Yale University Library 39002008260128 -Ig, Books tie.famtingtifiil HANDBOOK OF NORTH CAROLINA, EMBKAUING HISTORICAL AND PHYSIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE STATE. WITH "Statistical and other Information Delating to its INDUSTRIES, RESOURCES POLITICAL CONDITION. By L. L. FOLK, Commissioner. RALEIGH : I54JjEigh news steam book anu job print, ' 1878. OFFICE OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Raleigh, N. C, March 7, 1879. To His Excellency, Hon. T. J. Jarvis, Governor of North Carolina : Sir — In compliance with the requirements of section 15, of the Act creating this Department, I have the honor to submit herewith a Hand Book of North Carolina. Sharing largely the gratification so universally enjoyed throughout the State at the earnest interest manifested by your Excellency in this Depart ment, and begging to assure you of my high appreciation of your kind offices so cheerfully rendered, I have the honor to be, sir, With very great respect, Your obedient servant, L. L. POLK.. Commissioner. PKEFATORY. The Act creating the Department of Agriculture, ratified in General Assembly, March the 12th, 1877, required the prepara tion of a Hand Book of the State at the earliest practicable time. Imperfect as this volume may be in matter, style, or method of arrangement, the Compiler presents it to the people of North Carolina, relyingwith confidence on their generous appreciation, ¦which has so constantly encouraged and sustained him in the undertaking. The facts and information set forth in these pages have been for the most part obtained through the volun tary aid of public spirited citizens in the various counties, and have been compiled within the past three months. .No work of a similar character has ever before been published in our State, and defective as it may be, should this volume stimulate enquiry and investigation, and awaken an interest that should lead to a higher appreciation of our character and,dignity as a people, and of those bounteous blessings with which a kind Providence has so graciously favored us as a State, one of the chief objects of the work will have been accomplished. The Tables of Farm Statistics are not complete, as fifteen counties failed to make any returns, to wit: Beaufort, Bladen, Carteret, Duplin, Edgecombe, Gaston, Halifax, Jackson, John ston, Macon, Mecklenburg, Pitt, Surry, Warren and Yadkin. In the counties reported twenty-four townships are omitted, as follows : Cabarrus, three ; Cumberland, two ; Franklin, one; Haywood, four; Hyde, one; Lincoln, one; Mitchell, one; New Hanover, one; Transylvania, two ; Wake, five ; Wayne, one; Wilk.es, two. Strenuous and persistent efforts failed to secure full returns for these tables, and while these and other import ant omissions which will be readily perceptible to the intelligent reader, are deeply regretted by the Compiler, yet_he feels that they are in no manner to be ascribed to a want of proper effort on bis part. He hopes, however, that any future editjon will be vx PREFATORY. greatly improved by the generous aid of an appreciative people, and would therefore earnestly beg that all citizens of the State, who may peruse these pages, will do him the great kindness to write him freely in relation to any defects discovered. He has derived much valuable aid from consulting the following works: Hawks' History, Puffins' Sketches of North Carolina, Lawson's, Williamson's, Martin's and Wheeler's Histories. He is especially indebted to that devoted son of North Carolina — the venerable and patriotic Historian — Hon. John H. Wheeler, of Washington City, to whom he expresses his grateful acknowledgements for courteous and valuable favors. To the mem:bers of the Board of Agriculture; to the Special Correspondents of the Department, and all its officers, and to the host of friends throughout the State who have evinced such interest in its work, he begs to render a hearty assurance of his warm appreciation of their many acts of disinterested kindness. L. L. POLK, Commissioner of Agriculture. CONTENTS. PART I. CHAPTER I. PACT!. Department of Agriculture and Act establishing it 1 Organization of Board of Agriculture 10 CHAPTER II. Historical Sketch of North Carolina from 1584 to 1879 13 Signers of Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence 16 Members of Convention of 1776 .' 17 Members of Convention of 1835 22 Members of Convention of 1861 23 Members of Convention of 1865-'66 27 Members of United States Congress 29 Delegates to Convention of 1868. 30 Members of Convention of 1875 33 CHAPTER 111. Executive and State Officers from 1663 to 373a 35 Governors under the Crown and under the Constitution 36 Governors elected by the people, Lieutenant Governors and Secretaries of State 37 Treasurers, Comptrollers. Auditors and Superintendents of Public In struction 38 Members of Continental and United States Congress 39 Judiciary ' 41 State Board of Education and Executive Officers 43 Members of General Assembly, 187SI 45 CHAPTER IV. Description of Counties 47 Partial list of Native North Carolinians who have become prominent cit- zens of other States 108 pistinguished Divines 115 Eminent Physicians 118 PART II. CHAPTER I. Fhysiographical Description of the State 120 Situation and Extent , ,..., •. 120 JTiysipal geography Wl VIII CONTENTS. Geology and Minerals 125 Climate jgg Temperature Tables 131 Rain and Clouds . 133 Mean Humidity for 1878 333 Winds 134 Comparative Tables of Mean Temperatures sp 135 Comparative Climate 136 Forests..: , 158 Soils 141 PART III. CHAPTER I. Form of Government , 142 Taxation— New Debts 144 Municipal Corporations— Education 145 Homesteads, Liens, Punishments, Charities, and modes of Amending the Constitution 146 The, Relations of the Races 147 Climate and other Physical Conditions 149 Native Products 153 Our Future 167 F'shinsr Interests of North Carolina MO Propagation of Food Fishes 163 Railroads 166 Elevations . 171 Partial List of North Carolina Inventors 173 PART IV. CHAPTER ->I. tate Public Institutions— Insane Asylum of North Carolina 177 Western Insane Asylum ' 180 Colored Insane Asylum 181 Deaf and Dumb and the Blind Asylum 182 Orphan Asylum 182 Literary Institutions— The University of North.Carolina 183 Wake Forest College ' 187 Davidson College 190 Carolina Military Institute 192 - Trinity College 193 The Bingham Scnool 194 Wilson Collegiate Institute 195 Denver Seminary 196 Rutherford College 197 Finley High School 198 Greensboro Female College 199 Raleigh Baptist Female Seminary 200 Peace Institute 201 CONTENTS. IX St. Mary's School 202 The Wilson Collegiate Seminary : 204 Chowan Baptist Female Institu te 206 Public Schools in North Carolina 208 State Press 209 Tabulated Statement of Farm Products 211 Cotton and Woolen Mills 226 General Statistics 227 Agricultural Organizations 231 Notes of Correspondents showing the Productive Capacity of Soils 232 Cities, Towns and Villages 257 Silk Culture 267 Bee Keeping 271 Fruits Adapted to our Climate and Soils 281 PAET I. CHAPTER I. Department of Agriculture— Sketch of its Organization. The Convention of 1875 amended the State Constitution by the adoption of the following : Sej. 17, Art. 3. The General Assembly shall establish a Department of Agriculture, Immigration and Statistics, under such regulations as may best. promote the agricultural interests of the State, and shall en act laws for the adequate protection and encouragement of Sheep Husbandry. . In compliance with this requirement, the following Act, creating the Department was passed, and ratified in General Assembly, March the 12th, A. D. 1877: AN- Act to ESTABLISH a DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, IMMI GRATION AND STATISTICS, AND FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT 0? SHEEP HUSBANDRY. The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact, Section 1. A Department of Agriculture, Immigration and Statistics, as provided in section 17, article 3, of the Constitu tion, is hereby created and established, which shall be under the oontrol and supervision of a Board, which shall be constituted as follows, to-wit : the Governor, who shall be ex officio Chair man, the State Geologist, the Master of the State Grange Patrons of Husbandry, the President of the State Agricultural Society, and the President of the Agricultural College of the State, and two agriculturists (who shall be appointed by the Board so as to keep the representation of the different sections of the State as nearly equal as may be), and their successors in office. Sec. 2. The Board shall meet for the transaction of business in the city of Raleigh as often as they may deemTexpedient, but at least twice in each year.1 They shall receive no compensation, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. but shall be allowed, except the Governor, the State Geologist, and President of the Agricultural College, the sum of three dollars 'per diem for their personal expenses while engaged in the duties of the Board, not exceeding fifteen clays in any one year. Sec. 3. The Board shall appoint and prescribe the duties, and regulate the pay of the Commissioner of Agriculture, who shall be an agriculturist. And they shall also, whenever they deem it necessary, have power to employ a Secretary and prescribe his duties. Sec. 4. The Board shall be empowered to hold in trust, and exercise control over, donations or bequests made to them for promoting the interests or purposes of this act. Sec. 5. They may prescribe forms for, and regulate the re turns of, such County Agricultural Societies as may be chartered by the State, and furnish such blanks as may be necessary to secure uniform and reliable statistics of their operations.. Sec. 6. In order to facilitate the collection of reliable statis tics, it is made the duty of the Secretary of State to prepare and send to the County Commissioners of the several counties, who shall distribute to each person in the county whose duty it is to list the taxable property thereof, blanks prepared according to the directions of the Department of Agriculture ; and the per sons listing the taxes as aforesaid shall require each citizen, at the time of listing his taxable property, t.o give in likewise the amount of his productions for the previous year, as far as pracr ticable without oath, which, blanks, when completed, shall be returned to the Board of County Commissioners, who shall collate the same on one blank form and transmit the same to the Commissioner of Agriculture on or before the first day of November in each year. Sec 7. The Board shall investigate such subjects relating to the improvement of agriculture, and for the inducement of im migration and capital, as they may think proper, but they are especially charged : 1st. With such investigations as may seem best adapted to promote the improvement and extension of sheep husbandry, " DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and shall collect and publish, from time to time,- all available statistics on the subject, and shall suggest to the General As sembly such measures as may be useful for the encouragement •of this industry, and more particularly for the suppression of the ravages of dogs. 2d. With investigations relating to the diseases of cattle and other domestic animals, and shall publish and distribute, from time to time, circulars of information relative to any contagious •diseases of stock, and shall have power in such cases to quaran tine infected animals, and to regulate the transportation of •stock in this State, or from one section of it to another, and any person wilfully violating such regulations shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. 3d. With investigations relating to the ravages of insects and with the dissemination of such information as may be deemed essential for their abatement. 4th. With investigations and experiments directed to the in- trodutcion and fostering of new agricultural industries, adapted to the various climates and soils of this State ; especially the ¦culture of silk, the sugar beet, the grape anl other fruits. 5th. With the investigation of the subject of drainage and irrigation, and shall publish circulars of information as to the best methods and formulae of both, and what .surfaces, soils and localities may be most benefitted by such improvements, also, with the collection and publication of information in regard to localities, character, accessibility, cost and modes of utilization of native mineral and other domestic sources, of fertilizers, in cluding formulas for composting, adapted to different crops, soils and materials. 6th. With the collection of statistics relating to the subject of fences, with suggestions for diminishing their cost and the con ditions under which they may be dispensed with altogether. 7th. With the supervision of all measures for the protection, propagation and culture of fish in the livers and other inland waters of this State, and to this end they shall at once provide for stocking all available waters of the State with the most approved breeds of fishes, and shall avail themselves of such aid ,4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. / as the Fish Commission of the United States may be induced to extend, and they shall inquire into and report upon the practicability of constructing fish ways over dams and other obstructions in the waters of the State, and secure, as far as- practicable, the co-operation of mill-owners ; they shall select. proper locations for the hatching and care of the young fish, and shall provide the necessary hatching houses and such appliances as may be needed, and employ such labor as may be necessary to this end, -and they may appoint agents at such convenient points to aid them in the distribution and hatching and protection of the ova and young fish, provided such agents- shall receive no compensation. 8th. They shall transmit to the General Assembly at each session, a report of the operations of the said department,. together with suggestions of such legislation as may be needful,. and it shall be the duty of the Board to- prosecute all offenders against the laws which have been, or may be, passed in this behalf, and they shall endeavor to secure the co-operation of adjoining States to remove obstructions in the passage of fish in those rivers or streams which are partly in this State and partly in such adjoining States. 9th. With the enforcement and supervision of the laws and regulations which are, or may be, enacted in this State for the sale of commercial fertilizers and seeds. Sec. 8. That no manipulated guano, superphosphate, or other commercial fertilizer shall be sold, or offered for sale in this State, until the manufacturer, or person importing the same,. shall first obtain a license therefor from the Treasurer of the State, for which he shall pay a privilege tax of five hundred dollars per annum for each separate brand- or quality, and he shall also pay a tax of fifty cents per ton for every ton sold. Any person, corporation, or company, who shall violate the provisions of this act, or who shall sell, or offer for sale, any such fertilizer contrary to the provisions above set forth, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined and imprisoned at the discretion of the court. Sec. 9. And every bag, barrel, or other package of such fer- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tilizer as above designated, offered for sale in this State, shall have tbereon a plainly printed label or stamp, which shall truly set forth the name, location and trade-mark of the manufacturer, also the chemical composition of the contents of such package, , and the real per centage of any of the following ingredients -asserted to. be present, to wit: soluble and precipitated phospho ric acid, soluble potassa, ammonia, or its equivalent in nitrogen, together with the date of its analyzation, and that the privilege tax provided for in section eight has been pa'id; and any such "fertilizer as shall be ascertained by analysis not to contain the "ingredients and per centage set forth as above provided, shall. be liable to seizure and condemnation, and when condemned shall be sold by the Board of Agriculture for the exclusive use .and benefit of the Department of Agriculture. Any merchant, trader, manufacturer or agent, who shall sell, or offer for sale, any commercial fertilizer without having such labels and stamps -as hereinbefore provided, attached thereto, shall be liable to a fine of ten dollars for each separate ' bag or barrel or package -sold or offered for sale, to be sued for before any Justice of the Peace, and to be collected by the Sheriff by distress or otherwise, ¦one-half, less the cost, to go to the party suing, and the re maining half to the Department, and if any such fertilizer shall be condemned, as herein provided, it shall be the duty of the .Department to have an analysis made of the same, and cause -printed tags or labels, expressing the true chemical ingredients -of the same, put upon each bag or barrel or package, and shall fix the commercial value thereof, at which it may be sold. And -any person who shall sell, or offer for sale,* any such fertilizer, in violation of the provisions of this section, shall be guilty of a ¦misdemeanor. Sec. 10. The Department of Agriculture shall have power and -authority, at all times, to have collected samples of any com mercial fertilizers offered for sale in this State, and have the same analyzed; and such samples shall be taken from at least ten per" cent, of the lot from which they may be selected. , Sec. 11. It shall be lawful for the Department of Agriculture ito require the officers, agents, or managers of any railroad or DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. steamboat company, transporting fertilizers in this State, to- furnish monthly statements of the quantity of fertilizers, with the name of the consignor or consignee, delivered on their re spective lines, at any and all points within this State. And said Department is hereby empowered to compel said officers, agents or managers, to submit their books for examination, if found expedient so to do; and any such agents,, officers or managers- failing or refusing to comply, shall be deemed guilty of a mis demeanor. Sec. 12. The Department of Agriculture shall establish, in eonnection with the Chemical Laboratory of the University at Chapel H.ll, an Agricultural, Experiment and Fertilizer Control Station; and the Board of Trustees of the University, with the- approval of the Department of Agriculture, shall employ aru Analyst skilled in Agricultural Chemistry. It shall be the duty of said chemist to analyze such fertilizers and pioducts as may be required by the Department of Agricul ture, and to aid so far as practicable in suppressing fraud in the- sale of commercial fertilizers. He shall also, under the direction of said Department, carry on experiments on the nutrition and growth of plants, with a. view to ascertain what fertilizers are best suited to the various crops of this State; and whether other crops may not be advan tageously grown on its soils, and shall carry on such other- investigations as the said Department may direct. He shall make regular reports to the said Department of all analyses and experiments made, which shall be furnithed, when deemed useful, to such newspapers as will publish the same. Said chemist shall be subject to the rules and regulations of the University Laboratory, and the other rules and regulations- of the University, and his salary shall be paid out of the funds of the Department of Agriculture. Sec. 13. The Geological Survey is hereby made and constitu ted a co-operative department with the Department of Agricul ture, and the Geological Museum and the collections therein,. shall, at all times, be accessible to the said Department. The Geologist shall, as far as practicable, prepare illustrations of the- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. agricultural industries, products and resources of the State, and arrange and care for such collections as the said Department may make for this purpose. He shall also prepare abstracts of the Survey, from time to time, as may be required for the use of the Department, in their hand book, and circulars for publi cation, m- illustration cf the advantages of this State, and in promotion of the general purposes of immigration. In return for such service the State Geologist may have all his samples of marlf, soils, minerals, and other products, analyzed by the chemist, at .the Laboratory of the Experiment Station free of charge. Sac. 14. It is hereby made the duty of the Scate Geologist, upon the recommendation of the Board of Trustees of the Uni versity, to devote two months, in each year, at the seat of the University, in the performance of such duties in instruction as the Faculty may direct, and while employed in this capacity he shall constitute a member of the Faculty. Sec 15. The Department shall as soon as practicable, pre pare a convenient hand-book, with the necessary illustrative maps, which shall contain all necessary information as to the mines, minerals^ forests, soils, climates, water and water powers-, fisheries, mountains, swamps, industries, and all such statistics as are best adapted to give proper information of the attractions and advantages which this State affords to immigrants, and shall make illustrative exposition thereof whenever practicable at international exhibitions. Sec 16. The said Department shall be authorized, in the interest of immigration, to employ an agent or agents at such points, in this or any foreign country, as they may deem expe dient and desirable. Sec 17. The said Department is authorized and directed to establish and keep in its office, in the city of Raleigh, a General Land and Mining Registry, wherein shall be recorded (if the owners shall so request) all the farming, mineral or other lands offered for sale in this State, with a brief and truthful descrip tion of the same. And the Department shall act as agent for the sale or disposition of such property as may be registered as DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. hereinbefore provided, and shall sell or dispose of such property upon the terms and conditions as stated and fixed by the owner thereof; and the Department shall be allowed the sum of one dollar for registration, and two and one-half per cent, commission on gross amount of said transaction. The said Department shall have authority to contract for and hold bodies of land, for the settlement of colonies, with exclu sive control of the sale of same at such prices, and for such a period, as may be agreed upon by the owner thereof. Sec 18. That no person, company or corporation, being non residents of this State, shall catch fish by seines, nets or other appliances for taking fish in large quantities, in any waters within the jurisdiction of this State, without first obtaining therefor a license from the Public Treasurer, for which he, or they, shall pay a privilege tax of one thousand dollars per annum. And any such person or persons who shall violate the provisions of this section, shall forfeit and pay the sum of two hundred dollars for each day engaged in fishing as aforesaid, to be collected by the Sheriff of the county wherein such violation may be com mitted, and shall also be guilty of a misdemeanor. And any citizen of this State who shall form an alliance or co-partnership with a non-resident for the purpose of evading any of the pro visions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined and imprisoned at the discre tion of the court, and the nets, seines or appliances of such person or firm shall be liable to seizure and confiscation for the benefit of the Department of Agriculture. Sec 19. That every person, firm or corporation, who shall sell or offer for- sale any commercial fertilizer of whatever na ture, shall give in, under oath, to the Register of Deeds of his county, on the first Monday of January, April, July and Octo ber in each year the number of tons of such fertilizer, he or they may have sold, for himself on commission, or as agent, during the preceding quarter, subject to the provisions, pains and penalties contained in schedule B of the Revenue Laws of the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, for which he shall pay a privilege tax of fifty cents per ton, to be DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. collected by the sheriff: Provided, That no person shall be lia ble to such tax on fertilizers purchased from another person, on which this tax has already been paid; and, Provided, further, That no dealer or agent shall be required to- pay the purchase tax as imposed in Schedule B of the Revenue Act. Sec 20. Any farmer, trader or other person who shall haul or bring into this State any commercial fertilizer, in violation or evasion of section 8 of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be fined not less than ten dollars or imprisoned for not more than thirty days for each offense; and any farmer or other person who may buy without the State any commercial fertilizer on which the privilege tax of five hundred dollars, as provided in section 8 of this act, has been paid, shall be required to report all such pur chases to the Register of Deeds for his county, and pay the priv ilege tax of fifty cents per ton, as required of dealers, or be sub ject to the same pains and penalties as herein imposed upon dealers in fertilizers: Provided, That no county, town or other corporation shall be allowed to tax any of the privileges or sub jects herein taxed by the State: Provided, That the provisions - of this section and section 17 of this act shall not apply to any of the counties in this State west of the Blue Ridge. Sec 21. It is hereby made the duty of the said Department of Agriculture to receive from any manufacturer or dealer in fertilizers any specimen quantities, not less than a fourth of a ton, contributed by such party, and have the same sent to dif ferent sections of the State for actual experiment by practical farmers; and the person so experimenting shall be required to make a careful report of the results, which shall be registered in the office of said Department, and a certified copy of the same shall be transmitted to the contributor. Sec 22. That all moneys arising from the tax or licenses, from fines and forfeitures, fees for registration and sale of lands not herein otherwise provided for, shall be paid into the State Treasury, and shall be kept on a ser arate account by the Treas urer, as a fund for the exclusive use and benefit of the Depart ment of Agriculture; and until such fund can be made availa- 10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ble, as aforesaid, the Treasurer shall loan to said Department, out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated, upon the warrant of the Governor, the sum of five thousand dollars per annum, for two years from this date, which sum shall be refunded to the Treasury by the first day of March, one thousand eight hun dred and seventy-nine. Sec '23. This Act shall be in force from and after its ratifi cation; but the tax, forfeitures and penalties herein prescribed, concerning the sale of commercial fertilizers, shall not be en forced against any parties in the sale of any such fertilizers now on hand in this State; Provided, said parties shall render to the Governor, on or before the first day of April, one thousand eight- hundred and seventy-seven, under oath, taken before any person. authorized to administer the same, an itemized statement of all such fertilizers, givirig brand, name, manufacturer, and number of tons of same and obtain a license for the sale thereof as here in provided; Provided that this Act shall not apply to pur- -chases already made. AN ACT SUPPLEMENTAL TD AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A DEPARTMENT* OF AGRICULTURE, IMMIGRATION AND STATISTICS. The General Assembly of North Caro'ina do enact, Sec 1. That an Act entitled an Act to establish a Depart ment of Agriculture, Immigration and Statistics, and forVthe- encouragement of Sheep Husbandry, be and the same is hereby corrected and amended, by striking out in section^ 8, of said- Act, the words, " and he shall also pay a tax of fifty cents per ton for every ton sold." Sec 2. That this Act shall be i 1 force from and after its rat ification. ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD. At a meeting held in the Executive office, March the~21st,. 1-877, at which were present His Excellency Governor Z. B. Vance ; the State Geologist, Prof. W. C. Kerr ; the Master of DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11 the State Grange Patrons of Husbandry, S. B. Alexander ; the President of the State Agricultural Society, Thomas M. Holt ; and the President of the State Agricultural College, Hon. K. P. Battle, LL.D., the organization of the Board was completed by the election of James R. Thigpen, of Edgecombe; and Jonathan Evans, of Cumberland. The following officers were elected by the Board : L. L. Polk, of Anson, Commissioner. Thos. J. Robinson, of Cumberland, Secretary and Treasurer. Dr. A. R. Ledoux, of New York, Analytical Chemist. George Warnecke, of Germany, Assistant Chemist. William B. Phillips, of Orange, Assistant Chemist. The Commissioner and Chemist are each allowed a clerk. Besides the correspondence and exchange effected with offi cials of similar Departments in other States, this Department has a list of one hundred and seventy-one Special Correspond ents, and about eighteen hundred Township Correspondents ; representing every county and almost every . township in the State. Through their assistance the Commissioner is enabled to collect specimens of the products of their respective counties ; to distribute seeds, to collect and disseminate such information as relates to their varied industries, resources and conditions. Attached to the office of the Department, is an Agricultural Museum, in which each county has a neat case for the display of its agricultural and manufactured products — all arranged in alphabetical order. In the office is a Library of over five hundred volumes of Agricultural works, besides charts of our coast and various maps. To this may be added the valuable contribution of papers, jour nals and periodicals, received regularly from all parts of the Union.* Although the Department is yet in its infancy, and the system as established by the Act, is more comprehensive in its general design than that of similar Departments in other States ; and * For a detailed statement of the operations of the Department in all it* tranches, see Report of the Commissioner made to the Board, dated Janu 6th,. 187^. 12 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. while it has had to contend with those difficulties which seem unavoidable in the inauguration of any enterprise of magnitude, yet its work has been received with interest and almost universal favor among the people of the State. CHAPTER II. Historical Sketch of North Carolina from 1584 to 1879, embracing a list of Execu tive and State Officers from 1663 to 1879, and also of the Delegates in each Convention from 1776 to 1875, and a list of JRepresentatives in Congress from 1774 to 1879. The period embracing the reign of Queen Elizabeth was one of the brightest and most exciting in English history, and, in alf the brilliant retinue who enjoyed at that time the favor of the Crown, there is no name so justly held in grateful esteem and remembrance by North Carolinians, as that of Sir Walter Raleigh. The Convention of 1788, held nearly 200 years after his death, very fitly and gracefully expressed its admiration for his high moral and intellectual qualities, in perpetuating his name, by conferring it on the Capital of the State, an act alike honorable to the Convention and due to his memory. His ac tive) aggressive spirit was very naturally moved by the excited and general interest that agitated the principal maritime powers of Europe, and especially the Court of England, in regard to the New World, and obtaining Letters Patent from the Crown he fitted out an expedition, consisting of two vessels, that sailed on the 27th of April, A. D. 1584, and landed on what is now known as Ocracoke Island, in the county of Carteret, on the 4th day of July of that year. Unable to find an entrance from the sea, the two barks sailed northward, and steering along the coast, they passed through what is now known as New Inlet, land ed on Roanoke Island, and took formal possession of the coun try in the name of the Queen. Thus the pioneer movement was inaugurated, guided by the sagacious and indomitable Raleigh, which was to result in developing one of the mightiest HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 13 countries on earth. The voyagers returned to England in Sep tember of the same year. They pictured in glowing colors the beauties and attractions, as discovered during their, sojourn on Roanoke Island. Their enthusiasm strengthened the spirit of conquest and greed for enlarged dominion among the crowned heads of Europe. Avarice, and the love of adventure among the subjects, led captive their imaginations and portrayed the new continent as invested in all the ideal charms of a fairy-land. During the year following (April, 1585), another expedition under the auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh was sent to Roanoke, consisting of over one hundred persons. These returned to England after a year's absence. Still another was sent out by him in 1586, in charge of John White, who was commissioned as " Governor of the City of Raleigh" which was to be established on the island. White returned to England, leaving about one hundred men, women and children, among, whom was his daughter, Eleanor Dare, wife 'of one of the assistants, and who, on the 18th of August, became the mother of the first child (Virginia Dare) born of English parents in the New World. England at this time was vigorously engaged in a war with Sjpain — a country that was then in the zenith of its power. The statesmanship of Raleigh was no less needed in the councils of his Queen, than his valor was in the field during the time of his coun try's great peril. Hence, it was not until the year 1590 that he could again turn his attention to his colony, and possessions in America. Vessels, laden with abundant provisions for the colon ists, reached Roanoke Island, but a long and fruitless search revealed no trace, of them. Five expeditions were fitted out at the expense of this man, to discover, if possible, the fate of his unfortunate friends, but without avail. Despairing of establish ing his colonies, he abandoned his possessions after devoting many years of anxious labor and expending about $200,000. His ignominious death by a judicial murder, sanctioned by a govern ment to which he had patriotically devoted the best energies of his great mind and life, must, for all time>, stand out conspicuously on the darkest page of her high crimes. For about a half ' century, no systematic effort was made , to 14 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. establish colonies on the soil of Carolina; meanwhile they were being planted on the coast of Virginia and further North. During that period, scattering numbers sought refuge from re ligious persecution in the wilds of the forests throughout our coast section, braving perils and enduring hardships and priva tions from which hearts less devoted'to God must have shrunk iii terror. Others, impelled by cupidity and avarice, sought the advantages of an unoccupied field for the purposes of traffic with the Indians. Not until 1653 (69 years after the. landing of Raleigh's two vessels on Roanoke Island) was there a permanent settlement made in North Carolina. In 1663, by a Grant from King Charles II., all of the country lying between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and included within 'the 31° and 36° par allels of latitude, was given to certain men therein named, with power to establish a form of government. This country was called Carolina. In the same year William Drummond (whose name still designates the lake in Dismal Swamp) was appointed Governor of the colony of Carolina. The affairs and relations of the colonists began now to assume shape. The territory was divided into counties, governors were appointed, and assemblies established to frame laws for local government. The most noticeable feature that characterized . the action of all bodies of these early settlers, whether in a rep resentative, or primary capacity, was their great caution and vig ilance to preserve inviolate, the leading principles of good gov ernment,—^ freedom of conscience and security from taxation with out the consent of the governed. Under the second charter of Charles II., (1665,) enlarging the powers of the Grantees, the limits of Carolina included a large part of Mexico, all of Texas, all of our territory south of 36° 30' and west of Arkansas, and all of the cotton-growing States of the Union, viz : North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana — con taining in all about 1,000,000 square miles. In 1690, that por tion of the province lying north of the Santee river, was styled North Carolina, and the four southern counties were called South Carolina. From this period began that long series of HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 15 oppressions and grievances which finally culminated in the overthrow of British rule and established the Independence of the colonies. Every conceivable scheme for making the meagre ¦earnings of the colonists tributary to the exchequer of the British realm, was devised by direct, indirect and discriminating taxes. Venal, capricious, arrogant and tyranical rulers, with pliant subordinates, were appointed, who, by their ambitious assump tion of royal prerogatives, outraged every principle of justice, until goaded to resistance, the colonists, whose remonstrances and forbearance were alike unheeded, with a sublimity of moral resolve unsurpassed in the annals of the world, defied a giant power — struck for freedom, and won it. The most prominent legislative acts of North Carolina m the great drama of the Revolution may be briefly mentioned. In 1773, the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Harvey, laid before that body appeals from several other colonies for its concurrence in the appointment of a committee to inquire into the wrongs imposed by England on the colonists. This was the first legislative act that led to the Revolution. On the 25th day of August, 1774, the Assembly or Congress met in Newberne, in defiance of the proclamations and denun ciations of royal authority. This body was composed of 41 members, representing 29 counties and 5 towns, and John Har vey was chosen Speaker. Among other important measures -adopted, was one endorsing the plan for a general Congress in Philadelphia in September, and the appointment of delegates with instructions to resist all unconstitutional oppression. In February, 1775, John Harvey issued a call for the Assembly to meet at Newberne on the 4th day of the following April, and also issued a notice to the people to send delegates from all of the counties and towns to hold a convention at the same time .and place. Governor Martin denounced this act by a proclama tion, notwithstanding which, the two bodies met. They pledg ed their determined support to the action of the Continental Congress, held in Philadelphia Sept. 4th, 1774. The Assembly was dissolved by the proclamation of the Governor. It met again, however, at the same place. On the 20th of May, 1775, 16 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. the people of Mecklenburg met in the town of Charlotte, and adopted the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, a copy of which was at once sent to the Continental Congress at Phila delphia, and also to the Provincial Congress at Iiillsboro. The following is a list of the officers and members of the Mecklen burg convention: SIGNERS OF THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION OF INDEPEN DENCE, AT CHARLOTTE, 20TH OF MAY, 1775. Abraham Alexander, Chairmin, J. McKuitt Alexander, S cretaiy, Adam Alexander, Hez kiah Alexander, Ephraim Brevaid, Zaecbeus Wilson, Hezekiah J. Baleh, Waightstill Avsry, John Phifer, Benjamin Patton, James Harris, Matthew McClure, William Kennon, Neil Morrison, John Ford, Robert Irvin, Richard Barry, John Flennegin, Henry Downe, David Reese, Ezra Alexander, John Davidson, William Graham, Richard Harris, John Queary, Thomas Polk, Sr. Charles Alexander, C-ov. Martin having abandoned the reins of Government, in the Spring of 1775, and taking refuge under the guns of His Majesty's ships on the Cape Fear, the people began to prepare vigorously for war. The Provincial Congress met at Hillsborcr on the 20th of August, 1775, and adopted measures for offen sive and defensive war. These measures were sustained and strengthened by the vigilance and fidelity of committees of safety, and a Provincial Council chosen by this body, and county and town commitcees. These latter executed all orders emanating from the Safety Committee, or from the Provincial Council. On the 4th of April, 1776, the Provincial Congress met at Halifax, this being, the fourth meeting held in opposition to the HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 17 Royal Government, and at once addressed itself to perfecting the military organization of the States. On the 12th of that month, it passed a resolution expressing the readiness of our people to declare independence of the British crown. It ap pointed a council of safety for the State, consisting of 13 mem bers, of which Cornelius Harnett was chairman, who at a subse quent meeting of his council, at Halifax received the National Declaration of Independence. This he read at a popular meet ing in that town on the 1st of August, and it was received with unbounded enthusiasm and rejoicing. On the 12th of Novem ber, a convention met at Halifax, to' perfect a civil form of government, composed of the following delegates. MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION OF 1776. COUNTIES. MEMBERS. ( Thomas Wade, David Love, William 1. Anson < Pickett, George Davidson, Charles / Robertson. ( John Barlow, Thomas Respiss, Thos: 2. Beaufort \ Respiss, Jr., Francis Jones, Robert ( Tripp. 3. Bladen ( Thomas Pugh, John Johnston, Wil- 4. Bertie -I liam Gray, Noah Hinton, Zedekiah. ( Stone. ( Maurice Moore, Cornelius Harnett, 5. Brunswick -J Archibald McLean, Lewis Dupree, ( William Lord. ( J«mes Denton, Thomas Eaton, 6. Bute* i Philemon Hawkins. Benjamin Sew- ( all, Benjamin Ward. ( James Coor, William Bryan, John 7. Craven •] Bryan, Christopher Neale, John Tilgh- ( man. ( Solomon Shepard, Brice Williams, 8. Carteret \ William Porden, John Easton, Thos. ( Chalwick. *Divided in 1779 into Warren and Franklin. 2 18 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. i Samuel Jarvis, James White, Ke- 9. Currituck 1 dar AUrchai.t, Hollowell Williams, ( Thomas Williams. i James Blount, Thomas Benbury, 10. Chowan 1 Thomas Jones, Luke Sumner, Jacob ' ( Hunter. 31. Cumberland ( Ambrose Ramsey, John Birdsong, 12. Chatham \ Mial f-'curlotk, Laiah Hogan, Jedu- ( than Harper. i Richard Caswell, Simon Bright, 13. Dobbsf \ Abraham SI eppard, Benjamin Exuro, ( Andiew Bass. ( James Kenan, Thomas Gray, Wil- 14.tDuplin -j liam Dickson, William Taylor, James ( Gillespie. f William Haywood, Elisha Battle, 15. Edgecombe \ Jonas Johnston, Isaac Sessums, Wil- ( liam Horn. ( Thomas Person, Robert Lewis. Me- 16. Granville -I mucan Hunt, Thornton Yancey, John { Oliver. I David Caldwdl, Joseph Hinds, 17. Guilford \ Ralph do: rell, Charles Bruce, Isham ( Browder. ( Joseph Hancock, John Jordan, Ben- 18. Hyde ¦] jamin Parmfrle, William Russell, ( Abraham Jones. ( Lawrence Baker, William Murfree. 19. Hertford -| Robert Sumner, Day Ridley, James. j Wright. ( John Bradford, James Hogan, Wil- 20. Halifax -(lis Alston, Samuel Weldon, Benja- ( mm McCulloch. ( Needham Bryan, Jr.. Samuel Smith, 21 . Johnston -j Jr . John Stephens, Henry Pain, Al- ( exander Averyt. ( Jno. Phif er, Robert Irwin, Zaccheus 22. Mecklenburg •< Wilson, Hezekiah Alexander, Waight- ( still Avery. ( William Williams, Whitmell Hill, 23. Martin •< Thomas Hunter, John Hardison, ( Samuel Smithwick. fDivided in 1791 into Glasgow and Lenoir. Glasgow was changed in 1799» to Greene; HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 19 ( John Ashe, Samuel Ashe, John 24. New Hanover < Devane, Sampson Mosely, John Hol- ( lingsworth. ( Allen Jones, Jephtha Atherton, 25. Northampton < James Ingram, Howell Edmunds, ( Robert Peaples. ( John Spicer, Thomas Johnston, 36. Onslow < Benejah Doty, Edward otarkey, Hen dry Rhodes. i James Saunders, William Moore, •27. Orange \ John McCabe, John Atkinson, John ( Paine. L Benjamin Harvey, Miles Harvey, :28. Perquimans < Thomas Harvey, William Hooper, [ William Skinner. C Henry Abbott, Devotion Davis, 59. Pasquotank -< Isaac Gregory, Dempsey Burgess, ( Lemuel Sawyer. i Benjamin May, William Robson, 30. Pitt < James Gorham, George Evans, Ed- ( ward Salter. C Griffith Rutherford, Matthew Lock, 31. Rowan < William Sharpe, James Smith,' John ( Brevard. 32. Surry. I i P'e'er Wynn, Jeremiah. Frazier, 33. Tyrrell < Isham Webb, Stephen Lee, Benjamin (Blount.( Joseph Harden, Robert Abernathy, 34. Tryon^ -J William Graham, William Alston, ( John Barber. L Tignal Jones, James Jones, Michael 35. Wake J Rogers, Joun Rice, Britain Fuller; I VVilliam Brown. T 1WNS. , Bath; Parker Quire?, Brun swick; Thomas Hadley, Campbellton; Joseph Hewes, Edenton; Willie Jones, Halifax; William Johnston, Hillsboro; Abner Nash, Newbern; David Nisbet, Salisbury; William Hooper, Wilmington. {Divided in 1791 into Lincoln and Rutherford. 20 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. Richard Caswell, of Dobbs county (now Lenoir), was chosen President of the Convention. The Constitution and Bill of Rights were adopted on the 18th of December. All the machin ery for operating a civil government was perfected. The election of Governor^by the constitution devolved upon the Legislature,. and by an ordinance of the body, the following named State officers were elected for the fir'st term: Richard Caswell, Gov ernor; James Glasgow, Secretary of State; Cornelius Harnett,. Thomas Parson, William Day, William Haywood, Edward Starkey, Joseph Leech, and Thomas Eaton, Councillors of State. Thus the sovereignty of the people in a distinctive, organized capacity was declared, based upon the great principles of truth, equity and justice. The struggles, trials, sufferings and sacrifices of this people, during the dark years which preceded this event, forms a chapter in their history which for constancy, endurance, devotion and deeds of moral heroism, is not surpassed in the annals of America. On North Carolina soil was planted the first English colony;. on her soil was born the first child of English parents, and on her soil was poured the first blood as a libation to Liberty. Her Provincial Congress was the first to declare to the Continental Congress the readiness of her people to absolve their allegiance to the British Crown, and in Mecklenburg county, the first Declaration of Independence was made. The first to consecrate their State to civil liberty, always among] the foremost in their sacrifices to achieve Independence, may the noble1 example if our patriot fathers inspire their descendants for all time with a jealous regard for constitutipnal rights and for the preservation of a free system of government. The necessities evolved by our progress as a State demanded some changes in our organic law to- adapt it to our advanced condition, and acccordingly, by an Act of Assembly in January, 1835, a convention of the people was called. This convention met in the city of Raleigh, on the 4th of June, 1835, "and was, composed of the following delegates: HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 21 MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION OF 1835. Anson — William A. Morris, Joseph White. Ashe— Alexander B. McMillan, George Bower. Beaufort— Joshua Tayloe, Richard H. Bonner. Bertie— David Outlaw, Joseph B. G. Roulhac. Bladen — John Owen, Samuel B. Andres. Brunswick- Frederick J. Hill, William R. Hall, Buncombe — David L. Swain, James Gudger. Burke— Burgess S. Gaither, Samuel P. Carson. Cabarrus— Daniel M. Barringer, Christopher Melchor. Camden -Willie McPherson, George Ferebee. ¦Carteret— Wallace H. Styron, James W. Bryan. Caswell— William A. Lea, Calvin Graves. Cha. ham— Joseph Ramsey, Hugh McQueen. Chowan — Joseph B. Skinner, Samuel T. Sawyer. Columbus— Alexander Troy, Absalom Powell. Graven— William Gaston, Richard D. Spaight. Cumberland— John D. Toomer, Archib.ld McDairmid. Currituck — Gideon C. Marchant. Isaac Baxter. Davidson— John A. Hogan, John L Hargrave. Duplin— Jeremiah Pearsall, John E, Hussey. Edgecombe -Louis D. Wilson, Pheasanton S. Sugg. Franklin— Henry J. G. Ruffin, William P. Williams. Gites— Riddick Gatling, Whitmel S allinge. Granville- Robert B. Gilliam, Josiah Crudup. -Greene— Jesse Speight, Thomas Hooker. Guilford— John M. Moreheai, Joiathan Parker. Halifax— John Branch, Joseph J. Daniel. Haywood— William Welch, Joseph Cathey. Hertford— Isaac Pipkin, Kenneth Rayner. Hyde— Wilson B. Hodges, Alexander F. Gaston. Iredell— Samuel King, John M. Young. Johnston— Jesse Adams, Hillory Wilder. Jones— William Hngginp, James W. Howard. Lenoir — James Cox. Lincoln— Bartlett Shipp, Henry Cansler. Macon— Benjamin S. Brittain, James W. Guinn. Martin— Jesse Cooper, Asa Biggs. Mecklenburg— James M. Hutchison, Isaac Grier. Montgomery— John B. Martin, James L. Gaines. Moore— John B. Kelly, Charles Chalmers. 22 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. Nash — John Arrington, William W. Boddie. New Hanover — Lewis H. Marsteller, Owen Holmes. Northampton — Roderick B. Gary,. Samuel Calvert. Onslow — David W. Saunders, John A. Averitt. Orange— James S. Smith, William Montgomery. Pasquotapk — Richard H. Ramsey, John L. Bailey. Perquimans — Jonathan H. Jacocks, Jesse Wilson. Person — Moses Chambers, John W. Williams. Pitt — Robert Williams, Sr., John Joyner. Randolph — Alexander Gray, Benjamin Elliott. Richmond— Alfred Dockery, Henry W. Harrington. Robeson— John W, Powell, Richard C. Bunting. Rockingham — Edward T. Brodnax, John L. Lesueur. Rowan — Charles Fisher, John Giles. Rutherford— John McD. Carson, Theodorick F. Bifchett. Sampson— William B. Meares, Thomas I. Faison. Stokes — Matthew R. Moore, Emanuel Shober. Surry — Meshack Franklin, William P. Dobson. Tyrrell — Hezekiah G. Spruil), Joseph Halsey. Wake — Henry Seawell, Kimbrough Jones. Warren — Nathaniel Macon, Weldon N. Edwards, Washington — Joseph C. Norcom, Josiah Collins, Jr. Wayne — Gabriel Sherard, Lemuel H. Whitfield. Wilkes — Edmund Jones. James Wellborn. Yancey — Abner Jervis, Bacchus J. Smith. Nathaniel Macon was unanimously chosen President, and El B. Freeman, Clerk. Among the important changes effected were the abrogation of the Borough System in representation, annulling the right of suffrage in persons of color, the transfer of the election of Gov ernor from the Legislature. to the people and extending his term of office to two years, and appointing biennial, instead of annual sessions of the General Assembly, and relieving the disabilities o f Catholics. The amendments were adopted in the convention by a vote of yeas 81, noes 20, and subsequently ratified by the people through an affirmative vote of 26,771, against a negative vote of 21,606. In 1857 by an Act of Assembly the Constitution was amended b$ HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 23 removing the freehold qualification of electors that had pre viously existed. From 1835 to 1861, the prosperity of the State was steady and! increasing. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 to the Presidency of the United States, by a sectional party, avowedly opposed to- slavery, was deemed sufficient cause for the secession of the slave= holding States. On the 30th day of January, 1861, the Legislature passed an Act submitting to the people the question whether they would! meet in convention to consider their federal relations, and the proposition was voted down. Each of the States of the Southern section having met in convention and passed ordinances of Secession, and President Lincoln having issued a proclamation calling upon all of the States for their quota of 75,000 troops- for the coercion of seceding States, Governor Ellis issued a- proclamation convening the Legislature in extra session, May 1st, 1861. This body promptly passed a bill calling a convention to meet in Raleigh on the 20th day of that month. The con vention met ' on that day, and was composed of the following: delegates: MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION OF 1861.' Alamance— Thomas Ruffin, Giles Mebane. Alexander— A. C. Stewart. Anson— Albert Myers, James A. Leak. Ashe— Joel E. Foster. Beaufort— W. J. Ellison, E. J. Warren. Bertie— S. B. Spruill, James Bond. Bladen— Thos. D. McDowell. Brunswick— Thos. D. Meares. Buncombe— N. W. Woodtin. Burke— Jno. C. McDowell. Cabarrus— Caleb Phifer. Caldwell— Edmund W. Jones. Camden— Dennis D. Fere bee. Carteret— Charles R. Thomas. Uaswell— Bedford Brosvn, Jno. A. Grave*. 