further south than St. Petersburg. The summer isothermal line of seventy degrees, which passes through the wheat growing regions of Russia, and through Southern France, strikes this continent on Long Island, bends down into Pennsyl vania, skirts the northern limits of Ohio and Indiana, passes from the foot of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi just north of St. Paul, and then sweeps up to latitude 52, three and a half degrees north of Paris. Some of our school misconceptions of geography are corrected by th« practical knowledge we acquire in this day of enterprise and action. It is under and around this isothermal line that the richest wheat-growing regions of the United States lie, and it is near this line that the remarkable development of the last few years has been made. The whole theory in a nutshell. — The above isothermal line is given as a concluding summary of the Minnesota climate. We will add one more, giving the whole theory of our climate in a nutshell. 84 THEORY OF THE CLIMATE. Baron Von Humboldt remarks that " Humidity, a calm state of the air, the purity of the atmosphere, the degree of habitual transparency of the air, the serenity of the sky, have an important influence not only on the organic development of plants and the ripening of fruits, but also on the feelings and whole mental disposition of man." Clarke, State Geologist, in his report, says of this, if he had visited Minnesota he would have said, " the degree of habitual transparency of the air and serenity of the sky of Minnesota have an important influence," &c. Snow. — The average winter monthly fall of snow is given in Wheelock's official report as six inches : average depth during the winter, eight inches. Rain. — Inches. — Winter, including snow (melted) 1.92 ; spring, 6.60 ; summer, 10.92 ; autumn, 5.98 ; whole year, 25.43. Oregon, whole year, 68.52 ; Missouri, 37.83 ; Texas, 22 ; Massachusetts, 42 ; New York, 33 ; Pennsyl vania, 34. During the six warm and growing months : Minnesota, 19.35 ; Philadelphia, Pa., 20.94 ; Worcester, Mass., 23.15 ; Athens, Illinois, 26.30. — Army Register. Frost. — Having as shown above, the spring, summer and fall temperature of the greatest agricultural States in the Union, with the additional influence of over 1000 lakes, a dry air, and a thoroughly drained soil, it is not too much to claim that we are equally free from untimely frosts, as well as less liable to be injured by them. Mr. Wheelock's report gives the following record of frosts as reported from the Army Register kept at Fort Ridgely, in the same or a higher latitude than St. Paul. Frost Record of Fort Ridgely. — Earliest Fall Frost. —1853, Sept. 20 ; '54, Oct. 4 ; '55, Sept. 27 ; '56, Sept. 19 ; '57, Sept. 29 ; '58, Sept. 8 ; '59, Oct. 18 ; '60, Sept. 11. The only two years reported show the earliest spring frosts May 11th and May 8th. MINNESOTA SCENERY. 85 Scientific men hold the theory, and observation proves it, that the mercury may fall in Minnesota much below the freezing point, and on account of the dryness of' the air, vegetation is not injured. Two late frosts this spring, falling after fruit trees were in bloom in the garden of the -writer, failed to have the slightest effect on them, and the apples are now (in June) nearly an inch in diameter. Earliest frost in fall of 1869, Sept. 26th. Our crops (given in another, place) are the best answer to all cavils about frost. See " Agriculture " for more on the subject. CHAPTER \TI. Official Descriptions of a Beautiful Country. — The Scenery of Minnesota. — Much on this subject having necessarily appeared in the descriptions of the different sections of the State, its groves, parks, lakes, prairies, &c, the tourist is referred to those descriptions as a complement to this chapter. The following, from Dr. Owen's geological report, 1851, refers to that portion of Minnesota occupied by the lower magnesian limestone, which we have shown elsewhere to be Eastern Minnesota south of 45°, and part of Southern Minnesota : The constant theme of remark, whilst travelling in the region of the Upper Mississippi occupied by the lower magnesian limestone, was the picturesque character ofthe landscape, and especially the striking similarity which the rock exposure pre sents to that of ruined structures. 86 MINNESOTA SCENERY. The scenery on the Rhine, with its castellated heights, has furnished many of the most favorite subjects for the artists' pencil, and been the admiration of European travellers for centuries. Yet it is doubtful whether in actual beauty of land scape it is not equalled by that of some of the streams that water this region of the Far West. * * Nature has here fashioned on an extensive scale and in ad vance of all civilization, remarkable and curious counterparts to the artificial landscape which has given celebrity to that part of the European continent. * * We find the luxuriant sward clothing the hill slope even down to the water's edge. We have the steep clin* shooting up through it in mural escarpements. We have the stream clear as crystal, now quiet and smooth and glassy, then ruffled by a temporary rapid, or when a terrace of rock abruptly crosses, broken up into a small romantic cascade. We have clumps of trees disposed with an effect that might baffle the landscape gardener, now crowning the grassy height, now dotting the green slope with partial and isolated shade. From the hill tops, the intervening valleys wear the aspect of cultivated meadows and rich pasture grounds, irrigated by fre quent rivulets that wend their way through fields of wild hay fringed with flourishing willows. Here and there occupying its nook on the bank of the stream at some favorable spot, occurs the solitary wigwam, with its scanty appurtenances. On the summit levels, spreads the wide prairie, decked with flowers of the gayest hue — its long, undulating waves stretching away till sky and meadow mingle in the distant horizon. The whole combination suggests the idea, not of an aboriginal wilderness inhabited by savage tribes, but of a country lately under a high state of cultivation and suddenly deserted by its inhabitants — their dwellings indeed gone, but the castle homes of their chieftains only partially destroyed and showing in ruins on the i-ocky summits around. Carlton, in July, 1869, writes the Boston Journal from Minnesota : The larger lakes are bordered by parks and groves, presenting landscapes of indescribable beauty. Many a pioneer on this Northwestern verge of civilization may look out from the door of his log cabin on scenery as enchanting as any in Old England. LAKE SUPERIOR. 87 True, there is no background of mountains, no rocky crag, or deep and tprtuous defiles ; but there are undulations, sunny slopes, gentle swells, rounded wood-crowned summits, looking down upon lakes and ponds dotted with emerald islands, or clear waters dancing in the sunlight or reflecting from the glassy surface the transcendental beauty ofthe landscape. This region is attractive not only because of its soil and genial clime — not because there is great prospect of material wealth — but here nature has done much to promote that ajsthetic •culture, without which a community never can reach the highest plane of civilization. Here, in coming years, on the borders of these lakes, costly mansions will be reared. Where now the pioneer feeds his pigs will be seen parks and lawns. Of the Red River Valley, he says : The sun shines through a mellow haze, while all around as far as the eye can see there is such richness of verdure, such wealth of greenness and display of flowers, that the language descriptive of the Elysian fields and the choicest and best of poesy is too forceless and feeble to convey an idea of the rich ness and beauty of this fair region of the world. North Shore, Lake Superior. — -Scenery. — " The scenery of the whole extent of the ranges north of the lake is bold and picturesque. " The Great Palisades are rocks rising from the margin of the lake, near Palisade Creek, to the height of over 300 feet, presenting perpendicular columns from 60 to 192 feet high, and from 1 to 6 feet in diameter. From the top of these rocks a magnificent view was afforded of the Apostle Islands, 30 miles distant ; and the outlines of the high ranges south of the lake, from the Porcupine Mountains to Fond du. Lac, were distinctly visible." He speaks of rocks projecting into the lake 100 yards or more, that, with their cappings of small cedars and firs, present the most picturesque appearance imaginable. Dr. August Hanchette, State Geologist, 1864, says " there are forty-three rivers and creeks, * * the 88 MINNESOTA SCENERY. majority of which find their way to the great lake over rippling cascades or frowning precipices, magnificently high." Hon. Thomas Clarke, Assistant Geologist, 1864, spe cifies a cascade in the Wisacode Valley as " one of the most wild and exciting waterfalls to be met with in this wild region, where all are truly wild when compared with those more generally known." " One of the most sym metrical," he again describes as "just such scenery as the school girl, in her first attempts at painting, would delight to sketch." He speaks of firing a gun near Little Marias Bay, causing " fourteen distinct pairs of echoes, rolling back over the crags and bluffs like the rolling of thunder in a mountain region, and putting the adjacent forests in an uproar as of artillery ; these fol lowed by several indistinct ones, blended with the rumb ling of a hundred cars winding their way in the distance, beset by dozens of ambushed mountain howitzers." Major Long's report of a topographical survey, 1824, compiled by Prof. Keating, describes a cascade on White Fish River (on the Canada side of the line,) about 3ft miles above the mouth, as " one of the most magnificent cascades to be witnessed in any country," called by the Indians the "Falls of Kakabikka, or Cleft Rock." The river is about fifty yards wide, with an unusually large body of water, and is precipitated in a dense sheet down a perpendicular precipice more than one hundred and thirty feet, into a deep chasm, bounded by perpendicular cliffs of the height just mentioned. * * * The scenery, although it is less extensive, yet vies in grandeur and sublimity with that of the Falls of Niagara. In beholding it the spectator is inspired with equal awe, the principal features are equally terrific, while the deep in tonation, which is not only heard but felt at the distance BEV. DB. BOARDMAN. 89 of 400 or 500 yards, is more sensible than that of its rival, and has a nearer resemblance to the roar of distant thunder and the rumblings of an earthquake." As there are falls upon " the forty-five rivers and creeks " alluded to by Hanchette, we cannot, of course, describe all. The above examples will give the reader an idea of their style. St. Louis River Falls. — Dr. Owen describes the Lower Falls as " a series of cascades, ten or eleven in number, six to ten feet high." The Second Falls as presenting "a much more imposing appearance than the lower ones." " The Third Falls, like the others, are made up of a series of cascades, and for grandeur and beauty equal any sce nery of the kind I have met with south or west of Lake Superior. Although the fall, including the rapids, is only forty-five feet, the disposition of the rocks and other sur rounding scenery combine to render the effect indescrib ably beautiful." " The Fourth Falls are made up of a series of five large cascades and numerous smaller ones — height over 100 feet." Mississippi River Scenery.- — Long's Report says : "This first day's voyage on the Mississippi was delightful to those who had never been on that river before ; the mag nificence of the scenery is such, its characters differ so widely from those of the landscapes which we are accus tomed to behold in our tame regions ; its features are so bold, so wild, so majestic, that they impart new sensations to the mind." Rev. Dr. H. A. Boardman, of Philadelphia, in a letter to the Philadelphia North American, Oct., 1868, says: Confessing, as I do, to some native pride in the Hudson, I am constrained to say that with the exception of the Highlands, the ten or fifteen miles of its passage through the Catskills, the scenery of that river is not to be compared with the Mississippi. 90 MINNESOTA SCENERY. The countless islands, the lofty bluffs on either side, gentle and precipitous, pyramidical and dome-like, the ever varying chan nel of the noble stream, now shut in between narrow cliffs, and now spread out into an expanse of two or three miles, the mag nificent panorama opening upon you at every turn, to say noth ing of the rich foliage of the forests and the myriad wild flowers that carpet the margins of the islands — these are a few only of the elements of beauty which regale the traveler on the Upper Mississippi. But my object is too practical to justify me in dwelling upon the poetry of this region. Prof. Maury says of our lakes : " They give variety and beauty to the landscape ; they soften the air, and lend all their thousand charms and attractions to make this goodly land a lovely place of residence." Of our clear bright nights, so bright that you may often read by moonlight, he says : " At the small hours of night, at dewy eve and early moi'n, I have looked out with wonder, love, and admiration, upon the steel blue sky of Minnesota, set with diamonds, and sparkling with brilliants of purest ray. * * A telescope, mounted here in this atmosphere, under the skies of Minnesota, would have its powers increased many times over what they would be under canopies less brilliant .and lovely." We might go on and make a volume of descriptions of Minnesota scenery. We have said nothing of the Falls of St. Anthony (see description of Hennepin County for this ;) nothing of the far-famed Minnehaha, of Minneinne- opa, near Mankato, scarcely less beautiful ; nor of scores of other falls, cascades, caves, mounds, and beautiful views ; but we have said enough to show the reader that this is a charming land for the tourist who would spend a few months in recreation, and while he enjoys the past- times of hunting and fishing, would also feast his eyes upon the beautiful, and breathe a pure and invigorating AS A FARMING COUNTRY. 91 atmosphere. Minnesota artists have photographed about 240 different varieties of Minnesota scenery, to which we refer as a concluding chapter on this subject. CHAPTER VIII. Minnesota as a Farming Country. — As we prefer to give official or outside disinterested testimony on every subject, resting as little as possible upon our own lan guage, which the reader may say is warped and colored by self interest, we will let Dr. W. B. Cheadle, an Eng lish gentleman, speak first in general terms. In a letter which we extract from the London Railway Record, dated Nov. 17, 1865, Dr. Cheadle, who accom panied Lord Wilton in a tour through this country, speaking of the superior growth and development of the American States over those of British America, says : Canada, as you know, is a land of forests, and a dense growth of timber covers the ground the settler is called upon to till. The soil is probably rich enough, but tho labor and expense of clearing is considerable, and the delay a great drawback, for it may be years perhaps before he will be able to plough fields, clear from stumps and roots, or create any extent of pasturage for cattle, everything has to be prepared under difficulties — arable land and pasturage. In the Western States it is far otherwise : broad prairies waving with the most nutritious grasses, and diversified by woodlands and hills, lakes and streams. Minnesota for example, the most northerly and Ihe richest of them all, is like one great park. Farms .are almost ready made to the settler's hand. He builds his house and fences his fields with timber from one of the neighboring woods. The deep and fertile soil of the prairie lies ready for the plough without obstruction ; a portion of this he prepares with- 92 HORACE GREELEY. out difficulty for his grain and root crops, and the rest affords au inexhaustible extent of pasture for his flocks and herds, which grow fat on the herbage in which myriads of buffalo grazed in times gone by. We will let Hon. Horace Greeley .follow. Horace Greeley on Minnesota. Office of the New York Tribune. New York, June 1st, 1868. . My Dear Sir : Fifteen to twenty years ago, when Minnesota first challenged attention, I was not prepossessed in her favor. I knew that her winters were apt to be long and severe ; but I was born to face winters more snowy, though less steadily cold, in New Hampshire. But she seemed to have broken out all over with land speculators, bankrupt, seedy office seekers, and party wire workers, who had outlived alike their usefulness (if such ever was) and popularity in older communities and gone up the Mississippi as a consequence of having been decisively rowed up salt river. I saw that your State imported not only loafers in great abundance, but the bread they ate. as well as the whisky they drank ; and I did not see how she could stand it (you must pardon my weakness) in the defection of home industry. Years passed : I was invited to visit her at a great railroad excursion party, but declined; then to speak at her State Ag ricultural Fair of 1861, and accepted; but Bull Run intervened, and I had not the heart to go, and begged off. I was re-invited, but declined to go till we should be delivered from the dire necessity of carnage. At length came 1865, bringing with it a first installment of peace ; then I went. I found her soil better than I had hoped — warm, fertile and just about rolling enough to secure proper drainage at little or no expense. Her Indian corn was not luxuriant, but a fair growth ; her grass had plainly been ample; her wheat and oats better (in the average) than I had ever before known. Her railroads were just beginning to promise beniflcence. In lumber she was greatly favored. Her vegetables (as exhibited at the State Fair) I had seen surpassed in California alone. In fruit alone did she seem deficient; but she was still in the gristle of her youth. Her butter, cheese and honey would justify any praise. MR. GEO. B. WRIGHT. 93 Yet I was most impressed by her men and women. I never saw so few chronic idlers, except among the Mormons in Utah. Every one seemed to have work and to make a business of doing it. I knew that many had gone to her for health ; I rejoiced to perceive that most of them had found it. In quiet homes as well as at the Fair, I found every one strong, elastic, active, vigor ous, buoyant. I realized that they not only would but did ac complish more in seven months of unfrozen earth than so many people would in ten months of a softer, a more enervating clime. In short, I learned to like her heartily, and to expect great things of her people and her growth in a future by no means remote. God bless her 1 Yours, Hokace Greeley, To J. W. McClung, Esq., St. Paul, Minn. Minnesota Compared vfiTH Illinois, Iowa, and Wis- cosin. — Wishing a eandid, moderate, and fair statement of the relative agricultural capacity of these States, from some one qualified by actual observation to judge, we addressed a note to Geo. B. Wright, Esq., and elicited the following reply. He is an old surveyor, and his statements can be relied on, Minneapolis, Minn., May 10th, 1869. J. W. McClung, Esq., St. Paul, Minn. — Dear Sir: In reply to your note of inquiry of May 6th, I would say — I have been for the past fifteen years engaged in surveying and land exam ining in different parts of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and have made special and minute examinations of farming lands with reference to their value for that purpose, to as great an extent perhaps as any person living north and west of Chicago, and for eight years past have been engaged in government surveying. During that time I have become pretty intimately acquainted with nearly all of Minnesota south of latitude 47° (except the south-eastern portion of the State,) aud to some extent with some of the finest portions of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois (as far south as the Ohio and M. R. R.) To compare Minnesota with those States : — 1st. As to average quality and productiveness of soil and capacity to sustain a dense population, I should place Illinois and Iowa first, then Minnesota, and lastly Wisconsin, while if 91 COMPARATIVE VIEW. we leave off the north-eastern portion of Minnesota (valuable chiefly for timber and minerals.) the remainder, about equal in area to Iowa or Illinois, will average fully equal in agricultural capacity with either of those States, and very far in advance of Wisconsin, of which a quite small proportion only is ofthe best quality for farming purposes. 2d. Concerning Crops. — Probably Illinois will always lead in the production of corn. Though Minnesota produces good crops of that, much better than in the most favored spots in New England — while it is unquestionably the best wheat pro ducing State east of the Rocky Mountains : and for the raising of most of the small grains — hay, potatoes, and root crops gen erally — it is fully equal if not better than either of the three States mentioned. 3d. For Stock Raising, and the production of beef, wool, but ter and cheese, Minnesota is I think better adapted than either of the States mentioned. The dry atmosphere, and equable temperature of the winters, are specially valuable for wool growing, and the almost unlimited extent of natural meadows (not marshes,) covered with a superior quality of fine grass and distributed so that every farm has more or less of them, renders the getting of winter supplies for stock a simple and inexpen sive matter. I have this spring noticed hundreds of cattle and other stock, which during the winter were fed exclusively on this native hay, costing to put up not over 82 per ton, and in nearly every instance they were in line, thriving condition. I think, in regard to the matters above named, that Minnesota will compare favorably with Illinois or Iowa, in some respects better, and in some not so good ; but it is particularly in refer ence to her climate, geographical position, scenery, pure water, and admirable distribution of those natural advantages' for pleasant and profitable farming, that — as seems to me — she offers inducements to the farmer seeking a home iu the West, such as no other Western State can present. Timber for build ing and fencing, if not for fuel, is a necessity. For profitable farming, prairie is almost a necessity also. Pnre clear water is indispensable for comfort, and generally for health. A gently rolling country attracts the eye and pleases, so that its beauty alone gives it an additional value, aside from more perfect drainage, and therefore better adaptation for tillage; and a CARLTON. 95 healthful, bracing, and invigorating climate, alone is sufficient to make poor land rich and valuable. Convenience to market, and choice of many competing routes for transportation, make farming profitable and lands valuable. Within two years our markets should be equally good with Illinois, and better than Iowa, ultimately better than either ; for we are on the shortest and'best route across the continent. Especially, however, I would call attention to the fact that the climate of Minnesota is better, pleasamer. and more healthful, than that of either ofthe States named. We have neither the scourge of the West (intermittent fevers.) nor of the East (consumption,) except as they are brought here. Lastly. No other Western State can show so large a per cent, of natural farms, with meadows, and fields ready for the plow; fine groves of timber; beautiful lakes and streams; fine building sites ; handsome views ; and lacking only buildings and fences to make them models of perfect farms, — as can Minne sota. In other words, the timber, meadow, prairie, water, and fine .scenery, as well as fertile soil, are better distributed here, so as to afford a greater number of pleasant homes, than in any other ofthe Western States with which I am acquainted. These are real and substantial advantages, which Minnesota possesses over the States south and east of her: and I am very sure that few persons who have carefully examined the ques tion, and are really acquainted with the comparative advantages of the different States named, would willingly leave Minnesota for a residence in Illinois, Iowa, or Wisconsin. Very truly yours. George B. Wright. Minnesota Compared to Kansas. Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. — " Carlton," in July, 1869, writes the Boston Journal: Many of those who, perchance, may read these lines have visited Illinois and seen the wheat and corn fields and cultivated lands of that State, reaching on and on in boundless expanse; have heard the music of the reapers gathering the ripened grain ; have beheld the harvest fields in all their glory. Think now of those fields extended as far as it is from Boston to Omaha, over 96 COMPARATIVE VIEW. a tract as wide as from Montreal to Philadelphia, and you have the area of the wheat field lying northwest of Chicago. It is a region presenting features different from the country along the highway opened to San Francisco by the Union Pacific road. The plains of Nebraska and Kansas — magnificent in ex tent — are traversed by no great water courses. The streams are few, and when the summer heats prevail, they dwindle to rivulets, and become wholly dry ; but here there are ever-flow ing streams and lakes of pure fresh water, fed by never-failing springs. Ride where you will over this vast territory, and you are always in sight of a river, a creek, or a lake of purest water, where the waves break on pebbly beaches, and where thousands of waterfowl rear their young beneath the oaks and maples that fringe the rippling streams. Beautiful as are the prairies of Illinois and Iowa, nature has been even more generous in her adornment of the Northwest. Comparison with other Lands. — No other country has such a domain. The plains of Bavaria and Hungary, upon which Central Europe relies for its grain, united, would not exceed in area a single county in Minnesota. The fine lands of Prussia have a thin soil, while the wheat fields of France have been cul tivated for centuries, and are only kept in heart by constant application of fertilizers ; but here the soil is in its virgin state, yielding such returns as are not obtained in any other land, unless it be in the San Joaquin and Santa Clara valleys of Cal ifornia. The most fertile acre of the Ganges Valley in India will not yield a greater return than these of the Northwest. The Nile and the Yangteze — their fertility renewed by each annual flood — may vie with the uplands of Minnesota ; but there are sections along this Red River of the North— along the Cheyenne and Mouse rivers of Dakota — which are not surpassed by the richest in the heart of China or on the Delta of the Nile ! * * * Is this letter too enthusiastic? Will those who read it say " he has lost his head and gone daft out there on the prairies ?" Not quite. I am an observer here, as I have been in other lands. I have ridden many times over the States of the Northwest ; have seen the riches of Santa Clara and Napa west of the Sierra Nevadas ; have looked out over the meadows of Yangteze and the Nile, and can say with honest conviction, that for one who WHEAT. 97 has had a home in New England, I have seen nowhere so invit ing a field as that of Minnesota — none with greater undeveloped wealth, none with such prospect of quick development. The Cincinnati Times on Minnesota Wlieat. — The Cincinnati Times, speaking of the progress of wheat cul ture in Minnesota several years since, said : While tho wheat crop has been subject to great vicissitudes in other States, it has steadily kept up a full yield in the young and promising State of Minnesota, as appears in the following table : Proportion of Acres in BubIk-Is tilled land wheat. harvested. in -wheat. 1859, 124,792 2,374,415 34 45 1860, 231,915 5,101,432 53.88 1865, 400,000 10,000,000 62.00 The total crop of wheat in Ohio in 1864 was 15,541,825, which was produced on 1,655,595 acres. This shows a fraction less than ten bushels to the acre. The yield per acre in Minnesota was twenty-five bushels in 1865. Health and wheat are the first attractions in this upper State. Life and the staff of life are the chief productions. The Actual Yield, and the Yield per Acre of Produce. — Gov. Marshall, in his message to the Legislature in 1869, gives the following statistics carefully collected by the Secretary of State from the somewhat imperfect returns of assessors and from other sources. He says : " these figures are rather under than above the facts." Number of acres of corn, wheat, oats and potatoes un der cultivation in 1866-7-8. 1866. No. of acres in wheat, 547,531 Total product of wheat, 7,921,441 No. of acres in corn, 88,183 Total product of corn, 2,056,747 No. of acres in oats, 187,023 Total product of oats, 4,372,477 No. of acres in potatoes, 16,297 Total product of potatoes, 1,851,696 Wheat. — Average Yield Compared ivith other States. — This shows an average of wheat in 1866 of 14.48 bushels 9 1667. 1868. 683,784 908,500 10,014,828 16,125,875 100,648 115,170 3,216,010 4,598,760 162,722 174,500 5,620,895 6,103,510 17,647 17,500 1,788,053 1,698,900^ 98 THE BANNER WHEAT STATE. per acre ; in 1867, 14.64 bushels per acre ; and in 1868, 17.75 per acre. In 1865, on an area of 400,000 acres, the enormous crop of 10,000,000 bushels was the yield (estimated in the Governor's Message,) being an average of 25 bushels per acre. In 1859, on 124,972 acres, 2,374,- 415 bushels ; average per acre, 19. In 1860, on 231,315 acres, 5,101,432 bushels; average per acre, 22.05. Mr. Wheelock says, " Illinois and Iowa do not yield from year to year one-third of this average. In an address delivered at the Wisconsin State Agricultural Fair in 1859 by Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, he stated as the best result of all the testimony he was able to collect, that the average wheat yield of Illinois was not over 8 bushels per acre, Iowa in 1849 produced 14 bushels per acre ; in 1856, 14£ ; in 1858, but 7 bushels ; and in 1859, but 4£ bushels per acre. The largest known crop of Ohio, that of 1850, averaged only 17£ bushels per acre, and the average yield of that State for the last ten years is but 12^ bushels per acre." Minnesota, the Banner Wheat State. — The crop of Minnesota in 1868 exceeds the crop of 1860 in Pennsvl- vania, Wisconsin, Ohio and Virginia, is about double that of California, Iowa, New York, Michigan, Kentucky and Maryland, and about four times that of Missouri : Illi nois and Indiana alone exceeding her, and Indiana by less than a million bushels. At the same rate of progress she will soon be the banner wheat State of the Union. With inferior implements, and less experience and skilled farming than the older States, the above average j-ields are most remarkable. While these are the average yields, it is but fair to say that from thirty to forty bushels per acre are frequently raised, where the cultivation is good and the season favorable (see examples at the end of this chapter.) WHEAT. 99 Especially is this the case with winter wheat. And it is also proper to say that Minnesota has a much lower average than she should have, on account of the great number of slouchy, unskillful tillers of the soil, who are not farmers, but men who never farmed before they moved West. Shallow plowing, irregular sowing, deficient har rowing, careless and ¦wasteful harvesting and tlrreshing, together with too much reliance upon the rich soil and too little upon cultivation, rotation of crops, and good seel, are evils a thousand fold multiplied in Minnesota farming- over what they are in the older States. To excel them all. even with these drawbacks, is a trium phant vindication of our gTeat agricultural capacity. Bushels of Wfieo.t produced in 1^60: Indiana. WiscoLSin,Ohio- Virginia. Pennsylvania,New Y'jri, 23.-3:. 023 16.S4-.267 15.057.45s15.119.04713.130.J77 13.043.165 5.651.105 Iowa, Michigan.Kentucky,Maryland, California,Minnesota, Minnesota, IS-: 5.449,4035.336.365 7.394.509 6,103.450 5.925.470 2.156.993 ;. 16.128,875 Increase in production in ten yea N. York (decre Iowa.Michigan, from 1650 to 1660: Illinois. Indiana.Wisconsin. Ohio, Virginia, Perm, 'decrease 14.422.44510.633.509 11.371.327 0.31.696 1.915.301 2.325.526 Kentucky, Maryland, California, - 4.440,393 6.915iS223.410,479 5.251,957 1.6O5.50«J5.911,242 Minnesota, from 1560 to 1565, 13,938,882 (eight years.) Bushels of Wheat produced in 1667 : Illinois 25,000.000 Wisconsin 22.000,000 Ohio 15.000,000 Indiana 16. 561,000 Iowa 16,300,000 Minnesota (1565) 16.125.575 Michigan 15.250,000 Pennsylvania 15.000,000 New Tork 5.250.000 Average per acre. 14.5 12.3 11.610.512.717.7512.4 12.5 14.5 100 CORN. We give the above figures as the latest, to show the present status of Minnesota among the great wheat growing States, how rapid has been her progress towards the head of the list, and how few years it will take at the. same rate of progress to make her the first wheat growing State in the Union. Corn. — Average per acre in Minnesota, 1866, 23.32 bushels; 1867, 31.95; 1868, 39.93. Mr. Lincoln, in the address before noticed, said : " The average corn crop of Illinois, from year to year, does not exceed 20 bushels per acre." Average of Minnesota, 1860, 35.67. " The average yield in Ohio for the last 6 years reported is 31 bushels per acre." (Wheelock's report, 1861.) The census of 1860 shows the average in Ohio, 36 bushels ; Indiana, 33 ; Illinois, 33 ; Iowa, 32 ; Michigan, 32 ; Wis consin, 35 ; Pennsylvania, 20 ; New York, 27. Though corn is the most delicate of the cereals, and most liable to injury from frost, Whittlesey, in his official report, says : "I have seen corn growing at Red Lake, in latitude 48° north, which produced thirty bushels to the acre." Owen's report speaks of flourishing corn fields at the same place, and at Cass Lake, and good crops raised by the Indians and missionaries. Hind's report on the Sascatchewan, speaking of the Bed Biver climate, says : " It cannot fail to be noticed, however, that the general absence of late spring and early autumn frosts, with an abundant fall of rain during the agricultural months, are its distinguishing features in relation to husbandry. The melon growing in the open air, and arriving at perfect maturity in August and September ; Indian corn succeeding invariably, where due precautions are used to ensure the ripening before the middle of September, are strong proofs of the almost uniform absence of summer frosts." SUMMER HEAT. 101 This testimony relates to a more northerly and colder latitude than Minnesota. Our actual product of 4,598,760 bushels of corn, in 1868, is a sufficient answer to the question whether we are too far north for corn. As there is much incredulity on this subject in other States, and it is important in its bearing upon our capac ity for stock growing, the following figures are added to fortify the above facts. Blodget says, " The extreme limits of Indian corn northward are defined by the iso thermal of 67° for July, and it maj' go a little beyond 65° for the summer, one month, however, being required of a higher mean than this." Minnesota has 73°4 for July, and 70°6 for the summer, and compares thus with Chicago and other points, ac cording to Blodget's climatological tables, and the Army Meteorological Register. MEAN SUMMER HEAT. St. Paul, Minn. 70°6 Lancaster, Penn. 71°2 Philadelphia, Penn. 70°8 New York City, Stubenville, Ohio, Chicago, 111. 71°3 71°167°3 MEAN OF EACH MONTH. April. May. St. Paul, 46.3 59.0 Chicago, 46.0 56.3 June. July. Aug. 68.4 73.4 70.1 62.7 70.7 68.5 Sept.59.060.0 It thus appears that we compare favorably with the best corn-growing States in the matter of climate as well as in our yields. The past summer (1869) was one of the coldest and most backward we ever had. May and June were the coldest, except two, for ten years, and July 9° colder than July, 1868 ; the mean of May being 57°65, June 64°41, July 69°73, August 68°38, the summer mean 67°50 ; and yet we have raised a good fair crop of corn, the first frost occurring on the night of September, 26th, after the crop was generally fully matured and safe. 102 PBODUCTS. " Let it be remembered that the growing season of Minnesota is exempt from long, cold storms ; that it is less liable than are the States of Ohio and Illinois to the ravages of late spring and early autumnal frosts ; and further, that its high northern latitude gives it a day of sixteen hours, when the latitude of New Orleans has but fourteen ; whilst the nature of the soil scarce admits of the radiation of heat during the short nights that intervene between the long days of bright, cloudless sunshine. These characteristics of climate, combining remark able richness and fertility of soil, render Minnesota superior to many, and equal to most of the States of the Union as a corn- producing State."* Oats. — Average per acre in Minnesota, 1866, 23.37 bushels; 1867,34.54; 1868, 34.97; 1859, 33.9; 1860, 42.39 ; 23 counties, 1865, 44 ; Ohio, 1864, 29 ; Indiana, 26 ; Illinois, 31 ; Wisconsin, 27 ; Iowa, 32 ; Missouri, 25. Potatoes.— Average, 1866, 113.62; 1867, 101.32; 1868, 97.08 ; 1859, 115 ; 1860, 138 ; 23 counties, 1865, 150 ; Ohio, 1864, 95 ; Indiana, 80 ; Illinois, 81 ; Ken tucky, 81 ; Missouri, 39 ; Wisconsin, 118 ; Iowa, 76 : Michigan, 79 ; Kansas, 43, Barley.— Average, 1859, 29.1 ; 1860, 33.23 ; 1865, 23 counties, 30 ; Ohio, 23 ; Indiana, 24 ; Illinois, 22 ; Ken tucky, 23 ; Missouri, 13 ; Wisconsin, 21 ; Michigan, 19 ; Kansas, 23 ; Iowa, 21. Rye.— Average, 1859, 19.4; 1860, 21.56; 1865, 23 counties, 17£ ; Ohio, 1864, 12 ; Indiana, 19 ; Illinois, 15 ; Wisconsin, 12 ; Iowa, 15 ; Missouri, 15. Buckwheat.— Average 1859, 6.05; 1860, 15.73; 23 counties, 1865, 23; Ohio, 1864, 17; Indiana, 18 ; Illi nois, 17; Wisconsin, 16; Iowa, 17; Missouri, 15. Sorghum. — Average, 1860, 72£ gallons per acre ; 1865, 23 counties, 851 acres averaged 75 gallons per acre. * Prize Essay of Mrs. Mary J. Colburn. STOCK GBOWING. 103 Hay. — Average per acre, 2 \ tons (see " Natural Mead ows," page 21.) Ohio, 1J per acre. Cost of saving by patent mower, $1 to £1.50 per ton. Tobacco, 1859, 38,938 lbs. Hemp, 109 tons. Flax, 1983 lbs. Maple Sugar, 379,669 lbs. Maple molasses, 23,038 gallons. Sorghum molasses, 14,178. Honey, 34,- 285 lbs. Rice, 3286. Butter, 2,957,673. Cheese, 196,- 314. Peas and Beans, 18,988 bushels. Sweet Potatoes, 792 bushels. These figures are from the official reports of the U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, and other official sources. We might multiply them and give higher yields, but they are sufficient to show that Minnesota compares favorably ¦with the best agricultural States in the Union. Stock Growtng. — Our people pride themselves upon our pre-eminence as a stock-growing country, in the follow ing particulars : 1st. The healthiness of all stock — sheep, hogs, horses, and cattle — a most remarkable pre-eminence. 