24 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. Catawba— P. C. Henkel. Chatham— J. H. Headen, J. Manning, Jr., L.J. Merritt. Cherokee — Allen T. Davidson. Chowan — Richard Dillard. Cleaveland— W. J. T. Miller, J. W. Tracy. Columbus — Richard Wooten. Craven — George Green, John D. Whitford. Cumberland — David McNeill, Warren Winslow, Currituck — Henry M. Shaw. Davidson— B. C. Douthitt, B. A. Kittrell. Davie — Robert Sprouse, Duplin — Wm. J. Houston, Joseph T. Rhodes. Edgecombe — Wm. S. Battle, George Howard, Jr. Forsythe— Rufus L. Patterson, Thos. J. Wilson. Franklin — Archibald D. Williams. Gaston — Sidney X. Johnston. Gates — Alfred J. Walton. Granville— T. L. Hargrove, A. W. Venable, S. S. Royster. Greene — Wm. A. Darden, Jr. Guilford — Ralph Gorrell, Jno. A. Gilmer, Robert P. Dick. Halifax— Chas. J. Gee*, Richard H. Smith. Harnett — Archibald S. McNeill. Haywood — William Hicks. Henderson — W. M.Shipp. Hertford — Kenneth Rayner. Hyde — Edward L. Mann. Iredell — Anderson Mitchell, Thos. A. Allison. Jackson — W. H. Thomas. Johnston — Claudius B. Sanders, W. A. Smith. Jones — William Foy. Lenoir — John C. Washington. Lincoln - William Lander. Macon— C. D. Smith. Madison — Joseph A. McDowell. Martin — Asa Biggs. McDowell — James H. Greenlee. Mecklenburg — William Johnston, James W. 'Ooborne. Montgomery — Samuel H. Christian. Moore — Hector Turner. Nash — Archibald H. Arrington. *L. W. Batchelor contested the seat of Mr. Gee, and upon investigation itf-was found that Mr. Batchelor was elected, and Mr. Gee resigned. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 25 New Hanover— W. S. Ashe, Robert H. Cowan. Northampton — David A. Barnes, John M. Moody. Onslow — Edward W. Ward. Orange — Wm A. Graham, John Berry. Pasquotank — Rufus K. Speed. Perquimans — Joseph S. Cannon. Person — John W. Cunningham. Pitt — Bryan Grimes, F, B. Satterthwaite. Randolph— Wm J. Long, Alfred G. Foster. Richmond — Walter F. Leak. Robeson — John P. Fuller, John C. Sutherland. Rockingham — David S. Reid, Edward T. Brodnax. Rowan — Burton Craige, Hamilton C. Jones. Rutherford — Jason H . Carson, Micajah Durham. Sampson — Robert A. Mosely, Thomas Bunting, Stanly — Eben Elearne. Stokes— John Hill. Surry— T. V. Hamlin. Tyrrell— Eli Spruill. Union — H. M. Houston. Wake— Geo. E. Badger, K. P. Battle. W. W. Holden. Warren — Weldon N. Edwards, Francis A. Thornton. Washington — Wm. S. Pettigrew, Watauga — J. W. Councill. Wayne — Geo. V. Srrong, E. A. Thompson. Wilkes — James Calloway, Peter Eller. Yadkin— R F. Armfield. Yancey — M. P. Penland. Note. — Delegates elected to fill vacancies in adjourned session of Convention, Nov. 18th, 1861, caused by death or resignation : R. A. Caldwell, Rowan. David Schenck, Lincoln. Robt. Strange. New Hanover. P. A. Atkinson. Pitt. J. B. Jones, Currituck, J. H. Bryson, Cherokee. James Dickson. Duplin. George Setzer, Catawba. Neill McKay.' Bladen. T. B. Lvon. Granville. A. M. Bogle,' Alexander. Vacancies in the second adjourned session of the Convention, Jan. 20th, 1862, were filled by the following. delegates: D. W. Bagley, Mirtin.' G. W. Michael, Rutherford. D. H. Starbuck, Forsythe. J. M. Strong, Mecklenourg. M. J. McDuffie, Cumberland. A. J. Murrill, Onslow. L. N. B. Battle, Nash. 26: HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. Weldon N. Edwards, of Warren, was chosen president, and Wal ter L. Steele, of Richmond, was made secretary. On the 1st day of the session an ordinance was unanimously adopted, which declared ' •' that the union now subsisting between the State of North Carolina and the other States, under the title of the Uni ted States of America, is hereby dissolved, and that the State of North Carolina is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State." Thus North Carolina took position with her Southern sisters, and at once began to prepare vigorously for the conflict which was now inevitable. As in the Revolution, as in all great emer gencies in which she conceived her honor and her rights to be involved, she displayed a self-sacrificing devotion of which any people, in any age, might be justly proud. She gave to the Southern army more than 120,000 of her sons, exceeding a ratio of one man to every six of her entire white population. Almost every fireside had its representative in the army, and their noble and heroic record is traced in blood on the melancholy pages of the long and desperate struggle from Big Bethel to Bentonsville and Appomattox. The convention of 1861 made the sessions of the General As sembly annual, instead of biennial.* Z. B. Vance was elected Governor in 1862, and again in 1864, but, on the surrender of the Southern armies, in May, 1865, he was arrested and his office declarsd vacant by the military au thority of the federal government. *DELEGATES ELECTED BY THE CONVENTION TO THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS. Far the State at Large — George Davis and W. W. Avery. TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: 1st District— W. N. H. Smith. I 5th District— J. M. Morehead, 2d District— Thomas Ruffii. | 6- h District — tt. C. Puryear, 3d District— Thos. D. McDowell. I 7th District— Burton Craige. 4th District— A. W. Venable. 8th District— A. T. Davidson. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 27 The arm of military power ruled with relentless vigor in both sections during these four years of strife, but in two of the States — North Carolina and New York — the writ of Habeas Corpus was sacredly observed, and in North Carolina the mili tary was kept subordinate to the civil authority. Upon the surrender of the Southern forces, martial law was established throughout the South, and a military order was issued abolish ing slavery. W. W. Holden was appointed Provisional Gov ernor, and under the reconstruction policy of President John son, Governor Holden issued a Proclamation for an election to. be held for delegates to a Convention to beheld in Raleigh, on the second day of October, 1865. Also for an election for mem bers of the General Assembly, to meet on the 4th Monday in November, and also for Representatives to the Federal Congress. The Convention met on the day appointed, and was composed of the following delegates: MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION OF 1865-66. Alamance: Giles Mebane, John W McCauley. Alexander : E M Stephenson. Anson: Wm G Smith, L L Polk. Ashe and Alleghany: Mr. Baker j Beaufort: R S Donnell, E J Warren. Bertie: Lewis Thompson, John Pool. Bladen: Duncan Kelly. Brunswick: Daniel L Russell, Sr. Buncombe: L L Stewart. Burke: Tod R Caldwell. Cabarrus: Dr L S Bingham. Caldwell : Rufus L Patterson. Camden : Dennis D Ferebee. Carteret: James Rumley. Caswell : Bedford Brown, M McGehee. Catawba: J R Ellis. Chatham: G P Moore, Robert Love, John A McDonald. Cherokee: G W Dickey. Chowan: R H Winborne. Cleaveland: D Beam, R Swan. 28 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. Columbus: A J Jones. Craven: C C Clark, M E Manly. Cumberland and Harnett: Neill McKay, R P Buxton, D G McRae. ©urrituck: Thos J Jarvis. Davidson: Henderson Adams, S S Jones. Davie: D M Furches. Duplin: D B Nicholson, W A Allen. Edgecombe and Wilson : John Norfleet, George Howard. Franklin: P II Winston. , Forsythe: D H Starbuck, I G Lash. Gaston: Dr Wm Sloan. Gates: Henry Willey. Granville: R B Gilliam, Eugene Grissom, E B Lyon. Greene : R J Williams.. Guilford: D F Caldwell, R P Dick, Jonathan Harris Halifax: Edward Conigland, W W Brickell. Haywood: W G B Garrett. Henderson and Transylvania: A H Jones. Hertford: Richard G Cowper. Hyde: Jones Spencer. Iredell: John H McLaughlin, S B Bell. Jackson: J R Love. Johnston: William A Smith, Simon Godwin. Jones: F G Simmons. Lenoir: R W King. Lincoln: W P Bynum. Macon: R M Henry. Madison: G W Gahagan. Martin : Jesse R Stubbs. McDowell: Alney Burgin. Mecklenburg: Thomas N Alexander, Alexander Mclver. Montgomery : J S apencer. IVioore: A R McDonald. Nash: A B Baines. New Hanover: Wm A Wright, Dr H F Murphy. Northampton: John B Odom, William Barrow. Onslow: Isaac N Sanders. Orange: John Berry, S F Phillips. Pasquotank: G W Brooks. Perquimans: Thomas Wilson. Person: Edwin G Reade. Pitt: Churchill Perkins, W. S. Hanrahan. Randolph: S S Jackson, Zebedee Rush. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 29 Richmond: Alfred Dockery. Robeson: Neal A McLean, Nathaniel McLean. Rockingham: Thomas Settle, Robert H. Ward. Rowan: Nathaniel Boyden, I W Jones. Rutherford and Polk: G W Logan, C L Harris. Sampson: A A McKoy, Thos I Faison. Stanly: James M McCorkle. Stokes: A H Joyce. Surry: Samuel .Forkner. Tyrrell: Charles McCleese. Union: Sam'l H. Walkup. Wake: B F Moore, 11 A Hodge, W II Harrison. Warren: William Eaton, Jr., P H Joyner. Washington: J C Johnston. Watauga: Geo. W. Bradley. Wayne: W T Faircloth, J T Kennedy. Wilkes: P Smith, J Q A Bryan. Yadkin: Thomas Haynes. Yancey and Mitchell: G Garland. At the election held in November, the following were elected from their several Districts to the HOUSE 0E REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS: 1st Dist— J RStubbs, of Martin, 2d " CO Clark, of Craven. 3d '• T C Fuller, of Cum berl'nd 4th. " Josiah Turner, Jr., Orange 5th Dist — L Hanes, of Davidson. 6th " SH Walkup, of Union - 7th " A H Jones of Henders'n The Legislature of that winter elected to the United States- Senate, Wm. A. Graham, of Orange, for the long term ; John Pool, of Pasquotank, for the short term. The term for which Mr. Pool was elected expiring on the 4th of March, 1867, the Legislature of 1866-'67 elected, as his successor, M. E. Manly, of Craven. At the popular election held in November, 1865, Jonathan Worth, of Randolph, then Treasurer of the State, was elected Governor, and took his seat on the 28th day of December of that year. By reason of a conflict between the President and. 30 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. Congress, our entire delegation were denied seats in that body. ; The amendments to the Constitution adopted by the Conven tion were submitted to the vote of the people and rejected by a vote of 19,570 for, to 21,552 against, them. This Constitution, as reported by the Convention, consisted of the original instru ment of 1776, with amendments of 1835, 1857, 1861 and 1865, consolidated and systematized, with some additions to the Bill of Rights. The differences between Congress and the President became constantly more antagonistic— the vetoes and remonstrances of the latter were disregarded by the former— oaths were imposed which amounted to a virtual disfranchisement of a large portion of our citizens— the recently liberated slaves were invested with the right of suffrage, and other prerogatives of citizenship-=-and the elective franchise was exercised only under the bayonet or the supervision and control of a military commander, whose office was in Charleston, South Carolina. Under authority vested in him, by the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, Gen. E. R. S. Canby, commanding the 2d Military District, issued an order for an election to be held for delegates to a Convention which should meet in Raleigh on the, 14th day of January, 1868. The votes were compared and certificates of election were issued by this officer. The following named dele gates were by him declared to be elected : DELEGATES TO THE CONVENTION OF 1868: Counties of Burke and McDowell : John S Parks, W A B Murphy. " Rutherford and Pi>lk : W H Logan, Jesse Rhodes. " Yancey and Mitchell : Julius S Garland. " Madison, Buncombe, Henderson and Transylvania : Geo W Gahagan, J H Duckworth, Thos J Candler. " Haywood and Jackson : W G B Garrett. ' ' Alleghany, Ashe, Surry, Watauga and Yadkin : Sam'l Forkner, Evan Benbow, Geo W Bradley and Edwin C Bartlett. \ ¦fBy order of Gen. Canby, the name of John G. Marler was inserted in place of Edwin C. Bartlett. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 31 Counties of Macon, Clay and Cherokee : Mark May, Geo W Dickey. " Caldwell, Wilkes, Iredell and Alexander : Calvin J Uowles, Calvin C. Jones, Wesley H George, John Q A Bryan and Jerry Smith. " Davie and Rowan : Allen Rose, Dr. Milton Hobbs, and Isaac M Shaver, -f " Cleaveland : Plato Durham. " Catawba: James R Elis. " Lincoln : Joseph H King. " Gaston : Milo J Aydlott. " Mecklenburg : Edward B. Fullings, Silas N Stilwell. " Union: William Nt-wsom. " Cabarrus : W T Blume. " Stanly': Levi C Morton. " Anson : George Tucker, Henry Chillson. " Stokes : R F Petree. . Forsythe : E B Teaguf . " Davidson : Isaac Kiuney, S Mullican. Randolph : T L L Cox, R F TrogdeD. « Guilford : G VV Welker, A W Tourgee. '• Rockingham : H Barnes, John French. Caswell : Wilson Carey,* P Hodnett. " Alamance : Henry M Ray. " Person : William Merritt. " Orange : £ M.Holt, J W Graham. Chatham : J A McDonald, W T Gunter. Wake : S D Franklin, J P Andrews, BSD Williams, James H Harris.* " Granville : J W Ragland, J I Moore and C Mayo.* " Warren: John A Hyman,* John Seal. " Franklin : John H Williamson,* Jas T Harris. Cumberland : W A Mann, J W Hoed.* " Harnett : J M Turner. " Moore: S S McDonald. " Montgomery : Geo A Graham. " Richmond : R T Long, Sr. " Wayne : H L Grant, J Hollowell. " Johnston : Dr. James Hay, Nathan Gulley. " Greene : J M Patrick. '< Wilson : W Daniel. " Nash : Jacob Ing. fBy order of Gen. Canhy, the name of James McCuDhins was Inserted in place of Isaac M. Shaver. * Colored members. 32 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. County of Halifax : Henry Epps,* J H Renfrow, W J T Hayes.* Northampton : R C Parker, H T Grant. Edgecombe : J H Baker, Henry A Dowd, Henry C Cherry * Lenoir : R W King. Brunswick : Edwin Legg. Columbus : Haynes Lennon. Robeson : Joshua L Nance, O S Hayes. Bladen : A W Fisher, F F French. New Hanover ; J C Abbott, S S Ashley and A H Gal loway.* Duplin : J W Peterson,* Sam'l Highsmith.* Sampson : Sylvester Carter, Alpxander Williams. Tyrrell and Washington : E W Jones. Martin : Samuel W Watts. Bertie : P D Robbins,* Bryant Lee.* Hertford : J B Hare. Gates : Thomas D Hoffler. Chowan : John R French. Perquimans : Dr Wm Nicholson. Pasquotank and Camden : C C Pool, M Taylor. Currituck : Thos. Sanderlin. Craven : David Heaton, WHS Sweet, C D Pierson.* Onslow : Jasper Etheridge. Carteret : Abraham Congleton. Beaufort : W B Rodman, William Stilley. Pitt : Byron Laflin, D J Rich. Hyde : Andrew J Glover. This body met, and among the many important changes made in the organic law may be mentioned : The creation of the offices of Lieutenant Governor, and Superintendent of Pub lic Works ; making eligible to office all male citizens who had the right to vote ; increasing the number of Judges of the Su preme and Superior Courts,- and giving their election and that of magistrates to the people ; abolished the County Court sys tem, and substituted a new system of county government ; made the meetings of the Legislature annual ; established a Peniten tiary ; ordered a census of the State to be taken every ten years, * Colored memhers. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. 33 the first to be taken in 1875; and made the rights of the negro, equal with the white race, before the law. W. W. Holden, of Wake, who had been elected Governor for four years from the 1st ¦ day of January, 1869, was inaugurated July 4th, 1868. Tod. R. Caldwell, of Burke, was Lieutenant Governor and ex officio President of the Senate. The Legislature of 1870-'71 impeached Governor Holden. and he was removed from office. Lieutenant Governor Caldwell assumed the duties of Governor. An act was passed by the Legislature April 3d, 1871, appointing an election to be held August 3d, 1871, upon the question of holding a Convention, and it was defeated by a vote of 86,007 for, to 93,352 aqainst, it. At the regular election in 1872, Tod R. Caldwell was elected Governor, and Curtis H. Brogden Lieutenant Governor, for four years from the 1st of January, 1873. The Constitution of 1868 had been found ill-suited in many esssential particulars, to the interests and condition of our people ; and the Legislature of 1873-'74, among the amendments made to that instrument,. abolished the office of Superintendent of Public Works ; changed the sessions of the General Assembly from annual to biennial terms, and abrogated the clause ordering the census of the State- to be taken. Governor Caldwell died July 11th, 1874, and was; succeeded for the unexpired term. by Lieut. Gov. Brogden. In March, 1875, the Legislature passed an act proposing certain amendments to the Constitution, and providing for a Conven tion, restricted in its action to the consideration of these pro posed amendments. The Convention met in Raleigh on the 6th of September, and was composed, of the following delegates: MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION OF 1375. Alamnnc : James E Bovd Alexander: Reuben Wat's. Alleghany: E L Vaugban. Anson: RT B»nnett. Ashe: J O Wilcox. Beaufort & Pamlico: J E F hep'ierd Bertk: F W Bell. Bnnromhp; T Ti Clin^man and Da vid i 'oleman Burke: A C Avery. C;ibarrus: K v" Allison. Caldwel :.B W Jones. Canidt-n: JL Chambevliin. Ca*well : E B Withers, Wilson Cary* ?Colored memhers. 34 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NORTH CAROLINA. Bladen: A McDonald. Brunswick: E W Taylor. Carteret: James Rumley. Catawba: M L MeOorkle. Chatham: John Manning and W F Strowd. Cherokee & Graham: J W Cooper. Chowan: John R Page. * Clay: J S Anderson. Cleaveland: Plato Durham. Columbus: Forney George. Craven: R F Lehman and John S lianii Cumberland : R P Buxton and J C Blocker. Currituck: W H Cowell. Dare: G B Bliven Davidson: F mk: W J Munden. Perquimans: J W Albe tson. Person: J W Cunningham. Pitt: T J Jarvis and W M King. Polk: N B Hampton. Randolph: J W Bean, and A M Lowe. v Richmond: O H Dockery. Robeson : D Sinclair and C A Mc- Eachin. Rockingham: D S Reid and J T Morehead Rowan: F E Shober and John S Henderson. Rutherford: James M Justice. Sampson: Wm Kirby and S J Fai- son ¦Hanly: Joseph Marshall. Stokes; W W McCanless. Surry: Joseph Dobson Swain: E Everett. Transylvania: G W Wilson. Tyrrell: Edward Ransom. Union: T W Red wine. Wake: M C Hodge, A L Davis, J J No well and R C Badger. Warren: J W Thorne and J O Crosby.* Washington: J M Bateman. Watauga: Herey Bingham. Wayne: W T Faircloth and G H Grantham . Wilkes: T J Dula and J Q A Bryan. Wilson: R W Singeltary. Yadkin: B F Jones. Yancey: C R Byrd. * Colored members. EXECUTIVE AND STATE OFFICERS. 35 The amendments of greatest importance adopted by this Con vention, and which were ratified by a vote of 120,159 to 106,554, were the establishment of separate schools for the races; of a Department of Agriculture; of Criminal and Inferior Courts; the election of Magistrates by the Legislature; reducing the number of Judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts; dis franchising persons convicted of infamous crimes; and limiting the per diem of members of the General Assembly to four dollars, for sixty days, to each session. With laws guaranteeing ample and equal protection to all of her citizens, administered by native sons distinguished for their devotion to the State, her future is indeed hopeful and auspi cious. CHAPTER III. EXECUTIVE AND STATE OFFICERS UNDER THE LORDS PROPRIETORS UNDER CHARTER OF CHARLES II. FROM 1663 TO 1729. DATE. NAMES. DATE. NAJiES. 1663 William Drummond. Henderson Walker. 1667 Samuel Stevens. 1704 Robert Daniel. 1674 Sir George Carteret.. Sir Nathaniel Johnson. .1667 Sir George Eastchurch. Thomas Carey. .... Miller, Deputy. 1712 Sdw^FdHyde.Jeorge ^Bollock. John Culpepper. 1712 1683 Seth Sothel. L713 Dharles Eden. 1689 Philip Ludwell. 1724 jeorge Burrington. 1 693 Thomas Smith. L725 Sir George Everhard. 1694 John Archdale. 1729 The Lords Proprietors sur« •1698 Thomas Harvey. 14 rendered their charter to the Crown. 36 EXECUTIVE AND STATE OFFICERS. GOVERNORS UNDER THE CROWN. DATE. NAMES. DATE. NAMES. 173017341753 George Burrington. Gabriel Johnston. Arthur Dobbs. 17531765 1771 Matthew Rowan. William Tryon. Josiah Martin. GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION ELECTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. DATE. NAME. COUNTIES. 1776.... Richard Caswell - - - - Lenoir. 1779.... Abner Nash Craven. 1781.... Thomas Burke Orange. 1782.... Alexander Martin Guilford. 1784.... Richard Ca'swell- Lenoir. 1787.... Samuel Johnston - Chowan. 1789.... Alexander Martin Guilford. 1792.... Richard Dobbs Spaight, Sr., Graven. 1795.... Samuel Ashe N"ew Hanover. 1798.... William R. Davie Halifax. 1799.... Benjamin Williams - Moore. 1802 .... James Turner Warren. 1805 .... Nathaniel Alexander Mecklenburg. 1807.... Benjamin Williams VIoore. 1808.... David Stone Bertie. 1810.... Benjamin Smith - Brunswick. 1811... William Hawkins ... Warren. 1814.... William Miller - - - Warren. 1817.... John Branch Halifax. 1820.... Jesse Franklin - Surry. 1821.... Gabriel Holmes Sampson. 1824.... Hutchins G. Burton Halifax. 1827.... James Iredell Dhowan.' John Owen Bladen. 1830.,.. Montford Stokes Vilkes. 1832.... David L. Swain - Buncombe. 1835.... Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr. "'raven. EXECUTIVE AND STATE OFFICERS. 37 GOVERNORS ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE. DATE. NAMES. COUNTIES. lbb'i Edward B. Dudley New Hanover. 1841.... John M. Moiehead Guilford. 1845 William A. Graham Orange. 1849.... Charles Manly - Wake. 1851.... David S. Reid Rockingham. 1854. . . . Warren Winslow, Ex. officio Cumberland. 1855.... Thomas Bragg Northampton. 1858... John W. Ellis Rowan. 1861,... Henry T. Clark, Ex. officio Edgecombe. 1863 .. Zebulon B. Vance Buncombe. 1865 " a a tt William W. Holden, Provisional Wake. 1856.... Jonathan Worth Randolph. 1806 .... William W. Holden Wake. 1870.... Tod R. Caldwell, Ex officio Burke. 1872.... t.. . . a a 1874.... Curtis H. Brogen, Ex. officio Wayne. Buncombe. 1877.... Zebulon B: Vance LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR-! DATE. NAMES. COUNTIES. 1869...1871.... 1877.... Tod R. Caldwell Curtis II. Brogden Thomas J. Jarvis Burke. Wayne. Pitt. SECRETARIES OP STATE. 17771778181118591863 James Glasgow. William White. William Hill. Rufus H. Page. J. P. H. Russ. 18641866186818721877 Charles R. Thomas. R. W. Best. Henry J. Menninger. William H. Howerton. Joseph A. Engelhard. 38 EXECUTIVE AND STATE OFFICERS. TREASURERS. NAMES NAMES. 17761777 17818271830 18351837 j Richard Caswell ( Samuel Johnston. Memucan Hunt. John Haywood. William ». Robards. Robert H. Burton. William S. Mhoon. Samuel F. Patterson. Daniel W. Courts. 1839 18431845 1852 18631865 1866 1869 1877 Charles L. Hinton. John H. Wheeler. Charles L. Hinton. Daniel W. Courts. Jonathan Worth. William Sloan. Kemp P. Battle. David A. Jenkins. John M. Worth. COMPTROLLERS. 17831808 1825 1827 1834 NAMES. John Craven. Samuel Goodwin. Joseph Hawkins. John L. Henderson. James Grant. Nathan Ste«dman. 1836 18511855 1857 1867 William F. Collins. William Clarke. George W. Brooks. Curtis H. Brogden. S. W. Burgin. AUDITORS. DATE. N AMES . DATE. NAMES. 1869 1877 to to 1873 Henderson Adams. 1881 Samuel L. Love. 1873- to 1877 John Reilly. SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. DATE. INAMES. DATE. NAMES . 18691872 S. S. Ashley. Alex. Mclver. 18741877 Stephen D. Pool. John C. Scarborough. SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES. 39 ALPHABETICAL LIST OP MEMBERS TO THE CONTINENTAL AND UNITED STATES CONGRESS TO DATE. Ashe, John B : '. Bloodworth, Timothy... v. Blount, William..... j Burke, Thomas a Burton, Robert Caswell, Richavd Cumming, William Harnett, Cornelius Hawkins, Benjamin ? Hewes, Joseph j Hill, - Whitmill Hooper, William 17871786 17*2 1783 17861777 1787 11741784 '777 1781 17£6 1714 17 9 1778 1774 1788 1787 1787 1781 1788 1?76 1784 ]780 178 1187 17771780 178 '777 Johnston, Samuel Jones, Allen Nash, Abner j Penn, John S Sitgreaves, John Sharpe; William Spaight, Richard D Swan, John Williams, John Williamson, Hugh j White, Alexander 178' 1719 1788 1785 1775 1777 1784177- 178317871778 17821787 1786 1782 1780 178417E8 1778 1780 1785 17821785 1788 178917851784 17>-8 MEMBERS OF SENATE OP U SITED STATES PROM NORTH CAROLINA. Abbott, Jos, C Badger, George E Biggs, Asa Bragg, Thomas Bloodworth, Timothy Branch, John Brown, Bedford Clingman, T. L Franklin, Jesse Graham, WiUiam A... Hawkins, Benjamin.. Haywood, William H Iredell, James Johnston, Samuel Locke, Francis I8S71. 43 1854 J 859 1795 1823 18291858 1791 807 l:-4! 17£9 184-1 I8i8 1769 1814 18-1 1855 1858 1861 180118-91841 1 61 18051-13 'P43 1 1846 1831 17931815 Macon, Nathaniel Mangum, W. P Martin, Alexander Merrimon, A. S Pool, John Ransom, Matt W j Reid, David S Stokes, Montford Stone, David 5 Strange, Robert Turner, James 1815 1*31 1841 1848 17931873183'1872 1*77 1854 1816 18011813 1836 1805 18281837 1847 l>-58 1799IS', 9 1873 1«77 18P31859 1823 1807 1814 18411818 MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES FROM NORTH CARO LINA. Alexander, Evan Alexander, Nathaniel Alston, Willis Alston, Willis, Jr ^ Arrington, A. H Ashe, John B Ashe, William S Ashe, Thomas S 18 5 ;803 179) •8)3 1825 1841 17SW 18491873 18(1918051/0'i1815 1831 lf45 179318531875 Biggs, Asa Barringer, Daniel L Barringer, Daniel M Beth une, Laughlin Blackledge, William. J Blackledge, William S Bloodworth , Timothy 1845 1826 18431831 1803 181118211790 1847 l-!351843 18331809 1813 18231791 40 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES— Continued. Biggs, Asa Barringer, Daniel L.... Barringer, Daniel M... Beth une, Laughlia Blackledge, William Blackledge, William S. Bloodworth, Timothy. . Blount, Thomas Boyden, Nathaniel. . . Branch, John Branch, L. O'B Brogden, Curtis H... Bryan, Nathan Bryan, John H Bryan, Joseph H Burgess, Dempsey. .. Burten, Hutchins G. Bynum, J»-sse A Boyden, Nathaniel.... Caldwell, Green W. .. Caldwell, Joseph P. . . . Carson, Samuel P Clark, James W Clark, HenryS Clingman, Thos.L... Daniel, J. R. J Davidson, William... Davis, Joseph J Dawson, William J.. Deweese, J. T Dobbin, James C DeBerry, Edmund. . . Dockery, Alfred Dockery, O. H Dickens, Samuel Donnell, R. S Dixon, Joseph Dixon, Joseph H Dudley, Edward B... Edwards, Weldon N. Fisher, Charles Forney, Daniel M Forney, Peter Franklin, Jesse Franklin, Meshack French, John R Gaston, William Watlin, Alfred M Gillespie, James < Gilm -i-. John A Graham, James J Grove, William B Hall, Thomas H \ Hawkins, M. T 184-5 1826 I8i3 1831 [80? 1811 I 1790 79 1805 U 1811 183i 85c 1877 1795 18^5 1815 179: 1819 183. 1847 1841 1119182' 1815 1845131= 1847 18 il .8181873 If 77 119 67 1815 18291833 14 1815 185 1867 81 1847 93 1*711829 181H 1819 l8:-9 815 18 3 1,9 1-07 I8li8 1813189'-17)31803 1857 1 3" :845 1911817 18v7 iS il 1817 1435 1849183318 9 1813 1823 179 L 17j918( i81s18 49 181-3 .811 187 1793182 1819H94 1821 84 1849 1843 85 1833 1817 1'4-.845 '8 185.8 .821 187518791795 is-: 7 183:1 845 18d 1847i8'5 1871 817 184)1 01 1872 1131 1827 1 21 1S4J 181 s 811 17 7 18 5 18)7 5 1799 18 15 1851 13 1-4 18' 3 1325 1885 184 Heaton, David Henderson. Archibald. . Hill, John Hill, William H Hines, Richard Holland, J ames Holmes, Gabriel Hooks, Charles Hyman, John B Jones, A. H Jones, Charles Kenan, Thos Kennedy, William. King, William R. Lash, I. G Leach, James M Lock, Mathew Long, John Love, William C Macon, Nathaniel Mangum, W. P Manning, John Jr McBnde, Archibald.... -McDowell, Joseph McFarland, Duncan McKay, James J McNeill, Archibald Mebane, Alexander Mitchell, Anderson Montgomery, William. . Munford, George Morehead, James T Murfree, William H. .. . Outlaw, George Outlaw, David Owen, James Paine, R, T Pettigrew, E Pearson, Joseph Pickens, Isreal Potter, Robert Pnryear, R. C Purviance, Samuel D... Rayner, Kenneth Reade, E. G Rencher, Abraham Reid, David S Rogers, Sion H Robbins, W. M Ruffin, Thomas Saunders, R. M Sawyer, Lemuel. Sawyer, S. T...... 1867119 1 1.889 1799 18251795,8* 1825 1316 1M9 1875180.18.111805 1801 ISO) 1812 1811 18H7 itS-i 18 9 179.18S 18 5 1191 1823 1 1809 1793 179?18.15 183118211825 1 93 84:815 1-.17 1813181.4 1*47 181 1.855 1.8:5 8 9 18111829V 53 180? 18 9 .855 18: li 1841 841 1853 18718731877 185318 n 141 807 '817 1825 1837 1803 18411803 1827 1797 lbll 182918171825 1877 )802 1811 81.5 18il 1815 1816 J8J6 1575 174918! 9 ¦ 1817 1815Its. 6 1813 )7 5 1799 1807, 1849 1 23 1827 J 194 1843 1841 1819 853 13171 23 18531319 1857 1837 lain181' 1831 1855 1M5 18451857 183 > 843 811 1855 1=73 18 5 1879 18611627- 1845 1839 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. 41 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES— Continued. Scales, A. M Settle, Thomas Sevier, John Shadwick, William.. Shepherd, i harles B. Shephard, William B Shepliard, A. H Shober, F. E Smith, James S Smith, W. A Smith, W.N. H Slocnmb, Jesse Speight, Jesse Spaight, R. D Spaight, R. D. Jr.... Stanford, Richard. . . . Stanly, John Stanley, Edward Steele, John Steele, Walter L 18S7 1-/5 1817 1191796 183-1827 182) 1841 .817 18691817 1873 1859 1817 1627 1 -8 1823 1 9 8»1 1809 1837 J84917n01875 1859 187a189 1861 187.1 Stewart, James Stone, David Tatum, Abs Tate, Magnus Thom as, Ch arles R Turner, Daniel Vance, R. B Vance, R. B. Jr Vance, Zebulon B Venable, A, W Waddell.A. M Walker, Felix Washington, Wm H... Williams, Benjamin Williams, Lewis Williams, Marmaduke. Williams, Robert Williamson, Hugh Winslow, Warren Winston, Joseph Wynns, Thomas Yancy, Bartlett Yeates, Jesse J 1818 7:9 1795 1815'871 1827 1823 1878 1818 1 847 1871 •817 1841 .7=318)5 1813 1797 1790 1855 ¦793 1803 1802 1813 1875 1875 '8'!5 18791861 ! 879 1861 1679 MEMBERS NOW IN CONGRESS FROM NORTH CAR OLINA. SENATORS. Matt. W. Ransom. Augustus S. Merrimon. REPRESENTATIVES. 1st Dist., Jesse J. Yeates,. 2d " Curtis H. Brogden, 3d " Alfred M. Waddell. 4th Joseph J. Davis. 5th Dist., Walter L. Steele. 6th " Alfred M. Scales. 7th " William M. Robbins. 8th Robert B. Vance. JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT. W. N. H. Smith, Chief Justice. Thomas S. Ashe, Associate Justice. John H. Dilliard, Clerk, W. H. Bagley, of Wake. 42 STATE OFFICERS. SUPERIOR COURTS. 1st Jud. Dist.. Mills L. Eure. 2d 3d 4th 5th A. S. Seymour. A. A. McKoy. R. P. Buxton. John Kerr. 6th Jud. Dist, David Schenck„ 7th " •' J. F. Graves. 8th " "A. C. Avery. 9th " " J. C. L. Gudger.. STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction and Attorney General. PRESENT EXECUTIVE. GOVERNOR. Zebulon B. Vance was born in Buncombe county, May 13th,. 1830. Was educated at the University, studied law and ob tained license to practice in 1852. In 1854 he was" elected to the House of Commons. In 1858, was elected to the lower house of Congress to fill the unexpired term of T. L. Clingman, who had been appointed to the Senate by Governor Bragg. Was re-elected to the same position in 1859. Entered the Confederate army as Captain in 1861; was promoted to the Colonelcy of the 26th N. C. Regiment, and in 1862 was elected Governor of the State. In 1864 was again elected Governor. In 1870 he was elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature, but Congress re fusing to remove his political disabilities, he resigned. In 1876 he was elected Governor by the popular vote for four years from the 1st clay of January, 1877. LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. Thomas J. Jarvis was born in Currituck county, July 18th, STATE OFFICERS. 43 1836. Graduated at Randolph Macon College in 1860. Studied law and obtained license to practice. Served as Captain through the war. Was elected to the Constitutional Convention of 1865, and to the lower branch of the Legislature from Tyrrell county in 1868. In 1870, as a member of that body, he was elected Speaker. Removing ^to Pitt county, he was chosen a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1875. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant Governor for four years from the 1st of January, 1877. SECRETARY OP STATE. Joseph A. Engelhard was born in Monticello, Mississippi, September 27th, 1832. Graduated at Chapel Hill in 1854. Studied law and obtained license to practice. Was Major and. Quartermaster of Branch's Brigade, and promoted to Adjutant General of Pender's Division, during the war. Wag Associate Editor of the Wilmington Journal from 1866 to his election. Was elected Secretary of State in 1876, for four years from January 1st, 1877. TREASURER. John M. Worth was born in Guilford county, June 28th, 1811. Graduated as a physician in the Medical College at Lexington, Kentucky. Represented the Senatorial, District composed of Moore and Montgomery counties, three different times, and' the district composed of Randolph and Montgomery, twice, and the district composed of Randolph and Moore, twice. Was elected State Treasurer in 1876 for four years from the 1st of January, 1877. ATTORNEY GENERAL. Thomas S. Kenan was born in Duplin county, February 17th, 1838. Graduated at Chapel Hill in 1857. Studied law and obtained license to practice. Entered the army as Captain and was promoted to the Colonelcy of the 43d N. C. Troops. Was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1865, and again in 1866. Elected Attorney General in 1876 for four years from January 1st, 1877. 44 STATE OFFICERS. SUPERINTENDENT OE PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. John C. Scarborough was born in Wake county, September 21st, 1841. Served through the war, and graduated at Wake Forest College in 1869. Was elected Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1876 for four years from the 1st of January, 1877. AUDITOR. Samuel L. Love was born in Haywood county, August 25th, 1 1828. Graduated m Philadelphia Medical College in 1853. Member of Gov. Bragg's council in 1854. Elected to the lower J branch of the Legislature in 1856, and was reelected to the same position until 1865. Was a member of the Convention of 1875. :jj Elected State Auditor for' four years from the first day of Jan uary, 1877. Private Secretary to the Governor — Lee S. Overman, of Rowan county. Chief Cleric to Secretary of State — G. L. Dudley, of New Hanover county. Chief Clerk to Treasurer- — Donald W. Bain, of Wake county. Teller — Thomas C. Worth, of Randolph county. Chief Cleric to Auditor — Andrew J. Partin, of Wake county.; Adjutant General — Johnstone Jones, of Burke county. State Librarian— Sherwood Haywood, of Wake county. Keeper of Capitol — J McL. Turner, of Rowan county. STATE GEOLOGIST. W. C. Kerr, of Orange county. governor's council. Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor and Superintendent -of j Public Instruction. "< MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 45 MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NORTH CARO LINA, 1879. SENATE. Pict— E A Moye, d. Wilson, Nash and Franklin— W S Harris, d., R W King, d. Jones, Onslow and Carteret — John W Shaokleford, d. Wayne and Duplin— W T Dortch, a., J A Bryan, d. New Hanover and Pender — R K Bryan, d. Bladen and Brunswick — AsaRoss,r Sampson — Robinson Ward, r. Uolumbus and Robeson — D P Mc- Eachern, d. Cumberland and Harnett — Neill S Stewart, d. Jonnston — L R Waddell, d. Wake — G-eorge H Snow, d. Warren — Isaac Alston^ (col.) r. Granville — E E Lyon, d. Chatham— A H Merritt, d. Rockingham— J P Uillard, d. Alamance and Guilford— J I Scales d., David F Caldwell, d. Rutherford and Polk— J B Eaves, r ttichmond and Montgomery — Geo. A Graham, r. Anson and Union — Culpepper Austin, d. Cabarrus and Stanlj— J M Red wine, d. Mecklenburg— S B Alexander, d. Rowan and Davie — John S Hen derson, d. Catawba and Lincoln— W A Gra ham, d. Iredell, Wilkes and Alexander— T A Nicholson, d., J P Mathes m, d. Cleaveland and Gaston-L J Hoyle,d Buncombe and Madison — T F Da vidson, d. Jackson Swain, Macon, Cherokee. Cl*y and Graham — James L Rob inson d. Haywod, Henderson and Tran sylvania — T W Taylor, d. Orange, Person and Caswell — Geo- Williamson, d., Giles Mebane, d. Greene and Lenoir — W P Or- mond, r. Oyrrell, Washington, Martin, Beau fort and Hyde— J T Waldo, d„ Respass, d. Bertie and Northampton — Geo. L> doleman, r. Halifax— Henry Eppes, (col ), r. Craven — Edward Bull, r. Davidson— J M Leach, d. Stokes and Forsythe — George B Everett, r. Surry and Yadkin — J M Brow- er, r. Alleghany, Ashe and Watauga — Jesse Bledsoe, d.. Caldwell. Burke, McDowell.Mitch- ell and Yancey — A M Erwin, d., J G Bynum. d. Currituck, Camden, Pasquotank, Hertford, Gates, Chowan and Perquimans — Rufus White, r., Geo H Mitchell, r. Edgecombe — Willis Bunn, (col ored) r. Moore and Randolph — W M Black, r. HDUSE OF RE?RE3EISTATnE3. Alamance— B F Mebane, d. Alexander— J M Carson, d. Alleghany— E L Vaughan. d. Anson— J A Lockhart, d. Ashe— Ed Foster, d. Beaufort— J C Osborne r. Bertie— Wm C Etheridge, d. Bladen— John Newell, (col.; r. Brunswick — A C Meares, d. Buncombe — Natt Atkinson, d.,IM E Carier, d. Burke— B A Berry, d. Cabarrus — W H Orchard, d. Caldwell — Edmund Jones, d. Camden— S J Forbes, d. Carteret — A H Chadwick, d. 46 MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Caswell — Wilson Cary, (col.) r., Thos Harrison, r. Catawba — R B Davis, d. Chatham — J M Moring, d.. J J Goldston d. Cherokee — Robert Bruce, r. Chowan — H H Hobbs, r. Clay — J S Anderson, d. Cleaveland — L E Powers, d. Columbus — V V Richardson, d. Craven— W E Clarke, r., W D Pet- tifer, r. Cumberland — T S Lutterloh, r.. J C. Blocker, r. Currituck— J M Woodhouse, d. Dare — G L Fulcher, d. Davidson — Julian Miller, r., G Franklin Smith, d. Davie — F M J hnson, d. Duplin— G W Lamb, d., A S Col well, d. Edgecombf — Clinton Battle, (col.) r. Dred. Wimberly, (col.) r. Forsythe — W A Lpurie, r. Franklin — C M Cooke, d. Gaston — Harley Huff si etler, d. Gat»»s — J J Gatling, d. Graham. * Granville — J E Burroughs, d., Rufus Amis d. Greene — W. T. Dixon, r. Guilford— C J Wheeler, d., J A McLean, d.' Halilax — J A White, (col.) r., John T Reynolds, (col.) r. Harnett— C H Comeld, d. Haywood — F M Davis, d. Henderson— A J Bird, r. Hertford — J J Horton, r. Hyde — Thomas P Bonnsr, d. Iredell— J R McCorkle, d., J D Click, d. Jackson — F H Leatherwood, d. Johnston— E A Bizzell, d., E J Holt, d. Jones— 0 D Foy, r. Lenoir — W W Dunn, r. Lincoln— B C Cobb, d. Macon— John Reid, d. Madison— B F Davis, r. Martin— N B Fagan, d. i McDowell— J T Reid, d. Mecklenburg— John L Brown, d., W E Ardrey, d. Mitchell— Samuel Blalock, d. Montgomery -W T H Ewing, r. Moore — N»ill Leach, d Nash— G N Lewis, d. New Hanover— H E Scott, r., W H Waddell, (col.) r. Northampton— J W Grant, d. Ouslow — C S Hewitt, d. Orange— M A Angier, d., Josiah Turner, ind. dem. Pamlico, f Pasquotank— Hugh Cale, (col.) r. Pender -Thomas J Armstrong, d. Perquimans— J W Blaisdell, r. Person — Montford McGchee, d. Pitt — D C Mooro, d., Germain Ber nard, d. Polk — Nesbit Dimsdale, r. Raudolph— N 0 English, d., CH Bingham, r. Richmond — D M Henderson, r. Robeson— A 0 Oliver, d., R M Norment, r. locking ham — T L Rawley, d., Wm R Lindsay, d. Rowan— H C Bost, d., David Bar ringer, d. Rutherford — Nathan Young, d. Sampson — L R Carroll, d., J C Hines,.d. Stanly — Daniel Ritchey, d. Stokes — Squire Venable, r. Surry— N P Foard, d. Swain — T D Bryson, d. Transylvania — J H Paxton, d. rysrell— W G Melson, d. Union — D A Covington, d. Wake— W E Richardson, d., R W Wynne r., S ewurt E.lison, (col.1 r., J J Ferrell, r. Warren — L T Christmas, (col.) r., Hawkins Carter, (col.) r. Washington— J M Bateman, r. Watauga — W B Council, d. Wayne— G C Buchan, d., W A Deans, r. Wilkes— Tyre York, d., L Harrell,d Wilson— J M Taj lor, d. \ adkin — R R Brown, r. Yancey— D G Carter, d. *G-rahain county votes widii Cuerukee count., . t Pamlico county votes with Beaufort county. J Since dead, and Henry D. Robertson elected to fill vacancy. CHAPTER IV. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. ALAMANCE COUNTY.- Alamance county was erected in 1848, out of Orange county. Derives its name from Alamance Creek, made famous in early history by a battle on its banks, between the Royalists, under William Tryon, and the Regulators, under Herman Husbands, and others. This county belongs to the Middle section of the State. County town, Graham, on the North Carolina Railroad, 54 miles west of Raleigh. Surface gently undulating; soil, clay and sand. Products: Corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, cotton, peas, mil let, clover and other grasses, potatoes, turnips and a great vari ety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, cherries, berries and .apricots. Timbers : Hickory, poplar and several varieties of oak. Minerals : Copper is known to exist in this county, and min eral springs, particularly of ¦ulpb.ur and iron. Land listed in 1877: 223,771 acres; value of land and town lots, $1,096,405. Public Schools : White, 38; colored, 18. In addition there are Graham Male and Female High School; Graham School, male .and female, Pleasant Lodge Male Academy, Oak Dale Acade my, Sylvan Academy. * Manufactures : Shops of the North Carolina R. R. Co. , at Company Shops — four establishments for making furniture and water wheels. Mill gearing and Threshing Machines made at Snow Camp. •Not enumerated In the Table of Industries. Where manufactures, schools, minerals, &c, are omitted, they were not reported by special correspondents. Correction! are earnestly solicited, that any future edition may be' perfected. 48 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Special Correspondents of the Department of Agriculture :¦ D. W. Kerr, Haw River. ALEXANDER COUNTY, Was erected in 1846, and bears the honored name that stands. out so prominently in the history of the State, especially in the struggle for American Independence. This county lies on the western border of the Middle Divis ion about midway between the northern and southern bounda ries of the State. Taylorsville, its capital, is 150 miles west of Raleigh. Surface: Hilly, and soil light sandy and clay. Products: Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, flax, peas, sor ghum cane, the grasses, potatoes and .a variety of vegetables. * Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes and berries. Timbers : Several varieties of oak, hickory and white pine. Minerals and Medicinal Springs: Iron, gold, mica, -copper and plumbago, and twelve springs — iron and sulphur. Lands listed in 1878 : 154,045 acres; value of land and town lots $397,762. Public Schools : White 64, colored 8. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : W. W. Gryder, Cedar Run; J. P. Matheson, Taylorsville. ALLEGHANY COUNTY. Erected in 1859 from a portion of Ashe county and derives its name from the range of mountains in which it is located. It is in the Western Division of the State; is one of the northern- border counties, adjoining Virginia. Its capital is Gap Civil, about 175 miles northwest from Raleigh. Surface : Hilly and mountainous, and the soil is sand, clay. Produces : Corn, oats, wheat, buckwheat and rye and hay. Fruits : Apples, pears, cherries, plums and berries. *This interest is receiving more attention each year throughout the State. ¦: COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 49 Timbers : Oak, chestnut, poplar, pine and maple. Minerals and medicinal springs: Gold, copper, plumbago and iron, with one sulphur spring. Land listed in 1877 : 122,990 acres; value of land and town lots $274,264. Public schools: White, 30; colored, 4. In addition there are Sparta Male and Female High School, and Laurel Springs High School. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : D. C. Jones, Scottville. * ANSON COUNTY Was erected in 1749, and derives its name from Admiral Anson, the celebrated Circumnavigator. It belongs to the Middle Division, and is one of the South ern border counties, adjoining South Carolina. Wadesboro, the county seat, is 143 miles south of Raleigh. Surface: Undulating, hilly, with grey soil, and red clay. Products : Cotton, tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, rye, millet } clover and other grasses, sorghum cane, potatoes, turnip's, and all the vegetables produced in this climate. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, plums, strawberries, grapes, cherries and other small fruits. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, poplar, gum, ash, beech, birch, maple. Minerals and Medinal Spring: Gold and iron, andseveral iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 320,308 acres. Value of land and town lots, $776,295. Public schools : White, 15; colored, 18. In addition there are good schools in operation at Lilesville, Cairo, Polkton, Anson- ville, Wadesboro, Bethel, and White's Store. Manufactures : Several establishments for making wagons, buggies, shoes and saddlery. " Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : H. W. Ledbetter, Wadesboro; John Robin«on, Wadesboro. 4 50 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. ASHE COUNTY Was formed in 1799, from a portion of Wilkes County, and was named in honor of Governor Samuel Ashe. It belongs to the Western Division, lying in the extreme northwest corner of the State, and is bounded on the north by the Virginia, and west by the Tennessee line. Its capital is Jefferson, and is 202 miles northwest from Raleigh. Surface .¦ Hilly and mountainous, and soil clay, loam. Products : Corn, wheat,, rye, oats, hay, buckwheat, and very fine vegetables. Fruits: Apples, cherries, grapes, berries. Timbers : Oak, hickory, walnut, sugar maple, poplar, cucumber. Land listed in 1877 : 245,594 acres. Value of land and town lots $518,265. Public Schools : White, 76; colored, 5. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture. Geo. H. Hamilton, Beaver Creek; Thos. C. Worth, North Fork. BEAUFORT COUNTY Was formed from Bath County in 1741, and takes its name from Henry, Duke of Beaufort, one of the Lords Proprietors who surrendered their rights in 1729 to the English. Crown. tv. -phis county belongs to the Eastern "Divisir y. n^g on the Pam lico Sound, and of our coast counties o- cup . s about a central position between South Carolina an 1 Vrgiiua. The County town is Washihgtoi. on the Pamlico River, 127 miles south east of Raleigh. Surface : Level, with sandy alluvial soil, very productive. Products: Cotton, corn, peas, potatoes, rice, peanuts, and Fruits: Peaches, apples, plums, grapes and berries and melons. Timbers: Pine, oak, cypress, juniper, gum. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 51 Land listed in 1877 : 265,315 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,154,889. Public Schools : White, 46; colored, 25. Manufactures : Quite a number of large lumber mills : large establishment for manufacturing wooden spools, also one for making tile for underdraining.' Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : Thomas H. Blount, Washington; W. H. Cunningham, Aurora. BERTIE COUNTY Was formed in 1722, from Albemarle county, and takes its name from James and John Bertie, who surrendered their proprietary rights to the English Crown in 1729. This county belongs to the Eastern Division, and lies at the head of Albemarle Sound, and its whole southern boundary is marked by the Roanoke river. The county town is Windsor, situated on the Cashie river — a navigable stream — distance from Raleigh about 100 miles, a little north of east. Surface : Level, with light, loamy and rich alluvial soil. Products : Corn, cotton, peas, potatoes and native grasses, and early vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, grapes, melons and strawberries. Timbers: Pine, oak, cypress, juniper, ash and gum. Land listed in 1877 : 346",563 acres. Value of land and town lots, $984,441. Public Schools: White, — ; colored, — ; and Windsor male and female High School. , Manufactures : Harden Manufacturing Co. is erecting a large cotton factory, to be operated with the " Clement Attachment," also Grist Mills in connection. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : Dun can C. Winston, Windsor ; J. H. Mitchell, Aulander. BLADEN COUNTY Was formed in 1734, from New Hanover county, and was 52 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. named in honor of Martin Bladen, one of the Lords Commis sioners of Trades and 'Plantations. This county belongs to the Eastern Division, lying in the- southeastern portion of the State; its full length being traversed by the Cape Fear river. j.. The county town is Elizabethtown, situated on the bank of the Cape Fear river, 99 miles southeast of Raleigh. Surface: Slightly undulating, with sandy loam and clay soils.- Products : Corn, cotton, rye, oats, peas, potatoes, and a great variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, berries, melons. Timbers: Pine, oak, cypress, ash, gum. Land listed in 1877: 450,741 acres. Value of land and town lots, $802,964. Public Schools : White, 33 ; colored, 36. Correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : J. Stewart Devane, Brmidand ; J, W. Purdie, White Oak. BRUNSWICK COUNTY Was formed in 1764, from the counties of Bladen and New Hanover, and takes its name from the Prince of Brunswick^ It belongs to the Eastern Division, and is situated in tho ex treme southeastern corner of the State. The county town, Smithville, is situated near the mouth of, the Cape Fear river, and 173 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Level, with sand and clay soil. Products: Cotton, corn, peanuts, potatoes, peas, rice and early vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes and strawberries. . Timbers: Pine, juniper, cypress, cedar, live oak, ash. Land listed in 1877: 305,779 acres. Value of land and town* lots, $577,180. Public Schools : White, 36 ; colored, 17. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: Joho. N. Bennett, Town Creek ; A. Willard, Smithville. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 53 BUNCOMBE COUNTY Was formed in 1791, from Burke and Rutherford counties, and was named in honor of Col. Edward Buncombe, who was ¦Colonel of the 5th Regiment of troops from this State in the Continental Army. It belongs to the Western Division, being situated immediate ly west of the Blue Ridge. The county town is Asheville, on the Western N. C. R. R., and French Broad River, and was named in honor of Governor Samuel Ashe, of New Hanover. It was first called Morris- 'town. Surface : Hilly and mountainous, with rich dark loamy, and •clay soils. Products -. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, sorghum cane, . buckwheat and all cultivated grasses, with a variety of vege tables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, grapes, pears and berries to great perfection. Timbers : Oak, pine, walnut, white pine, poplar, hickory. Minerals: Mica and several valuable minerals known to exist, with two sulphur, and numerous iron springs. Land listed in 1877 ': 336,906 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,413,654. Public Schools : White, — ; colored, — ; in addition there are ¦Candler College, Weaverville College, and Asheville High School; all for male and female. Asheville Male High School. Manufactures : At Glencoe is an establishment for making shingles, laths, &c, and for the manufacture of furniture. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : .S. •C. Shelton, Asheville; S. B.Gudger, Homing Creek. BURKE COUNTY Was formed in 1777, from Rowan county, and named in lionor of the great English statesman and orator, Edmund JBurke. .54 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. It belongs to the Western Division and lies on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge. Its county town is Morganton, named in honor of General Daniel Morgan, of the Revolution, and is on the Western N. C R. R., 197 miles west of Raleigh. Surface : Hilly and mountainous, with dark loamy, and clay soils. Products: Corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, tobacco, pota toes, sorghum cane, and all the cultivated grasses. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, melons, grapes and berries.. Timbers : Oak, pine, walnut, white pine, hickory, chestnut, ash. Minerals : Plumbago, mica, iron and gold, with sulphur and »lum springs. Land listed in 1877: 213,813 acres. Value of land and town lots, $588,242, Public Schools: White, 32; colored, 12. In addition there are Rutherford College (male and female) and Table Rock Seminary. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : J. . P. Patterson, .Morganton; C. F. McKesson, Morganton. CABARRUS COUNTY Was formed in 1792, from Mecklenburg county, and was named in honor of Stephen Cabarrus, who served several terms in the Legislature from Chowan county, and was elected- Speaker. It belongs to the Middle Division, and is situated in the south western portion of the State. Its county town is Concord, on the North Carolina Railroad, 139 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Undulating, with sandy gray, and mulatto soils. Products: Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, peas, tobacco, sorghum cane, and all the cultivated grasses, and a variety of Tegetables in great perfection. Fruits : Apples, peaches,- pears, plums, grapes, berries,. melons. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 55 Timbers: Oak, walnut, ask, poplar, cedar, hickory, beech, maple. Minerals : Iron, gold and silver, with one magnesia, one sul phur and two iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 223,220 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,444,964. Public Schools : White, 54; colored, 31. In addition there are North Carolina College; Concord Male School; Rocky River Academy; Mt. Pleasant Female 'Seminary; Scotia Seminary (colored) and Concord Female School. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: Ervin Harris, Concord; Columbus Mills, Concord. CALDWELL COUNTY Was formed in 1841, from the counties of Burke and Wilkes, and was named in compliment to Dr. Joseph Caldwell, who was President of the- State University. It belongs to the Western Division; is situated in the north western portion of the State. Its county town is Lenoir, 200 miles northwest from Raleigh, and is the present terminus of a projected Narrow Gauge Rail way from Chester, South Carolina. Surface : Hilly and mountainous, with dark and gray loamy soils. Products : Corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, peas, rice, to bacco, all the cultivated grasses and vegetables in great profu sion and perfection. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, apricots, plums, cherries and berries. Timbers: Oak, white pine, hickory, birch, ash, walnut and chestnut. Minerals: Gold, silver, copper, mica, iron, manganese, as bestos, with three sulphur, one magnesia and several iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 274,803 acres. Value of land and town lots, $558,513. 56 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Public Schools : White, 37; colored, 12. In addition there are Finley High School, Leneir High School, Hoovier Academy and Kirkwood High School. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : John M. Houck, Lenoir ; J. C. Harper, Patterson ; A. A. Scroggs, Lenoir. CAMDEN COUNTY Was formed in 1777, from Pasquotank county, and was named in honor of the Earl of Camden, who was a distinguished English statesman, and who was removed from his position for his open sympathy for, and manly advocacy of, the rights of the American Colonists. It belongs [to the Eastern Division, being situated in the northeastern portion of the State, and on the north side of the Albemarle Sound. Its county town is Camden, on the Pasquotank river, nad is about 222 miles northeast from Raleigh. Surface : Level, with sandy loamy soil. Products: Corn, oats, peas, potatoes, peanuts and grasses, and vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, melons and berries. Timber : Pine, oak and gum. Land listed in 1877 : 107 ,551 acres. Value of land and town lots, $309,023. Public Schools : White, 15 ; colored, 9. Manufactures : At South Mills is an establishment for manu facturing corn husks into mattresses on a large scale. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : G D. B. Pritchard, Shipyard ; D. D. Ferebee, South Mills. CARTERET COUNTY Was one of the original precincts of the Lords Proprietors'; and was named in honor of one of them, Sir George Carteret. It belongs to the Eastern Division, lying in the extreme east- COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 57 em portion of the State ; its whole' eastern and southern shores are washed by the Atlantic ocean. The county town is Beaufort, 168 miles east of Raleigh, and Is naturally a very fine harbor. Surface : Level, with sandy, loamy and clay soils. Products: Corn, cotton, potatoes, peas, peanuts and the grasses and vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches,, pears, grapes, berries and melons. Timbers : Pine, oak, cedar. Land listed in 1877 : 131,966 acres. Value of land and town lots, $336,796. Public Schools: White, 20; colored, 6. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture : W. F. Howland, Beaufort. CASWELL COUNTY Was formed in 1777, from Orange county, and was named in honor of Richard Caswell, the first Governor under the Consti tution of the State. It belongs to the Middle Division, and is on the northern border of the State, adjoining Virginia. Its county town is Yaneeyville, 66 miles west of north of Raleigh, and was so named as a compliment to Bartlett Yancey, of that county. Surface : Undulating, with sandy, loamy and' clay soils. Products : Tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, grasses and vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, plums and berries. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, walnut, poplar and chestnut. Minerals : Iron, alum, lithia, limestone and magnesia springs. Land listed in 1877. ; 258,474 acres. Value of land and town lots, $941,410. Public Schools : White, 26 ; colored, 42. ' Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : Aza- riah Graves, Ashland ; Dr. N. M. Roan, Yaneeyville. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. CATAWBA COUNTY Was formed in 1842, from Lincoln county, and takes its name- from the beautiful river which forms its northern boundary. It belongs to the Western Division, being situated at th« basr- of the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge. Newton, the county seat, is 175 miles west of Raleigh, is sit uated at the terminus of a branch of the Western N. 0. Railroad, and on the projected line of the Chester and Lenoir Narrow Gauge Railroad. Surface : Undulating, with red clay and grayish sand soils. Products : Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, potatoes, clover and all the cultivated grasses, and a large variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, cherries, grapes, strawberries and plums. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, ash, chestnut, walnut, cherry. Two sulphur, and many iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 249,133 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,178,829. Public Schools : White, 54; colored, 16. In addition there are the Catawba High School, Hickory High School, Concordia College and Newton Female Academy. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : W. P. Rheinhardt, Hickory. CHATHAM COUNTY Was formed in 1770, and was named in honor of the great. orator and statesman, William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. It belongs to the Middle Division, and occupies a central posi tion in the State. Pittsboro, the county town, is 34 miles west of south from. Raleigh. Surface : Undulating, with sandy, clay soils. Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, potatoes,.. peas, grasses and all vegetables. .COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 59" Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, melons and berries. Timbers : Oak, hickory, pine, gum and ash. Minerals .- Gold, iron, copper, coal, with several iron springs. Land listed in- h77 .- 451,387 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,482,499. Public Schools ¦. White, 48 ; colored, 29. In additton there- are Locust Hill Academy and several other schools of high grade. Manufactures : Snow Camp Foundry and Machine Shops, established in 1830 ; have been operating uninteruptedly since. The Fairmount Foundry and Machine Shops, established in 1837, been in successful operation since. The first bevel gearing for mills and factories made in this State was cast at this Foundry. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : H. A. London, Sr. , Pittsboro ; R. James Powell. Pittsboro. CHEROKEE COUNTY Was formed in 1839 from Macon county. It takes its name from the tribe of Indians once occupying its territory. It belongs to the Western Division, situated in the extreme- southwestern corner of the State. Murphy, the county town, is 367 miles west of Raleigh. Surface : Hilly and mountainous, with clay and loam soils. Products .• Corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, the- grasses and a large variety of vegetables. Fruits .- Apples, peaches, pears, melons, berries and the small fruits. Timbers: Oak, hickory, pine, poplar, walnut, chestnut, eherry. Minerals: Gold, silver, iron, lead, manganese, corundum, mica, marbles. Land listed in 1877 : 240,588 acres. Value of land and town lots, $395,927. Public Schools : White, — ; colored, — . ¦60 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture : William Beal, Murphy. CHOWAN COUNTY Was one of the original precincts of the Lords Proprietors, and takes its name from a tribe of Indians once occupying this territory. It belongs to the Eastern Division, lying on the north side of the Albemarle Sound; its western boundary being marked by the Chowan river. Edenton, the county town, on the Albemarle Sound, was named in honor of the Royal Governor, Charles EJen. It was settled in 1716, and originally called Queen Anne's Creek. Dis tance from Raleigh about 150 miles. Surface: Level, with sandy and rich alluvial soils. Products: Cotton, corn, peas, peanuts and a variety of early vegetables. Fruits : Pears, grapes, peaches, apples, melons, and the small fruits. Timbers : Oak, pine, hickory, juniper, cypress, ash. Land listed in 1877: 96,297 acres. Value of land and town lots, $674,095. Public Schools: White, — ; colored, — . Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture: W. J. Webb, Edenton. CLAY COUNTY Was formed in 1861, from Cherokee county, and was named in honor of Henry Clay, of Kentucky. It belongs to the Western Division, lying on the Georgia line. Hayesville, the county town, is about 350 miles west from Ralu^h, and is called in honor of Geo. W. Hayes, who, for a long period, represented Cherokee in the General Assembly. Surface : Hilly and mountainous, with rich, loamy soil. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 61 Products : Corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes and vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, cherries and the smaller fruits. Timbers: Oak, chestnut, walnut, locust, hickory, poplar. Minerals : Gold, copper, iron, mica, corundum. Land listed in 1877: 98,229 acres. Value of land ard town lots, $96,263. Public Schools: White, — ; colored, — . In addition, Hayes- ville Academy and several private schools are in a flourishing- condition. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture : W. H. McClure, Hayesville. CLEAVELAND COUNTY Was. formed in 1841, from Lincoln and Rutherford counties,. and was named in honor of Col. Benjamin Cleaveland, of Wilkes, one of the officers commanding forces at the battle of King's Mountain. It belongs to the Middle Division, lying in the southwestern portion of the State, adjoining Spartanburg county, South Carolina. Shelby, the county town, is about 210 miles from Raleigh, and situated on the Carolina Central Railway. » Surface : Hilly and undulating, with gray and red clay, and loam soils. Products : Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, potatoes, rye, sorghum cane, tobacco, vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, cherries, melons and the small fruits. Timbers: Oak, pine, hickory, chestnut, poplar. Minerals: Iron and gold, with eleven sulphur and iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 261,484 acres. Value of land and toWn lots, $930,987. ... .Public Schools: White, 60; colored 14l. «3 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Manufactures: The Carolina Manufacturing Co., located at Shelby, makes. sewing machines, steam engines, saw mills, mo lasses mills, and all kinds of gearing. Babington Foundry, located at Shelby, manufactures horse-powers for threshers, mill spindles, and castings of all kinds. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : J. W. Garrett, King's Mountain; Thomas Kendrick, Buffalo Pa per Mills. COLUMBUS COUNTY Was formed in 1808, from Bladen and Brunswick counties, and derives its name from Christopher Columbus, who discov ered America in 1492. It belongs to the Eastern Division, lying in the extreme south eastern portion of the State, adjoining South Carolina. Whiteville, the county town, 125 miles from Raleigh, is situ- 1 ated on the Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta Railroad. Surface: Level, with sandy, loamy soils. Products : Corn, cotton, peas, potatoes, peanuts, rice and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, grapes, plums, cherries, figs, and the small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, cypress, juniper. Land listed in 1877: 548,682 acres. Value of land and town lots, $992,195. Public Schools : White, 67; colored, 33. In addition to these, are Whiteville Academy and several private schools. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : D. S. Cowan, Robeson; M. M. Baldwin, Whiteville. CRAVEN COUNTY Was one of the original precincts of the Lords Proprietors, and derived its name from William, Earl of Craven. It belongs to the Eastern Division of the State, its eastern oundary lying on the Pamlico Sound. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 63 New Berne, the county seat, is one of the oldest towns in the State, and is situated at the confluence of the Neuse and Trent rivers. Distance from Raleigh about il5 miles. Surface: Level, with sandy, loamy soils. Products : Corn, cotton, peas, peanuts, potatoes, wheat, to bacco, and a large variety of early vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, grapes, melons, berries and the small fruits. Timbers : Oak, pine, poplar, cypress, gum. Land Listed in 1877: 315,251 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,483,202. Public Schools: White, 15; colored, 22. la addition to these, thereare the New Berne Academy and several private schools. Manufactures : Wooden Plate Factory is turning out about 14,000 psr day. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture : ISnochWadsworth, New Berne. CUMBERLAND COUNTY Was formed in 1754, from Bladen, and was named in honor of the Duke of Cumberland. It belongs to the Eastern Divis ion, being situated in the southeastern portion of the State, and the Cape Fear river running through its territory from North to South. Fayetteville, the county seat, is on the bank of the Cape Fear, 60 miles from R-ileigh. It was first called Camp- belltown, then Cross Creek, then Fayetteville, in honor of Gen eral LaFayette. Surfaca : Slightly undulating, with sandy and rich alluvial soils. Products : Cotton, corn, peas, peanuts, wheat, oats, rye, po tatoes, and the grasses. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries and the small fruits. Timbers : Oak, pine, poplar, cypress, gum. Land listed in 1877: 498,143 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,427,618." 64 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Public Schools: White, 39 ; colored, 20. In addition there are a number of private schools, and the Fayetteville White Graded School, with 400 pupils, and the Howard Colored Gra ded School, with 150 pupils. Manufactures : Large buggy and carriage manufactory in Fayetteville ; wagon and cart manufactory and furniture man ufacturing establishment ; also foundry and machine shop. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : William Alderman, Fayetteville ; J. A. Worth, Fayetteville. CURRITUCK COUNTY Was one of the original precincts of the Lords Proprietors, and derives its name from a tribe of Indians that once occupied that territory. It belongs to the Eastern Division, being in the extreme northeastern corner of the State, and bounded on the north by the Virginia line, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. The county seat, Currituck Court-house, is on the Cur rituck Sound, and 242 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Level, with sandy, loamy soils. Products : Corn, oats, peas, peanuts, wheat, potatoes, melons and vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, cranberries, blackberries and other small fruits. Timbers : Pine, cypress, gum, poplar, oak, juniper, cedar. Land listed in 1877: 113,290 acres. Value of land and town lots, $284,904. Public Schools : White, 24 ; colored, 24. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture : Wm. B. Shaw, Indian Town. DARE COUNTY Was formed in 1870, from the counties of Tyrrell, Hyde and Currituck, and named in honor of Virginia Dare, the first white child born on the American continent; that event having occur- COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 65 red on Roanoke Island, now embraced within its limits. It belongs to the Eastern Division, its eastern boundary being the Atlantic Ocean. Manteo, the county town, is about 250 miles from Raleigh, and derives its name from the Indian Chief, who was first of his race to embrace the christian religion and receive its ordinance, on the 13th of August, 1584. Surface : Level, with sandy soils. Products : Corn, peas, potatoes, native grasses and vegeta bles. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons and berries. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, cypress, juniper. Land listed in 1877 : 139,950 acres. Value of land and town lots, $117,310. Public Schools : White, 14 ; colored, 1. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : Isaac C. Meekin, Manteo. DAVIDSON COUNTY Was formed in 1822 from Rowan county, and named in honor of Gen. Wm. Davidson of Revolutionary memory. It belongs to the Middle Division, being centrally located, and is bounded on the south by the Yadkin river. Lexington, the county town, is 117 miles from Raleigh, on the North Carolina Railroad. Surface : Hilly, undulating, with sandy and red clay soils. Products: Wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, potatoes, all the cul tivated grasses and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, melons, grapes, berries and other small fruits. Timbers : Oak, hickory, pine and poplar. Minerals .- Copper, Gold and Silver. Land Listed in 1877 .-361,449 acres. Value of land and town lots $1,473,358. Public Schools : White, 82 ; colored, 21. In addition there are Yadkin College and Thomasville College, with a number of private schools. 5 06 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : J. A. Leach, Thomasville. DAVIE COUNTY Was formed in 1836, and was named in honor of Gen. W. R. Davie. It belongs to the Middle Division, is situated in the north western portion of the State, its eastern boundary being the Yadkin river. Mocksville, its county seat, is 120 miles west of Raleigh. Surface .- Hilly, undulating, with red clay and rich loamy •soils. Products : Corn, Wheat, oats, , tobacco, rye, potatoes and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, quince, cherries, plnms, melons, berries and o titer small fruits. Timbers : Oak, hickory, ash, gum, pine, poplar. Minerals : Iron, copper and silver. Land Listed in 1877 .- 158,981 acres. Value of land and town lots $774,359. Public Schools: White, 33 , colored 11. In addition the' Mocksville Male Academy, Mocksville Female Academy, Farm- ington Male Academy, Smith Grove Male Academy. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : W. A, Clement, Mocksville. DUPLIN COUNTY Was formed in 1749 from New Hanover county. It belongs to the Eastern Division, lying in the southeastern portion of the State. Kenansville, the county town, is 79 miles from Raleigh, and is called in honor of James Kenan, a General. in the Revolution,51 and for many years in^the Legislature of our State. " Surface': Level with sandy and rich loamy and alluvial soils.;; COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 67 Products : Corn, cotton, peas, peanuts, potatoes and a great wariety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, grapes, melons, berries and the ¦small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, poplar, hickory, ash. Land listed in 1877: 453,972 acres. Value of land and town. lots, $724,333. Pttblic Schools: White, 44; colored 33. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : W. M. Kennedy, Magnolia; J. E. Gadsby, Mt. Olive. EDGECOMBE COUNTY Was formed in 1733, from Craven. Its name signifies "a valley environed with hills." It belongs to the Eastern Division, being situated in the Northeastern portion of the State. Tarboro, the county seat, is 76 miles from Raleigh, on th& Tar river, (originally Tau, which, in the Indian tongue, means- •"River of Health.") Surface : Slightly undulating,, with gray loamy and alluvial jgoils. Products : Corn, cotton, wheat; oats, peas, potatoes and a grreat variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries and •other small fruits. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, ash, poplar, cypress, gum. Land listed in 1877: 311,827 acres. Value of land and town. lots, $3,113,374. Public Schools: White, 28; colored, 44. Manufactures : Large foundry at Tarboro, also one at Battle- Iboro. A large establishment at Whitaker's for the manufacture- of all kinds of building material, and also one for hollow wooden. ware. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: :Elias Carr, Sparta; W. T. Cobb, Tarboro. «8 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. FORSYTHE COUNTY Was formed in 1848, from Stokes county, and was named inr honor of Col. Benjamin Forsythe, who represented Stokes in the General Assembly, and who, as Captain, was killed in th*- war of 1812, in Canada. It belongs to the Middle Division, being in the Northwestern^ portion of the State. Its western boundary is the Yadkin river. Winston, the county seat, is 110 miles from Raleigh, and bears the name of Joseph Winston, who rendered important. service in the revolution. Surface : Undulating and hilly, with gray and red clay soils. Products : Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, potatoes and the- grasses, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries, and. the other small fruits. Timbers : Oak, hickory, walnut, pine, cedar, locust. Minerals .• Iron, manganese, with iron springs. ,La?id listed in 1877 : 216,209 acres. Value of land and towm lots, $1,377,720. Public Schools : White, 55; colored, 15. In addition to theses are Winston Male Academy, Salem Male Academy, and Salem Female College. Specia1 correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: Geo- W. Hinshaw, Winston ; R. S. Linville, Belew's Creek Mills. FRANKLIN COUNTY Was formed in 1779, from a portion of Bute (now abolished),. and is named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. It belongs to the Middle Division, and adjoins the county of Wake, where is located the seat of government. Louisburg, the county seat, is 39 miles Northeast of Raleigh- Surface : Level, undulating with sandy, loamy soils, and reck. elay. Products : Corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, rye, and thas grasses. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 69 Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, plums, melons, cher- Ties, with other small fruits. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, walnut, gum, maple. Minerals : Iron, gold, with sulphur and iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 320,201 acres. Value of land and town dots, $1,720,036. Public Schools: White, 48; colored, 49. In addition to these ¦are Lauisburg Male Academy and Louisburg Female College. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture : A. S. Perry, Louisburg; 0. L. Ellis, Louisburg. GASTON COUNTY Was formed in 1846, from Lincoln county, and was named in. honor of William Gaston, an eminent Judge of our Supreme Court. It belongs to the Middle Division, is situated on the South western border of the State adjoining South Carolina, and its Eastern boundary is the Catawba river. Dallas, the county seat, is about 175 miles from Raleigh, and is called in honor of Geo. M. Dallas, vice-President during President Polk's administration. Surface : Hilly, with sandy, grey and red clay soils. Products: Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, peas, potatoes, the grasses, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries, -and other small fruits. Timbers : Oak, pine, hickory. Minerals: Gold, iron, barytes, manganese. Land listed in 177: 219, 541 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,007,699. Public Schools .- White, 45 ; colored, 20. In addition there is Dallas Academy and other private schools. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : G. F. Bason. Dallas: James H. White, Dallas; W. O. Harralson, Oherryville. 70 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. GATES COUNTY Was formed in 1779, from Hertford, Chowan, and Perquim ans counties, and bears the name of General Horatio Gates, a. distinguished officer of the revolution. It belongs to the Eastern Division, lying in the northeast. corner of the State, adjoining Virginia, its western boundary is. Chowan river. Gatesville, the county seat, 'is 167 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Level, with sandy, loamy and clay soils. Products: Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, peas, and a variety of vegetables especially the early varieties. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, plums, cher ries, and other small fruits. Timbers: Oak, pine, cypress, Juniper. Land listed in 1877: 177,415 acres. Value of land and town- lots, $439,971. Public schools: White, — ; colored, — -. Special correspondent of the Department Agriculture: Bruce*: Smith, Gatesville. GRAHAM COUNTY Was formed in 1872, from a portion of Cherokee county, and1 bears the name of William A. Graham, who was Governor of the State in 1845. Secretary of the Navy under President Fill more, and filled many other high positions. He was distinguish ed for his ability, integrity, and spotless character. It belongs to the Western Division, its northern boundary being the Tennessee river and the Tennessee line. Robinsville, the county seat, is about 350 miles from Raleigh.. Surface -. Mountainous, with sandy and dark loamy soils. . Products: Corn, wheat, oats rye, buckwheat and the grasses. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, berries and other small fruits. Timbers: Locust, chestnut, oak, cherry, walnut, pine> Linden. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 7.1 Minerals : Gold, copper, silver, lead, with minerals springs. Land listed in 1877: 169,020 acres. Value of land and town lots, $113,334. Public Schools: White, 15; colored, 1. Special correspondent^ of the Department of Agriculture : G. B. Walker, Robinsville. GRANVILLE COUNTY Was formed in 1746 from Edgecombe, and was named in honor of an English nobleman, who was created Earl of Gran ville, and held the land under a grant from Charles II. It belongs to the Middle Division, situated in the northeastern portion of the State, and adjoins Virginia. Oxford, the county seat, is 36 miles from Raleigh. Surface ¦. Undulating, with sandy and clay soils, varied. Products : Tobacco, wheat, corn, oats, rye, grasses and a variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, Peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries and a. variety of other small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, hickory, ash, poplar. Minerals : Iron gold, silver, with several mineral springs. Land listed in 1877: 427,795 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,987,663. Public Schools : White, 30; colored, 46. It addition there are the Oxford Male Academy; the Horner Schools, at Oxford and Henderson; Oxford Female Academy with several private schools of high character. ( ; Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : S. H. Cannady, Wilton; E. H. Hicks, Oxford. GREENE COUNTY Was originally a portion of Dobbs county which was divided in 1791 into Lenoir and Glasgow counties. 1799 the name of Greene, was substituted for that of Glasgow, in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, one of the best and bravest of the American officers in the"' Revolution. 72 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. It belongs to the Eastern Division, occupying a central posi tion in that Division. Snow Hill, the county seat, is 89 miles east of Raleigh. Surface : Level, with sandy and loamy soils. Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, peas, potatoes, grasses, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples peaches, pears, grapes, melons, plums and other small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, hickory, ash, poplar. Land listed in 1877: 157,147 acres. Value of land and town lots, $911,803. Public Schools: White, 17; colored", 20. In addition there are the Lovejoy Academy, and the Hargrove Female Academy, and other private schools. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture ; W. P. Ormond, Hookerton; W. A. Darden, Speight's Bridge. GUILFORD COUNTY Was formed 1770 from Rowan and Orange counties, and was named in honor of Lord North, who was created Earl of Guil ford. w It belongs to the Middle Division of the State. f Its county seat, the city of Greensboro, is 82 miles northwest of Raleigh and is situated at the junction of the North Carolina and Richmond and Danville and Western Railroads, and was named in honor of Gen. Nathanial Greene. Surface : Hilly, undulating with sandy and red clay soils, varied. Products: Corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, rye, clover, and the grasses, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, pears, peaches, grapes, quinces, melons, plums, cherries, and all fruits grown in this climate. Timbers-.^Pme, oak, hickory, poplar. Minerals:J.Ton., copper, gold, Kaoliue. with a number of sul phur and iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 403,516 acres. Value of land and towh lots, $2,491,352. Public Schools: White, 81; colored, 26. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 73 Manufactures: At Greesboro, two foundries at which are made stoves, plows, mill gearing &c, also one near New Garden; two establishments in Greensboro for the manufacture of spokes, 'handles, in large quantities, one for rims for wagons and buggies; a large sash and-blind factory; pottery, and at High Point a jspoke and handle factory; a spoke factory at Jamestown, also a bone and plaster mill, and one at Oak Ridge. These goods are shipped to all parts of the country. Rifle guns are made ex tensively in Jamestown, and are shipped south and west. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: J. W. Albright, Greensboro. HALIFAX COUNTY Was formed in 1758 from Edgecombe county, and was named in honor of the Earl of Halifax, who was the first Lord of the Board of Trades. It belongs tothe Eastern Division, and its eastern and north ern boundary is the Roanoke river. Halifax, the county seat, is located on the west bank of the Eoanoke and also the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. Dis tance from Raleigh 87 miles, Surface: Level and undulating and with sandy and loamy soils, varied. Products: Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, peas, peanuts, clover and other grasses, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, cherries,plums, melons, and a great variety of small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, hickory, poplar, maple, cypress, juniper. Minerals: Iron, gold, copper; with several iron and sulphur springs. Land listed in 1877: 419,122 acres. ' Value of land and town lots, $2,004,878. Public Schools: White, — ; colored,—. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: F. M. Garrett, Enfield; J. B. Neal, Scotland Neck; T. W. Harris, Littleton; J. H. Whitaker, Enfield. 74 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. HARNETT COUNTY. Was formed in 1855 out of a portion of Cumberland county, and was named in honor of Cornelius Harnett, a distinguished leader in the Revolution. It belongs to the Middle Division, and lies south of Wake- county. It is full length is traversed by the Cape Fear river. Lillington, the county seat, is about 28 miles from Raleigh,. on the Cape Fear river. Surface : Level, and undulating with sandy soils. Products: Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, peas, potatoes and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, p ars, grapes, melons and other small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, hickory, Aj.'i, poplar. Minerals: Iron, with several iron and sulphur springs. Land listed in 1877: 340,877 acres. Value of land- and tow» lots, $508,647. Public Schools: White, 33; colored, 23. In addition the Lillington Academy, and other private schools. Special correspnndent of the Department of Agriculture: Daniel McN. McKay, Avoi-asboro. HAYWOOD COUNTY Was formed in 1808, from Buncombe county, and named in honor of John Haywood, who was for forty years (from 1787 to- 1827) Treasurer of the State. It belongs to the Western Division, its northern boundary being the Tennessee line. Waynesville, the county seat, is 294 miles west of Raleigh, and. on the projected line of the Western North Carolina Railroad. Surface: Hilly, mountainous with rich loam and clay soils. Products: Corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, and the grasses, and a variety of vegetables. Fruit: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 75- Timbers: Oak, chestnut, ash, hickory, walnut, locust, cherry, poplar. Minerals: Mica, gold, iron, with several springs. Land listed in 1877: 264,102 acres. Value of land and town lots, $449,222. Public schools: White, 44; colored, 3. In addition Waynes- ville Academy, Richland Institute, Pleasant High Academy, Crab Tree High School, and Tine's Creek High School; all for males and females. Special correspondents of the Department of Afr culture: E. P. Hyatt, Waynesville; A. J. Herren, Waynesville. HENDEKSON COUNTY Was formed in 1838, from Buncombe, and was named in honor of Leonard Henderson, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1818. It belongs to the Western Division, situated in the south wes tern portions of the State, adjoining South Carolina. Hendersonville, the county seat, is 250 miles west of Raleigh, and situated on the Spartanburg and Asheville Railroad. Surface: Hilly, mountainous, with sand, clay, loamy soils. Products: Corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, and th& grasses. Fruits: Apples, peaches, plums, cherries and small fruits. Timbers: Oak, pine, chestnut, walnut, poplar, ash, linden hickory. Land listed in 1877: 197,209 acres. Value of land and town lots, $407,678. Public schools: White, 45; colored, 11. In addition, Judson •Female College and Hendersonville High School. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: H. T. Farmer, Flat Rock, W. G. B. Morris, Blue Ridge. HERTFORD COUNTY Was formed in 1759, from Chowan, Bertie and Northampton 76 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. counties, and was named in honor of the Marquis of, Hertford English Nobleman. It belongs to the Eastern Division, being situated in the north- cast portion of the State, and adjoining Virginia. Its eastern boundary is the Chowan river. Winton, the county seat, is 155 miles from Raleigh, and is located on the west bank of the Chowan river. Surface : Level, with sandy, loamy and clay soils. Produets : Corn, cotton, wheat, peas, potatoes, and a great variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, and the •small fruits. Timbers: Pine, cypress, oak, ash. Land listed in 1877: 207,118 acres. Value of land and town lots, $720,897. Public schools: White, 26; colored, 35. In addition, a num ber of private schools. Manufactures: -Blinds, doors and sash, tobacco and lime are manufactured in Winton. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: J. E. Newsom, Winton; J. W. Mitchell, Pitch Landing. HYDE COUNTY Was one of the original precincts, and was named in honor of •of Edward Hyde, who was Governor of the Colony in 1711. It belongs to the Eastern Division, being situated in the ex treme eastern portion of the State. Swan Quarter, the county seat, is 203 miles from Releigh, and is located on Swan Quarter Bay. Surface: Level, with rich loamy and alluvial soil. Products : Corn cotton, wheat, oats, peas, potatoes. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, plums and other small ' fruits. Timbers: Pine, cypress, gum, maple, holly, juniper, cedar, ¦oak. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 77 Land listed in 1877: 120,815 acres. Value of land and town lots, $370,745. • Public schools : White, 19; colored, 15. In addition, Male and Female Academy at Fairfield. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture: WilL S. Carter, Fairfield. IREDELL COUNTY Was formed in 1787, from Rowan county, and was named in honor of James Iredell, Sr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. It belongs to the Middle Division^ and its western boundary is the Catawba river. Statesville, the- county seat, is 145 miles west of Raleigh, located at the junc tion of the Western North Carolina, and the Atlantic, Tennes see & Ohio Railroads. Surface— Undulating, with grey, .sandy and clay soils. Products— Corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes,. the grasses and a variety of vegetables. Fruits— Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, plums, cher ries and the small fruits. Timbers — Oak, hickory, pine, poplar. Minerals : Iron, corundum, granite; (very fine) probably lime stone. Lands listed in 1877 : 356,445 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,394,036. Public Schools : White, 89; colored, 38, In addition, Si mon ton Female College, Mooresville Male and Female Acade my, Statesville Male Academy, Cool Springs Academy, Olin Male Academy, with a num'ber of other private schools. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : "J.. D. -Click, Oak Forest ; J. A. Harris, Mooresville. \ JACKSOX COUNTY Was created in 1850, but not organized until 1852. It was formed from parts of Macon and Haywood counties, and was. sanied in honor of Andrew Jackson. 78 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. It belongs to the Western Division, and is bounded on the south by the South Carolina line. Webster, the county seat, is about 300 miles from Raleigh, and called after Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts. Surface: Mountainous, with clay and rich loamy soils. Products: Corn, rye, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, buckwheat and vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, cherries, berries. Timbers : Oak, chestnut, poplar, hickory, walnut. Minerals : Gold, silver, graphite, asbestose, mica, copper. Lands listed in 1877 : 304,703 acres. Value of land and town lots, $264,217. Public Schools : White, 30 ; colored, 2. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture; D. D. Davies, Cullowhee ; J. M. Zachary, Hamburg. JOHNSTON COUNTY Was formed in 1746, from Craven county, and was named in honor of Gabriel Johnston, who was Royal Governor at this time. It belongs to the Eastern Division of the State, centrally sit uated, and is traversed its entire length by Neuse river. Smithfield, the county seat, is on the Neuse river, 27 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Level, with sandy and rich loamy soils. Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, peas, peanuts, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, grapes, pears, melons and the small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, hickory, ash, maple, gum. Minerals: Land listed in 1877 : 477,093 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,305,288. Public Schools: White, 56 ; colored, 27. In addition to these there are Smithfield Male and Female High School, Clayton COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 79 Male and Female High School, Selma Male and Female High .School, Archer Lodge Male and Female High School, and Leachburg High School. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : A. J. Heath, Smithfield ; B. A. Woodall, Smithfield. JONES COUNTY Was formed in 1779, from Craven, and named' in honor of Wiilie Jones, who was a useful citizen and faithful representa tive. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is traversed by Trent river, and bounded on the East by Craven and Carteret counties. Trenton, the county seat, is situated on the Trent river, and is 129 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Level, with sandy, loamy soils. Products: Corn, cotton, peas, wheat, oats, rye, rice, pota toes and a variety of vegetables. ( Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, strawberrie8 and the small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, ash, birch, cypress, juniper, hickory, poplar. Land listed in 1877: 207,806 acres. Value of land and town lots, $839,446. Public Schools: White, 31 ; colored, 51. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: James B. Stanly, Trenton ; Isaac Brown, Tuckahoe. LENOIR COUNTY Was formed in 1791, from a portion of Dobbs county, and was named in honor of Gen. William Lenoir, of Wilkes county. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is traversed by the Neuse Tiver and bounded on the East by Jones and Craven counties. Kinston, the county seat is located on the Neuse river and the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, and is 80 miles from Raleigh. 80 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Surface : Slightly undulating, with sandy, rich, loamy and | alluvial soils. Products : Corn, rice, cotton, wheat, rye, oats, peas, potatoes, and a variety of vegetables. Fmits: Apples, peaches, cherries, grapes, plums, strawber ries, and the other small fruits. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, gum, cypress, ash, maple. Land listed in 1877: 234,221 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,003,953. Public Schools: White, 30; colored, 24. Manufactures : Besides the Tobacco Factories, there are es tablishments for making plows, buggies and carriages. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : John C. Wooten, Kinston; N. B. Whitfield, LaGrange. LINCOLN COUNTY Was originally a portion of Tryon county, so called after William Tryon. the Royal Governor, but his tyrannical course- 'caused his name to be ignored in 1779, when that county war divided into Lincoln and Rutherford counties. It belongs to the Western Division, and was named in honor of Benjamin Lincoln, who, at that time, was fighting the British forces at Charleston. Its northern boundary is the Catawba river. Lincolnton, its county seat, is located on the Western Division of the Carolina Central Railway, 172 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Undulating, with granitic and red clay soils. Products: Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, tobacco, peas,. rye, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, grapes, peaches, pears, and a variety of other fruits. Timbers: Oak, pine, hickory, chestnut, poplar, ash, walnut,. maple. Minerals : Gold, iron, copper, mica, oil-stone, asbestos, with. lime and sulphur springs. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 81 Land listed in 1877 : 191,791 acres. Value of land and town lots, $885,952. Public Schools : White, — ; colored, — . In addition, are the Rock Spring Seminary; Denver Seminary; Ironton High School; Lincolnton Academy, Lincolnton High School. Manufactures : Besides iron forges, there is an establishment for making an excellent chair. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture : W. .A. Graham, Iron Station; I. R. Self, Lincolnton. MACON COUNTY Was formed in 1828, from Haywood county, and was named in honor of Nathaniel Macon,, of Warren, who was a distin guished member of Congress in both branches. It belongs to the Western Division, its southern boundary is the South Carolina line . Franklin, its county seat, is 331 miles from Raleigh, and is located on Little Tennessee river. Surface: Mountainous with clay and loamy soils . Products : Corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, buckwheat, grasses and vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, plums, cherries. Timbers: Oak, Hickory, poplar, cherry, buckeye, locust. Minerals: Iron, Mica, corundum, copper, with a number of iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 303,772 acres. Value of land and town lots, $334,659. Public schools: White, 33; colored, 5. And Smith's Bridge High school. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: C. D. Smith, Franklin; Albert Siler, Franklin. MADISON COUNTY Was formed in 1850, from Yancey and Buncombe counties, 6 82 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. aud named in honor of James Madison, who was the fourth President of the United States. It belongs to the Western Division, and located in the north western portion of the State, bounded on the north by the Ten nessee line. • Marshall, the county seat, is about 250 miles from Raleigh- . Surface: Hilly, mountainous, with clay and rich loamy- soils. Products: Corn, wheat, tobacco, buckwheat, grasses and veg etables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, grapes, pears, berries and other small fruits. Timbers: Oak, pine, ash, poplar, hickory, birch, walnut^ chestnut. Minerals: Iron, Mica, with several warm springs of valuable? medicinal properties. Land listed in 1877, 221,707 acres. Value of land and town lots, $343,058. Public schools: White, 43; colored, 2. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture: J. J.. Gudger, Marshall. MARTIN COUNTY Was formed in 1774, from Halifax and Tyrell counties, [and named in honor of Josiah Martin the last of the Colonial Gov ernors in our State. It belongs to the Eastern Division, its northern boundary is the- Roanoke river. Williamston, the county town, is located on the south bank of Roanoke river, 140 miles from Raleigh. * Surface : Level, with sandy loamy soils. Products : Corn, cotton, peas, potatoes and a variety of veg etables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, grapes, berries, and other small| fruits. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA 83 Timbers : Oak, pine, cypress, maple, birch. Land listed in 1877: 261,126 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,033,852. Public Schools: White, 33; colored, 31. With two Male and Female High Schools at WiUiamston, one at Hamilton, one at Jamesville, and one at Robersonville. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : H. D. Roberson, Robersonville; J. B. Biggs, WiUiamston. MCDOWELL COUNTY. Was formed in 1842, from Burke and Rutherford counties, and was named in honor of Col. Joseph McDowell. It belongs to the Middle Division, lying on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge. Marion, the county seat, is on the Western North Carolina Railroad, about 200 miles from Raleigh, and. was called in honor of Gen. Francis Marion, of South Carolina. Surface : Mountainous, with clay and rich loamy soils. Products : Corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, rye, potatoes, grasses, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, and berries. Timbers : Oak, hickory, poplar, walnut, chestnut. Minerals: Iron, copper, silver, mica, lead, with sulphur springs. Land listed in 1877 -• 222,276 acres. Value of land and town lots, $409,443. .Public Schools: White, 42; colored, 10. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : John S. Brown, Marion; S. J. Neal, Henry's. MECKLENBURG COUNTY Was formed in 1762, from Anson county, and was named in k honor of the new Queen. It belongs to the Middle Division, lying on the southern bor- 84 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. der of the State adjoining South Carolina, and bounded on the west by Catawba river. The city of Charlotte, the county seat, is the junction five of railroads and is 174 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Undulating, with sandy, red clay and loamy soils. Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, grasses^ and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, plums, melons, cherries, ber ries and other small fruits. Timbers : Oak, pine, hickory, walnut, poplar, ash, locust. \ Minerals: Twelve gold mines being worked. Land listed in 1877 : 299,539 acres. Value of land and town , lots, $3,184,120. . Public Schobls : White, 65; colored, 39. With Macon HigkJ School, Charlotte Female Institute, Riddle Institute, and a. number of private schools. Manufactures : Foundries, carriage and wagon and fur-'; niture establishments. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : R. B. Caldwell, Charlotte; J. F. Johnston, Charlotte. MITCHELL COUNTY Was formed in 1861, from the counties of Bur e, McDowell, Caldwell, Watauga and Yancey, and was named in honor of Rev. Elisha Mitchell, D. D., for a number of years a Professor in our State University, and who was accidentally killed in- making a scientific exploration of the highest peak of the Black- mountains. His body was interred on the summit. It belongs to the Western Division, is situated in the north western portion of the State and adjoins Tennessee. Surface : Mountainous, with rich loamy soils. Products: Corn, wheat, oats, rye, flax and the grasses. Fruits: Apples, pears, grapes. Timbers: Poplar, oak, chestnut, walnut, ash. Minerals: Iron, mica, manganese, plumbago, Asbestos, kaolin, corundum, samarskite, gummite, pitchblende and min eral springs. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 85 Land listed in 1877 : 174,326 acres. Value of land and town lots, $122,480. Public schools: White, 36; colored, 3. Manufactures : Cranberry and Rock Creek iron mines. Special correspondent of the Department of Agriculture: S. W. Blalock, Ledger. MONTGOMERY COUNTY Was formed in 1779, from Anson county, and was named in honor of Gen. Richard Montgomery, a distinguished officer of the Revolution, who fell at the battle of Quebec, December 31st, 1775. It belongs to the Middle Division, is situated in the south ern portion of the State, its western boundary is marked by the- Yadkin river. Troy, the county seat, is 115 miles from Raleigh, and named in honor of John B. Troy, and eminent attorney. Surface: Hilly, undulating, with sandy and clay soil varied. Products: Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, sorghum cane, po tatoes and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, cherries, plums, grapes and. small fruits. Minerals: Gold, copper, silver, iron, chalybeate and sulphur springs. Timbers: Oak, pine, hickory, ash. Land listed in 1877: 288,600 acres. Value of land and town lots, $411,907- . , Public Schools: White, 27; colored, 15. Manufactures:- Several furniture, carriage and wagon manu factures. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: H. M. Scarborough, Mt. Gilead; C. W. Wooley, Mt. Gilead. MOORE COUNTY " Was formed in 1784, from Cumberland county, and was nam- 86 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. ed in honor of Hon. Alfred Moore, one of the Associate Justices of the United States Supreme Court. It belongs to the Middle Division, is situated in the southern portion of the State. Carthage, the county seat, is 79 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Undulating, with sandy and clay soils. Products: Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes and a va riety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, cherries, melons and a variety of small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, hickory. Minerals: Gold, copper, and very superior soapstone. Land listed in 1877: 501. 455 acres. Value of land and town lots, $828,720. Public schools: White 54; colored, 36. Special correspondents of the Department of Ageiculturei Wm. Arnold, Jonesboro; J. M. Edwards, Carthage. NASH COUNTY Was formed in 1777, from Edgcombe, and was named in honor of Gen. Francis Nash, who that year fell in the battle of Germantown. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is situated in the western j portion of that Division. Nashville, the county seat, is 44 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Level, undulating, with sandy and clay soils. Products : Corn, cotton, peas, potatoes, wheat, oats, and veg- ' etables. • Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, and small fruits. Timbers : Pine, oak, cypress, gum, dogwood. Mnjrals: Gold. Laud listed in 1877: 327,528 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,345,589. Public schools: White, 39; colored, 27. In addition, Casta- lia Academy, Stanhope Academy, and Battleboro Female School. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 87 Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: N. W. Boddie ^Nashville, J. A. Harrison, Castalia; W. H. Hil- liard, Jr., Battleboro; Thos. Westray, Stanhope. NEW HANOVER Was formed in 1728, and named in honor of the House of Hanover. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is situated in the south east portion of the State; is bounded east by the Atlantic Ocean .and west by the Cape Fear river. Wilmington, the county seat, is 148 miles from Raleigh, is im mediately on the Cape Fear river, and was named in honor of the Earl of Wilmington, and is rapidly growing in commercial im portance. It was originally called Newton. Surface: Level, with sandy and alluvial soils. Products: Corn, peas, peanuts, potatoes and a variety of veg etables. Fruits: Peaches, grapes, berries and other small fruits. Timbers: Pine, cypress, gum, live oak. Land listed in 1877 ': 92 ,885 acres. Value of land and town lots, $3,938,378. Public schools: White, 8; colored, 11. In addition, Cape Military Academy, Tiliston Normal School (male and female) Hinton Male High School, Williston Normal School (colored). Special correspndents of the Department of Agriculture: A. R. Black, Wilmington; Thomas F. Wood, Wilmington. NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Was formed in 1741, from Bertie county, origin of its name unknown. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is situated in the north eastern part of the State, its western boundary being the Roanoke river. Jackson, the county seat, is about 115 miles from Raleigh. .Surface.: Undulating, with sandy loamy soils. 88 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Products : Corn, wheat, cotton, peas, oats rye, and other- vegetables. Fruits: Apples, pears, peaches, melons, berries and other small fruits. Timbers: Oak, pine,, hickory, ash, cypress. Land listed in 1877: 308,043 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,469,485. Public Schools: White, — ; colored — . Jackson High School,, Seaborad High School, and Jackson Female High School. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture ~ Wm. Grant, Jackson; W. P. Vick, Margerets ville; Wm. T.. Peele, Rich Square. ONSLOW COUNTY. Was formed in 1734, from New Hanover county, and" was named in honor of Arthur Onslow, who at that time was speak er of the British House of Commons. It belongs to -the Eastern Division, is situated in the extreme east and bounded on the east by Core sound, and the Atlantic: Ocean. Jacksonville, the county seat (and formerly called Onslow) is on New river 145 miles from Raleigh. Surface — Level, with sandy and alluvial soils. Products : Corn, cotton, peas, peanuts, potatoes. Fruits : Apples, peaches, scuppernong grapes, etc. Timbers: Pine, oak, hickory, ash, juniper, cypress. Land listed in 1677 .- 297 ,392 acres. Value of land and towm lots, $507,035. Public Schools: White, 18; colored, 15. Special correspondents of the Depnrtment of Agriculture : Hill E. King, Stump Sound; S. B. Taylor, Catherine Lake. . ORANGE COUNTY Was formed in 1751, from Granville, Johnston and Bladen. conn'ies, was named in honor of the House of Orange. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. S9 It belongs to the Middle Division, is situated in the central portion of the State. Hillsboro. the county seat, is 40 miles west of Raleigh on the- North Carolina Railroad. It was first called Childsburg, but was changed to its present name in honor of the Earl of Hills boro. Surface : Undulating, with diversified soils of gray, sandy and red clay. Products: Corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, cotton, potatoes and the grasses. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, and the small fruits. Timbers: Oak, hickory, pine, walnut, poplar, maple, gum. Minerals.- Iron, with traces of coal, mica and copper, with eigth chalybeate and sulphur springs. Lands listed in 1877 : 342,358 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,464,330. Public Schools: White, 40; colored, 35. In addition Hughs Academy, Caldwell Institute, Hillsboro Female High School, ¦ with a number of other first class private schools. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture .- J. Knox Hughs, Cedar Grove; J. H. Parish, Hillsboro. PAMLICO COUNTY. Was formed in 1872, from Beaufort and Craven county, and bears the name of the Sound on its eastern and southern border. It belongs to the F astern Division, being situated on the- Pamlico Sound. Bayboro, the county seat, is about 200 miles from Raleigh, located on Bay river, and takes its name from that stream. Surface : Level, with sandy and rich alluvial soils. Products: Corn, cotton, Tobacco, rice, peas, wheat, and a. variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, grapes, melons and the small fruits. •80 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Timbers: Pine poplar, ash, gum, oak, holly, beech. Land listed in 1877: 142,121 acres. Value of land and town lots, $291,237. Public schools: White, 19; colored, 7. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: W. T. Caho, Bay River; J. S. Lane, Stonewall. PASQUOTANK COUNTY Was formed in 1729, One of the original precincts, and takes its name from a tribe of Indians who once occupied the ter ritory. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is situated in the north east corner of the State, is bounded on the north by the Vir ginia line, and south by the Albemarle sound. Elizabeth City, the county seat, is 215 miles from Raleigh, and is located on Pasquotank river. Surface: Level, with alluvial and sandy, soils. Products: Corn, cotton, flax, oats, peas, potatoes, anda varie ty of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, pears, peaches, grapes, and the small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, cypress, poplar, juniper, ash, gum. Land listed in 1877: 123,640 acres. Value of land and town lots, $807,900. Public schools: White, 18; colored, 13, with a number of pri vate schools. Special correspondents of the Department Agriculture: C. W. Hollowell, Elizabeth City. PENDER COUNTY Was formed in 1875, from New Hanover county, and was named in honor of Maj. Gen. W. D. Pender, of Edgecombe, who was a distinguished officer in the Confederate army. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is bounded on the east by the Atlantic ocean, and west by Black river. Bttrgaw, the county seat, is 112 miles from Raleigh. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 91 Surface: Level, with sandy, loamy soils. Products : Corn, cotton, pea nuts, potatoes, rice. Fruits : Apples, pears, grapes and vegetables. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, ash, cypress, gum. Land listed in 1877: 337,887 acres. Value of land and town lots, $877,031. Public schools : White, — ; colored, — . In addition there are Rocky Point Academy and Herring's Chapel school. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : G. Z. French, RocKy Point; Daniel Shaw, Rocky Point. PERQUIMANS COUNTY Was the earliest settlement in North Carolina, and takes it« name from a tribe of Indians once, occupying that territory. It belongs to the Eastern Division of the State, being situated in the northeastern part of the State — its southern boundary being Albemarle Sound. Hertford, the county seat, is 194 miles from Raleigh, and is loeated on Pasquotank river. Surface: Level, with sand and clay soils, varied. Products : Corn, cotton, peas, potatoes, melons and a variety of vegetables. ' Fruits: Apples, peaches; grapes and a variety of small fruits. Timbers : Pine, oak, ash, gum, poplar, hickory, maple, juni per and cypress. Land listed in 1877: 144,501 acres. Value of land and town lots, $780,780. Public Schools: White, 25; colored, 32. Also Perquimans Academy, Hertford Academy, Belvedere Academy, (all for males and females.) Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: James Newbold, Winfall. PERSON COUNTY Was'forrhed in 1791, from Caswell county, and was named in honor of Gen. Thomas Person, of Granville county. 92 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. It belongs to the Middle Division of the State, is situated on. the northern border of the State, being bounded on the north by the Virginia line. Roxboro, the county seat, is 54 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Undulating, with sandy loam and red clay soils. Products: Tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, plums, berries and other small fruits. Timbers : Pine, poplar, ash, walnut, hickory. Land listed in 1877 : 233,296 acres. Value of land and town lots $754,925. Public Schools: White, 27; colored, 27. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture^ J. M.'Barnett, Roxboro. PITT COUNTY Was formed in 1760, from Beaufort county, and named in. honor of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. It belongs to the Eastern Division, and is centrally located in- that division, and is traverse 1 its full length by Tar river. Greenville, the county seat, is 102 miles from Raleigh, and is. located on Tar river. Surface : Undulating, with sandy, loamy soils. Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, peas, potatoes, rye,, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, berries, and other small fruits. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, poplar, cypress, gum. Land listed in 1877 ': 359,607 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,599,788. Public Schools: White, 26 ; colored, 30. Special correspondents ' of the Department of Agriculture:- John King, Falkland; James Joyner, Marlboro. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 93 POLK COUNTY Was formed in 1855, from Henderson and Rutherford coun ties, and was named in honor of Col. William Polk, of the Revolution, It belongs to the Middle D vision, is situated in the extreme southwestern portion of that division, and bounded on the .south by the South Carolina line. Columbus, the county seat, is about 220 miles from Raleigh, and was so .called in honor of the discoverer of America. Surface: Hilly, undulating, with loamy and clay soils. Products : Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, potatoes, grasses, sorghum cane and vegetables. Fruits; Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, berries, &c, to great perfection, in the "Thermal Belt." Timbers : Oak, pine, hickory, walnut and chestnut. Minerals : Gold and iron, with several mineral springs. Land listed in 1877: 137,344 acres. Value of land and town lots, $351,697. Public Schools: White, 21; colored, 9. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: L. R. McAboy, Lynn. RANDOLPH COUNTY Was formed in 1779, from Guilford and Rowan counties, and was named in honor of the Randolph family of Virginia. It belongs to the Middle Division, and is situated about the center of the State. Ashboro,the county seat, is 72 miles from Raleigh, and was ¦so called in honor of Governor Samuel Ashe. Surface; Hilly, undulating, with sandy and clay soils, varied. Products; Corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, peas, grasses and a variety of vegetables. Fruits; Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, berries and other small fruits. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 94 Timbers; Oak, hickory, pine, poplar, walnut. Minerals: Gold, silver, copper, iron, with several mineral springs. Land listed in 1877: 469,848 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,394,517, Public Schools: White, 82 ; colored, 22. Also Farmer's Academy, Bush Hill Academy, Franklinsville Academy, Mt. Shepard Academy, Ashboro Female Academy. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture; M.. S. Robbins, Ashboro; A. S. Horney, Franklinsville. RICHEOND COUNTY Was formed in 1779, from Anson, and was named in honor of the Duke of Richmond, who was a zealous friend of the American cause in the House of Lords. It belongs to the Middle Division, is one of the southern border counties; is bounded on the south by the South Carolina line, and west by' the Pee Dee river. Rockingham, the county seat, is 105 miles from Raleigh. Surface; Level, undulating, with sandy and clay soils, varied. Products; Corn, cotton, peas, potatoes, wheat, oats, rye, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits; Apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, melons, ber ries, and other small fruits. Timbers: Oak, pine, poplar, gum. Land listed in 1877 : 412,917 acres. Value of land and town lots, $947,649. Public Schools; White, 30; colored 49. Also Rockingham Male and Female Academy, Spring Hill Academy, Ellerbee- Springs Academy, Caledonia Academy, Laurinburg Academy. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture; J. T. Bradley, Mangum; J. L. Cooley, Montpelier; J. W. Guthrie, Rockingham. ROBESON COUNTY Was formed in 1786, from Bladen county, and was named in COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 95 honor of Colonel Robeson, who distinguished himself in the battle of Elizabethtown in July, 1781. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is situated on the southern border, the South Carolina line being its southern boundary. - Lumberton, the county seat, is 93 miles from Raleigh, and is located on Lumber river. Surface; Level, with sandy and clay soils. Products; Corn, cotton, peas, potatoes, and a variety of veg etables. Fruits; Apples, peaches, pears, melons, grapes, berries, and. other small fruits. Timbers; Pine, oak, hickory, cypress. Land listed In 1877 : 573,300 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,020,406. Public Schools: White, 53; colored, 38. Also, Ashpole Insti tute, Shoe Heel Institute. Special correspondents' 'of 'the Department of Agricultur* : D. P.. McEachern, Shoe Heel. ROCKINGHAM COUNTY Was formed in 1785, from Guilford county, and was named in honor of C. W. Wentworth, Marquis of Rockingham — Pre mier of England — and a devoted friend of America. It belongs to the Middle Division, is situated on the northern border, being bounded on the north by the Virginia line. Wentworth, the county seat, is 116 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Hilly, undulating, with grey, sandy and clay soils, varied. Products : Tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes and a a variety of vegetables. • Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, cherries, plums, berries, and other small fruits. Timbers— Oak, hickory, pine. Minerals: Coal, with a large number of iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 310,887 acres. Value of land and town. lots, $1,462,433. 96 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Public Schools : White, 56 ; colored, 49. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: J. W. Hutcherson, Wentworth; T. W. Field, Leaksville. ROWAN COUNTY Was formed m 1753, from Anson county, and for a time embraced much of the western part of this State and Tennessee. It belongs to the Middle Division, near its center, and is bounded on the east by the Yadkin river. Salisbury, the county seat, is 118 miles west of Raleigh, is located at the junction of the North Carolina and Western North Carolina Railroads and takes its name from a town in England. Surface : Hilly, undulating, with, dark clay soils. Products: Corn, wheat, oats, rye, hay, tobaceo, cotton, peas, potatoes and a variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, cherries, berries, and other small fruits. Timbers: Oak, hickory, ash, walnut, maple, poplar, pine. Minerals : Gold, copper, silver, with sulphur springs. Land listed in 1877 .- 300,186 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,863,591. Public Schools : White, 56; colored, 18. Also Salisbury Male Academy, and Salisbury Female Academy. Manufactures: 37,000 pounds sassafras, and 3,170 pounds pennyroal oils were made in this county during the past year. 30,000 gallons sorghum molasses were also made. Fine flour largely manufactured. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : Luke Blackmer, S. R. Harrison, Salisbury. RUTHERFORD COUNTY Was formed in 1779, from Tyron county, (which was that year abolished and divided between Rutherford and Lincoln) COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA 97 and was named in honor of Gen. Griffith Rutherford, of the Revolution. It belongs to the Middle Division, being situated in its ex treme southwestern portion, and bounded on the south by the South Carolina line. Rutherfordton, the county seat, is 216 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Hilly, undulating with grey sandy and clay soils. Products: Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, clover, potatoes and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, pears, peaches, cherries, plums, berries and other small fruits. Timbers : Oak, walnut, poplar, maple, hickory, ash, pine, cherry. Minerals : Iron, gold, copper, mica, plumbago, corundum, with several mineral springs. Land listed in 1877 .- 327, 148 acres. Value of land and town lots, $831,026. Public Schools; White, 55; colored, 11. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture; T. D. Twitty, of Rutherfordton; W. L. Jones, Poor's Ford. SAMPSON COUNTY Was formed in 1784, from Duplin, and was named in honor of Col. John Sampson. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is situated in the south eastern portion of the State. Clinton, the county seat, is 94 miles from Raleigh. Surface : Level, with sandy and clay soils, varied. ^ Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, grasses, peas, po tatoes, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries and other small fruits. Timbers : Pine, oak, poplar, hickory, ash, walnut, cypress juniper. Land listed in 1877: 344,100 acres. Value of land and tow* lots, $900,186. 7 ^8 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Public Schools : White, 57; colored, 52. With a number of good private schools. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: John Ashford, Clinton; S.J. Faison, Harrell's store. STANLEY COUNTY Was formed in 1841, from Montgomery county, and was named in honor of Hon. John Stanley, of New Berne. It belongs to the Middle Division, is bounded on the east by Yadkin river and on the south by Rocky river — one of the trib utaries of the Pee Dee. Albemarle, the county seat, is about 100 miles from Raleigh, and preserves the name of one of the Lords Proprietors. Surf aca; Hilly, undulating, with clay and gravelly soils. Products; Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rye, potatoes, hay, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, plums, berries, melons, and small fruits. Timbers: Oak, hickory pine. Minerals: Gold and zinc, with a large number of mineral springs. Land listed in 1877: 226,054 acres. Value of land and town lots, $467,960. Public schools: White, 40; colored, 8. Also Albemarle Male and Female Academy, Mineral Springs Male and Female Acad emy, Fork Male and Female Academy. Special correspondents of tie Department of Agriculture; J. E. Hartrell, Leo; W. J. Ross, Albemarle. STOKES COUNTY Was formed in 1789, from Surry county, and was named in honor of Hon. John Stokes. It belongs to^the Middle Division, on the northern border of the State, being.bounded^on the north by the Virginia line. Danbury, the .county seat, is 100 miles from Raleigh. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 99 Surface: Hilly, undulating, with grey and red clay soils. Products: Corn, tobacco, wheat, oats, rye, hay, potatoes, .gasses, and vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, plums, cherries, foerries and other small fruits. Timbers : Pine* oak, chestnut, hickory, walnut, poplar. Minerals . Gold, zinc with numerous iron, sulphur and lime stone springs. Land Listed in 1877 .- 258,530 acres. Value of land and town lots $732,643. Public Schools : White,' 35 ; colored, 7. ¦ Also Dalton High School and Danbury Female Academy. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: W. W. King, Danbury, Benjamin Baily, Walnut Cove. SURRY COUNTY Was formed in 1770, from Rowan county, and takes its name ¦from the county of Surry in the south of England. It belongs to the Middle Division, and is located in the north- ¦western portion of the State, is bounded on the north by the "Virginia line. Dobson, the county seat, is about 120 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Mountainous, with gray and red soils. Products: Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, potatoes, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, berries and other small fruits. Timbers: Chestnut, pine, poplar, hickory, walnut, locust, oak, cherry. Minerals: Lead, coal, mica, iron, manganese, asbestos, with one sulphur and three iron springs. Land listed in 1877: 304,742 acres. Value o'f land and town lots, $781,062. Public Schools: White, 54; colored, 14. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: W. H. Wolfe, Judesville; R. R. Gwyn, Elkin. 100 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. SWAIN COUNTY. Was formed in 1871, from Macon and Jackson counties, and. was named in honor of D. L. Swain, formerly Governor of the* State and President of the University. It belongs to the Western Division, and is bounded on the- north by the Tennessee line. Charleston, the county seat, is 325 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Mountainous, with dark, loamy and clay soils. Products; Corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes and* a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, grapes, pears. Timbers: Walnut, oak, poplar, pine, birch, beecn,ash. Minerals: Gold, silver, lead, copper, mica. Land listed in 1877: 406,931 acres. Value of land and town* lots, $173,564. Public Schools: White, 18; colored, 0. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: Daniel Lester, Fairfax; John M. Earls, Natitahala. TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY Was formed in 1861, from Henderson and Jackson counties. It belongs to the Western Division, is bounded on the south by the South Carolina line, and is traversed its full length by the French Broad river. Brevard, the county seat, is about 272 miles from Raleigh, and preserves a name that became distinguished in the Revolu tion. Surface: Mountainous, with dark loamy soils, very fertile. Products: Corn, wheat, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, oats, hay,. and a variety of vegetables. Fruits : Apples, peaches, cherries, pears, plums, berries, and other small fruits. Timbers: Oak, ash, hickory, chestnut, walnut, maple, pine, gum. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 101 Minerals: Mica, copper, iron. Land listed in 1877: 275,729. acres. Value of land and town Jots, $338,889. Public Schools: White, 23; colored, 4. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture ; "Thos. L. Gash, Brevard. TYRRELL COUNTY Was one of the original precincts of the Lords Proprietors, and bears the name of John Tyrrell one of the original owners of the province. It belongs to the Eastern Division, is bounded en the north by the Albemarle sound. Columbia, the county seat, is about 200 miles from Raleigh, and located on Scuppernong river. Surface : Level, with sandy and rich alluvial soils. Products: Corn, cotton, peas, potatoes, and vegetables. Fruits: Apples, grapes. Timbers: Piue, oak, juniper cypress. Land listed in 1877: 118,841 acres. Value of land and town lots, $220,930. Public Schools: White, 10; colored, 6. Also Columbia Acad emy. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: C. E. Tatem, Columbia; Eli Spruill, Columbia. UNION COUNTY Was formed in 1842, from Anson and Mecklenburg counties. It belongs to the Middle Division, is one of the southern border counties adjoining South Carolina. Monroe, the county seat, is 165 miles from Raleigh, and was named in hon..r of James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States. Surface: Hilly, undulating, with gray and red clay soils, varied. 102 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, - potatoes, and &. variety of- vegetables. Fruits : Apples, grapes, peaches, pe.irs, melons, berries. Timbers : Pine, oak, hickory, ash, poplar. Minerals: Gold. Land listed in 1877: 373,916 acres. Value of land and town* lots, $1,268,848. Public schools: White, — ; colored, — . Also Monroe High School. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture? Vachel T. Chears, Brown Creek, 0. N. Simpson, Monroe. WAKE COUNTY Was formed in 1770, from Orange, Johnston and Cumber land counties, and was called in compliment to the maiden. name of Governor Tryon's wife. It belongs to the Middle Division; and in this county is loca ted the Capitol of the State. Raleigh, the county scat, and also the Capital of the State, bears the name of the illustrious Sir Walter Raleigh, under whose auspices the first colony was planted on our soil. Surface .- Undulating, with gray sand and clay soils varied. • Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, grasses, potatoes; and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries. Timbers : Pine, hickory, oak, poplar, maple, ash. Minerals .- Plumbago in great abundance. Land Listed in 1877 .- 564,790 acres. Value of land and town ¦ lots $4,838,395. Public Schools .- White, 98 , colored 82. Also Raleigh Male- High School, Raleigh Graded school, St. Augustin School (col ored) and quite a number of schools supported by private pa tronage. Manufactures: Several establishments for manufacturing spoke?, rims, hubs, plow handles, buggies, carriages, wagons, COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 103 sash, doors, mantels, engines, boilers, saw mills, leather, plows and plow castings. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : W. G. Upchurch, Raleigh;' W. B. Smith, Forestville; S. D. Wil liams, Raleigh. WARREN COUNTY Was formed in 1779, from a portion of Bute county, which was that year divided into Warren and Franklin. It belongs to the Middle Division, and is situated on the northern border of the State adjoining Virginia, and takes its name from Joseph Warren, of Massachusetts. Warrenton, the county seat, is about 52 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Undulating, with sandy, loam and clay soils. Products : Tobacco, corn,, wheat, oats, rye, cotton, potatoes, sorghum cane, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries and other small fruits. Timbers: Oak. pine, poplar, walnut, hickory, ash, maple. Mil, r rah: Gold, with several mineral springs. Land listed in 1877: 315,753 acre.-?. Value of lai.d and town lots, $1,283,182, Public Schools: While. 19: .-..'.-.¦< cl. :::?. Als" Warrenton Male Ac^emy, Warrenton Female Collegiate Institute. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : W. H. Cheek, Warrenton, Wm. Wallace White, Manson. WASHINGTON COUNTY Was formed in'1799,- from Tyrell county, and was named in honor of the father of his country, General George Washing ton. It belongs to the Eastern Division, and is bounded on the north by Albemarle sound. Plymouth, the county seat, 162 miles from Ra'eigh, and is located on Roanoke river. 104 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. Surface: Level, with sandy loamy soils with clay subsoils. - Products: Corn, ootton, wheat, potatoes, peas, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, plums, berries, melons, and a variety of small fruits, Timbers: 'Cypress, juniper, pine, oak, poplar, ash. Land listed in 1877 ': 170,460 acres. Value of land and town lots, $483,472. Public schools: White, — ; colored, — . Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: Arthur Collins, Ores well; Wm. R. Chessom, Lee's Mills; T. J. Norman, Skinnersville. WATAUGA COUNTY Was formed in 1849, from Ash, Caldwell, Wilkes and Yancey counties and bears the name given to a river by the Indians, which has its source in this county and signifies "the River of Islands." It belongs to the Western Division, lying in the north western portion of the State, and bounded on the west by the Tenn essee line. Boone, the county seat, is about 240 miles from Raleigh, and was called in honor of Daniel Boone, who once lived on the Yadkin river. Surface: Mountainous, with rich loamy soil. Products: Corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, and fine vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, peas, berries, cherries, and all fruits' of this climate. Timbers: Oak, chestnut, poplar, pine, sugar maple, cherry, walnut. Minerals: Iron, gold, mica, plumbago, silver, copper, with minerals springs. Land listed in 1877: 185,125 acres. Value of land and town lots, $326,097. Public schools: White, 40; colored, 2. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 105 Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: A. J. McBride, McBride's Mills; M. C. Herman, Sugar Grove. WAYNE COUNTY Was formed in 1779 from a portion of Dobbs county, (subse quently divided into Greene and Lenoir) and takes its name from Anthony Wayne, of Pennsylvania, distinguished in the devolution. It belongs to the Eastern Division, and is traversed by Neuse Lliver. Goldsboro. the county seat, is 51 miles from Raleigh, and is Jocated at the junction of the North Carolina, the Atlantic, and the Wilmington & Weldon Railroads, and on the Neuse river. Surface: Level, slightly undulating, with sandy and loamy soils. ' Products: Corn, cotton, peas, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, melons, berries, and a variety of small fruits. Timbers: Oak, ash, hickory, pine, maple, juniper, poplar, 'walnut and cypress. Land listed in 1877: 328,295 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,697,389. Public Schools: White, 37; colored, 30. Also reveral private «chools of high c. anicter. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture ; B. T. Arlington, Goldsboro; T. B. Hyman, Goldsboro; B. F. Hook.-, Goldsboro. WILKES COUNTY Was formed in 1777, from Surry county, and was named in •honor of John Wilkes, a distinguished member of the English Parliament, and a zealous friend of the American cause in the Revolution. 106 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. It belongs to the Middle Division, and is situated on the east ern slope of the Blue Ridge in the northwestern portion of the- State. Wilkesboro, the county seat, is 172 miles from Raleigh. Surface: Hilly, mountainous, with dark sandy, loamv soil. Products: Corn, wheat, rye, oats, gras-e-, toliaceo and pota toes. Fruits: Apples, peaches, p"ars, grapes, cherries and berries.. Timbers: Oak, pine, chesnut, hickory, walnut and pop lar. Minerals: Copper, gold, mica, manganese, with several min eral spiings. Land listed in 1877: 395,297 acres. Value of land and town lots, $613,499. Public Schools: White, 82; colored, 9. Also Wilkesboro- Male and Female Hi«h School, Trap Hill Institute, Moravian Falls Male and Female Academy. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture : L. Harrell, Briar Creek; J. T. Finley, Wilkesboro. WILSON" COUNTY AVas formed in 1855, from Edgecombe, Nash, Wayne, and Johnston counties, and was named in honor of Louis D. Wilson, who died in Mexico serving his countrv. It belongs to the Eastern Division, occupying a central posi tion in that Division. Wilson, the county seat, is about 50 miles from Raleigh, and located on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. Surface .- Slightly undulating, with sandy and clay soils, va ried. Products : Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, peas, potatoes, grasses, and a variety of vegetables. Fruits -. Apples, Peaches, pears, grapes, cherries, melons, ber ries, and other small fruits. Timbers: Pine, oak, hickory, ash, cypress, gum. COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 107 Minerals: Iron, and one sulphur, with fourteen iron and mag nesia springs. . Land listed in 1877: 196,146 acres. Value of land and town lots, $1,334,133. Public schools: White, 35; colored, 20; Also Wilson Colle giate Institute, Wilson Collegiate Seminary. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: R. W. King^ Wilson; Calvin Barnes, WiLon. YADKIN COUNTY. Was formed in 1851, from Surry, and takes its name from -the river which runs through it. It belongs to. the Middle Division, and is located in the north western portion of the State. Yadkin ville, the county seat, is about 175 miles from Ral eigh. Surface: Hilly, with loamy and clay soils. Products: Corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, potatoes, grasses, and vegetables. Fruits: Apples, peaches, pears, plums, berries and smal1 fruits. Timbers: Oak, hickory, poplar, ash. Minerals: Iron, with several mineral springs. Land listed in 1877: 207,040 acres. Value of land and town lots, $611,214. Public schools: White, 48; colored, 10. Also Jonesville Male and Female Academy, Boon ville Academy, Jonesville Female Seminary. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: H. C. Wilson, Yadkinville; T. Long, Huntsville. YANCEY COUNTY. AY as formed in 1833, from Burke and Buncombe counties, and was named in honor of Hon. Bartlett Yancey, of Caswell, who was a great and a good man. 108 PROMINENT NORTH CAROLINIANS. It belongs to the Western Division, is situated in the north western portion of the State, and is bounded on the west by the Tennessee line. Burnsville, the county seat, is about 245 miles from Raleigh, and was called in honor of Captain Otway Burns, of Carteret county. Surface: Mountainous, with rich loamy soils. Products: Corn, wheat, buckwheat, oats, rye, grasses, and potatoes. Fruits: Apples, pears, and berries. Timbers; Poplar, ash, chestnut, hickory, sugar maple and Buckeye. Minerals; Iron, mica, with several mineral springs. Land listed in 1877: 150,633 acres. Value of land and town lots, $181,889. Public schools: White, 34; colored, 4. Special correspondents of the Department of Agriculture: N. M. Wilson, Burnsville; J. R. Neil, Bald Creek. CHAPTER V. Partial List of Native North Carolinians who have become prominent citizens of other States, and also of Native Inventors. Andrew Jackson — President of the United States, born in the Waxhaw Settlement, of Mecklenburg county (now Union) — appointed Attorney General of the Territory of Tennessee by the Governor of North Carolina; became Judge of the Superior Court; famous for his military achievements in the Indian wars, and as the hero of New Orleans; Senator in Congress. James Knox Polk— President of the United States, born in Mecklenburg county; graduated at Chapel Hill; was Governor of Tennessee; Speaker of the House of Representatives in Con gress. PROMINENT NORTH CAROLINIANS. 109> Andrew Johnson — President of the United States, was born in Raleigh, Wake county; member of the Legislature of Ten nessee; member of both Houses of Congress from that State;. was Governor of the State, and elected Vice President of the United States. Wm. R. King — Born in Sampson county, represented his county in the Legislature, and the State in Congress; settled in Cahawba county, Alabama; elected Senator from that State in 1819; Minister to France in 1844, and Vice President in 1852. Joseph Brevard — Born in Mecklenburg county; elected Judge in South Carolina; member of Congress from that State in 1821. Jesse A. Bynum — Born in Halifax county, member of the Leg islature and Congress, moved to Alexandria Parish, La. John R. J. Daniel — Born in Halifax county, often in the Legislature and Congress, moved to Louisiana. John F. Darby — Born in Person county; moved to Mississ ippi; elected to Congress from Mississippi, to 32d Congiess in 1852. Edmund S. Dargan — AA7as born in Montgomery county, now Stanley, in 1806; moved to Alabama; elected a member of the Leg islature of that State; soon thereafter was made Judge of the Su perior Court; in 1846 was elected to Congress, and iu 1848 was elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; was elected a mem ber of the Confederate Congress. Sam'l P. Carson — Born in Burke county, was in the 19th, 20th and 21st Congresses; moved to Texas, where he became prominent. Archibald Dixon— Was born in Caswell county; moved to Kentucky; was Lieutenant Governor, and succeeded Mr. Clay as Senator in 1852. Hamilton Henderson Chalmbrs— Was born in Rocking ham county, moved to Mississippi aud is now one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of that State. Emersom Etheridge— Was born in Currituck, moved to Tennessee, and was a member of Congress from that State. .110. PROMINENT NORTH CAROLINIANS. Wm. H. Forney — Was born in Lincoln county, moved to Al abama, and is now in Congress from that State. Thomas H. Benton — Was born in Orange county; moved first to Tennessee, served in the war of 1812 as Colonel 39th In fantry, U. S. A., and was thirty years in the Senate from Mis- -souri. Lucien C. Gausb — Was born in Brunswick county, moved to- Tennessee, settled in Arkansas, and is now a member of Con gress from that State. Joseph R. Ha wley— Was born in Richmond county; moved to Connecticut; elected Governor of that State in 1866; a. mem ber of Congress in 1872. and is now a member elect from that State. He was President of the Centennial Exhibition at Phil adelphia in 1876. James P. Hendekson — AVas born in Lincoln county; moved to Texas; Minister from Texas to Europe; commanded a regi ment in the Mexican war; elected Governor of Texas in 1846, and a Senator from Texas in Congress. Sam'l W. Inge — AVas born in North Carolina; moved to Ala bama; elected a member of the 30th and 31st Congress; Attor ney of the United States for California. James Johnson — Was born in Robeson county; moved to Georgia, was elected to the 32d Congress; appointed Provisional Governor of Georgia by Andrew Johnson. Thomas L. Jones — Was born in Rutherford county; moved to Kentucky and was elected to the 40th, 41st and 44th ses sions of Congress. John McQueen — AVas born in Robeson county ; moved to .South Carolina, and was elected to the 31st, 32d, 33d and 34th ¦sessions of Congress. James C. Mitchell — Was born in Mecklenburg county, ¦moved to Tennessee, and elected a member of the 19th and 20th sessions of Congress. Gabriel Moore — Was born in Stokes county, moved to Alabama, elected a member of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th .sessions of Congress; was Governor of Alabama in 1820, and U. S. Senator in 1829. PROMINENT NORTH CAROLINIANS, 111 William H. Murfree — Was born in Murfreesboro; was elected a member of the 13th and 14th sessions of Congress from the Edenton district; moved to Tennessee. His father was a distinguished officer in the Revolutionary war, and two towns — one in North Carolina and one in Tennessee — preserve the name of the family. Daniel Newman — was born in North Carolina, and served in the Revolutionary and Indian wars, and was elected to Con gress in 1831 from Georgia. Kenneth Rayner — AAras born in Bertie county, represented the Edenton district frequently in Congress; moved to Missis sippi; was nominated Judge of the Supreme Court of Mississippi; appointed Judge of the Alabama Claims, and is now Solicitor -of the Treasury. Philemon Thomas — Was born in North Carolina, moved to Kentucky and thence to Louisiana, and was a member of the 22d and 23d sessions of Congress. Edward Stanly — Was born in Newbern, served as a mem ber of Congress from North Carolina; moved to California, 'and was appointed, in 1862, Military Governor of North Carolina, and was a candidate for Governor of California. Jacob Thompson— Was born in Caswell county, moved to Mississippi in 1835; was a member of the 26th session of Con gress, and re-elected in 1851; was Secretary of the Interior in 1857 under the administration of President Buchanan. Starling Tucker— Was born in Halifax county; moved to South Carolina, and served as a member of Congress from 1817 to 1831. Tilghman M. Tucker— Was born in North Carolina, moved .to Mississippi, was Governor of that State in 1841, and a mem ber of Congress in 1843. Hugh Lawson White— Was born in Iredell county; went to Tennesse in 1783; was Judge of the Supreme Court of that State in 1801, U. S. Senator in 1825, and received the, electoral vote of Tennessee and Georgia for President in 1836. James White— Was born in North Carolina; moved to Ten nesse and was elected a delegate to Congress in 1794. 112 PROMINENT NORTH CAROLINIANS. J. McC. Wiley — Was born in Cabarrus county; moved to Bibb county, Alabama; was elected Judge of the Circuit Court,'] and also to the 39th session of Congress, but was not permitted to take his seat. Charles Pelham — Was born in Person county, moved to* Alabama, was elected Judge in 1868, and to Congress in 1873. Leonard Sims — Was born in North Carolina, moved to- Missouri, and in 1845 was elected a member of Congress from that State. William Allen— AVas born in Edenton; moved to Ohio, was elected to Congress and the Senate of the United States, and in 1874 Governor of Ohio. AVilliam Smith — Was born in North Carolina; moved to- South Carolina, was elected to Congress in 1797, and Judge in 1808, to the United States Senate in 1817, and re-elected to the United States Senate in 1831; declined the nomination of Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, and in 1829 re ceived the seven votes of Georgia for Vice President. Jesse Speight — AVas born in Greene county, moved to Mis sissippi, and elected United States Senator in 1845 from that State. Montford Stokes — Was born in North Carolina, was Gov ernor of the State in 1830; moved to Arkansas, and was ap pointed Commissioner for the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi. William B. Stokes — Was born in Chatham county; moved. to Tennessee, and elected to the 36th, 39th, 40th and 41st ses sions of Congress. James Houston Thomas — Was born in Iredell county; moved to Tennessee, elected Attorney General of that State, was law partner of James K. Polk, and a member of the 31st and 36th sessions of Congress. Van H. Manning — Was born in Martin county; removed to* Mississippi in 1841, and was elected a member of the 44th and 45th sessions of Congress. John Williams — Was born in Surry county; was Captain of PROMINENT NORTH CAROLINIANS. 113 the 6th U. S. Infantry in 1790; moved to Knoxville, Tennessee; was colonel of a regiment in 1812, and served under Gen. Jack son at New Orleans; was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1815, and appointed Charge De Affairs to Central America by John Q. Adams. Marmaduke Williams — Was ' born in North Carolina; moved to Alabama, and was elected a Judge of Tuscaloosa County Court/ "f ^ f ¦ ":"'¦ *" Robert Williams — Was born near Shallow Ford, N. C- moved to Mississippi, where he was appointed by President Jef- ; ferson TerritoriaV-^remor in 1805. P / ' \ffi%T, ""Thomas Hill Williams— Was born in North Carolina; wag a clerk in the War Department; appointed in 1805 Collector of the port of New Orleans; was a delegate to the Convention that framed the Constitution of Mississippi, and one of the first Sen ators from that State in the U. S. Congress, to which place he was re-elected in 1817. Thomas J. Ward— Was born in Surry county, moved to Mississippi, and was a member of Congress in 1838 from that State. Gen. Henry Atchison— Of the U. S. Army, was a native of Person county, and. distinguished himself at the battle of Bad Axe in 1832. He died at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Gen. Duncam L. Clinch— Of the U. S. Army, was a native of Edgecombe county; moved to Georgia, and was elected to Congress from that State in 1843; died at Macon,. Ga., in 1849. Walker Anderson— Of Orange county, Judge and Navy ,-.- Agent. !:. William Bryson— Of Burke county, Judge in Florida, - Ephraim H. Forster— Of Franklin county, Senator from TfillUGSBGfi Wm. R. Johnson— Of Warren county; a prominent politician of Virginia, and many years a member of her General Assembly. f Dillon Jordan— Of Cumberland county, Judge in Florida- fcjoHN R. McElmore— Native of Halifax, moved to Ten nessee. 8 114 PROMINENT NORTH CAROLINIANS. Benj. McCullock — Native of Halifax, moved to Texas. Wm. D. Mosely — Born in Lenoir county; Senator in N. C. Legislature; moved to Florida, and was Governor of that State from 1845(to 1849. Col. Benjamin Hawkins — Was born in Bute county (now Warren) in 1754, was an officer during the Revolutionary war. served several terms as a member of Congress; was appointed a commissioner to treat with the Cherokees and all other Indians south of them, and died in 1816. C. C. Cambreling — Was born in Beaufort county; moved to New York; was a member of Congress fTbm that State from 1821 to 1839, and subsequently was appointed Minister to Russia. John K. Steele — Was born in Salisbury, N. C, in 1792 went to New Hampshire and was elected in 1844 Governor of that State. Joseph Lane — AVas born in Buncombe county in 1812; moved to Indiana; was in command of a regiment in the Mexi can war; promoted for his bravery to the office of Major General, app-iinted Governor of Oregon in 1848, and elected delegate to the 32nd; 33d and 34th sessions of Congress, and in 1859 elected Senator; was a candidate for the Vice Presidency in 1861, re ceiving the vote of North Carolina included in the 72 electoral < votes given for the ticket of Breckenridge and Lane. Robert Potter — Was born in Granville county; served as Midshipman in the U. S. Navy; was elected to Congress in 1829; moved to Texas, where he was appointed Secretary of the Navy in that Republic. Daniel Turner — Was born in Warren county; served in the army in 1814; member of the N. C. Legislature and also mem ber of Congress in 1827; moved to California, where he held the position of Navy Agent. John H. Wheeler — Was born in Murfreesboro; served in the Legislature of North Carolina from 1827 to 1830 from his native county, and again in 1852 from Lincoln, Catawba and Gaston; was public Treasurer in 1842. He moved to Washing- DISTINGUISHED DIVINES. 115 ton, D. C, and in 1855 was appointed Minister to Nicaragua Central America, distinguished as a North Carolina Historian. Asbury Dickens — Was born in Person county; was chief clerk of the United States Senate in 1845. James Williamson— AVas born in Person county; member of the Legislature and afterwards Speaker of the House of Repre sentatives in Tennessee. Daniel M. Barringer — Was a member of Congress from North Carolina, afterwards Speaker of the House of Represen tatives of Tennessee. John Branch — Was Governor of North Carolina; Secretary of the Navy and Governor of the Territory of Florida. John L. Pennington — Was born in Wake county; moved to Alabama; was a member of the Senate of that State; Gov ernor of the Territory of Dakota, and now Internal Revenue Collector of that State. George W. Reeves — Is a native of Orange county, (a tailor) afterwards Judge in Tennessee. John L. T. Sneed — A native of Wake; Attorney General of Tennessee, and a Judge in that State. Wm. S. Mullins — Was born in Fayetteville; moved to South Carolina; was Senator in the Legislature of that State, and at one time president of the IFilmington and Manchester Railroad. James Grant — Is a native of Raleigh; now a Judge and^dis- tinguished citizen of Iowa. Col. Alexander Harris — Of Granville, moved to Phila delphia. and became collector of that port. distinguished divineb. Rt. Rev. Thomas Frederick Davis— Was born in New Hanover county, removed to South Carolina, and was chosen - Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church for that diocese, which office he filled until his death. Rt. Rev. John Waters Beckwith— Was born in Raleigh, N. C, and is now Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Georgia. 116 DISTINGUISHED DIVINES. Rt. Rev. Wm. Mercer Green — Was borin in Wilmington, N. C. ; held a Professorship in the North Carolina University;.; removed to Mississippi, and is now Bishop of that diocese. Rt. Rev. Cicero L. Hawks^— Was born in North Carolina,. and afterwards .became Bishop of Mississippi. Rev. Frances L. Hawks — Was born in Newbern; moved to' Mississippi, and was elected Bishop of that State, and after wards of Rhode Island, both of which offices he declined, He died in New York in 1866. Rt. Rev. Leonidas Polk — Was born in Raleigh, N. 0.,'in. 1806; removed to Louisiana, and in 1841 was made Bishop of ?J that State, In 1861 he was appointed .Major General in the Confederate army, and was killed near Marietta, Ga. Rev. Wm. Martin — Was born in Lincoln comity; was once [. President of Columbia Female College in Columbia, S. C, and , is now Presiding Elder in the South Carolina Conference. Rev.' 0. P. Fitzgerald^Is a native of Caswell county, and is now Editor of the Nashville Christian Advocate of Tennessee.; Rev. Edward Wadsworth — Is an eminent minister of the, Methodist Church in Alabama, and is a native of NeWbern, N. C. Rev. Allen G. Andrews, D.D.— Was born in Randolph county; he moved to Alabama and became President. of. the-; Southern University at Greensboro, in that State. Has occu pied a prominent position as member of the General Conferences.! Rev. Lovick Pierce,. D.D.— Was born in Halifax county, N. C, moved to South Carolina; is now in Georgia; has been, an active minister for 74 years, and is now in his 94th year,J He is, probably, the oldest preacher living. • 'I Rev. Smith W. Moore, D.D.— Was born in Stokes county, ' N, C; moved to Tennessee, and is now pastor of Brownsville Station, of Memphis Conference. Bishop Robert Paine, D.D.— Was born in Person county, N. C; moved to Tennessee, thence to Alabama, -and now.re-, sides in, Mississippi. He is the senior Bishop of the-M. E. •Church, South. Rev. S. Lander, D.D. — Was born in Lincoln county; wa&: DISTINGUISHED DIVINES. 117 President of Davenport Female College, N. C; is now a mem ber of the South, Carolina Conference and President of WiUiam ston Female Coftge, S. C. Rev. Albert M. Shipp, D.D. — Was born in Lincoln county; was President of Greensboro Female College, afterwards a Pro fessor in the University of North Carolina. He moved to South Carolina, became President of Wofford. College, at Spartanburg, and is now a Prof essor in the Vanderbiltj University at Nash ville, Tennessee. " Rev. John Ellis Edwards, D.D. — Was born in Guilford county, N. C; moved to Virginia, afterwards returned to North Carolina, where, as pastor, he served several churches in the State. He is now in Richmond, Va., and is well known as an author. Rev. DuNcan Brown, D.D. — Was born in Bladen county, {now Robeson,) moved to Tennessee in 1810, was in the min istry 60 years, and died in Maury county, Tenn., about 1862. Rev. James W. McLane, D.D. —Was born in Rowan county; moved west with his father in early life, and was subsequently employed by the American Bible Society in the revision and collation of editions of the Bible. Rev. Moses Waddell, D.D.— Was born in Iredell county, (then Rowan); preached and taught school at various places in the South. -kREV. John M. Wilson— Was born in Mecklenburg county; moved to Missouri, thence to Texas, where he now resides. RsY. Andrew Flinn, D.D.— Was born in Mecklenburg county; and was for a long time a prominent minister in South Carolina. Rev. Wm. II. Barr, D. D.— Was born in Rowan county, and ¦moved to Abbeville, South Carolina, Rev. J. M. M. Caldwell— Was born in Mecklenburg county; moved to- Rome, Ga., where he now resides. Rev. Cyrus K. Caldwell— Graduated at Davidson College; amoved to Tennessee. ' Rev. J. L. Kirkpatrick/'D .D .— Now a Professor at Wash- 118 DISTINGUISHED DIVINES. ington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., and at one time President of Davidson College, is a native of Mecklenburg,; county. • Rev. Silas M. Andrews — AVas born in Rowan county, and. is now living at Doylestown, Pa. Rev. Evander McNair — A native of Robeson county, is now a prominent minister in Texas. Rev. Robert J. Hall — Was born in Iredell county, moved to Oxford, Ohio. Rev. Robert Hall (uncle of the above) was born in Iredell county, moved to Greenville, Tennessee. Rev. Thomas J. Hall — AVas born in Iredell county and. moved to Tennessee. Rev. Wm. A. Hall — Was born in Iredell county, and moved to Tennessee where he died in 1877. Rev. Junius B. King— A native of North Carolina, moved to Alabama, and died near Selma. Rev. James Morrison — Was born in Cabarrus county, moved to Virginia. Rev. James 0. Stedman, D. D. — Is a native of Fayetteville, N. C. , moved to Tennessee, thence to Alabama — Agent of the Board of Education. Rev. S. B. Wilson, D. D.,— AVas born in Lincoln county,. and moved to Virginia. Rev. Richard H. King. — AVas born in Iredell county, mov ed to Tennessee, he was a man of wonderful intellect. Rev. Thomas P. Johnston— Was born in^Rowan county, was the first foreign missionary from the Synod of North Carolina went to Asia Minor, thence to Smyrna, now living in Connec ticut. Rev. Robert A. Johnston— AVas born in Rowan county, moved to Kentucky. Rev. James McE. H. Adams— AVas born in Lincoln county, moved to Yorkville, South Carolina, where he had charge of a Female Academy. Rev. Hugh Wilson — AVas born in Iredell, was a missionary^ EMINENT PHYSICIANS. 119 to the Choctaw, and afterwards the Chickasaw Indians, died in Texas. Rbv. L. F. Wilson — Was born in Iredell county, moved to the valley of Virginia. Rbv. Wm. Thomas Hall, D. D., — Was born in Rowan coun ty, moved to Mississippi thence to Virginia. Rev. James H. McNeill — Was born in Fayetteville, N. C, was Secretary of the Amerioan Bible Society, N. J., and at the opening of the war joined the confederate ¦ army, was made Colonel; was killed in Virginia. Rev. Jesse Mercer, D. D. — AVas born in Halifax county, mo^ed to Macon, Georgia. Rev. Silas Mercer — Was born in Halifax county, and mov ed to Georgia. Rev. Wm. T. Brantly, D. D. — Was born in Chatham coun ty, moved to South Carolina. Rev. Basil Mayly, D. D.