2nd. The luxuriance and nutritious qualities of our grasses and natural meadows, — including blue grass equal to the best Kentucky, also white and red clover — the abundance and cheapness of hay more than compensating for the long winter — the only drawback. See " Natural Meadows," page 21, showing facts on this subject; — also page 36. The haying season lasts from 75 to 90 days. 3d. The small capital required. A man with capital to stock a farm with young stock, can make more money in Minnesota in proportion to his capital than in any of the older States, where land is high and ten times the amount must be invested in the land. Here the land is free, the pasturage free, running streams and lakes free, the hay free — costing neither 104 DAIB Y B USINESS. plowing, planting, nor fencing, and the stock free to roam at pleasure. 4th. The high prices to be obtained. All the Forts west to be supplied, and the growing and ever-coming immigration keep prices high : beef on foot ranges from 5 to 8 cents ; oxen, $125 to $175 per yoke ; horses, $100 to $300 ; hogs, 10 to 13 cents, dressed ; sheep and wool temporarily set back by unfriendly congressional legisla tion. For amount of live stock in Minnesota see page 27. Dairy Business. — Cheese wholesaling at 15 and 20 cents, and butter retailing at 30 to 45 cents — the same abundance of grass, pure water, &c, makes this- a profit able branch of husbandry. A Wisconsin paper says : "A gentleman living near Kenosha, last season, with the milk of seventy cows, made 40,250 lbs. of cheese — 556 lbs. per cow. Which at 16 J cents per lb. (the average price last year) amounted to $6576.10, or $93.93 per cow — the cows being worth perhaps $4200." Minnesota farmers estimate the cost of keeping a cow at $12.50 per year ; her milk at 300 gallons, equivalent to 300 lbs. of cheese ; and the whey and butter $10 more. Good cows in the spring are worth $30 to $45. There are already quite a number of large dairy estab lishments in the State, and more preparing to begin. Hon. James W. Taylor, of St. Paul, writes Robertson's Monthly for October : "A gentleman just returned from a careful exploration of the celebrated dairy districts of Northern New York and Vermont, expressed a confident opinion that nine-tenths of the route from St. Paul to Duluth will be occupied for the production of butter and cheese — staples which are destined to great prominence among our exports to Europe, and which will seldom be in excess of a remunerative domestic demand. * * WINTEBING STOCK. 105 " In the same direction, although with a wider range, is the enterprise of an English gentleman, W. Thomas Emsly, who has purchased 4000 acres near Rush City, and made arrangements for a stock farm. His purpose is to import cattle and sheep of the best blood. " If the dairy is destined to be the leading interest of North-eastern Minnesota, we can readily anticipate a dense and permanent population — -always an incident of that form of agricultural industry." Wintering Stock. — Sheds made of straw are generally built by farmers, and all stock thrives better by protection during what are called the " cold snaps." This is no more true in Minnesota than elsewhere. And the dryness of our winters makes it little if any more necessary to house here than in milder but rawer and chillier latitudes. Stock generally runs out during the day time, and some farmers, who have tried closely housing them, claim that they thrive as well, if not better, to take the open air night and day. Except the working stock, sheep, and hogs, stock are wintered on hay, straw, and fodder only, and keep in good condition. Young colts thrive well for three years on such feed. Working cattle are fed on tm-nips, or ruta bagas occasionally, or a little corn. Ruta Bagas are raised either on the sod or old land, planted as late as July 12th, and yield hundreds of bushels to the acre. Some estimate as high as 600 to 1000 bushels per acre. Corn Fodder is raised by sowing the corn broadcast or drilling, and from four to eight tons per acre may be gathered. Clover, Timothy, and Blue Grass flourish, and the best of " blue joint" grows on the prairie without culture. 106 PROFITABLENESS OF FARMING. The Profitableness oe Farming in Minnesota. — Our large yields will be worth little to us beyond affording an easy living, unless we have commercial advantages for marketing at remunerative rates. Our rivers, lakes, and railroads will be shown in the proper place to give us these advantages. Before coming to them, hear what Major-General G. K. Warren, who was engaged last year in surveying the Upper Mississippi, says in his official report of October, 1868, in response to a resolution of Congress requiring " a full statement of the facts tending to show how much commerce would be promoted by certain works of im provement." Extract from General Warren's report : The region of the Upper Mississippi is pre-eminently adapted to the production of wheat ; and the low price at which land can now be purchased, and the ease with which it can be tilled, make wheat growing one of the most profitable of pursuits. The present year, upon farms well conducted and situated conveniently to water transportation, wheat has averaged about twenty bushels per acre, and sold for about one dollar and a half per bushel, realizing thirty dollars to the acre, and at a cost of production of about ten dollars, leaving a clear profit of twenty dollars per acre. A farm of two thousand acres would, at this rate, make a clear profit of forty thousand dollars. This would be sunicient to take up another equally large piece of land, break it, stock it and fence it, and show a profit of one hundred per centum on the original investment. Under such a stimulus as this, it is easy to see how rapid must be the expansion ofthe area of land cultivated for producing wheat. Large Farms. — Capitalists turning Farmers. — Pennock Pusey, Esq., Assistant Secretary of State, in response to a request from the Chicago Post, writes that paper some particulars of the farming operations of Oliver Dalrymple, Esq., about twenty miles from St. Paul. J. W. PANTON'S FARM. 107 On three farms of 2000 acres. 1700 were in wheat. His yield in 1867 was 35.700 bushels, gross price 853.550, profits §14.500; 1866, yield 39,000 bushels, nett profits •620.400. His profits would have been larger, except for the extremely high prices which ruled in 1666 — seed wheat costing 82.50 per bushel, with corresponding dis bursements for first breaking and other expenses. These expenses include interest on the capital employed in land and otherwise. ¦' The original cost of the land averaged about 812 per acre ; so that after allowing amply for the expenses of building, fencing, and other improvements, the nett profits on two years' crops were more than sufficient to cover the whole, while the market value of the land and improvements is to day nearly or quite three times its first cost. Mr. Dalrymple was so well satisfied with two years' trial, that he continued in 1669. The Stillwater Republican says he has 2000 acres in wheat, besides other crops, "which with a good yield will give him 50.000 bushels. Last season. Mr. Dalrj-mple employed one hundred men and a hundred horses in har vesting and threshing his crop. His farming operations, although yet in their infancy, have made him a fortune, and enabled him to extend his operations from year to • year. Mr. Dalrymple has demonstrated . the wealth and value of Minnesota lands, and the fact that capital and business ability can be successfully employed." J. W. Paxton's Mammoth Farm. — The special reporter of the St. Paul Dispatch says of this farm, located near Redwood Falls, far np the Minnesota Valley ¦ One of the prominent features of Redwood is the " Paxton Farm," four or five miles south-east of the place. It is owned by J. W. Paxton, late of St. Paul, a very enterprising gentle man, and one of the best citizens of the place. There are 1000 108 PROFITABLENESS OF FABMING. acres under cultivation, and it is designed to "break up" almost the entire portion of the 8000 acre tract as soon as possible. Mr. Paxton has, all told, upward of 15,000 acres of land in this vicinity, with enough timber to give each purchaser a sufficient tract of wood laud to supply the demand for build ing, fencing, &c. He is preparing tD set out soft maple and cottonwood groves on different parts ofhis lands, which in the course of four or five years will afford excellent protection against the wintry blasts. Prom the valley of the Minnesota he is having a large quantity of soft maple seeds gathered, with which to plant the low lands and meadow lands. He is also preparing to build a large number of farm buildings on his premises, to let to persons desiring to cultivate portions ofthe land on shares. This will be a great convenience to farmers of limited means, who will thus be enabled to select " claims," and by renting cultivated land any person can acquire sufficient capital to equip his own farm quite comfortably. Hon. Clark W. Thompson, of the Southern Minnesota Railroad, has a farm of 9000 acres in one bodj- near Wells, in Faribault County, which he is dividing into farms of 160 acres, with a brick house on each 100 acres broke and fenced, to be leased to parties on such terms as will make it an object to them to abandon the idea of going " out West" to make a homestead claim. Captain W. F. Davidson's Farm. — This gentleman, the president of the North- Western Union Packet Co., has purchased a tract of several thousand acres of land in Redwood County, with a view to the prosecution of farming operations on a large scale. Governor Marshall's Farm. — Governor Marshall and Major J. H. Donaldson have a farm of 2200 acres in Mower County, with 1000 acres in wheat this season. They have this season made a large purchase near St. Cloud. Mr. S. Jenkins's Farm, near Lakeville, Dakota County, twenty miles from St. Paul, containing 800 acres was PBOFITS ON SMALL FARMS. 109 offered for sale last year with the growing crop and all utensils and machinery for $40,000. StiU Another. — The Moioer County Transcript (Austin) says : Messrs. F. P. Stearns, C. C. Wilson, and Charley Morton, all monied men of Rochester, have just purchased some three thousand acres of land in the town of Waltham, including the whole of sections 17 and 18, parts of 19, 20, and 21, for $4.75 per acre. This is a splendid tract of land, and we are glad it has passed into the hands of men able and willing to cultivate it. Profits of Small Farms : Mr. Jonas Burrill gives us the exact amount of produce raised by him this year on less than twenty acres of land. He claims that in general farmers pretend to cultivate a large number of acres with as much ease as they can a smaller number, and in that they are much mistaken, as his experience in this matter will prove — that there is a general neglect in the proper build ing up and sustaining the soil by giving it plenty of manure and thereby enriching its qualities. He says that from ten acres he raised 310 bushels of all No. 1 wheat, or 31 bushels to the acre ; that four acres produced 260 bushels of oats, or 65 bushels to the acre ; that from five acres were raised 593 bushels of corn, or 118 3-5 bushels to the acre ; and lastly 60 bushels of carrots were produced on five rods of ground one rod wide. — Mankato Union. As an evidence of what men can do where they have a will to work, we will refer to Andrew Barlow, of Ban croft, who, thirteen years ago last October, landed in New York city from the old country, and was compelled to leave his family for want of means to get them West. Work ing his way out himself, as best he could, he accumulated enough during the winter to send for them in the spring. With industrious habits and good management he is now able to make a show of 320 acres of excellent land, 50 of which are in crops for the present year, and 30 more under contract for breaking ; a barn which cost $800 ; a 10 110 PROFITS ON SMALL FARMS. house which cost 81000, besides having his farming im plements, including an interest in a threshing machine. — Freeborn County Standard. Another Instance. — Ten years ago this fall, the writer bought the " claim" of Peter Legro, near Lakp.ville, for 8100. With this meagre sum, Mr. Legro, with a wife and five children, a wagon, plow, and one ox, with a hard winter before him, he made his way to Stearns County, near Paynesville, nearly eighty miles north, made his " claim," and in the spring planted according to his limited means. A few weeks ago he informed me that he could sell his farm for 85000. Having stock and utensils also, and a good store besides, he is independent. He thanked the writer for the advice which dissuaded him from going back to Michigan, where he was offered land to '-rent" on favorable terms by a brother. To show that notwithstanding this rise, it is not too late for similar speculations by other poor men, here is — Still another in the same County. — The St. Cloud Jour nal says last fall J. A. Casler, of the Minnesota House. took a homestead on the east side of the river, some sixteen miles from St. Cloud, in the timber, and put up a shanty worth about 8100. This spring he sold his home stead right in the tract for S600. " One more. — Frederick Hilderbrand writes Robertson's Monthly his experience with a twenty-seven acre farm near St. Paul, which he purchased over two years ago. in a wild state. He had been a mechanic in the city, knew nothing of farming, but went into it as the only escape from early death. He says, ¦• I have farmed this land two years — only part in cultivation. It pays. Here is the result for the first year. First, we have had our living., except clothing and groceries, from the farm. We sold butter to customers to the amount of 8769.60. This was EXTRA YIELD OF WHEAT. m the product of eight to nine cows. We sold eggs and chickens for $176 and pork and garden stuff for $330; making in all $1269 cash income; and paid out in expenses for the help of a man on the farm, und a girl in the house, about §300. Myself and wife, both being in poor health, have not done much work — and no hard work. We have depended almost entirely upon hired help, but I have always looked closely after rny business and directed the work." J. ^Minnesota Farmer writing to the " Hearth and Home ," says: " A man rented 160 acres of newly-broken prairie land near me last spring, and got but one-half the crop ; but with that he paid $2000 for the land, and now owns a farm upon which 84000 worth of grain was raised this year (1868) with wheat at but little over $1 per bushel." Cost and Profit of Raising Wheat per Acre. — Forty acres, estimated by an economical farmer. Plow ing an acre, $1.50 ; seed, at $1.25 per bushel, $2 ; seed ing, 60 cts. ; hand and team, five acres per day, at $3 ; reaping, $1 ; binding and setting, 83.20 (6 hands 6 days, at $3, and $3 per week for board ;) stacking, §1.12^ (hands and team 6 days;) help threshing, $1.35 (8 hands 2 days, 2 span horses extra, board of hands and teams 2 days ;) threshing machine expense, 81 (5 cts. per bushel.) Total cost per acre, $11.02. Value of pro duct, at $1.25, $25 ; profit per acre, 813.98, besides good wages for the farmer and his teams. The estimate for binding is twice as high as it ought to be, according to other authorities. The price is the average for five years past. The yield is the general Minnesota average. Extra Yield of Wheat and other Crops. — The Mankato Review says that on the farm of Samuel M. Walker, a four-acre field of winter wheat yielded this 112 EXTRA YIELD OF WHEAT AND OATS. season 178 bushels — 44J bushels per acre. Spring wheat averaged 28 bushels per acre, and oats 60 bushels. The Northfield Enterprise says Mr. John Simpson, of Waterford, raised this season 112 bushels of wheat, machine measure, weighing 62 pounds per bushel, from four bushels of club wheat recently brought from Canada. Albert Knight, of St. Peter, threshed 63 acres of wheat, yielding 2010 bushels No. 1 — averaging 32 bushels to the acre. Mr. Stephen Eldridge, of the town of Homer, in this county, has just threshed four acres of wheat, which yielded 160 bushels — 40 bushels to the acre. This wheat was the Golden Drop variety, sown on last year's break ing, and if anything can beat it the man is invited to step forward. — Winona Republican. F. C. Maltby, of Minnetrista, has harvested his field of winter wheat, and the same has yielded, by thresher's measure, 40 bushels to the acre. A neighbor of Mr. Maltby had a field of about ten acres of the same kind of wheat, and nearly as heavy a yield. The spring wheat of that town will average this year not less than 28 bushels to the acre. — Minneapolis Tribune. The Mower County Transcript (Austin) says Mr. G. Robinson threshed 887 bushels of wheat from 25 acres — 35f bushels per acre. Large Yield of Oats. — Mr. Aiken Miner, of Jackson, raised this year on 40 acres of ground, 2900 bushels of oats, by measurement— the same being 3200 bushels by weight. Eleven and one-third acres of the same field of oats, threshed separately, averaged 106 bushels per acre. The land was measured by G. C. Chamberlin, and the measurement of the grain was witnessed by Hon. J. B. Wakefield, Hon. E. P. Freeman, Major H. S. Bailey, Dr. C. P. Morrill, and C. L. Hecox. Mr. Miner claims the EXTRA YIELD OF WHEAT AND OATS. 113 belt for the largest yield of oats to the acre in the State. — Blue Earth City Post. Wlieat and Oats. — A correspondent of the Pioneer writes from Shakopee, Scott County: " Facts have been gathered, however, sufficient, I think, to warrant the statement that wheat will average twenty-five bushels per acre in this county, and perhaps more. B. P. Squires, of Spring Lake, last week threshed the wheat from 36 acres, which yielded 1050 bushels, and another piece of 13 acres, yielding 404 bushels. Reports from other quarters show a yield fully equal to the above. " It is believed that oats will average about 60 bushels per acre. Some pieces have been threshed which have come up to over 70 bushels per acre. I can soon give you a statement which will be more satisfactory." It is too soon to hear of many cases of heavy yields this season (it is now October 4th,) the extraordinarily wet weather and floods of September — over ten inches of rain — having delayed threshing. The corn is still in the field, so we have no instances of this crop. We have simply clipped the above from the papers at random for several weeks past, and have not taken other years, which might give heavier yields, and more than we have room for. We will just add one which meets our eye in Robertson's Monthly, of May, 1869. John Rollins, of St. Anthony, writes that in the spring of 1868 he planted the Golden Drop variety of wheat, and obtained 41 measured bushels per acre, although it was harvested late and shelled badly. Except for this, he estimates the yield would have been 50 bushels per acre. On another field, which had been cropped in wheat twelve years, except a portion in corn one year, he raised 27 measured bushels, with the same drawbacks of shell ing and late cutting. It is safe to say that with good 114 BAILROADS AND BIVERS. farming and good seed, there is little difficulty in securing these extra yields year after year. It is the slouchy- farming which makes our average only 18 to 22 bushels, and some years lower. Flax and clover seed are being largely and profitably raised by some of our farmers, but we have no statistics of special yields at hand. (See report of this year's crop in closing pages of Part First.) CHAPTER IX. Minnesota Railroads, Rivers, and Markets. — Her Commercial Advantages. Lake Superior, the Mississippi and other Rivers, and our Railroads, bring us as near to the Eastern and Southern Markets as Iowa, Illinois, or Wisconsin. — Pope, in his official^ report (1849) recommends grants of land for railroads from Red River to Lake Superior, and from Red River to the Minnesota River. As his recommendations have now almost become ac complished facts, we give his comments on the advantages of these roads. " I regard it as not at all more difficult to deliver the produce of this whole country at the western extremity of Lake Superior, than it is to deliver the produce of the interior of Wisconsin or Illinois at any point on Lake Michigan. The distance from Buffalo, New York, to Chicago, is little less than to Fond du Lac, and in open steamboat navigation would be of little consequence. This line of railroad, therefore, to connect the head of MAJ.-GEN. G. K. WARREN. 115 navigation of the Red River of the North with Lake Su perior, could be easily built by the appropriation of the alternate grants of land, and would enable Minnesota to compete in the Eastern markets with Illinois and Wiscon sin. The second route, from the head of navigation of the Red River to the head of navigation of the St. Peter's, would open the valleys of the Red River and of the St. Peter's to the Mississippi, below the Falls of St. Anthony, and would bring both these valleys quite as near to the Southern market as the interior of Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois." Water Communications. — He further reported: "The peculiar conformation of the whole region of country be tween the Minnesota, Mississippi and the head of naviga tion ofthe Red River of the North, and the water com munications, remarkable not only for their great number but for theu: almost unlimited extent, will enable the farmer and manufacturer to transport to Lake Superior or the Mississippi River, all his supplies, produce and articles of manufacture in one-fourth of the time, and at one-twentieth of the expense, that the same amounts could be carted from the interior of Illinois, Iowa, or Wisconsin, to any navigable stream. In point of time and expense (the two great considerations,) Minnesota has equal ad vantages at least with the interior parts of the States above mentioned." Major-Gen. G. K. Warren, in his report recornmending the improvement ofthe Fox and Wisconsin rivers, so as to connect the Mississippi River with Lake Michigan, says : •¦ We believe it is safe to say that a good line of water transportation from the Mississippi to Green Bay can be so built as to profitably transport at one-half cent per ton per mile. The line would be two hundred and eighty miles long, and this would make the cost of the 116 RAILROADS AND RIVERS. entire distance one dollar and forty cents per ton, a sav ing of one dollar and ninety cents per ton upon the cheapest railroad transportation, and on the present wheat crop would save, upon what the railroads now charge, three dollars and forty cents per ton, or, in the aggre gate, three million seven hundred and eighty thousand dollars." This improvement was urged by the Legislatures of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and by a Canal Con vention, held at Prairie du Chien, Nov., 1868, and will ultimately, like Pope's railroads, become an accomplished fact. The railroads now charge $5 per ton to transport wheat from the river to Lake Michigan. This improvement, according to Warren, would reduce it to $1.40. This would reduce the freight on wheat about eleven cents per bushel, and add the same amount to the price. His estimate of the cost is thus given in the Governor's Message, January, 1869 : " Gen. Warren estimates, from careful surveys, (1,) that an expenditure of $427,749.37 will secure three feet low-water navigation for steamboats in the Wisconsin River ; (2,) that four feet depth of naviga tion at low water, part river and part canal, can be obtained at a cost of $3,206,790 ; (3,) that five feet navi gation, canal and river, can be secured at a cost of $4,164,270." The Governor adds : " It is ascertained from reports and tables carefully prepared, that the average net cost of transportation by railroad of a ton of freight per mile, is eighteen mills. It is also ascertained that the average net cost of transportation by canal is from four to six mills per ton per mile, showing that the cost of canal trans portation is but about one-third the cost of transportation by rail." MR. WHEELOCK. 117 In the mean time, while this improvement is yet to be secured, we already have Lake Superior almost connected with the Mississippi by rail. Lake Superior saves us 882 miles, and brings us as near the New York market as Chicago. — The St. Paul & Superior Railroad being now virtually an accomplished fact, its bonds, amounting to $4,500,000, having been cashed, and its construction to be finished in 1870, the remarks of Mr. Wheelock, in his official report (1861) upon the advan tages of this connection, are interesting and encouraging. He says : In my former report it was shown by an analysis of the com parative cost by water and railroad, that the frontage of Minne sota on Lake Superior is equivalent in a commercial sense to a decrease of the distance from New York, measured upon railroad lines, of 882 miles — that is to say, the difference in the cost of transportation in favor of the water route would pay the freight upon her products from her central districts for that distance. In other words, her water communications place her interior districts on a par, commercially,with States depending upon rail road outlets, which are only 442 miles from New York : for ex ample, with Southwestern Pennsylvania and the Upper Ohio Valley. By this channel, therefore, when Minnesota shall have built a railroad to Lake Superior, it will cost no more to ship a bushel of wheat from Bed Wing than from Pittsburgh. But to compare the commercial effect of this position with other States having a frontage on the lakes, the result is quite as favorable to Minnesota. A vessel on her way from Buffalo to Chicago for a load of grain, at a distance of 60 miles before she enters the Straits of Mackinac, is at the entrance of Lake Superior, and almost as near Fond du Lac as Chicago. The distance by water from New York to Chicago is 1428 miles, from New York to Fond du Lac 1510, or only 85 miles further, an inappreciable difference in transportation by water— so that as an absolute physical fact, Minnesota is as near New York by water as Illinois. 118 COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. The General Effect of our Railroads. — Illinois with and without Railroads. — Anecdote of Prof. Mitchell, the Astronomer. — Distance Conquered. At the celebration of the completion of the St. Louis and Cincinnati Railroad, Professor Mitchell, of Cincinnati, thirteen years ago, said : " Well do I remember a family with whom I passed a night in my early explorations on the banks of the Little Wabash. On all sides of their cabin stretched the rich and boundless prairie. The fertile soil yielded abundant return for the labor of the hard-working husbandmen. But alas ! the crops were even but partly gathered and a sort of dependent gloom rested on the brow of the sun-bronzed farmer, ' Why don't you gather your corn,' said I. ' What's the use,' was the reply, ' we have gathered and cribbed more than enough for our own use. It is utterly impossible to reach a market. There is no one to buy, and we have no inducement to labor. Our sons and daughters are growing up around us in ignorance. The turnpike road has failed ; the State works have failed ; and now the last ray of hope has been kindled by the talk of a great railway from- Cincinnati to St. Louis. We have enough of everything : all we want is an outlet. But there seems to be no chance and we are slowly sinking into gloom and despair.'" And yet, says Mr. Rawlings, author of "America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific," to whom we are indebted for the above, from that very region of country, which Prof. Mitchell referred to so short a time since, the report of the Secretary of the Interior ofthe Uuited States for 1864 proves that there passed, bound to the Atlantic coast, over $50,000,000 worth of freight for the year ending 1863 ; and that very farmer, who complained of his poverty, is now one of the largest graziers in the State of Illinois. The Future Cohmerciai, Importance of Minnesota. — The New York Post says : " There is a remarkable pecu liarity in the local position of Minnesota with reference to the future commerce of the world. The steam navi gation of the two great internal channels of the continent, the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi with the great lakes, terminates in Minnesota, and there meets the HON. WM. H. SEWARD. 119 Northern Pacific Railroad from Puget's Sound, the short est thoroughfare between Europe and Asia. When that road is completed, the whole trade of those water lines will break bulk in this neighborhood, and make the State the entrepot and point of distribution of a commerce whose extent cannot now be calculated." TJie Hon. Wm. H. Seward said, in a speech delivered at St. Paul in 1860 : I find myself now for the first time upon the highlands in the centre ofthe continent of North America, equidistant from the waters of Hudson's Bay and the Gulf of Mexico— from the Atlan tic Ocean to the Ocean in which the sun sets. Here upon the spot where spring up, almost side by side, so that they may kiss each other, the two great rivers, the one of which pursuing its strange, capricious, majestic, vivacious career through lake, cascade, and river rapid, and lake after lake, and river after river, cataract and bay, and lake and rapids, finally, after a course of 2000 miles, brings your commerce half-way to Europe ; the other, after passing through highlands and prairie a distance of 2000 miles, taking tributary after tributary from the East to the West, bringing together waters from the western declivity of the Alleghanies, and from those which trickle down the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, finds its way into the Gulf of Mexico. Here is the place — the central place — where the agriculture of the richest region of North America must pour out its tri butes to the whole world. On the east, all along the shore of Lake Superior, and west, stretching in one broad plain in a belt .quite across the continent, is a country where State after State is yet to arise, and where the productions for the support of human society in other old, crowded States must be brought forth. This is then a commanding field ; but it is as commanding in regard to the destinies of this country, and of this continent, as it is in regard to their commercial future ; for power is not per manently to reside in the East, the eastern slopes of the Alle ghany Mountains, nor iu the seaports. Seaports have always been overrun and controlled by the people of the interior, and 120 VAST FERTILE ABE AS. the power that shall communicate and express the will of men on this continent is to be located in the Mississippi Valley, and at the sources of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence. In our day, studying perhaps what might have seemed to others trifling and visionary, I had cast about for the future and ultimate seat of the power of the North American people. I had looked at Quebec, New Orleans, at Washington and San Francisco, at Cincinnati and St. Louis; and it had been the result of my conjecture that the seat of power for North Ame rica would yet be found in the Valley of Mexico, and the glories ofthe Aztec capital would be surrendered, in its becoming ulti mately, and at last, the capital of the United States of America. But I have corrected that view. I now believe that the ulti mate last seat of government on this great continent will be found somewhere within a circle or radius not very far from the spot on which I stand, at the head of navigation on the Mississippi River. The Vast Fertile Areas West and Northwest of Minnesota, and their Bearing on Minnesota. The Fertile Belt and the North Pacific Railroad. — The popular idea that Minnesota is the extreme verge of future population and prosperity, northwestward, is a popular error. " North of the latitude of Milwaukee, and west of the longitude of Red River, Fort Kearney and Corpus Christi ; or to state the fact in another way, east of the Rocky Mountains, and west of the 98th meridian, and between the 43d and 60th parallels, there is a productive cultivable area of 500,000 square miles, which is perfectly adapted to the fullest occupation by cultivated nations. West of the Rocky Mountains, and between the same parallels, there is an area of 300,000 square miles." Another Illinois beyond Minnesota. — The majority re port of the Committee of Congress on the Pacific Railroad, February 19th, 1869, says : " There are between Lake Superior and Puget Sound and the mouth of the Columbia THE FERTILE BELT. 121 River 500,000 square miles of territory, upon the larger portion of which the United States government can im press the prosperity, wealth and power of Illinois. It is the winter-wheat region of this continent ; a region of alternate prairies and pine forests, rich in coal, iron, gold, silver, and copper ; the salubrity of whose climate has ¦ made it the sanitarium for consumptives from the Atlan tic slope ; whose Rocky Mountain section, broken down on its formation so as to be passable by loaded ponies, is blessed with a temperature so mild that countless herds of cattle range and fatten through the winter upon the natural grass within ten miles of the summit ; in all whose valleys peaches, apples, pears, plums, cherries, grapes, and sweet potatoes have rapid growth and complete ma turity ; so rich in grass and" so blessed in climate, that it has ever been the home in winter, as well as summer, of the buffalo, the elk, and the antelope. It has timber, water power, and stone. It has a population of 1,410,000 people. Illinois possessed no such endowment. Her inheritance, so amazingly developed by railroads, was a garden soil, deeply underlaid with a thin seam of coal and deposit of friable sandstone. She had nothing else." The Fertile Belt is thus described by Mr. Rawlings, author of " America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific," (published in 1865 :) " The Valley of the Sascatchewan contains an extended belt of land, called the ' Fertile Belt.' which is unsurpassed for the richness of its soil and its adaptability for agricultural purposes. The ex plorations of Simpson, Hind. Palisser, Hector, Sullivan, and Blakiston all serve to prove that within British terri tory the most fertile soil west of the Mississippi exists ; and that so vast, so rich is this great valley, that it is capable of subsisting 20,000,000 people." Dr. Cheadle, the English writer quoted elsewhere, 11 122 THE FERTILE BELT AND ITS DESTINY. under the head of " Minnesota as a Farming Country," says : " North of latitude 49° is another Minnesota. It has the same mixed or park-like character — prairies and lakes, woods and streams. This extends from the Red River settlement almost to the base of the Rocky Mountains, or nearly 1000 miles in length and almost 100 miles wide." Products of the Fertile Belt. — He says: "Wheat grows at Fort Garry, at the eastern end, and with equal luxuriance at Edmundton, 800 miles distant, near the western end, yielding thirty to fifty bushels per acre, and in some instances more. The root crops I have never seen equalled in this country. Potatoes get to immense size, and yield enormously. Turnips often attain a weight of sixteen or seventeen pounds apiece. Flax, hemp, and tobacco all grow well ; all the cereals appear to flourish equally well. * * The herbage of the prairies is so feeding, that corn is rarely given, to horses or cattle. They do their hard work, subsist entirely on grass, and are most astonishingly fat. The draught oxen resemble prize animals at a cattle show." Climate of the Fertile Belt. — " The climate is that of Canada, or perhaps rather milder. The summer is long and warm, the weather uniformly bright and fine, with the exception of occasional showers. A wet day is almost unknown. The winter is severe, and unbroken by thaw, but pleasant enough to those able to house and clothe themselves warmly." The Fertile Belt and its Destiny. — Climate, Coal Fields, and future Cities. — Compared with similar latitudes in Europe. — Pacific Railroad. " Carleton," correspondent of the Boston Journal, writes August, 1869 : CARLETON. 123 Open at the map of North America or of the country west and northwest of Lake Superior. You see that the boundary between the United States and the British Possessions is the forty-ninth parallel. Now turn to the map of Europe. You see that the same parallel runs near Paris, right through that valley of the Rheims where the champagne grapes are grown. The vineyards of the Rhine are north of it. England, Scotland, Ireland and the largest half of Europe, all are farther north then the northern boundary ofthe United States. All the testimony of those who live in Minne sota, as well as those who have hunted buffalo on the Sascatche- wan or trapped beaver on the Mackenzie River, shows that the climate of the Northwest is essentially that of Middle and Northern Europe. If in the old world such cities as London, Paris, Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Moscow, Stockholm and St. Petersburg can rise north of the 49th parallel, why may there not be great centres of civilization in the Northwest ? So far as climate is concerned, what is there to hinder? We know already the wonderful productiveness of Minnesota. I have been far enough west to know that the fertility extends to Dakota. There is no portion of the country surpassing that of the Red River Valley for richness. Canadian explorers, travelers, trappers, Prof. Hind, of the Scientific Survey, all assure us that on the Assiniboine, the Sascatchewan and in the British possessions as far north as the Athabasca and Macken zie rivers, the soil has the same characteristic of fertility. Let us start now on a journey to the far Northwest. We are at St, Paul, so near latitude 45 that we may say we are on that parallel. It is the latitude of Venice and of Southern France. St. Paul is a little south of the parallel and so is Bordeaux. We travel northwest four hundred and fifty miles to the boundary between the United States and the British possessions, before we reach the latitude of Paris. We do not think of the people in France as' dwelling in a frozen region — why should we those of Minnesota? Let us cross the boundary and take a look at the British possessions, which in due time will share with us a common destiny. We are upon what is called the " Fertile Belt," a vast tract of land which the Hudson's Bay Company have reserved 124 THE FERTILE BELT AND ITS DESTINY. while giving up their charter. It is one of the most fertile sections of the continent, watered by the Assiniboine and the Sascatchewan. We must travel 1000 miles from St. Paul be fore reaching the latitude of Edinburg. We may still keep on till we have made fifteen hundred miles from St. Paul before we reach the latitude of Stockholm and St. Petersburg ! It is as far from St. Paul as it is from St. Paul to Boston 1 All this vast region is susceptible of settlement. In Russia wheat is cultivated as far north as St. Petersburg. Why may it not be grown on the banks ofthe Peace River? Barley is grown in latitude 63 at Fort Simpson, just as it is hundreds of miles north of St. Petersburg. Think over the conditions — of fertility of soil, mildness of climate — and can you see any reason why in the future there may not be as dense a population in the , Northwest as in northern and central Europe on the same parallels of latitude? Look at the rivers and the lakes — see how they are connected. It is pure water which flows through them. The plains are not alkaline deserts, but boundless savannas fragrant with flowers in spring time, and warming with verdure in summer. Over all this vast reach, railroads may be constructed as easily as in Illinois. Coal crops out in the Valley of the Red River, on the Moose and the Assiniboine. It makes its appearance on the banks of the Missouri and Yellowstone. It is found at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and all the way north to the Arctic Circle. Timber is scarce on the plains, but there is fuel in inexhaustible quantities beneath the soil. Railroads will bring timber. Do you think that railroads will be blocked with snow during the winter ? Remember that the snow fall is less in the Northwest than it is in New England. One of the finest railroads in the world is that running from St. Petersburg to Moscow. It is never blocked by snow. Look at the map of the Northwest if you would see how far north that railroad lies. Draw your finger along to the sixtieth degree of latitude, to where it crosses the Mackenzie River. The Hudson Bay Company have a fort at that point, called Fort Liard. Think of it as acity with amillion inhabitants. Change the name ofthe Mackenzie to Neva. Rear upon its banks regal palaces and golden-domed churches. Span its waters with NAVIGATION TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 125 magnificent arches. Behold the residences of nobles in the surrounding country. Think of a railway, straight and wide, running over the plain four hundred miles, with scarcely a curve, connecting the new with the old capital of the Empire. The old capital has a population of fifteen hundred thousand, more than in New York and Brooklyn together. We think of New York as the metropolis of the New World, but Moscow surpasses it in the number of inhabitants and in gorgeous- ness of architecture. The golden domes and gilded spires of four hundred churches pierce the sky above the old Muscovite city. Its Kremlin is still one of the wonders of Europe. If such capitals can exist in Europe, why may not all this region, possessing a fertile soil and equable clime, be the abode of a mighty race in the future ? Why may there not be great cities, towns, villages, manufactures, railroads, telegraphs, school houses and churches all over this region, now the home of the buffalo, and the last hunting ground of the Indians ? We have been looking at the region in the far Northwest, and now let us travel westward, along the line of the North Pacific Railroad, which is to start from some point on Lake Superior. When it reaches the Mississippi it will be connected with all the network of railroads leading to Chicago and other points soutli It will leave the valley of the Red River of the North, reach the Missouri at the Great Bend, follow up the Yellow stone, cross the Rocky Mountains, and reach the Pacific at Puget's Sound, with a branch down the Columbia to Portland. The most northern point of the line will be near the Great Bend of the Missouri, in the latitude of Vienna and Central France. Yet the public somehow have obtained the idea that the country along the line cannot be inhabited on account of cold, and that the railroad never can be operated on account of snow. Navigation nearly to the Rocky Mountains.