— A native of Chatham county, moved to Alabama. Rev. John KeRR — Was born in Person county, and moved to Richmond, Virginia. Rev. R. B. C. Howell, D. D.— Was born in Wayne county, afterwards a resident of Virginia and Tennessee. Rev. A. M. Poindexter, D. D.— Was born in Bertie county, moved to Virginia. Rev. James Mims— AVas born in Cumberland county, moved ¦ to South Carolina. Rev. Iverson L. Brooks, D. D.— Was born in Caswell coun ty, moved to South Carolina. Rev. Matthew Tyson Yates— Was born in Wake county, and forty for thirty years was a missionary in China. eminent physicians. Dr. D. R. Wallace — Superintendent of Texas Insane Asylum. William T. Howard— Prof, of Diseases of Women and Chil dren University of Maryland, Baltimore. 130 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. M. J. deRossett — Formerly Professor of Chemistry, and ad junct Professor in the University of Maryland, Baltimore, now residing in New YorK, and consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to St. Elizabeth Hospital, New York; .one of the Editors of the North Carolina Medical Journal. Prof. Edward Warren (Bey) — Now residing in Paris, was born in Tyrrell in 1828. Dr. W. H. Beatty — Now of Mobile, Alabama. He was a delegate of his adopted city to the Publishing House Associa tion, Cold Springs, New York. Dr. McPheeters — Now dead, lately resident of St. Louis. Dr. E. D Tinner — Now dead, long a resident of New Orleans. PAET II CHARTER I. PHYSIOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. BY W. C. KERR, STATE GEOLOGIST. SITUATION. North Carolina is situated on the Atlantic slope of the great . Appalachian chain of mountains, which traverses the North American continent in a Northeast and Southwest direction from Canada to Georgia. Its territory lies between the parrellels 34° and 36£° North latitude, midway between New York and the Gulf of Mexico, the latitude being that of Southern Spain, and between the meri dians 75-J0 and 84-J° west longitude. EXTENT. The State has a coast line of more than 200 miles, and a length, from east to west, of 485 miles. Its area is 50,^04 square miles, which is a little greater than that of New York, and almost exactly that of En nd. ) PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. 121 -PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. The State is naturally divided into three distinct and well characterized regions, east, middle and west. The latter, or The Western Division is quite mountainous, and is about one- fifth of the area of the State, (10,000 square miles,) and consists for the most part of a narrow plateau, whose elevatihn is 2,000 to 3,000 feet abpve the sea, lying in a northeast and southwest direction, between two parallel ranges of the Appalachians, the Blue Ridge and the Smoky Mountains' ; its length being more than two hundred miles, and breadth from 30 to 50 miles. Mountains. This plateau is not only the most elevated region of the United States east of the Mississippi River, but is the cul minating region of the Appalachian system, and contains its highest peaks and mosi; massive spurs, the Black Mountain in this. State being some 400 feet higher than Mt. Washington in New Hampshire. It is traversed also by , half a dozen cross chains, which are higher and more massive than the principal ranges above men tioned. Many of these mountains are more than 6,000 feet, and a number reach nearly 7,000; the Black is 6,700, and the Smoky 6,660'feet; Mt. Washington, N. H., 6,288. The plateau is sub divided therefoie into a number of smaller plateaus or basins, bounded on all sides by mountains, and each having its own in dependent drainage system. The Blue Ridge, which bounds this plateau eastward, separates it from the Middle- Region of the State, which may also be described as. a low plateau, whose western side has an elevation at the foot of the Blue Ridge of 1,000 to 1,200 feet, and is roughened by many spurs of that chain two and three thousand feet high, and many of them 20. and 30 miles long. This region descends very gradually towards the east, preserving an elevation of 600 to 800 feet for 150 miles, constituting the piedmont and hill country of the State, and having an eastward extent of more than .200 miles, and an area of more than 20,000 square miles. The Eastern Section, which lies on the seaboard and extends 122 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. inland 120 to 150 miles, is for the most part comparatively level, or but little rolling and hilly towards the west, and is about equal in area to the last, containing about 20,000 square miles of territory. This region is diversified by many Sounds, Bays-' and Lakes, communicating with its many large navigable rivers and constituting, with the connecting canals, an extensive sys tem of water communication with the eastern and middle sec tions of the State. The reliefs of the surface of the different regions can be readily understood by reference to the accompanying physiographic map and profile; the gradual rise from the coast to one hun dred feet at an average distance of 75 miles from it; the some what more rapid increase of altitudge, which brings the surface to 200 hundred feet of elevation within the next 50 miles; and at the same time the increased irregularity in the varying course of the relief lines; the persistent acceleration in the rise of the land in the piedmont region, the sudden sweep upward, of the great escarpment of the Blue Ridge, of more than 1,500 feet; and the gradual descent c' the mountain plateau from the Blue Ridge toward the west, (its average elevation exceeding 2,500- i'eet) while the mountains continue to increase in height, quite to the extreme boundary, in the Great Smoky Range. There are several smaller plateaus that (having an extent of some hundreds of square miles), rise to an altitude of 3000 to 4000 feet; the most extensive of these forms the base of the lofty ragged ridge of the Grandfather, in Mitchell and Watauga counties. Rivers. There are seven large rivers, flowing east (to south east) through the middle and eastern divisions of the State, be-' sides numerous smaller streams, which furnish v indefinite water power through the middle section; and in the eastern, together with the bays and sounds, they give an aggregate of more than 1,000 miles of inland navigation. AVest of the Blue Ridge there are seven other large rivers, which flow westward into the Ohio and Mississippi, the largest of these being the great Tennessee, which is navigable from the PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. 123- western boundary of this State for a thousand miles to the Mis sissippi. The Roanoke, one of the largest of these rivers, which rises a little the north of the boundary of this State and wanders along . its northern borders, for the most part on this side of it, in a -general easterly course, is navigable to Weldon, nearly 100 miles. from its mouth. By a system of locks and dams its navigable length was at one time more than doubled, reaching to Danville, and many long stretches of it, both above and below that place. have always been boatable. Tar River is navigable to Tarboro, 110 miles from the sound. Neuse River is navigable to Goldsboro, above 100 miles from the sound, and with little difficulty to Smithfield, some 30 miles; further. Cape Fear River is navigable to Fayetteville, 140 miles ; and slack water navigation was established more than 100 miles. further a few years ago, about one half of which has been re cently re-opened. This brings water transportation half way from the Atlantic to the Blue Ridge, and within 115 miles of it, in a direct course; and by the completion of a. single missing link of railroad connection of 50 miles, the head of navigation on this river will be connected with the railroad systems of Ten nessee and' Virginia and with the great Ohio Valley and the Northwest. These last three rivers rise in the middle region of the State, and have a southeast course, wholly within its ter ritory. The Yadkin and Catawba Rivers, like the Roanoke, take their rise in the Blue Ridge, and flow eastward (and a little north), but only about one half their course, then making a right angle turn they take a direction nearly south into the territory of South Carolina. Both these rivers have many boatable reaches, of considerable extent, and some sixty years ago both were im proved so as to connect these navigable portions, and were used for some years as highways of commerce, almost to the foot, of the Blue Ridge. Broad River, although it attains considerable volume by the 124 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. confluence of many large tributaries within the borders of the State, very quickly crosses the border into South Carolina. There are1 many other rivers, some of them tributaries of those already described, which attain considerable volume, some of them, indeed, (in the eastern section), broad and navigable streams, the Chowan, for example, navigable beyond our terri- . tory, and Pungo, and Alligator, and New ' River, and North East Cape Fear, and Black River, and-Waccamaw, and Lumber River (Little Peedee), and many others -, of. less 'importance.' ' Beyond the Blue Ridge the rivers all flow northwest to the Mississippi, except New River, which leaves-.- the State in a northeast course, reaching the Mississippi by way of the Ohio . Water Powers. The force developed by the fall of these streams from the table lands and plateaus to the sea, aggregates more than three million horse powers, exceeding that of all the. steam engines of Great Britain or of the United States. The Roanoke, for example, at a point some 50 miles above Weldon developes a force of more than 300 horse powers per foot of fall, and there is a fall of 100 feet from Gaston to Weldon. The Yadkin measures also (near Salisbury) almost 300 horse powers per foot, and taking that part of its course from AVilkes- boro to the State line, aggregates not less than 250,000 horse powers, equal to 10,000,000 spindles. The Catawba (near Hickory) gives nearly 250 horse powers per foot, and an aggre-. gate, this side of the State line of 175,000. And the Cape Fear gives an aggregate of upwards of 125,000. Beyond the Blue Ridge many of the rivers, of equal volume and much more rapid descent, give much larger aggregates within shorter dis tances. The French Broad, for example, from Ashville to the State line gives not less' than 120,000 horse powers within. a course of 50 miles; and the Nolechucky (Toe) exceeds- that con siderably. Railroads. There are more'than 1,200 miles of railroad al ready built, and several hundred more projected, which will be completed in a few years. The completed lines are indicated on the map. PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. 125 Seaports. Wilmington, Beaufort and Newbern are the prin cipal shipping points within the State ; and Norfolk, near the northern border, derives a large part of its business from this State. GEOLOGY. The geological structure of the State is very simple, the f orm^ ations being arranged in zones parallel to the dominant moun tain system, and to the Atlantic coast, and belonging almost entirely to two systems or ages, the Primary or Archaean and Quaternary; the Secondary being represented only by two small and narrow troughs of Triassic in the middle region, and a few linear outcrops of Cretaceous and Tertiary near the coast, ap pearing through the thin covering of the Quaternary, mostly . along the streams. The Archaean Rocks, which occupy the western and middle regions, consist of granites, gneisses and schists, of the Lauren- tian formation, with occasional narrow belts of Huronian slates, sandstones, limestones and quartzites ; the most extensive of these belts being 20 to 30 miles wide, and lying quite across the State near the eastern margin of the middle region. The Quaternary occupies the eastern champaign section, and consists mainly of beds of uncompleted clays, sands and gravels. The underlying Tertiary, belonging to the lower and middle divisions, (Eocene and Miocene,) are everywhere filled with exuviae and bones of marine animals, constituting an inexhaust ible resource of manurial matter, in the f orni of marl. MINERALS. Are found in great variety and abundance over a large part of the State. Among the more useful and important, are the fol lowing : Marl, Iron, Coal, Peat, Limestone, Gold, Copper, Silver, Lead, Zinc, Mica, Graphite and Corundum; besides Manganese, Kaolin, Fireclay, Talc, Pyrbphyllits, Whetstone, Grindstone and Millstone grits, a great variety of building stones, 126 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. Serpentina, Marble, Chromic Iron, Barytes, Oil Shales, Buhr- -stone, Roofing Slates and several precious stones, as Diamond, Agate, Garnet, Sapphire, Ruby, Beryl and Amethyst. Marl is found only in the eastern region, but is very abund ant in some 25 counties, occurring in extensive beds, which contain all the elements of a complete and permanent fertilizer, an occasional dressing, (once in 15 or 20 years,) being sufficient to render a poor soil permanently productive. This is the most valuable mineral in the State, as it is easily accessible to more than half of its farming lands, and is applicable to all crops. Iron . The State contains a vast quantity of iron ore of every variety, distributed oyer a very wide area from the head of nav igation on the Roanoke, for example, for nearly four hundred miles westward, to the extreme limit of the State, being found in workable quantities in not less than 30 counties. But a more important fact than the variety or the abundance, or the wide distribution of these ores is the remarkable purity of many of the deposits. Iron has been smelted for a hundred years in the middle and western counties, both in forges and furnaoes ; but only in quantities sufficient for neighborhood consumption. Much of this iron, though so rudely prepared, is equal to the best Swede, being of course, like that, reduced with charcoal. The most abundant kind of ore is Magnetite, and most of the iron hitherto manufactured in the State has been made of it ; but Red Hematite is scarcely less abundant, and Limonite is very common. Two kinds of carbonaceous ore occur in associ ation with the coal, viz : the Scotch Black Band and Ball ore, (calcareous siderite). Many of the beds of the two former ores, Magnetite and Red Hematite, are entirely free from both Sul phur and Phosphorus ; some of them contain Manganese, others Titanic Acid, and still others both of these minerals, together with a small percentage of Chromium. Such deposits in such quantities and of such purity, remain undeveloped only becaus occurring in a region heretofore little accessible, and wholly de voted to agriculture. But their high value for the manufacture of the best kinds of cutlery steel, and for the. Bessemer rail is bringing them prominently into notice and demand. A re- PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. 127 f erence to the map will give a general view of the wide distri bution of these ores. Coal. The coal of this State is of Triassic age, mostly bitum inous; is a good smith and gas coal, and is also well adapted to iron smelting when coked. There are two coal beds, both in the middle region, one on Deep River, mostly in Chatham county, the other on Dan- River, (upper waters of the Roanoke,) in Rockingham and Stokes counties. The thickness of the work able seams ranges from 3 to 1\ feet. The outcrops are respec tively estimated at about 30 and 40 miles, and the probable breadth at about 3 miles in one case and 1 to 2 in the other. Both of these coal beds are in immediately proximity to some of the most extensive and valuable iron are deposits in the State, and on navigable streams. Their position is indicated on the map. Peat exists in very large quantities, (several hundred square miles in area and many feet thick,) in the counties near the seaboard. It is used extensively as a fertilizer by the best far mers, and will douptless some day be of great value for fuel. Limestone, though not abundant in the State, is found in more than 20 counties; some of them in the eastern, some in the mid dle, and some in the western region. That in the east is of Eocene age and is a shell conglomerate, valuable both for building pur poses and for the manufacture of lime. The limestones of the middle and western regions are of Huronian (Pre-Silurian) age, and are frequently crystalline, and in several counties consti tute a very good marble, in Cherokee and Macon especially, where are found several fine varieties and colors of this stone, white, black, grey, red, flesh-colored, banded and mottled. Gold is very widely distributed through the older rocks of the middle and western sections, being found in workable quantities in 29 counties, as shown on the map. The first gold mines in the United States were found here about 1820, and they were . wrought on a very large scale until 1847, yielding many millions of dollars. There has been comparatively little done in these mines since the discovery of the California deposits, although a aumber of mines are still wrought from Halifax o Cherokee. 128 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. The mineral is found in various gangues, besides the fr»e gold of the drift or gravel beds, chiefly in quartz, quartzitic slates and conglomerates, chloriticand talcose slates, felspathic slates, limestone and gneiss. Before the discovery of the California de posits, the largest nugget in the world had been obtained from this State, (Cabarrus county,) weighing 28 pounds. Silver, Lead and Zinc have been mined to some extent for more than 30 years in middle region, chiefly in Davidson coun ty, at Silver Hill and the neighboring mines, and recently they have been discovered in several of the western counties. Copper has been found in more than a dozen counties, and a large number of ' mines have been opened in the last 20 years throughout the middle and mountain regions, and were wrought quite extensively before the war. Four or five of themhave been re-openened since, and one, Ore Knob in Ashe county, has been put in operation on a large scale. Its ores occur in rocks of both Laurentian and Huro- nian age, chiefly in a gangue of quartz, but also in horn. blende slate, syenite and tremolite, and in talcose slates. Most of the gold veins of the State contain copper in large part, and some of the mines of copper were first opened as gold mines. , It exists mostly in the form of copper pyrites, although the other common ores are of frequent occurrence. Mica. A great many mines of this mineral have been opened in the last 6 or 8 years, in some of the western counties of the State, in the Arehsean rocks. It is found in ledges (veins) of very course granite. Many of the plates of Mica are of remark-, able size, reaching 3. and even 4 feet in diameter. It is used chiefly in the manufacture of stoves, and the mining of it is a very profitable and rapidly growing industry. Graphite is very abundant in the State, both in the middle and west, existing chiefly in large bedded veins, generally more or less earthy and slaty, but occasionly quite pure and crystal-. line. - It has been wrought on a large scale at several points, . One vein, a few miles from the Capital, is one of the .most ex- . tensive known, having been traced 15 miles. Corundum has been found in large quantities in several coun- PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. 129 ties on both sides of the Blue Ridge, and is now extensively mined. Several rubies and sapphires have been obtained, and among them a ruby crystal of 312 pounds, which is in the cabinet of Amherst College Mass. The principal use of this mineral however, is in the manufacture of the better kinds of emery, for which purpose it has no equal. Chromic Iron is of common occurrrnce in the same region. Manganese. Several veins of the Black Oxide, of considera ble extent have been found. Barytes is found in large veins in the western and middle counties, and is exported to the Northern States, to be used, among other things, in the manufacture of paints as a substitute, in part or whole, for the lead carbonate. Building stones, granite, marble and sandstone abound every where. Half a dozen Diamonds have been found accidentally in washing gold gravels, some of them of considerable value. Oil Shales exist in great thickness in connection with the coal beds and yield a large per centage of oil. The other minerals mentioned are of common occurrence. Of mineralogical species there is a larger number found in this State than in any other of the United States. CLIMATE. By reference to the isotherms on the map, it will be seen that the climate of North Carolina corresponds to that of northern middle Italy and southern and middle France, being tempered on one side by the Atlantic ocean and on the other by the high peaks and table lands of the Appalachian mountains. And as the State has so great a length from east to west, as well as so con siderable an elevation in one part (3,000 and 4,000 feet,) the range of climate is very great, from subtropical on the coast, within the influence of the Gulf Stream, to cold temperate on the tablelands of the west. The isothermal in the one case, (at Smithville, the extreme southeast,) being 66°, (that of Alexan dria, in Egypt,) and in the other (at Boone, the higher Moun y 130 PHYSIOGRAPIC DESCRIPTION. tain plateau in the west,) about. 51°, which is that of New York and of Paris, France ;that of the plateau about Grandfather mountain, 45°, which corresponds to Ontario, Canada, and Sas- catchcwan; the middle region falling under the lino of 6.iL' which is that of Nagasaki, (Japan,) Athens, Gibraltar, &c. The following tables of temperature, rainfall &c. , made out from observations taken through a series of years in all parts of the State will show the range, relations and general character of the climate better than any description. lTIYSIOUil.U'lllC DESCRIPTION. 131 i T. — d j^ — ~ r — -,. 1 : ; ¦ ^- — * ... _, i3 c5 •-» C _ i— ' o — * — * o— * «3 i — ' -a o ji -i jc— . i — i— ¦ State, Eastern Section. Mi die ejection. Western Section. State . ; Eastern Section. Middle Section. WesternSection. -lS03 0KiMOJOSu>ii-NirH(»|(.PH State. EasternSection. WOWWW*-*-''"-»K"t iW jcucootocd^n- »--MOOjyi Middle. Section. i Western Section. State. Eastern Section. to oi as co as wi >> rt^ co to fcs fc» i£ *; u; £ .<> M'ddle Section. Western Section. fed•-afed WPifed RAIN AND CLOUDS. BAIN FALL IS INCHES. NO. OF FA1B DAYS. NO. OF CLOUDY DAYS. NO. OK RAINY DAY'S. a 'a o a o ao ao ao a a d 0 u 4J o o ai 1> CK 2J a> u to a. % CO to ao -si BS ¦^ «:¦u 5.4 8.3 to a +^ CO a a p.'Si 6 a. au % a s. % 6 to 89 aCD Xfig a s.O 4.5 5.3 4.9 ; 5.1 3.74.8 11 7 n 8 10 7 7 6 12 15 1114 13 Hi 1613 79 9 11 12 10 4.0 3.94.9 4.3 4.9 6 1 3.83.9 5.8 4.5 5.(1 7.1 4.0 3.6 4.13.93.449 5.5 5.33.75.3 5 5 6.4 12 1112111 9 10 1313 '2 13 11 12 12 11 11 10 89 1111 13 1010 14 1010 988 10 97 84 6 n n ilin10 13 12 12 8896 7 4 9 989 9 9 10 74 7 97 10 89 10 7 4 9 10 9 9 9 12 7 4 11 9897 8 4 3 98 28 4 5 5 8 3.-1 2.8 12 13 13 15 33 3,1 3.1 3.5 3.03.4 1.7 3.1 17 11 11 1810 18 11 6 10 58 6 12 3 7 3.9 «.a - 5.2 10 11 10 9 14 13 14 17 m 12,9 13.5 11.7 14.5 35 38 34 35 30 24 33 32 27 26 28 15 4 17.5 12.4 17.2 29 36 27 34 26 16 32 22 28 27 30 24 6 11.9 13.553.1 13.213.9 58 1 9.8 .11.7 45.6 7.6 18.958.2 4028 132 45 30 149 4127 129 4422 135 2543 134 19 35 97 2843 136 2046 120 1927 10! 182697 1828 104 oo w!"0 c fed a Q fed »— i '-o i— i o The average annual fall of snow is Irat 6 inches. The average number of foggy dayp is twp PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. 133 MEAN HUMIDITY FOR THE YEAR 1878. J anuary . . February . March . . . April May June July August. . . September October . . NovemberDecemberAverage . . wc-t- p c-t- 03§ fed »--• 03 - ci- o S C7t- ^j c' £± ? sr CD -*? O CD e+- GO O' T> P g 72 64 77 69 71 68 07 69 58 72 66 69 59 72 08 69 73 63 69 72 64 70 72 76 75 63 76 79 65 70 75 82 68 76 71 80 69 79 66 72 62 63 73 72 69 72 70 73 67 70 Number of Days During Which the WINDS. Wind Blows from Eight Points of the Compass. ^ aeg & oa a >-3 >>3 Ha til,a' to O N. 1 3 0 2 i 2 2 3 3 3 N. E. 4 6 3 4 4 4 2 5 n 4 E. 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 E- 8. E. 2 1 2 2- 4 2 3 3 3 3 S. 2 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 1 X S. W. 5 4 6 6 ft 6 6 5 3 3 W.- 0 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 N. W. 6 5 U 4 H 3 3 3 3 •' N. 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 C N. E. 3 6 3 rt 3 4 1 4 5 3 =r E. 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 S. E. 4 1 2 3 .8 2 4 4 4 3 X S. 3 2 2 3 2 3 6 4 3 St- f. w. 6 5 7 8 fi 8 7 b 3 J -• w. 2 2 5 3 2 1 2 3 1 -*- N. W. 5 5 4 s 2 2 1 3 :i V.c N. 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 N E. 5 7 4 4 5 4 3 7 6 5 E. I) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H S. E. 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 S. 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 S. w. 4 4 5 5 4 1) 6 5 3 3 a w. 4 2 4 4 6 5 5 4 3 5 s N. W. 9 6 9 6 5 b 5 4 4 6 N. ? 2 » 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 N. E. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E. 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 CJ S. E. 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 S. 9 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 r R. W. ?, 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 X W. 9 12 12 12 9 7 8- 6 12 10 t N. W 4 2 •A 3 2 2 1 2 1 Spring. 40 Summer. Autumn. 41 Winter. 311 18 14 13 2745 15 36346929 43 27 fill 1021 LO 5449 is13 21 21 120 28 129 61 114157 115 96 13!) 141 162 SI 95 178 66 6367 169 Northerly.Easterly.Southerly.Westerly. Noriherly. Easterly. Southerly.Westerly. Northerly.Easterly.Southerly.Westerly, Northerly.Easterly.Southerly. Westerly. zr. O ZT- i — . 1-3 I — . o 2 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION. 135 COMPARATIVE TABLE OP MEAN TEMPERATURES. y fhe hand of intelligent luiabaudr}-. This great variety uf auils, together with the wide range of climatic conditions, gives ..arise to the greatest variety of natural products, and lays the foundation for an immense range of agricultural productions. One remarkable feature of the mountain section is that the higli- ¦iest ranges and peaks are covered with soil, aud heavy forests •¦crown their highest summits and steepest declivities. :p;^rt hi. "THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION OF OUR PEOPLE. The Oonstitional Government of North Carolina is founded >apon such principles of equity and justice as have commanded the reverjnee and regard of its citizens. The history of uo •people perhaps shows a code of laws batter suited to guard the gpersonal rights of the citizen than that which constitutes its POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. 143 plan of popular government. Hence the blessings of civil and religious liberty are nowhere else more firmly secured than in North Carolina. Prefixed to its constitution is a declaration of rights in which is embodied all of the guarantees of liberty usually found in the constitutions of American States. The Government is divided into Executive. Legislative, and Judiciary Departments, with pro per checks and balances to protect the people against oppres sion and injustice. The allegiance of the State to the constitu tion aud government of the United States is affirmed and its right to secede from the Union, is denied. Slavery and invol untary servitude except for crime is abolished. The payment of any debt or obligation incurred in the war against the United States or any claim for slaves liberated by emancipation, is pro hibited. Imprisonment for debt, except in case of fraud, is abol ished and in no case is the suspension of Uie Wni cil habeas cor pus allowed by the State authorities. Retroactive laws are for bidden. The military is at all times subordinated to the civil authority. All male citizens over the age of 21 years are allow. •ed to vote and hold office unless convicted of infamous crime. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected by the people, for a term of four years. The Governor is ex-officio chairman of the Board of Education and of the Board of Agriculture, and Commander-in-Chief of the Militia forces of the State. He has no veto power. The Lieutenant Governor is ex-officio President of the Senate Branch of the General Assembly, and in the event of a vacancy in the office of Governor, he becomes invested with all the functions aid powers of that position. The General Assem bly consists of the House of Representatives, which is composed of 120 members, and the Senate composed of 50 members chosen from Districts c mstituted according to population. The mem bers of the General Assembly are chosen biennually by the popu lar vote. The Secretary of State, the Treasurer, the Auditor, the Su perintendent of Public Instruction, the Attorney General, all of wb' m are elected by the people for four years, constitute an Advisory Board or Council to the Governor. 144 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. The Supreme Court — the tribunal of last resort, is composed of three Judges, who are elected by the people for eight years There are nine Judicial Districts in the State for each of which a Judge is chosen by the popular vote of the State, who are to preside in the Districts successively; no Judge to preside in one district of tener than once in four years. The General As sembly has no power to deprive the Judicial Department of any power or jurisdiction whi< 'i r--1'^"' Jongs to it. The Justicts of the Peace may be elected by the people or by the General Assembly, as that body may direct. At present, they are elected by the General Assembly.- TAXATION. In no one part of its form of government is its conservative character more conspicuously illustrated than by the safeguards established for the protection of property against excessive or unjust taxation. While the number of non property holders are largely in excess of those owring property, and while the ballot 1 ox shapes and directs the general policy of the State, yet there are proper and safe restrictions against unjust discriminations in taxation. All male citizens between the ages of 21 and 50 years are required to pay a poll tax equal to the tax on $300 value of property, aud all property is taxed according to its assessed cash value. Taxes for county purposes are levied in the same manner, but both State and county taxation combined, cannot exceed for general purposes, two dollars onthe hundred dollars value; so that the tax on property cannot exceed 66|- cents on the $100 value, for both county and State purposes. Money and all credits must be taxed like other property. According to value. County taxation cannot be greater than double that of the State except by special authority of the General Assembly. NEW DEBTS. Until the bonds of the State shall beat par, the General POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. 145 Assembly cannot contract any new debt except *o repel invasion or repress insurrection, or to supply a casual deficit, unless a special tax is levied in the bill authorizing it. The credit of the State cannot be given to any person or corporation unless ap proved by a vote of the people, except for the completion of such railroads, as were in an unfinished condition at the time of the adoption of the constitution in 1868. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. It is made the duty of the General Assembly to restrict the power of towns, cities and other municipal corporations in levy ing taxes or borrowing money, or incurring any obligation that will require the levying of taxes, except for necessary expen ses, unless approved by a majority of the qualified voters of such corporation . EDUCATION. The constitution fully recognizes the duty of the State to pro vide for the education of the people. The General Assembly is required to provide a general and uniform system of public schools, wherein tuition shall be free of charge to all children between the ages of six and twenty one years. The white and colored children are to be taught in seperate schools. The State University is established and the General Assembly is commanded to provide that its benefits shall be extended as far as practicable to the youth of the State, free of charge. The General Assembly is likewise ordered to maintain, as soon as practicable in connection with the University, a Department of Agriculture, of mechanics, of mining, and of normal instruction. A reference to the chapter in this Hand Book on the Univer sity, will show that a beginning has been made in carrying out these provisions. A permanent school fund is commanded to be provided. To this belongs net proceeds of the sale of swamp lands of this 10 146 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. State which may here after be of great value. At least three fourths of all the poll taxes are to be used for the support of the public schools, also all lines, penalties and forfeitures, and the proceeds of taxes specially levied by the State or county, for this purpose. HOMESTEADS AND LIEN'S. The Homestead provisions of the Constitution are very liberal. Homesteads are allowed to the amount of $1000 value ard per sonal property to the amount of $500. The homestead is not only exempt during life of owner, but after death during the minority of any of his children, and also during the widowhood of his wife. Married women retain all their real and personal property ex empt from the debts of their husbands. Liens of mechanics and laborers for their work arc required. PUNISHMENTS AND CHARITIES. The death penalty is only inflicted for murder, arson, bur glary and rape; the General Assembly having power to abolish it. in all cases if deemed advisable. A Penitentiary is to be built, and Houses of Correction are authorized. Corporal pun ishment is abolished. The health and comfort of prisoners must be secured. Females and males cannot be confined together. Orphan houses, Asylums for the insane, and the deaf and dumb and the blind are to be established. Duelling or challenging to fight, subjects the offenders and their seconds- to disqualification to hold office in the State. AMENDMENTS To the Constitution can be made by a Convention of the peo ple, which can only be called by a vote of the people after the question is submitted to them by two-thirds of all the members POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. 147 ¦of each House of the General Assembly. The General Assem bly can also, without calling a Convention, alter the Constitu tion, but only after a three-fifths vote of each House, and then .submitting the proposition to a vote of the people. It will thus be seen that hasty tampering with our fundamental law is pre vented. THE RELATIONS OF THE RACES. The homogeneity of our white population, as will be seen by reference to the census tables, is more perfect and unbroken than that of any State, or even of any organized territory in the Union. While, in this rushing age of progress in which States and cities spring into existence as if by magic, this fact may be presented as an evidence ot a want of enterprise, it is equally •convenient and reliable as proof of that conservatism which en sures domestic peace and tranquility, and which has ever distin guished our population for its law abiding character. If it be .argued that our State is behind others in adopting and utilizing those agencies which give them prominence iu wealth and popu lation, it must be admitted thitt we are correspondingly behind in the statistics of crime. Prior to the war between the States, we had a system of labor which had been perfected by the expe rience of generations, and was entirely satisfactory. Our -slaves, well fed, well clothed and well cared for, furnished all the labor required by our system of agriculture. Individual wealth and its resultant influence could not be so surely ac quired as by the augmentation of landed domain and the multi plication of slaves. No outlay, except for luxuries, was^ueces- sary, for with soils of such varied productive capacity, with mechanics among his slaves, t>ie North Carolina planter had, as it were, a little world of his own, defined by the limits of his farm. Hence we did not desire or need immigration, but were at .all times ready to lend willing aid in diverting it from our borders, ¦ as we conceived its introduction would be a disturbing element in. •onr system. Since the war various influences have conspired to 148 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. prevent immigration to our State to any considerable extent. Hence, since political emissaries and designing corrupt men have exhausted their powers for evil over the colored citizen, the question fraught with such important results to both races is placed in the hands of the former master and the former slave,. for solution. The political rights of the negro arc guaranteed by ample and liberal provisions in our organic law. He is and will be under our law the architect of his own fortune, having- the same rights, the same privileges, and the same encourage ments to stimulate him to manly effort for his own advance ment and promotion, as the white man enjoys. Liberal provision is also made for his education, and for attending to the wants and necessities of the Deaf, Dumb, Blind and Insane of his race. In the great battle of life neither the laws nor the senti ment of the white people of North Carolina throw an obstacle in his way. He can hold office, vote, acquire property, be edu cated, and in all these, and other great privileges of the citizen, he is protected equally with the white man. Misled and deluded by the syren voice of the designing and corrupt political dema gogue, who, taking advantage of his immature and exaggerated ideas of the privileges of freedom, he has wasted many precious years in grasping at a shadow, only to learn at last that the best friend he has on earth is his former master. A marked change in their bearing as citizens has happily characterized this people in our State within the past few years-. The more intelligent among them are evincing by their course a returning sense of that kind feeling which naturally subsists between the races, as is abundantly attested by their utterances in conventions, and public addresses, and the friendly spirit that pervades their daily intercourse with the whites. Their greatest happiness and ful lest development as a race can not be so speedily and surely reached as by leaving them and the original white popu-; lation of the State to work out their destiny. Many of them are, by industry and frugality, acquiring property and a com fortable competence, and their desire for education is almost universal. The feeling of the whites is to encourage them in all POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. 14 their legitimate undertakings and aspiration,", as is shown not •only by the legislation of the past few years, but by the gener ous and kind sympathy displayed in numerous ways. To show the amicable and naturally friendly relations existing between the races in our State, it is sufficient to say that during the 'Gubernatorial campaign of 1876— the last general election — which was distinguished for the lively enthusiasm and party feel ing it aroused, in a canvass of eighty counties by the distin guished and able candidates, not a single arrest was made for a turbulent disturbance of the peace. And when the colored citi zen of North Carolina shall fully understand that his interest demands a study of the theory of how to make a respectable liv ing, rather than the theory of political government; when he ;shall see that he cannot embrace the dangerous teachings of de signing men without endangering the happiness and peace of bis race, he will then be on the proper road to an intelligent solu tion of the problem involving his ultimate destiny. CLIMATE AND OTHER PHYSICAL CONDITIONS. Having a central position in the northern temperate zone, North Carolina posse- ves an intermediate climate which not only answers the highest favorable conditions to animal life, but gives to her vegetable productions a range of variety no where excell ed on the continent. With an area of 50,704 square miles it is about the same, in extent as that of England ov of the State of New York. It extends from the Atlantic ocean westward 485 miles — one hundred miles beyond the ¦ Blue Ridge moun tains, giving it a greater breadth of longitude than any of the original thirteen States, and is included between parallels of 34 decrees and 3G-J degrees. It is naturally divided into three sec tions—the eastern, middle and western. The eastern section is nearly level, with sandy and rich alluvial soils, large areas of which are underlaid with immense deposits of marl, and extends from the seacoast westward about 150 miles to a line drawn -from north to south across the State a little east of Raleigh. 150 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. The middle section extends from this line, where its elevation is from 200 to 300 feet, to the base of the mountain range where it attains to an elevation of 1200 feet. The western section ex tends to the Tennessee line, embracing the mountainous plateau, which lies at an elevation of about 250U feet, through which run chains of mountains some of whose peaks reach an elevation of about 7000 feet, the highest east of the Rocky mountains. It will then be seen that our climate is continental in its scope,. and gives our productive capacity a range by which we maydu- ¦ plicate the products of western New York, or of southern Ala bama. From the official report of Prof. Kerr, State Geologist,,. the following extract is made, as showing the range and char acter of our climate: Annual temperature 59° Far. Summer temperature 75 " Winter temperature 43 " Rainfall 45 inches- Haleigh, Florence, N. C. Italy. Annual Tern. K0° Far. 59" .Summer 76 75 Winter 44 47 Beaufort, N . C. Genoa, (on the coast.) • • Italy.. 62° 61" 78 75 46 47 Asheville, N. C. Venice, (in the mountains.) Italy. 54° 55'- 71 . . 73 38 38 Smithville. N . (.'. Bordeaux,. (sea coast) France.. 66° .-,7° 80 ••* 71 51 43 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION 151 While our summers are longer yet they are not more oppres sive than in the States of New York or Pennsylvania, and our winters are far less rigorous. We perhaps have snow as often as in those States, but it seldom lies on the ground a week. Cattle, sheep andhogs.are seldom kept sheltered and fed except for pur pose of fattening, and out door work is rarely suspended only for brief intervals. By reference to the table of Cotton and Woolen Factories in part IV of this volume, it will be seen that although operating in about 28 counties in different sections of the State, but few of our Factories are, seldom forced to suspend during winter. The salubrity of our climate, especially of the middle and western sections, is shown in the Health Statistics, and the western portion of the State is fast becoming a popular resor for invalids, particularly, consumptives and others aflicted with diseases of the lungs. Very erroneous impressions prevail as to the healthfulness of our climate especially among the people of theNorth. That au thentic and official information on this point might be presen- lecl,.a letter was addressed to Dr. S. S. Satchwell, President of the North Carolina State Board of Health, from whose reply the following extract is made : "The labors of the Board in the great cause of sanitary im provement and of preventive medicine, have already enabled us to arrive at very gratifying results for our State as bearing upon its sickness and mortality. There are few regions of the whole earth where the conditions of climate are more favorable to health, human comfort, and physical well-being, than are the climatic conditions of North Carolina, leaving out, as excep tional, certain circumscribed local regions where malaria is liable to exist at certain seasons. There is not a more delightful climate for pleasure or health than that of North Carolina. It is not excelled by the most favored climatic conditions of Italy or France. The climate of the eastern and middle portions of our State corresponds to that of the middle and south of France, and that of western North Carolina to that of the north of France and. Belgium — regions noted the world over 152 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDTION. for the geniality and healthfnlness of their climate. The splendid climates of Italy from Palermo to Milan and Venice, . are correctly represented in those of our own salubrious and health-giving State. Nor are the topographical features and geological structures of the State, so generally favorable to ready and efficient drainage — always a prime element of health — less adapted to the production of the low rate of sickness and of death that prevails in North Carolina, outside of those lo calities of malaria, alluded to as less salubrious and which, un der the increasing application and dominion of the spade, axe, and hoe, are steadily becoming more and more healthy, as cul tivation increases. So far as that prevalent and fatal scourge, consumption, is concerned^ it has been found that one of the two small areas of total exemption in the whole country from this dread destroyer of the human race, is found in north Carolina. Nature, whether in the magnificence and wealth of our climate; the fertility and adaptation of the soils as well as climate to the production of the various industries that are most conducive to the prosperity of the people and the welfare of the State; or in the vast wealth of the underlying geological structures of the State,, everywhere asserts, as statistics prove, that there is no State in the Union more healthy than North Carolina. With the natural conditions of insalubrity existing only in a local and exceptional degree, and giving way, as they will, before the great work of removal of preventable causes and preventable diseases, now happily inaugurated in North Carolina, by State authority, in the organization by the last Legislature of a State Board of Health, we can but cherish a. lively and reasonable hope that the average rate of sickness and mortality will steadi ly decrease under the operation of the benign influences of san itary science. Alreittlg -it is less them the average in the United States. Sanitary statistics, such as we have been able to obtain in the prosecution of the official labors and duties assigned to the Board, combine with other information obtained from reports and data in our possession, in justifying the operation that sick ness and death in North Carolina presents a rate less than one POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. 153 per cent against an average of more than one and a quarter per ¦cent, taking all the States into the calculation in deducing an average rate. " NATIVE PRODUCTS. As before remarked there is not an equal extent of teritory, on the continent that excels ours for a variety of products. The widest diversification in crops is practicable, for we produce .successfully almost everything grown in the United States. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, rice, cotton, hemp, flax, jute, silk, tobacco, peanuts, sorghum cane, broom corn, millet, lucerne, clover, orchard, timothy and herds grass, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, hops, peas, melons, strawberries, cran berries-can all be cultivated and grown profitably in our State. In a large portion of the Piedmont region strawberries and cranber ries grow wild. Experiments in the culture of silk have been suffi- cientlyprosecuted to demonstrate beyond all question that it could , easily he made a great and profitable industry with our people. Jute too,of which enormous quanities are being annually consum ed,!^ been found, by experiments recently made under the direc tion of the Agricultural Department, to be well adapted to the eastern section of the State. Early fruits and truck farming are engaging the attention of our people especially of the eas tern section, as it is found that owing to climatic influences they enabled to reach the northern markets from two to four weeks earlier than those of Virginia, Maryland or New Jersey. During last year peaches ripened in different portions of the State ,as early as the 26th of May. Thousands of acres are being de voted to this industry. One man in Craven county has planted during the present season 225 bushels of peas for the northern markets. Apples, peaches, pears, cherries, apricots, plums, quinces, grapes and figs grow to great perfection in nearly all portions of the State. Improved varieties are being introduced and pro pagated, and a growing interest and appreciation marks the pro- 154 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. gress of our people in fruit, growing For a list of the principal fruits best adapted to our State, the reader is referred to an arti cle on the Mibject in Part IV of this volume. Apples grow well in almost every county in the State and ripen from May to No vember. Besides the Scuppernong, the Ca'awba, the Lincoln, Isabella, which are native grapes — foreign varieties are cultiva ted with success. The rapid transit of our fruits to northern1! markets, placing it as we did during the past season in New York city, within 18 hours from the time it was plucked in our orchards, and commanding by its superior excellence the highest market prices, will greatly stimulate this important and rapidly growing interest. The mildness and uniformity of our climate and the length ©f our growing seasons and the increasing de mand, will without doubt, in a few years build up for our State an extensive fruit trade. For information as to the productive capacity of our soils in various sections of the State, the atten tion of the reader is directed to items furnished by Correspon dents in Part IV of this volume, as also to Part II for the great wealth of the State in her timbers, building stones and minerals, ¦which abound in, such rich and varied profusion. Over 100 va rieties of our timbers are represented in our Museums, embrac ing all those of greatest commercial value found in this country. In the long list of minerals found in our State (and which ac cording to Prof. Kerr embraces about 150 different kinds,) is. gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, iron, lead, antimony, sulphur, diamond, corrundum; plumbago, hematite, manganese, mica, magetiteasbestos, kaolin, fire clays, soapstone &c. &c. And to show its importance as a gold producing State, the fact is de veloped by the Mint Director in his report December 1877, that to June up 30th of that year,the gold deposited in the Assay offices and Mints from their organization up to that time from all the territory east of the Mississippi river was $21,164,290.49; of which North Carolina produced $10,370,492.18. The natural capabilities of our State may not for years to come be fully developed. Many that may form an important part of our economy, are doubtless among the unknown, but it is to be- POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. 155 hoped that the sp:rit of enterprise which happily seems to have- taken hold upon our people, will seek out these elements of strength and wealth and make them contribute their share to the general prosperity of our people. The medicinal herbs,. plants and roots indigenous to our State began to attract atten tion prior to the war, and were to some extent utilized as a substitute for foreign drugs in our hospitals and by our army- surgeons, during the war. Through the perseverance and en terprise of one firm in Statesville, their trade in these crude : drugs increased from about 160,000 pounds embracing about 20O varieties in 1873, to about 800,000 pounds enbracing about 1600> varieties in 1878. Another enterprise which is attracting at tention among the farmers, particularly along the line of the North Carolina railroad, especially in Rowan county is the dis tillation of oils from sasafras and penny-royal (Hedeoma pule— gioides) By a simple process those oils are extracted and find ready sale at renumerative prices. In the town of Salisbury alone there were sold during the last year, of oil of sasafras 37,-- 000 pounds, at about an average price of 35 cents per pound, and of oil of penny-royal about 31,000 pounds, at about 80 cents per pound. It was found impracticable to obtain even approx imately accurate information in regard to the Naval Store in terest, on our list of farm products, and while it would be inter esting to show in detail the value to our people of a trade controlled, chiefly by our State, the Annual export Table compiled by the Secretary of the Wilmington produce ex change, shows that of the exports of turpentine, tar, rosin, pitch &c. from this country during the year 1878, amounting to $2,444,- 788, our port of Wilmington furnished $2,156,730,67. With our varied soils and climate, our treasures of mineral wealth, our abundance of timbers of commercial value, our splendid water powers; the future of our State, can only be limited in im portance and power, by their development and utililization. 