— Capt. Blakiston (quoted by Mr. Rawlings) says : " Taking either branch of the Sascatchewan River, it is navigable for boats from Lake Winnepeg to near the base of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 1200 miles." He says he travelled 1000 miles up it to Fort Edmund- ton at a time of year when the water was lowest. 126 RED RIVER SETTLEMENT. Homes for the Immigrant. — Mr. Rawlings says of this country : " The splendid landscapes of the Assiniboine that adorn the great picture gallery of nature cannot be closed for ever. The measureless prairies that stretch in vast waves of beauty from the Lake of the Woods to the base of the Rocky Mountains, redolent and gorgeous with the richest profusion of rose bushes, blue bells, woodbine, convolvulus, helianthii, and thousands of name less and delicate flowers, tell the beholder the wealth of soil that supports them in their entangled and untrained luxuriance of variety , and numbers. The thousands of small lakes — sweet eyes of earth that dot the valleys — invite him with their clear waters and fisheries ; the rivers that spread, interlace and ramify for thousands of miles, tell of a well-watered soil. * * * Game, such as the buffalo, swarm over the plains, while the stately cariboo, the prowling bear, the wily fox, the pretty mink, the busy otter, the nimble squirrel, and the scented rat, are swarming through the forest and by lake and river. Of birds, there is the majestic eagle and the blue-winged jay, the murderous hawk and the little jewelled humming bird ; together with duck, and pigeon, sandpiper and cherry bird, loon and partridge, magpie and blackcap, nightingale and swallow, grouse and snipe, kingfisher and plover." The Red River Settlement. — 14,000 People North of Minnesota. — What is called the Selkirk Settlement, sixty miles north of Pembina, numbers about 14,000 souls — Europeans, French-Canadians, and half-breeds. " One- half the population are hunters and the other half far mers. The hunters, mostly half-breeds, do nothing but hunt buffalo. They make two grand excursions each year, one commencing on the 20th of June and lasting two months, and the other on the 10th of September and LIFE AT WINNEPEG, 127 lasting till tne 10th of November. The hunters lead a free, happy, wild, romantic life, and are, when in the settlement, temperate and well behaved." The number of acres of land under cultivation in 1864 was 22,000. There is quite a trade carried on between St. Paul and this settlement, in furs brought down and merchandise and agricultural implements taken back. There is quite a town at Fort Garry, where a newspaper is printed, churches and schools supported, and the refinements and cultivation of city life sustained. Pianos and music are not unfrequent items in an invoice of merchandise from St. Paul to Fort Garry. All this nearly 600 miles north of St. Paul. The newspaper is published by Dr. Walter R. Bown, formerly of St. Paul, and has twenty-four columns, filled with reading matter, St. Paul, St. Cloud, and Winnepeg advertisements — the number before us is dated July 3rd, 1869. The town is now called "Winnepeg." We have only room for a few extracts. LIFE AT WINNEPEG. {Local Items from, the u Nor*- Wester.") The carts are beginning to return from St. Paul, Flour has faUeo to twenty-fire shillings per 100 lbs. The parties who are coming tnrough~ by way of Superior City are reported close at hand. The weather has been exceedingly hot during the last two or three days. Frost. — The customary June frost has done but slight damage in thfs section, the tenderest plants only being " scorched " to a limited extent. A good many of our farmers sowed their wheat too thickly, and they are getting sorry for it. Work commences immediately upon the Lake of the Woods section of the Red River and Lake Superior Road. Mr. Mair has succeeded in engaging fifty laborers. Departure. — Dr. Schultz leaves to-day with horses, as far as Abercrombie. The Doctor will visit Montreal and Ottawa before his return, which will be in about five weeks. Immigration —Preparations are being made in all parts of Ontario and a portion of Quebec to inaugurate a lively emigration hither during the present summer and fall. Companies are being formed in many localities to come in and take possession of the Idle prairies which surround us, waiting for the occupancy of enterprising and practical agriculturalists One correspondent assures us that a large number of families in one locality are making preparations to come in as soon as possible ; and another writes from Montreal that a "party of about one hundred young men is forming to leave for this country a3 soon as arrangements can be completed." 128 NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. CHURCH DIRECTORY. B- Catholic Chubch. — Cathedral of St. Boniface. Mass 6 A. 31. and 7 A- M. ; Solemn Maj. and Sermon J A.H.; Vespers 3 P. IL On week days. Mass 6 A. M_ and &30 A. M. All of the Priests resident in tae Bisnopne Officiate according to appointment. Chuech OF Esglasd. — it. John's Cathedral. The Venerable Archdeacon McLean, M. A-, Bector. saobath services at 10.30 A. M. and 3 P IL Sunday School at 2 P M. churoh ot the Holv Trmity. service by Archdeacon McLean every Sunday evening, at (V30 P. M. Sun day .School at 3 P. M Peesbytebias. — KUdonan Church, Sabbath Service at 10 A. ST., Bev. John Black : and Prayer Meeting- at 2_3u P. M. Bev. Wm. Fletcher first Sabbath of every month, at 6 P. M. Knox Church, in this town- Bev. Wm. Fletcher second Sabbath of every month, at 3 P. M. Bev. John Black first and third Sabbaths, at 3 P. IL i- ewa open and free to all- Sabbath school at 2 P. If. WESLEr as Methodist.— At Larsen's building every Sabbath, at 10.30 A. M- Bev. George Young, Minister. " The '¦tfi.pn. of Winnepeg are cordially invited to attend." Noethekn Pacific Raxleoad. — Its future Business. — " But," says Mr. l^wlings, after further glowing de scriptions of the coal, salt springs, timber, natural grasses, enormous yields of wheat, &c, &c, for which we have not space, " all this land has been shut out from the knowledge of the world. A new era is at hand. The people of the Atlantic are wooing the people of the Pacific ; they would be united by an iron band. * * Starting from La Crosse to St. Paul, Minnesota ; from Fon du Lac, at the head of Lake .Superior ; and from St. Paul, — we have a system of railways, which are partly built and which are now under contract and construction, to the Red River of the Xorth. * * Carry out the project of a railroad to the Pacific Ocean, at whatever cost to the British Government or people, and the future of that country will present a panorama of magnificence unexampled in history, and before which the splendor of Eoman wealth, in the days of Augustus, will sink into insignificance. The silks, teas, and opium of China will swiftly speed over the Eocky Mountains to the warehouses of Europe ; the spices and Oriental luxuries of India will be transported over lands where the red race but an age since had trapped the beaver and the ermine ; the re-awakened commerce of Japan would find a way across the prairie land of Hudson's Bay Territory ; the gold of California, of British Columbia and the Sascatchewan Valley, would find a safe passage, by the great lakes, to THOMAS D'ARCY McGEE. 129 the Atlantic ; the wool of California would find a more direct route to England ; and the homeward and outward bound would cross the Atlantic on their way to India, China, Australia, California, British Columbia, British North America, and the United States, in social com panionship." The Northern Route the Shortest and most Available. — Its Effect on Minnesota. — The applicabilit}* of this glow ing language to Minnesota becomes apparent when we consider that Minnesota is the mouth of the funnel through which all this tratfic and travel must pass — where bulk must be broken and cars changed. The single fact which fixes this destiny and crystalizes it as a logical conclusion sure as fate, is found in the fol lowing figures from the Message of Gov. Marshall, Jan uary, 1869 : '' The distance from New Tork to Puget's Sound, via the Northern Pacific Eailroad, is 2892 miles ; from New York to San Francisco, via the Union Pacific Eailroad, 3117, a difference of 525 in favor of the Northern Eoute. From Chicago to San Francisco, by the Union Pacific Eoad, the distance is 2448 ; from west end of Lake Su perior to Puget's Sound, by the Northern Pacific route, the distance is 1775 miles, a difference in favor of the northern route of 673 miles, or more than one-fourth; while Puget's Sound is nearer by from 700 to 1000 miles to Japan, China, and India, than San Francisco is." Also in the following from Thomas D'Arcy McGee, (quoted by Mr. Eawlings in "America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific :") "Every one can understand that the American route from Western Europe to Asia, which lies farthest to the north, must be the most direct. Any one glancing at a globe will see where the 46° parallel leads the eye, from 130 NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. the heart of Germany, through the British Channel, across to the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and from our Gulf westward to the Sascatchewan, to Vancouver's Island — the Cuba of the North Pacific ; and from Vancouver to the rich and populous archipelago of Japan. This course was demonstrated by Capt. Synge to be 2000 miles shor ter between London and Hong Kong than any other in existence." The Chicago Tribune, noticing the movements of the company to survey and commence building the North Pacific Eailroad across American territory, admits the superiority of the route over all others. It says : "If the company build the road in good faith, they will become the largest landed proprietors in the world. Congress has granted them every other section for forty miles on each side of it from the head of Lake Superior to Puget's Sound or the Pacific Ocean — that is, a belt of country west from Lake Superior entirely across the con tinent forty miles wide. The distance is, in round num bers, seventeen hundred miles, in all 68,000 square miles — territory enough to make three States as large as Illinois, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Nor is this land, like nine-tenths of that along the Union and Central Pacific Railways, worthless. The surveys made years ago, and the accounts of all travelers, agree that the country along nearly the entire line of this road is capable not only of cultivation, but of sustaining a large and highly prosperous population." After further noticing the facts that there are less ob structions from snow on this route, Capt. Mullen having crossed the Eocky Mountains six times in the winter of 1854-5, and never found snow over fifteen inches deep ; that " steam communication can be opened entirely across the Continent by building only ISO miles of track." the remain- WORK TO GO FORWARD. 131 ing distance of a thousand miles being occupied with navi- ' gable rivers ; that the grades are easier, having only two summits to cross, while the Union Pacific had six, the northern route lying up the valley of the Missouri and down that of the Columbia, the Tribune concludes : "It is a thousand miles nearer, perhaps more, from Chicago and the great Atlantic cities to Japan and China by the Puget's Sound route than it is by San Francisco. Ships passing between that city and Asia always sail north of the Straits of Fuca in order to follow the shortest great circle to their destination. Hence the northern line would have most important advantages in competing for the through trade and traffic between Eastern Asia and America. On every consideration, therefore, of national development and personal pecuniary advantage, it is to be hoped the Northern Pacific Eailway Company will push forward their great work to completion as fast as men and money can do it." The Work to ga Forward. — The Philadelphia Press, of May 2 2d, 1869, had the following : " Mr. Ogden, in his speech night before last at the Cooper Institute, said he had been for the last two weeks, particularly for the last few days, engaged in negotiating with Jay Cooke & Co., of Philadelphia, by which Mr. Cooke would become the financial agent for the construc tion of the great northern railroad from Lake Superior, through Minnesota and across the Plains, to Columbia Eiver, bringing us 800 miles nearer the empire of Japan than the present Pacific Eailroad. The negotiation was substantially closed, and most satisfactorily too, and he hoped the work would soon be commenced and completed. This is a deserved tribute to the financial ability of Mr. Cooke, and no less to the business reputation of Phila delphia. This new road, "Which is to run from Superior 132 CONDITION OF RAILROADS. to Puget's Sound, will probably be in the end the great continental railway, on account of the advantages it possesses of being projected across the continent on the isothermal line which secures at all seasons of the year a mild climate, which in turn secures wood and water." Since then surveys have been going on, and an ex pedition set on foot by Jay Cooke to examine the entire route. " Carleton" was the Boston correspondent of this expedition. Present Condition of the Eailroads of Minnesota. — In January, 1869, the Governor's Message gave the fol lowing figures : Constructed "Whole line in 1868, in opera- Miles, tion, Miles. First Div. St. Paul & Pacific, main line. 35 51 First Div. St. Paul & Pacific, to Sank Rapids 81 Minnesota Valley, now St. Paul & Sioux City 23 90 Milwaukee, St. Paul, & Minneapolis 131 Winona and St. Peter 106 Southern Minnesota 20 50 Lake Superior & Mississippi 30 30 Hastings & Dakota 20 20 128 559 A total of 559 miles in operation in the State. (For progress since, see closing pages of Part First.) Land Grants and other Aid. — Each of the first ten roads named below have a Congressional land grant of 6400 acres of land for each mile of road, except the North Pacific, which has 12,800 to the mile. In addition to this, the Lake Superior & Mississippi Eailroad has a grant of seven sections to the mile of State lands, and a $250,000 bonus of St. Paul city bonds. 1st. The St. Paul & Pacific Eailroad, from St. Paul, via St. Anthony, Sauk Eapids, and Crow Wing, to Pembina, on the Eed Eiver, 400 miles. LAND GRANTS AND OTHER AID. 133 2d. First Division of St. Paul & Pacific, main line, from St. Paul, via St. Anthony and Minneapolis, to Breckinridge, on Eed Eiver, 200 miles. Also, from St. Paul, via St. Anthony, to Sauk Eapids, 81 miles, with a branch to Lake Superior from some point between Sauk Eapids and Crow Wing, 120 miles. 3d. St. Paul & Sioux City (late Minnesota Valley,) from St. Paul, via Mankato, to the south-western boundary of the State, 170 miles, to connect with a road from Sioux City, 70 miles long. 4th. The Milwaukee, St. Paul, & Minneapolis, from St. Paul and Minneapolis, via Mendota, Faribault, and Owatonna, to the State line nearly due south, intersects the Winona & St. Peter at Owatonna, and gives the only all rail route to Milwaukee and Chicago, 110 miles long. 5th. Lake Superior & Mississippi, from St. Paul, nearly due north to Duluth, 150 miles, with authority to connect with a branch from Superior. 6th. The Hastings & Dakota, from Hastings, via Farmington, through the counties of Scott, Carver, and McLeod, to the Big Stone Lake. 7th. The Winona & St. Peter, from Winona, via Owa tonna, Waseca, and St. Peter, to the western boundary of the State, 250 miles. 8th. The Southern Minnesota Eailroad, from La Cre scent, up Eoot Eiver Valley, through the entire southern tier of counties, via Lanesboro, Austin, Albert Lea, Win nebago City, Fairmount, and Jackson, to the State line, 250 miles ; and thence to the Great Bend of the Missouri. 9th. The Northern Pacific Eailroad, from Lake Supe rior, either at Superior or Bayfield, via St. Cloud, or above Crow Wing, to Breckinridge— two surveys having been made and the line not yet definitely located. 12 134 PROJECTED ROADS AND CONNECTIONS. 10th. The Stillwater & St. Paul Eailroad, via White Bear Lake, 18 miles. 11th. The Chicago & St. Paul Eailroad, from St. Paul, via Hastings and other river towns, having a grant of State lands fourteen sections per mile, and graded 20 miles. Projected Roads and outside Connections. — No less than twelve other roads are chalked out, some of them chartered, others have more or less aid in the way of local bonds, and the aid of the main trunk lines, some of which will be built very soon, and others not so soon. Among these are the following : From Lanesboro, Fill more County, via Chatfield, Eochester, and Hastings, to St. Paul ; from Eed Wing, via Cannon Falls and Faribault, to Blue Earth City ; from Wabasha, via Eochester and Lansing, to Omaha, with a branch, via Faribault, to St. Peter ; from Owatonna, via Albert Lea, to the Iowa line ; from St. Cloud to Mankato ; from Minneapolis to St. Cloud, and thence to Alexandria, via Sauk Centre ; from Taylor's Falls to connect with the Lake Superior & Mis sissippi Eailroad ; from St. Peter, via Mankato and Blue Earth City, to the Iowa line ; from White Bear Lake, via St. Anthony, Minneapolis, Shakopee, Chaska, Carver, and Henderson, to St. Peter ; from St. Paul to St. Anthony and Minneapolis, to run hourly ; from St. Paul to Hudson, Wisconsin ; and from St. Paul to Stillwater and Taylor's Falls. Connections. — Of the roads finished and running are the Chicago and Galena, Chicago and Prairie du Chien, Chicago and La Crosse, all connecting with boats or railroads. Of those partly finished are the Northern Wisconsin, finished 50 miles from Tomah (on the Milwau kee and St. Paul Road) towards Hudson, rapidly progress ing and expected to reach Eau Claire by January, 1870. S TEAMB OAT NA VIGA TION. 135 This will be the shortest route from St. Paul to Chicago. There are several Iowa roads rapidly progressing towards our southern boundary, among which are the Burlington, Cedar Eapids, and Minnesota Eailroad ; the St. Louis and St. Paul Eailroad, connecting with the coal fields of Iowa ; the Keokuk and Des Moines Eailroad, and others. Westward are the North Pacific and the Union Pacific. In Wisconsin, the Hudson and Superior Eailroad, with a branch to Bayfield, will give us a competing line to the lake, and the Wabasha and Green Bay Eailroad still another ; while more important than all, the improvement of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers by Congress, as recom mended by Gen. Warren, will connect Minnesota by water with the Atlantic and cheapen her freights more than all the projected railroads combined. Eivers and Steamboat Navigation. — As to navigable rivers, see " Water," &c, page 20. A steamboat on Leach Lake already traverses 300 miles of the waters of the Upper Mississippi, another plies its vocation on Lake Minnetonka, the steamer International runs from Fort Abercrombie to Fort Garry, on the Red Eiver, and four daily lines employ 61. steamboats and 248 barges on the Lower Mississippi, the Minnesota, and the St. Croix. The following table shows the progress of the steam boat business of the Minnesota for twenty-five years. Steamboat Arrivals at St. Paul. — Growth of Commerce. Tear. Arr. Tear. Arr. Year. Arr. 1811, 41 1853, 235 1861, 927 1845, 48 1854, 310 1862, 1015 1846, 24 1855, 563 1863, 731 1847, 47 1856, 759 1864, 594 1848, 63 1857, 965 1865, 829 1849, 85 1858, 1068 1866, 1051 1850, 104 1859, 808 1867, 883 1851, 119 1860, 776 1868, 835 1852, 171 136 EXPORTS AND TRADE. Tonnage. — Geo. W. Moore, Collector of the Port of St. Paul, gives the registered tonnage of steamboats as 11,104.74, barges 8,956.06. Boats of the Northern line and Diamond Jo line, running to St. Paul, but not regis tered, he estimates as fully equal to the above. This only includes 84 barges of the 248. The Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce reported the tonnage for 1868 as 53,686. Railroads against Steamboats. — The decrease of arrivals is explained by the finishing of our railroads, and the increase of our barge business. At Winona the arrivals for 1868 (up and down) were over 1800. As an instance of how much of the river commerce has been diverted to our railroads, the following table is instructive : Leading Articles of Freight forwarded from St. Paul by the Minnesota Valley Railroad. 1867. 1868. General Merchandise (lbs.) .. . 11,166,420 14,560,660 Machinery (lbs.) 55,050 363,640 Agricultural Implements (lbs.) 112,250 802,330 Lime and Cement (bbls.) 422,703 Lumber (feet) 908,890 Freight carried during the first Six Months of 1868 and 1869. 1E68. 1669. Total Freight (lbs.; 40,176,978 118,779,088 Wheat (bushels) 156,483 653,461 Flour (bbls.) 22,240 28,937 Lumber (feet) 2,672,733 3,295,727 Earnings of the road (6 mos.). $79, 186. 01 $183,646.27 When to this is added the freight and travel entering and leaving the State by the Winona and St. Peter Eail road, the Southern Minnesota Eailroad, and the Mil waukee and St. Paul, the wonder is that the arrivals of steamboats at St. Paul are not still more reduced. Exports and Trade. — Dirring 1867, the estimated amount of wheat exported was ten million bushels ; MANUFACTURING BESOUBCES. 137 lumber and logs manufactured, according to tho Gover nor's Message, during 1868, 249,889,558 feet, valued at $3,750,000, a large part of which was exported. Amount of fur trade, estimated by Secretary St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, 1867, 1200 bales of furs and 30,000 buffalo robes ; 1868, value of this trade, $600,000. Goods for the Hudson Bay Company pass through St. Paul annually to the amount of $975,000. Winona's exports of wheat in 1868 were 2,432,086, making her the fourth primary grain market in the United States — Chicago, Milwaukee, and Toledo alone leading her. The wholesale trade of St. Paul is reported by the Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce at $15,- 000,000 during 1868. These are the principal articles exported. (For more on this subject see St. Paul and Winona, in Part Second.) CHAPTEE X. Water-Power and Manufacturing Eesources. — Among the striking and pre-eminent evidences that this State was made with the natural internal resources to make her great, independent, and self-sustaining, and the home of millions of prosperous people, none are more striking than her inexhaustible water-power unparalleled on the continent in its capacity, and unequalled in any State in its universal distribution over every part of the State. St. Anthony Falls, with a fall of 64 feet, including her rapids and a hydraulic capacity of 120,000 horse power, " more than sufficient to drive all the 25,000,000 spindles and 4000 mills of England and 138 MANUFACTUBING BESOUBCES. Scotland combined," " greater than the whole motive power— steam and water — employed in textile manufac tures in England in 1850, and nearly seven times as great as the water-power so employed ;"* St. Croix and St. Louis Eiver Falls, second only to St. Anthony, and equally well located ; Pokegama Falls, Little Falls, Sauk Eapids, Cannon Falls, Vermillion Falls, the Eum, Elk, Crow, Sauk, Zumbro, Eoot, and Minneiska rivers with their tributaries, the forty-three rivers and creeks on the north shore of Lake Superior, " the volume of water in the least of which is sufficient if properly appropriated, to wash fifty tons of stamped rock per day, and the majority of which find their way to the lake over frowning precipices magnificently high ;"f and the hundreds of smaller cas cades and rapids that chequer the scenery and- adorn the beauty of almost every lake and rivulet, combine to give to Minnesota a water-power for the State at large, and for almost every county, which challenges the world for a parallel. When we add to this her inexhaustible raw material of wheat, corn, and barley, whose average yields we have shown compare with the best States in the Union ; her thousands of square miles of pine lumber and hard wood ; her rich fleeces of the finest wools ; her mountains of granite, iron, and copper ore ; her quarries of slate, limestone, and brown stone ; her beds of clay, tripoli, mineral paint, peat, and white sand for glass ; her num erous salt springs ; her just developing coal fields ; her promising but yet to be assured mines of silver and gold ; and her easy access by lake, river, and railroad, by which these resources may be supplemented to any extent by the raw materials of the outside world, — when all these advantages are grouped with her water-powers, we feel * Wheelock's Report. f Hanehette, State Geologist. MATERIALS FOB MANUFACTURING. 139 that we are safe in entering her as a manufacturing State against the world, and in claiming for her the champion's belt, whose inscription shall be Excelsior. The Eaw Materials for Manufacturing. Coal has just this summer been discovered in Redwood County, on the Minnesota River. Its existence is un doubted. Whether it can be worked to advantage is now being tested, and remains to be seen. Peat. — Prof. Henry H. Eames, State Geologist, 1866, says, in his official report : " In nearly every portion of the State are immense deposits of peat, and the supply for all practical purposes is inexhaustible." Iron, Copper, Gold, and Silver. — Speaking of North eastern Minnesota, he says : " The metals occurring in this portion of the State are iron, copper, gold, and silver." Tripoli. — He describes a bed of tripoli near Stillwater as of "very fine quality," "inexhaustible for all prac tical purposes," and " a source of wealth to the State." Granite. — " The most prevalent rocks," he sa3's, " in the northern part of the State are granite, porphyry, hornblendic, silicious and talcose slate," &c. White Sand for Glass. — He sa3rs of " the white sand stone forming the banks of the river in Ramsey County, I have made some trials in regard to its adaptability for the manufacture of glassware, and find it produces glass of good quality, nearly colorless." Dr. Owen's (U. S. Geologist) report says : " The St. Peter's (Minnesota River) country certainly can afford as pure a quality of sand as that obtained in Missouri, and now, I believe, extensively used in the glass houses of Pittsburg." Slate. — Described by Dr. Owen and Clarke, geologists, on the north shore of Lake Superior, as " literally inex- 140 IRON AND COPPER. haustible." Clarke says : " If one-fourth of this slate area in the St. Louis Valley proves available — and doubtless one-half will — we have ten sections of land producing slates which may be quarried to advantage fifty feet in depth, and will yield a thousand millions of tons." Pine and Hard Woods. — For agricultural implements, tubs, buckets, barrels, furniture, matches, &c, the supply of hard wood is ample. For lumber, our pineries are inexhaustible. (For the location and extent of these see " Pineries," pages 19 and 143.) Manufactures. — By the census of 1860, the number of establishments in the State was 511 ; capital invested, $2,007,551 ; annual product, $4,295,208. We have no report from the State, but at the Falls of St. Anthony alone the Secretary of the Board of Trade reports for 1868 : Capital invested, $2,563,050 ; annual product, $5,019,032. From this report of one point only, the immense increase in the State in eight years may be estimated, there being manufactories of flour in almost every county, of lumber at Stillwater, Anoka, and many other points, and other manufactories in every principal town. Flour is manufactured largely for export. Lumber. — In 1861 the total product of the pine lumber manufacture of the State was, according to the Commis sioner of Statistics, 69,950,000 feet. In 1868, according to the Governor's Message, 121,000,000 feet. In 1861 there were logs surveyed, 92,590,528 feet. In 1868, 249,267,- 918 feet. Value ofthe lumber product, $3,750,000. Iron and Copper. — Of these minerals, whose presence in the Lake Superior country all our geologists have testified to, the report of the Commissioner of Statistics for 1860, says : CHIEF JUSTICE CHASE. 141 ¦• We possess in tbe mineral ranges of Lake Soperior deposits of iron and copper which hare been shown by tbe severest tests to be superior to any on the continent. and faDy equal in tenacity and malleability to the best Swedish and Bn«gi4. in his report, says : •¦ In 1 'if/l. flie number of vessels engaged in tiie trade of Lake Superior «-as. schooners, 543 : tons. 175.53-5.- PropeHers. 121; tons. 65J2-L Steamers, 174; tons. 124*833. Total, 3^5.552 tons. These vessels carried outward 150.000 tons of iron and iron ore, and 9300 tons of pure or native copper, valued together at §12.000,000. Shipments of copper from Lake Superior from 1 85-5 to 1862. 15-3?. 5,896 $1,610,000 15-52. 6^41 1,932,000 15<->J. 5.014 2.530,000 15ol. 10.347 3.I50,O00 15-52, 10,000 4,000.000 Products of Iron, Ore in Lake Superior Segiem.. TjiOri Tens Fig. Vihe. 1555, 1,445 §14,470 15-50. 116,998 5-660 736.490 1861, 45,430 7,970 410,460 1862, 113,721 8,590 984^76 142 SLATE QUARRIES. This of course is not given as Minnesota statistics, but as showing the capacity of the Lake Superior mineral ranges, which extend from Fond du Lac to Pigeon Point, nearly 200 miles within the limits of Minnesota. Thomas Clarke, Assistant State Geologist (1864,) says : " To Minnesota belongs the furnishing of the entire Mississippi Yalley demand for copper, and the upper portion with iron. 5000 tons of the former, and 25,000 of the latter, is estimated as the demand at the ordinary rates of consumption. To Minnesota belongs the manu facturing of these crude materials.'' Slate Quarries. — Clarke's Geological Eeport locates the St. Louis quarries in sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, town 48, range 16, and the unsurveyed region north for two or three townships. Aug. H. Hanchette, State Geologist, in his Eeport for 1864, says : " An inexhaustible quarry of argillaceous slate occurs above the falls of Pigeon Eiver, that with trifling expense can be quarried and placed at a point of shipment thence to any point on the chain of lakes." He speaks of the same quality of slates at other points, all " admirably adapted for tiling and other purposes, and susceptible of being economically wrought." Cost of Quarrying and Value of Slate. — -Mr. Clarke's report (1864,) says : " The cost of quarrying and dress ing at the Vermont quarries is about 82.50 per square (100 feet,) or S7.50 per ton. The market value at Chicago is from §5.50 to S7.50 per square, or $18 per ton. At St. Louis it is third class freight higher." "A ton (about four squares) may be transported from the St. Louis Eiver Quarry to the Mississippi by railway at $3." It may be taken to all points in this State ac cessible by boats or railway at an average cost of fifteen dollars per ton, or at most 81 per square — little, if any, THE PINERIES. 113 more than pine shingles : the former as good for a century as the latter for a decade." He estimates the annual demand for slates in the Mississippi Valley at one hundred thousand tons. Brown Stone, which has been tested in the fire and found capable of resisting its influence, abounds in the Lake Superior country, and is already being exported to Chicago and Milwaukee. Granite. — A company is incorporated in St. Paul, and is supplying the material from quarries near Sauk Eapids for building the United States Custom House. Mineral Paint, equal to the best in use, has lately been developed in Eedwood County ; Marl exists near Minneapolis and other places ; Porcelain Clay in Waba sha County. Salt Springs abound in the Bed Eiver country, of which twelve .have been located by the State. (See map.) Gold and Silver. — The most to be said of these is that capitalists from St. Paul and New Tork are now operating with quartz mills at Vermillion Lake, the tests that have been made being satisfactory to them. The Pixeries. — In addition to what has been said as to their extent and location, and theh' annual products, something as to their ability to stand the drafts of the future and the manner and style of working them may not be uninteresting. J]' ill They Fail? — Of the St. Croix Pineries— only one section of the pine area — a correspondent of the Daily Wisconsin, estimating the amount of lumber already cut at one billion feet, says : " Old pine land explorers vary theu- estimates of the pine timber remaining from three to eight times the amount already cut. A mean estimate would bring it to five and a half billions. The present 144 LIFE IN THE PINERIES. average of one hundred millions yearly cutting would exhaust the St. Croix pineries in fifty-five years. Two per cent, of growth would extend the measure to one hundred years. The amount of hard wood timber in the St. Croix is treble the amount of pine." Capt. John P. Owens, for twenty years a resident of Minnesota, says, in a letter to the St. Paul Press, in February, 1869 : " It must be remembered that tracts from which all the suitable timber was cut ten or twelve years ago, are now ready to cut over again, so rapid, is the growth of the younger pines. A man who owns pine land may, as a general thing, calculate that it is gaining in value ten per cent, annually by the growth. We don't hear so much now-a-days about the pineries giving out in a few years as we did twenty years ago." LIFE IN THE PINERIES. BY H. M. ATKINS, ESQ., PRINCETON. Going in. — In November the "teams "and "crews" start into the woods. Large and strong wagons, drawn by two, four, or six horses, or four, six, or eight oxen to each, heavily laden with " supplies," which term, in lumberman's language, means all the necessaries, and some luxuries, for the support of the men, and "feed" for teams, escorted by crews of men, who are to cut the trees and prepare the logs, go winding their way up among the pine forests of the St. Croix, the Eum, and the Upper Mississippi rivers. The land has been pre viously explored, and, arrived at the selected spot, the work of building a " camp" for the men and a stable for the teams at once begins. Stumpage. — The lumbermen are not often the owners of the land operated upon. They usually buy the " stumpage" of the land owners, at a specified price per H. M. ATKINS. 145 thousand feet of lumber cut, the amount being ascer tained by " scaling," or measuring, after the logs are cut. The price paid for " stumpage" varies from $1 to $3 per thousand feet, according to the quality of the trees and their distance from streams of drivable water. Camp. — The " camp'' is usually placed near a river or stream for convenience in procuring water. The mate rials for building, pine and oak, are always near by. The camp is a large and well-built log house, with roof of pine or oak " splits " instead of shingles, and floor of small pines, hewed flat and smooth, or in some cases of boards. It is heated by a large box stove, while a large cooking stove at one side or end is managed by the cook. A large table is a fixture in the house, and the dishes for eating and drinking are of tin instead of crockery. Along one, or if the crew is large, along both sides of the camp, are the " bunks " for sleeping. These are shelves or stagings elevated a foot or two above the ground, six or seven feet wide, and a's long as the length of the camp will allow them to be : usually nearly the whole length. Along the side towards the center of the camp is placed a board, plank, or timber, on edge, and rising nearly a foot above the staging. On this staging or " bunk," hay is spread to the depth of a foot, or more ; over this are spread, " spreads " so called, being heavy bed coverings like the " comforters " of old times. With one thickness of these the hay is covered, the men lie on this ; heads to the wall, feet towards the centre of the camp, as near together as they can lie, and are all covered by one heavy and thick " spread," as wide as the men are long, and as long as may be necessary. The day cloth ing is not removed upon going to bed, and of course you see from the above, that they all sleep in one bed. There are from six to forty men in a crew. There are no 13 146 LIFE IN THE PINERIES. chairs ; only benches made on the spot. At night the camp is lighted with kerosene lamps. Stables, &c. — The stables are located near the camp ; are built of logs, the cracks tightly chinked, and the roof of poles covered with hay. They are well built, warm and comfortable. The teams are fed with hay which has been cut and stacked ready on some natural meadow near, the previous summer, and for provender, ground wheat, corn, rye, oats and barley and unground oats. Many a farmer might profitably take lessons in the art of stock-feeding from these lumbermen. The Work. — Long before light in the morning, the " cook " and the " teamster " are astir — the former getting breakfast, the latter feeding his teams. All hands are called to breakfast ; not much time is needed for making toilet ; and the breakfast being eaten, all hands, except the cook, are off into the timber, the intention being to be on the spot ready for work as soon as it is light enough to see. Every mam has his particular work to do, and every one knows his place. The " choppers " chop down the timber pines, trim off the branches, and cut off the tops; the "sled-tenders" clear away around the tree- trunks and logs, fix the ropes, " tackles " and chains for loading, and help the teamster in that; the "sawyers" with long, cross-cut saws, saw the tree-trunks into logs of suitable length, and cut into them with axes the let ters, signs and symbols that constitute the proprietor's recorded " mark," and by which each log can be identified wherever it may be; the "swampers" cut out roads for the teams and clear them of all undergrowth ; the " teamsters" manage the teams and the loading and un loading of logs. Large, wide and strong sleds are used, commonly called " bobs," they are short and used in pairs ; one hitched be- H. M. ATKLN8. 