156 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS FROM STATISTICS. From the best available sources the number of benevolent and charitable institutions in the State, is stated to be as follows: Of Masonic Lodges about 240; of Independent order of Odd Fellows 55, of Knights of Honor 19; with 700 members; of Knights of Pythias 9; Councils of Temperance 56; Good Tem plars 200, with 7000 members. The total number of churches given in our table of statistics is 3294 which are divided among our various denominations as follows: Roman Catholic 12; Episcopal 104; Presbyterian 239; Methodist 1321; Baptist 1330. Lutheran 79; Christian 35; Quakers 21; German Reformed 37; Union 3, Dunkers 4; Dis- cibles 109. Membership of the Young Men's Christian Associa tion about 500. Of our chief products the following named counties report the largest aggregate yields: Randolph, wheat 144,819 bushels; Row an, corn, 5^5,137 bushels; Wake* cotton, 13,441. bales of 450 pounds; Chatham, oats, 148,859 bushels; Rockingham, tobacco, 3,100,966 pounds; Sampson, reports the greatest number of hogs,:. and Randolph the greatest number of sheep; Granville ownes the most dogs according to the report; Guilford has the large3t number of acres in orchards; Cleveland makes the largest num ber of gallons of wine; Chowan leads in the fishing interest; Wil son produced the largest yield of sweet potatoes; Randolph re ports the largest yield of Irish potatoes; Chatham reports the greatest amount of butter. Total amount of honey reported 584, 604 pounds; of wool 578,503 pounds; of dried fruits 6,267,- 930; Granville has the greatest number of tobacco factories; Alamance and Gaston the greatest number of cotton factories; each reporting six; Wake has the greatest number of public schools. *Oulv thirteen ot ttie eighteen townships in Wake county reported. OUR FUTURE. 157 OUR FUTURE. We are, and must of necessity continue to be, an agricultural people. It is true that the wealth of our forests and the useful minerals are varied and almost inexhaustible, and that the water power of the State is nowhere excelled within an equal area on this continent, yet the great variety of soils, yielding so gener ously to the labors of the husbandman, supplying all his wants; the mild temperature of our climate, free from the rigidity of the Northern winters and from the extreme heat of the South ern summers; and our geographical position placing us in easy- access to all the great markets of the world; must make agricul ture our chief interest. Nature has not only indicated unmis- takebly the part we must,- as a State, perform in the onward inarch of the world's progress, but with lavish hand has bounti fully supplied us with every essential facility and means to en courage and aid us. Not only can we produce all the leading staple crops required for the sustenance of man and beast, bnt those articles of high commercial value and importance are found either to exist, or the capacity for producing them, in the greatest abundance and profusion. And when these truths in regard to our State shall become known abroad, and be appre ciated at home, it will be found that no people on earth are bet ter able to take care of themselves than the people of North Carolina. Nature has not only given us the capacity and abili ty to produce, but has generously provided for manufacturing.. Take for example the manufacture of cotton. In Massachu setts, New Hampshire, or other of the New England States, much of the profits of manufacturing is absorbed by idle looms, locked up through long winter months by ice, or in the necessa rily heavy outlay in heating aparatus required to keep them in motion. Here, as will be seen by reference to our table on Cot ton and Woolen Mills, we are seldom if ever retarded in our op ; erations in any portion of the State by similar causes. Fuel is 158 OUR FUTURE. abundant and cheap, and so of labor for operating. The extent and capacity of our water power is almost incalculable; and these valuable and wonderfully munificent gifts of nature are not con- lined, as many suppose, to our mountainous region, but are scattered throughout the State. A reference to the estimated capacity, by Prof. Kerr, of our principal rivers, to say nothing of the hundreds of creeks and branches, affluents of the rivers, and many of which are equal to the far famed Tiber; it will be sseen, that to take one half of his estimate for the principal streams, we have in this State the enormous mechanical force of horse power to run all the engines, stationary and locomotive, in mighty old England, and nearly the same strength as is em^ ployed in al) the mills and on the thousands of miles of railway in this vast country from Maine to California ! And the enormous •expenditure annually incurred for coal, to keep these engines in motion, is here furnished gratuitously by nature. In truth, there are a score of counties in our Slate, either one of which would furnish sufficient water power to turn all the spindles of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Hampshire combined. One single river, (the Yadkin) by actual measurement, supplies ample power to drive ten millions spindles — twice as many as there are in all the factories in America ! Aud yet many of these wonderful and magnificent gifts of nature, surpassing in power and volume anything known to either New or Old England, ¦continue to hymn their grand old roaring song unbroken by the. the hum of a single spindle. Many of these streams, having their sources in the mountains, and traversing the State to the ocean, gives us, with their numerous tributaries, not only one of the best watered, but one o| the best drained countries on the .globe. With these facilities at hand, the day is not distant when, by the influx of capital, energy and enterprise, and the restored strength of our people, we may hope to see our State teeming with those varied industries to which she is so well aud favorably adapted. Already there are many gratifying evidences «of advancement. With our beautiful homes and fields laid waste Jby the ruthless hand of war; our systems wiped out; our labor- OUR FUTURE. I59 utterly destroyed; the accumulated wealth of generations swept away as by a breath; our sons slain; our credit destroyed; our utterly impoverished condition called for a renewed exhibition ¦of those high qualities of manhood always evoked by terrible -emergencies. That tenacious and indomitable spirit, which has -ever characterized our people, nerved them to redoubled and al most superhuman exertion, and now again our fields are assum ing their wonted pleasant aspect, aud our homes are restored to their former comfort and cheer. A general spirit of improve ment pervades the masses, as is evinced by a constantly g-rowing demand and enquiry for improved breeds of stock, improved im plements and machinery, and improved methods of farming. But above all does this spirit of progress manifest itself in the cordial and enthusiastic support of the Department of Agricul ture, the creation of which was prompted ana inspired by it. Notwithstanding the long years of dark adversity through which we have struggled, much of the 1461 miles of railway now in operation in the State lvis been built since, the war, and projec ted lines now cover the face of our territory as a network, flour ishing villages and towns have been built, and half the 54 Cot ton Factories in operation have been erected since the war. Now that the animosities and prejudices engendered by war are happily subsiding and yielding to a more fraternal spirit; now that the delicate political and social relations between the races are being adjusted upon a better understanding of their nature ; now that our government, like the gracious atmos phere, throws its fostering and protecting influence over and around all alike, we can confidently indulge the hops that an era of unexampled prosperity will soon smile upon our beloved State. Already are these advantages beginning to attract atten- tion and to awaken a wide spread interest. The flow of immi gration to the North and West will necessarily turn Southward. The rapid advance in the price of lands, which places them be yond the reach of those of moderate means; the limited variety of products, with low prices, and heavy transportation to very distant markets; the scarcity of timbers; the constantly recur- 160 FISH CULTURE. ring failures to which the farmer is subjected from the ravages of insects and droughts; the long and severe winters, in which a large provision must be made for the keeping of stock; these, and many other disadvantages not known to our State, must soon enlist the attention of the intelligent immigrant. Europe's crowded population, agitated and disorderod by those financial revulsions to which it is so sensitive, or suffering from those pe riodical disruptions which d^orn-nni^e labor, will continue to pour into otir ports its thousands who seek our shores as a ref uge from these evils. Thousands of the better classes at the North are anxiously looking to the now quiet and peaceful South as a hope of escape from those disruptions of social order' which unfortunately threaten to be a source of perpetual dan ger, not only to their industrial prosperity, but involving se riously the personal safety of the citizen. The turbulent spirit of their society must give it an unrest which will impel its more peaceable and law-abiding people to seek that tranquility and re pose now so happily prevailing in our State. And with our millions of acres of unoccupied lands, which can be bought- cheaply, and with a population sturdy, honest, intelligent, law- abiding and hospitable, to extend to them a warm and cordial welcome, the day is not distant when our State shall receive its full share of immigrants with their energy, enterprise and c?pi- tal, that has given such wonderful impetus to the progress of the young States of the Northwest. b THE FISHING INTERESTS OF NORTH CAROLINA. The magnitude of the fishing interests of North Carolina is but imperfectly understood by the majority of the citizens of the State. In Albemarle Sound, for instance, within a radius of a few miles 260,000 yards of seins are annually used. When the system of artificial propagation of the Anadromons speoies has PISHING INTERESTS. 161 been enlarged, as it will be, the catch will jdie very greatly in creased. Below will be found some facts and figures that give but a portral view of its importance. Mr. W. H. Oliver of New Berne writes: ' ' The quantity of fish annually taken is enormous, the quali ty of some of them very fine and the variety very great. It is impossible to accurately estimate the quantity, but some idea may be formed from the fact that in the proper season from one to two car loads (50 to 60 barrels) of fresh fish are daily shipped over the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad. In addition to what is shipped by rail, large quantities are also shipped by the different lines of steamers. This does not include salt fish. In regard to the quality, no fish stand higher. By reference to the New York Herald and other .papers it will be seen that special mention is made of the shad from Newberne, N. C. They are spoken of as being the earliest caught and the finest flavored fish carried to New York. The variety of fish caught is large, embracing white shad, mackerel, blue fish, trout, drum, rock, sun fish, pogy, herring, sheep head, robin, chub, pig fish, spot and various small pan fish. This estimate is only for the Neuse river; the quantity caught and shipped from the sounds is not included. The number of persons who are almost entirely de pendent on the fishing business for their support is very large. Doubtless in this section, embracing the rivers and sounds, from eight to ten thousand are supported [by the business. In addi tion to the shipments of fresh fish in ice, which cannot amount to less than $100,000 per annum, large quantities of herring, shad, trout, mullets, &c> are salted and barrelled." Messrs. W. R. Capehart, of Avoca, and Ed. Wood, of Eden ton, write as follows : " Please find below estimate made of the yearly receipts and expenses of the Albemarle fisheries .^.Number of hands employ ed 1200: 11 162 FISHING INTERESTS. "YEARLY RECEIPTS AND EXPENSES. __ &¦¦ - . ¦ ¦>- ;. ¦-•¦ -.. ¦ -, By average catch of herring 47,000,0u0, at §3 per thousand, By 337,000 shad at ISf cents, By 168,000 lbs. striped bass at 8 cents, By 125,000 lbs. white perch at 6 cents, By 1,150 sturgeon at $1.50, DR. CR. $ 175,000 00 $ 141,000 00 63,187 50 13,440 00 7,500 00 1,725 00 To expense, estimated, Profits, The above does not include the thousands of gill nets. Fertilizing material, offal and re fuse fish, 4,700,000 lbs., suf ficient for 2350 acres of corn, 1* 226,852 50 $ 51,852 59 giving an average increase. of 10 bushels, 23,500 bushels valued at 50 cents, $ 11,750 00 % 63,602 50 The above approximates the catch and its value to North Carolina. Propagation will treble the shad catch for ten years." Mr. W. F. Howland, of Beaufort, Carteret county, writes as follows : " There are caught annually about 25,000 barrels of fisb in the waters of this county, besides oysters, clams and fresh fish, which will amount to about the same in value. The fish trade is increasing every year. Fine fertilizers are being made from: fish, which surpass any importations." Messrs. Hall and Pearsall, of Wilmington, estimate this sea son's catch as follows : 5000 packages sold in our market and 5000 sold in other markets. These packages are small pine half barrels, and the net value above the cost of _barrels, freight, commissions, &c. is about an average FISHING INTERESTS. 163 hi $1.50 each — say $15,000. The proportion of roe mullets has been unusually small this season, and the yield of roes will not probably exceed 2000 dozen — say $1,000. In addition to the -above there is quite a large quantity of fresh fish sold, to the .amount of $5,000 worth throughout the year. It is difficult to ^estimate this last item." PROPAGATION OF FOOD PISHES. Since the artificial propagation of fish was begun in this State, May, 1877, very great success has been attained not only in the propagation of shad but also in the propagation and introduc tion of California salmon, land-locked salmon and brook trout. For the propagation of the latter varieties a cheap hatchery was .built at Swannanoa Gap in Buncombe county, and two seasons of winter work have been completed. The following quotations are from the recent Report of S. G. 'Worth, who has been in charge of the fish operations in our State for the past year: •'During the past twelve months, ending the 1st of April, 1879, we have released in the North Carolina waters over three and one-half millions of young shad, three hundred thousand California salmon, fifteen thousand five hundred land-locked salmon from Maine, and fifty thousand mountain or brook trout. All of this was done at an expense of less than three thousand dollars, and among the expenditures was a sum of not less than five hundred dollars in permanent structures and hatching and distributing apparatus, tools, &c, now on hand, including all salaries. California salmon attain an average weight of twenty pounds, and sell readily at twenty-five cents a pound. If we suppose that ninety-nine per cent, of the three hundred thousand hatched this season are never heard from and that the one per cent, which do return attain the average weight of other waters and bring a price of five cents a pound, the salmon of the past season alone will more than pay the expense ¦of the whole season, including the shad, land-locked salmon and t;;)ut. On examination of the nests of the California salmon it 164 FISHING INTERESTS. is found that only eight per cent of the eggs are impregnated. By the artificial method of impregnation we secure ninety to ninety-five per cent. After impregnation by the natural meth- c-.l the eggs are left a prey to enemies of innumerable numbers. Shad eggs are exposed three to five days> and our common pond. fishes twenty to thirty, and the salmon fifty to seventy. After hatching, these fish are helpless, some a few days, (shad a week) some for months, as in the case of salmon, mountain trout and fall-spawning fish generally. By the artificial, methods they are not only almost entirely impregnated, but they are kept in cones, troughs and other vessels, and each day the dead removed and further communication of fungoid growth stopped. And when, the young are ready to go out they are conveyed to head streams, where other fish are scarce and where cold water suppresses the the numerous hosts of insects and crustaceans that abound in the lower and warmer waters. We can see readily, that/ew eggs ivc- rive at maturity, when we recall that one single sturgeon pro duces seven million and that a number less than ten thousand aw taken annually in the Cape Fear. "If our people look this year for any return from what has been done, they must remember that the patient farmer sows his seed and waits till they have had time to develope and mature. No shad return in one year, and indeed no roe shad ever returned to fresh water till the third year. "Lone1 ago fish became scarce as the population of Europe in creased and fish culture there is an established thing. Millions. of fry are annuaniy liberated from their hatching houses, and such judicious laws have been made as to foster and protect them " In the United States we find shad now flourishing in the Sac ramento river in California, where they were unknown till placed there in 1871. The first results seen on the Connecticut from ar tificial prop agarion of shad increased the usual catch sevenfold. Twenty-five thousand shad were taken in one localit,rone morn- irg and the Northern markets were overstocked and the price of eighteen dollars per hundred reduced to three ! In that river the Salmon had entirely disappeared, but in 1872-'73 fry were. FISHING INTERESTS. 165 introduced and since that time sufficient numbers of 12 to 18 pounds weight have- returned to justify increased oper ations. The fruits of past work are also being seen on the Del aware, Susquehanna and all other streams where the fish have had time to mature and return. On the Merrimack a dam of 25 feet height completely cut off the passage of Salmon to their spawning grounds, and for thirty years not one was seen, but by introducing the fry from other streams they have found that upwards of one thousand went over the fish way on the same dam in the first year of their return." The alarming decrease in numbers of fish, when brought be_ fore the Congress of the United States and impressed, at once led to the creation of a commission for the purpose of enquiring into their decrease, and for the institution of measures for their increase and protection ; hence originated the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries which has been the great mo- tive power and educator in this branch ever since. Twenty- seven States are now actively engaged in restocking their waters, and I am glad to say t hat with limited means we have made a very decided beginning in North Carolina in two short years. With the finest shad ashing grounds in the world, and many secluded mountain streams yet full of trout we are fully capable of .supplying every cutinty in the State with as many fish as the .people can consume. In view of the fact that the shad caught in our waters sell in northern markets before the run of fish has extended into their streams, and since our sales there bring -double the price of theirs by supplying the early demand, it is very plain to be seen that in restocking our sounds and rivers to ten times their present capacity, we can supply every de mand at home and bring into our State thousands of dollars from abroad. As the truck-farms of the south are annually re ducing the value of like products on those further north, in supplying the ready demand for early vegetables and fruits, so will the fisheries of Albemarle sound and other waters, in like .manner reap large cash sums of money from northern markets if the millions of eggs now annually wasted on the sein beaches .are only hatched and cared for. 166 -: RAILROADS. RAILROADS. North Carolina has nineteen Railroads that are either wholly or partly within her borders, the aggregate length of which, in the State, is about 1465 miles. ATLANTA & CHARLOTTE AIR LINE. This road has 35 miles of rail in the State, its termini being- Charlotte, in Mecklenburg county, N.Cand Atlanta, in Georgia- Its whole length is 265 miles. It lies in the Oak Belt, and has good farming land along its line. Charlotte is one of the chief inland cities of the State, and has in its immediate neighbor hood many valuable gold mines. H. W Sibley of New York. City, is President. ATLANTIC & NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. This road lies entirely within the State, is 94 miles in length, and extends from Goldsboro — a very thriving town, situated at the junction of this with the Wilmington & Weldon R. B.-. — b> .Morehead City, on the coast, in Carteret county, near which is Beaufort harbor, one of the best on the Atlantic coast of the United States. For about one- third of its length it passes through the region of the long-leaf pine. The remainder lies in the belt known as the coast growth, a section noted fo- its- rich swamp lands. Mr. John Hughes of New Berne, is its Pres ident. ATLANTIC, TENNESSEE & OHIO RAILROAD. This road joins by rail Charlotte and Statesville, and is 47 miles long. Statesville is in Iredell county, and a connection is- RAILROADS. »" 167' made at this point with the AVestern N. C. R. R. It is situated in the Oak Belt of Middle N. C, and is surrounded by good farming land. The surface of the counties through which it passes is undulating, and the soil varies from grey and sandy to clay. Col. Wm. R. Myers of Charlotte, is President. CAROLINA CENTRAL RAILWAY. This road is 241 miles in length, and extends from Wilming ton — the largest city of the State, situated on the Cape Fear River — through Charlotte to Shelby, in Cleveland county, pass ing through the long-leaf pine and oak regions, from near the coast to the hilly lands of the up-country. This road is bor dered by some of the best cotton counties of the State, and its western division, from Charlotte to Shelby, traverses a fine grain country. It was formerly known ast he Wilmington, Charlotte & Rutherford R. R. Mr. Chas. H. Roberts of Wilmington, is the General Manager. CHARLOTTE, COLUMBIA & AUGUSTA R. R. This road, although 195 miles in length, has only about 18 miles within the State. It has important connections with other railroads, notably in the State with the North Carolina Railroad, and at Columbia, S. C, with the Wilmington, Columbia & Au gusta Railroad. Mr. John B. Palmer of Columbia, S. C, is the President. CAPE FEAR & YADKIN R. R. This road was, until the recent action of the Legislature, called the Western Railroad. It is completed for a distance of about 46 miles from Fayetteville, which is situated at the head of navigation on the Cape Fear river, to the Gulf on Deep river, one of the tributaries of the Cape Fear. It passes through Egypt, where there are extensive coal fields, and is in course of 168 RAILROADS. construction to Greensboro, where it will intersect the N, C. R. R.., and thence to a point near the northwestern boundary of the State. This line traverses the region of the long leaf pine and the oak belt, through counties noted for the value of their naval stores and rich mineral and agricultural resources. Col. L. C. Jones is President, office at E'ayetteville. NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD This road extends from Goldsboro to Charlotte, a distance of 223 miles, and runs through Central North Carolina. At Golds boro it connects with the Wilmington & Weldon and the Atlan tic & N. C. Railroads, at Raleigh with the Raleigh & Gaston and the Raleigh & Augusta Air Line, at Greensboro with the Richmond and Danville and branch road to Salem — this Salem branch is 28'miles long — at Salisbury with the Western N. C. R. R.. at Charlotte with the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta, Atlantic, Tennessee & Ohio and the Atlanta Air Line. This road is now controlled by the Richmond & Danville Railroad, Col. A. S. Buford of Richmond, Va., being President. RALEIGH & AUGUSTA AIR LINE. Thisfroad is 97 miles in length, and extends from Raleigh, the Capitol of the State, to Hamlet, a station where it connects with the Carolina Central Railway. It passes, chiefly, through the region of the long leaf pine, a section of country well sup plied with the material for the production of naval stores. This road is under the same management as the Raleigh & Gaston. RALEIGH & GASTON RAILROAD. This road extends from Raleigh to Weldon, a distance of 97 miles, connecting at Weldon with the Wilmington & Weldon, the Seaboard & Roanoke aud the Petersburg & Richmond, and RAILROADS. 169 .at Raleigh with the Raleigh & Augusta and North Carolina R. R. This road passes through the Oak belt and traverses a fine farming country. The office of the road is at Raleigh. Col, J. M. Robinson of Baltimore is president, and Maj. J. C. Winder of Raleigh, is General Superintendent. RICHMOND & DANVILLE R.- R. Of this road, which 189 miles long, 48 miles are in North Car olina, its terminus being at Greensboro, where it has connection with the N: C. Railroad. It passes through a good farming country, and through counties noted for the cultivation of to bacco. Col. A. S. Buford of Richmond, Va., President. SEABOARD & ROANOKE R. R. This road is 80 miles long, of which 25 miles are in the State. It extends through the eastern edge of the oak belt, from Ports mouth to Weldon, in Northampton county, at which point it has connection with the various railroads that pass through Weldon. ¦Col. John M. Robinson of Baltimore, is President. WESTERN N. C. R. R. Of this road about 130 miles aie completed. It begins at Sal isbury and, crossing the Blue Ridge, will extend to some point on the Tennessee line. This road, when completed, will de- veiope a region of Western North Carolina unsurpassed on the ¦continentfor its beautiful scenery, rich farming lands and inex haustible mineral resources. Mr. Jas. W. Wilson of Morganton, is President. WILMINGTON & WELDON R. R. This road is 172 miles in length, and extends from Wilming- 170 RAILROADS. ton in a northwardly direction nearly acrbss the State. It has many important connections at Wilmington, Goldsboro and Weldon, passes principally through the region of the long leaf pine. It is part of the Atlantic coast fast mail and passenger route. Col. R. R. Bridgers, is President, and has his office at , Wilmington. WILMINGTON, COLUMBIA & AUGUSTA R. R. The leDgth of this road is 189 miles, of which 64 are in the State. It runs through the southern belt of the long leaf pine of the State, and passes through a section noted for its supplies of naval stores and agricultural products, especially cotton. Col. R. R. Bridgers of Wilmington, President. JAMESVILLE & WASHINGTON R. R. This road connects Janiesville, on the Roanoke river, with Washington, on the Pamlico river, being about 22 miles in length, and has connections with the boats on both rivers. The general office is at Dymond city. Mr. A. Eisher is the Manager- ; THE ROCKY MOUNT & TARBORO R. R. This is a short road of 14 miles in length, running from Rocky Mount, a station on the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, to Tarboro on the Tar river, in Edgecombe county. This road passes through the region of the long leaf pine, and is situated in one of the best cotton counties of the State. THE CHESTER & LENOIR R. R. This is a narrow gauge road extending from Chester, South Carolina, to Dallas in Gaston county in North Carolina. It is under construction to Lenoir, in Caldwell county, and will cross- RAILROADS. 171, the Western N. C. R. R., at Newton. Chester, S. C, is President. Mr. A. H. Davega of THE PETERSBURG R. R. This road has within the State about 12 miles of road from Weldon to the State line. This road connects with the Raleigh & Gaston, Seaboard & Roanoke and Wilmington & Weldon R. R. Mr. R. M. Sully of Petersburg is General Superintendent. THE SPARTANBURG & ASHEVILLE R. R. This road is under construction and is completed to a point near Hendersonville. When finished, it will open up a rich sec tion of trans-montane country. Mr. D. H. Duncan is President. ELEVATIONS ON RAILROADS ABOVE TIDE WATER.. Below may be found the altitudes of some of the principal. stations on the railroads as designated. The roads not men tioned failed to send the necessary data : ATLANTIC & NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. CarolinaCity I lOfeetllKinston. Newbern Depot 12 " Summit. Dover Swamp....- ' 66 " M 45 feet 135 " CAROLINA CENTRAL RAILWAY. • Wilmington Depot Rosindale Bladen depot Lumberton Shoe Heel Laurinburg Ridge near Old Hundred. Rockingham 10 feet 127 105IX,194 230:;.-!7 210 Wadesboro Polkton.. .. Monroe... Charlotte Catawba River. High Shoals Lincolnton Shelby 417 leet 303 " 586 " 725 " 570 ' 1001 " 866 " 875 " CAPE FEAR AND YADKIN, FORMERLY WESTERN. Sanlord Egypt dpot Bottom of Coal Shaft (below sea level) 353 feetllGulf 262 " Ore Hill at furnace. Greensboro 198 " II 279 feet ,172 RAILROADS. NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. Goldsboro -Clayton Kaleigh, depot Durham Hillsboro Mebanesville..Graham 102 feet 347 " 317 " 400 " 539 " 687 " 677 " Greensboro, depot Jamestown High Point Lexington Salisbury Charlotte depot 843 feet 821 " 943 " 776 " 760 " 725 " RALEIGH & AUGUSTA AIR-LINE RAILROAD. -Cary Apex Lashley's Merry Oaks Deep River. Sanford 495 feet 502 " 334 " 245 " 175 ¦' 353 " Upper Little River Crane's Creek Lower Little River Sharon's Ridge.... Drowning Creek... Hamlet 360 feet 260 " 251 " 508 " 274 " 362 " RALEIGH & GASTON RAILROAD. 72 feet 152 " 380 " 376 " 451 " Kittrell's Pranklinton 415 feet 505 " 417 " 417 " 303 " RICHMOND & DANVILLE RAILROAD. Greensboro depot I 829 feet 1 1 Reidsville . . -Haw River | 655 " || State Line. 828 feet, 653 " SEABOARD & ROANOKE RAILROAD. Weldon I 78 feetllSeaboard I 133 feet Garysburg | 146 " 1 1 Margaretts ville I 56 " WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. Salisbury.. Statesville . Newton Morganton Marion 761 feet 940 " 1021 " 1140 " 1425 " Big Ridge Tunnel. . . Swannanoa Tunnel. French Broad River Asheville 2567 feet 2658 ¦' 1977 " 2250 " WILMINGTON & WELDON RAILROAD. Wilmington depot I 10 feetll Weldon I 78 feet Goldsboro | 102 " JAMESVILLE & WASHINGTON RAILROAD. • General Elevation of stations about 50 feet. NORTH CAROLINA INVENTORS. 173.:: PARTIAL LIST OP NATIVE NORTH CAROLINA IN VENTORS. Many very valuable and useful inventions have been made by- citizens of our State which would make an interesting chapter - i; the list were complete. The names of all that could be pro cured are given below with the hope that the names of such of our people as may have contributed to the comfort and material progress of their race by their inventive genius shall be pre served: Models of inventions of our citizens should be placed" in our Museum for exhibition. Anson County: Hosea Meggs,.hand corn sheller. Beaufort County: N. Bell. A gang plow for cotton and' corn, also a harrow. Bertie County: Willam and Thomas Turner invented the telegraph, also a sulky clock so as to strike at the end of each . mile and to register it ; also a contrivance- to keep sand out of. carriage wheels. Louis B. Sutton . A guano sower. H. 0. Fager. A washing machine. H. P. Harrell. An attachment for cotton gins to crush the- seed for fertilizer. Josiah Mizell. A cotton gin. Buncombe County : N. A. Penland: Ventilator. Burke County: J. G. Peterson. A printing press, a bridle bit, and sewing machine motor. Camden County: Edmund L. Dozier.. Threshing machine.. Robert Bullock. An improved cultivator. Malachi D. Dozier. An improved plow. Caswell County: C. W.Watson.. A revolving harrow. Catawba County : Levi Phink. Horse collar stuffer. John Davis. Buggy hub. Chatham County: Jesse- Di son.. Fan bellows.. Cleveland County : Rev. L. C. White. Washing machine.. A. J. Hardin. Hardin truss. 174 NORTH CAROLINA INVENTORS. Craven County : John Gill, of Newbern. Vulcanized India? rubber, used it on the roof of a building about 60 years ago. He also invented the first revolving fire arm. It is said that the celebrated Colt's Revolver is a copy of the model made by Mr. Gill. The original is still in New Berne. Cumberland County: J. B. Underwood. Combined chair and treadle power, also coffee roaster. Davie County : D. V. Davis. Apparatus for curing tobacco. Duplin G aunty . Joseph Shine. Cotton planter. James Wyley. Cotton plow. Edgecombe County: J. L. Home. A cotton planter, also a thresher to clean cotton of leaves and trash, to be connected with a gin. Forsyth County: L. J. Bodenhamer. Stalk trimmer and •cutter. Samuel Martin. A brick machine. Franklin County : Fenton Foster, Type setter. Gates County : Euclid A Story. Self-acting table fan. Robert Corbitt. Revolving cotton stalk cutter. George Eason. Corn planter. There are several styles of cotton planters made in this county. Granville County : Mrs. S. A. Elliott. Sewing machine reel. Greene County : Messrs. Butts Bros. Railway cotton press. Guilford County : Henry Wilson. Turbine water wheel. Allen. Brick machine. R. E . Sergent. Head block for saw mills. A. P. Borens. Horse plow. E. Tate. Grain cleaner, "The Little Monitor." J. L. Jones. Plug tobacco machine. Halifax County : P. E. Smith. Cotton planter, and a sulky and gang plow. S. R. Spruill, W. R. Wood and P. E. Smith. An electric light for buoys in channels and harbors. Hertford County : R. J. Gatling invented the celebrated -" Gatling Gun," and befors he was twenty-one years old he in- NORTH CAROLINA INVENTORS. 175 vented a wheat drill, which was entensively used in the North west. J. H. Gatling, a brother of R. J. Gatling, invented a cotton stalk cutter. J. W. Barnes. Cotton planter. J. A. J. Askew. Flat iron heater. Macon County: Frank Poindexter. Very superior violins; and hillside plow. Martin County: T. M. Barna. Cotton seed planter McDoivell County : Frank Sumner. Washing machine. ¦ Walter McCary. Machine for preparing shucks for matresses. Mecklenburg County: Dr. Dan'l Asbury. Asbury's tobacco and fruit dryer. H. A. Walke-r. Leather cotton gin brush. 0. F. Brem. Car coupling. Rufus .Norwood. Cotton planter. Pope. Cotton planter. H. A. Walker. Patent brush made of leather for cleaning; gins. W. J, F. Liddell. Cotton press, engine boiler, truck wheel and horse power . Nash County: Malcus Johnson. Cotton planter. New Hanover County : D. M. Buie. Distillation of oils from ¦cotton seed. Isaac Wells. Tanning leather. E. D. Hall. Machine for gathering, stemming and shelling- pea nuts. Northampton County: W. H. Burgess. Roanoke cotton press. Perquimans County : Willis D. Riddick. Cotton press. John Van. Reversible plow hook. Pitt County: Richard L. Butts. Cotton press. Richmond County : McOaskilL Cotton press. Leitch. Cotton chopper and planter. Rockingham County: B. J. Field.and J. 0. Guerrant. Electro magnetic engraving machine. 176 NORTH CAROLINA INVENTORS. Rowan County: W. H. Weant. Railroad switch. Geo. Woodson. Railroad break. Peter A. Feircks. An indicator for distilleries. Rutherford County : Jay Lewis. A churia. Oscar Willis. A water wheel. J. B. Evans. A cotton chopper and cultivator. Joe Scroggin. Fertilizer distributor. Sampson County: G. W. Smiih. Water motor. Surry County : Frank Ashbern. Seamless shoe. Wake County : Jack Regan, Improved plow. R. D. Christman. Plow for barring or siding two rows atTthe same time. John S. Davis. Coffee pot. 0. R. Smith. Cotton picker. H. T. Clawson. Improvement in pepper cruet. C. C. Clawson. Ice shaver. 0. C. Clawson. Machine for filling and packing tobacco. Wray. Cotton press. Warren County; Richard L. Watkins, Tobacco press. Wayne County : J. A. Shine. Cotton planter and ^fertilizer distributor. Wilkes County : E , S. Blair. Improved horse rack. Wilkes County : L. M. McGlamery. Machine for,. breaking and washing hides and leather. Yancey County: R. McInturfL Bee^hive, called "Black Mountain." STATE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 177 FART IV. CHAPTER I. STATE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. INSANE ASYLU5I OS N. C. The Insane Asylum of North Carolina is situated one mile southwest of the Capitol at Raleigh, It is a building of impos ing exterior, extending 726 feet; the wings are three stories in height. The centre building is 80 by 120 feet, four stories high, with an observatory which is 110 feet from the basement. On the fourth floor of the centre building are water tanks of a ca pacity of 15,000 gallons, which are filled by means of the steam pump operating on Rocky Branch some three or four hundred yards from the building. The walls of the building are of brick stuccoed on a granite foundation. The floors, doors, window frames aud other parts of the internal finish, are of the common long leaf pine of the country. The original heating apparatus has been succeeded within the last few years by an improved system. The entire basement of the centre and wings of the building is occupied by the heatiDg apparatus, water, steam and gas pip ing, and the large pipes for carrying off the sewerage. The steam is conveyed by pipes to the radiator at the base of the flues in the walls, thence through the flues to each story above where it enters the rooms and corridors through registers inserted in the walls. The water is conveyed by pipes from the tanks in the attic to all parts of the building ; one large pipe taking it to the boilers in the basement where it is heated and then by the force of gravity carried by a seperate system of pipes to the same points, so that every part of the building is supplied with hot , and cold water side by side. The sewerage is conducted away through large cast iron pipes running under each wing and connecting under the centre 12 178 STATE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, building; and from this pipe there is a connection leading to the main stack at the boiler house in the rear. The building is lighted by rosin gas, manufactured on the premises. The floors of the centre building are occupied by offices, drug. store, officers' private rooms, chapel, working rooms, storerooms and parlor. Each wing has two wards on each floor, with twenty rooms in each ward, used for patients' and attendants' sleeping rooms aud for store rooms for clothing. The house was originally constructed to accommodate 224 in mates, but owing to the great demand for admission there have been during the past years, as many as 275 crowded within its wards. The buildings are well prepared against fire, the appartus and arrangements being very complete, and the large supply of water contained in the tanks in the attic besides a reservoir of 43,000 gallons near the boiler house can, at a moment's notice, be thrown on any part of the house from within or without by an engine kept always in readiness for action. The garden belonging to the institution is large and well cul tivated, and affords an ample supply of vegetables the year round. The first Act incorporating the Insane Asylum of North Car olina was passed by the Legislature of 1848, making an appro priation of $80,000. Other appropriations were made by subse quent Legislatures, the whole amounting to about $300,000. The first inmate. Andrew H. Holderby, of Rockingham coun ty, a soldier of the Mexican war, was admitted on 22nd of Feb ruary, 1856. From that time to the spring of the present year, 1878, as shown by the report of the Superintendent to the Board of Directors, there have been admitted to the institution 1,240 patients, of which number 315 were discharged cured, 127 im proved, 180 stationary, and 334 died, leaving upon the books 281 under treatment the present year. The enterprise of erecting and maintaining an Asylum for the insane met with very strong opposition at the outset. The sue- STATE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 179 cess of the movement was owing mainly to the personal influence and exertion of Miss D. L. Dix, whose life has been devoted to the alleviation of the sufferings of this class of our fellow creatures both in this country and Europe. On both continents she has been directly instrumental in the organization of hospitals and asylums for their care and treatment, and in arousing sympathy in their behalf. Through her efforts the Pope was influenced, some years ago, to erect a magnificent institution for the insane at Home. Through her influence many of the abuses in the treatment of the insane in Scotland were corrected by the Brit ish ministry. The Lord Lieutenant of Scotland refused to hear the suggestions of Miss Dix and was summoned by the Premier to his presence and reprimanded, and the' acknowledgement of her services was made in the House of Lords by a Peer, who ex claimed: "It is to our reproach that we have been aroused to the existence of wrong and instigated to the performance of duty in matters of charity, by & foreigner, and that foreigner an American, and that American a woman, and that woman a dis- Soon after the passage of the act of incorporation in 1848, the Commissioners of the Asylum were organized by the appoint ment of Governor Morehead as Chairman, and the work on the building was begun. The superintendency was first offered to Dr. Edmund Stiudwick, of Hillsboro, who accepted it only temporarily. He was succeeded by Dr. Edward C. Fisher, of Virginia, on the first day of October, 1853, as Superintendent of "Construction and Medical Superintendent. He held the posi tion until the 7th of July, 1868, when he resigned and was suc ceeded by the present incumbent, Dr. Eugene Gri-som, of Gran ville county. The other officers of the institution at present, are Dr. F. T. Fuller, First Assislant Physician, who has held that position and faithfully performed its duties continuously •since his election in 1856; Dr. James L. Craven, Second Assist ant Physician, who has given great satisfaction since his election by the Boird at their meeting in the early part of the present year; Mr. James H. Moore, Steward, who is now filling the po- 180 STATE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. sition for the third time with much acceptability; Mrs. M. A. Lawrence, Matron, who has occupied the place with great effi ciency for ten years, and Mr. James S. West, Engineer, who was elected at the regular meeting of the Board in December, 1877. The Insane Asylum is one of our grandest State charities and ought to be cherished and sustained by our Legislature, and made a worthy object of State pride by all our people. WESTERN INSANE ASYLUM. The Western Asylum for the Insane is located at Morganton on the W. N. C. R. R., two hundred miles west of Raleigh. The act of Assembly authorizing its construction was passed in March, 1875, and appropriated $75,000. Dr. Eugene Grissom, Col. T. Geo. Walton, Dr. Nereus Mendenhall, C. B. Denson, Esq., and Dr. M. Whitehead were the first Board of Commis sioners. Hon. Wm. A. Graham had been named by the Legis lature as one of the original board ; but he resigned before an organization was effected. Dr. Mendenhall was chairman of the board and Col. Walton secretary and treasurer. A noble and commanding plateau of land one half mile south of the depot of the W. N. C. R. R., at Morganton, was secured at a cost of $3,800, containing 250 acres of land, a large part in forest. The head springs of the South Fork of the Catawba river, three miles distant supply a constant discharge of over 100,000, gallons of pure free-stone water per day. The water is conveyed in a six-inch pipe manufactured by the Tredegar Iron Company, of Richmond, Va., and is carried by force of gravity to any part of the building. The entire circle •of the Blue Ridge and South Mountain raBges, the town of Morganton, the W. N. C. R. R. track for several miles and a. STATE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 181 .sheet of water covering forty acres of land lies in full view from the site. Under an act of Assembly dated 7th of March, 1877, the number of the Commissioners of construction was reduced to three and they were restricted in the completion of the building to one wing and the main building. The present board con sists of the following persons: Col. J. 0. Harper, chairman ; J. G. Hall and W. S. Pearson. John A. Dickson is secretary and treasurer. The appropriation of $75,000 was expended under the direction of the first named ^board and in accordance with specifications prepared by Samuel Sloan, of Philadelphia, archi tect. The total length of the building is 918 feet, and capacity when completed is four hundred patients. The design is that of the Insane Hospital at Morristown, N. J. The appropriation for the years 1877-78 was $60,000, with which the southern wing has been built and roofed in.- The main building and other wing are built above ground. Six million brick have been used in construction thus far. The carpenter work is done in the asylum shops on the ground. THE COLORED INSANE ASYLUM. % On the 12th day of March, A. D. 1877, an act was passed by the General Assembly of North Carolina appropriating the sum of $20,000 for the establishment of an asylum for the colored insane at some point in the State. Under this act the follow ing commissioners were appointed by the Governor, viz: M. M. Katz, Wilmington, Dr. M. Moore, Duplin, E. B. Borden, Wayne, Dr. J. W. Vick, Johnston, C. O. Edwards, Greene, Gen. A. D. McLean, Harnett. The board selected and pur chased a site for the location of this institution about one and a half miles west of Goldsboro, in the county of Wayne. It is immediately on the North Carolina Railroad, near the Neuse river, and the tract contains about one hundred and seventy 182 STATE PUBLIC INSTITUTION. acres. The building will accommodate about one hundred patients, and is under contract to be completed by the first day of September, 1879. DEAF & DUMB AND THE BLIND, The North Carolina Institute for the Deaf and Dumb* is sit uated at Raleigh. It was founded in 1849. The colored De partment was founded in 1868. The present attendance of pupils is, in the white Department, 130, and in the colored, 65- All deaf and dumb or blind persons, residents of the State, of , sound mind between the ages of eight and twenty-one years, are received and educated free of charge. The Institution is under the control of a Board of Trustees, appointed by the Governor. The principal officers are Maj. R. S. Tucker, Pres ident of the Board; H. A. Gudger, Principal; and E.Hall, Steward. ORPHAN ASYLUM, OXFORD, GRANVILLE COUNTY. Eveiy child has an inalienable right to live, to grow, and to learn how to be a useful citizen of his country. At Noah's flood, the innocent children were all drowned because there was no one left to raise them right, and it is still better that chil dren should be drowned than that they should grow up ignor ant and vicious and wax worse and worse as life proceeds. The State, the churches and the benevolent organizations neglected the orphans in North Carolina, till 1873, when the Grand Lodge of Masons opened an Orphan Asylum at Oxford. Total number admitted 446, discharged 269, ran away 23, de coyed away 4, died 6, adopted 19, now present 125. Orphans are received between the ages of 8 and 12 and discharged at 14. They are fed, clothed and taught in the common English LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 183 branches. Many of the boys discharged are learning trades, and doing well. Some of the girls discharged are married, others are honorably and profitably employed. Many boys and girls adopted by childless couples will receive the best social and ed ucational advantages and enter upon their lifework with every prospect of success. It is supported by annual appropriations of the Grand Lodge of Masons, by the voluntary contributions of Subordinate Lodges and by the free-will offering of churches, benevolent organizations, and charitable people. This seems to be a precarious reliance and yet for nearly six years the work has prospered aud the children have not suffered. It is found that orphans can be comfortably clothed, fed on healthful food, and thoroughly instructed in English studies at an average ex1 pense of four dollars a month, or $48 a year. In other words, one half the money which the counties usually pay to support them as paupers is found amply sufficient to feed them, cloth them, and send them to school. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. The University is situated in the village of Chapel Hill, Or ange county, twenty-eight miles from Raleigh, the State Capi tol, and twelve miles from Durham, on the North Carolina railroad. The surrounding country is famous for its sparkling springs and running streams. Some of the springs are mineral and possess valuable medicinal properties. The climate is mild and healthy. The average temperature in winter is 42° F., in' summer 76° F. The region is about sL. huidred feet above sea level, and is entirely free from malaria. Tne scenery is remark able for beauty. The soil is fertile, yielding wheat, corn, to- 184 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. bacco and cotton. The forests around are chiefly of oak and hickory. The sale of liquor of any kind within two miles of the village is forbidden by law. The University is a State institution, and is governed by a board of trustees elected by the General Assembly. The Gov ernor is ex officio chairman of the board. It was incorporated in 1789, and, after careful inspection of many places, was lo cated at Chapel Hill in 1792. The corner stone of the first building was laid with masonic honors by Gov. Wm. Richardson Davie, Grand Master, on the 12th October, 1793. The doors were opened for students in February, 1795. At the beginning of the civil war the University ranked third in the number of students among similar institutions in America. It has sent forth thousands of graduates, among them a President, (Polk), a ' Vice President, (King), eminent judges, statesmen, divines, -leading men of all professions and pursuits, in all the southern and southwestern States. In 1875 the University was thoroughly reorganized and equip ped to supply the demands of the public. Important features were adopted in the scheme of instruction, whereby, 1st. greater attention than heretofore is paid to the natural sciences, to-wit, chemistry, botany, zoology, mineralogy, geology and physics ; and, 2d, students are not required to pursue a fixed course of study, unless they so elect, but are allowed to devote their time to such subjects only as they choose, with the consent of their parents. The University offers instruction adapted not only to develop mental training and literary culture, bat also to be of immediate practical value to those wishing to be farmers, me chanics, stock-breeders, physicians, druggists, engineers, &c. The following are the GENERAL COURSES OF STUDY. 1. The Course in Arts, including among other studies both Latin and Greek, and corresponding generally to the old col lege curriculum. This course leads to the degree A. B. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 185 2. The Course in Philosophy, substituting science or a mod ern language, in place of one of the ancient languages, and leading to the degree Ph . B . 3. The Course in Science, omitting both Latin and Greek and embracing studies relating chiefly to agriculture, mining, man ufacturing and the mechanic arts. The degree is S. B. There are also PAST GRADUATE COURSES OP STUDY, leading to the advanced degrees M. S., Ph. D., and M. A. OPTIONAL AND SPECIAL COURSES OF STUDY, are also pursued under the direction of the Faculty by such as desire so to do. MUSEUMS AND ILLUSTRATIVE APPARATUS. The University has a large collection of geological and mmera- logical specimens and extensive apparatus for illustrations in the departments of chemistry and physics. LIBRARIES. The libraries of the University and of the Dialectic and Phil anthropic Societies comprise about 20,000 volumes of standard ¦Works. EXPENSES. The charges for tuition, room-rent, servent hire, washing, . board, wood, light and books, range from $93.50 to $123.50 for each half year. The tuition alone is $30 for the same time. The estimate is made for table board at from $10 to $12.50. But many of the students club together and live to their satis faction on $6 to $8 per month. 