147 hind another as the hind wheels of a wagon are behind the forward ones. On these double sleds the logs are rolled and loaded, side by side, and on the top of each other, with the help of teams and pulleys and blocks, usually called " tackle," anl securely chained, and so drawn to the " landing," on the bank of the river or large stream, which is a place of an acre or more, completely cleared of all trees, where they are easily unloaded on or over the steep bank and left lying in huge piles to await the spring freshets. The men work in the timber till noon ; then to camp for dinner ; then back again and work until dark ; then to camp for supper ; after that the time is spent as they please until bed time. The work is hard, but the men are almost universally hearty and healthy : while at it. blessed with good appetite, are cheerful and seem to like it. They are so well protected by the pine forests that they are but little affected by the winter cold. The fere is of the very best. The old time pork and beans are still much used and liked ; but in addition to these, the rough tables are supplied abundantly with all the common and substantial articles of food and drink. And so, from early winter until the time of melting snows in March, year after year, the merciless keen axes are plied among the pines . River Driving. — With the spring freshets comes another phase of the lamberman's trade. The huge piles of logs at the numerous " landings" are all rolled into the water and set afloat, and the work of " river driving" is begun. It is the hardest of hard work — very wearing and ex hausting, and commands the highest of wages — $2 to $5 per day and boarded. The men are almost continually wet. No Sundays are known, and five meals a day are invariably furnished. From dawn till dark, in and out 148 LIFE IN THE PINERIES. of the cold snow water, it makes no difference which, for the logs must be kept moving with the current, and the continually forming "jams" broken. The men are organized in " crews" of various sizes, according to the number of logs to be managed, each with a " boss driver" as working leader, and accompanied by a shed or roof-tent of sufficient size to shelter the men while sleeping on the ground, wrapped in " spreads" and blankets, at night ; a cook and one or two assistants ; a batteaux, being a long, sharp boat, and p, large, clumsy flat boat, called a " wongin," for carrying the supplies for cook and crew. The cook moves down the stream from day to day, as the " drive" of logs progresses, with the tent, batteaux, and wongin. The meals, except morning and evening ones, are taken to the men at their work in buckets and baskets, by the cookees or assistants. If the water is very high, the cross currents are sure to carry many of the logs over low places in the banks, in among the trees and underbrush of the bottom lands, and into sloughs and gullies. The work of getting them back into the stream, called " sacking," is the severest of all. The men must stand and work in the ice-cold water, often up to their waists where they work, and with the aid of " picks" and " cant-dogs" roll and push, and sometimes almost carry, the logs back to the streams. They become very expert in the business of managing the logs. They will stand erect on one, and keep then feet while it goes rolling over and over in the rapid cur rent, and with no other instrument than a "pick hand spike," seven or eight feet long, cross deep, wide, and rapid streams, standing on a single log. Occasionally, however, a green hand will make a slip and go into the water, and " shut the door" after him, or SPORTS AND WAGES. 149 " pull the hole in behind him." Then great is the fun at his expense among his associates. The point is to keep the logs moving continually. They are so numerous as to hide the water in the rivers for miles at times, and it is late in June before they are all safely "boomed," in the vicinity of the large mills, for manufacturing them into lumber, for distribution far and near, in this and the adjoining States. To this a few items may be added. Sports. — As would naturally be supposed, so many men brought together to remain four or five months in camp life must have amusements, and the lumbermen are not without them. Their evenings are made lively with music — vocal and instrumental — anecdotes, burnt cork minstrelsy, cards, &c, &c. Wages. — Teamsters, $40 to $70 per month ; cooks, $45 ; foremen, $70 to $100 ; good choppers, $35 to $40 ; swampers, $30 ; sawyers, $30 ; ordinary hands, $20 to $25 ; wages on rafts average $35 ; pilots, $1200 to $2000 for the season. Average price of logs at Stillwater, in 1868-9, $12 per 1000 feet. 225 rafts left Stillwater in 1868, each raft requiring 23 men to run it — giving em ployment to 5000 men. The Pineries in the winter give employment to nearly 4000 men, and over 2000 horses and oxen. They also afford a fine home market for the produce of farmers. 150 AS A FRUIT COUNTRY. CHAPTEE XI. Minnesota as a Fruit Country. — Wild Eice. — Wild Fruits. — Among these are strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, huckleberries, grapes, plums, cranberries, and cherries. The wild plum is so abundant that it is brought into the towns by the hundred bushels, and sold from fifty cents to $3 per bushel, according to the season. It is almost equal to the cultivated plum for eating raw or preserving. The huckleberry and grape are also most abundant, and from the latter the Minne sota farmer makes his native wine and refreshes himself under his own vine and fig-tree, with no revenue col lectors to molest or make him afraid. The huckleberries abound principally on the barren ridges of the northern and north-eastern parts of the State. Cranberries. — From the cranberry marsh on his farm, many a farmer makes more money than on his crop. The extent of the growth of this fruit in Minnesota is wonder ful — so remarkable that formerly we were called " The Cranberry State." While it is a native of the State, and to be found in every part of it, it is especially abundant in the northern and northeastern parts of it. David Dale Owen, United States Geologist, reports officially : " This staple native production of the Northwest is no where more abundant or of finer quality than in the region bordering on the St. Croix Eiver." Clarke, Geologist, says: "There are 256,000 acres of cranberry marsh in the triangle between the St. Croix and Mississippi, and bounded north by the St. Louis and Prairie rivers." CRANBERRIES. 151 Cultivation of Cranberries. — The very high prices ob tained for the cranberry, from $3 to S8 per bushel, would make its cultivation profitable. While it is extensively cultivated in the Eastern States, some farmers having as much as ten acres or more devoted to it, and books writ ten on it, among the number one by Estewood, published by Orange Judd & Co., 41 Park Eow, New York, worth 75 cents, — very little attention has been paid to it Th Minnesota. The high-bush variety is cultivated in most ofthe nurseries of the State, and sold for yards and gar dens. Mr. Heinrich Hotz, of Watertown, Carver County, is cultivating the low vine cranberry with suc cess, for profit and sale. Owen and Clarke both speak of its susceptibility for cultivation, and Clarke says : " The drainage of the cranberry marshes may be so ar ranged that they may be cleared, all other plants and grasses eradicated, and then restocked with good thrifty vines — care being taken to select the gray fruit variety, as it is more prolific and withstands the frosts that sometimes occur before the fruit ripens. The drainage might be controllable, so that the cultivator could irrigate the vines when his experience taught the proper time." There is a splendid field among these 240,000 acres of cranberries for some enterprising genius to carry out this suggesstion and make a fortune. There they are free to the first comer, open to homestead entry, without the cost of a dollar ; and besides these, tens of thousands of acres more, scattered over every portion of the State. Only a few hundred bushels are now exported from the State. The supply is sufficient to export thousands of bushels. Apples and Cultivated Fruits. — All the small fruits, such as strawberries, currants, raspberries, gooseberries, and grapes, are successfully cultivated ; also several 152 AS A FRUIT COUNTRY. varieties of plums, very fine and large, pears and cherries, the Siberian crab,Transcendant and Hyslop, and the best of apples of many varieties. Like most new countries, we have had to pass through a decade or more of experi ments and failures, to learn the peculiarites of climate, soil, and exposures, and the varieties best adapted to these peculiarities. Our pathway for fifteen years had been strewn with failures. We knew the cause was not the cold climate, for apples are raised in Canada, New Brunswick, Eussia, and higher latitudes and colder cli mates. So we persevered in experiments, and the last two years have demonstrated that we can raise the largest and finest apples, for we have actually raised thousands of bushels the present year. At the State Fair, in September, at Eochester, one man from Minnesota City, in Winona County, exhibited fifty barrels of apples raised in that county, and said he had 200 more at home. Persons who claim to be well informed estimate that Winona County alone has raised 30,000 bushels of apples this year. The Preston Republican gives a list of apple orchards in that county, occupying half a column, says all are doing well, and estimates that some of them will produce sixty or seventy bushels of apples. Mr. L. E. Hawkins, of Maple Glen (P. O.,) Scott County, has apples this year of nearly a dozen varieties, besides cherries. Truman M. Smith, of St. Paul, H. J. Brainard and W. E. Brimhall in the vicinity, raise over thirty varieties of apples, and several varieties of cherries, plums, and grapes, Smith having eighteen varieties of the grafted apples. From Eobertson's Monthly for October, 1869, we con dense the following additional facts. The Le Sueur APPLES AND OTHER FRUITS. 153 Courier says twenty-eight different varieties of apples are raised in Sharon township, in that county, and of the samples exhibited " a dozen kinds shown were large, luscious, and healthy looking." The trees were from the nursery of Amasa Stewart, of Minneapolis, who " assured us that over fifty different species of apples are now growing in Le Sueur and Blue Earth counties." This statement is corroborated by the Mankato Review (Blue Earth County,) which says : " Mr. Mills, of Garden City, was in our city last week, and had with him samples of fifty different varieties of fall and winter apples grown by himself this year." They were mainly seedlings. The editor estimates that there are 500 bearing trees in the county, Mills having 164, Mr. Laird, of South Bend, 25, &c. Among the many persons who have succeeded in raising apples, and have bearing trees, are Col. D. A. Eobertson, of St. Paul, Editor of the Minnesota Monthly ; Hon. John M. Berry, of Faribault, Judge of the Supreme Court ; Dr. Kelly and H. Scriver, of Northfield ; A. W. Webster, Geo. W. Clark, Norman Buck, and M. K. Drew, of Winona ; John Hart, of Hillsdale, and Amos Shay, of Eichmond, Winona County ; and J. Marthaler, of West St. Paul, besides numbers of nurserymen and individuals, too numerous to mention. We have only space to sum up the whole subject iu the comments of the St. Paul Press on the display of fruits in the two counties of Eamsey and Hennepin alone. These two fairs have set at rest the long-mooted question whether Minnesota is an apple-growing State. Over two hun dred varieties of the apple — exclusive of the crab species — were exhibited at Minneapolis, and a large number at St. Paul, of the finest development and flavor, and this fact will give an 154 WILD RICE. immense impetus to fruit growing in our State. In other fruits, too, especially in plums and grapes, these fairs have given ample evidence of the rich capabilities of our climate. Among the varieties most generally successful, besides numerous seedlings, are the Duchess of Oldenburg, Eed Astrachan, Fameuse, Winter Eussetts, Golden Russetts, Golden Sweet, Golden Pippin, 20-ounce Pippin, Bailey Sweet, Price Sweet, Saps of Wine, Seek No Further, Sweet June, Red June, Early Harvest, Early Eed, Fall Stripe or Saxton, Jefferson County, Dyer, Summer Pair- main, Limber Twig, Tammany, Hoss, Sweet Pear, &c. Wild Eice. — What it is. — Its Value. — " Zizania Aqu- atica," Pshu of the Sioux, Manomin of the Chippewas. " It is an excellent article of diet, and forms a consider able source of support to the Chippewa Indians," " an acre nearly or quite equal to an acre of wheat for sustaining life." " It is highly palatable and nutritious, being generally preferred to the commercial rice. The grain is long, slender, of a brown color. In boiling, it puffs out to a pultaceous mass, and increases its bulk several times. It flowers in August, and is ready for gathering in Sep tember, which is conveniently done in canoes, the standing stalks being bent over the sides and the grain beaten in."* Mr. Atkins, of Princeton, Minn., in a contribution to this book, writes: "This rice resembles Southern rice very much in appearance and growth, but the grains are longer than those of the Southern variety, and to the taste it is richer and more nutritious." Where it Grows. — Its Extent.— Clarke, Geologist, es timates 74,000 acres in the "triangle" between the Mississippi, St. Croix and Prairie rivers. 'Owen's Report. ITS CULTIVATION. 155 Owen says : " It is particularly in the lake-like expan sions of rivers, towards their sources, which give such a marked feature to the distribution of these northern streams, and is so grandly illustrated in their main type, the Mississippi. * * "It is rarely met with on inland lakes which have no outlet. * * The rice lakes are most liberally distri buted in the sections about the head waters of the Eed ' Cedar, Nemakagon, St. Croix and Snake rivers in the south, and the sources of Big Fork and Eed Lake rivers in the north, and further east in the Vermillion Lake region." He speaks of " rice fields covering thousands of acres " near Cass Lake, and indeed the same is true of nearly all the lakes and marshes of Northern Minnesota. The vast extent of this article, and its value, " an acre as good as an acre of wheat," suggests the inquiry — How it may be Cultivated and made a Source of Wealth? — Upon this point Owen says : " This grain has been frequently introduced to the attention of cultivators, and is worthy of notice, not only for the value of its pro ducts, but the peculiar nature of the soil to which it is adapted, being necessarily unfit for any of our ordinary cultivated grains. "As a native of the Northwest, it is undoubtedly sus ceptible of increased production, and will doubtless ere long constitute as important an element in the civilized wealth of this region as it now does in adding to the comforts of its wild inhabitants." Clarke says : " The value of it to the native is no greater than it may be rendered to us. It is probably a biennial. Its greatest yields in alternate years. It grows from the bed submerged by water from 6 to 20 inches. One root has from 3 to 10 stalks and heads. I observed one fact worthy the attention of the civilized 156 WILD RICE. cultivator. It is this : plants upon the. margin of the rice beds by the fall of the water left upon the dry ground were quite as prolific as those in the water. This suggests the drainage of rice beds, clearing them from other aqua tic grasses and plants, re-seeding with rice and then closing the drain or outlet until the grain is near maturity, when the water may be drawn off and the bed left dry for harvest." Indian Method of Gathering. — The Indian method of gathering, preparing, and preserving it is somewhat curious. In among the ripening rice — it grows two to three feet above the surface of the water — they go in their canoes, and bending the laden heads over the sides in handsful, beat them off into the canoe with a stick until it is loaded ; then to a dry, open space on shore, where it is spread to dry a few clays. It is then heated hot in iron or tin kettles, and made thoroughly dry. A cavity is then dug in hard ground, bowl-shaped, and large enough to hold about half a bushel. The inside of the cavity is then beaten hard and smooth. On two sides of the cavity, three or four feet from it, forked sticks, six or seven feet long, are driven into the ground about a foot, and in the forks a small pole is laid. The hole or cavity is then nearly filled with the previously prepared dried rice, and then an Indian — a man always, and for a wonder, this being about the only kind of work a male Indian is ever known to do — steps barefooted into the hole and the rice, and holding on by the pole in the forked sticks to steady and sustain himself, goes to treading the hulls off the rice. After being trodden a while, it is taken out and win nowed in the wind, and is then ready for use. As a general thing, nearly three-fourths of the hulls are got rid of by this process, and those that remain never seem ED UCA TION AND RELIGION. 157 to trouble the Indians in eating ; neither does the dirt from the treading feet, as they never trouble themselves to wash the rice before cooking it. The rice is stored by being put up in baskets of various sizes, and buried in dry places until it is wanted. CHAPTEE XII. Education and Eeligion. — Schools. — Every township is entitled to its free school — two sections of land in every township belonging to the school fund, making in the aggregate about 3,000,000 acres when all surveyed. It is sold at not less than $5 per acre, and the cash proceeds invested in United States or Minnesota State Bonds. The Governor's Message of January, 1869, says : " The sales of school lands during the year have been 76,910 acres, producing $464,840.61, which sum added to the former accumulations of the permanent school fund, makes the magnificent fund of two millions, seventy-seven thousand and eighty-two dollars." He estimates the sum ultimately to be derived from school lands at $16,000,000. " Interest of the school fund in 1868, $115,794.38. A two mill tax levied in each county for school purposes. Whole number of children in the State (between 5 and 21) in 1868, 129,103, an increase of 14,682 over 1867. Teachers, 3276 ; increase, 691. Paid teachers, $322,- 785.16 ; increase, $67,798. Value of school houses, $1,091,559.42; increase, $345,168.42. Value of school houses built 1868, $288,687.37. Minnesota's total expen ditures for school purposes during the last two years 14 158 CHURCHES. exceed $1,500,000, and her school houses have already- cost over $1,000,000." Number of school houses in 1868, 1000 frame, 37 brick, 48 stone, 681 log; total, 1766. (See " Counties," Part Second.) These figures show a more liberal provision for common schools than any other State in the Union, and give assurance to immigrants that in going to Minnesota they are not going beyond the confines of civilization and the privileges and blessings of education for their children. State University, Colleges and Normal Schools. — A State University, with a costly building, an endowment of 46,080 acres of land, besides 120,000 acres of agricul tural college lands, and a full corps of professors, is in successful operation at St. Anthony, without expense to students except for board. It has an experimental farm connected with it for instruction in scientific farming, and is to be free from denominational influences. A Normal School is in operation at Winona, and another at Mankato, and a third will soon be at St. Cloud. There is a Catholic College at Clinton, Stearns County, a Meth odist College at Eed Wing, a Congregational College at Northfield, an Episcopal College at Faribault, a Com mercial College at St. Paul and Minneapolis, besides many other Classical Academies and Female Seminaries in different parts of the State. Churches. — Catholic. — 123 churches, valued at $500,- 000, 120,000 members including baptized children, and 60 priests. Methodist.— -65 churches, valued at $228,550 ; 8229 members and 108 ministers, including 10 Scandinavian. German Methodist. — 35 churches, valued at $54,000 ; 2834 members, and 28 ministers. Episcopalian. — 28 churches, valued at $204,850 ; 1720 members, and 30 ministers. MISSIONABY OPERATIONS. 159 Baptist. — 27 churches, 4210 members, and 90 ministers. Congregational — 67 congregations, 2624 members, and 52 ministers. Presbyterian. — (New School,) 45 churches, valued at $100,000 ; 2156 members, and 40 ministers. Presbyterian. — (Old School,) 48 church organizations, 1384 members, and 33 ministers. Lutheran. — 79 congregations, nearly 6000 members, and 43 German and two English ministers. Swedish Lutheran. — 19 churches, 3250 members, and 9 ministers. Universalists. — 20 societies, 900 members, and 12 min isters. There are also some Adventists, Swedenbor- gians, Campbell Baptists, and Spiritualists. All the churches have more organizations than church buildings, and all have worship on the extreme frontier by travelling ministers, far in advance of the building of churches. These figures are all from the latest official reports ofthe churches up to 1869. Missionary Operations, and Eeligion on the Fron tier. — Nearly all the principal churches have preachers on the remotest frontier, who preach in school houses, private residences, and small churches, forming organiza tions in every neighborhood, and travelling over large districts to accommodate the frontier settlements. Missions among the Indians. — As the Chippewas or Ojibwas are the only Indians now in the State, except a few scattered families, which have settled down in civi lized settlements, what is here said will relate to them alone. There were for years missions among the Dakotas, and continue to be in their new locations in Dakota Territory — the last report of the American Board of Missions giving the number of communicants as 618, a 160 MISSIONARY OPERATIONS. gain of 57 the past year ; four native preachers and four native licentiates, besides the missionaries ; the Dakotas- supposed to number about 30,000, four-fifths of whom have never been reached. We condense the following from the account of Dr. A. Barnard, resident surgeon at the Chippewa Agency at White Earth Eeservation, who for the facts credits. Eev. J. G. Wright, twenty years a missionary and now government teacher of a manual labor school for Indian children, at Leech Lake. From 1833 to 1862 the Ameri can Board of Missions labored among the Chippewas, since which they have abandoned them. Eev. F. Ayer first began in 1833, labored seven years at Sandy Lake and other points, and quit ; Eev. Mr. Bout- well followed, in 1835, remaining four years, and quit ; in 1840 Eev. Mr. Spates, of the Methodist Church, tried it a few years, became discouraged and quit ; then in 1853, Eev. Mr. Breck, of the Episcopal Church, struck in vigor ously at Gull Lake and Leech Lake, erected several large buildings, labored eighteen months, and quit ; in 1843, Messrs. Ayer, Barnard, Wright and Spencer went to Eed Lake, and were joined by Dr. Wm. Lewis. Here was rich land, good crops of corn and potatoes, less whisky, less white men, and a better class of Indians, with some faint traces of the " noble Eed Man," known in poetry and romance, and this mission continued until 1859, when it also was abandoned. Eev. Mr. Cloiter, Old School Lutheran, and Eev. Mr. Johnson, Episcopalian, at Pine Eiver and Gull Lake labored on till 1862, and they quit. Since which nothing has been done in Protestant missions- among the Chippewas, until last year Bishop Whipple concluded to renew the mission of his church, at White Earth Lake, where the Mille Lac and Gull Lake bands of Indians have been removed. MISSIONARY OPERATIONS. 161 At Gull Lake and Leech Lake not less than $30,000, in addition to the missionary labor, were expended, with about the same results as at other places. The reasons for suspending (and in the case of the American Missionary Association, abandoning) the at tempt to mould anew the life of this people, are thus given by Mr. Wright : " The results were exceedingly meagre for the large amount of self-sacrificing labor and money expended. "Individual instances of conversions there were, in which the life and death of the Christian was notably exemplified ; but the mass of heathen humanity was un impressed. Besides, the influences adverse to the success of the missionary were gradually increasing in strength. " Suspicion of his designs was sedulously instilled into the minds of the natives. The government officials dis owned any sympathy for him ; and the grossly immoral conduct of a few high in office was notorious. Scarcely an effort was made by those having authority to suppress the whiskey traffic, the evils of which, together with the general licentiousness of the whites and half-breeds, in ducing loathsome disease, were well nigh appalling." In closing this synoptical account of missionary oper ations in this section, says Dr. Barnard : " It is but just to add that the few individuals among the Indians here &X, the present time who have been weaned wholly, or partially, from the degradation of the wigwam, are chiefly "the fruits of that work. The employees, traders and fugitives from the restraints of civilized society form & numerous class at all our Indian Agencies, under the control of the Government Agent. Their united influence can render null, or give success, to the efforts of the missionary, who, had he been well sustained in this field, would have achieved far greater results." 162 INDIANS. Catholic Missions. — Rev. John Ireland, of St. Paul, gives the following facts : The Jesuits have extensive missions from Grand Portage, the extreme north-eastern boundaiy of Minne sota, to the far Northwest in British America, their principal station being at Fort William. Rev. John Chebus, of Bayfield, has an Indian mission at Fond du Lac, Minnesota ; two clergymen are located at Pembina ; Eevs. Francis Pierz, Jos. Buh, and Ignatius Tomazin, at Crow Wing, from whence they make regular visits to the Indians at Mille Lac, White Oak Point, Leech Lake, Eed Lake, Lake Winnebigoshish, and White Earth Eeservation, at all which places there are baptized Lidians. There is an excellent church edifice at Grand Portage exclusively for Indians, and a school opened this month (October, 1869) at White Oak Point. Father Ireland says : " As to the general prospects of the Indian missions, our priests express themselves in no way dis couraged." CHAPTEE XIH. Indians. — There have been no hostile Indians in the State since 1863, when the war with the Sioux terminated in their removal entirely out of ths State. A few scattered families only of the Sioux remain. A settlement of a dozen, more or less, are within seventeen miles of St. Paul, on the Minnesota, on forty acres of land, who live by selling berries, fish and game to the whites, and the small products of their scanty industry in farming. Of the Chippewas, there are about 6000, all friendly THE GRAND MEDICINE. 163 Indians, principally on a reservation of thirty-six town ships of rich land in Polk and Becker counties, (thirty of them in Polk,) far to the northwest, besides the Boisfort tribe, on another reservation of rice swamps and barrens, far to the northeast, above Vermilion Lake. There are a few other settlements as has just been stated, under the head of Catholic missions, in the preceding chapter. Dr. A. Barnard, Surgeon of the Chippewas, in a contribution to this book, gives the following account of these people : Agencies and Trading Posts. — Convenient houses were built at Leech Lake in 1867 for the government em ployees. Number of stores, 3 ; saw and grist mill, 1 ; schools, 1 ; clergyman, 1 ; annual business, $30,000. At Eed Lake there is a Government station, trading post, and deserted mission ; two stores, annual business $20,000 ; one saw and grist mill, a physician, miller, blacksmith, and farmer. " The decaying buildings of religious missions, now deserted, maybe seen at Gull, Winnebigoshish, and Cass lakes." The principal agency and head quarters is at White Earth Lake, in Becker County, in the new reservation. $75,000 are paid annu ally to the 4200 Indians of this reservation, besides what is paid to the Boisfort tribe — the payments usually in September and October. Institutions, Social Customs, and Amusements of the Ojibwas or Chippewas.- — The most important institution is the Grand Medicine — a religious, secret society, through which the weird traditioris of the tribe are preserved and perpetuated ; the art of healing diseases, of conjur ing and magic is taught. Like the Masonic society, it has several degrees, the highest of which but few attain, who are known as "big medicine men." One aspiring to the honors of this ancient institution need only apply to these grand masters of the order, pay in goods and 164 INDIANS. provisions twenty to fifty dollars, according to the de grees conferred and the ability of the applicant, to be accepted a candidate duly prepared and suitably qualified. A long, narrow lodge is erected, a feast provided, and an invitation sent to all members in good standing, in cluding women and children, who are eligible only to the lower degrees, to attend. Then, amid the din and con fusion produced by the beating of drums, the jingling of bells, loud talking in an unknown tongue with the Great Spirit, uncouth dancing, feasting and smoking of perhaps a hundred performers, kept up till the last edible is consumed, the candidate receives that light in grand medicine which he desires. If he advance to higher degrees, he is taken by one of the big medicine men into the woods, and instructed in the properties of medicinal herbs and roots, and in tricks of legerdemain and magic. One striking ceremony in the healing of the sick is worth noting. The patient is brought into the lodge, and by a solemn rite figuratively put to death ; then, by the most importunate supplications to the Great Spirit, restored to life again. Nothing among the Indians opposes so strong a barrier to the missionary as this institution. That it is, however, gradually losing its hold upon their confidence and respect is apparent to one living in their midst. Courtship and Marriage are in the most unconventional manner. A young brave seeking a wife goes to the lodge of some fair maiden in the evening, and if he be an acceptable suitor, she shares her couch with him during the night. Should he tarry till daylight it is regarded as a match. Presents are usually made to the parents of the bride, and she follows her lord to his wigwam, hence forth to be his slave. Intermarriage in families related by blood is strictly forbidden. GAMBLING. 165 Gambling, with the men, is the all-absorbing passion, and nothing is too valuable to sacrifice at this altar. Occasionally their wives are staked on the issue of the- game. At the annual payments, when money is abundant, the common games with cards are preferred, euchre being the more frequently played. A visitor at this time may observe in the motley throng at the trader's shop little groups of men seated upon the floor, the counter, or an empty dry good's box, oblivious of the press of the crowd, the bustle of trade, with emotionless faces, intent only on the result of the play. As this is made manifest, and the winning party gathers up the large pile of scrip and greenbacks, not the faintest sigh or breath indicating a relief from suspense is heard, so well have they learned the gambler's art. The moccasin game, being peculiarly an Indian inven tion, deserves to be here mentioned. Four moccasins are used, with the same number of leaden balls, one of which is marked. The two parties, seated vis-a-vis upon the ground, are each represented by their most expert player. Thus two only play the game, while the others take turn in beating the quick, monotonous accompani ment upon the drum, or keep the tally with bundles of small sticks. Now one of the players, with the four moccasins placed in a row before him, with a few dex terous motions hides a ball under each moccasin. Then his adversary, seated opposite with a stick in his hand, makes a feint of striking a moccasin, meanwhile eyeing intently the visage of the first player for some indication that the marked ball is under it. If in two trials he strikes the moccasin concealing the marked ball, then he has won, when the parts are reversed, and the play goes- on, stimulated by the unceasing thump of the drum. Large amounts are sometimes staked at this game, and 166 . INDIANS. the players, getting wrought up to the highest pitch of excitement, exhibit the twitchings and contortions of one badly afflicted with the dance of St. Vitus. There . is also a game not unlike this in which the expertness of the player is shown by his skill in masking his own emo tions, and detecting and interpreting at a glance those of his adversary. Women play at ball, and occasionally the young men, but the games of hazard are the favorite of the latter. Religious Notions. — They believe in Ke-che Manito, the Great Spirit, and in Mu-che Manito, the Evil Spirit. The former is the author and preserver ofthe souls of men, and all petitions for temporal and spiritual blessings are addressed to him. Their traditions give also an account of Na-nah-bo-zho, the creator of the physical universe. The most marvelous exploits are related of this deity. Finding himself floating on a raft in a boundless sea, he sent a muskrat, his companion, on a voyage of discovery. This animal dived to the bottom of the sea and brought up a little mud in his mouth, Na-nah taking this in his hands, with a strong breath blew it far from him, when it fell upon the water and formed a small island which, by successive additions, became the habitable earth. When the work of this spirit was accomplished, he sank into a state of oblivion, and we hear no more of him. They believe, likewise, in the existence of inferior spir its, good and bad, the latter of which they propitiate by offerings of tobacco and food. Something akin to fetich ism is seen in these offerings, deposited by an oddly- shaped stone, bearing a slight resemblance to some beast, bird or fish. Of a future state they have rather vague conceptions ; concurring, however, in the idea of a well- beaten trail leading across a deep river or gulf, spanned by a single tree, to the elysian fields beyond. Some of the DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE. 167 less adroit spirits, without regard to moral qualifications, will lose their poise in crossing this bridge, and fall into - the abyss and oblivion at the same moment. TJie Totem, or symbolic mark of a family, is a rude representation of some animal common to this region. It designates always persons related by blood, save in the instance of the bride's changing her totem for that of her husband. No intermarriage of those having the same mark is permitted. Pictures of the bear and martin, representing the most numerous families among the Mississippi bands,- drawn with a lead pencil or wood coal upon the bark or blaze of some conspicuous tree, may be seen along the net-work of trails all through the forests of this region. Domestic and Social Life. — The life of the Ojibwa woman, if she be a wife, is one of constant, diversified toil and drudgery, enlivened by no hope of something better. In the spring she repairs to the " sugar bush," and in her thin moccasin makes through the deep melt ing snows a trail from tree to tree, by which the sap is carried in birchen buckets to the wigwam for boiling. The sugar having been manufactured and put up in fan cifully ornamented muk-kuks of bark, a removal is made to the fish ground, and a supply of fish secured by the aid of nets. In June the birch tree yields its bark for the construction of the canoe ; and the corn and potatoes must be planted and cared for. The warmer months succeeding are occupied with the holiday work of gathering wild berries. September brings the harvest of wild rice, threshed from the stalk with clubs, into the canoe, hulled and fitted for food with much labor. With the frosts of autumn the long winter hunt for furs commences, and she must accompany her husband and master to do his bidding till another spring renews 168 INDIANS. "the round of toil. Sometimes the husband assists a little in this work, but it is regarded as belonging properly to the wife. The time not occupied in these duties is devo ted to the lighter household work, the making of mocca sins, beaded ornaments, &c. Occasionally she indulges in some simple games of amusement. But with the bur den of all these cares upon her, she, true to her nature, finds ample opportunity to gratify the social propensity for gossip. In the warm weather a frequent scene is a bevy of Indian women seated on a grassy plot, engaged in diverse occupations. Two or three are shaping the canoe from the pliant bark. Others are making the or namented moccasin, or belt. Another still is rubbing vigorously a deer skin, stretched upon an upright frame of poles, into flexibility and softness ; while Nocomis, the old grandmother, is cleaning fish. In the work of their hands there is no harmony ; but their glib tongues in spirited by the occasion, slide easily into the same groove, and the common thread of gossip and story bind them, for the hour, in sweet concord of thought and feeling. The Indian husband, when not on the hunt, devotes his time to gambling, smoking, lounging about the trader's shop and Agency, importuning for tobacco and food. Occasionally, to break the monotony of so dull a life, he joins in a war party to the distant land of the Sioux. The scene witnessed every day at this Agency, of the woman staggering under the weight of a huge bundle of household goods and papooses, and the man, with only a gun, complacently strutting along a little in advance, faithfully illustrates the respective social condition of the sexes. SCENES ON THE FRONTIER. 169 CHAPTER XIV. Scenes on the Frontier. — Forty Miles North of Otter tail Lake. — " Carleton," of the Boston Journal, was in July, 1869, one of the Pacific Railroad exploring party. Speaking of what he saw in the vicinity of Detroit Lake, he says : Ascending a hill, we came in sight of a settler, a pioneer who is always on the move ; who, when a settler comes within six or eight miles of him abandons his home and moves on to some spot where he can have more elbow room, to a region not so thickly settled. One of our party had already come up with the pioneer, who informed him that we should find the old trail we were search ing for about half a mile ahead. He had long matted hair, beard hanging upon his breast, a wrinkled countenance, wore a slouched felt hat, an old checked cotton shirt, and pantaloons so patched and darned, so variegated in color that it would require much study to determine what was the original texture and what was patch and darn. He came from Ohio in his youth, and has always been a skirmisher on the advancing line of civilization— _a few miles ahead of the main body. He is thinking now of going into the " bush," as he phrased it. Settlers further down the trail informed us that he was a little flighty and queer, that he could not be induced to settle down, but was always on the move for a more quiet neigh borhood. Pioneer Settlement. — Four families have made a beginning at Detroit Lake, in which the Eed River of the North has its rise. We reached the settlement on Saturday night, and pitched tents for the Sabbath. It was a rare treat to these people to come into our camp and hear a sermon from Eev. Dr. Lord. The oldest of the colony is a woman now in her eightieth year, with eye undiminished, a countenance remarkably free from the marks of age, who walks with a firm step after fourscore years of labor. Sixty years ago she moved from the village of 15 170 SCENES ON THE FRONTIER. Lebanon, New Hampshire, a young wife, leaving, the Valley of the Connecticut for a home in the State of New York, then moving with the great army of emigrants to Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa in succession, and now beginning again in Minnesota. Last year her hair, which has been as white as the purest snow, began to take on its original color, and is now quite dark. There are but few instances on record of such a renewal of youth. The party have come from Central Iowa to make this their future home, preferring the soil and climate of this region to one where the changes of temperature are sudden and variable. The women and children of the four families lived here alone for six weeks, while the men were away after their stock. The nearest neighbors are twelve miles distant. On the Fourth of July all hands— men, women, and children — traveled forty-five miles to celebrate the day. " We felt," said one of the women, " that we couldn't get through the year without going somewhere or seeing somebody. It is kinder lonely so far away from folks, and so we went down country to a pic-nic." Store, church, and school are all forty miles away, and until recently the nearest saw mill was sixty miles away. Now they can get their wheat ground by going forty miles. The settlement is already blooming with half a dozen chil dren. Other settlers are coming in, and these people are looking forward to next year with hope and coafidence, for then they will have a school of their own. Chippewa Indians. — In our march south from Detroit Lake"' we met a large number of Chippewa Indians going north to the land recently assigned them by the government, in one of the fairest sections of Minnesota. Among them we saw several women with blue eyes and light hair and fair complexions, who have the blood of la belle France in their veins, and possibly some 01 them may have had American fathers. Nearly all of the Indians wear pantaloons and jackets, but here and there we see a brave who is true to his ancestry, who is proud of his lineage and race, and is in all respects a savage, in moccasins, blanket, skunk-skin head-dress, and painted eagle's feathers. They are friendly, took no part in the late war, are inoffensive and indolent. They have been in close contact with the whites for a long time, but they do not advance in civilization. A BAND OF MUSIC. 171 A Band of Music. — At Rush Lake, near Ottertail, the party camped, and were talking and jesting before the camp fire at night, when he says : But music is not wanting. We hear martial strains — of cor- Dets, trombones, ophicleide and horns, and the beating of a drum. Torches gleam upon the horizon, and by their flicker ing light we see a band advancing over the prairie. It is a march of welcome to the Northern Pacific exploring party. Not an hour ago these musicians heard of our arrival, and here they are, twelve of them, standing in a circle round our camp, doing their best to express their joy. They are Germans, all young men. Three years ago three or four families came here from Ohio. They reported the soil so fertile, the situation so attractive, the prospects so flattering, that others came, and now they have a dozen families, and more are coming to this land of promise. Now just ride out and see what they have done. Here is a field containing thirty acres of as fine wheat as grows in Minne sota. It is just taking on the golden hue, and will be ready for the reaper next week. Beside it are twenty acres of oats, sev eral acres of corn, an acre or two of potatoes. This is one farm only. On yonder slope there stands a two-storied house, of hewn logs and shingled roof. See what adornment the wife or daughter have given to the front yard— verbenas, petunias and nasturtions — round the door a living wreath of morning glories. Cows chew their cuds in the stable yard, while " Drowsy tinMings lull the distant fold " where the sheep are herded. We shall find the scene repeated on the adjoining farm. Sheltered beneath the grand old forest trees stands the little log church with a cross upon its roof, and here we see coming down the road the venerable father and teacher of the commu nity, in a long black gown and broad brimmed hat, with a crucifix at his girdle. It is a Catholic community, and they brought their priest with them. But take a good long look at these men as they stand before our camp fire, with their bright new instruments in their hands. They received them only two weeks ago from Cincinnati. 172 SCENES ON THE FRONTIER. "We can't play much yet," says their leader, Mr. Bertenhei- mer — " but we do the best we can. We have sent to Toledo for a teacher who will spend the winter with us. You will pardon our poor playing, but we felt so good when we heard you were here looking out a route for a railroad, that we felt like doing something to show our good will. You see we are just get ting started and have to work hard, but we wanted some re creation, and we concluded to get up a band. We thought it would be better than hanging round a grocery. We havn't any grocery yet, and if we keep sober, and give our attention to other things, perhaps we shan't have one, which I reckon will be all the better for us." Plain and simple the words, but there is more in them than in many a windy speech made on the rostrum or in legislative halls. Just getting started ! Yet here on the frontier art has planted itself. The flowers of civilization are blooming on the border. As we listened to the personal strains, and watched the re ceding forms, and looked into the coals of our camp fire after their departure, we felt that there must be a bright future for a commonwealth that could grow such fruit on the borders of the uncultivated wilderness. Woman's Rights on the Frontier. — The Model Farm of the " Seven Sisters." — Sixty miles from St. Paul, out on the Pacific Eailroad, at Darsel Station, in Wright County, in the Big Woods, seven miles from the prairie, is the farm of the " Seven Sisters," which is thus sketched in Eobertson's Monthly. They live in a log building which the neighbors helped them to build. The out houses for horses, cattle, pigs, poultry, and snioke house, and the fields and fences, all indicate that the occupants of this homestead excel in husbandry and know how to live. Their farm contains 160 acres. Two years ago last April they secured here two homesteads of 80 acres each, under the home stead law, and have since cleared forty acres, all of which is now in crop. Of their crop or last year, besides what was con sumed in the family, they sold 900 bushels of potatoes, 500 bushels corn, 200 bushels wheat, 250 bushels turnips, 200 where the whole water of the Cannon River may be used- for power. Zumbrota has 400 population, a Baptist and Congre gational church, 2 flouring mills, 4 or 5 stores, shops, &c. Frontenac, 12 miles from Red Wing, 8 from Lake City, on the river has a large hotel fitted up for invalids, seve ral stores, a grist mill, good scenery, hunting, fishing and boating accommodations for tourists. Florence is a smaller village in the same township. Population of the township 1000, 600 Germans, 400 Americans. Roscoe, Wanamtngo, Featherstone, and other points, are the nuclei of villages, and besides these there are — Posr Offices at Ayr, Belle Creek, Fair Point, Goodhue Centre, Hadar, Holden, Kenyon, Minneola, Norway, Roscoe Centre, Spencer, Spring Creek, Stanton, Wacouta and Wastedo. HENNEPIN COUNTY. Area 376,640 acres, of average fertility ; sandy along the rivers from 1 to 5 miles back, back of this mostly a dark loam with clay subsoil; -two-thirds timber, a part hilly and broken ; 75 lakes, besides creeks and rivers ; plenty of limestone, brick and lumber. Prices of land 220 HENNEPIN COUNTY. about the average of Goodhue county. Population, 1860, 12,832; 1865,17,076; 1869, over 30,000, half Americans and others, 2000 Norwegians, balance German and Irish equally divided. Statistics. — Land assessed, 328,673 ; value per acre, $5.28 ; school land, 7687 ; cultivated, 1867, 30,231 acres ; wheat product 231,088 bushels ; assessed property, 1860, $3,557,522; 1868, $5,764,273; personal property, $1,- 598,061. Horses, 3941 ; cattle, 9090 ; mules, 69 ; sheep, 6906 ; hogs, 3684 ; carriages, 682 ; watches, 631 ; pianos, 169 ; merchandise, $272,918 ; money and credits, $117,- 961 ; school districts, 92 ; houses, 85 ; value, $148,905 ; scholars, 9417, year's increase 992. Vote for Grant 3128 ; Seymour, 1984 ; mills over 40 ; churches over 30. Cities. — Minneapolis, beautifully located on a level prairie, the second city in the State in population and business. The St. Anthony Falls water-power makes it the first as a manufacturing point. Population, 1865, 4607 ; 1869, by census, 13,080 ; its vote in November, 1868, being 2242. Improvements in 1868, one-half dwellings, $603,675 ; manufactures, $3,813,215 ; capital in manufacturing, $1,911,000; hands employed, 1652. Flouring mills, 9 ; run of stone, 38 ; daily capacity, in barrels, 2580 ; flour shipped, 161,432 brls.'; cost of mills, $339,500 ; saw mills, 14 ; invested in mills, $356,000 ; value of lumber product, $1,165,077 ; iron works, 4 prin cipal works and some smaller ; money invested, $213,050 ; product, $236,197 ; woolen mills, 2 ; money invested, $140,000 ; product, $128,095 ; planing, door, sash and blind mills, 6 ; capital, $80,000 ; product, $121,000 ; pa per mill, $60,000 capital ; furniture factory, $35,000 cap ital ; product, $69,000 ; oil mill, capital $20,000. Tkere are also factories for plows, barrels, fanning mills, wood en ware, &c, &c. HENNEPIN COUNTY. 221 There are 45 groceries, 17 dry goods stores, 8 drug, 4 hardware, 10 boot and shoe, 5 hat and cap, 4 clothing, 2 auction, 4 cigar, 3 agricultural implement, 33 saloons, 16 doctors, 30 lawyers, 6 merchant tailors, and other trades. The growth of this city has been most rapid. Con nected by railroads with all parts of the State, its un rivalled water-power, and the pluck and enterprise of its citizens ensure its future growth, in connection with St. Anthony, to a manufacturing city of metropolitan pro portions. Churches. — 2 each of Baptist, Presbyterian, Congrega tional, and Lutheran, 1 Free Will Baptist, 1 Methodist costing $30,000, 1 Universalist costing $16,000, 1 Epis copalian, 1 Catholic, 1 society of " Friends," and 1 of " Adventists," and an organization of Swedenborgians. Water-Power Improvement.— (See, pages 137 and 140, Part First.) — $40,000 has been expended for a canal to make available the lots below the falls, $85,000 more is being expended to make a tunnel 3000 feet long on the St. Anthony side, $30,000 has been expended for aprons to prevent the wearing process of the water, and $100,- 000 more is appropriated by the city. The dam on the St. Anthony side is 14 feet high and 1300 feet long; that on the other side 20 feet high, 60 wide at the base, and 1500 feet long. The water-power is owned on both sides by companies who lease it to manufacturers. St. Anthony is connected by a wire suspension bridge and a railroad bridge with Minneapolis. Had 2499 pop ulation in 1865, and in 1869 about 5000. Its manufac tures in 1868 were $1,205,817 ; capital invested, $652,- 050 ; 4 flour mills costing $85,500 ; value of product, $371,000; 9 sawmills, capital, $71,000; product, $410,- 222 HENNEPIN COUNTY. 517 ; iron works, capital, $123,800 ; product, $140,600 ; furniture factory, product, $69,000 ; paper, $60,000 ; pot tery, $3000 ; soap, $30,000 ; beer, $30,000 ; sash, doors, planing, &c, $35,000 ; barrels, $37,000, &c, &c. Its mercantile business has been transferred to a considera ble extent to Minneapolis. The State University is lo cated here. There are 2 Methodist, 1 Congregational, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 Universalist churches. New houses and improvements, 1868, $142,250. The manufacturing statistics above are from the official report of the Secretary of the Minnesota Board of Trade. Falls, Lakes, and Cascades. — St. Anthony Falls, de scribed 100 years ago by Carver as 30 feet high, appear now to be less than half this height, and are much more valuable for their unrivalled water-power than for their grandeur or beauty of scenery. Minnehaha, 6 miles from Minneapolis by rail, has a fall of 60 feet, and is a gem. Silver Cascade and the Bridal Veil are near St. Anthony, and worth a visit. Lake Minnetonka, 15 miles by rail, is a resort for invalids and tourists, and is provided with hotels, fishing tackle, and sail boats. It has a small steamer also. Lakes Calhoun, Harriet, and Cedar, close to Minne apolis, are much admired and popular resorts. Dayton, Greenwood, Bloomington, Champlin, Excel sior, Wayzatta, and Osseo are embryo towns, with one or more stores and a few houses. Post Offices. — Corcoran, Bloomington Ferry, Eden Prairie, Fort Snelling, Freeport, Hassan, Industriana, Leighton, Lenz, Maple Grove, Maple Plain, Minne- trista, Minnetonka. Plymouth, Richfield, St. Bonifacius, Tamarack. HOUSTON COUNTY. 223 HOUSTON COUNTY. Sixteen townships or 368,000 acres ; rolling, with meadow, timber and prairie equally distributed ; soil black loam with clay subsoil ; well watered by Root River and branch, and by 10 creeks, and ample water-power upon every brook ; good building stone and brick ; fuel, $2.50 to $3 per cord ; wild land, $3 to $10— improved, higher ; population 1860, 6667 ; 1865, 9788 ; 1869, 14,000. Vote for Grant, 1435 ; Seymour, 899. Nationality, one- third American, one-third Norwegian, one-sixth German, one-sixth Irish, Statistics. — Land assessed, 319,085 acres ; value per acre, $3.69 ; cultivated, 1867, 43,923. Wheat product, 426,867 bushels. School land, 8289 ; homestead, 560 ; railroad, considerable. Assessed property, 1860, $1,214,- 022; 1868, $1,976,500. Personal property, $725,468. Horses, 3229 ; cattle, 8369 ; sheep, 6923 ; mules, 54 ; hogs, 6338; carriages, 138; watches, 125; pianos, 10; mer chandise, $48,664 ; money and credits, $102,652. School districts, 74 ; houses, 67 ; value, $26,475 ; scholars, 4642 ; year's increase, 375. Grist mills, 11 ; saw mills, 5 ; churches, about 15 ; 5 Masonic, and 4 or 5 Good Templar lodges. Vulages. — Brownsville, on the river, is the principal business town, having about 1200 inhabitants, 15 stores, 3 doctors, 3 ministers, 2 lawyers, a Methodist, Presby terian, Lutheran and Catholic church, saw mill, &c. Caledonia, the county seat, surrounded by the richest of lands, has 800 population, 12 stores, 3 doctors, 1 lawyer, 3 ministers, a Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist and Catholic church, saw mill, plow and wagon facto ries, &c. Houston, 18 miles out on the railroad, population 600, 224 ISANTI COUNTY. has 6 or 8 stores, is a grain and lumber depot, in a rich country, and promises to compete with Brownsville. Hokah, 5 miles out, population 500, noted for its ex tensive water-power, 4 or 5 stores, railroad machine shops, 1 lawyer, 1 doctor, 2 saw and grist mills, a Pres byterian church, &c. La Crescent, a grain market, population 300 or 400, 3 stores, 2 lawyers, 2 Methodist and 1 Presbyterian church. Post Offices at Sheldon, Winnebago Valley, Fitzen, Freeburgh, La Villa, Looneyville, Lorette, Money Creek, Riceford, San Jacinto, Spring Grove, Union, Wilming ton, Yucatan. ISANTI COUNTY. Area 14 townships or 322,000 acres, heavily timbered with hard wood in the northern townships with a strong clay soil, the north-west townships nearly all pine timber, the middle and southern parts oak openings with a lighter sandy soil, 48 lakes, valuable meadows and tamarac swamps. The Rum River bottoms very rich, and in the eastern townships, fine meadows and timber on the Sunrise River. The whole county finely adapted for pasturage and stock growing. Land worth $3 to $5 per acre. Building material, lumber, brick and boulders. Fuel very cheap. Population, 1860, 178 ; 1865, 453 ; 1869, about 1200. Vote for Grant, 263, Seymour, 29. Nationality, mostly Americans and Swedes, some Ger mans and English. Statistics. — Land assessed, 29,281 acres ; value per acre, $2.08 ; school land, 17,880 acres ; railroad lands, alternate sections within 10 miles of the road ; govern ment lands, 1868, 60,000 acres. Wheat cultivated, 1867, KANABEC COUNTY. 225 477 acres ; product, 5765 bushels ; oats, 203 acres, 5483 bushels ; corn, 327 acres, 4950 bushels, &c. Assessed property, 1860, $95,256 ; 1868, $112,219 ; personal pro perty, $71,540. Horses, 140 ; cattle, 1271 ; sheep, 954 ; hogs, 159 ; carriages, 13 ; watches, 29 ; merchandise, $2300 ; money and credits, $2660. School districts, 13 ; scholars, 476 ; year's increase, 177 ; houses, 5 ; value; $450. Saw mill, 1 ; churches, 1 Baptist and 1 Lutheran, both Swede, in Cambridge, and Methodist worship in several parts of the county. Villages and Post Offices. — Oxford and Cambridge are the nominal villages. Isanti, North Branch and Spencer Brook, the post offices. ITASCA COUNTY.— (See Cass.) KANABEC COUNTY. Fifteen townships — 345,000 acres — chiefly valuable for pine, which is found in 10 townships. Soil generally second and third rate, and a large portion of the county tamarac swamps and marshes. Its abundant natural meadows and proximity to market will cause it to be drained and used for stock and dairy purposes, in the future. The surface is mostly undulating— a part level. It had 31 population in 1865. It reported 18 scholars for 1868, year's increase, 7. Cast 8 votes for Grant, and 1 for Seymour. Has 1 school house, worth $400. Lands assessed, 117,334 acres ; value per acre, $1.66 ; had 63,- 985 acres of government land in 1868 ; land under culti vation, 147 acres ; 6 in wheat, raised 100 bushels ; 52 oats, 610 bushels ; 46 corn, 1410 ; 20 potatoes, 3708 ; 23 226 JACKSON COUNTY. beans, 210. Assessed property, 1860, $108,446; 1868, $201,254 ; personal, $5100. Horses 8, cattle 55, hogs 10. Brunswick is the only post office and settlement ; has a hotel and a few houses. In the county are 20 lakes. JACKSON COUNTY. Area 20 townships or 460,000 acres— a rich prairie county, with about -3000 acres of timber, mostly on the Des Moines River — oak, maple, black walnut, basswood, cottonwood, &c. Plenty of meadow, well distributed ; numerous beautiful lakes — 18 on the map — one 10 miles long ;. surface gently undulating ; land mostly free at government price, or held by railroad companies. Build ing material, lumber, brick and boulders. Excellent water-power. Fuel, $2.50 per cord. Population, 1860, 181 ; depopulated in 1862 by the Indian war ; 1865, 234 ; 1869, 1500. Vote for Grant, 201 ; Seymour, 16. Nation ality, principally Americans and Norwegians. Statistics. — Land assessed, 5570 acres ; value per acre, $3.01 ; school land, over 25,000 acres ; railroad lands, nearly one-half the county ; cultivated, 1867,393 acres. Wheat product, 2445 bushels. Horses, 1868, 174 ; cattle, 1069 ; mules, 3 ; sheep, 3-68 ; hogs, 87 ; carriages, 6 ; watches, 28 ; merchandise, $1330 ; money and credits, $4305. Assessed property, 1861, $13,052 ; 1868, $55,975 ; personal property, $57,313. School dis tricts, 12 ; houses, 3 ; value, $700 ; scholars, 344 ; year's increase, 93. 2 saw and grist mills ; 2 churches. Villages. — Jackson, the county seat and location for the land office, is the only village, and has 3 general stores, 1 hardware and tin store, 1 drug, 1 feed, and 1 furniture store, hotel, photograph gallery, wagon, shoe, LAKE COUNTY. 227 and blacksmith shops, 2 lawyers, 2 clergymen, a Metho dist and Presbyterian church, 1 saw and 1 grist mill. Post Offices at Jackson, Petersburg, and Summit. KANDIYOHI COUNTY. Twelve townships, 276,480 acres ; a rich, level prairie county, with 40 lakes skirted with groves of oak, bass- wood, hickory, and butternut, averaging about 300 acres each ; lakes generally connected by creeks, in the valleys of which are meadow lands. Elevation above the sea, 1100 feet. Building material : brick, boulders on the lake shores, and lumber. Price of land (a few thousand acres free,) $3 to $5 for prairie ; $5 to $12 for timber. Popu lation, 1866, 200; 1867, 400; 1868, 800; 1869, 1200; three-quarters Swedes. Vote for Grant, 160 ; for Sey mour, 12. Statistics. — Land assessed, 21,380 ; value per acre, $2.23. School lancl, one-eighteenth; railroad land, 100,- 000 acres ; State University, 6000 ; State capital, 6400 ; cultivated, 1867, no report. Horses, 1868, 109 ; cattle. 584; sheep, 405; hogs, 56; carriages, 1; watches, 16; money, $729. Assessed property, 1866, $48,903 ; 1868, $62,087. School districts, 6 ; scholars, 213 ; year's in crease, 56. Villages and Post Offices. — Kandiyohi is the county seat. No villages have yet developed. The railroad is now being finished through the northern part of the county. LAKE COUNTY. Four thousand square miles, fronting 100 on Lake Superior. (See " Northern Minnesota," and " Scenery," 228 LINCOLN AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES. Part First.) Population, 1860, 96 ; 1865, 154 ; 1869, over 300. School district, 1 ; scholars, 107 ; year's in crease, 12. Lands assessed, 22,869 acres ; value per acre, $1.26. Personal property, $2260. County seat, Beaver Bay. Post offices at Grand Portage and Lake Lillian. Indian trading post and fishing station near Pigeon River. 35 or 40 lakes. LINCOLN AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES. Fine agricultural counties, similar to Kandiyohi. Lin coln is very sparsely settled, and has no statistics re ported. It has a post office at Wahhahsahpah. There are 80 lakes in Monongalia, and 19 in Lincoln. Monongalia has a population of about 2500, a majority Swedes and Norwegians. Vote for Grant, 381 ; Sey mour, 74. School census, 1868, 552 ; year's increase, 193 ; school districts, 29 ; houses, 10 ; value, $1750. Land assessed, 31,800; value per acre, $2.29. School land, one-eighteenth ; railroad land, about 75,000 acres ; cultivated, 1867, 1753 acres. Wheat product, 14,467 bushels. Personal property, $188,771. Horses, 408 ; cattle, 2090 ; mules, 4 ; sheep, 1452 ; hogs, 239 ; car riages, 31 ; watches, 70 ; pianos, 1 ; merchandise, $5575 ; money and credits, $8971. Villages. — New London, the county seat, has 3 stores, a saw and grist mill, blacksmith shop, and 40 inhabitants. Post Offices at Green Lake, Burbank, Georgeville, Land Lake, Harrison Irving, Norway Lake, and Rose- ville. LE SUEUR COUNTY. 229 LE SUEUR COUNTY. One of the " Big Woods" counties, which means black, deep, rich soil, and capitally adapted to agriculture. Area 14 townships. About 4 townships or over one- fourth of the county in the southern and eastern parts are prairie, with timber and water so arranged, that the farms seem to have been " made to order ;" balance heavily timbered with oak, ash, elm, basswood, hickory, butter nut, and some of the finest black walnut in the State. 430 splendid lakes. Limestone and brick for building. Ex cellent natural meadows. Water power on the Cannon and Le Sueur. Wild land $2.50 to $5 and $7 per acre ; improved, $10 to $25. Population 1860, 5281 ; 1865, 7834 ; 1869, 13,000. Vote for Grant, 876 ; Seymour, 1095. Nationality nearly one-third American, nearly one- fourth German, over one-fourth Irish, 2000 Bohemians. Statistics. — Land assessed, 255,970 ; value per acre, $3.60 ; school land, 4610 ; homestead, 320 ; railroad, sev eral thousand. Assessed property, 1860, $498,194 ; 1868, $1,351,353 ; personal, $416,697. Horses, 1865 ; cattle, 6699 ; mules, 22 ; sheep, 4947 ; hogs, 5074 ; carriages, 207; watches, 118; pianos, 12; merchandise, $24,985 ; money and credits, $20,224. School districts, 77 ; houses, 67 ; value, $17,747 ; scholars, 4024 ; year's increase, 282 ; churches, 20. Villages. — Le Sueur, the county seat, on the railroad and river, 64 miles from St. Paul, population about 1200, two-thirds American, one-fourth German, 100 Irish, has 5 general stores, 1 grocery, 2 hardware, 3 milliners, 1 drug, 1 book, 1 clothing, 4 hotels, 5 saloons, shops, &c, a Baptist, Catholic, Methodist and Episcopal church, Presbyterian and Christian congregations, several lawyers and doctors, and a weekly paper. 20 230 MANOMIN COUNTY. Ottawa, also on the railroad, is a pleasant, thriving little village of 3 stores, hotel, saw and grist mill, Episco pal church, shops, &c. Cleveland is a live town of 2 stores, hotel, Catholic church, 2 saw mills, an ashery, stave manufactory, sa loon, shops, &c. Watervtxle is beautifull}' located between two large lakes, and is second only to Le Sueur in business and population. Has 3 stores, 2 hotels, 2 saw and 1 flouring mill, church, shops, &c. Elysian, another beautiful place on Elysian Lake, has 2 stores, 2 hotels, 2 mills, saloon, shops, &c. Kasota, on the railroad, has 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, a store, hotel, saloon, shops, &c, and is near Lake Emily, a resort for tourists. Cordova, on Lake Gorman, is a pleasant resort for tourists, has a hotel, saw and grist mills, store, sa loon, &c. Lexington has a hotel, saw and grist mill, store, shops, &c. Oral is a post office in Lanesburg, the Bohemian town ship, whicii has nearly 2000 Bohemians, 2 Catholic churches, 2 stores, and 1 saw mill. Post Offices. — Anawauk, Blue Grass Grove, Dressel- ville, Jefferson Lake, Kilkenny, Lake Washington, Marys- burg, Montgomery, St. Hubertus, Union Centre. MANOMIN COUNTY, Originally a part of Ramsey, consists of one-third of a township, and Manomin is a railroad station with a hotel and a few houses. It polls 27 votes, 24 for Sey mour. MARTIN COUNTY. 231 MARTIN COUNTY, (see description of southern Minnesota.) On the Iowa line, south west of and adjoining Blue Earth, has 20 townships or 460,800 acres of land, mainly gently undulating prairie, with timber along the lake chains and on Elm Creek — about 2500 acres ; soil a dark sandy loam, 1J to 2 feet deep, with clay subsoil, natural meadows of blue joint and pea vine, yielding 3 tons to the acre. Sixty-six large lakes and many smaller ones, besides numerous streams of living water. Fish by the wagon load. Brick and stone for building. Price of land, 70,000 to 75,000 acres free ; wild, $3 to $5 ; improv ed, $10 to $15 ; timber, $50 to $75. Fuel, $3 to $4 per cord. Population, 1860, 151 ; 1865, 1430 ; 1868, 3500 ; 1869, 5000. Three-fourths Americans, with some Irish, German, English, French, Scotch and Norwegian. Vote for Grant, 520 ; Seymour, 101. Statistics. — Land assessed, 27,060 acres ; value per acre, $2.09 ; school land, 24,965 ; nearly 100,000 acres held by homestead and pre-emption claims ; railroad land, many thousand acres. Cultivated, 1867, 4695 ; wheat produced, 20,554 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $33,- 452 ; 1868, $170,956 ; personal, $174,860. Horses, 620 ; cattle, 2554; mules, 10; sheep, 1290; hogs, 392; car riages, 15 ; watches, 46 ; pianos, 2 ; merchandise, $4730 ; money and credits, $4404. School districts, 42 ; houses, 18; value, $2690; scholars, 1012; year's increase, 100 ; 2 or 3 saw and 1 grist mill ; 5 or 6 church societies. Villages. — Fairmount, the county seat, handsomely located on an elevation of 40 to 60 feet above one of the Centre Chain Lakes, and commanding a view of 10 to 20 miles extent, has 4 stores, 2 carpenters, 2 blacksmiths, 2 232 McLEOD COUNTY. lawyers, 1 doctor, and a population of 100 — also a weekly newspaper. Wanted, a hardware store, good hotel, wag on maker, and more mills in the county. Post Offices. — Amber, Andrew Johnson, Belmont,. Cedarville, Centre Creek, Chain Lake Centre, East Chain Lakes, Horicon, Lone Cedar, May, Nashville Centre, Pleasant Prairie, Rose Lake, Rutland, Waverly, Tenhas- sen, Walnut Grove. McLEOD COUNTY. West of Carver, 14 townships or 322,000 acres, mode rately rolling, about one-third timber — balance prairie and meadow. Two north-east towns, Hale and Winsted, entirely in the Big Woods. East of a line drawn from the north-west corner of the county to the south-east corner in Helen township, about half timber and half prairie ; and west of that, all prairie with groves of timber, under growth hazel, prickly ash, high-bush cranberry, &c. Soil rich and deep, with clay subsoil. Produces good winter wheat. Fifty large lakes, and numerous streams of living water: good water-power on Crow River. Ex cellent meadows : brick for building. Wild land, $3 to $10 per acre. Population, 1860, 1286 ; 1865, 2457 ; 1869, 5500. One-half Americans, balance Germans, Norwe gians, French, Bohemians, and Irish. Vote for Grant, 605 ; Seymour, 381. Statistics. — Land assessed, 166,182 acres, value $2.62" per acre. School land, 15,238 ; homestead, 67,249 ; cul tivated, 1867, 2456 ; wheat, 46,060 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $220,862; 1868, $684,578; personal, $233,519. Horses, 803 ; cattle, 4366 ; mules, 4 ; sheep, 3230 ; hogs, 1263 ; carriages, 80 ; watches, 50 ; pianos, MEEKER COUNTY. 233 7 ; merchandise, $17,222 ; money and credits, &c, $6200. School districts, 46 ; houses, 22 ; value, $8660 ; scholars, 1540 ; year's increase, 471. 6 or 8 saw and 3 or 4 grist mills ; several churches. Villages. — Glencoe, the county seat, 30 miles from Carver, 60 from St. Paul, on the line of the Hastings and Dakota Railroad. 400 population, 2 hotels, 4 general stores, a Methodist, Catholic and Congregational church, saw mill, hardware store, shoe store, 2 saloons, 2 lawyers, 1 doctor, shops and mechanics, and a weekly paper. Hutchinson has about the same population, stores, shops, &c, with the addition of 1 doctor, 1 lawyer, 2 drug stores, a large flouring mill, Episcopal, Catholic and Methodist worship, but no church and rib paper. Popu lation, American, German, Bohemian and Norwegian. Post Offices. — Bergen, Brush Prairie, Glendale, Key stone, E. Hutchinson, Koniska, Plato, Rocky Run, Silver Lake, Winsted Lake. MEEKER COUNTY. Second west of Hennepin and south of Stearns, 15 townships or 345,000 acres, 10 townships described by the government surveyors as soil first quality, four as "good," and one as variable, with part second and third rate. Surface mostly level or gently undulating, timber and prairie well distributed. About 100 large lakes, be sides many smaller ones. Price of lands 4 to 15 dollars. Boulders around the lakes. Population, 1860, 930 ; 1865, 1229 ; 1869, over 5000 ; Americans, Swedes and Norwe gians, Germans, Irish, &c. Vote for Grant, 600 ; Sey mour, 285. Statistics.— Land assessed, 109,528 acre,s ; value per 234 MILLE LAC COUNTY. acre, $2.85 : school land, 9221 ; railroad land, large amount. Cultivated, 1867. 3660 ; wheat product, 33.414 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $197,767: 1868, $468,000 ; personal, $184,583. Horses, 757 : cattle. 3207 ; mules, 17 ; sheep, 1620 ; hogs. 499 ; carriages. 57 ; watches, 87 ; pianos, 2 ; merchandise, $12,805 ; money and credits. $7903. School districts, 35 ; houses, 12 : value. $2270 ; scholars, 1426 ; year's increase, 333. Villages. — -Forest Cttt. the county seat, on Crow River, has 200 population. 4 general stores, 1 tin and hardware store, hotel, flour and saw mill, 1 doctor, 2 law yers, shoe, tailor, carpenter, and blacksmith shops, 1 saloon, 1 Catholic church. Greenleaf has a hotel, saw and grist mill, 2 stores, a saloon, blacksmith shop, Presbyterian church, U. S. land office, and from 50 to 75 population. Kingston has 3 stores, saw and grist mill, hotel, and 50 to 75 population. Mannanxah has a store, and there are two stores in Ripley township. Litchfield and Darwtn are embryo towns, just laid out, on the railroad passing through the north part of the county. Post Offices. — Crow River, Koronis, Lake Harold, Swede Grove. Swift Lake, Svlvan Hill. MILLE LAC COUNTY. East of Benton and Morrison, 20 miles from the Missis sippi River. About 17 townships, or 435.000 square acres. A belt across the south part, four miles wide, open. and brush prairie, and oak openings ; soil sandy on the open prairie_and oak openings, fair quality ; rich on the MILLE LAC COUNTY. 235 brush prairie. A belt of hardwood timber north of this, five miles wide ; oak, elm, ironwood, hickory, maple, ash, &c. ; soil very rich. North of this, pine timber on the ridges, and poor lauds ; hardwood on the lower and bot tom lands, with a very good soil ; one-third pine, one-third hardwood, aud oue-third extensive and excellent hay meadows, with many tamarack and fir swamps, and cran berry marshes. The hay meadows in the two southern belts are among the first in the State. It is finely watered by Rum River passing out of Mille Lac through numerous small marshy rice lakes, thence southerly through the whole county, through fertile, well wooded bottom lands, fed by numerous tributaries. Mille Lac Lake is 25 miles across, clear, deep, full of fish ; bold, rocky and beautiful shores. Brick, boulders, and lumber for building. Land $2.50 to $5 wild, $5 to $10 improved ; in 1868, nearly 40,000 acres free government land ; good water-power. Cuts 50 to 100,000,000 feet of pine lumber annually. Market in the pineries. Population, 1860, 71 ; 1865, 333 ; 1869, over 1000, mostly in two or three southern town ships. Vote for Grant, 118, Seymour, 41. Nationality, two-thirds American, balance Germans, Irish, and others. Statistics. — Land assessed, 181,208 acres ; value per acre $1.29; school land, l-18th ; considerable railroad land ; homestead, 1200 ; cultivated, 1867, no report. Assessed property, 1860, $196,755; 1868, $272,238; personal propel^, $35,452. Horses, 122 ; cattle, 629 ; mules, 4 ; sheep, 131 ; hogs, 73 ; carriages, 2 ; watches, 10 ; pianos, 2 ; merchandise, $2400 ; moneys, &c, $3700. School districts, 5 ; houses, 4 ; value, $4355 ; scholars, 264 ; year's increase, 56. Churches, 1 or 2 ; mills, 1 flour and 2 saw. Villages. — Princeton, the county seat and only town, has 400 population, nearly all Americans, and half from 236 MOWER COUNTY. Maine, 3 stores with over $40,000 annual sales, 2 large hotels, 2 steam saw mills and one flouring mill, 1 lawyer, no doctor, 2 preachers, 1 carriage shop, 4 blacksmith shops, 2 shoe and 2 carpenter shops. Princeton is the only post office. MOWER COUNTY, 75 miles south of St. Paul, on the Iowa line, and 65 from the Mississippi River, 20 townships or 460,000 acres, about one-fifth timber and oak openings, four-fifths high, rolling, fertile prairies, abounding in springs and streams of living water, but no lakes ; 4 townships without tim ber ; brick and stone for building ; crossed by two rail roads built, and one projected. Wild lands, $3 to $10 per acre ; improved, $10 to $25 ; timber, $15 to $75. Population, I860, 3216 ; 1865, 5150 ; 1869, over 10,000 ; majority Americans, over 1500 Norwegians, over 600 Irish, over 400 Germans. Vote for Grant, 1239 ; Sey mour, 469. Statistics. — Land assessed, 384,631 acres ; value per acre, $3.53 ; school land, 3016 ; cultivated, 1867, 24,247 acres ; wheat, 181,494 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $729,218 ; 1868, $19,349.26 ; personal property, $492,784. Horses, 2351 ; cattle, 6341 ; mules, 42 ; sheep, 2709 ; hogs, 1427; carriages, 220; watches, 165; pianos, 25; mer chandise, $60,939 ; money and credits, $42,950. School districts, 72 ; houses, 60 ; value, $39,929 ; scholars, 2965 ; year's increase, 471. Church organizations over 30 ; buildings, 10 or 12 ; Methodist and Baptist most numer ous ; mills, 8 or 9 saw and grist. Villages. — Austin, the county seat, at the junction of Cedar River, St. Paul and Milwaukee and Southern MOWER COUNTY. 237 Minnesota Railroads, and two or three others projected, has had its principal growth within three years. Popu lation estimated at 2500, three-fourths Americans, bal ance Irish, Germans and Norwegians. It has 20 stores, besides shops, 2 breweries and 1 grist mill, business, $1,000,000 per annum ; two banks, with $1,000,000 busi ness, 5 hotels, 6 lawyers, 6 doctors, 10 saloons, 3 printing offices, 5 mill sites in the township, 2000 acres of heavy timber, and 5000 oak openings ; a Methodist, Baptist, Catholic, Presbyterian, Congregational and Episcopal church, and Universalist organization, Masonic and Odd Fellows lodge ; and lots worth $50 to $1500. The growth of Austin and its location indicate its pro motion to the rank of a city in the census of 1870. Leroy, 30 miles south-east of Austin, on the railroad, laid out in 1867, population, 275 ; 12 stores, business, $200,000 ; saw and gristmill, good water-power, 3 saloons, 1 lawyer, 1 doctor, a Methodist church, hotel, &c. Nationality, American, Irish and German. Lansing, on the railroad, 6 miles north of Austin, has a weekly paper, 275 population, 3 stores, business, $50,000 ; a Methodist church, a doctor, &c. Adams, 16 miles south-east of Austin, by rail, on Cedar River, has 5 warehouses, 4 stores, 3 saloons, a Norwegian church, about 15 houses and 75 population, Norwegian, American and Irish. Business, $75,000. Brownsdale has 200 population, 2 stores ; business, $30,000. Frankford, 150 population, 2 stores ; business, $20,000 ; and a Methodist church. Post Offices. — Canton, Colfax, Esba, Grand Meadow, Lyle, Madison, Mineral Springs, Mower City, Nevada, Prairie, Root River, Rose Creek, Waltham, Cedar City. 238 MORRISON COUNTY. MORRISON COUNTY, About 20 miles north of St. Cloud on both sides of the Mississippi, about 30 townships, or 690,000 acres. West side, soil best quality, timber predominating ; splendid pine forests on the head waters of Two Rivers, Swan and Little Elk. East side poor and sandy along the Missi ssippi ; balance good soil, prairie predominating, with tim ber enough for present use. Splendid meadows. First- class pine forests on head waters of Platte and west branch of Rum rivers. County finely watered : 34 large lakes. Extra water-power at Little Falls and Little Elk. Home market in the pinery. 