186 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. BENEFICIARIES. Each county is entitled to send one student who is unable to pay tuition and room rent, free of charge for those items. Be sides these, the Faculty, by authority of the Trustees, admit others who are proved to be worthy and without means either gratuitously or on the payment of such portion of the charges as they may be able to bear. < BUILDINGS. The University buildings, eight in number, contain sixteen large halls, which are used for recitations, lectures and muse ums, besides three library halls and two halls for literary socie ties. The University campus, consisting of 50 acres of undu lating land, well stocked with primeval forest trees, is celebrated- for its grandeur and beauty. Connected with the University are, 1. A Law School, for th? prewar. ition of young men desiring ¦ to practice law. 2. A Normal School, for the training of professional teachers. " 3. An Agricultural Experiment and Fertilizer Control Sta tion for experimenting with plants and analyzing fertilizers, ores, soils, seeds, &c, &c. OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY. His Excellency, Z. B. Vance, Governor of North Carolina, sx officio President of the Board of Trustees of the University. FACULTY. Hon. Kemp P. Battle, LL. D., President, Professor of Polit ical Economy, Constitutional aud International Law. Rev. Charles Phillips, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Mathe matics. J. DeBerniere Hooper, A. M., Prof essor of Greek and French. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 187 Rev. Adolphus W. Mangum, A. M., Professor of Moral Phil osophy, History and English Literature. Alexander Fletcher Redd, Professor of General and Analyti cal Chemistry. George Tayloe Winston, Professor of Latin and German. Ralph Henry Graves, B. Sc, C. and M. E., Professor of En gineering and Physics. Frederic William Simonds, M. S. , Professor of Geology, Zoo logy and Botany. Carey D. Grandy, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Min eralogy and Latin. Hon. William H. Battle, LL. D., Professor of Law. W. C. Kerr, A. M., State Geologist and Lecturer on the- Geology of North Carolina. Albert R. Ledoux, Ph. D. (Goettingen,) Chemist to the State- Board of Agriculture, and Director of Agricultural Experiment and Fertilizer Control Station. Prof. Grandy, Secretary. A. Mickle, Esq., Bursar. WAKE FOREST COLLEGE. In 1832 the Baptist State Convention then less than two- years old, met at River Chapel, in Chatham county. At this meeting it was "resolved unanimously, to purchase a suitable- farm, and to adopt other preliminary measures for the establish ment of a Baptist Literary Institution in this State on the Man ual Labor Principle." Under this resolution the farm of Doctor Calvin Jones, con taining six hundred and fifteen acres, was bought for two thous and dollars. The buildings thereon were considered sufficient for the accommodation of fifty students. "Wake Forest Man ual Labor Institute" was the name adopted, Elder Samuel Wait was elected Principal. The School was opened on the first Monday in February, 1834,. 188 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. with sixteen students; and the first session closed with, sixty. five. The farm was cultivated in the afternoon, and at first two propositions were claimed as settled: 1. "Students will labor." 2. "Their labor can be turned to advantage." Boys under twelve received two cents an hour, and those over twelve received three cents. But when settlements were made at the end of the session, so many deductions were included for sickness, and absence, that parents were disappointed in the practical ojierations of the "Manual Labor System." An over seer was appointed, under the style of "Tutor of Husbandry." But the Manual Labor Department, though kept up for a time, was finally abolished. The number of students, however, increased so rapidly that a large building was absolutely necessary, and proprosals for its erection were published. This building was finished under con tract with Capt.. John Berry, of Orange, in 1838. Doctor Wait presided over the College for a dozen years, and -was succeeded by Doctor Hooper, who remained two years. Professor J. B. White succeeded Doctor Hooper. He remained but a little while, removing west; and, after a short interregnum under Professor Owen, Doctor Wingate succeeded to the Presi dency in 1854. Before the war, the debt of twenty thousand dollars incurred by buildings etc., was cancelled, and an endow ment of nearly one hundred tbousand dollars secured. During the war this amount was nearly lost . College exercises were sus pended, the building used as a hospital, and full work was not resumed until 1867. With its building greatly marred, its en dowment lost, and but few able to avail themselves of its advan tages, the Institution could not for a time, meet expenses. Slowly, however, the Trustees repaired and renewed the building and grounds, paid off the accumulating debts, and realized the beginning of an endowment. Through the efforts of Elder Pure- ioy, who labored without compensation, generous friends at the North donated ten thousand dollars. The present endowment bearing interest is forty thousand dollars. Notes are also held :ior a large amount, and the work of individual contributions LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 18$ still continues. A new building ("Science Hall,") the gift of Messrs. Heck and Williams, of Raleigh, has been erected near the site of the one built in 1838. It contains, besides the rooms for scientific purposes two large halls for the Literary Societies. Another building is in contemplation on a line with these, and the three are to be connected by porches and double colonades so as to present an unbroken front of nearly five hundred feet. The College grounds already inclosed, and. with improvements begun, are ample; and from their elevation and natural beauty promises to be unusally picturesque and imposing. The trains of the Raleigh and Gaston railroad skirt the campus, and stop at the depot in front of the College. It is in the midst of a . rural village, and in a neighborhood of sobriety and thrift. While accessible and central, it is retired; and partly on this account sustains the character enjoyed from the first for the- good order, sobriety and studious habits of its young men. Among the Alumni are talented teachers, successful lawyers and physicians, intelligent farmers, prosperous merchants, and able ministers. It is said that but two per cent of the graduates have proved failures. The course of instruction since the war has been modified. Early in its history, and soon after abolishing its "manual labor system," it became by charter and by character a College, teaching the usual curriculum of our State University and other similar institutions, and conferring the usual degrees. As its endowment enlarged it dropped the Preparatory Department, and provided strictly for collegiate students in a four years course. Since the war, its character has changed by borrowing- from the plan of Universities. It permits a selection of studies (a limited "elective system") enlarges the number from which a selection maybe made, and arranges its diplomas with reference to distinct branches. It attempts to improve its scholarship by written examinations, as well as daily recitations; and gives its certificates, and ultimately its diplomas, only to those who secure a fixed grade of scholarship. In the classics, it gives spe cial attention to analysis; to the rendering of English into these- ; tongues as well as translating these into English; and to the- .190 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. Greek accent. It has enlarged the mathematical and scientific courses, added to the number of modern languages taught, and , attempts to give an importance to the English language, its nature, history, and literature, not heretofore permitted. Final ly, the aim has been, not ambitiously, but modestly and earn estly with the advantages possessed, to tone up to a higher grade;| the character and scholarship of educated young men, and to enable them to be what their diplomas promise for them more thoroughly practical and better furnished for the duties of life. DAVIDSON COLLEGE. Davidson College is situated in Mecklenburg county, on the healthy ridge which devides the waters of the Yadkin and Ca tawba rivers, and has daily communication, by railroad, with Charlotte and Statesville. It was organized in March, 1837, under the Presidency of the Rev. R. H. Morrison, D. D.,but did not receive its charter from the Legislature of the State un til December, 1838. During the forty years of its existence it has continued unin terruptedly in its work of education. Even during the civil war 'from four to six professors were at their post doing what they could for the instruction of disabled soldiers, and the youth of the land who were still out of the army, and needing more than ever the advantages of a thorough education. Over four hun dred young men have been graduated in the College ; and in addition to these many others who have taken only a partial course of instruction, are now filling places of responsibility and honor in this and the adjacent States. Though founded by the Presbyterians of North Carolina, and now under the immediate care of the Presbyterians of this State, and of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Davidson College is, in no sense, sectarian, but, in the language of its charter, it was designed " to educate youth of all classes without any re- gai'd to the distinction of religious denominations." Its ad- LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 191 vantages are offered to all, and its honors have frequently been won by young men of other churches. The central idea in its management has always been, that morality and virtue -re the only safe foundations upon which to rest individual develop ment, aud, that these must go hand in hand with intellectual training. Few literary institutions, in any country, have ever more successfully realized this idea in its pupils. But the course of instruction, while mainly directed to the development of the moral and intellectual powers of the pupil, does not overlook the practical uses of knowledge. In the departments of science the practical applications are faithfully taught. A regular science course of three years is provided for. The endowment of the College, though greatly injured by the war, is still sufficient, with the aid of tuition from the paying students, to mert professor's salaries, and all the current ex penses of the institution. In addition to this, from $1,500 to $2,000, are annually given, in free tuition, to candidates for the ministrv, and other needy and deserving young men. No worthy applicant for admission is ever turned away from David son College because of lack of funds. Living, too, is cheap; the regular boarding houses charge only from $8.50 to $12.50 per month, and many of the best pupils in the College board, hy the messing system, for about $6 per month. The equipment of the College is complete. The main build- ' ing was erected at a cost of over $90,000, and the other build ings furnish comfortable residences for professors, and for socie ty halls, library rooms, and dormitories. The apparatus for il lustrating the departments of Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Astronomy has been filled up at a cost of about $5,000, and is in excellent working order. There are six professors in the corps of instruction, three of whom have had European, training, and all have enjoyed many advantages in fitting themselves for the work of the class-room. Rev. A. D. Hepburn, D. D., the President, has had an extensive college (experience in this country and in Europe ; teaching has been 192 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. his life-work, and both as professor and president he has labored successfully in other institutions. CAROLINA MILITARY INSTITUTE, CHARLOTTE, N. C. The Carolina Military Institute was established by Col. J. P. Thomas, of South Carolina, at Charlotte, N. C, Oct 1, 1873. The object of the founder was to organize a Military College open to the youth of the Oarolinas as well as to the country at large. The Institute has been in successful operation since its estab lishment. It has had about two hundred and seventy- five boys and young men under its instruction, and has turned out three small grad uating classes. It has derived its support mainly from South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Its matriculates for the year have varied in number from seventy-five to one hundred and thirty. The discipline is strictly military. At the same time all the moral and religious influences that can be wielded are brought to bear upon cadets. A neat uniform of gray cloth is worn. The course of instruction is designed to accomplish a thor ough scholastic and practical training, and seeks to secure a judicious combination of the scientific and the aesthetic element. The studies pursued and the instruction given are comprised under the following heads : 1. Mathematics. 2. Physical Science. 3. History, Belles Lettres and Ethics. 4. Modern Languages (French and German.) 5. Ancient Languages, (Latin and Greek.) 6. Commercial Department. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 193 7. Physical and Military Department. The following compose its present Corps of Officers and Pro fessors : Col. J. P. Thomas, Superintendent, and Professor of History, Belles-Lettres and Ethics. Capt. Wm. Cain, Professor Mathematics, Physics and Engi neering. First-Lieut. J. P. Thomas, Jr., Assistant Professor of Mathe matics and Physics, "and in^charge of Preparatory Department. M. M. Hargrove, A. M., Professor of Ancient and Modern Languages. Second-Lieut. R. G. Thomas, Assistant Instructor. Second-Lieut. R. G. Thomas, Quarter-Master. Jos. Graham, M. D.; Surgeon. The C. M. I. is conducted in the buildings of the late N. C. M. Institute, which, having been erected with special reference to the purposes of a Military School of high grade, are commo dious and convenient. The grounds, embracing twenty-six acres, are ample, the site is commanding and attractive, and the health of the place, it is thought, unsurpassed by that of any educational establishment in the land. TRINITY COLLEGE. This Institution is located in the northwest corner of Ran dolph county, near High Point, on the N. C. Railroad. The Postoffice is Trinity College. The location is in a fine rolling country with the very best water, remarkable for health, ad vanced agriculture, good citizenship, and almost all desirable qualities. The buildings are substantial and ample. The Chapel will seat 1,950 persons and is one of the best auditoriums in the United States. The libraries aggregate 10,000 volumes. The Museum and apparatus are good, and the accommodations. for students are convenient and comfortable. . The course of study is substantially the same as in first class. [ 13 194 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. colleges generally; the discipline and oversight are effective and successful, and the expenses are so small and so arranged as to suit nearly all classes and conditions. The College at first was a Normal College, and was the first of the kind in the State. Under this charter the Institution was very prosperous, and trained a large number of teachers, who have had much to do with education in the State. In 1853 the charter was changed, and the College was made a regular Institution, with all the powers and privileges of Colleges and Universities generally. The whole number of graduates is 226; of these 27 are preach ers 59 lawyers, 62 teachers, 22 physicians, 23 bankers and mer chants, 22 farmers, 3 editors, Honorary Degrees Conferred — A. M., 15; D. D., 14; LL. D.,2. The Faculty consists of a President, four Professors and one Tutor. The College buildings, apparatus and land are estimated at $50,000. In addition to the usual College curriculum, there are schools of Law, Theology, Engineering, Business Course and other branches of special instruction. Commencement is on the second Thursday in June, and the sessions commence twelve weeks thereafter. The number of students during the past year was^l36. The President is Rev. B. Craven, D. D. LL D. THE BINGHAM SCHOOL. The Bingham School, Mebaneville, N. C, Maj. Robert Bing ham, Superintendent, is one of the ancient landmarks, and though it is the oldest school in the South and one of the oldest in the United States, (like the mythical Apollo) it has perpetual youth and perennial vigor. This school was founded in 1793, (85 years ago) by the Rev. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 195 Wm. Bingham, who died in 1825, and was succeeded by the late W. J. Bingham. He was succeeded by the late Col. Wm. Bingham. After Col. Bingham's death in 1873, Maj. Robert Bingham became Superintendent. Under his control the school has steadily increased in popular favor. The last catalogue states that during the past year (168th and 109th sessions) 142 cadets were in attendance. The area from which this patronage is drawn extends from Virginia, Kentucky and Wisconsin on the north to Florida and Texas on the south. Asia is also represen ted, and Vermont and South America have also sent students. It is claimed, that while other expenses are below the average, this North Carolina School commands higher tuition fees than any other institution of learning for males in the Southern States. The buildings are all new and well adapted to school purposes. The offers made to young men with limited means for an education are very liberal. The military feature, intro duced during the war, proves so valuable for health, discipline, and scholarship, that it has become a fixture; but no military ¦exercise is allowed to interfere with the prosecution of study. This institution, so excellent in its appointments, has before it a promising career of future usefulness. WILSON COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. This Institution, which admits both sexes, is located at Wil son, N. C, on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. It was founded January 2d, 1872, and chartered January 24th, 1872, by the Legislature of North Carolina; and to it were granted the full collegiate powers of conferring degrees and diplomas in all • the departments of literature, science and art. « Its founder and principal, Prof. Sylvester Hassell, A. M., is a ¦son of Elder C. B. Hassell, of WiUiamston, Martin county, N. C. He is a graduate, with the highest honors, of the University of North Carolina, class of 1862. 196 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. During the seven years that he has taught in Wilson, he has employed five teachers, and had an average of 120 students. During the centennial year, the- income from tuition fees is be lieved to have been greater than was received by any other In stitution in North Carolina. The leading features of the Wilson Collegiate Institute are the employment of none but the most competent, experienced and successful teachers; a large and valuable library, open at all times to the students; abundant charts and scientific apparatus;. lectures on hygiene, science, literature and ethics; special ad vantages for business training; full and frequent reports of at tendance, deportment, and scholarship; the practical, stimulat ing and refining influences of co-education; a mild but firm dis cipline; and the privilege of living in the same building, and haviDg constant association with the teachers. DENVER SEMINARY. D. MATT. THOMPSON, PRINCIPAL. This school, for both sexes, was opened under the management of the present Principal in 1873, and is liberally patronized. It has three Departments — Primary, Preparatory and Academic. Two courses in Academical Department — the Classical and the English and Scientific. The school is designed to afford boys and girls a liberal, thorough and practical training for college, > business, or any sphere in life which an education may improve and adorn. Principles of morality inculcated. The tuition is from $5.00 to $17.50 for terms of fivemmths. Board $8 per month. Denver is a pleasantly located village in the northeastern part. of Lincoln county, twelve miles west of Davidson College. Five. mails per week. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 197 THE RUTHERFORD COLLEGE, N. C. HAPPY HOME POSTOFFICE. This school, which has been in successful operation for twenty- four years, was first commenced by its present and only Presi dent, Rev. R. L. Abernethy, A. M., in an old log school house, with only eight pupils the first term. In 1858 it was chartered by the Legislature of North Carolina, under the title of "Ruther ford Academy." It then had a patronage of 100 students per annum. In 1861 the charter was so changed as to give the In stitution the legal right to graduate pupils and confer degrees, under the name and title of "Rutheiford Seminary." In 1869- '70 the Seminary was made a-College proper by legislative enact ment. Since that time the institution has been operating un. der this regime. The College is located near Icard Station, on the Western N. C. Railroad, in a community as remarkable for its morality and piety, as it is noted for its healthfulness. During its existence of twenty-four years, averaging annually from 100 to 250 stu dents, there has not a death occurred in the school from local diseases. This is a Male College, with a Female Department, having two distinct curricula, one for males, the other for females; yet both sexes are permitted to recite in the same classes. The Male Course embraces six regular schools, namely : 1. Latin School. 2. Greek School. 3. Mathematical School. 4. English Literature and Rhetoric. 5. School of Natural Science. 6. Mental and Moral Philosophy. The Female Course for graduation is more extensive than our Female Colleges generally ia the South. We have a purely English Course which young ladies may elect when their time «and means will not permit them to take the regular course. \ This school confers the degrees usually conferred by other 198 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. colleges. It also gives free tuition to all minor children of min isters of all Christian denominations; as well as to all really in digent orphans. During its existence, it has given away to such ' in tuition, over one hundred thousand dollars. Tuition per term of 5 month, ranges from $5.00 to $20.00. Board, inclnding washing, lights, &c, is from $8.00 to $9.00. per month. Students can board themselves at from $3.00 to $4.00 per month. The scholastic year commences on the 1st Wednesday of August of each year, continuing 20 weeks, when there is a vaca tion until the 1st Wednesday in January, when the Spring term closes the year at the expiration of 20 more weeks. Excelsior, a beautiful village, of some three hundred inhabh. tan ts, has grownup around the -College. Legislative enact- $ ments prohibit the sale of ardent spirits to any person within two miles of the college, under penalty of $50 fine for each offence. The act also prohibits the selling or even giving alco holic liquors to students within five miles oJ? the college, under- same penalty. The graduates of this college are to be found in all the voca tions and professions of our country. Its honorary graduates are known "among the elders of the city." Its female gradu ates grace our parlors and fill our halls of learning. It is said that no school or college in the South is doing more- good for the church and poor. Let this be its reward. FINLEY HIGH SCHOOL. This School, located in the town of Lenoir, Caldwell county, was organized in the fall of 1857, by Capt. N. P. Rankin, and has been in successful operation for twenty-one years. It was named in compliment to Mrs. James Harper, whose- maiden name was Finley. E. W. Faucette, the present Principal, was associated with LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 199 Capt. Rankin for some time, and afterwards became sole Prin cipal. In 1869, Henry C. Dixon, the present Associate Principal, en tered upon his duties in the school. Rev. B. L. Beall, Hon. M. A. Bernhardt and Rev. P. P. Winn, have been, at different times, associate teachers. Alter a successful career of twenty-one years, we regard the Finley High School as an established institution. It has re ceived patronage from nearly every Southern State, and in point of thorough scholarship "stands in the front rank among our schools." Its pupils have stood among the very first in our Colleges and University. Duiing the present year, a large, convenient and handsome , .school building has been erected in a beautiful situation in a campus containing four acres, on which is a spring of excellent water. Lenoir is becoming well known for the morality and intelli gence of its citizens, its fine climate, its pure, cold water and its beautiful mountain scenery. Good board can be obtained in the village at $10 per month. Tuition, for a term of five month, $26.00. GREENSBORO FEMALE COLLEGE. In September 1843, the corner-stone of the Greensboro Fe male College building was laid. In the summer of 1845, the building, made' of brick, containing 36 rooms was completed. On the 1st of February 1846, Rev. S. Lea was elected President. This was the first regularly chartered female college in North Carolina, and the second, south of the Potomac. In 1855 the number of pupils increased to such an extent, as to render it necessary either to enlarge the building, ct ^mit the patronage of the school to a specified number. In 1856 a wing on the west end of the building was erected. Still there was a de- 200 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. mand for more room, and in 1859 a wing on the east end of the building was erected. On the 9th of August 1863, in the midst of brilliant success, it was consumed, by fire. August 27th, 1873, ten years and seventeen days after the destruction of the old building the college was re-opened with a faculty consisting of four profess ors, and five lady teachers. The new building is very large, commodious, and well suited for school purposes. The dormi tories are neatly furnished, well ventilated, and warmed by means of fire places. The school offers superior advantages for the mental and moral training of young ladies. The object of the faculty is, so to govern and instruct those committed to their care, as to prepare them, not only for society, but for the stern realities of responsible existence. Rev. S. Lea, Rev. A. M. Shipp, D. D., Rev. C. F. Deems, D. D. LL. D., and Rev. T. M. Jones, D. D., have in turn fill ed the honored and responsible position of President, assisted by able corps of teachers. RALEIGH BAPTIST FEMALE SEMINARY. This school was opened for the reception of pupils in August 1870, under the administration of Rev. W. Royall, D.D. In August, 1871, it passed into the hands of Mr. F. P. Hobgood, who is still its Principal. The buildings, consisting of a central building and two wings, are large and commodious, and are delightfully located in the northeastern part of the city, on Blount street. They are heat ed mainly by hot air furnaces. The grounds comprise several acres, which are tastefully laid. out and decorated with flowers and evergreens. The school has all the improved facilities for securing the intellectual and physical development of its pupils The gymnasium is supplied with suitable implements for teaching the calisthenic exercise, which all the pupils are re quired to take. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 201 The academic department has globes, wall-maps, a philoso phical and chemical apparatus, and a cabinet of minerals. The kindergarten method of teaching children has recently been in troduced with gratifying results. The library of "the Clio Society has about one thousand vol umes, and is supplied with magazines and newspapers. The music department, in charge of Professor Bohlmann, for many years connected with the school, has one grand piano, eight 7 octave square pianos and two organs. The art department, in charge of a graduate of the celebrated Cooper Union Art School, New York City, is supplied with the modern conveniences for teaching art. The last catalogue contains the names of five teachers in the Academic Department, three in, the Music Department, and one in the Art Department, and shows an attendance last session of nearly one hundred pupils. The present session is an unusually prosperous one. The expenses for board, fuel, light, and washing and En glish tuition per term of 5 months are $100. Music, drawing etc. extra. PEACE INSTITUTE. This Institution for young ladies, is situated in the northern part of the city of Raleigh, North Carolina, at the head of Wil mington street, and about half mile from the capitol, in the midst of a grove of magnificent oaks, for which the city is so famed. The grounds contain about eight acres, laid off m walks and ornamented with flowers, shrubbery &c. The building is a large four story brick edifiee one hundred and forty-five feet long and ninety-five feet deep, with rooms sufficient to accommodate eighty boarders. The Institution is under the auspices and control of Presbyterians, though in no. 202 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. way sectarian, every denomination being represented among its pupils, and gentlemen of different denominations composing the Board of Directors. It is named after the late William Peace, Esq., an elder in the Presbyterian church, of Raleigh, North Carolina, who con tributed $10,000 towards erecting the building which was com menced in 1859 and nearly finished, when the war came on and put a stop to all operations. During the war it was used as a hospital by the Confederate government, and afterwards by the Federal government, and not restored to its owners until some time during the year 1872. The buildings were then completed. !| and put in order for school purposes. Rev. R. Burwell and John B. Burwell then principals ofjthe- Institute in Charlotte leased the property and opened the school, in September 1872. Since that time it has been in a highly prosperous condition,. and is now one of the largest and best equipped Institutions for young ladies in the State. The corps of teachers consist of eleven ladies and gentlemen:*! Instruction is given in every branch usually taught in first-class- female Seminaries. Hon. W. N. H. Smith is at present the President of the- Board of Directors among whom are George Allen, of Newbern, John D. Williams, of Fayetteville; R. S. Pullen, the Messrs. Tucker, and Julius Lewis, of Raleigh; Gen. R. Barringer, of Charlotte; Hon. Geo. Howard, of Tarboro, and other gentlemen of prominence. ST. MARY'S SCHOOL. This well known Institution, now in its thirty-seventh year, was founded by the late Rev. Aldert Smedes, D. D., in May 1842. He was a man of singular fitness for his chosen work, of rare judgement and foresight, of well balanced mind and varied. learning; with a great loving, sympathetic heart and a wonder- LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 20S ful magnetic power, to attract and influence the young. His school soon won the affection and confidence of its pupils and their parents, and attained a national reputation, resulting in a career of honor, usefulness, and prosperity almost unrivalled. After thirty-five years of unwearied, faithful labor, the belov ed and venerated founder was called to his rest, and his son, the Rev. Bennett Smedes, A. M ., succeeded him as Rector and Prin cipal. Having been associated with his father for sixteen years,. as assistant teacher, Mr. Smedes brought to aid in the fulfill ment of his new duties, not only long experience in educational work, but a full knowledge of, and sympathy with the system of discipline and government which had stood successfully the test of so many years and now carries on the school with ever- increasing thoroughness and efficiency. Real honest, hard work he demands from all the scholars; the- course of study embraces every branch requisite for the complete education of a young lady; the teachers are the best the country can supply; and no expense is spared to provide every equip ment that can promote the improvement and welfare of the girls. The school is an Institution of the Episcopal church, under the supervision of the Bishops of North Carolina. Its pupils are trained in the doctrines of the church, and are required to attend the daily religious services, as well as those celebrated on Sundays, in the school chapel. St. Mary's has always enjoyed very extensive patronage. When it was opened schools of high grade were rare in this part of the- country, and men of wealth and prominence from every south ern State, sent their daughters to Dr. Smedes to be trained. in all those qualities and accomplishments which would make them cood, useful, refined and cultivated' gentlewomen. And admirable women they have in most instances turned out to be; blessing their home circle, adorning society, wielding good in fluence in every walk of life and earnestly working, wherever they may be, in the cause of Christ and His Church. Rarely is an ex-St. Maryite found who does not venerate her Alma-Mater and recur with grateful pleasure to her- school days, or wish for her daughters the same advantages of.-' -204 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. moral culture and thorough education that she profited by, and •so children of the third generation are now coming to be en rolled upon the catalogue, and add their names to the long list of ¦the daughters of St. Mary's. THE WILSON COLLEGIATE SEMINARY FOR YOUNG LADIES. The institution began its useful career in 1859, under the su perintendence of Rev. C. F. Deems, D. D., LL. D., now pastor -of the "Church of Strangers," New York City. He was fol lowed successively by Professors Adams, Arrington and J. DeB. Hooper, the latter conducting the school with constanly increas ing reputation for thoroughness of training, until his acceptance of a Professorship in the State University. In 1875, the con trol of the school passed into the hands of the present Principal, ¦J. B. Brewer, A. M. SITUATION. Few places combine so many advantages in the way of society, -accessibility, health and beauty as this enterprising and moral -educational centre of Eastern Carolina. The location of the Sem inary is in the most elevated and healthy part of the town, and is recommended, as in all respect, the most eligible in the vi cinity. BUILDINGS. The seminary edifice is a large and substantial structure, and was built especially for school purposes. Many additions and ¦changes have been made recently to render the building more •comfortable and convenient. It is now in thorough repair and well arranged. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 205*. DISCIPLINE. The government is mild, but firm. The development of the moral character is regarded far more important than the cul tivation of the mind or body. RELIGION. The school is non-sectarian. Pupils are required to attend Divine Services at some church on Sunday, and prayers in the Seminary Chapel every day. REPORTS. At the expiration of each month, printed reports are ad dressed to the parent or guardian, showing the merits and de merits of the pupils as . exhibited in her general deportment^ attention to studies and standing in her several classes. ADMISSION. There are no arbitrary limitations to admission. Each pupil will be assigned to such classes as she is prepared to. enter. EXAMINATION. Private oral and written examinations will be held at the- close of each term. APPARATUS. The supply of Apparatus for illustrating the Natural Sciences; is large, but will be steadily increased from year to year. 206 LIEFRARY INSTITUTIONS. CHOWAN BAPTIST FEMALE INSTITUTE. MURFREESBORO, NORTH CAROLINA. This Institution was founded nearly thirty years ago by the Chowan and Portsmouth Associations, for the purpose of fur nishing to the Baptists and their friends a first class school, pos sessing the necessary fac'lities for imparting a thorough and lib eral education. They accordingly erected a large beautiful brick building, four stories high, and furnished it with an elegance and liberality which enabled it at once to take rank with the -best female schools in the country. This rank it still maintains. It is now in a very prosperous condition, and being free from all encumbrance, its continued prosperity may be reasonably anti cipated. The location is eminently appropriate, embracing a tract of twenty-eight acres, adjacent to the t^wn. This location was se lected over several others in some respects more eligible, on ac count of its celebrity for health; and the history of the school for thirty years fully sustains the previous reputation of the place. The scholastic year is divided into two terms, thus: Fall Term begins 1st Wednesday in October and ends 14th ¦day of February following. Spring Term begins the 15th day of February and ends with the Annual Commencement, 4th Wednesday in June. LECTURES. A Lecture on some literary or scientific subject is delivered to the whole school, on Friday evening of each week. APPARATUS. The Institution is furnished with a very, complete and supe rior set of Philosophical, Chemical and Astronomical Apparatus. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. ^07 LIBRARY, READIMG ROOM AND CABINET. The Institute is furnished with a small select Library, a Cabi net of Natural and ArtificialBCuriosities, and a Reading Room supplied with suitable periodical literature. DEPARTMENT OF MUSIC. Music, instrumental and vocal, is taught by the best teachers that can be procured . This Institution is now j under the charge of Rev. A. Mc Dowell, D. D., President. 2.08 PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN NORTH CAROLINA. PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN NORTH CAROLINA IN 1877. NO. SCHO'LS Ik o ooj 5 o ° COUNTIES. ST0. SCHO'LS Poo Oo » COUNTIES. 6 o o V 3 ' o o o 386430 15 ¦ 76 '.46 18 8.4 18 5 - 25 $ 4,2692,6641,7054,453 3 624 5,362 32 14 246647U 56313U3833 433343 6536 27 6439 8 27 51 24 a5 2 311039 3 153627 11 * 7,543 . 4,971 5,4593,fe482.5722,9065,9i3Ji,16i> 14 983 1,214 4,100 4,509.9,466 15,141 42 43 Alleghany..- 0321 Macon 17 tH 39 33 366232 5437152036 5448 3617'14123112 9 6 42 16 29 4,456 1,756 59 50 McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell S6; Brunswick...... .. 9412 Burke 3,no6,1032,2943,096 1,678,482 4,133 5,844 soa 18 44 70 12 95 Montgomery 0910 Nash New Hanover 15 10 Carteret 18 40 1918 15 35 7 13 2,036 6,413 1,960 5,165 17 Orange 38. 18. • 22 13 1460 67 1539241482 33 - 44 2855 48451115 . 30 1781 11 1 14 33 22 2024 1 21 11 33 44 15 4920 6 1 4620 26 2,272 667 3,300 5,279 9,533 3,525 1,814 1,235 5,161 4,382 3,214 9,903 8,1505,9075,1041,9501,378 8,5275,608 11,088 8202 68 4047 3340319124 6797 50 87 77 45 41822871 Clay Perquimans 2527 26 21 82 3053 565655 57 4035 54 18 2310 32 27 30 9 2249 38 49 18 11 52 87 14 4 6 5,2045,868 8,880 9.71 7,3436,0773,748 6,6466,4624,7848,1563,8683,194 3,226 589 1,2701,152 25 9(1 Pitt 82 Polk 0(1 Cumberland Randolph Richmond 7747 86 Davidson Rowan Rutherford Stokes 75 6 63 Edgecombe 52 49 84 99 34 Transylvania Tyrrell 19 4(1 Guilford Wake 9819 8223 30,282 6,796 53 Halifax* 51 38 4445 2619 89 30 23 3 11 351538 1 2 4,6813,195 •5,333 2,893 5,8887,7441.331 347201492575 2V 40 37823548- 34 2 30 9 2010 4 1,368 10,769 3,t50 8,6083,201 1,701 50 IS. Hertford Wilkes 54 Hyde 31 Iredell 55 Jackson Yancey 92 * No report from this county to the Superintendent of Public Instruction. STATE PRESS. 309 STATE PRESS. Name of Paper. Place op Publi cation. a* "1 EDITORS. Randolph Regulator Randolph Sun North Carolina Citizen Asheville Pioneer Charlotte Democrat Charlotte Observer Southern Home Charlotte Call..... South-Land Concord Sun Concord Register Durham Tobacco Plant Alamance Gleaner New North State Central Protestant Patriot Recorder Hillsboro Recorder Piedmont Press Central Record Carolina Watchman Salisbury- Examiner Aurora Winston Western Sentinel.. Winston Leader Winston Union Republican. Fee Dee Herald Lilesville Crescent North Carolina Argus Cherokee Herald Milton Chronicle . „ Lincoln Progress News Enterprise Blue Ridge Blade Mount Airy Watchmen National Visitor Union Express Monroe Enquirer Reidsville News Reidsville Times Spirit of the South Pee Dee Bee • • • Western Vindicator Peoples Press Statesville American Statesville Landmark Farmer and Mechanic Oaserver Raleigh News Friend of Temperance North Carolina Farmer Biblical Recorder Christian Advocate Transcript and Messenger.. The Mail Tarboro Southerner Wilson Advance Wilson Express. Ashboro Ashboro Asheville Asheville Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Concord Concord Durham Graham jreensboro Greensboro Greensboro Gold Hill Hillsboro Hickory Lexington Lexington Salisbury Salisbury Shelby Winston Winston Winston Wadesboro Lilesville Polkton Murphy Milton Lincolnton Lincolnton Madison Morganton Mount Airy — Mount Airy Monroe Monroe Reidsville Reidsville Rockingham . . . Rockingham Rutherfordton.Salem Statesville Statesville Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Goldsboro Goldsboro Tarboro Wilson Wilson. 187618781850 18661852 1869 1877187818721875 i875187118741821 1820 1870 18781832 1875 1852 1879 1872 1868 18791877 1873 1841 1877 James T. Crocker. J. A. Blair. Furman & Stone. John C. Gorman. W. J. Yates. 0. R. Jones. ¦ McDowell. Neill Dumont. Dawson & Co. E. H. McLaughlin. John Woodhouse. C. B. Green, Edward S. Parker W. H. McCormick. J. L. Michaux. P. F. Duffy. John D. Cameron. J. S. Tomlinson. H. Bruner. J. J. Bruner J. J. Stewart. J. P. Babington. G. M. Mather. J. A. Robinson. J. W. Goslen. John T. Patrick. E. R. Liles. C. D. Gale. McNelly & Singleton C. N. B. Evans. F. H. DeLane. Geo. A. Warlick. 1875 1872 18731871 1873 1857 1873 18771876 18721867 1835185518671872 1822 1870 H H. Crowson. Chas. C. Harryman. J. D. & T. J. Lowry Walter 3. Boylin. W. C. Wolfe. John R. Webster. J. A. Smith &Co. Wm R. Terry. Wm. F. Sandford. L. P. Ervin. L. V- & E. T. Blum. Eugene B. Drake. Ramsey & Brooks. R. A. Shotwell. Hale & Saunders. Hussey & Jordan. R. H. Whitaker. James H. Enniss. Edwards, Broughton h Co. Revs. Black & Reid. J. A. Bonitz. W. H. Avera. Charles & Battle. Woodard & Hobgoo4, u 210 STATE PRESS. STATE VRESS— (Continued.) Name of Paper. Wilson Zion's Landmark The Oasket Wilmington Star Carolina Farmer Wilmington Evening Review. . . Journal North Carolina Presbyterian — South Atlantic Wilmington Sun Robesonian New-Bernian New Berne Nut Shell North State Press Elizabeth City Economist North Carolinian.: Times Enquirer Torch Light Free Lance Roanoke News Warrenton Gazette North Carolina Gazette Era Western Courier Chowan Gazette University Magazine Chapel Hill Ledger Beaufort Atlantic Jackson Courier Northampton Reporter Chatham Record Wilkesboro Witness Lenoir Topic North Carolina Medical Journal Reporter Reporter Republican Gazette Free Will Bapiist Henderson Tobacconist Bible Record Sentry Express Place op Publi cation. Wilson Wilson Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington Lumbertpn New Berne N ew Berne Washington Elizabeth City... Elizabeth City... Louisburg Murfreesboro . . . Oxford Oxford Weldon Warrenton Fayetteville Hendersonville Hendersonville Edenton Chapel Hill Chapel Hill Beaufort Jackson Jackson Pittsboro Wilkesboro Lenoir Wilmington Kranklin Danbury Bakersville Mooresville Fremont Henderson Winston Winton Greeneville 'fiTl 186718781867 1875 184418581877 1878 1870 1874 1875 1877 18681871 1875 18731877 1867 18721877187718781878 1879 187818771875187818781872 1878 1877 1876 Editor. P D. Gold. P. D. Gold. W. H. Bernard. W. H. Bernard. Josh L. James. Josh L. James. John McLaurin. Mrs. Cicero W. Harris. 1 icero W. Harris. W W. McDiarmid. S. M. Carpenter. Geo. E. Pittman. C. M. Brown & Bro. R. B. Creecy. Palemon John. Hall & Thomas. E. L. C. Ward. W. A. Davis. Wm. Biggs. Batchelor & Lockhart. H. A. Foote. J. H. k G. G. Myrover. W M. Allison. Davis, Smith k Ewart. Wm. M. Bond. Literary Societies. Briggs & Wright. Henry A . London, Jr. W. F. Porter. R. .E. Blakey. Wood & DeRosset. H. S. Blair. Pepper Si Sons. I. W. C. Deake. McLaughlin & Clark. L. B. Johnson. P B. Clarke. 1878 I. .A. Ramsey & Co. 1877 T. R. Whichard & Bro. AMATEUR PRESS OF NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina Amateur Our Free Blade Oak City Item Boys Courier...... ... Rose Hill Goldsboro Raleigh , New Berne.;. ; . 1878 1878 Carr & Southerland. Daniels & Griffin. H. V. Paul & R. H. Engle. Howard & Wiley. TABULATED STATEMENT OF THE FAEM PRODUCTS OF NORTH CAROLINA. M FARM PRODUCTS. FARM PRODUCTS. LAND AND CROPS. COUNTIES. CO S-S 3 cflCD < . ». a PS 6a 2 CD CD %.CD < . IS p. a 63 S3 CD «-, fe °k35 CD 01u fa 3 CDCOCD < ¦ ¦" H °« ,25 a3 J. CD CD CD oPh£ • ' - . '. . '. . i_i- . . tow ¦ • ifa-- . i— i . tO t>S- HN) W ' ' '• 1-i.fa. . CO- • ¦ v-< -to- ¦ «T»0)— ¦• CO- CO Hffl OT I-1 Number of Acres in Peanuts. 12900 7924 21876 384 566 707 9189 115 216 731 265 7 21801 8844 9850 5700 ,1345 203 16313 13C 17157 961 967 1057 913 1228 14659 55 3137 1617 5353 1933 1133 O! 10906 5313 1555 7048 2661 Number of Acres in Oats. i-t . . .-.. . w- KMUUtC • OS UHU< -aw ¦ qfr h-i wcooo" to d >— CO #»¦ t* OS oo SOI— 10!^-'-.>©OSlfa.CJl©01 to J- -JSOl— 'OO © «OCO COOO -J tO tO Ol «t O0 iv a- li yi -i Number of Acres in Clover. 4105 1453 3700 249 3 146 184 15 5799 4 2524 657 13 (j 1124 OS OSCJl OO )— ' ^-14-^J- j: MCOCOCO **100K»fa-01 OJSCOL^OO 1-1 CO CO Ul COvl- 4- CotoeO W Ul -l O =3 2335 45 77 23087 Number of Acres in Grasses. : ^ -» ¦ *¦ tO . • K tC • ¦ K C. cr»~i- ¦ cm— >¦ ¦ co»— ' 1— 1 w- MW1H 00 *- 00 )— ' c; ~i • tooooao ta-l-iCOrfs. -IMWOO Cn • —i • to • 0- Number of Acres in Millet. Ul • ¦ £t CO* ¦ COM> otto- • — ieo« • )— >co ,1s. (fa. i-i mco »*s. OS OOMtt'WCO) ^^SSS — ICOC-H©COOOM)(fa.eO© «11— l(ft. OS t« CO)-1 (fa- «o -J V. OS © it*. *- OS i_i! i_iooco SO- M-* CO (fa. ¦ COCTCO Number of Acres in Truck Farms. . Sen — tloi-4- .-.££: co eo • ccui- • uo»w^^oicosMaiKa-i «Ot— 'OSOO t— i ifa. 1— ' © tfa. I— ' OO ¦ cocomco Number of Acres in Turnips. 2770 1832 3696 1920 823 172 2146 364 5668 884 1125 66C 156 345S 1618 2476 3989 542 277 439 1730 593 346 993 375 12 2267 1208 841 1405 126 OSsoC3I 3036 1772 758 1042 1145 Number of Acres in Orchards. *© en- co-* ¦ to- OSOS' * to© ¦ (— i©N5os!3i eioa i— ' tOCO' ©lP- 1— "¦ o; to CO w : 1 Number of Acres : in Vineyards. *-* ¦ D.HO • . 1 tO. as.- (--(fa- ¦ wise co ¦to • ¦ . (fa. . © . . 1-1 . Mi- ifa- ¦ ¦ MSO COOS oo i"i 1C -x -J CO- OS to Of OOSCO -!• OOl-'tO l-» CO « M 1— • 1 — * • (fa. ©lO to. ¦ aCHe OS ¦ at * *° to 00 CO • OOOS ¦ W)v - CO >*- Number of Acres in Cotton. -4 O fe£ !• tOHO« co;o CO -I OlCTiH- coto-1© iocc MNtCMWN) -1 OS Wl ^. CO *o (-1 |_> 1— )— H-i © ;c 00 -J Ossn»fa- »»H > aB>a0oV> o S s a > Pihj O aa s^ Sioa ct o r-3'0Q- ££' 214 FAEM;PRODtJCT§. FARM PRODUCTS— (Continued.) LAND AND CROPS. AGGREGATE AMOUNT PRODUCF.D. COUNTIES. 'SiCD t> o . ,_ y. CD _, g3 13 CD '¦il U . < CDU •n a opu o Is1 CD CD a B 1 OS0) CD a CD3 m o Zj % CD3 n 1 CD » CD0) <" H +-> 3 a is M CD 3 B 106 6 2170 4 1833 CO % CD 0 M L3 B CD •a a3 0 1 CDU 2 i* gci-oa •gSS Cm¦^ CDV 05 1 Alamance 13 4 13ii i08 9 4 12 9891932454 7468 1899015287 319885 191296 73727 166367 133942 584 1754 23131 607 17789 18518 2 3 Alexander Alleghany 10 11121 4 61 5089 41377 5 6 7 Bertie 3 3544 323439 2420 7 180417 h Bladen* 9 5 465 188 2 135 92 75534 47491 52252 70581 (§,997 44601 395790231824191786157669135667 203 55733717 220 2349 58 90867 80024 10 1712 48 9 72 6247 11 3 151015 7407 280 12388 8883 17725 . 28947 19, 1314 CaldwellCamden 1013 15 16 Caswell Catawba 3 42 6686 90 130108115 40 '3 116 13 63692 106286 133715 16157 12529865 64970 298 1618 2644 287 72 115923 75717 403452359300 430072 195603 82723 71774 338682 9414682965 152295142206 12828 251250 313516 128701 76 1681 27093 1) 18 19 10 1 100 6 941010 21763 58368 9534 38523 20 Chowan Clay 9 1 21 2421 687351 28 3078 2672 5371 39999 27. 5 938 187107 43152673 850 23 v.4 15 15 61442 60)8 21702 v5 20 1 27 18540 1750011927 2b29 Davidson Davie . . . : 24 5 556 153J 1365 3692 4 156 95 30 Duplin* 31 32 33 Edgecombe*..Franklin 4 '"3779 342 1 2.3 7645 2 1274 111 24 2 12 795 '"84024 41634 3869 1666 8637922202 128502 4154 1946012814 53175953 96535 279ii8317313258527 ¦ 27205 415710226897484405 101164105723200127197965156904 435618 '"2095 441 ""i6 30 60 120 19017 52810 88425 2272 34 33 Gates Graham Granville Greene..; 3 J :i6 691 275 1080 776 11521965 11600 85 265 1639 25 10 di 66806 .!« 669 1153 38653 36946 3a40 41 Halifax* 1 125 1253 288 1494 6 2022 42 23 Haywood 1 62355 1809 44 4165 - 55345 33894 45 Iredell 1 16 9318 ' 20, 4t> 28 11 47 18963 *No report. OS OS OS -a (fa. t-i )— ¦ O OS OS 00 tfa. ris. -a CO In t-» cc to to i—> CO •*- to *C CO CO •— • CO tO CO ^tfa.Qi~J OS t00t0 50-£t0 © cnto ©OStOCnOCC -5 toco en tOWMH-O-1 co * en so co -> en ts3 -o x so en CO M fcOtO©r-O0O0OS - StOOQtOI-- *>- l-ilfa-OS >fa.-a-acoco OSCTt ."¦COOS to © to tO 00 t£ -1 1— 1 X i-1 eo©i— i ¦— ¦ >— '00 to = os fco-i-JCncn —t GO tO>fa- tO CO tfa.rO OOfa-i-i©^ 50=0 00 1— HO os co oo oo en OSifa- tOtfa-OO co to too:OS OS co en CO 00 cs k-1 *- ©tfa-©cn os co m Js- co to osOi©(fa.-JCn©i-'Oseo©;-i->^:oo ^i o » aa ja on '-* * w m Cn '' ^ to H to ¦— ¦ to j © © • tooo© 3 os oa osoo)-' -¦ oa t— i en i— i os >— < I X - -5 " i- - C —to-.- to co to Co -fa- en i— ' —i to — i tfa. ©oo- oosoos-COtfa-cnosCnm© os©- >fa-tO)— icn«cos>— irf-uiooji m i— '• ifa.cn©coqstoto-^ifa.o .* w-ii »-• coto — , j-; — )— i (-J to tO VJ cntoi— ii— icnco)— ¦ ¦»!-* © eoco cnio!— ' i— no (fa. t— ' co © to ©co>-';o:o©>fa.ootococnocco--;CnCOOtO-l-iCO-Jr-'tOl-'Cn^'tO Cnos©toco©to>fa.cooor-J-ooscn t-c1— -co !t to -a i-» "oi i- OOCOSO.fa.-JI-'COtOOS * toos'-ooatocJToscoootnv- ,_ © .30 '—' -t ^fa. so © co to tfa- en CO © 00 to tfa. to SO CO 4- en en "» CO ? as en os as os en co -a 1-1 i-iw*o©to en —co co 00 to —j 00 os os en (fa. OO -T -J »- CO tfa-oscn "3 00s tO -J — 1 OS -J -4 — * to CO1©-* l-i )-i ©oseowt 1— 1 *o at © Co >— SO (fa. i-no © so to 00 !-i (-.toco til" K>OS ©lfa.tO«C OS «o © m -1 1-* en 00 en "-o i-j oo*--* -J 00 to CO CO to 1—1 OS © 5 *o -* Irish Potatoes- Bushels. Sorghum Syrup- Gallons, Honey — Pounds, Chufas— Bushels, Peanuts- Bushels. Oats- Bushels. Clover- Tons. Grasses — Tons. jro-icooo I toco)-jeno co to ©co to m-OkD-4^1) go en -o © co Millet- Tons. Turnips- Bushels. I Cider— Barrels. itfa-lfa-COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOtO tOM.fOtOtC.tO OtOtOh 0p©^-CO-aCT:en!fa.COtOl-'©tO00-4CSCi>fa-COtOl-'©0 *©toco-JOscnfa.cctol—' I > © VH o !> HM f>g c a ai-3w o o a oHB otc|C- If. s oc a o hi — to ©to fcSh-CO (-• OI -4 CO SO tO — " to © CO CO -a ©I— >co oo gjiooifckcn-g WCOCT tf OtO'OOr-'H CoKcngco OS COCO CO I-* sssss OO COH COMOCOr ^OMr-lO tOtO- 50©. CO tf* • en en* COW toco ¦ COifa.--aco> JHOSO3tCtCO0|faJ -I OS rt*. CO CO OO i*- _. „ - ¦ -^ -i)— i -J mCOCOOStOQOCO>fa--4© 4 SO -J OO OOl— "h 1— ICO MMtCMCO h-1 CntOI-1 £oo«5&ooCiwiCTOs«wc»gjOtOCOtaCO-J'^r-'OOI-'CpCO-tl-' tO tO tO CO CO I— 'r-» H* SO _ r-1 I&oo £:©«s.cn-4toSenr-'en(Co CoooCTcn©S os *g coco OS OS co co -a co CO©OSCO©^1 © co oo to too; m eo to eo en tf>. tO tO tO >&• H-4CS-4 (fa.*r«OS.eO tO tO r-1 tO -lSn~14-l -J to tO (fa. t fc3 - (fa^Wl (fa- © OS ^. ©l-JCO© J* _j[. gpi— iqococo CO- l-i h-i H* I-1 tO (*- • CO CO >fa- to OS ©¦ ~i co i—i© os t-J •¦:¦ (fa. tO t- Number of Dogs. Number of Goats Number of Cattle Lost by Disease. Number of Hogs Lost by Disease ,r-*' OS l-1)— CO CO oo* ocn-J coco en • © h^© co to By Disease. By Dogs. (— © V 00 iSSSSSS£iSBSSaSKSGPSw»-i»«ni»-oi»M Pi Woado1-3 02 218 FARM PRODUCTS. FARM PRODUCTS— (Continued.) DAIRY PRO DUCTS. FARM FENCES COM'L FER- TILI'S. SU MAC FISH. WOOL COUNTIES. CD •a s3o B I CD3 m 74144 4V707 62467 46342 82636 87833214 126585 37348 63465 100436 7864 6849483024 146659 34516 4150 30426 106130 52849291 13765 6736 CO •a a3' o p-t ¦ 1 CDCDCDCD o 360 638 14095189 15 330145 325 1088 46 90 ¦57 10 tn9 B «w O 6 S3 22667291213060 567366 12655301701856 1392346 513192 2138412 776705 981425 1316937 418232 15622302007035 3496773 314698393809290895 1902889 839174 761601 846572 636819 63769 2762947128080519033111638420 899034180350 33107691218090 2937647 746024562855818951 1044150 • 301337 2458274 CD • tH CD ¦S3 CD "P • w3 o SH , .*« ou € 3 S3 A CO A 3 CD S3 B° o 053 • > ' 194 5 67 89 47700 ¦ 502 132 83 178 ,877 85 139708 30 82813 43 580 15172742 65 12585 ¦4.035 135197 261 83 304492 729^ 53 107 1290 317 en •a s3 o ¦gPH CDg 5 S3 1 96 14 1 232 19 503 8 45 129 69 40 482181 244 103 394104353 197 3322 20 107 1379 132 784206 51 431 2 561 35 305 .... 