200 miles of navigation north. Building stone at Little Falls. Land $2 to $5 per acre ; most of it still free and vacant. Population, 1860, 588 ; 1865, 796 ; 1869, over 1200. 500 French, 400 Amer icans, 300 Germans and others. Vote for Grant, 68, Seymour, 139. " Can beat the world in fish : no end to game." Statistics. — Land assessed, 221,9.41 acres; $2.19 per acre. School land, l-18th ; homestead, 9780; cultivated 1867, 868 acres ; wheat, 3656 bushels. Assessed prop erty, 1860, $433,436 ; 1868, $564,763 ; personal, $77,496. Horses, 274 ; cattle, 1178 ; sheep, 795 ; hogs, 2406 ; carriages, 12 ; watches, 33 ; pianos, 1 ; merchandise, $6160 ; money, &c, $8971. School districts, 11 ; houses, 8 ; value, $1175 ; scholars, 418 ; increase, 5. Churches, 5, Catholic and Methodist ; mills, 4. Villages. — Little Falls, the county seat, has 3 stores, 2 mills, 1 Methodist church, lodge of Good Templars, no lawyer, no doctor, 2 clergymen. Store business, $100,000. Post Offices. — Belle Prairie, Culclrum, Fort Ripley, Green Prairie, Pike Rapids, Swan River, Two Rivers. NICOLLET COUNTY. 239 MURRAY COUNTY. (also NOBLES, PIPESTONE, ROCK.) See Part First, pages 36 and 37 — also Jackson County, to which these are similar, with the exception that Rock is better supplied with building stone. There are 32 large lakes ; and Nobles is to be crossed by the St. Paul and Sioux City and Southern Minnesota Railroad, and Rock by the latter. These are all unorganized counties, with scarcely a settler, and the land rich and nearly all free, much not yet surveyed. NICOLLET COUNTY, On the Minnesota River, has nearly 13 townships, or about 297,000 acres ; 15 lakes, covering 25 square miles ; mainly prairie, mostly high rolling, with much meadow land in the western part ; timber one to two miles wide, fringing the river, and groves bordering the lakes ; soil deep and rich ; building stone and brick on the river bluffs, east and south side of the county ; water-power at the outlet of Swan Lake. Crossed by the Winona and St. Peter Railroad. Lands wild, $5 to $7 per acre. Popu lation, 1860, 3770 ; 1865, 5019 ; 1869, 8500 ; one-third American, one-third German, balance Norwegians, Irish, Swedes, and others. Vote for Grant, 780 ; Seymour 485. Statistics. — Land assessed, 141,101 acres; $4.00 per acre ; school lands, 6171 ; homestead, 38,807 ; cultivated, 1867, 14,810 acres ; wheat, 135,331 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $738,852 ; 1868, $1,267,031 ; personal property, $515,889. Horses, 1885 ; cattle, 6440 ; mules, 15 ; sheep, 4213 ; hogs, 1353 ; carriages, 149 ; watches, 187 ; merchandise, $63,356 ; money and credits, $37,001. 240 OLMSTED COUNTY. School districts, 38 ; houses, 26 ; value, $7927 ; scholars, 2674; year's increase, 366. Churches, 11, 2 Catholic and 5 German, and Scandinavian Lutheran ; mills, 3 saw and grist, and 1 windmill for grists. Villages. — St. Peter. — St. Peter is the county seat, 72 miles from St. Paul by rail, and 134 by river ; the location of aU. S. land office, and the State Lunatic Asy lum ; with a population of about 3000, has 30 stores, and 3 agricultural warehouses, selling $500,000 of goods, a large steam flouring mill, with a capacity of 100 bbls. per day, and several water mills near, a foundry and machine shop, a boot and shoe factory, with machinery to make 100 pair per day, manufactories of agricultural imple ments, fanning mills, and a steam cabinet factory ; a Presbyterian, Methodist, Catholic, Episcopal, a German Lutheran, Swede Lutheran, and Norwegian Lutheran church, and lodges of Masons, Odd Fellows, and Templars. Besides the river, the St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad, and the Winona and St. Peter Railroad — a railroad from St. Cloud to St. Peter has four sections of State lands to the mile, and will finally be built — the whole combining to make St. Peter a central point of supply and trade with a rich back country. Post Offices. — Fort Ridgely, Cortland, Granby, Hebron, Lafayette, Middle Lake, Nicollet, Norseland, Timber Lake, Redstone, Traverse des Sioux, and West Newton. NOBLES COUNTY.— (See Murray.) OLMSTED COUNTY, Next west of Winona, and 15 or 20 miles from the Mis sissippi, has an area of 18£ townships, or about 422,000 OLMSTED COUNTY. 241 acres, about two-fifths prairie, two-fifths brush and grub land, and one-fifth groves and forest timber, oak, black and white walnut, elm, bass, maple and black poplar. Soil a fertile black loam, with clay subsoil ; surface level or gently rolling ; land from $10 to $50 per acre ; fuel at Rochester, $5 to $7 ; lumber, $20 to $25. Good building stone and brick in High Forest, Cascade, and Rochester. Good water-powers in Orion, Pleasant Grove, Quincy and Oronoco townships. Abundant natural meadows. Crossed by the Winona and St. Peter and two other projected railroads. Population, 1860, 9520; 1865, 15,076 ; 1869, 24,000. Americans, about 15,000 ; Irish, 5000 ; Germans, 1900 ; Norwegians, 2500 ; English, 500 ; Scotch, 300 ; Welsh, 200 ; balance Bohemians, Poles, Swiss and others. Vote for Grant, 2369 ; Seymour, 1308. Statistics. — Land assessed, 403,726 ; value per acre, $5.30 ; school land, 1275 ; cultivated, 1867, 99,451 acres ; wheat, 1,024,656 bushels; 1869, cultivated, 135,000 acres; wheat, -1,900,000 bushels (estimated.) Assessed property, 1860, $1,719,698 ; 1868, $1,300,108 ; personal property, $1,580,963. Horses, 6403; cattle, 12,346;* mules, 156; sheep, 6447; hogs, 4397; carriages, 354; watches, 3G5 ; pianos, 49 ; merchandise, $211,591 ; mouey and credits, $182,025. School districts, 120 ; houses, 111; value, $94,900; scholars, 6813; year's increase, 436 ; mills and churches throughout the county. Rochester, the county seat, had a population of 2666 in 1865 ; 4620 in September, 1868 ; estimated, 1869, over 5000. Building improvements, 1868, $202,150. Banks, 2 ; capital, $92,000 ; average deposits, $155,000 ; private capital in loans, discounts, &c., $400,000. Sales, 1867, from internal revenue assessors' books, agricultural ma chinery, $265,000 ; lumber, 4 yards, $150,000 ; hardware, 21 242 OLMSTED COUNTY. 123,000; drugs, 55,000; groceries, $285,000; general merchandise, $821,000; of which one house sold $269,- 000 ; licensed dealers over 50, liquor dealers over 36. Hotels, 6. Churches, 8, costing $58,000 ; court house, $32,000 ; high school, $65,000. Methodist church, average attendance, 400 ; Congregational, 200 ; Presbyterian, 160 ; Episcopal, 125 ; Baptist, 125 ; Universalist, 100 ; German Methodist, 100 ; Catholic, no report. Mills, 3 ; costmg $60,000 ; average capacity, 1800 bushels per day. Court calender, 1867, 111 causes. Letters sent from post office, 120,000. The business establishments and pro fessions are about as follows : dry good stores, 15 ; groceries, 19 ; boots and shoes, 13 ; hardware, stoves, &c, 6 ; hats, 5 ; drug, 6 ; clothing, 11 ; agricultural im plements, 6 ; doctors, 6 ; lawyers, 9 ; etc., etc. The water-power is good, and considerable manufacturing is done. Exports of wheat in September, October and November, 1867, 380,000 bushels. Eyota, 13 miles east of Rochester, on the railroad, surrounded by a rich countiy, is an enterprising town of 500 population, and has 4 hotels, 13 general stores, 2 grocery, 1 hardware, 1 boot and shoe, 1 drug, 1 furniture store, warehouses, shops and lumber yards, a grain ele vator, and shipped in September and October, 1867, 177,600 bushels of wheat. Marion, 6 or 7 miles south-east of Rochester, in a rich and populous township, has a hotel, 2 stores, a church, a doctor, &c. Byron, Oronoco, Pleasant Grove, High Forest, and Stewartville are thriving villages, with stores, hotels, mills and shops — some of them beautifully and roman tically situated, with from 200 to 500 population. Post Offices. — Dover Centre, Farm Hill, Haverhill, Little Valley, New Haven, Othello, Quincy, Rock Dell, Salem, Six Oaks, Viola. PINE COUNTY. 243 OTTERTAIL COUNTY. With 56 townships, or 1,288,000 square acres; 165 lakes ; surface and soil, timber and prairie, like Douglas ; one of Pope's "garden spot" counties ; some parts inarshy and poor land ; a fine body of elegant pine timber in the northern part, sufficient for the Red River Valley for a long time, if economically used. Some of the finest water- powers, commencing at Dayton, and extending to near Ottertail Lake. This lake has an abundance of large white fish similar to those in Lake Superior. Population in 1868, about 800. Vote in November, 1868, 127 ; 105 Republican. Heavy immigration in 1869, and population estimated at over 2000 ; three-fourths Swede and Nor wegian, and one-fourth American and German. Ottertatl City, the county seat, is the only town, and has 20 or 30 buildings, with the usual accompaniments of trade, &c. Clttheral is a post office. PINE COUNTY, On the St. Croix, has about 41 townships or about 945,000 acres, valuable chiefly for its large bodies of pine lumber. Dr. Norwood, in Owen's Report, says of the country between St. Louis River and Pokegama Lake, on Snake River, including this county and a part of Carlton : "After passing the high hills south of the great bend of the St. Louis River, the country is undulating, but not knobby, and occasional small prairies with numerous wet meadows and tamarac, spruce and cedar swamps, present themselves in every direction, until the head waters of Kettle River are reached. * * * It is covered with 244 PINE COUNTY. a great depth of fed marl, clays and drift, based upon red sandstone." This brings us to the Pine County line. The following includes Pine County also. Natural Meadows. — " West of the Bois Brule, and south of the great bend of the St. Louis River, the valleys which are depressed but little below the general level of the country, are occupied in most localities by either swamps or natural meadows. Some of these meadows are very extensive, and bear a luxuriant growth of grass,. often 5 or 6 feet in height. It is coarse, but sweet, and is said to make an excellent hay, being much used as- provender for cattle in all the pineries and in the settled parts ofthe territory where it grows." Soil and Capacity for Drainage. — " The soil of these valleys is generally lacustrine. Many of them present every indication of having been uncovered or drained at a comparatively recent period, while some of them are evidently in proces of drainage at the present time, and so rapidly, that a large addition to the tillable land or the territory may be safely calculated upon at no very distant date. Should it become desirable to do so, the process of drainage might be easily accelerated by art,- and at inconsiderable expense." The Valley of Snake River from Pokegama Lake to the St. Croix, is a good country. On the east line of the county bordering the St. Croix, there is also some good farming land, but the chief value of the county is its pine timber. Population, about 250 ; vote for Grant, 35 ; Seymour, 5 ; assessed lands, 213,977 acres ; value per acre, $1.51; assessed property, 1860, $425,725; 1868, $331,575 ; balance about like Kanabec. Villages. — Chengwatana is the county seat and only town. The Superior Railroad runs through it and will doubtless bring forth other villages in due time. POPE COUNTY. 245 POPE COUNTY, With 20 townships or 460,000 acres, organized August, 1866, has about 3000 population, about half Swedes and Norwegians, one-third Americans, and balance Irish, Scotch, &c. Vote for Grant, 311 ; Seymour, 62. One of Pope's " Garden Spot " counties, so much like Douglas and Ottertail, one description will answer : has 80 lakes, among them White Bear, 10 miles long, which " in the spring and fall literally swarms with ducks and geese, white swans and pelicans." Surface stone, and some limestone quarries. Brick, hard and basswood lumber at $16 to $20 ; fuel, $3. Good water-power on the Chippe wa River, and near Glenwood, fine natural meadows in all parts of the county. Statistics. — Land assessed, 97,838 ; value per acre, $2.05 ; school land, one-eighteenth ; railroad land, about 56,960 acres; homestead, 54,960 ; government land plen ty. Assessed property, 1867, $310,552 ; 1868, $305,442 ; personal, $135,965. Horses, 238 ; cattle, 1436 ; mules, 14 ; sheep, 737 ; hogs, 78 ; carriages, 10 ; watches, 53 ; pianos, 1 ; merchandise, $3238 ; money and credits, $6507 ; school districts, 19 ; houses, 4 ; value, 1390 ; scholars, 420 ; year's increase, 163. No churches or mills in the county. Religious services in school houses. Glenwood, the county seat, is pleasantly located on White Bear Lake, has 4 stores, 2 hotels, a lawyer, car penter and blacksmith, and about 20 houses. Wants a hardware and drug store, a doctor, a grist mill, cabinet maker and newspaper. Post Offices. — Anderson, Gilchrist, Lake Johanna, Otto, Reno, Westfield. 246 RAMSEY COUNTY. POLK, PEMBINA and PIPESTONE COUNTIES. FOR POLK AND PEMBINA, SEE "RED RIVER VALLEY," "NORTH WESTERN MINNESOTA," AND " CASS COUNTY." FOR PIPESTONE, SEE "WESTERN MINNESOTA," AND " MURRAY COUNTY." RAMSEY COUNTY. 4J townships, or about 104,000 acres ; two townships of good farming land, balance sandy, broken, brushy oak openings, interspersed with level tracts of fair land ; 20 large lakes ; timber scarce ; good building limestone ; some fair water-power near St. Paul. Wild land, $3 to $5, $10, and $20 ; improved, near St. Paul, $50 to $100 ; fuel, $6 to $8 per cord ; lumber, $16 to $45. Population, 1860, 11,962; 1865, 15,107; 1869, estimated, 24,000; Americans, 8000 ; Germans, 5500 ; Irish, 5000 ; French, 1500 ; Norwegians and Swedes, 1500 ; English, 800 ; Bohemians, 400; others, 1300. Vote for Grant, 1669; Seymour, 1928. Statistics. — Land assessed, 86,128 ; value per acre, $7.22 ; school land, 3276 ; cultivated, 1867, 6727 ; wheat produced, 38,420 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $5,827,599 ; 1865, $6,308,058 ; 1868, $9,265,949 ; personal property, $3,183,607.* Horses, 1460 ; cattle, 1830 ; mules, 65 ; sheep, 608 ; hogs, 916 ; carriages, 443 ; watches, 631 ; pianos, 236 ; merchandise, $932,270 ; money and * The property, as returned, counting the gross receipts of Insurance- companies the same as in 1867, was : St. Paul, $3,210,220 ; Reserve Town ship, $28,518; McLean, $53,208; "White Bear, $12,698; New Canada, $34,736 ; Rose, $24,050 ; Moundsview, $1376. An abatement of bank stock from 90 to 50 cents by the State Board of Equalization caused a reduction of several hundred thousand dollars in the assessed value- of the county. RAMSEY COUNTY. 247 credits, $183,103. School districts, 20 ; houses, 20 ; value, $54,135 ; scholars, 5851 ; year's increase, 440. Cities and Towns. — St. Paul, the county seat and State capital, handsomely located on a plateau, 114 feet above the river, with a terrace of bluffs in the rear ; had a population in 1849 of 400 ; 1850, 840 ; 1855, about 5000; 1857,10,000; 1860, 10,600; 1865,12,976; 1869, estimated by directory census at about 20,000 — names reported being about 5600. Nationality about in the ratio given for the county. Growth in Wealth. — Personal PropeHy. — Assessed, 1855, $513,220 ; 1856, $549,315 ; 1857, $1,197,400 ; 1858, 3579,609 ; 1859, $815,217 ; 1862, $713,761 ; 1863, $853,- 689; 1864, $1,520,562; 1865, $2,639,522 ; 1866, $2,909,- 437; 1867, $3,148,163; 1868, $3,210,220. Real Estate. — Assessed, 1855, $1,867,247; 1856, 83,277,450; 1857,86,437,235; 1858, $3,464,700; 1859, $4,955,984; 1862, $2,141,285 ; 1864, $2,849,616; 1866, $4,484,414; 1868, $5,977,387. Incomes. — 1864-5, $851,805 ; 1865-6, $886,505 ; 1866-7, $920,569 ; 1867-8, $924,343 ; 1868-9, $1,003,- 372. Building Improvements reported for 1867, $712,860 ; 1868, $1,005,050— total buUdings, 361, of which 48 were business blocks and stores, 276 dwellings, 3 churches, 4 hotels, &c. For 1869 there is more building than ever before — one hotel alone costing by estimate $150,000. Banking Business. — Three national banks, with a capital of 900,000, sell $12,695,167 exchange per annum. Four private banks sell $3,942,396. Total exchange sold per annum, $16,637,563. One private bank, with a capital of $100,000, just commenced, not counted. Daily cash receipts and disbursements of all the banks, $413,470.34. Average deposits for national banks for 248 RAMSEY COUNTY. quarter ending October 1st, 1869, $987,436 ; four private banks, for August, 1869, $430,485. Total deposits, $1,417,921, as officially reported to U. S. Assessor. Mercantile Business. — The mercantile business of St. Paul extends from Central and Southern Minnesota, and the north half of Wisconsin, to Fort Garry, 600 miles north-west, and was reported in 1868 by the Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce as amounting to $15,000,000. Two wholesale houses are reported to have each a capital of $150,000. There are over 100 dry goods and grocery houses, besides wholesale jobbers of hardware, stoves, drugs, clothing, agricultural implements, &c, &c. Manufactures. — 167 manufacturers, who pay special tax to the United States for year ending May, 1869, report value of their products $683,310. Manufacturers of beer, ale, spirits, tobacco, cigars and snuff, not in cluded with the above, $343,181. Five flouring mills, with a daily capacity of 200 barrels, estimated by millers, $450,000. Two iron foundries (estimated,) $190,000 ; two saw mills (estimated,) $125,000 ; 4 vinegar manufactories, $18,000 : two pork packers, $10,000 ; gas, $36,000 ; cut stone, 1868, $50,000 ; 5 planing mills and manufactories of doors, sashes, &c. (estimated,) $150,000 ; bread and crackers (estimated,) $65,000. Total manufactures, $2,120,490. Adding, for imperfect returns to assessors, under estimates, and sundry small dealers, $250,000, will make the manufactures of St. Paul nearly two and a half millions of dollars. Railroad and River Business. — (See Part First, pages 135-6.) River men estimate that 48,000 tons of freight are brought to St. Paul by steamboat. Passengers car ried on St. Paul and Pacific Railroad first 8 months of 1868, 74,478 ; same period, 1869, 94,246— averaging in RAMSEY COUNTY. 249 the summer 600 passengers daily. Freight carried, 1867, 36,489 tons; 1868, 62,099; 1869, large increase, not figured. Freight carried on St. Paul and Sioux City road, 1867, 30,259 tons ; 1868, first 9 months, 35,294 ; 12 months ending October 1st, 1869, 86,516.* Passenger earnings same periods, $71,552.47; $73,357.31; $126,- 968.52. The St. Paul and Superior and the St. Paul and Mil waukee are now running into the city, but we have no statistics of their business. Having 5 railroads with from 2 to 6 daily trains, and 2 or 3 daily steamers, carrying passengers and freight, some idea may be formed of the railroad and river business of the city from the above meagre reports of the St. Paul and Pacific running north ward into the least populous portions of the State, and the St. Paul and Sioux City. Railroads. — The St. Paul and Pacific, with a line to Pembina and another to Breckinridge ; the St. Paul and Superior ; St. Paul and Sioux City, connecting near Shakopee with the Hastings and Red River Railroad ; St. Paul and Milwaukee ; St. Paul and Chicago ; the Tomah and St. Croix, via Hudson to St. Paul ; the St. Croix and Superior, via Hudson, with branch to Bayfield ; and the St. Paul and Stillwater, — are the 11 railroads converging at St. Paul, 10 of them land grant roads, and rapidly building. (See " Railroads," Part First.) Libraries. — Besides the State and the Historical Society libraries, the St. Paul Library Association has a library open daily to the public, with 3725 books on hand in January, 1869. It had 7 public lectures in the winter * The freight for last twelve months consisted of wheat 904,158 bushels ; flour, 53,292 bbls. ; general merchandise, 84,153,109 lbs. ; lumber, 7,990,865 feet, estimated at 3 lbs. per foot. For further business of the road, see page 136. 250 RAMSEY COUNTY. of 1868, by Anna Dickinson, Prof. Yeomans, Wendell Philips, J. S. C. Abbott, Mons. Du Chaillu, and Dr. Hayes, costing $1281, and netting $705 profits. Churches. — There are 4 Catholic churches, 3 Episco palian, 5 or 6 Methodists (foreign and native,) 3 Presbyterian, 1 German Lutheran, 1 Baptist, 1 Congre gational, and 1 Universalist. Miscellaneous. — There are 45 practicing and 25 non- practicing lawyers, 34 physicians, over 150 saloons, 3 first-class hotels, a United States Custom House of granite and iron, in process of erection, to cost about $300,000, lodges of Masons, Odd Fellows and Good Templars, 2 orphan asylums, each giving an annual fair, with a net profit of over $3000, an Opera House costing over $35,000, and sustaining theatricals a part of the year, a musical society and 2 bands of music, a Young Men's Christian Association, with daily prayer meetings and rooms open day and night, a Home for the Friendless, and various other benevolent associations for men and women, 3 daily and weekly papers, 4 weeklies and 1 monthly. The city is lit with gas, and supplied with water by water works. The Future of the City. — As her citizens differ on the question whether her population in 10 years will be 50,000 or 100,000, we will let the outside world speak of her future. Carleton, correspondent of the Boston Journal, in July, 1869, said : " To ride through the streets of St. Paul, to heboid its spacious warehouses, its elegant edifices, stores piled with the goods of all lands, the products of all climes, furs from Hudson Bay, oranges from Messina, teas from China, coffee from Brazil, silks from Paris ; all the products of industry from our own land ; to behold the streets alive with people, crowded with farmers' wagons laden with wheat and flour, to read the signs " Young Men's Christian Association," "St. Paul Library Association," to see elegant school edifices and churches, beautiful private residences , surrounded by lawns and adorned with works of art. * * * sends au indescribable thrill through our veiDS. * * * This section of Minnesota is far enough removed from Chicago, and the country is so fertile, so vast, so boundless in its resources, that a great commercial centre must exist somewhere in this region. The merchants of this city are determined to secure the prize if possible." REDWOOD COUNTY. 251 The Winona Republican of August 22, 1869, said of St. Paul; " The city is steadily marching on to stable and certain prosperity. Evidences of this prosperity arc witnessed in the numerous handsome and substantial business blocks and elegant private dwellings now in process of erection — many of them at a cost fully attesting the faith which the property holders of St. Paul have in the future of that city." " But It is not alone in the magnitude of her building operations that St. Paul gives evidence of growth and solidity. The wide and all-embracing sweep of her railroad connections, present and prospective, constitutes a foundation for future greatness to rest upon, which no temporary adversity, or even possible rivalry, can subvert. Her iron arms are stretching out, almost literally, to every point of the compaBS. On one hand she is being linked to the vaBt iuland Sea of Superior — on tbe other she is grasping the illimitable empire of the Far North west — a region of boundless savannas, of fertile vales, of hills in which lie em bedded the precious metals, &c, &c. * * * The order given, the other day, over the Ocean Cable; by the European capitalists who own the main line of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, to complete that road to the Red River of the North, a distance of 225 miles from St. Paul, before the close of the present year, is an event the full force and importance of which can scarcely be grasped at a single effort. It is a stroke of financial daring which, but a half dozen years ago, would have startled the people ofthe whole country," Little Canada, or New Canada, 7 miles from St. Paul, is the only village in the county ; has a hotel, 5 or 6 houses, post office, and is an old settlement, principally of Canada French. Lake Como, 2 miles from St. Paul, has 2 or 3 hotels and sail boatsf'for the accommodation of fishing parties- White Bear Lake, 10 miles by rail from St. Paul, has 2 or 3 hotels, with sail boats, &c, for fishing parties — also an Episcopal church and post office. Post Office Business. — In 1852 the cash receipts for stamps, postage, money orders, &c, per quarter was about $150 : 1869, from $30,000 to $40,000. Letters. received for St. Paul over 22,000 per week. REDWOOD COUNTY, Embracing a large part of Southwestern Minnesota, de scribed on pages 35-6-7, Part First, has territory enough to make six counties, covering 110 townships. It is a new county, nearly all open to settlers, and its growth has been mainly within 3 years. Population, 1865-, 95 ;. 252 MOM COUNTY. 1869, about 2500 or 3000. 1868, vote for Grant, 138.; Seymour, 8. Principally Americans, Norwegians and Swedes. It has 60 lakes, and the resources of a rich county. Statistics. — Land assessed, 1868, 103,493 acres ; value per acre, $2.24 ; school land, one-eighteenth ; homesteads numerous ; under cultivation, 1867, 268 acres. Assessed property, 1865, $12,153 ; 1868, $277,503 ; personal, $42,- 870. Horses. 120 ; cattle, 431 ; mules, 32 ; sheep, 282 ; hogs, 76 ; carriages, 6 ; watches, 34 ; merchandise, $3425 ; money and credits, $3281. Schools, 3 ; house, 1 ; value, $10 ; scholars, 154 : year's increase, 34. Redwood Falls is the county seat and principal town, with 300 population. Near the place a mineral paint is being manufactured, and veins of coal discovered, which promise a good quality of coal. Yellow Medicine has a post office, and is the nucleus for another village. V RENVILLE COUNTY, With about 23 townships, lies about 60 miles along the Minnesota River opposite Redwood County, and is a fine agricultural county and but little settled as yet. (See Chippewa County.) RICE COUNTY, South of Scott and Dakota, and west of Goodhue, has 18 townships, or about 415,000 acres ; about two-thirds timber, balance prairie gently undulating ; all north and west of Cannon River, more or less covered with timber RICE COUNTY. 253 ¦of the " Big Woods " variety — oak, maple, basswood, but ternut, walnut, poplar, elm, and almost every variety growing in the Northern and Western States. A belt along Straight River, three or four miles wide, soil very deep and rich in the timber ; and a rich black sandy loam 10 to 20 inches deep on a clay subsoil in the prairie. Natural meadows in timber and prairie. 20 large lakes. Brick all over the county, and limestone at Faribault. Water-power on Cannon and Straight rivers. Price of wild land, $2 to $15, improved, $10 to $35 ; some govern ment land ; crossed by St. Paul and Milwaukee Railroad. Population, October, 1853, about 100; 1860,7549; 1865, 10,977 ; 1869, about 19,000 ; one-half Americans, one- sixth Germans, one-ninth Irish, 1000 Norwegians, 500 ^Bohemians, 500 French, balance others. Vote for Grant, 1785 ; Seymour, 1266. Statistics. — Land assessed, 287,925 acres ; value per acre, $5.22. Sc°ool land, 3162 ; homestead, 3305 ; cul tivated, 1867, 37,726 acres. Wheat, 286,438 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $1,364,071 ; 1868, $3,130,184; personal, $1,078,794. Horses, 3572 ; cattle, 8646 ; mules, 74 ; sheep, 7588 ; hogs, 3875 ; carriages, 410 ; watches, 330 ; pianos, 46 ; merchandise, $163,898 ; money and credits, $155,858. School districts, 95 ; houses, 84 value, $74,499 ; scholars, 5448 ; increase, 414 ; flouring mills, 10 or 12 ; saw mills, 2 or 3 ; churches, 15 to 18. Cities and Villages. — Faribault, the county seat, population 4000, at the junction of Cannon and Straight rivers, on the railroad, with a fine water-power, has an Episcopal College, High School for young ladies, a Theological Seminary, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 2 Con gregational churches, a Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopal church, an Episcopal Cathedral now building, designed to be among the finest west of Chicago, 5 flour- 22 254 SICE COUNTY. ing mills, 2 saw mills, 3 breweries, 1 tannery, 4 wagon and carriage, and 1 agricultural implement, plow, door, sash, blind, and melodeon factory, 60 different business houses, 2 banks, 15 hotels, 9 lawyers, 7 doctors, a card ing mill, shops, &c. Building improvements, 1866', $181,000; 1867, $184,000; 1868, estimated, $200,000. Its exports in 1867 were, by rail, 7,500,000 lbs., and 7751 passenger tickets sold for $20,020. Average law busi ness for several years, 18 new suits per annum. There is a weekly paper here. Northfield, 14 miles from Faribault, and 38 from St. Paul, on the railroad and Cannon River, has 2900 popu lation, mostly from New England, with 200 or 300 Swedes and Norwegians, and as many Germans and Irish. It has 33 business houses. Mercantile business, 1868, $406,000 ; manufactures, besides flour from 2 mills, $180,000 ; building improvements, $102,000 ; estimated for 1869, $244,000. First-class water-power, a flour mill shipping 18,000 barrels per annum, and another costing $30,000, with a capacity for 80,000 barrels per annum. Five churches, and a Congregational college just erecting a fine building. A bank with $25,000 capi tal, and another organizing with $50,000 capital. The town has 15 clergymen, 6 lawyers, 5 doctors, a weekly paper, claims to ship and receive more freight than any town in the county, and in 1868, that the railroad received at Northfield 40,000 bushels more of wheat than at any other town on its line, except Minneapolis — flour being reduced to a wheat basis. Dundas, on the railroad and river, 11 miles from Faribault, has 500 population, mostly Americans and Canadians, a fine water-power, large flouring mill, saw mill, furniture factory, 4 stores, a Presbyterian and Episcopal church, hotel, shops, &c. The town is growing. SCOTT COUNTY. 255 Morristown is also a growing village, ranking next to Dundas. Warsaw, Cannon City, Shieldsville, and Walcot, are also small places, with stores, shops, mills, &c. Post Offices. — Fowlersville, Hazelwood, Millersburg, Union Lakes, Wheatland, Wheeling. ROCK COUNTY. See " Western Minnesota," page 36, Part First, and Murray County. It has a few settlers and post office at Laverne. SCOTT COUNTY, West of Dakota, on the Minnesota River, has about 10 townships, or 230,000 acres ; one-third prairie, balance timber of the Big Woods variety ; brush, meadow, and marsh. A good deal of the land is rough, but a large proportion tillable ; soil rich black sandy loam, especially in the woods ; 30 large lakes, Credit Lake being over six miles long, and a resort for pleasure parties for boating and fishing ; water-power at Jordan and Hamilton ; best limestone for lime and building purposes. Land $5 to $30 per acre. Population, 1860, 4595 ; 1865, 8621 ; 1869, over 12,000 ; three-eighths Irish, one-half Germans and Norwegians, Germans leading all others, one-eighth Ame ricans. Vote for Grant, 479; Seymour, 1455. Statistics. — Land assessed, 200,766 acres ; value per acre, $4.08 ; school land, 4179 acres ; cultivated, 1867, 17,980 acres ; wheat, 195,268 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $682,502.49 ; 1868, $1,395,070 ; personal property, $484,134. Horses, 1777 ; cattle, 6752 ; mules, 81 ; sheep, 256 SCOTT COUNTY. 4293 ; hogs, 3705 ; carriages, 66 ; watches, 85 ; pianos,. 15 ; merchandise, $78,251 ; money and credits, $12,029. School districts, 64 ; houses, 42 ; value, $17,940 ; scholars,, 4119 ; year's increase, 266.. Villages. — Shakopee, the county seat, 32 miles from St. Paul by rail ; population 1600, 6 hotels, 7 dry goods, 4 grocery, 2 hardware, 2 drug, and 2 confectionery stores, besides shops, 5 lawyers, 3 doctors, 6 clergymen, 2 Catho lic churches, a Methodist, Baptist, Episcopalian, Presby terian church, a lime kilu that ships lime to all parts of the State, and 2 weekly papers. There is a railroad machine shop for repairing and building cars. Belle Plaine, 47 miles by rail from St. Paul, has 1000" population, 9 stores, 3 hotels, 2 saw mills, cabinet and carriage shops, &c. ; Presbyterian, German Catholic, and Episcopal churches ; 3 law3rers, 2 doctors, 2 clergy men, a wheat elevator, a salt spring, which a company- has been formed to work. Good roads have recently been opened to all parts of the country, resulting in largely increasing the trade of the town. Jordan has about 1000 population, 3 hotels, the- best water-power in the county —25 feet fall, three large grist and flouring mills, 1 doctor. Hamilton, 20 miles by rail from St. Paul, has about 100 population, 2 stores, a large flouring mill, good water- power, Catholic church, wants a hotel and a number of mechanics. A fine drive of five miles back leads to the finest and largest fishing lake, where 15 pound pickerel, and the finest bass, pleasant boating and picturesque surroundings offer attractions to tourists, invalids, and gentlemen of leisure. Post Offices.; — Blakely, Cedar Lake, Dooleyville,. Helena, Lydia, Maple Glen, Margetown, New Dublin,, Raven Stream, St. Lawrence, Sand Creek. CJHEMBUMXE COUNTY. 257 SHERBURNE COUNTY, Lying along the east side of the Mississippi, north-west of Anoka, has about 13 townships or 300,000 square acres, half level prairie ; sandy like Anoka, but of medium quality ; groves of timber arouud lakes and on streams from 100 to 300 acres in extent ; a body of timber 5000 or 6000 acres north-west of Elk Lake ; 23 lakes ; rich land in town 34, range 26 ; fine meadow land an3Twhere north of Elk River adapted to stock raising ; parts of township 33, range 26-7 more or less knolls, marshes, lagoons, and ponds ; the northern part of county especially, filled with lakes, brooks, marshes abounding in meadows and spots of sandy prairie and clayej7 brush land. Good water-power. Water and waste land in county, 12 per ¦cent ; tamarack swamp, 6 per cent ; best land back from the river. Prices, $2 to $8 for wild ; 85 to $40 im proved. Population, 1860, 719 ; 1865, 819 ; 1869, about 2000 ; three-fourths American, balance principally from Sweden and British America. Vote for Grant, 205 ; Seymour, 148. Statistics. — Land assessed, 146,528 acres ; value per acre, $2.41. School land, 13,352 ; homestead, 9996 ; railroad, large area ; cultivated 1649. Assessed property, 1860, $295,513; 1865, $376,714; 1868, $502,305; per sonal, $130,794. Horses, 400 ; cattle, 1661 ; mules, 11 ; sheep, 1250 ; hogs, 280 ; carriages, 44 ; watches, 59 ; pianos, 3 ; merchandise, $5950 ; money and credits, $8625 ; schools, 18 ; houses, 13 ; value, $3975 ; scholars, 617 ; year's increase, 80. Villages. — Elk River and Orono 1 mile apart — both known as Elk River, 40 miles from St. Paul, by rail. •County seat at Orono ; 80 houses, first-class water-power and flouring mill, sash, door, furniture and carriage 258 SIBLEY COUNTY. factories, all kinds of machinery for manufacturing wood, a saw mill, tannery, hotel, 2 stores and shops, and an Episcopal church. Elk River has 40 houses, 2 hotels, 2 stores, steam saw mill and shops, and is a growing place. Big Lake is a station and small village 50 miles from St. Paul by rail, has an elevator, some good buildings, several stores, and is a resort for sportsmen, the fishing being first-class. Post Offices. — Brantford, Clear Lake, Lake Tremont, Livonia, Orlando, Pleasant Valley. SD3LEY COUNTY, Lying between Nicollet and McLeod, with its east line on the Minnesota River, has nearly 17 townships or about 380,000 acres, two-thirds rolling prairie and rich ; one-third " Big Woods" occupying the four eastern townships and Green Isle, and a portion of New Auburn, Kelso, and Arlington. The river bottoms from one-half to two miles wide on the river overflow in high water, but produce immense quantities of hay. There are 37 large lakes ; brick for building ; plenty of fine meadows ; well watered ; population, 1860, 3608; 1865, 4786 ;' 1869, about 7000. Vote for Grant, 382 ; Seymour, 706. Statistics. — Land assessed 177,918 acres ; value per acre, $3.51 ; under cultivation, 1867, 14,440 acres ; wheat raised, 153,885 bushels ; homestead land, 37,240 acres ; school land, 13,403 acres. Assessed property, 1860, $346,167; 1865, $574,992; 1868, $842,085; personal, $256,652. Horses, 1357 ; cattle, 6371 ; mules, 14 ; sheep,. 3146 ; hogs, 2443 ; carriages, 93 ; watches, 49 ; pianos, 2 ; merchandise, $15,383 ; money and credits, $16,038. STEELE COUNTY. 259 School districts, 49 ; houses, 37 ; value $13,008 ; scholars, 2592 ; year's increase, 374. 7 or 8 mills ; 10 or 12 churches — 5 Catholic. Villages. — Henderson, the county seat, on the river, between Belle Plaine and Le Sueur, and half a mile from the railroad, has about 800 inhabitants, majority Ger mans, with French, Irish, Americans, and Norwegians ; 8 dry good and grocery stores, 3 hardware, and 1 drug, 4 hotels, 1 saw and 2 grist mills, 1 brewery, a Catholic, German Reform, and Methodist church, 2 lawyers, 3 doc tors, mechanical shops, 2 terms of court per year— 5 to 10 new cases at each. Faxon, 8 miles below, is not a good location, but a good point for business, having 2 stores, 4 groceries, and a saw mill. New Auburn, beautifully located on a lake, has 2 stores, 2 hotels, saw mills and shops, and will eventually be a good point for business, having a fine country around it — settled mostly by Americans. Arlington, 12 miles above Henderson, has a store and hotel. Post Offices. — Dryden, Green Isle, Kelso, Rush River, and Sibley. STEELE COUNTY, South of Rice and west of Dodge, on the line of the St. Paul and Milwaukee Railroad, has 12 townships or 276,000 acres ; timber, prairie, meadow, and water conveniently distributed, as to make it a county of " ready made" farms ; 8 large lakes ; surface high, rolling prairie ; its southern part the highest land — the " Water shed" — of Southern Minnesota, from which the water 260 STEELE COUNTY. radiates in all directions ; a belt of timber 1J to 3 miles wide on east side of the Owatonna River, bisecting the county from north to south ; soil a deep, rich, black loam, resting on clay subsoil ; brick and limestone for building. Population, 1860, 2862 ; 1865, 4932 ; 1869, about 10,000. Vote for Grant, 1137 ; Seymour, 503. Nationality, one- eighth German, one-sixteenth each of Irish, Bohemian and Norwegian, balance Americans. Statistics. — Land assessed, 192,936 acres ; value per acre, $4.85 ; homestead, 9620 acres ; school land, 3649 ; under cultivation, 1867, 26,432 ; wheat product, 148,675 bushels. Assesssd property, 1860, $438,575 ; 1865, $886,- 445; 1868, $1,745,356; personal, $598,204. Horses, 2006 ; cattle, 5625 ; mules, 35 ; sheep, 2858 ; hogs, 1311 ; carriages, 121 ; watches, 279 ; pianos, 24 ; merchandise, $84,811 ; money and credits, $83,949. School districts, 64 ; houses, 46 ; value, $37,920 ; scholars, 2749 ; year's increase, 232. Cities and Towns. — Owatonna, 75 miles from St. Paul, the county seat, and point of junction for two railroads, be sides the State Line and Owatonna road, not yet finished, located on Owatonna River, is a growing city of over 3000 people, two-thirds American, balance German, Irish, and some Norwegians, and does a large mercantile and manufacturing business. There is an agricultural imple ment manufactory and foundry doing $200,000 worth of business, besides 6 dealers in such implements, 3 plow manufactories selling over 400 breaking plows in the spring of 1868, 2 manufactories of furniture, 1 sash and blind, 1 of marble, 3 grist and 1 flouring mill, 2 breweries, 2 brick yards, 5 lumber yards, 1 pottery, shops of various kinds, 10 dry good stores, 12 grocery, 6 boot and shoe, 4 hardware, 3 drug, 2 book, 3 jewelry, 5 millinery, 6 ¦clothing, 9 hotels, 4 eating houses, 9 saloons, 5 churches, STEARNS COUNTY. 261 a $20,000 school house, 3 lawyers, 7 doctors, 1 dentist, &c. Building improvements in 1868 cost $170,000, in cluding Congregational church, $10,000 ; 2 flouring mills, $25,000 ; 80 dwellings, $70,000 ; 8 business houses, $40,- 000, &c. Medford, 6 miles north of Owatonna by rail, has 250 inhabitants, 4 stores and 2 churches. Blooming Prairie and Clinton Falls are small settle ments, and there are Post Offices at Aurora, Berlin, Cooleysville, Deerfield, Dodge City, East Meriden, Elwood, Meriden, Morton, River Point and Steele Centre. STEARNS COUNTY, On the Mississippi River, north-west of St. Paul 70 miles, with about 40 townships or 920,000 acres ; about one-third prairie, balance timber mostly, and meadows conveniently distributed in every township, gently roll ing ; 120 large lakes, besides streams of living water ; soil rich and productive ; very little waste land ; good water-power near Clearwater, Cold Spring, Paynesville,. Sauk Centre, and St. Cloud ; at Sauk Rapids and Watab River, clay for brick ; marl near St. Cloud for . lime. Granite ridge across the county, running south-westerly, probably a continuation of the mountain range of Lake Superior, forming the St. Louis River Falls, Rum River Rapids, Sauk Rapids, and the rapids of the Minnesota River. Land $2.50 to $30 per acre — some government in the western part. Population, 1860, 4507 ; 1865, 7367 ; 1869, 15,000; Germans, 8000; Americans, 4000; Nor wegians, 1500 ; Irish, 1000 ; others, 500. Vote for Grant, 1030 ; Seymour, 1524. 262 STEARNS COUNTY. Statistics. — Land assessed, 458,660 acres ; value per acre, $2.53 ; -under cultivation, 1867, 21,385 acres ; wheat product, 131 ,533 bushels ; school land, 43,295. Assessed property, 1860, $420,903 ; 1865, $795,373 ; 1868, $2,089,- 648 ; personal, $672,928. Horses, 2080 ; cattle, 9603 ; mules, 136 ; hogs, 3380 ; sheep, 5691 ; carriages, 163 ; watches, 215 ; pianos, 37 ; merchandise, $80,740 ; money and credits, $26,700. School districts, 69 ; houses, 47; value, $13,100 ; scholars, 4281 ; year's increase, 703. About 18 flour and saw mills — 13 run by water ; and about 17 churches. Cities and Towns. — St. Cloud, the county seat, 75 miles by rail from St. Paul, and 180 from Fort Aber crombie, on Red River, has about 3000 population, two- thirds Germans, balance nearly all Americans, some Irish and English. It is the shipping point for 300 tons of Hudson Bay Company's goods ; supplies for forts Wadsworth and Abercrombie, and the trade of the Sauk River valleys ; is to have a line of steamers above and below next season ; is a point on one of the routes of the Northern Pacific Railroad, on a branch of the Superior and St. Paul Railroad, which has a land grant of 10 sec tions to the mile ; on a road to St. Peter and Mankato, which has a grant of swamp lands, and on a road to Min neapolis. It has a $40,000 bridge over the Mississippi; is the site of a State Normal .School ; has 12 dry goods stores, 12 grocery, 5 hardware, 6 shoe, 4 drug, 3 book, 3 jewelry, 3 furniture, 3 millinery, 3 agricultural imple ment, 3 flour and feed, 3 meat, and 3 harness shops, doing $1,500,000 of business annually; 5 lumber yards, breweries, a distillery, 2 steam saw mills, 3 sash, door and blind, 5 wagon, and 1 plow factory, 2 brick and lime yards, shops, 13 hotels, 18 saloons, a Catholic, Presby terian, Methodist, Congregational, and Episcopal church, ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 263 Catholic cathedral costing $50,000, 9 lawyers. 4 doctors, and two weekly papers. Building improvements in 1 8 68 , $170,000. Sack Ckmkk is one of the thrifty cities of five or six years* growth, with 1200 to 1500 inhabitants. 14 stores, brewery, grist mill, door and sash factory. 5 hotels, 6 saloons, a Congregational. Presbyterian. Methodist and Episcopal church, a good water-power, and a weekly paper. A heavy business is done here. Richmond, St. Joseph, Cold Sfeis-g. Fatb Haven, and Cleakwaier are thriving villages, with each a namber of business establishments and a small population. Post Offices at Brockway, Clinton, George Lake, Kennebec, Kimball Prairie, Leedston. Luxemburg. Long Hill, Maine Prairie, Melrose. North Fork, New Munich, Paynesville, Rockville, St. Augusta, Spring Hfll, Torah, Zions. COUNTY, West of Pope, 16 townships, or about 370,000 acres : gently rolling: very rich: fine meadows: 47 lakes, and good running water ; timber rather scarce, but fine groves about the lakes. Land nearly all open to settlement, except about one-third owned hy the Pacific Railroad, which passes through it- Population a few hundred, mostly Americans and Scandinavians. ST. LOUIS COUNTY. St. Louis County, on Lake Superior, with an area of about 6500 square miles, is a heavily timbered, rough, 264 ST. LOUIS COUNTY. mineral region, with 75 large lakes. (See " Northern Minnesota.") Population, 1860, 262 ; 1865, 292 ; 1869, 1500 to 2000. Vote for Grant, 66 ; Seymour, 20. Statistics. — Land assessed, 81,549 acres; value per acre, $2.10 ; school land, one-eighteenth. Assessed prop erty, 1860, $76,186 ; 1868, $244,303. School districts, 3 ; houses, 1 ; value, $700 ; scholars, 103 ; year's increase, 21. In this county are the Vermillion gold mines. Since writing of them in Part First, further developments and tests of the quartz mills and mines have not been en couraging, and the prospect for profitable mining is not brilliant. Duluth, the county seat and principal town, the ter minus of the Superior and Mississippi Railroad, on Lake Superior, has grown up within this year (1869) from 4 or 5 families to a population of over 1200 ; and lots from a nominal price to $1500 each. It has the United States land office, a hotel, Episcopal and Baptist church, 20 or 25 business houses, 3 or 4 lawyers, a bank, a weekly paper, real estate offices, and will in time make a large city. Fond du Lac is an old Indian trading post, located at the head of navigation on the St. Louis River ; has a settlement of about 100 souls, and is the nucleus of a good town. Oneota, on St. Louis Bay, has a settlement of over 500 people, a saw mill, and other business establish ments. Vermillion Lake has a post office and small mining settlement. A large amount of money has been ex pended here in testing the mines, and experiments are still going on. TODD COUNTY. 265 TODD COUNTY, North of Stearns, west of Morrison, and east of Otter tail, 24J townships, or over 560,000 acres ; mostly timber, prairie the exception ; southern and middle portion fair, rich sandy loam ; northern portion, lighter sandy soil, with groves of pine timber, numerous fine meadows adapted to grazing, and exceptional tracts of heavier soil. Fertile prairie 18 by 2 miles, east of Long Prairie River, Round Prairie 2 by 4 miles, and small prairies among the timber, in the southern portion. Considerable poplar and tamarac, as well as fine bodies of hard wood. Richest land in south-west corner, with upland meadows, yielding 2 and 3 tons per acre ; immense and innumerable meadows, as fine as any in the State, along the Long Prairie River, and the whole northern and eastern portion especially adapted to grazing ; meadows everywhere, and the yield of grass very large. Good water-power and 3 or 4 saw and grist mills, more wanted ; 80 lakes ; fish without limit ; wild fruits, including cranberries, huckle berries, and raspberries, in immense quantities. Good prairie and timber claims still open ; improved farms of 160 acres worth $2000 to $3000. Population, 1865, 117 ; 1867, 850 ; 1868, 1200 ; 1869, 1600 ; half Americans, balance Germans, with some Scotch, Irish, French, and others. Religion, Methodist, Catholic, and Covenanters. Statistics. — Land assessed, 70,113 acres ; value, $1.94 per acre ; school land, one-eighteenth ; cultivated, 1867, 460 ; wheat raised, 4424 bushels ; homestead, 26,240. Assessed property, 1867, $153,225; 1868, $170,852; personal, $69,295. Horses, 169 ; cattle, 760 ; sheep, 264 ; hogs, 133 ; carriages, 6 ; watches, 42 ; money and credits, $1805. Schools, 9 ; houses, 5 ; value, $875 ; scholars, 296 ; year's increase, 37. 23 266 WABASHA COUNTY. Post Offices at Long Prairie and Round Prairie ; and a store and grist mill at Long Prairie. No doctor or lawyer in the county. TRAVERSE COUNTY.— (See Big Stone.) WABASHA COUNTY, On the Mississippi River, south-east of Goodhue, has 13 townships, or nearly 300,000 acres. A fine agricultural county, mainly prairie, with plenty of timber along the rivers and streams ; good water-power ; brick and stone for building ; lumber cheap ; price of land about like the adjoining counties of Winona and Goodhue. Population, 1860,7191; 1865, 11,363; 1869, about 19,000; Ameri cans, 11,000 ; Germans and Irish, 5000 ; Swedes and Norwegians, 1500 ; others, 1500. Vote for Grant, 1831 ; Seymour, 1143. Statistics. — Land assessed, 286,157 acres ; value per acre, $4.72; school land, 2172; homestead, 17,870; under cultivation, 1867, 57,125; wheat product, 692,783 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $941,985; 1865, $1,866,867; 1868, $2,686,924; personal, $1,005,856. Horses, 4455 ; cattle, 7490 ; mules, 129 ; sheep, 2556 ; hogs, 4122 ; carriages, 447 ; watches, 363 ; pianos, 37 ; merchandise, $130,280 ; money and credits, $75,610. School districts, 92 ; houses, 69 ; value, $45,360 ; scholars, 5067 ; year's increase, 710. Towns and Villages. — Wabasha, the county seat, has over 2000 population — vote for President, 339 — an Epis copal, Catholic, Methodist, and Congregational church, a weekly paper, 5 lawyers, 3 doctors, about 15 stores, 4 WASECA COUNTY. 267 hotels, door, sash, and blind, and agricultural implement factories, steam flouring mill, 17 saloons, &c. Lake City has about 3000 population — vote for Presi dent, 508 — an Episcopal, Catholic, Methodist, Congrega tional, and Baptist church, a weekly paper, about 25 stores, a bank, 2 flouring mills, &c, &c. It claims to have shipped 502,283 bushels of wheat in 1868. Plainview has about 1000 population, Reeds Landing and Minneiska about 500, and Mazeppa 350. Post Offices. — Bear Valley, Cook's Valley, Elgin, Forest Mound, Glasgow, Gopher Prairie, Lincoln, Lyon, Melville, Mt. Pleasant, Old Abe, Pawseline, Smithfield, South Troy, Watopa, West Albany, West Chester, and Woodland. WASECA COUNTY, Between Steele and Blue Earth — similar in agricultural resources ; 12 townships, or about 276,000 acres ; 20 lakes. Population, 1860, 2599; 1865,4174; 1869, over 8000 ; half Americans, quarter Irish, one-eighth Swedes and Norwegians, one-sixteenth Germans. Vote for Grant, 817 ; Seymour, 518. Statistics. — Land assessed, 202,032 acres ; value per acre, $4.14 ; school land, 3000 ; cultivated, 1867, 14,312 ; wheat product, 118,855 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $363,683 ; 1865, $582,816 ; 1868, $1,228,379 ; per sonal, $430,164. Horses, 1443 ; cattle, 3983 ; mules, 18 ; sheep, 2721 ; hogs, 1813 ; carriages, 252 ; watches, 87 ; pianos, 5 ; merchandise, $36,320 ; money and credits, $23,189. School districts, 72 ; houses, 50 ; value, $15,341 ; scholars, 2493 ; year's increase, 259. Villages. — Waseca, on the railroad, a two-year-old town, has a weekly paper, 6 hotels, 16 stores, 5 produce 268 WASHINGTON COUNTY. dealers, and other establishments, 3 lawyers, several churches, and is a flourishing village. Wilton, the county seat, has 5 or 6 stores, 3 hotels, 3 lawyers, 2 doctors, a weekly paper, churches, &c. Post Offices. — Blooming Grove, Cobb River, Janes- ville, Marine, Okaman, Pedlar's Grove, and Vivian. WASHINGTON COUNTY, East of Ramsey and bordering 40 miles on the St. Croix, has over 10 townships, or 230,000 acres ; 3 or 4 town ships in the southern part of first-rate soil, prairie and oak openings ; heavy timber in the north-east ; large meadows in the north-west ; and the central part broken, oak openings of second-rate quality. Price of land, $3 to $50 per acre. Over 40 lakes. Brick, stone, and lumber for building. Population, 1849, over 1000 ; 1860, 6105; 1865, 6780; 1869, about 11,000. Americans, 5000 ; Germans, 1500 ; Irish, 1650 ; Swedes and Nor wegians, 1800 ; Canadians, 600 ; English, 150 ; Scotch, 150 ; French, 150. Vote for Grant, 1061 ; Seymour, 707. Statistics. — Land assessed, 241,976 ; value per acre, $5.24 ; school land, 6966 ; cultivated, 1867, 41,047 acres ; wheat produced, 376,445 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $2,012,320; 1865, $1,802,372; 1868, $3,043,191 ; personal, $1,050,754. Horses, 2168 ; cattle, 4628 ; mules, 126 ; sheep, 3486 ; hogs, 2596 ; carriages, 248 ; watches, 325 ; pianos, 50 ; merchandise, $258,508 ; money and credits, $135,528. School districts, 48 ; houses, 44 ; value, $28,275 ; scholars, 3020 ; year's increase, 387. Cities and Towns. — Stillwater, the county seat, had 609 population m 1849 ; 1865, 2145 ; and 1869, about WATONWAN COUNTY. 269 4000 ; four-tenths American, two-tenths Irish, two-tenths German, one-tenth Scandinavian, one-tenth French, Scotch, &c. Eight leading houses sell $1,575,000 worth of goods per year. Exports of lumber, 1868, 41,000,000 feet ; logs, 89,000,000 ; leaving in boom, 15,000,000. Value, at $12 for logs and $15 for lumber, at Stillwater, $1,668,- 000. 225 rafts left Stillwater in 1868, requiring each 23 men. The St. Croix pineries give employment to 6000 men. Expended for building, 1868, for a court house $50,000, total expenditure, $171,000. Assessed property: real estate, $539,000 ; personal, $472,000. Forty-eight inmates of the Penitentiary produce an nually $50,000 of tubs, buckets and barrels. There are 3 steam saw mills, 1 water mill, 1 flouring mill, 45 busi ness houses, 7 lawyers, 6 doctors, 1 bank, 2 Presbyterian churches, 2 Catholic, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist ; 3 hotels, 10 or 12 saloons, 4 livery stables, &c. Marine Mills had 173 population in 1849, and now has over 300. Afton, Lakeland, and Point Douglas are the neuclei of small villages. Post Offices. — Cottage Grove, Lohmansville, Newport, and Oakdale. WATONWAN COUNTY, Next west of Blue Earth ; gently rolling prairies of dark, rich soil ; 12 townships, or 276,480 acres ; 20 lakes ; timber around the lakes and water courses — -heavy bodies in north-east, scarce in west. Population, 1865, 249 ; 1869, about 2000 ; half Norwegians, 700 Americans, 300 Germans, Irish, &c. Vote for Grant, 199 ; Seymour, 57. 270 WINONA COUNTY. Statistics. — Lands assessed, 19,530 acres ; $3.36 per acre ; school land, 16,796 ; under cultivation, 1241 acres ; wheat product, 13,806 bushels. Assessed property, 1865, $72,724; 1868, $118,261; personal, $63,566. Horses, 239; cattle, 964; mules, 8; sheep, 511; hogs, 113; carriages, 7 ; watches, 20 ; merchandise, $2500 ; money and credits, $910. School districts, 7 ; houses, 1 ; value, $500 ; scholars, 446 ; increase, 220. Villages. — Madelia, the county seat, is on the line of the Sioux City Railroad, and will be reached in 1870, has 4 stores, 2 of which each sell $50 worth of goods per day ; a fine flouring mill and saw mills, 2 saloons, shops, &c, a Methodist and Baptist church society, and a Masonic lodge. Post Offices. — Antrim and Norwegeon. WINONA COUNTY. Area 400,000 acres ; eastern portions broken, with fertile and extensive valleys ; western . and middle rich rolling prairies ; heavy growth of oak along the river bluffs ; dense bodies of hard wood in the south-eastern townships ; well watered ; limestone, brick, and lumber for building ; fine natural meadows ; and good water- power. Price of wild land, $2 to $6 and $12 ; improved, $10 to $50— average, $20. Population, 1847, 1; 1851, 5 or 6 ; 1852, 200 ; 1854, 800 ; 1860, 9756 ; 1865, 15,638 ; 1869, -23,000 ; two-thirds Americans, balance Germans, Irish, Scotch, English, Norwegians, and others ; Ger mans predominating. Flouring mills (water,) 18, be sides saw mills ; churches, over 20. Statistics. — Land assessed, 373,177 acres ; $4.83 per acre ; school land, 5925 ; cultivated, 1867, 74,054 acres : WINONA COUNTY. 271 wheat product, 748.172 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $2,241,710; 1805. 82,285,436; 1808, 84,405,462 personal. 81,350,462. Horses. 4663; cattle, 8692 mules, 119: sheep, 4013; hogs, 4157; carriages, 600 watches. 277 ; pianos, 68 : merchandise, 8383,316 ; money and credits. 8235,474. School districts, 104 ; houses, 87 ; value, 899.151 ; scholars, 7025 ; year's increase, 415. Cities and Villages. — Winona, the third city in popu lation and claiming to be second in commercial import ance, is beautifully located on a prairie 9 miles by 3, is the terminus of the Winona and St. Peter Railroad, the Winona Eastern connection with the Milwaukee and St. Paul, and several other projected roads : and is the river outlet for a large portion of Minnesota and Wisconsin. It is the fourth primary grain market in the United States, being next to Milwaukee, Chicago, and Toledo. Grain Trade. — Exports of wheat, and flour reduced to wheat, 1859. 130,000 bushels; 1868, 2,432,086; bailey, 77,702 bushels. Railroad and River Business. — Received by rail, 1868, 68.670 tons. Four daily lines of steamboats ; 1869 ar rivals up and down. Navigation from March 21st to December 8th. General Business. — 1868. diy goods about 8600,000 ; groceries. 2 houses, wholesale, 8500,000 ; hardware, $300,000 : boots and shoes, 8150,000 ; clothing, $125,000 ; drugs, S175,000; liquors. §80,000; furniture, 850,000 ; lumber, 8600,000 ; agricultural implements, 8644,130. Manufactures. — Two flouring and 2 saw mills, 2 foun dries and 1 railroad car and machine shop, 6 sash and door, 1 steam pump, 1 furniture, 7 wagon and carriage, 3 fanning mill, 1 agricultural implement, 1 patent fence, and 3 cigar manufactories, are the principal establish ments. 272 WINONA COUNTY. Population.— 1853, 60 ; 1855, 800 ; 1860, 2900 ; 1865, 4439 ; 1866, 5760 ; 1867, 6550 ; 1868, 7560 ; 1869, about 9000. Vote for Grant, 745 ; Seymour, 761. Assessed Property.— 1867, $1,369,000; 1868, S2, 080,- 000. Assessed at 45 per cent, of cash value. Building Improvements. — In 1867 cost 8304,375 ; 1868, $455,790 — 8106,650 being for brick stores and business houses. Price of Lots. — Best business lots, $100 to $150 per foot ; residence lots, in best part of city, $150 to $800 — a few choice at 81000 to 81200. Churches. — Thirteen, costing §100,000, and represent ing all the leading denominations, besides 1 Unitarian, 1 Advent Christian, 1 German Presbyterian, 1 Evangelical Association. MisceUaneous. — City debt, S100,000, due in 20 years. Mortality, 1867, 98 interments ; 1868, slight increase. Banks, 3 ; capital, 8300,000. Normal school, with 315 scholars. One daily and weekly paper, and 1 weekly. One Good Templar, 3 Masonic, and 2 Odd Fellows' lodges ; 1 library, 1 Young Men's Christian, and 1 German Dramatic association ; Turners, Fenians, &c. St. Charles, 30 miles by rail from Winona, has grown up within a few years to over 1200 population. It has 25 or 30 stores, a weekly paper, a Methodist, Presby terian, Congregational, Baptist and Episcopalian church, and is a thrifty and prosperous town. Annual receipts of wheat at the elevator from first hands, 500,000 bushels. Stockton has 300 population, 2 flouring mills, 2 stores, a furniture factory, &c. &c, and is a thriving pretty village. Saratoga, a pleasant village, same population, church, &c, &c. WRIGHT COUNTY. 273 Minnesota Cut has a fine water-power and 2 flouring mills, costing $70,000, with a daily capacity of 225 barrels. Lewiston has 200 population, 7 or 8 stores and saloons, a grain elevator, shops. &c. Pickwick has a large flouring mill, with a capacity of 100 barrels per day. The other villages are Troy, Dresbach, Enterprise. Utica. Whitewater Falls. Elba, Beaver. Hosier, Cen- tkevtixe, Richmond, and Mount Vernon, most of which have from 1 to 3 stores, good flouring mills, and a local trade. Valuable water-powers in the Whitewater : land very fertile, scenery grand and picturesque, fishing fine. Post Offices. — Argo. Frank Hill, Hart, Jefferson, La Moille, New Boston. New Hartford. North Warren, Oak Ridge, Ridgeway, Rolling Stone. Twin Grove, Wiscoy, Witoka. Worth. Wvattville. WILKIN COUNTY, On Red River, about 30 townships of rich level prairie ; timber scarce. No stone ; extensive marl beds : clay for brick : fine salt springs. Good market at Fort Aber crombie, across the river. Sparsely settled as yet : land nearly all open. McCauletsvtlle. the only village. Breckinridge has lots, but no houses : terminus of railroad, and will be reached in 1870. WRIGHT COUNTY, Adjoining Hennepin; over 20 townships, or 460,000 acres : sentiy undulating ; a fine agricultural county ; in 274 WRIGHT COUNTY. the "Big Woods;" nearly seven-eighths rich timbered land. Mooer's Prairie in south-western part, Clear water and Monticello prairies have each 15 to 20 square miles of medium quality of soil. A belt of brush land and "openings," 5 miles wide, between Monti cello and Clearwater prairies. 115 lakes. Brick and lumber, but no stone, except boulders ; good water- power. Land, $5 to $10 unimproved. Population, I860, 3270 ; 1865, 5028 ; 1869, over 10,000 ; half Americans, one-fifth Irish, one-eighth Germans, one-eighth Swedes and Norwegians, balance French, English, &c. A Ken tucky and Virginia settlement in south-west corner. Vote for Grant, 985 ; Seymour, 623. Five or 6 grist and 10 or 12 saw mills ; 12 to 14 churches. Statistics. — Lands assessed, 245,839 acres ; $2.53 per acre ; homestead, 43,186 ; railroad, 130,000 ; school .20,148 ; cultivated, 1867, 12,784 acres ; wheat produced 90,869 bushels. Assessed property, 1860, $520,789 1865, $576,748; 1868, $1,022,263; personal, $406,847 Horses, 1230 ; cattle, .6823 ; mules, 26 ; sheep, 3919 hogs, 2918 ; carriages, 166 ; watches, 111 ; pianos, 7 merchandise, $22,660 ; money and credits, $10,457. School districts, 79 ; houses, 47 ; scholars, 2996 ; year's increase, 313. Villages. — Monticello has about 450 population ; mercantile business, $150,000 ; Methodist and Congrega tional church ; 2 lawyers, 2 doctors, weekly paper, 2 saw mills, shops, &c. Clearwater has over 300 population ; mercantile business, $120,000 ; 2 grist mills, chair factory, a church, a lawyer, 2 doctors, shops, &c. Rockford has 200 population ; mercantile business, $60,000 ; grist and 2 saw mills, business, $18,000 ; spoke and hub factory, $4000 ; a lawyer, doctor, Presbyterian church, shops, &c. GROWTH OF COUNTIES. 275 Buffalo is the county seat, with 100 popidation. Crow RrvER is a Dew town, laid out on the railroad in 1868, has several stores, and is a growing place. Dassel is also a railroad village just springing up. Post Offices. — Albion. Big Woods. Cassel, Chatham, Corrinna, Dean Lake, Fi'ench Lake, Lake Mary, Lilley Pond, Maple Lake, Melody Lake, Middlesville, Montrose, Mooer's Prairie. Otseeo. St. Michael's. Zellinsen. GROWTH OF THE COT7XTIES IX PEESOXAI, PROPERTY AXD LIVE STOCK, UP TO JAXVARY 1st. 1870. From state Auditors Office. The following are the Assessors' Returns, for 1869, as corrected hy the State Board of Equalization, 2Toiemoer, 1S69. Anoka. — *Assessedproperty, $99,546 ; horses, 241 ; cattle, 10S6 ; mules, 25 ; sheep, 415 ; hogs, 230 ; carriages, 3- ; watches, IS : pianos, 7 ; merchandize, $70SO ; money and credits, $4372. Sen-ton— Assessed property, $293,813 ; horses, 698 ; cattle, 2564 ; mules, 11 ; sheep, 1783; hogs, 655; carriages, 101; watches, 145; pianos, -19; merchandize, $72,230 ; money and credits, $10,867. Slue Earth.— Assessed property, $1,261,827 ; horses, 4362 ; cattle, 11,016 ; mules, 55; sheep, 6540; hogs, 4023; carriages, 155; watches, 50S; pianos, 44; merchan dize, $139,350; money and credits, *r9,S91. Sroicn. — Assessed property, $257,970; horses, 1107; cattle, 4632; mules, 27; sheep, 1349 ; hogs, SSS ; carriages, 28 ; watches, 69 ; pianos, 4 ; merchandize. $33,608 ; money and credits, $371S. Carner.— Assessed property, $448,297 ; horses, 153S ; cattle, 9S00 ; mules, 24 sheep, 4549; hogs, 53S2 ; carriages, 31 S; watches, 61; pianos, 7; merchandize $27,806 ; money and credits, $17,645. Chisago— Assessed property, $323,550; horses, 531; cattle, 2964; mules, 19 : sheep, 1514 ; hogs, 960 ; carriages, 29 ; watches, 125 ; pianos, 5 ; merchandize $32,325 ; money and credits, $71,353. Dakota. — Assessed property, $1,14J,1S7; horses, 5319; 031*16,9146; mules, 119 sheep, 34AS ; hogs, 4069 ; carriages, 434 ; watches, 452 ; pianos, 63 ; merchandize, $110,725 ; money and credits, $72,211. Dodge.— Assessed property, S562..971 ; horses, 2S53 ; cattle, 6900; mules, 67 sheep, 5123 ; hogs, 1740 ; carriages, 162; watches, 157; pianos, 21; merchandize. $58,183 ; monev and credits, $52,122. Douglas.— Assessed property, $314,848; horses, 497 ; cattle, 2636; mules, 24 sheep, 2114; hogs, 463; carriages, 36; watches, 123; pianos, 3; merchandize, $27, S. 5: money and credits, $15,110. * Assessed property means the total PEESO^iL property only. The real estate as assessed in 2868, remains the'same for two years. The growth can be ascertained by referenfie to the statistic; of each county. 276 GROWTH OF COUNTIES. Faribault. — Assessed property, $562,368; horses, 2.853; cattle, 7887; mules, 56; sheep, 4656; hogs, 1978; carriages, 136; watches, 152; pianos, 1; merchan dize, $28,22? ; money and credits, $38,172. Fillmore.— Assessed property, $1,375,781; horses, 7560; cattle, 17,964 ; mules, 108; sheep, 12,286; hogs, 9532; carriages, 400; watches, 298; pianos, 28; mer chandize, $131,123; money and credits, $139,184. Freeborn.— Assessed property, $514,774 ; horses, 2744 ; cattle, 10,537 ; mules, 27; sheep, 496 L; hogs, 2344; oarriages, 194; watches, 110; pianos, 9; merchan, dize, $17,350 ; money and credits, $16,108. Goodhue. — Assessed property, $1,734,182 ; horses, 6994; cattle, 14,987; mules, 185 ; sheep 7381 ; hogs, 5429 ; carriages, 282 ; watches, 549 ; pianos, 61 ; merchan dize, $196,334; money and credits, $232,652. Hennepin. — Assessed property, $1,653,771; horses, 4272; cattle, 9994 ; mules, 107; sheep, 5162; hogs, 3865; carriages, 798; watches, 608; pianoB, 194; mer chandize, $243,952 ; money and credits, $136,129. Houston. — Assessed property, $773,192; horses, 3559; cattle, 9338; mules, 53; sheep, 6558; hogs, 6911; carriages, 187; watches, 114; pianos, 12; merchandize, $63,950; money and credits, $92,820. Isanti. — Assessed property, $86,676 ; horses, 171 ; cattle, 1528 ; mules, 2 ; sheep, 989 ; hogs, 282 ; carriages, 25 ; watches, 49 ; merchandize, $4650 ; money and credits, $5270. Jackson. — Assessed property, $71,933; horses, 228; cattle, 1335; mules, 8; sheep, 489 ; hogs, 133 ; carriages, 67 ; watches, 25 ; merchandize, $2524 ; money and credits, $3888. Kanabec. — Assessed property, $5792 ; horses, 12; cattle, 61; hogs, 24; merchan dize, $200. Kandiyohi. — Assessed property, $43,829; horses, 123; cattle, 968; mules, 6: sheep, 406 ; hogs, 62; carriages, 2; watches, 39; merchandize, $1255; money and credits, $1713. LeSueur. — Assessed property, $420,194; horses, 1914 ; cattle, 7256 ; mules, 32 sheep, 4426 ; hogs, 5969; carriages, 120; watches, 105; pianos, 13; merchandize $28,110 ; money and credits, $26,665. McLeod. — Assessed property, $259,401; horses, 963; cattle, 5183; mules, 7; sheep, 3383; hogs, 1654; carriages, 85; watches, 60; pianos, 3; merchandize, $19,548 ; money and credits, $13,103. Manomin. — Assessed property, $8904; horses, 55; cattle, 134; sheep, 276 hogs, 29 ; watches, 4 ; pianos, 1. Martin.— Assessed property, $212,937 ; horses, 880 ; cattle, 3081 ; mules, 15 . sheep, 820; hogs, 511; carriages, 9; watches, 68; merchandize, $5188; money and credits, $10,317. Meeker.— Assessed property, $283,062 ; horses, 936 ; cattle, 4223 ; mules, 34 sheep, 2141; hogs, 969; carriages, 17; watches, 87; pianos, 2; merchandize $17,571; money and credits, $10 019. Mille Lac— Assessed property, $39,672; hoises, 122; cattle, 660 j mules, 2 sheep, 95; hogs, 105; carriages, 6; watches, 9 ; pianos, 1; merchandize, $2650 money and credits, $2240. Monongalia. — Assessed property, $174,514 ; horses, 487 ; cattle, 2725 ; mules, 4 ; Bheep, 1760 ; hogs, 361 ; carriages, 33 ; watches, 77 ; pianos, 1 ; merchandize $5880 ; money and credits, $10,202. Morrison.— Assessed property, $86,126 ; horses, 305 ; cattle, 1369 ; sheep, 612 hogs, 619 ; carriages, 25 ; watches, 43 ; pianos, 3 ; merchandize, $2700 ; money and credits, $7560. Mower.— Assessed property, $485,422; horses, 2728; cattle, 6569; mules, 50 ; sheep, 2820; hogs, 1521 ; carriages, 183; watches, 138; pianos, 24; merchandize $54,742 ; money and credits, $89,303. Nicollet.— Assessed property, $573,644 ; horses, 2018 ; cattle, 7329 ; mules, 24 . sheep, 3191 ; hogs, 1587 ; carriages, 126 ; watches, 202 ; pianos, 12 ; merchandize, $95,065 ; money and credits, $52,804 Olmsted.— Assessed property, $1,726,364; horses, 7195; cattle, 13,214 ; mules, 208 ; Bheep, 5383 ; hogs, 4768 ; carriages, 294 ; watches, 4S0 ; pianos, 59 ; merchan dize, $218,400 ; money and credits, $216,706. Pine.— Assessed property, $6751; horses, 19; cattle, 45 ; sheep, 11; hogs, 21 carriages, 1 ; watches, 6 ; merchandize, $1500 ; money and credits, $500. Pope.— Assessed property, $184,172 ; horses, 807 ; cattle, 2051 ; mules, 28 ; sheep, 758; hogs, 1S5; carriages, 6; watches, 90; merchandize, $5940; money and credits, $7401. GROWTH OF COUNTIES. 211 Ramsey.— Assessed property, $2,55 1, 377 ; horses, 143S; cattle, 965; mules, 69 • sheep, o'.td; hogs 1133; carnages, 444; watches, 5S5 ; pianos, 233; merchandize' $742, 4,^8; money and credits, $184,503. Redwood. — Assessed property, $G5,8$S ; horses, 213; cattle, 615; mules, 27 ; sheep, 232; hogs, To; carriages, i0; watches, 33 ; pianos, 2; merchandize, $8547 ; money and credits, $0358. Renville.— Assessed property, $199,737; horses, 414; cattle, 2362 ; mules, 12 ; sheep, 707; hogs, '..TO ; carriages, 11 ; watches, 72; pianos, 2 ; merchandize, $3 30 ; money and credits, $12,974. Rice.— Assessed property, $1,053,779; horses, 39P3 ; cattle, 9399; mules, 65 ; sheep, 6901; hogs, 4431; carriages, 3-9; watches, 322; pianos, 53; merchandize. $103,420 ; money and credits, $100,150. Scott— Assessed property, $179,058 ; horses, 1914 ; cattle, 7470 ; mules, 73 ; sheep, 385$ ; hogs, 48-!l ; carriages, 72 ; watches, 92 ; pianos, 11 ; merchandize, $52,803 ; money and credits, 19, 531. Sherburne.— Assessed property, $135,672; horses, 413; cattle, 2029; mules, 15; sheep, 1192 ; hogs, 337 ; carriages, 32 ; watches, GS ; pianos, 5 ; merchandize, $j390 ; money and credits, $3764. Sibley. — Assessed property, $271,774; horses, 1503; cattle, 6299; mules, 20; sheep, 3001; hogs, 2464; carriages, 14 ; watches, 37; pianos, 4; merchandize, $21,120 ; money and credits, $9272. St earns — Assessed property, $695,642; horses, 22S9 ; cattle, 9905; mules, 141 ; sheep, 5201 ; hogs, 4165 ; carriages, 260; watches, 136; pianos, 36; merchandize, 894,579 ; money and credits, $29,371. Steele. — Assessed property $560, S17; horses, 22S9 ; cattle, 6134; mules, 37; sheep, 2623 ; hogs, 1549 ; carriages, 195 ; watches, 240 ; pianos, 28 ; mere li an dize, $81,330; money and credits, $63,506. Todd* — Assessed property, $ 103,082 ; horses, 217 ; cattle, 1142; mules, 6 ; sheep, 325 ; hogs, 195 ; carriages, 11 ; watches, 45 ; money and credits, $35?8. Wabasha. — Assessed property, $1,151,920; horses, 4670; cattle, 757S ; mules, 1G4 ; sheep, 2286 ; hogs, 4226; carriages, 329 ; watches, 321; pianos, 53 ; merchan dize, $157, Ifo; money and credits. $129,48^. Waseca. — Assessed property, $392,732; horses, 1S19 ; cattle, 5030; mules, 28; sheep, 2679 ; hogs, 1925; carriages, 102; watches, 100; pianos, 4; merchandize, $30,944 ; money and credits, $23,516. Washington. — Assessed property, $1,000,400 ; horses, 2260; cattle 4765; mules, 142; sheep, 2597 ; hogs, 2764; carriages, 224 ; watches, 267; pianos, 52 ; merchan dise, $152,514; money and credits, $115,>*33. Watonioan. — Assessed property, $120,362; horses, 320 ; cattle, 1370; mules, 14 ; sheep, 403 ; hogs, 168 ; carriages, b ; watches, 19 ; merchandize, $4625 ; money and credits, $3650. Winona.— Assessed property, $1,010,407; horses, 5123; cattle, 8926; mules, 162; sheep, 3772; hogs, 4007; carriages, 472 ; watches, 291 ; pianos, 71 ; merchan dize, $349,557; money and credits, $230,991. Wright.— Assessed property, $471,679; horses, 1435; cattle, S255 ; mules, 'S ; sheep, 4198; hogs, 4142; carriages, 99; watches, 117; pianos, 5; merchandize, $27,9T5 ; money and credits, $11,261. [Summary on following page ] 24 278 PERSONAL PROPERTY AND VALUATION. Total of Personal Property m the State, includ ing Live Stock, Jan. 1st, 1870. — Total personal, $26,- 845,450, one year's increase, $1,075,505 ; horses, 93,949, increase, 10,240 ; cattle, 860,370, increase, 624,944 ; mules and asses, 2328, increase, 446 ; sheep, 134,851, decrease, 11,747; hogs, 103,808, increase, 12,332 ; car riages, 7088, decrease,* 465 ; watches, 7791, increase, 318; pianos, 1161, increase, 117 ; merchandise, $3,546,- 571, decrease, $185,912 ; moneys and credits, $2,364,455, increase, $5481. The increase in each county may be seen by reference to each. Rates op Valuation. — Average value as assessed in 1868 — a fair sample of other years : horses, $69.67 ; cattle, $18.96 ; mules and asses, $74.53 ; sheep, $1.26 ; hogs, $2.46 ; carriages, $45.22 ; watches, $19.19 ; pianos, $132.63. Merchandise is the monthly average value of stocks on hand during the year, and is rated very loosely all the way from 20 per cent, of the fair wholesale value to 50 per cent. Money and credits include book accounts over and above debts, money loaned, and cash on hand, and does not approximate in the remotest degree to the actual facts, as one example will illustrate, to wit : Ram sey County returned in 1868, $183,103, and in 1869 about $50,000 less, while the cash bank deposits for 1869, in St. Paul, show $1,417,921. (See page 248.) The same imperfect returns appear all over the State. Live stock alone appears to be assessed at over half the actual value. The State Board, in equalizing, takes 50 per cent, as the standard. The assessed valuation of live stock in 1869 was $11,- 959,243. * This is only apparent. "Wagons were heretofore counted, in the column with carriages. Now it is changed to the miscellaneous column. PROGRESS OF RAILROADS. 279 PEOGEESS OF MINNESOTA EAILEOADS DURING 1869, AND CONDITION, JAN. 1st, 1870. Constructed Whole lino in 1S69, inopera- MilGB. tion, Miles, First Div. St. Paul and Pacific, main line . . 52 103 First Div. St. Paul and Pacific, to Sauk Rapids 81 Winona and St. Peter 10 116 St. Paul and Sioux City 10 100 Milwaukee, St. Paul, and Minneapolis 131 Southern Minnesota 25 75 Lake Superior and Mississippi 57 87 Hastings and Dakota 10 30 St. Paul and Chicago 20 20 Total 184 743 It improbably safe to say that during the year 1870 theee roads will be extended as follows — the statement as to most of them being based upon reliable data, viz., cash on hand : St. Paul and Pacific, to Breckinridge, 111 miles further by August, 45 miles being now graded. Lake Superior and Mississippi, to Duluth (entire line,) ¦63 miles further by July 4th, much of the grading being- done. Winona and St. Peter, to St. Peter and Mankato, 20 miles further. St. Paul and Sioux Citjr, to Watonwan Countjr, 20 miles further. Southern Minnesota, the gap between Lanesboro and Austin, or the line beyond Wells, 50 miles further. Hastings and Dakota, to Glencoe, 40 miles further. St. Paul and Chicago, to Red Wing, 22 miles further. co Cn a ^ 5 3 !* g H * W s H CO W H W O 2^ a « to ^ 2 O -^ o © — to HO P 0o- t-< CO ^ H' CM H-(i-icC>-«cOr-i(M ¦spunoj t- CO CO CO mcDoco • t-t-.-ieoccfr-cccO"* irs GS OS >— I ¦ WOCDO-tO-H t>00 00)01- ¦ t'©iO-*i->C)CHC5 O •gfoqsng; COOOiMCOCOO»OCJOOO'^(OOC5COiOHOONOOQO-fOOOOffiOJOOOOiOCOOOHMOOt-Kia010 •Biaqang; '99J0Y m "^ co * co >— t o i-t gs cc P,1^ cnT <-*" co"co" • COr-iHOlNNWOCO ¦ COH lOCM-^COiOiO^t-T cf*~ cm~ i — < co co t» co as oihoC CD CO -# OS t- OS -* O HO -* -* O CM Oi CM -— I O CM i—l CQ CM CM CO r-< CO CM r-< CD -* i—l OS lO CiCOt— COi-lr-(CO'*r-IO0i— OS»Or-l t-t-OOCOCOOOCMrHCOCOCOO t-t-CO»Ot-COCM-*OsCMCMCO*CM O CO -* CM CM CM ;h ¦r ^fqfqp5000fifipHP=(pRiitnWh ¦ to os • co © m \a • cm co • coohn • co au . hhiqcc . ¦* to . © © ¦ lO lO • lO © ' ^^ " '-, "^ . © ¦— I * r-TcD* lO O N n o l> < CD CO CD © © — i ¦ CO CO "* tO © OS ¦ to ¦ CO CO © CO • lO • CO CO © OS b- b- * © CM tO CD lO © CO © CO r-i CM CD CO © -r*- CO i— i © CO lO lO CO CD © b- HJ ^ CO CM r-l b- CC CM NrIN * CO to OS CD CO © * CO CO b- CO CD b- H< hhod © OS CO CO CD CM OS * CO < b- OS < ! CM CO < ^r-CO < ~co"co'c »0 CD b- © © CO CO t— © CO to b- OS to ¦* OS CO b- rH © to 10 •* ¦* OS > lO b- lO CO CD : — i ci i-- •* co > CS tO CO CO * . © CM lO • * CO CO • * * © »o * © OS © t— I CO CO CO © CO CO OS r-l to ' CO CM ^ 10 co J CM iH OS CM . r-l CM ¦H* CO CD rH CM CD CM b- CO CO b- CD HHcf-#t-" r-l CO b- CD rH b- r- 1 GS CD GS CI b- rH CO CO lO © CM ( CO CD CO ' CO lO * < J CO CO « t— CO > -* CO "OS" rH© CO < CO OS CO © rH © © CO lO * rH b- -h b- OS OS © CD •* OS OS b- OS CI CM CI OS HH OS OS CO © * b- OS OS )COb-iOiOCDCOCOrHCCaOlO©rHOS*CO©CI©Cl tOtOCl"^iOCOOOrHiHCOb-CMCD-*tOCDCOCM©CO OSCO CM CO HH-*S rH -«4< b- CD CI rH r- , CD rH OS tO CO © CO CO lO © b- CO CD CI OS * OS CI rH • « • -OS© . . i— i co co cj os * • ¦ • • lO OS • • -* CO * b- CO CM • ¦ • • -^ to ¦ • CM lO © rH CM . CO • CO ¦ * • ¦* -* lO b- < • b- lO CO CM ¦ • b- rH CO b- - ¦*^rH CO • rH CO VO rH GS CO • CO lO CO CM »0 CO • lO i— I --H CO CM CO r-» l-H • * ¦ -CON ¦ •CMCOIOOSCOCC • • • • CM CM ¦ • tO © • CO . CD • b- * © OS • • CO >o CO © • CO ¦ CO OS rH © OS CO • OS CM b- CO © © — I t>»ONCO to CO • i— ib-©COH«50 HHffilCCM r-« KOtO-^^OtO OS b- CM OS © rH rH rH CM rH CM CO CO OS * CD CM rH •OSCO©*tO*COfr»COCD• b-aOOS-*©COb-b-rHCO • "*, ©^ NI>^HM»Ot- ! -f+Ti-T r-f rHb-" OSiOCOCMCO©OS©*GSb-b-COOS'<#b- GS rH CO rH CO CO T+Tco~cf r-f I-- © tO * rH © CO rH © O CO CO rH CM O b- rH rH CD rH CD 10"rH?Hf t-^CO" } CM © CO - CD tO rH I^HH OOHCO^NlCiOOOb-ONHHjwCONCOiM-rH©b-b-cOCDGSCOb-Oas©-*-«CO*©©©05CO"*CMb-CDiOiOCOCO©COiOiOCOrHCDiOCICM© CD rH © tH * CO CO © b- CM © * b- © tO ) CC J-] ¦* M b- O i- iCD©b-COClCDCMrHCOrH^)©toC i CO tO-* CM COCO rH-H^ t~^-(cO* ©CO' HN CI i— ( CM -*H( DCOOCD-HCOCOOSCOiO©-— ib-rHiOCOb-~HOS— '© DCOCDiOb--*COOSCDCl©OStrcO^W^OiOt>Xb-COOOWCOH0001>OTt'CON«OCOt> CM rH CO COC")COCI*-*OSb-COi— itOGSCO-H^*CM-HCl©COb-COCO-*CO© OS© CO b» CO b-b- .HtO COCOCOCOrHCDt— OSCO1— l*r- 1 rHrH H W *CMCMCMOS(M^OSrH -* * b- b- OS lO CO * CO © © CM CI CM CO CO I— OS ¦- ¦ '.. -- " i -- " i t* c? c- r- t i— I CO HHCO]inNiONMOHNO:a)-*IMCDmi>COffiM-*iO(M-* CO * -HH©rH©rHCO*iO-**-*ClCOtOCDiOCOb-b-CDCD©©CDClb- ©.— idoo©cq-*^©b-b-* OS CO * * CM -i CO * CO < CM b- to * to CM rH rH rH CO * b^ CM © CO lO rH CM lOCM©© .©b-*CJ©aSrHrHtO©^©lO-*©CO©CD^-IOO©b-©©* H CO CO lO •COCDb-COtOCDCOcO©©C^iOC1COrHH^iOrH^iOOSCS)CMb-GS •*Hb •«0_W*COW"*b.O'-iQOb-OCOCOtOSb'»0 * °i ^ "^ ^ ^ *! Cf C0"rH*lO lOCDIOrHlOrHCOCMOSlOCM *CMCMCO t— S.S S OJ rd O W CO +J ZZ Ti TL Ti, §.5fe •r.P O h< r3 3 ¦anRA. , -It* si (M CO tO •* b* . -^ 00H.HCSCOOSCOCO • rH • ioB •9U0J, ¦sajoy rH .Hr-i-r .^1cOrHGS^-lClb-'-H ¦saox CO © <— ' CM » OS • CO OS CO CD OS CC O -H CD CO • ^ lO Ct CI CD © CI CI • CM H- CO CO TO :0 OS © CO CI • CO CD t> ¦* ji H rr X •b-CDCOO:CGSO:cOCOto ¦ © CO"m"i3Hhh . ©* of cf © to — -^ cs cf cf . cf r-tp-l^-t ,_| _, _, ^ ~-j _, _ •S9Joy — d rtv- , net . , . CO rH -^ CI © H" * CO lO • I- O © -<* © -OS • • rH OS to * © — < CI * CO CO • i.O iO CO CI t— -to • -CO os os to -*** gs os ¦ co to • CO ^ CO Hh d *CI • • rH b-rHIO .CO* .C0 0CC0l-~O .rH . . P3P OS 5! •spnnoj © © CO CO CI * • • © .CM • © CO . ny to • • • CO r-l t— to CO >o • » — 1 ¦ i—t -©CO -CI CO ¦ • • H IM CO (M b H • .CD "lO .COCO -CI CO • • • hco" cf ¦*" '. I ! co I co ! ! ! ! . . . © . ... ¦BuorpHE) • ©¦HHMCMOS .©© .(MO©-* .©to • • • ¦ rHCOCOCOOS -lOCM 'b-GSOS© .CDCM * • • ¦ -^tOr- ' O * • 'CM CO" ... rH CM no < *8pqena •** * • COCO©GSCOCOOSb-CJ©b-r-lrH-HyoOSCM© * * b-COCDiHb-iOCOCO©b~CMCMCC©©Clb-b- ¦ • COhH ifj rH— ¦H-CDCM-^COCOCM rH ¦ • 'S3ioy ©©©CMIO©©©C1©©^h©0©©©© • . ©tOtOCDb-tOiO©^H©©COb-©©©tO© ¦ • CM©GSCi^b^C0©CMOSCM>O©rHGScilOCO . . CO CM ~H .H (MHHCQHIMN i— < po« o CD ¦Baoner) ¦ .-fH-H-O .-HHlOCOi-H*b-lOb- -CD • . . • ¦ D lOSH «COi— ICOIOOSCOCO* «C0 • ¦ • • ¦ CO b- •iQrHCD©COCDGS© • ^h . . . * '. CO CO '. HLSHO" H ! h ; i i rH •sojoy • .©©©cm •eocoio©toao©© «© > « > . .iO©lOrH ¦cocoimoc-ihoo -»o • • « . .OSCO .lOOS*rH©CDcdcO . * . . . . .COCO . COrHCO rHrH.rH... w•< ¦giaqsna cMcocM©b-co .©lOtoeo-^coco^^rHas •¦*© IQCOlOGSCMr-, .rHOStOCOCM-HHb--Jt-tO • rH CM i— 1 lOCOCOOS-OSi— (CMCO-Hb-COCl .H ¦ r-^ cf ©"nf \ co"os"~cr©~csf co ccTco" '. CM^H-H r-< ~-t lO HH CM ¦ea joy ©CMb-iOlOb- .COCOCOCOCOCOCOiHtOtO • •* r-* ©COCO* .iOCO©©b-tOCOb- * ¦ tOCO'* . lO CO CO CO ^-H b- • • te W § o ° igl^aN=i!i|illj§iI; ¦siiilitsffsfssiflfis 10,280 5,151 6,451 •(MQOCl-iO • ' d * * CO CO « • to CO CO b- CO • . r-T co co ci ©" . cq . CD © CO to * © b- CD .-H*©CM©b-tOb-*• tOdCOi— -< d © CO CO © © © CO . CO -* CO • * © © © CO to CO b- b- CM CO Cl d rH * r-f ) tO CM © CO CI d f-i -H H i-H • * ¦ © • CO r.ht © CO * * CO rH rH © lO ¦ CO rH HH • co *o to to CO © CO b- T-K T-i © lO • • * • tr- rH • • • r-t © b- ** ¦ © ¦ . CO ¦ © © d CI to • CO '. GS • CO d CO • d CO • ¦* CO b- * • CM • GS © rH d -H I CO • . CO • rH tO CO lH b- ¦ * ¦ © . CO CO © ¦ d 5,8(58 7,495 700 7,848 592 CO TO © GO CO * CO rH CO rH © CO CI rH 1,339 3,030 1,166 *— d CO * r-t © CO -HH 16,226 2,044 5,653 CO 1-- IOClH CI . © • © • CO . 12,297 7,172 2,165 3,302 350 3,4-58 404 • CO © -H © © CI to © © ¦ © " • © • CO © d co rH CO © b- 6,907 842 3,690 Cl*Cl CO • CO . * ¦ CM . ¦^lON b- CO Cl Cl to CO © Cl 20,408 4,510 25 2,060 • CD • * ¦ cc ¦ d . CO . © ¦ • © • © tO © CD CO CI CO . © © d © © . . © d © © • • © © * Cl • CO to © « © d ¦ CO <-^ • co ; CM . Cl * • -CI © -H-i • ¦ CM © tO • ¦ rH lO r-f . CO • lO ¦ * © >o CO b- CO to i-H • CO © -* . rH CO lO ¦ d d . to • r-T CO CI © lO b- to © © CO © rH CO lO rH CI CO rH ' CO • CO • CI rH CI CO H- b- b- d rH T*4 rH rH CO -"H ¦ NO-*SCOCO-HCOH ¦ ©COCO©*d©rHOS ¦ =0 rH CM * d © CO © © © lO © © © © © CI © © * CO CI to © CO CO —" CM rH — 1 .©©lO©©©©© • ©©Cl©OOiOiO . rH CI *COCMlO'-HCO CM H (M H H H CS • !OlO©©tO©©©© • b-d©©CltO©iO© ,COCOClCDb-rHCO©CO b- CO CO —¦ CO to 4,677 2,245 10,352 1,043 CI -HH CO CO d to CM . - CO CO CM • • CI CO CD ¦ • b- © * . . CM ¦ . . Cl -H« © © • . « CO © * CO • • • © CO CO © ... rH lO rH * b- d • © b- • CO r- 1 . CM c c > © . to to • © . d b- • to © b- © . . © © © . ¦ © © lO . . . © © © © . . • lO © to © . © © . to to ci . -* b-*- . CI . rH , CO to to . . * -H H^ CO . . , © © CM * ... "* r-i . CM ©*©©-*b- To the gefter-up of each one hundred subscriber club, we will present an extra copy of The Democrat, one year, and their choice of one of the following articles : A lady's fourteen carat fine, full-jiweled, gold, "Benedicts' watch," standard price, $60; Or, oneot "Benedicts' time watches," hunting-case, made from coin silver, standard price, $00— the best silver watch ever sold in the United States ; Or, one of Willcox & Gibbs' sewing machines, with hemmer and feller ; price, $60. Benedicts watches are known all over the country as among the best time watches ever manufactured. They are a standard article, warranted as represented, and worth to the wearer all they are valued at ,..,,_¦, „_ . . , ,, . . The Willcox & Gibbs1 sewing-machine is looked upon as the best, most durable, convenient, and deserving yet invented, and is selling more rapidly than any other in the market. Every premium sent by us— whether it be a Hinkley knitting-machine, an indispensable article in every family; one of Benedict's watches, or a sewing-machine— will be first-class in all respects, and selected by us personally, and warranted by the manufacturers, that the recipient may have a desirable article. The Democrat is considered by every publisher, editor, and newspaper reader in the United Mates to be worth more than its subscription price. And as the paper is. valuable, reliable, and interesting, so will the premiums we send to those interesting themselves in its circulation be of real worth ; of ben efit to the family or person to whom the same may be sent. Address All Letters on business connected with the office to O. P. Sykes, Publisher, P. O. Box 5,217 New York City. Letters on political matters ehould be addressed to M. M. Pomeroy, Editor and Proprietor, and if the writer wishes them to be seen only by the person to whom they are addressed, they should be marked private, when, if Mr. Pome roy is n ,t in the city, they will be forwarded to him immediately by mail, ex press, or special messenger. _,rt.4V In ordering paperB, be careful to write the names ef subscribers with Ihe post-office, county, and State very plain, that there may be no mistakes in entering names or forwarding papers. Retail price of the paper when sod by newsdealers or newsboys, Six Cents. Additions can be made to clubs at $2 per year. In forwarding sums of money for clubs of subscribers, drafts or money or ders Bhould always be used, as, if lost or stolen, they can be duplicated, and no financial loss will be sustained by the parties interested. C. P. SYKES, Publisher, P. O. Box 5,217, N. Y. City. 26 -A.HOTJITID THE WOKLDI- THE NEW YORK OBSERVER Is now publishing a series of Letters from the Rev. Dr. E. D. G. PRIME, who is making the tour of the World, by way of Cali fornia, Japan, China, India, Egypt, &c. ; together with various other correspondence, all the News, Religious and Secular, and a great variety of the best Reading, Original and Selected. Now is the time to secure the oldest and BEST FAMILY NEWSPAPER,. DOUBLE WEEKLY-RELIGIOUS & SECULAR. IT BELONGS TO NO PARTY IN POLITICS, NOR ANY SECT IN RELIGION. ADVOCATES TTisrionsr iist tike o^xriRaiH: LOYALTY IN THE COUNTRY. We will send the New Yokk Observer for one year to One New Subscriber and one Old, for $5.50 Two " Subscribers, " - - 5.00 Two " " and one Old, " .... 7.50 Three " " ...... 7.00 Three " " and one Old, " - • • - 9.50 Four " " .... 9.00 Four " " and one Old, " • 11-60 Five " " " H.O0 Six " " « . . . . 12.00 And to any larger number at the same rate. Sample Copies Free. Terms, $3.50 per annum, in advance. Send by Check, Draft, Post-office Order, or Registered Letter. SIDNEY E. MORSE, JR.', & CO., 37 Park Row, NEW TORK. 27 THE Illinois Staats-Zeitung, PUBLISHED AT CHICAGO, IS THE LEADING GERMAN NEWSPAPER OF THE WEST, Having no superior among the great German Dailies published in this country, being THE STANDARD GERMAN REPUBLICAN NEWSPAPER, And as such more extensively quoted by the Press of the country than any other German publication. By the fearless impartiality of its editorial comments on political events, and by its vigorous advocacy of the sacredness of the national credit, as well as by the fullness and spicinoss of its general news columns, it has obtained an enviable reputation among the German population of this country. It is published daily and weekly. Its literary companion, Der W^esten, Ranking among the best German literary periodicals, has ob tained a circulation inferior to that of no other similar paper in the West. , Daily Illinois Staats-Zeitung - - $9.00 per annum. Weekly ... - 2.00 " DerWesten, - ... 2.00 " " Agents allowed a commission of twenty per cent, on sub scriptions. Address, — ILLINOIS STAATS-ZEITUNG CO., 104 Madison street, CHICAGO. 28 THE " Manufacturer and Builder," ATS ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE OF INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS, Containing 32 large quarto pages, cut, stitched, and bound within an engraved cover, giving subscribers, at the close of the year, a book, when bound, of 384 Pages, with upwards of 300 Engravings. Terms, One Dollar and a Half pee Tear, with liberal discounts to those who may get up clubs. Advertising rateB, $3.75 for one half-inch space. Specimen copies free to parties getting up clubs. Specialties of the Manufacturer and Builder. The Publishers of The Manufacturer and Builder seek to promote the diffusion of useful, practical knowledge, and to furnish to those engaged in the industrial arts a journal which will enable them to keep abreaBt of the won derful developments which in these modern times result fiom the application of science to the arts. Tbe following are a few of the prominent topics which have been discussed in its pages. ARCHITECTURE. Every improvement connected with the art of building, whether that improve ment relates to beautifying the appearance, increasing the value, strength, and durability, or lessening the cost of erection, finds a legitimate place in its pages. THE MOTORS- Steam, water, and wind — in all their various modifications, will receive full attention, and every improvement will be carefully noted and discussed. SCIENCE APPLIED TO THE ARTS, As, for example, the application of modern chemical discoveries to dyeing, of electricity to various processes, of magnetism to the examination of iron, have all received attention at the hands of the editors. THE HOME DEPARTMENT Is devoted to matters of immediate interest to the domestic circle, whether that matter be of practical or merely general interest. In short, everything of interest to our American homes may here be legitimately discussed. ILLUSTRATIONS. In connection with these varied subjects, the journal, during the first six months, contained upwards of 150 illustrations, some of which were of a degree of artistic excellence rarely seen in purely technological journals. For further particulars, address, WESTERN & COMPANY, Publishers, 37 Park Row, NEW YORK. 29 THB ENGINEERING & MINING JOURNAL An Illustrated Weekly Periodical, Intended to advance the interests of those engaged in ENGINEERING AND MINING-, in the widest sense of those terms. .ETA" X~.JLttX.XS m?J& 3* s J^jiWC^", X&6G. Being the recognized official organ of the American Institute of Architects, the various papers on subjects connected with building, which are from time to time pead before the Institute, will be published in its columns. ENGINEERING. It contains matter of the highest importance to all ..who are engaged in CIVIL ENGINEERING, as in the erection of buildings, the construction of industrial works, public and private, the surveying and l^ing out of roads, canals, railroads, &c., and the erection of bridges, docks, &c. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, as steam engines. Vydraulic motors, the construction of tools, machinery, mill-wor^&c. v / / AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING,' as thf app&fation off machinery to agricultural processes, and the improvement of a^ricuJfcaraldisJRcts by drainage, and various other operations invoIvimparrac^iiainta6ce withrabgineering prac- HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, as in t# iianninafcd construction of water-works, and the improvement of rivers, J&avDors °~ MINING is a subject that receives e^aVMtentionjAlfttf Engineering. The various interests involved in the mining op6r«tions ofiQTelcountry as The COAL TRADE, the METAL TRAVM,jmdff&KET REPORTS, wherever they affect these subjects, aryftullsP&arafl /or, while the principles which relate to mi&ing, geology, min«alq^, j™ffl^try» and metallurgy are carefully elaborated, and all new dis^^erWS^(apng thereto promptly detailed. In the practicardepartroente relating ojiuff Roping apd management of mines, whether of gold, silver, copper, Jea.dyGpyqfal, slate, marble stone, oil, salt, &c, will be found not only tb^la^styMro^but a full discussion ofthe best methods of developing theee^mportanpjmereflts and bringing their products into marketable shape. S . CHOICE FARMING LANDS. UNS1TBFASSE9 Willi LAHBt SOUTHERN MINNESOTA R. R. CO., Extending from La Crescent, through the counties of Houston, Fillmore, Mower, Freeborn, Faribault, Martin, Jackson, Murray, and Red Wood. LAND DEPARTMENT. M. CONANT, Land Commissioner, La Orosse, Wisconsin. This Company offers Lands of the very best quality, and on terms most favorable to settlers. Their Lands lie in that most fertile region, the southern tier of counties of Minnesota, ex tending from the Mississippi to the Western Boundaries of the- State, and on and near the line of this and other railroads. They include richest prairie lands, a beautiful lake country, and well timbered forest tracts. The climate is as healthful as any in the world. The whole region is being rapidly settled and improved. Lands now held at moderate prices are sure to rise in value with the quick progress of improvement. Price, |4 to $12 for cash or on credit; when sold on credit, one-fourth down, and the residue in yearly instalments, with interest yearly in advance. Apply as above, or to C. H. MAN, Agent at Winnebago City, Minn. 33 UKE SUPERIOR AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. The line of this road is from St. Paul, tho head of navigation on the Missis sippi River, to the head of Lake Superior, a distance of 140 miles. It connects at St. Paul with each of the Ion? lines of railroad traversing the vast and fertile regions of Minnesota, in all directions, and converging at St. Paul. It connects the commerce and business ofthe Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, the California Central Railroad, and the Northern Pacific Railroad, with Lake Superior and the commercial system of the great lakes, and makes the outlet or commercial track to the lakes, over which must pass the commerce of a region of country second to none on the American continent in capacity for production. Tho land grant made by the government of the United States and by the State of Minnesota, to aid of the construction of this road, is tho largest in quantity and most valuable in kind ever made in aid of any railway in either of the American States. This grant amounts to seventeen square miles or sections [10,880 acres] o land for each mile of the road, and in the aggregate to ONE MILLION SIX HUNDRED AND THIRTY-TWO THOUSAND ACRES OF LAND. These lands are for the most part well timbered with pine, butternut, white oak, sugar maple, and other valuable timbor, and are perhaps better adapted to the raising of stock, winter wheat, corn, oats, and most kinds of agricultural products, than any equal quantity of land in the Northwest. These -lands are well watered with running streams and Innumerable lakes, and within the limits of the land belonging to the Company, there is an abun dance of water-power for manufacturing purposes. A glance at the map, and an intelligent comprehension of the course of trade, and way to the markets of the Eastern cities and to Europe, for the products of this section of the Northwest, will at once satisfy any one who examines tho question that the lands of this Company, by reason of the low freights at which their products reach market, have a value — independent of that which arises -from their superior quality — which can hardly be over-estimated. Twenty cents saved in sending a bushel of wheat to market, adds four dollars to the yearly product of au acre of wheat land, and what is true of this will apply to all other articles of farm produce transported to market, and demon strates that the value of lands depends largely on tho price at which their pro ducts can be carried to market. THE LANDS OF THIS COMPANY ARE NOW OFFERED TO IMMIGRANTS AND SETTLEES At the most favorable rates, as to time and terms of payment. W. L. BANNING, President and Land Commissioner, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 34 Winona & St, Peter Railroad Company LAND DEPARTMENT. BOO,000 Acres of Land FOS. SALE, Situated along the line of road which extends from Winona, on the Mississippi River, westerly, via St. Peter, on the Minnesota Eiver, across Southern Minnesota, (THE GREAT WHEAT-PRODUCING DISTRICT,) To the Big Sioux River. The Railroad is now in operation to Janesville, in the County of Waseca, will be completed to Mankato and St. Peter, flourishing towns on the Minnesota River, 135 miles dis tant from Winona, early the present year, and will be rapidly extended westerly, through a country that is fast being de veloped by a large and industrious class of settlers, who are annually securing homes for themselves on the liberal terms granted by this Company. The millions of bushels of wheat annually transported by this Company, is the best evidence of the fertility of the soil of the country tributary to the road, and wherein the lands offered for sale are situated, while the innumerable lakes and water courses with which the country abounds, afford facil ities for STOCK RAISING Unsurpassed in the Northwest. The most liberal inducements will be offered parties wish ing to purchase. A small cash payment, long credit, and low interest on deferred payments. For further particulars, or descriptive circulars, call on or address by mail, H. W. LAMBERTON, W. C. Brown, Land Commissioner, Secretary Winona, Minn. Land Department. 35 THE FIRST DIVISION OF THE St Faul & Paoiflo Railroad Gompany. Xj^ISTID departmeistt. THE COMPANY NOW OFFERS FOR SALE 1,000,000 ACRES OF LAND, Located along their two Railroad Lines, viz : From St. Paul, via St. An thony, Anoka, St. Cloud, and Sauk Rapids, to Watab; and from St. Anthony, via Minneapolis, Wayzata, Cr.rw River, Waverly, and Forest City, to the Western Boundary of the State. THESE LANDS COMPRISE TIMBER, MEADOW, AND PRAIRIE LANDS, And are all within easy distance of the Railroad, iu the midst-of considerable Settlements, convenient to Churches and Schools. INDUCEMENT TO SETTLERS. The attention of persons whose limited means forbid the purchase of a homestead in the older States, is particularly invited to the-e lands. The farms are sold in tracts of 40 01 8') acres aud upward*, at prices ran^iny from $5.00 to $10.00 per acre. Cash sales are always One Dollar per acre less than Credit sales. In the latter case, 10 years are granted if required. Example:— 80 acres at $8.00 per acre, on long credit — $640.00. A part payment on the principal is always desired, but in case the means of the settler are very liroited the Company atlows him to pay only One Year's lutrrest down, dividing the principal in ten equal annual payments, with seven percent. interest each year on the unpaid balance : Int. Prin 1st payment $44.80 2d 3d 4th5th 6th 40 82 35.84 81.30 26. 83 22.40 $64 04046464 ,Int. Prin. 7thpayment, $17.92 $61 8th " 13.44 (H 9th " 8.96 64 10th " 4.48 64 11th " 64 The purchaser has the privilege to pay up any time within the 10 years, thereby saving the payment of interest. The same land may be purchased for $560/0 cash. Any other information will be furnished on application in person, or by letter, iu English, French or German, addressed to LAND COMMISSIONER, First Division St. Paul & Paoifio K, B. Oo., Saint Paul, JMiixn. 36 1870. THE 1870. ST. PAUL & SIOUX CITY (LATE MINNESOTA VALLEY) RAIL ROAD COMPANY, From St. Paul, via Mankato, to Sioux City, and completed to Crystal Lake, 100 Miles. A LAND GRANT OF 1,200,000 ACRES. The Company are now offering for Sale 650,000 Acres of these lands, com prising some of the very finest and most productive Farming Lands in the West, at prices from $5 to $10 per acre. These lands are the odd sections in the government surveys, and were mostly withdrawn from sale in 1867, the even sections having been largely sold to actual settlers. The even sections within the limits of ti e Company's Grant can now only be obtained under the Pre-emption and Homestead Laws, not being subject to private entry. The country within which the above lands are situate is gener ally well settled and improved, with good Roads, School-houses, Churches, and numerous Towns and Villages. The larger proportion of these lands are rolling and gently-rolling Prairie, with a rich -soil and well watered, the lakes and larger streams having generally some timber on their banks, giving a supply of fuel, with the certainty that within two years direct railroad communication will be had with the Iowa coal fields. Lumber is supplied by railroad directly from the Mills at. St. Anthony Falls and the St. Croix River (being the largest lumber marts west of Chicago,) and is furnished at prices much lower than any of the States South or "West. The lands offered are situate in the Counties of Dakota, Hennepin, Carver, Scott, Sibley, Le Sueur, McLeod, Nicollet, Blue Earth, "Watonwan, Martin, Jackson, and Cottonwood. GENERAL TERMS OF SALE. One-tenth cash, one-tenth in one year, and remainder in four equal annual payments, with interest at seven per cent, in advance. A discount of eight per cent, on nine-tenths of purchase money allowed for cash sales. All applications for the purchase of lands, or any information regarding them, may be addressed to the "LAND DEPARTMENT," St. Paul & Sioux City Rail Road Company, St. Paul. OFFICERS OF THE COMPANY. E. F. Drake, President. G. A. Hamilton, Secretary. J. L. Merriam, Vice-President. H. Thompson, Treasurer. bT. PAUL, MINNESOTA. 27 37 MARTINS, KNIGHT & CO., ON RAILROAD TRACK, ANOKA, MINN., YARD, CORNER FIFTH AND MINNESOTA STREETS, And COR. FIFTH & CEDAR STREETS, ST. PAUL, Manufaoturerg & Dealers in Lumber Of all kinds and dimensions. Bills Sawed to order and Lumber delivered by car load at all points on St. P. & P. R. R. and St. P. & S. C. R. R. Or. Munch, A. Stiekle, E. Munch BTOTOH BR0TBSB9 & OO*. Successors to TAYLOR, MUNCH & CO., DEALERS IN 9 Corner of FIFTH & WABASHAW STREETS, St. Paul, Minn. Proprietors STEAM GANG MILLS at LAKELAND, Minn. 38 THE This Institution will commence its next school year on the first Tuesday of September, in charge of the undersigned, Superintendent and Proprietor. We have made such alterations and improvements about the grounds and buildings as add much to their beauty and comfort. The school year is divided into two sessions : the classes commence and finish certain studies each session, upon which they are examined at its close. The best time to enter the In stitution is at the commencement of the session. The year is further divided into quarters, of ten weeks each, two quarters in each session. All charges for board, tuition, &c, are per quarter. A full corps of competent and experienced teachers has been employed, and no pains will be spared to afford the young ladies every facility that can be desired in the prosecution of their studies. Special attention will be given to the musical department. That our pupils may secure the full benefit of the advantages this Institution affords, and that it may give satisfaction to its patrons, we earnestly request » prompt and continuous attendance during the whole of each session. "We are conscious of the responsibility resting upon ua faith fully to watch over those committed for the time to our care, arid endeavor to exercise such a guardianship as the importance of the trust demands. The surest pledge we can give our patrons that we will in all cases do what we think best for the young ladies, is found in the fact that we are dependent upon their approval for our success and the support of the seminary. If a faithful and conscientious discharge of our duties will secure the confidence of our patrons, then we expect to have in the future, as we have had in the past, that confidence. We respectfully invite those who are about choosing schools for their daughters, to examine the claims of the St. Paul Female Seminary before they make their selection, aud we feel assured, if you do so, that we shall have our .share of patronage. J. Q. RIHELDAFFER, Address, Superintendent. SAINT PAUL, Cor. Summit Ave. and St. Peter Street. 39 ISAAC W. WEBB'S re duntre NEAR WINSLOW HOUSE, 269 THIRD STREET, ST. PAUL, MINN. Is prepared to turn out the best Horses, Carriages and Buggies in the State ; also furnish Fishing, Hunting and Lake Supe rior parties with Spring Wagons, Tents, &c. ROBERT HORN, GENERAL CONTRACTOR & BUILDER. Residence — ®1,®WW ST&IiTj Ulp|?>©p Tow, §T„ &mL, Particular attention paid to Building Fire-proof Chimneys. 8©~ Orders through the Post Office attended to. 40 ESTABLISHED 1856. SLATE & IRON & FREESTONE MANTELS Marbleized all Colors. ITALIAN AND AMERICAN MONUMENTS & GRAVE STONES, Of all designs, on hand and made to order. DESIGNS FURNISHED. THe TRADE SUPPLIED WITH FURNITURE MARBLE TOPS, AND PLUMBERS WITH WASH SLABS, At trade prices, as cheap as Eastern firms. ST. P^LXJL, MINN. J. F. TOSTEVIN, Proprietor. 41 CONTRACTOR & BUILDER, No. 57 MINNESOTA STREET, ST. PAUL, MINN. — <*» — All kinds of Carpenter and Joiner Work done to order, with neatness and dispatch. He refers to the following gentlemen, for whom he has done business — Dr. F. R. Smith, Capt. Geo. T. Browning, Capt. Peter Berkey, Hy. Woodruff, local ed. Press, Dr. C. E. Smith, John Larkin, J. W. McClung. O. Z. MATTISON'S ^ WHOLESALE & RETAIL No. 24 WEST FIFTH STREET. All orders promptly attended to. Custom Work made to order, and warranted to give entire satisfaction. Directions for Self-measurement sent by mail, and all work warranted to suit, or the money will be returned. All kinds of Goods from $2 to $5 per dozen Cheaper than any other Establishment in St. Paul. Remember the Place— 24 FIFTH STREET, ST. PAUL, MINN. 42 DAKOTA LAND; OR, pi igjurrv 9f st. fhSL A HISTORIC AND ROMANTIC WORK OF ENCHANTMENT IN MINNESOTA, By Col. HAWKINS, Editor of the New York. Journal of " /Society" and Elegant Arts, And Author of " Agnes 'Wilton," " Maniac Father," " The Apostate Quaker," " The Idiot of the Mill," '' The Orphan's Dream," " The Banker's Wife," " The Mother's Prayer," " The Beautiful Nun," " Hearts That Are Cold," beside in numerable serial productions of Truth and Fiction. A Very Interesting, Singularly Beautiful, and Intensely Thrilling Volume of nearly 500 Pages, Illustrated with over 100 Fine Engravings of Descriptive Scenery, Authentic Portraits, and Dramatic Tableaux, all printed on Cream.. Tinted Paper, and in heavy Gilt Binding. Also added "A ROUND OF PLEASURE," WITH LARGE COLORED MAP, NOTES OP TRAVEL AND TOURIST'S GUIDE TO THE GREAT NORTHWEST. PHIOE OTSTL-S- S3. CANVASSING AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. HANKINS & SON, Publishers, Office of " Society" and the Elegant Arts, No. 1 Park Place, New York City. 4S» Lady Agents can make money selling this beautiful book, and procuring subscriptions for the Journal of "Society" and Elegant Arts. Send for a sample copy. 43 Northwestern Union Paoket Company TB& SPIiBmiD ITlAHIBi Of this Company will run, during the season of navigation, between St. Paul, Dubuque, Davenport, ROCK ISLAND, MUSCATINE, BURLINGTON, KEOKUK, MAKING CLOSE CONNECTIONS AT DUNLEITH, with trains of Illinois Central R. R. DUBUQUE, pr. du chien & McGregor, lacrosse, WINONA,ST. PAUL, Dubuque and Sioux City R. R. Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien & McGregor W. Railways. Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Winona & St. Peter Railway. St. Paul & Pacific R. R., St. Paul & Sioux City R. R., Minn. Central R. R. Passengers can purchase Through Tickete to all points EAST and SOUTE, at the Offiees of the Company. ¦W. F, DAVIDSON, P. S. DAVIDSON, WM. RHODES, President, Sup't. Sec'y and Trea, Office on the Levee, at St. Paul, Minn. -44 ESTABLISHED 1858. H. H. TIMME. A. H. TIMME. TIMME BROTHERS, DEALERS IN Staple led s*aeey groceries, PRODUCE, Corner TENTH AND ST. PETER STREETS, (Near Park Place Hotel,) ST. PAUL. Sglr" Everything you want in the Grocery line as low as can be bought in the City, and delivered free of charge. J^J^EES CULLEN, PLAIN AND OKNAMENTAL ALL KINDS OF Centre Pieces, Braciets, Pendants, ' Festoons, &c,fc, COT UP TO ORDER. ALSO TENTH ST., near the Capitol, ST. PAUL, MINN. 45 DANIEL MULLEN, No. 16 SUMMIT AVENUE (near Park Place,) ST. PATJL. O. E. GARRISON, ARCHITECT AND CIVIL ENGINEER, ST. CLOUD, ... MINNESOTA. Land entered, descriptions given from personal examination, Taxes Paid, Plans and Estimates for Buildings furnished. References given when required. SPENCER & MeMAHON, TANNEBS, HIDE ANO LEATHER DEALERS, SAUK KAP1DS, MINN. LATHROP &s TS. 1 1ST 3XT E ~5T, GLENWOOD, MINN. Buy and Sell Real Estate on Commission, Pay Taxes for Non-Residents, locate Government Lands with Gash, Scrip, or "Warrants, and make out Homestead and Pre-emption Papers DA.IVIEIL, PICKET, > HENDERSON, MINNESOTA. Establislied. in. 1850, Half-way between St. Paui and St. Anthony. SIBERIAN APPLE TREES, EVERGREENS & GREENHOUSE PLANTS, Specialities. GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS, hy the Paper or Box. None hut the ^ hest of Stock sent out. Addres"> L. M. FORD & CO., St. Paul, Minn. 46 E. S. Beck. F.Roberts. A. Rank. BECK, ROBERTS & CO., mss-'jmjm^ycim: — ,,,,.. PAPER ^HANGERS AND GLAZIERS, No. 18 WEST FOURTH STREET. - ST. PAUL. SWAN & BANGS, LE SUEUR, MINN. -A.. C ST^ITH, Attobney at Law, and Dealer in Real Estate, locates Land Warrants and College Scrip, Pays Taxes, Buys and Sells Land, and makes Invest ments on Bond and Mortgage. F@RI§T ©CTiX Bffgg^ia @@iOTV, MUMS). JOSEPH WEINMAN, General Fire and Life Insurance Agent, also Collecting Agent, ROBERT H. ROSE, HEAIL, ESTATE A^Kif, BELLE PLAINE, MINN. DR. S. A. BEECHER, SURGEON BITOT, OFFICE i DENTAL DEPOT, 196 THIED ST., ST. PAUL. The leading Dental Establishment of the State. Dentists supplied at Chicago rate«. 47 THE FARMERS' UNION, PaMSstoei KtemtMy at MlllffMK^QLBSa MBWW. Subscriptions, 75 dents a Tear. The LARGEST General CIRCULATION of any PAPER in the STATE. 11® BEST ADTEBTISim BEDIOTI IN MINNESOTA titoat Mn&nttmtnU oiimA to <&ttttv$-»v at ©Udtf. Specimen Copies Forwarded Free. Address, W. A. NIMOCKS, Publisher. COL. JOHN H. STEVENS, Editor. ADVERTISE IN THE <%ii%> Circulation Double any other Paper in Northern Minnesota. W. B. MITCHELL, Publisher, ST. CLOUD, mmESOTA. SLOW! JOUBNAL N. F. W. KBANZ, Begister of Deeds of Dakota County, HASTINGS, MINNESOTA. ¦ Farms, Unimproved and Timber Lands throughout the State, and Hastings City Property for Sale- Will attend to the Purchase, S ile and Management of Real Estate, Investments ol Money, Collection of Rents, Payment ot Taxes in all parte ot the State. X g£anl §« PattttfertttB mi Pmisg tjMU, Manufacturing Company's Works, cor. Cedar and Sixth Streets, J. F. BLODGETT, Proprietor. TACKING BOXES of nil descriptions made to order at short notice. 48 REPUBLICAN Bookbinding and Blank Book Manufactory, WINONA, MINN. FIEST-CLASS WORK, AT CHICAGO PEICES. D. SINCLAIR, W. G. DYE, JOHN DOBBS 27 BBS.) DAILT REHTBLIOAS, $9 per Tear. WEEKLT " S2 " 49 THE liiii®@bp®lls Vitllraiii© A REPUBLICAN JOURNAL, PUBLISHED DAILY, TRI-WEEKLY, .AJVD WEEKLY, BY THE TRIBUNE PRINTING COMPANY. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: POSITIVELY — No paper will be sent unless paid for in ad vance, and all papers will be promptly stopped at expiration of time paid for. DAILY TRIBUNE. One Year, by Mail $10.00 Less than three months, per month 1.00 By Carrier, per month 1.00 TRI-WEEKLY TRIBUNE. One Year $6.00 | SixMonths $3.00 WEEKLY TRIBUNE. One Year $2.00 | Six Months $1.00 50 The Office of the IV • PA OX Pill HAS BEEN RECENTLY REMOVED TO THE hxte^w press B-criLZDizisra-, Erected, in 1889, on tne ©@EL @W YMm& m® MCMMg§@TA STRUTS, By the Press Printing Co., for its own exclusive occupanoy. . o. Terras, Oasn in -A-ca."\^si:cLoe- DAILY, by mail, $10 per annum. TRI-WEEKLY, by mail, 6 " WEEKLY, by mail, ~ 2 " Club rates for Weekly forwarded upon application. Special attention given to Statistics and all matters pertain ing to the development of the State. Address, PRESS PRINTING CO., St. Paul, Minn. 51 THE __ - 1Pfft1»P! A DEMOCRATIC NEWSPAPER. ESTABLISHED A. D. 1849. 1ft© Oldest lff®w§p®p©p in II® State DAILY, TRI-WEEKLY, AND WEEKLY. TERMS : DAILY $10.00 per Year. TRI-WEEKLY 6.00 " WEEKLY 2.00 ««? PUBLISHED BY THE P0QNI1R TOMTOM© @@H)PA1IDY, SAINT PAUL, MINN. 52 THE .?? ?mi mnmnn A REPUBLICAN NEWSPAPER. •rt PUBLISHED DAILY, TRI-WEEKLY, & WEEKLY. DAILY, per Month $ .70 " per Quarter 2.00 " perYear 8.00 TRI-WEEKLY, per Year 4.00 WEEKLY, per Year 1.00 The Cheapest and Best Paper in the State for the Money. RAMALEY & HALL. ALSO STEAK BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS, AND BOOKBINDERS, MINNESOTA STREET, between Third and Fourth, SA.INT PAUL, MCINIST. 53 Visiting St. Paul are cordially invited to the rooms of the CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, At th© <§@„=ra©p of JA©RS@N) and TH1CR© STRUTS, Opposite Merchants' Hotel, where will be found a And the leading papers of the latest dates. J. C. BURBANK, President, OSSIAN E. DODGE, Secretary. A CORDIAL INVITATION IS EXTENDED TO ALL, THOSE GIVING ENTERTAINMENTS WILL FIND Pi ST. PAUL, THE EASIEST TO SING IN, IN AMERICA ; THE BEST SEATED IN THE STATE ; THE BEST VENTILATED THIS SIDE OF ITALY ; AND THE BEST LIGHTED IN THE WORLD. OSSIAN E. DODGE, Sup't. 54 FIRE EXTINGUISHER. A Prudent Man Foreseeth the Evil. — Prov. XXII : 3. Fire destroys annually in the United States, two hundred million dollars worth of property. Eighty to ninety per cent, of all fires are discovered in their incipiency, but there are no ready means to put them out. Five minutes delay, and the steam fire engines may not control them, and if in season to arrest the flames, the damage by flooding the property with the water is often greater than by fire. Two minutes with the Extinguisher when first discovered would save all. Delay brings ruin. " Prevention is better than cure." The Improved Babcock Extinguisher w K IS THE CHEAPEST AND BEST PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE. The Government has adopted, it. Insurance Companies reduce rates where it is introduced. Is charged with Carbonic Acid Gas— the most powerful extin guisher of fire known. Charged in TEN SECONDS— recharged in one minute — throws 40 to GO feet. Price, $50.00. Charges, ¥5 c. each. ggp- Sexd for Circular. =®R The Northwestern Fire Extinguisher Company, F. W. FARWELL, Secretary. 122 Washington Street, Chicago. 55 T3L. J\ KOBMPEL, iiiiii, |0RTRAJTS AND OTHER IaJNTWGS Executed in the Best Style of Art, AT 218 1-2 THIRD STREET. ORDERS RESPECTFULLY SOLICITED. ALSO OFFICE OF THE NEW DERMOFATHIG TREATMENT (Baunscheidtismus) for the Cure of all PAINFUL, ACUTE OR CHRONIC DISEASES, OFTEN GIVING Immediate Relief, without Medicine or Diet. OFFICE HOURS 9 to 12 a. m. CONSULTATIONS FREE. The above Treatment has cured Sore Eyes, Blindness, Deafness, Neuralgia, Headache, Contracted Limbs, Rheu matism, Intermittent Fevers General. Debility, Worms, &c. where all other Treatments have failed to cure. 56 mm. we 2%e Summit Avenue House commands not only one of the Finest Views of the City of St. Paul, but of the surrounding country ; the panoramic prospect eostending eight or ten mUes down the Mississippi, four or five miles up the same river, and fifteen oi- twenty mUes up the broad and beautiful Minnesota Valley, through which, like a silver thread, winds the placid waters of the Minnesota River. Its patrons as a class are not so much of a com mercial character as in some other houses, but mostly pleasure seekers — parties of wealth and leisure, who visit St. Paul from the South and Fast, to enjoy the beautiful scenery, the pure, invigorating air, and fine fishing and hunting. A few yards in front of the Summit Avenue House, and same tvio hundred feet above the river, a clear and bubbling spring throws up its five hundred gallons of cool., crystal water per hour, which, by means of a hydraulic ram, abundantly supplies every pari of the house. As a romantic feature, aside from its utility, this spring is greatly admired. The house being situated on Summit Avenue, the most shady and beautiful drive that the city affords, and on which are many of the finest residences, adds to its attractiveness. 57 JAMES O'FARRELL, CONTRACTOR & BUILDER, CONTRACTS TAKEN FOR BUILDING, And all work done in the most workmanlike manner. FiR^IWtJE HOUSES, Without regard to size, Carefully Moved, without Injury to the Building. Residence — Dayton's Bluff. Orders through Post Office will be attended to, 58 SETH FIELDING-, SHOP, 63 ROBERT ST., ST. PAUL, (Between Fourth and Fifth Streets.) JrtMas Wwi ^p3 Orders may be sent through Post Office. New Method of Washing Clothes without Labor. ARNOLD'S SELF-AOTIHB CLOTHES WASHER, Price Five Dollars. NoRubbingI No Wear! A Saving of Time and Labor! Satisfaction in all cases guaranteed I Territory in Minnesota and Wisconsin for Bale, by GROFF & TEMPLE. Proprietors, No. 44 JACKSON STREET, ST. PAUL, 51INN. JOHN JONES, VETERINARY SURGEON, rice, Eoise and Cattle Medicines, Liniments, Ointments, &c, may be h at his Dispensary and Hospital, No. 14 WEST FOURTH STREET, ST. PAUL, MINN. THOMAS FITZPATRICK, Cor. WABASHAW & EIGHTH STS , ST. PAUL, MINN. THE GREAT SENSATION DOLLAR STORE, 184 THIRD STREET, SAINT PAUL, MINN., A. J. CHASE & CO. Thousands of useful Artioles at the uniform Price of ONE DOLLAR for each Article, or combination of Articles. christTkahlert, 348 THIRD STREET (near Winslow House,) ST. PAUL. Coloring of all kinds of Silk & Worsted Goods, Crape Shawls, Plumes of all Colors, &c, &o. 59 OOMSTOOK, CASTLE & OO. MANUFACTURERS OF THE QUINCY STOVES, 100 Patterns and Sizes, Cook, Parlor and Box. WHOLESALE DEPOT, 187 THIRD STREET, ST. PAUL, MINN. HtiNRY A. CASTLE, Resident Partner. PRENDERGAST «Se BRO. Dealers in STOVES AND TINWARE, 163 Third Street, St. Paul, Minnesota. Being Practical Tinners, -we are able to do all work in our line Promptly and in the Best Manner. H. WEDELSTAEDT, M. D. T. ^AUL, - yVLlNNESOTA. ^ ^MONITOR AT THIS INSTITUTE, This Institute is Chartered by Legisla ture. 5 'All Diseases affecting tne Genital and Urinary Organs ARE CUBED. At this Institute, all Diseases peculiar to WOMEN are treated successfully and scientifically. A Medical Report will be sent upon receipt of 10 cts. A Manual of Venerial Surgery, 250 pages, illustrated, $2. Especial attention given to Seminal Weakness, aris ing from early indiscretions, excesses, masturbation, &c. Syphilis, — This disease, in its constitutional form, has been pronounced incurable. This is not so : we cure this disease. Pamphlets, circulars, terms of treatment, etc., fur nished upon application. Office hours— 9 to 1 ; 3 to 6. Sundays, i to 5 p. m. The strictest privacy is assured to all who correspond -with or visit the Institute. Address, GALENIC INSTITUTE, ST. PAUL, MINN.