1 11 5 8919 9 6054 3 10996 4 - 4423 5 38693 6 7 6652 89 4832 1011 Buncombe 16173 5418 1? 3293 13 7122 14 . 3068 15 16 , 1742 17 8776 IS 23520s 19 3474 20 1354. 21 Clay ¦ 5599 29. 11441 23 12728 24 1559 25 9.6 Cumberland . 6965 3397 97 3459 98 126183 51260 8131853182 12410 16135 124176 6435 117440 1635837291 45345 5001 1073687321 1725 200135 200 100 360 10318 293031 32 33 6337 3867 3435 5356 36 2S24 37 11194 3R 1079 39 Guilford 135 1 7 4041 4045 49 8096 4344 8743 > 1775 45 Hyde 566 46 '< 13019 47 Jackson* *No report. FARM PRODUCTS. 219 FARM PRODUCTS— (Continued.) LAND AND CROPS. . COUNTIES. COCD°e ¦ US 1-9 tnCDuu < . -a °o*,o"Z, pa B'~3 CD « UCD ,2.5 a3 CD - O 03 <2- ¦Hfe °k U CD CD rj ¦2b la EGV U O <>, o)B 3 CDCDUCD < - ^ CD £.9 a3 CD CD CD « •"n° oBCD G> IIla H ¦HO Ofii p CQ la enCD . « a <13^M °™U CD COUNTIES. en CDs <3 OSri ¦WW O 3 SO •"e a-s3 S3 CD CD U . 2" <% "S9 (,.«£B 1-9 3 CDCDU U ., f. . ' ° , 257106 134795747631 40 35 31 26 275 129 470 18 170 118 51 1 23 15 44 144 33 140 285 8 43 58 91 ' 89 110 83 84 Transylvania. Tyrrell 31 10 ¦ E62 180 8586 Wake 2 49 17)1 2261 87 88 851 2130 986 4019 1210 2 280 9 135 26 13 15772 205 2 4 19 439 30 6 87 206 938 252 89 866 9091 Wilkes 11 15 12611788 92 93 14 44 32 20 860 94 Aggregate, 2 114 8732 8 193 278 792, 433 4211 358503 ' 20408 97664 1125 17286 6019 101,258 *No report, 4- CO ' • CO • OS ¦ t^.. ©. — . ©• coto to- ¦ ¦ h-*COI-* • ¦ CO h- '© tOCO(fc-CO co . ©i i-h k a- a t-i - 1^ OWHccuewbDn co:e>i " © • p>b . -j ©cn Number of Acres in Vineyards. 10 • ¦ co toto * • toos © • to ¦ en- cnccto- *. ¦ ©rt-- »«s. ¦ to- -J *«. W" . • f. -t 4- CI COC71 ¦ ¦ ©-Jtf»-t* Wfr|t**!I • • CJiCOtO»-,COCO»ltC-J * ¦ oswiosco©t>:coi— c-iw VI h-« to CO CO oo ,o **¦ CO ©OS)— •OS^©O00u^ to i— ' S&OS)->((S.t CD ¦ - 00- oo« * to* * * „M • • Cc tjfSCC P- HM> Id. 8 >-> en h-i -1 I-** ¦ -acn' to • C7th-*-J* Number of Acres in Flax. o o CO, ' . t . CO OS • . i-j 4- * oo to. •— ¦ *— ' Ol- -JMK- • ffiffiCHK- -XH-Js-t Oto (&•¦ -* CT> ~ CO h-» • OOCOCJ1-1-J- © to -1 tO ((s. (js- *i OS eD o* CO OS «1 to ^ ¦ l-i to . ejtencorf-. H-pJCOCn* CDCOCOCO M OS* h-1 I-- CO- CO CJl K- I— ¦ OC 4- )-* Number of Acres in Tobacco. oGO 8551 144819 7998 4317 70015 138604 36415 4169 46333 53159 4041 4036 10378 45200 29654 4655 9316 37106 21347 15125 13965 2666553 C7Ir-> 1-*WCO so CO © to© -1 CO* tO CO *^ h-i CO M 4- tO- J- fs: CO rf- tOCO©r-*Ut- tO-JCntJI CO P* I-* -1 CO ¦ ©CO-IC, CTCDO—I — i- atootoi— ' to to • *. to CDCTl— *• >t».*-- CO UI 00 • CO O CO (.- — |4*. . 00 OS CO •ji-pi os-aoo Wheat- Bushels. > O H 114610 47015 124228 286747 340233 535137 285750 343070 127284 216088 54301 122279 72635 214357 343593 169826 106237 418296 31)3502 174000 113778 17197008 tO*- NHM«M WHMM (f=-ooosoo©(4s-©(-i'5oi-ioogsi:-;co-^cnoscocjii— '©©— tco©Co 50-J-4tOP-»tOCOC.:CJl<_TltOOS©CO © © OS (£». Cn C. — 1 If*. CO CO tO OS HOSO-J.OOIH -- r-'COr-'-a-^ KJtOtC- HWH C7t t* ©• — »— »C71 ti-ICT' OS© l—1 h-iOOHi. • -1 t-*C7t l_iCOCC* OS t— CO ^IKl-" tO C CO Com— Bushel*. toCO, ¦ . . t_*. . OS. r-'l-'l-'W. ¦ „_ ¦ -J* l-*>-*OSP-'- - tO • to* -itocoto- • to BH. CO tOUtP-" l-1 <|tO- -4 Ut CI CD (IS. tO SC CO CO 00 £.©• mco-icsa->-Dtout_.sD co to • -J tfft OS 1— © 1— ' 00 CD OS © to - to oo ¦ MOsCD-t 1— "UtfcO- -JCTPJCO ¦ P- O 1— ¦ (P- CO.P* to tO • CD((i.tOCC . r-©-3 322 farm;; products. FARM PRODUCTS— (Continued.) ¦ AGGREGATE AMOUNT PRODUCED. COUNTIES. ' 1 CD CDr* So amo PhP CD 'u is 35 coGJ a3 ¦a Sh O CJ1 CO •a a 3O h I - CDeo K m0 M 43 PW CO 'cDP CD3 1" CO +0 3303CD CO 0> p CD3 « I IS 0 CO 3 O Eh I CD >O 3 COa0 EH 1 CO©COCDS3 0 CO 30 H i§ -18 49 136123953494 70 103C9 15287 3704 1827 15 245 365 31 1345 7733 27436 2 14 2 50 316 2 50 51 5? Lincoln 1 7 5354 51 56 McDowell. , , , Mecklenbu'g* Mitchell Montgomery.. 8949 4534 6700 19557 20305 17554 22305497 670 1076 50 14048 8197 1915 68 1 218 313 14 52 4001 27 57 19992 51023731 5752 37858073 1827 14187 13343834 615 16750 8680 1772410739 3485 110705 S625 1 997 400 4368 40 673 58136521 4606 570 S035 15470 2580 16887 15798010 2500 530 27261377013827030636 727 110347 470 78966 3597 15486 1210 3640074278 13 10 10 162 1585 110113 98 5 585960 ""50 342 1240 56 380 5 50 60 36 248 1374 11066 120 16175 20 87 150 52081 750 6 2428 61 New Hanover Northampton, Onslow Orange Pasquotank. . . Perquimans .. 62 63 290 48 414 6465 6667 229 1 87 836 3 35 15 1 5 1 6869 385 65 430 19 ' 3 70 71 Polk 1065 36739 4886 3850 1162410066 3876 805 5108 16258 7049 29550 ' 568 50 '161 52946 30772 145 12047 234 3945 21604 2805 1816118294 2434 1184113427 4149 11246 1185 903893014218786 91404 130177 14650 1787 2987236596 72737475767778 Richmond Robeson Rockingham. . Rowan .... Rutherford... 56 1 36 1904 30 3 98 160184 10 104311 415 179 6 160 32 8 2914 299 7 2885 1557 2 911 401 1 21 18 4681 673 4 77 2 79 75 530 1751 710 5 808) Stokes 10 R1' Swain Transylvania. Tyrrell 3365 556311103989 5161 ¦ 2432 970 4469 58901 ¦ 60200 7 25 3 11 188 166188 1 208116 83 8334 80 6082 256 3381 10265 2372 11705 5 84 ,=5 15 892 7621 492 809 86 87 Wake 106 8889 •Washington . . 781 22876 27823870 13600 1536 '"uim 601716019722 18377 1990 1 5881 20292 86186131 12000 7 141 9 2717 1 13 90 91 376 224 6 92 93 1375 6725 155 ?64 94 7925 13616 „ 6819 21009 43 941 8 Aggregate, , 558657 604057 584604 16816 •173646 2346936 10197 52147 11955 COCO-' to 1 ***¦ 1 CO J- 1 co- ©. corf*. • f^P-- osi-*. entotoem--cs.ti.p-as • co-fc., p* -j co 93 - 24. S5£2,_* e3s*S..rw>0, oo-D©4-x3s-js-jtcDoo* -JOsto©cncnen.o j£- ©^tOtOCD- ivtOMWM, © -J (p. © OO OS -1 4s. en CO • OS © »-¦ -I OS OS OO ¦-¦ Ol- -n- -^ -J .j- • — I en © CO Cn • j-. — 1 VI -3D -J — OS — CO © • 00 © CO i— • CO — * © CO 5102 - . 1222 2998 7927 95 1981 1015 5213 593 113! Turnips— Bashels. > fedO>H> Oa i-3 to 1 * ' . * . CD 1 - P-- . — ' _ "t 1 -co -j w«fP,-j .H,h^os'--t-r>— ' coos co • — i enco to _i — i co to — it- i • oooososocoif-o to >-¦ OIPMH ©—i os en 4^- - o> to • co to GO- its. OO-l- OS* (f» COCO* oo- pjtoco- HCO to Oi*n • toto^-coen p-os * © -a co 00 en i-p to « — jco- ¦ © 00 to Ji. © to -O -vj :© CO ¦ to |_i(_io ©COPJ CO PJ lb. 00 tO OS CD CDtOCO l)\aO)OlPHOOHOHHenoacocop-iooosenencoas en to©OS CO ©co os to * 4- CC JO ¦ CO OSrfs. • enh-»oo Cotton-Bales 450 pounds. 40 70 321580 rfs.' • tOtO ©. CO- P-© *" © CO h-itOCO co en en en pj to©- oo©- en © © CO rfs.en ento en ©© to CO 00 to en to en pj-4*.- P- to- rf* © Flax- Pounds. 00 s enenCD-XCD . . . . (j to ; M W ¦ PJ - OO -M- os>- ' tstoos CO * CO ©. • CDtOOS ¦ rf>OS OS CO- CO CO CO CD © © en rfs. rfs. 00 • CO O* ¦ — ik-HjstO* OlOlNiPCa- CO-aOS©OSCO ©CO tOrfs.- CD CXI- • CJitOCO©" to P^ )*»- CD oo ¦ en © OS to CD OS 4^ en to © • CO -j* • en-- 'coos- -jcocncncn* en to p - oo at as -j co cd p-i ¦ pj -D en enCO J- k w bo rfs-astoen -Itoco -1 © ©to en topjpj —j co co en COCO ©CO os en en 4s. 00 to to to to co en- en en ->j - co as PJP-CO PJrfs-60 -^ttoos- COOS© as©©- 00 o© Tobacco- Pounds. 0H / P4-.OS -J C7T M ¦ tOtOtOPJ • tOtO • MMtOP'COtOtOh-'rfi. *• *•" pJ l— i tO M tOpJpJP-" ©•¦ to os cc OS » ¦ 4- to en os to ¦ co— isooo— itococsi— 'en- cooscotorfstrf^-— Jcotopjcococo 9?' SSHKili-0.' ^^^SS1??" fi* )*-- 1*-- os © *- to to to*o • ^j©ostoco-jcjt-iripooioos-j rfs.* tOPJCOCnOS* 4- CO -I to rfi. * 4^©4S-cD4i.OS4i-CDh-.tO- ©©OOOSCOOSOOtOP-'enCOCDtO pjpjpj« ; p^t-j tococo ¦ cocnoo tociP' cnoorfv. 4S.P--J* tOu-itO | Number of 1 Horses and Mules 4W © co ,U1 en H' !£:^iP22;;s5¦ 73 13 s*? IP? ti' S°, ft; "* ** -* CT °° OT >-* »-* • osaso:tccoosoarf>pjos-jrfxco p-1- osMCOOO- enco — icots- H-toosp-P-oocD©oocD. p^ uo oo oo uo 4i. to oo en — i en os oo 9?" fcSJ^SSSI SfeSfcS' orf»->_:o©©©ascoto- co en en 4- to en cd to 4- 4- c= = '- : (to. ¦ poowoip- u- ¦ — co as to ¦ to <— M- en©p- Number of Cattle. [-1M w 02OOM CO 00 en CO oo - WPW • P-"— ¦ - —to MMtSMtO * — ' h-< i— > — H tO M os- ©oococoo*. -a m en to pj • 90 00 00 -j -u p- -a © 4s. co - to no 41. -j -1 as cd en to p- 4*. cd 00 — * * osco os os to- >c-)£.-4CO0s- os pj «o -. * 4v en 4*. © tTi en ¦ ^4COcoencD©co4-©OstoencD K" ^KSI^S: ffcri'^SSS' S^^costo^eo©**- coooipuiW^=I5-Sp5>m os- — leoen©© ¦ co en— 1 co ib. ¦ ©co— 1 en » co >— ' r*>5i*» ¦ cd©4i.co(p-j;— j©Oo>— 'en— ito OStOP--. IP-Gi-* O— I tO* CDosCD h->en-i* pJ©co poita ¦ -i.4s.4s- Number of Hogs. COCOtoOS -.o tn* tOCDtO© • lb «D PJ CO M ¦ £CTfcC0enO3rfS.C0PJC0tO. OStOrfs. PCRMH (ta-OOOSOS tci" !fi ?* •-"¦ l~l H * 2£?5S£5?" t*J2;©w- 104.-1 to wo- ©to 4- co os to -i os co- en co co en cd- © 4s. en <— ¦ © ¦ pJtJtocoos- too»ooootoco©osL-i©- P-'enasto©cDCo-J— icncotoeo pj- pj«DJ»ccSs- co4i.en— en- © cd -j cc ¦— ' © © to ^iCO ¦ © © to 00 j—» -tco en 4s- cD 00 pj 4> COh-*-a- COMIO ©>co to- h-ieocn totoen ¦ coAO >P. picn ¦ ©toco - Number of Sheep. CDcecDcscD rc:ccocrcccDCcco30Cc--j-4-j~j~j-*~i^3«j_j ^oideHOcaco-iavi^wtSHoeaoo-iacTiitkCotSHC OSCO i*aosososC7s04*5>OftWtcneJte)ienenenc)ienen4-* oo^acn4-cacop^©wco^>*»cnijs.cotoi>->.©co %\ ouda Ss s^ woo d o P3 D2 6369as 224 FAEM PEODUCTS. FAEM PEODUCTS— (Continued.) LIVE STOCK. SHEEP DE STROYED. FRUITS. COUNTIES. en6DO A«w oCD P a3 CO 03 O as «n OuCD P a3 ID -*-» CD 93 eg *_, CO °5 pp a-« - CO £ o CD •PI <¦/. °s O) >s PP. 5 co S. ° %,Pa> cd P.3P.W < aCDCD S CO / a co 3 CD o P, < ¦ '£ n 48 49 10302152 1353 71 754 94 133149 136 '.. 1426 = 3854 ,2i6 44 32 223 160 207 209; 3624 12128 43413 824 5(1 3493 51 51287 5354 Madison 11081586 982 4 7 39 147 283243 2232 3670 2363 684 7 314 40122320.1 89027 6086 34312 84322 2057 55 Mecklenburg * . Mitchell Montgomery . . . 42906 5758VI 894 10551537258 422 1935 824 1964 857 1619 818 10001800 30 132473 27 .30 3„ 13816(. 5. 191IK16 ¦ 115 21:1226271 48 • 172136 .180 237 189 90 3J0 124 -..- 1380 771 2001 ' 5576 1080 37011319 357820294233 1977 4150 3084 464 i - 208249 142 8199 133118 46 '79 117 100 292 664778595373 227 162 • 84 445 121122177151945 765092506150137 33469 1334 34937 ,8025 78983 6751 9729 2892 2660064577 929622896955790 fill 13033 616263 New Hanover.. Northampton . . 6702 627 64 59215 6566 67 Pasquotank 500 1599 841 63 69 Perquimans 4400 32765 70 71 Polk..., 512 2331,1680,242624152311 1578 23261232 1604 31 107178333 ' n 94 87 131V 5741 89 453 155252 172348239 163 258220 588 19881192 3765 13021943 633 6779 874706 129 1079 107338186298 423401 451 80 227 1212 121 423 506224 504 449 505359 7957 150008 19474 53123 214414 8530755677 29127 53081 101124 8841 72 73 747576 Robeson Rockingham . . . 152093 1075517933 7614393017 777879 Rutherford Sampson 71567 8117 75959 80 ¦ 77470 81 f\t 243 467 769 164i2648 1113 263 803 2 34 287 293 172 251701 2690 884 4112 19 81 250 316 196 40 436 104 872 1018 1529524234 1883 51201 64127 12424 8384 Transylvania. .. 16092 85 85 46463 86 Wake . 20467 87 888990 Washington 1106 939 252613781301 1 20 1238 613 ¦ 184158182211 36 3155 433 8610 133 1525 22 339 70 193 35 iis424289 315258 6378 . 6,18612565031935 2335 214 62060 9100 91 Wilkes 18825 1: * 796 93 94 186 11U17 6 11842 55 15237 249 171336 199 154 47084 80126 • Aggherate. 20385 28482 4191206 3191919 *No report. to CO CO§ -1 *0>« . t-t • .— OO' _• fcfllf- CCCO.H.WM • CO C* ¦ IfclON.' H* OS" bO CM' • rf-eo * ^. av to- tsffia9ogoH.oooie- .-.co CD -*¦ Ctt—Cfito- o o* coco W OO* -1CB • OCO' «OCJ," OCC^CCOCdtSCOCOO- OMMOJMHH^1 HWO,»- -Ji -I OS ¦ CCH*.- ta- os- oscnco* oic- ooas- -aeofcoCTOaieoij^soo^ tn. o eo cyi a> &. co, w oo~iost.o- oc»cn- encnen* -i© Dried Blackberr's Pounds. i3 1 *>- ta- • • ¦ os. pj. • . cnto ¦ coco* ©• - ¦ CDOocn. -Jen- • . otco cocott*. corfs-* • com • • ip»>-*ito©p4coo»co-i- • vi at - ¦ ¦ en -j as CO en © rfs. pj cd ¦ ¦ eo© tO. rf> OS* CO " co" ¦ • " PJCOCO* ¦ • • i—i. — 3cn- itst> os- • • -ac?t tO* -JOtOOO* ©• • • ©CD Dried Pears — Pounds. CO 4S.CO ©COen CO : : :• : : : : en- ootoo • -aos fcoM* gsrfs-fcopi-^nofcococp-*.* cth m oo p- t-> en us. rf* • co est* cop- " Os- toenco-ios- *04-coince- o>towwpu<-iHHw- en © tt- co — * o co co cotP-toco. 4a- co en ¦ eocoo*. ws-- fcC to -a us- os * ©P-*tocn*k- ((^((^©co-j-apjococo. coas-ico-Josoeo-Josbocoto. co © -* • en -j co * p* ¦ ce* co rf». © as • -4Pu,o-4< toosencD4SvCOP-*oot">co- (^©-atocnentotoce-j-jcnco* rfs-ooos* en to en * -s ¦ ©co en as as* caoscnto rfs.- co ifs- o rf> Co >— co-i aso* cn©co©4s-coen-JO©©cnen* coenM- tOP-co* Butter — Pounds. 9 CO I—. CO i~* : : : : : £: : : : : : ¦ ©¦ ¦ fcO- • P*- ¦ -I ©• • ©- • rfs-- * en © Mh-> ©• ' • CD to©en h-1- • ¦ © ©p-*o©- ¦ • © ¦ COrfs" - ©en <=> .b." *Orf^M' ' CO bo* -aflOJO- • N. Cheese- Pounds. © CO 60 .Darj cn . h-L_iHM -to— • HHtOHPMtCiHtO • P-1 HMP MMMH- »-- ¦ H- »-*¦ • | os. en eo co en #¦. ¦ cooocoCop-*- toptpjoococootocopj. cnoocooscocoh-'OSP-'4s.osP->-»- osp--oo. p-i-.cn. ¦ i\rn nf "PnriAla ©. pj©cocooo. cotocop-co- rfs-coencDtnosoocntoco* -Jcnrf»-©coencoco4i.eoo-ioo* oococn* co-ico* Xiu. ui rauviu, ris.* to co co p-i rfs- • ©corfs-coco. cd to cd -t oo rfs. co co eo en • -i os co © to os en oo en as m rfs. os ¦ rfs>©oo* cocoas- tn. en to, ca rfs. © • co oo oo to co ¦ Co©~Co©-JiCOCOtOrfs.' cncoP-cntOrfi-cDas-iCO— icdco* co -J to ¦ "«»Jl — « CO • Si. p-co©pjco- " i rfs. cd co en . co p-» os est os — i — » cd co co * to -^ -i — i oo en p-* os © — i co — i co - cnoos* p-icnits-* 1 Jsw- ©|>0ceci»-o. co ¦— ¦ *.-¦-.-©• ©p-c^ostoaseop-'coto- oscntOh--cno;©cnos©ooos©. ©©M- -KMO1 ' do" I::::: : : : : : : : : : 1 ^ 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1 Tons of Comm'ial col-'fca--j-pj-osto *--a i?ot-jp-'**o«*>oo ¦ ph pj to'toto " .' . co ¦ co • 1 Fertilizers Used. -j 1 . . t£>. cd- en- co Oil*- • * © to -i tb rfs. co os ic -J - ©co coh-irfs. to- eop-«co- •- • H-.H- -awi • I Ot» ' * • Oi ¦ oo- -a- cocDooto- * cnrf».en-ip---4to-i©os* to©aso~iOsencoco* pj- co © • • ¦ osto* ibtoos- i CQ i ft 1 : : i I : i : I I : : : : : ': i :::::: CO 1 * ¦ • '. • • - • rf^- *-•' • ' • • - CD- H- CO 1 O' CT 00- CO,' CO . ©: : 1 Number of Tons. o ¦ 33- CO . COCO ...... ,(».. ©en*. . . oorfs-cn^ SOP-- COCOOCO- • -lO»rfs-OS *-cnoo- oiHHO" ©enenos : : eo ¦ : : ; Value of Fish 4* ..COOOCOrfs. • -J-.PJ-l r'ono-'h-f oe©to --ocop-tooenrfs-to »m»- enP-"'CO • I ^augut. ont-MOP' - ©cDenp-h-.-itocnoscnOarfs.* wtoto-* • p-co* cocDOtoto* • ©coen rfs-oto osco-j to to to> torfs-co- • osco- 1 CO 5438 2041 3767 9387 1100 3253 22782 9006 10897 5305 895 3176 3425 549.4 1939 2705 3093 2600 12187 1216 24604 1376 10951 5382 5752 8748 9C67 4170 3481 8137 7959 3415 12504 3287 148 41751 5792 11797 8990 57Rr-03 Number of Pounds. 3oo et-CCCDCOCDCOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO-^-J-o!rfs-eotop. .©cooo-*asCnrfi.eotopj©ccoo-4 — 5— J— >— J-^-^— lososos OS OS <3S 3sOirfs-Wtopj©ccoo-acTsen4s. 8 asasascnenenenoienencnenenrfs.tt-1 WWO f>> X! CO CD U Ph 53 ¦+3 c0 14 11 CD +c» a. 3 1510 1220 1 16 1412 2115 3 20 3 9 131122 1310 4 2228 3 16 6 2 95 2016 7 23 4 8 3 41 19 9 39 1913 2120 .,- 6 P03 c*CD Pi 3 -> 1 2 a" OS *o. cfl ¦5 4 COJ-01 M as a c? 1 +4 CD a03a CD 1 c03 3 CD HCD -M P3 a 2 o> >— -i '3 s 15 CO CD0 COOCm 2=1 0Os-. 2 COCD ¦5 B3O il 3 1 CO p M (D a (3 "i re Q •3 * 8£ 1 2 3 Alamance... Alexander 7 12 4 5 6 Beaufort Ber ie Brunswick Burke Caldwell Carteret Catawba Chatham Cleveland 1 "i 14 "i . ... 11 1 6 -2 1 211 1 1 2 11 1 "4 3 11311 12 "5 1 1 4 1 1 22 "3 -3 1 "6 "4 3 8 1 4 22 12 1 1 1 14 2 3 4 11 4 8 '"7'"7 1622 2410 9 5 16 10 23 17 12 17 3 12 11 2125 14 8 7 1011 9 10 7 9 21 26 7 9 20 17 1610 3 21 13 3739172115 6 8 "i 4 78 910111?, 1 82 3 2 3 3 1 2 212 '2 "2 8 13 1415 1 2 1 16 171811 12 4 2 s 663 20 °1 6 1 22 93 1 2 61 2495 ¦ 5 1 1 4 2 2 12 1 2 4 "4 » Cumberland. . . . DavidsoD Edgecombe Forsythe Franklin Graham Granville Greene Halitax 4 26 2728 28 30 31 '32 3334 35 36373839 ' -to 82 6 1 12 1 2 1 10 ... 32 1 1 12 571 2 1 3 42 1 1 5 5 5 8 fi 4142434445 46 Haywood Henderson Hertford Hyde Iredell % 1 1 41 1 5 3 3 4 5 ' 6 ... 1 228 GENERAL STATISTICS. MILLS. -H ¦a 03 CO da tn +3 CD 3 . p 0CO O -P» Ort P 0 OS .. GKAIN. SAW. 0>be COUNTIES. '¦ « ¦iH CO ¦p* Qj s O hfl m a 0> a CD CD CD CD 0> C3 3 P •*H 0 .5 I estCD 02 t 03cw CO cd +0 O CM -P CO E I "S J2 O EH sc* 03 O .0 3 Ph 40 24 9 fi 4 ? 1 2 3 Alamance . . Alexander. . Alleghany... 11 30 20 8 9 20 9 3 3 1 4 b 20 5 5 5 6 i a 1 33 h 1 6 40 11 1 5 29 11 5 12 4 1 5 6 Beaufort .... 12 7 s 21 7 2310 3 2 1 4 11 1 26 * 9 8 Bladen Brunswick... 44 9 1 1 9 9 1 7 13 in Buncombe...Burke 1 46 75 33 44 50 2 1 5 20 i 2 3 3 n 3 1 12 Cabarrus... . 5 34 4 12 4 7 2 16 13 CaldwellCamden 15 50 4 2 5 39 2 1 8 1 i 2 23 14 1 15 Carteret 2 3 2 16 5 1 7 16 Caswell Catawba Chatham... . 15 4748 2 13 38 18 10 3 15 9 2 4 33 18 17 2f» 2 ¦IS 28 19 Cherokea. . . 32 1 {¦ 4 1 9 9,0 Clay Clevsland ... Columbus . . 41 12 4 13 5250 C 3 3 3 46 48 5 14 7 31 2 30 1 5 5 2?! 2 2 3 12 ?.3 34 fi 24 1.0 25 Cumberland 51 3 '25 1 35 a 1 2 30 26 Currituck ... 4 :* S 20 6 27 Dirj 7 2 JiS Davidson.... 2 14 4 If 5 ai ", 77 31 1 31 1 14 22 19. 1 20 42 Haywood.. . 41 19 9, 43 Henderson . Hertford.... "2 17 7 1 4 17 5 ?, 34 3 1 15 44 6 8 45 Syde 6 2 29 53 16 13 46 Iredell 29 .... 5 « 4 ' »•». &**• 5 5 47| Jackson Ill 3 GENERAL STATISTICS. 229 COUNTIES. CHURCHES. p 1 .-a 3 03a i i cd ofi3 . 4 ¦ Jl 1 jo 6 .. 3 ." . 1 1 7 6465 Oi-aagts , Pasquotank 3 1 5 66 41 i 31 0 r 1l 1 48 1 i ¦ 7 i 3C 2 68 .69 70 7172 73 7475 707778 Perquimans Pitt Randolph Rijhmoid Robe30i Rockingham. . . . i 2 2 24 11 36 3 6 4 43 4 35 2 79 80 81 4 6 Surry l 1 ' 4 213 1 3 S2 83 84 Transylvania . . . Tyrrell 1i 1 1 14 23 11 2 1 "*4 85 86 Wake 87 4 88 Washington. . . . 3 J "3 9! 91 ¦92 93 Wilkes 3 3 12 104 239 94 9 35 21 37 3 Agregate. 283 230 GENERAL STATISTICS. MILLS. en'CD +a O CO CD 'rt. CDPO cd c- J COCD CD 45 CO s 1( -0 q Rrt- 0)p.3 H CD p 0 Prtrtl CO ft cd '£ cc & V 0 *a O03 P. . 00 0 ce rt2 0 H EC CD _P )c 0 Cd < w p -3 ^.CS 0 1 COUNTIES. OSaa CD +o tM 14 2 4 "2 1 5 "o 2 45 446 4s9 8 1 25 4 11 5 2 "3 3 AIN. tH CD -rt. rt 52 8 16 30 6 4013 253032 2630 24 1 1914 42 1 3 14 4 £0 1412 5825 45 3716 45562(60 46 13 27 "38 aOSCD +a» 03 1( •27 2 "7 2 10 "4 15 35 5 6 9 3 6 4 10 "ii "2 3 4 1 3 "s 2 1 '"•6 6 c +a a £ 18 3 6 30 8 3010 15 6 16 13 20 12 2 4 25 1 2p. 1 1S- 45 373013 14 7 2225 11 35 3016 32 CO OO ••H rt. PQ 0 a p 48 Johnston . . . Madison . . . Martin McDowell. . M< cklenbu'g Mitchell.... Montgom'ry N. Hanover. Northa'mp'n Pamlico .... Pasquotank. Pender . . PerquimansPitt Polk Randolph.. . Richmond . . RobesoD. . . Rockii.gh'm Rutherford . Sampson . . . Stanly Stokes SwaiD I'ransylv'nia Wake .... 40. 8- 14 8& 6 14 4t 5( 17 ;g 4 S 1 "4 1 1 51 5 7 61 Fftr1 PiO t> !z| O y— i csa>P3i— i O!z|GO 43OS N. C. Agricultural Society Roanoke & Tar River Agr'l Soe'ty Cumberland County Agr'l Society Carolina Pair Association Sampson County Agr'l Society.. . New Garden Agricultural Society Randolph County Agr'l Society... Albemarle Agricultural Society... Goodwyn Agricultural Club.. ..... Montpeher Agricultural Club Spew Marrow Agricultural Club. . Clay County Agricultural Club... White Oak Agricultural Club Pioneer Agricultural Club Enfield Agricultural Club Dixie Agr'l aad Mechanic Asso'n Settle Agricultural Club Shoal Greek Agricultural Club Mill River Agricultural Club. . Crowder's Mountain Agr'l Society Central Agricultural Society.. Thos. M. Holt, Peter E. Smith, J.A.McPhersonJ. S. Myers, J. H. Faison, D.W.CBenbow,A. S. Homey, P. N. Mullen, Jas. H. Horner, John Thomas, G. A. Wilson, C. B. Denson, L. M. Long, Wm Alderman, Chas. R. Jones, 0. L. Chestnut, Walter Hobbs, J. E. Walker, R. P. Overman, N. A. Gregory, J. P. Shines, Jno. R. Branch, John Robinson, E.E.Smith, Sr., S. S. Cooper, Nat. Watkins, G.W.Sanderson James Hall; R. A. Patterson, Wm. Bennett, John Patrick, Shields Morton, W. H. Cooper, R. I. Allen, J. B. Carson. P. B. Clark; Wake, Halifax, Cumberland,MecklenburgSampson,Guilford,Randolph.Pasquotank,Granville, Granville, Granville,Clay, Duplin, Halifax,Halifax, Anson, Iredell, Jackson,Henderson,Gaston, Granville, Raleigh, Weldon, Fayetteville, Charlotte,Clinton, I New Garden, Ashe b or o, Elizabeth City, Oxford, October,October, November, November,December, August, October,November, Sassafras Pork, Hayesville, Paisons,Littleton,Enfield, Wadesboro,Settle,Quallatown, Mill River, Crowder's Mt. Henderson, October, 232 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS SHOWING THE PRO DUCTIVE CAPACITY OP THE SOILS OF VARIOUS COUNTIES, AND ON IMPROYED BREEDS' OP STOCK. ALAMANCE. Mr. J. H. Tarpley, of Company Shops, produced thirty bush-. els of wheat from one bushel sown on one acre of unimrroved land. No fertilizer used. Daniel Huffman, in the fall of 1877, sowed six pounds ofu Clawson's white wheat, and reaped six bushels of clean wheat — a yield of sixty for one. John Graham, late of New York State, in the fall of 1877, cultivated about 30 acres of upland and gathered 750 bushels of corn, notwithstanding a severe drouth during the months of" June and July, which reduced the crop considerably. L. B. Holt produced 100 bushels of oats to the acre in the- year 1878. Fifty bushels produced on one acre is a common oc currence. Of cattle, the pure blood Devon is raised to a small extent. A few Alderneys have been introduced. Of sheep, a few Merino, Southdowns and Cotswold have been- ntroduced. ' The first two do well. . Hogs have been greatly improved by the introduction of the- Berkshire, Chester and Essex breeds. ALEXANDER. During the last four or five years the yield of corn and wheat has been increased 8 or 10 per cent, by improved system of cul tivation, regardless of fertilizers. From 60 to 80 bushels to the acre was produced by E. C. Ox ford, on lands which formerly produced but ten nushels. Of apples, 1,300 bushels have been produced per acre. Cattle generally fine, of mixed Durham and native srdck- NQTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS. 233 ALLEGHANY. Lands excellent for grasses and cereals. On good unimproved lands from 50 to 60 bushels of corn have been produced per acre, while on improved lots as much as 100 have been realized. Rye and wheat yield a good average without extra labor- Irish potatoes yield finely, from two to three hundred bushels per acre being easily produced. One hundred and twenty-five gallons of Sorghum per acre have been produced. On lands well adapted to grasses, from two to three tons of Timothy per acre are produced, with good treatment. Cotswoid and Southdown Sheep are bred, both of the pure blood and mixed with native stock. ANSON. T. J. Candle, in 1877, produced 50£ bushels of corn on one acre, and one on an improved lot produced 1857 pounds of seed cotton per acre. No commercial fertilizers used. James G. Caraway produced, 100 bushels of sweet potatoes on one eighth of an acre. Of cattle, the Jersey, Ayrshire and Durham breeds have been introduced and do well. The Berkshire hog has been introduced with satisfactory re sults. Mrs. J. S. Branch planted on an acre of land, slightly ma nured with wood ashes, half a bushel of chufas, which produced 295 bushels gathered, aud as many left for the hogs, besides 1800 pounds of hay which paid all expenses of the crop. BEAUFORT. A yield of from 40 to 60 bushels of corn per acre is frequently obtained. The largest on record was 100 bushel*, or 20 barrels, which was produced on one acre. Of cotton, as high as 600 pounds of lint (or 1,800 pounds of 234 NOTES PROM CORRESPONDENTS. seed cotton) have been produced to the acre, while 400 pounds per acre is of frequent occurrence. The Durham and Ayrshire cattle and the Essex and Poland* China hogs are bred. The Berkshire does well and is considered the best. Edward L. Hoyt produced 1,700 pounds lint cotton per acre. Our correspondents report gratifying results from the system of producing farm supplies at home, and it is rapidly growing in favor among farmers who formerly produced only cotton and depended on that crop to purchase them in northern markets. BERTIE. John Wilson produced 2,600 pounds of seed coeton on one acre of ground, and 13 barrels, or 75 bushels, of corn per acre. 400 bushels of sweet potatoes to the acre were produced by the same party. On 15 acres of swamp land W. H. Spivey produced an aver age of 95 bushels per acre. No fertilizers used and not much • cultivation. Mack Deberry, colored, produced a crop of corn averaging 70 bushels to the acre, with no manure of any kind. The Berkshire and Poland-China hogs and the Devon and Short-Horn cattle have been introduced and do well. BLADEN. This county reports a fine yield of sweet potatoes. In 1877 the great drouth cut most of the crop short. ^Improved breeds of hogs, among them the Berkshire, thrive BRUNSWICK. Geo W Swain produced 77 bushels of com per acre, on swamp land, without manure. B. F. Holden made 70 bushels NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS. 235 on common pine land. M. W. Hilbern produced 500 bushels of .sweet potatoes per acre. Edward W. Taylor produced 1800 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Dr. Jno. D. Bellamy produced . 300 bushels of chufas on one acre. Jno. D. Taylor planted 30 acres of rice, which yielded an average of 75 bushels per acre. Upland rice is grown with an average of 25 bushels per acre. Sheep do well and are very numerous. •Berkshire, Essex and Chester hogs have been introduced and bred with good results. BUNCOMBE. L. M.' Hatch produced 100 bushels of corn on one acre. Capt. Polk produced 50 bushels of wheat to the acre. „ Apples and grapes of the finest quality are grown, - Good Ayrshire and Devon cattle; also the Angora goat. , Berkshire and Essex hogs are bred with great success. On improved lands, 80 bushels of corn and 125 bushels of po tatoes have been produced to the acre. Tobacco of fine quality is grown in this county. BURKE. Of improved stock, Burke has the Devon and Ayrshire cattle, the Merino and Southdown sheep, the Essex, Berkshire and ¦White Chester hogs. All except the lart do well. Pigs from 8 to 9 months old are reported as weighing from 250 to 320 pounds. County well adapted to sheep husbandry, but suffers heavy loss by dogs. The farmers are anxious to have a "dog law." CABARRUS. Corn, wheat and oats are reported of a good average yield. ,... The Essex, Poland-China, Berkshire and Chester breeds of ijiogs are bred with success and profit. A portion of this county 236 NOTES PROM CORRESPONDENTS. has been under stock laws which work admirably and are be coming popular. All opposition has ceased and farmers are rapidly improving their condition . CALDWELL. J. C. Harper produced 75 bushels of white wheat from three- bushels sown. Thirteen and a half bushels to the bushel of seed. was averaged through the entire crop of J. H. Abernethy. Devon cattle, the Berkshire and other improved breeds of hogs, are kept by many, and there is a disposition shown to- keep fewer hogs and have better ones. Mr. John M. Houck reports the extraordinary yield of 160' bushels of corn, 670 bushels of sweet potatoes, 29 bushels of wheat and 1200 bushels of Irish potatoes, per acre, as being- made on Lower Creek. On Mulberry Creek 700 bushels of sweet potatoes and 35 bushels of wheat, and on Blue Ridge- 1200 bushels of Irish potatoes. The Southdown sheep and Essex and Chester breeds of hogs- thrive well. CAMDEN. The average fertility of soil and adaptability to various crops- is probably not surpassed by any county, though no extraordinary yield is reported. In improved stock the pure blood is largely incorporated in the grades. Devon and Durham in the cattle, Cotswold and' Southdown in sheep and Bekrshire and Essex in the hogs. Horses, cattle and hogs thrive well; sheep not so well. CARTERET. Swamp lands are unsurpassed in the production of corn per acre. Uplands, unimproved, yield 25 bushels per acre. Dr.. G. N. Eunett has produced 1500 pounds of seed cotton per acre- NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS. 237 on river lands, without manure. Stephen Holland produced 2,100 pounds of seed cotton on one acre with home-made ma nure. Lands with clay sub-soils average one bale per acre. The cultivation of watermelons is becoming an important feature. As many as 700 first-class melons have been produced per acre. Of sweet potatoes, 300 bushels to the acre is consid ered a good yield. J. L. Bell, of Newport; producod 1,500- bushels of rice on 30 acres. Improved breeds of cattle and hogs are being introduced. Marsh ponies seem to be indigenous to this county, CATAWBA. Jackson Hoffman produced 36 bushels of wheat per acre. Capt. F. R. Beck 37^ bushels of wheat on one acre, with a light application of stable manure. L. R. Whitnar produced 1,200* pounds of seed cotton per acre. William Self produced 97 bush els of corn per acre. Southdown and Merino sheep are bred; also the Berkshire and Poland-China hogs. The Devon and Ayrshire cattle have been introduced. CHATHAM. J. W, Cox, in the year 1877, produced 40 bushels of wheat. per acre on improved land. A. B. Chapin produced an average of 20 bushels per acre throughout his entire crop. Wm. Hunly, of Snow Camp, produced 30 bushels of wheat per acre. Of corn, many farmers have produced 50 bushels per acre. Wm. 'Stout produced 300 bushels of Irish potatoes on one acre. J B. Guthrie produced -105 gallons of sorghum on f of an acre. "^ Of cattle, the Devon, Ayrshire and Alderney are bred with good results. The Cotswold sheep, crossed on the ordinary scrub stock, have proved remunerative, and the lambs at one year old shear :: from 6 'to 10 pounds of wool. Sheep husbandry would prove '''very profitable but for the great destruclion by the many worth- f less curs; 238 NOTES PROM CORRESPONDENTS. CHEROKEE. R. C. Washburne produced 183 bushels of wheat on 11 acres. John Cresenberry produced 200 bushels of corn on 2 acres of land, with home-made manure. William Beal produced 400 gallons of syrup from one acre of sorghum cane, and 100 bushels •of turnips on a lot measuring 30x80 feet. Live stock have been much improved by the introduction of the Durham and Ayrshire cattle and the Berkshire and Poland- China hogs. The last is becoming well known and hardy, free from disease and prolific, fattens easily and becomes of good size at an early age. CLAY. W. P. Moore produced 325 bushels of corn on five acres of bottom land, without fertilizers. Jeremiah Hill produced 13 bushels of Flint Wheat to the bushel of seed. J. W. Sherrer made an average of 12 bushels of wheat to the bushel of seed on unimproved lands. Ayrshire, Devon and Durham cattle, Cots wold sheep and Po land-China hogs are bred with profit. CLEVELAND. J. K. Wells produced, on improved land, 2,010 pounds of -seed cotton per acae. An average of 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre is obtained by many. Rev. Wade Hill produced 26 bushels of wheat to the bushel of seed sown. On the Buffalo bottoms an average of 100 bushels of corn per acre has been pro duced, and in one instance 125 bushels were produced on one acre. Clover and other grasses do well. Chester White, Poland-China and Berkshire hogs are bred.- ihe Essex and Chester are considered the most profitable. NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS. 239- CRAVEN. ^ Some very large yields of cotton and corn have been reported from this county and published by various papers throughout I the State. Mr. B. Weathersbee produced thirty 450-pound bales of cotton on 22 acres of land, which is not considered an extraordinary crop when the seasons are favorable. Of corn, '110 bushels per acre have been produced by many. Paul Jones, in 1877, planted 4 acres in early. peas, from which he realized : 480 bushels, or 120 bushels per acre. Prom the same lot he ' gathered six tons of peavine forage for feeding stock. Dr. Smallwood, of New Berne, has imported some fine Berk shire hogs, which are highly prized. CUMBERLAND. G. W.'Bullard produced 88 bushels of corn on one acre. W. B. Draughon produced 480 bushels of sweet potatoes per acre. N„ L. Ray produced 50 bushels of rice per acre, and 7,000 pounds of .crab grass hay on one acre. Some swamp lands, without ma nure, have produced 60 bushels of corn per acre. The Devon and Durham cattle have been introduced; also the Southdown and Leicester breeds of sheep, all of which have- done well. -4!Crops of chufas have yielded finely and have become popular. CURRITUCK. Upon the lands known as the Bull Yard, 90 bushels of corn have been raised to the acre without manure. »:?The crop of watermelons has reached the number of 10,000 (?) . to the acre. Mr. T. F. Baxter has a breed of hogs (Berkshire crossed on |Poland-Ohiua) that, with ordinary feeding, will weigh, when 10- months old, about 200 pounds net. 240 NOTES PROM CORRESPONDENTS. DAVIDSON. Alfred Hargrave, in 1876, on sandy upland soil, produced 20 bushels of wheat to the acre, without manure. On red land he produced 60 to one, with top dressing of fertilizer.' Jno. A. French, in 1877, produced 43 bushels of fine wheat from 1£ bushels of seed sown. The Berkshire and Poland-China hogs, both of the pure blood •and crossed on the common stock, are bred with gratifying re sults. Col. T. M. Holt, on Linwood Farm, produced 3LJ- bushels of Fultz wheat per acre, on 27£ acres of land. Entire crop of 140 bushels of seeds sown averaged 20 bushels per acre. All on clo ver fallow; This gentleman has a breed of 50 fine Devon cattle on the same farm, and produced 50 tons of turnips. DUPLIN. James F. Shine produced .9,800 pounds of seed cotton on four acres, and 340 bushels of chufas on one acre; also 100 bushels of oats on one acre. 6. W. Sutton produced 60 bushels of corn on one acre, and 1-6 bales of cotton on 15 acres. Wm. S. Bowden makes from 50 to 75 bushels of rice per acre. Improved breeds of Durham cattle, Southdown sheep, Jersey red and Berkshire hogs, are bred extensively. . EDGECOMBE. Jesse Mercer produced 70 bales of cotton on 60 acres. Joel Cotton produced 70 bales on 50 acres. Many farmers have pro duced from 18 to 20 bales to the plow with a sufficiency of farm ' supplies to be self-sustaining. Fine yields of Timothy and Orchard grass are reported. M. J. Battle produced 1000 bush els of turnips on one acre. Corn usually yields from 20 to 30 bushels on unimproved lands. Improved breeds of cattle and hogs>re being introduced. NOTES PROM CORRESPONDENTS. 241 FOESYTH. From 50 to 60 bushels of corn per acre have been produced and, on improved lands, tobacco has proved very profitable. Clover, Orchard grass and peas show fine results. Improved breeds of cattle and sheep are becoming well known and do well. The Poland-China, Essex, Chester and Berkshire hogs are bred to some extent. J. H. Totten, in 1877, produced 35 bushels of wheat per acre, on clover land. M. L. Whicker 1,100 pounds of tobacco per acre, on old field pine land. A. G. Voss produced 500 bushels of sweet potatoes on one acre. From 40 to 75 bushels of corn per acre have been produced by many, j ^oland-China and Berkshire -hogs are bred with good results FEANKLIN. /laj. R. Stallings produced 4,300 pounds of seed cotton on one acre. In 1876, O. L. Ellis reaped 61 pounds of wheat from one pound of seed. Henry Best, 1876, produced 2,945 pounds of seed cotton per acre on unimproved land. Daniel Insco, produced, in the same year, 2,225 pounds on one acre. J. J. Jones produced 7. bales on 4 acres, and in 1878 produced 100 bushels of wheat on the same land. David Yarborough, in 1,1878, produced 500 bushels of potatoes on one acre. The Berkshire and Chester hogs are bred freely and do well. Henry Pearce produced, in 1875, 49 bales of cotton on 29 acres of land. In 1876 he produced 47 bales', and in 1877, 45 bales on the same lot of 27 acres. In 1878 he produced 28 bales on 28 acres, notwithstanding the severe hail which- damaged the •crop. GASTON. William Baker produced 12£ bushels of wheat from l-§- gallons of seed sowed broad-cast. A. P. Craft produced 1,617 pounds -of seed c tton from one acre an 20 rods. 84S" NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS. Of sheep, the Southdown and Merino, and the Berkshire and Poland-China hogs which have been introduced, do well and are becoming better known. GATES. The alluvial and "Pocosin" lands, when first cleared, fre quently produce from 40 to 60 bushels of corn per acre. On uplands, when improved, the yield of cotton is from 1 to 1£ bales to the acre; oats 30 to 40, and wheat 20 to 30 bushels per acre. Tobacco, sorghum, peas, peanuts, Irish and sweet pota- ' toes are cultivated suceessfully. The Poland-China and Berkshire hogs are bred profitably. The Chester White is not considered so good. GRAHAM. Soil rich and fertile, though our special reporter sends no record of extraordinary yield. The Essex, Poland-China and Berkshire hogs thrive well. Sheep husbandry very successful, with little or no trouble. GRANVILLE. D. Tilley produced $600.00 worth of tobacco per acre under the improved system of curing it yellow. This county is uui- ' versally considered the best for fine tobacco in the State. Improved breeds of cattle, hogs and sheep have been intro duced and widely known. Berkshire hogs are generally bred and have proved very profitable. GREENE. Elias Carr produced 3,300 pounds of seed cotton on one acre. R. A. Darden, in 1878, produced 400 bushels of sweet potatoes ;' per acre. The productive capacity of the soil is claimed to^be unsurpassed in the State. NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS. 24K Improved breeds of stock are reported as doing well. The Berkshire hog is the favorite breed. GUILFORD. Uriah Lamb, in 1877, produced 1,000 bushels of corn on 2© acres of land. Col. J. T. Morehead produced an, average of 59 bushels of corn per acre, on a lot of 50 acres of land. Henry A. Garvis produced 400 bushels of Irish potatoes on one acree, J. S. Ragsdale produced 100 bushels of sweet potatoes on one half acre. W. H. Idol produced 350 bushels of turnips on one half acre. D. W. C. Benbow produced 6,900 pounds of Orchard grass per acre. Improved breeds of cattle, hogs and sheep are bred freely ani with profit. HALIFAX. R. A. Patterson produced on bottom lands, without manure, 100 bushels of corn per acre. On the same kind of land, Thos. W. Harris produced 95 bushels per acre. Henry A. Hand pro duced 66 bushels of wheat on li acres, and an average of • 35 bushels per acre throughout his entire crop of 50 acre, s J. E. Bue produced 3,100 pounds of seed cotton per acre. B. D. Gray produced 23 bales of cotton, averaging 470 pounds each, on 25 acres of improved land. One field of 52 acres on Roanoke river produced an average of one bale per acre for 5 years in suc cession. Along the Roanoke river an average product of 75 j?bushels of corn per acre has been produced by many. T. W. Nicholson and A. H. Davis, on improved land, produced on large areas from 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of seed cotton per acre. [Dr. Garrett, of Ringwood, produced 90 bushels of corn on one • acre, and over 2,600 pounds of seed cotton on another acre. Improved breeds of stock have been introduced. The Bert- shire hog, is the favorite breed. 16 244 NOTES PROM CORRESPONDENTS. HARNETT. D. McN. McKay, in 1876, produced 2,220 pounds of seed cotton on one acre of improved land. The product of this acre, when ginned and sold, amounted to $92.60. In 1877 the same gentleman produced a] crop of turnips estimated to weigh be tween 30 and 50 tons per acre, and 40 bushels of wheat on the same quantity of land. Improved breeds of hogs are commojri, the Berkshire and Po land-China being the most popular. HAYWOOD. The heaviest yield of wheat reported in this county was 60 bushels per acre. The Norman Percheron horse was introduced by Mr.-R. H. Penland,. and is considered the best breed of farm horse known. Devon cattle, improved breeds of, sheep and the Essex and Berkshire hogs are bred and are said to thrive well. HENDEESON. Mr. Jonathan Maxwell produced 35 bushels of. wheat per acre. Kirkwood King produced an average yield of 20 bushels of wheat per acre on a lot of 20 acres. J. M. Leyda, of Edneys- ville, produced 750 bushels of Irish potatoes per acre. Of improved breeds of hogs the Chester-White and Essex are known, The latter breed is considered the most profitable. HERTFORD. W. S. Taylor produced 24 bales of cotton on 20 acres. L. T. Tyler produced 2,500 pounds of seed cotton on one acre. Capt, Long Taylor produced 12 bales on 7 acres. No extra yield of cereals or root crops reported by our correspondent. Improved breeds of hogs and cattle are being introduced. NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS. 245 HYDE. Our correspondents in this county report no extra yields of ( Ansonville II Polkton tt Jefferson, C. H 300 500 mi 582 9573 8379 4632 13011 It Northeast 36 miles tt East 18 miles tt It Southeast 22 miles 11 Southeast 30 miles Windsor. C. H 250 50 100 50 5313 7437 12950 It North 20 miles West 16 miles tt ft It Elizaoethtown, (;. H 100 150 6729 6102 12831 It Southwest 16 miles South 13 miles It Smithville, 0 H 900 1500 100 Projected line W N C R R. 4448 13M9 33:623(3 7754 15417 tt " 100 Qi— i t— i i-3O co >d <1 o CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES (Continued) Names of Cities Towns and Villages. Estimated Population. Direction and Distance from County Seat. On what Railroad or Nav- igahle Water. Population of ties in 1870 coun- COUNTIES. White. Col'd. Total. Burke, Morganton. C. H lOSO Western N. C. Railroad .. 7>63 2314 9777 " ** Caharrus, Concord, C. H 1500 200 500 600"100 North Carolina Railroad . . 8025 3929 11955 " Hwrisburg '• " China Grove - Lenoir, C. H . . Caldwell, 1096 1380 8476 " " " " ' 3339 2iii flamden, namden, C. H 5360 41 Shiloh Pasquotank River. near Dismal S wimp Canal . *' South Mills 17 2500 500 200600 250700 500 1200 Northwest 12 miles Carteret, Beaufort, C. H 623) 2725 9D10 *• Atlantic & N. C. Railroad. Atlantic &N.C. Railroad. Northwest 11 miles Caswell, Yaneeyville. C. H 65S7 9194 16081 '* Leastrarg '* M. & S. Railroad Catawha, Newton, C. H No rthwest 10 miles Western N. C. Railroad... 9281 170? 10981 ** ^_ ,( Catawha Station 112 400 200150 15'1 100 jS'ortheast 12 milles Chatham, Pittshoro. C. H 12:93 6839D 6830 " Haywood Near ft. &A. A. L. Railroad R.&A. A. L. Railroad «t " Southwest 15 miles 11 Gulf 11 7296 301 8080 Cherokee, Murphy, C H 200 Cherokee. Chowan, Clay. Cleveland, ti Columhus . Craven tt Cumberland. Currituck . Dare Davidson. Davie , ¦ Valley-town . .' Nottely Beaverdam Peachtree Brasstown Hothose Shoal Creek Edenton, C. H Hayesville, C. H . . . Shelby, (!. H King's Mountain.. . Whiteville, C. H. .. Peacock ,.. Cerra Gorda Fair Bluff Flemington Bolton Brinkley New Berne C. H.. Swift Creek Fayetteville, C. H. Manchester Rockflsh Beaver Creek Blockers ville Cedar Creek Currituck C. H .... Indian Town Shawsville Shingle Landing . . Jarvisburg Manteo C. H Lexington C. H Thomasville Linwood Jackson Hill Yadkin College Teague Town Clemmons ville Cotton Grove Mocksville C. H... Jerusalem Fulton Shady Grove Smith Grove Farmington Northeast 18 miles . . . Southwest 10 miles . Northwest 10 miles . East 7 m'les Southeast 7 miles. . . West 16 miles Northwest 16 miles. . 11 0 275 6000 60C0 Chowan River. Southwest fp miles.. - Southwest 15 miles.. Southwest 20 miles. . East j.0 miles East 17 miles East 27 miles Northwest 18 miles . West 13 miles South 7 miles Southwest 7 miles . East 13 miles Southeast 12 miles. Southwest 10 miles. . Southwest 8 miles . . Northwest 12 miles. South 21 miles 1500 800 200 250 600 East 11 miles Southwest 8 miles. Southeast 20 miles . . West 10 miles Northeast 20 miles North 20 miles South 6 miles Southeast 7 miles East 10 miles East-Northeast 12 miles . East-Northeast 7 miles . . North 10 miles Carolina Central Railroad Near W . Near W . NearW. Near W . Near W. NearW.NearW. Atlantic C. & A. Railroad. C. & A. Raiiroad. C. & A. Railroad.. C. & A. Railroad. C. & A. Railroad. C. & A. Railroad. C. & A. Railroad. »N.O. Railroad. Cape Fear River . Western Railroad. Currituck Sound. Albemarle Sound North Carolina Railroad. . North Carolina Railroad. . North Carolina Railroad . 3081 2318 11-633 5526 84C0 9520' 3991 2401 13868 J369 142 2(63 i948 12116 7515 1140 377 35.6 3C93 64E0 2460 12698 8474 2C516 rroifi ' 6131 2778 17414 9620 OI— 1 03O GOd < I— I d d > o d Cities, towns and villages (continued.) COUNTIES, NiiiriPH of cities, towns and villages. Estimated Population. Direction and Distance from County seat, On what Railroad or Navi gable Water. Population of coun ties in 1E70. ¦ ,. Wh'te. Col'd. Total Davie Oalaiian Ciwmly Line Northwest 7 miles Puplin Mn.gn.ilia Wilmington & Weldon R B Wilmington & Weldon R R Wilmington & Weldon R R Wilmington & Weldon R R Wilmington & Weldon R R W. & W. Railroad 6776 S16'i 155 IS i Hobo Hill " »• i- West 10 miles East 8 miles Southeast 12 miles i. l-^iison Ilallsville 11112" Jul^'- ii(iuib« . . . 170. 5 u. 300 xO > ioo 4(!0ai0!0 600 Tarboro branch W & W RR Wilmington & Weldon R R Wilmington & Weldon R R Wilmington & WVldon R i tar River 78:8 " Rocky Mount 23.'- 0 1 Northwest 18 miles Northwest 20 miles sou'h 9 miles adjoining Northwests miles Whltakers Sparta Winston C H aloi.i " 15(106" "sw'i" Y orsvlli N. W. N C. R. R 'isoo'i" , N. w. ' n! c. r. r t Old Town "G6"3" "843o" T5IU ;, Pi'.-iiViown southwest, 9 miles -. .uthwcst 13 miles Southwest 11 miles Raleigh & Gaston Railron'c Kaloia-h & Gaston l.ailrua.i Atlanta & R. Railroad .... Lewisville r.oiti-l.iirgC. H Dallas ri.H i-iastonia Brevard's Jatesvillo . H RoliinsvilleO. H '.. i'66" 350 I'O300 100 5050 3C0 "i4iV{" (jasron "4172" *'i602 * 45i7"not 11170 "s-07" given 13355 Graham 7721 Oxford 0. H- 1200 imi tic© o5 d (i -snville, .It'nvd, 11 til'ax, Harnett, Haywood, Henderson,Hertford, Hyde, Iredell, iooo 250 100150 59 400 300 20 35U0 500 300 East 12 miles. n.: ilaie-igii & iJaatoh railroad. Raleigh & Gaston railroad. Kittrells Witliamsboro Tally Ho Snow Hill (J. H 4166 Son thwest 10 miles Kast 16 miles North Carolina railroad — uortli Carolina railroad — 15656 6080 Jamestown jibaonville OiUv Kidye Suminervilk1 H 1 t-i s- C 1-1 510 700600 5.0 300 Wilmhigton&WeldonR -'. Junct on of four railroads. 6118 1399J 20408 150 ^North-west 21 miles 200 58V7 "-4;:6" 6498 4i,21 3038 '"sis" 1208 4J52 86:5 Averysbnro , blast VZ% miles '7l2i" 388 330 1000 200 77..0 9-73 4(67 2378 Engelhard Fairfield Montgomci y iisoo" Northeast 18 miles W N.C. R.R. & A.T. & O.R.R 12288 4643 Southeast 20 miles o dw 12!>d< c d CITIES, TOWNS AND TILLAGES— Continued. ^ames of Cit'es, Towns and Villages. Estimated Population. Distance and Direction from County Seat. On What Railroad or Navi gable Waters. Population of Coun ties, 1870. White. Col'd. Total. Iredell, Jackson,Johnston, Troutmans Depot Webster C. H "mithfteldC. H .""ifo" 400 2'.0290200210 Southeast 6 miles A. T. &0. Railroad "5698" 11 03 "274" 5194 "5972" " North Carolina Railroad.. 16897 ' Pine Level Princeton Northeast 4 miles — Northeast 6 miles Bast. 10 miles South 14 miles North Carolina Railroad.. North Carolina Railroad.. North Carolina Railroad.. Jones, Tremon C.H 100 50 S318 2654 .... ., Polloksville Bast 12 miles 5002 Lenoir, Kinston C. H 1500 350 Bast 13 miles Atlantic & N. C. Railroad. . Atlantic & N, C, Railroad. . 5402 6032 11434 Lincoln. Lincolnton C. H 1100 200 Northwest 10 miles Carolina Central Railway. . 6814 2759 tt " Denver , 9573 n Iron Station Carolina Central Railway.. Madison, Marshall C H 160 61727858 5064 404334 4583 6576 Martin, WiUiamston C. H 9647 •' Southeast 11 miles Roanoke River McDowell Old Port 700 300" West 14 miles Western N. C. Railroad. . . . Western N. C. Railroad. . . . 5820 1772 7592 u Western N, C. Railroad Junction of 5 Railroads A. T. SO. R. R A..T. &0. R,R- 13578 10721 Mecklenburg, '2429J OS O 1— 1 dV— I d m d o CO > d dw Mecklenburg1, Mitchell, Mo^g'onun'y. Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Northampton. Onslow, Orange, Pamlico, Plnevllle Cakersville C H 500 100 44725"59 233 2)23 47057-187 'i-iJC. H tidinhoro iVkiu West 12 miles Airt.hage C. H 9021 3019 12C40 K -fit n8 miles ant'ord '•waun's Station L st )i les Junct'n R. & A. & W. R.R 4;2t' Nashville 0. 11 Whitaker's 150 6356 11077 Wilmington & Weldon R.R Wilmington & Weldon K.R Wilmington & Weldon R H Wilmington & Weldon R.R iattlelioro 60 600 Southeast 14 miles 5'l Northwest 10 miles Whitaker's Mill Cape Fear River and 3 R.R 11779 623i) 16199 8510 37978 14749 Jackson C. H 20-J 50 North 8 miles Seaboard & Roanoke R. R P. &W. R. R.andS. &R.R. Seaboard & Roanoke R. R. Gtarysburg Margarettsville Rich Square Northwest 15 miles Jacksonville C. H 100 200125 5173 2396 75S0 Richlanrls Sneads Ferry HiilsboroC. H North Carolina Railroad,.. 11087 6420 17507 Bayboro, C. H 4730 1630 or— I d i— i dd o =S|t2j CO > d Q d m CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES— (Continued.) Barnes of Cities Towns and Villages. "Estimated Population. Direction and Distance from County Seat. On what Kailroad or Nav igable Water. Population of coun ties in 1870. COUNTIES. White. Col'd. Total. Pamlico.Pasquotank, Pamlico Elizabeth City, C. II 316:1" East 12 miles Pasquotank River , — "4180" "3974" "'35151' " "3771" 8i3i Pender, Burgaw. C. H South Washington Wilmington & Weldon R R W.-lniington & Weldon R R South River .'-. . Perquimans River North 7 mil; s ¦South 8 mil"?s Southwest 18 m les (Northeast lu miles „ Perqulmaus, Hertford. C II Woodville 600 7i,45 Person,Pitt. rt Hoxboro, C. H Iroenvillc, C. "H 50(1 1200 Tar River M:;6 8Siia 51 4 8414 1117 ' 172.6 U Pactolns 5;i" 101 115150 It 3341 Vies 'Tolambns C. H VCill Springs* 4;uo roll*. Northeast 5 miles Ashboro. 0. H 275 14345 aco'j 17P51 200 'ledar Palls 300400 250 1200 50 ¦ Laurinbuvg Carolina Cent ral Railway. . 6284 6308 12882 Richmond, 1 „ Carolina Central Railway.. Rtehmrad,Robeson, Roekhagham, Rowan, Rutherford, , Sampson,Stanly.Stokes;Surry, Swain, Transylvania, Tyrrell, Union, Wake, laurel Hill Mangum Lumberton, C . H Shoe Heel Red Banks. Moss Neck Wentworth, C. H Stoneville Leaksville Ruffln Reidsville : Lawsonville Madison Salisbury, C. H Wold Hill.: China Grove Enochsville Rowan Mills Franklin Rutherfordton, C. H. Burnt Chimney Clinton C. H Giddinsville Herringsville Albemarle, C. H ' 'enter Big Lick Danbury, C. H.... Germanton • Prestonville Sandy Ridge Dobson, C. H Mount Airy Elfein Rockford Siloam Charleston, C. H Brevard, C. H Columbia, C. H Monroe, C. H Grifflnville Raleigh, C. H Forestville Wake Forest... :.. Rolesville '.....:.. Witty 800210 210 700125 1200 300 476 125800 50 260250 100 2 0 500100 3i'0S01 270 > 50 Southeast. 18V£ miles. North 25 miles... West 20 miles. West 18 miles. West 14 miles. Northwest 11 miles. North 8 miles Northeast 17 miles. . East. 7 miles East 14 miles West 15 miles Southeast 14 miles. . South 10 miles Southwest 18 miles. West 14 miles West 4 miles Southeast 6 miles. Northeast 14 miles. Southeast 18 miles. . South 13 miles . West 16 miles.. South 1-1 miles Northeast 9 miles.. Northeast 12 miles. Northeast 12 miles. South 18 miles Southeast 12 miles. East 15 miles East 10 miles. North 15 miles North 16)4 miles... Northeast 16 miles. West8miles Carolina Central Railway . Carolina Central Railw.iy. Carolina Central Radway. Carolina Central Railway. Carolina Central Kailway. Richmond & Danville 11. R Richmond & Danville R. R. Richmond & Danville R. R, W.N. C. R.R. &N C. R R North Carolina Railroad.. Western N. C Railroad. .. Seuppeniong River Carolina Centrnl Railway. . Carolina Central Railway.. Junction of three railroat s Raleigh & Gaston Railroad Kaleigh & Gaston Railroac NC RR k R A AAL RR. H-,93 I15f3 10.79 liOOO 7i*6 E6 0 32272671 952$ 19468 16; 02 15708 C 5307 2612 tooo 128a ir.6. ¦01 13H2 '.614 16184 16810 13121 21 000 8315 11208 11252 3536 4173 12217 35652 > dd>od isOS- CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES— ( Continued. ) Names of < ities Towns and Villages. Estimated Population. Direction and Distance from County Seat. On what Railroad or Navi gable Water. Population of Coun ties in 1870. White. Col'd. Total. Wake, Morrisville " Ar.ex Warrenton C. H Southwest 15 miles R. & A. A. L. R. R Warren, near R. & G. K. R 6(003739 14f00 2777 2 000 6516 Washington Plj:110Ilth, C. H " Watauga, Boone, C. H 5062 10780 225 8740 5287 18520 Wayne, Moldsboro C. H 35"0 231 700 Junction of three railroads Wilmington & Weldon R R Wilmingtou & Weldon R R Wilmington & Weldon R R " Mo .mt 01 ve " u Dudley Wilmington & Weldon R R " White Hall Wilkesboro, C. H Wilson, (J. H 266" 2500 350 20 1C0100 Wilkes, 13377 7185 1662 5073 1553912258 Wilson Wilmington & Weldon R R Wilmington k Weldon R R Wilmington & Weldon R R " " Black Creek : Northwest 7 miles ' " Yadkin, Yadkinville, C. H 9153 1444 10697 " u 11 Mt. Nebo , North 6 miles 11 Boonville " " Hamptonville Southwest 8 miles Yancey, Burnsville, C. H 56fl 308 5909 SILK CULTUEE. 267 SILK CULTUEE. The general prevalence of westerly winds which give a dry and warm summer climate to North Carolina makes it a healthy home for the silk worm. The mulberry tree grows with great vigor and healthfulness throughout the middle and eastern sec tions of the State. Silk has been raised in Cumberland county on a small scale for a number, of years and an experiment made in Eayetteville but a few years since proves that the percentage of loss by dis ease of the worm is very small. Mrs. W. J. Caldwell of Lincoln county has on exhibition at the Agricultural' museum a small hank of silk made by her which is very beautiful. The subjoined letters give some idea •of the profits which may be had from this industry and when •considered as work suited to females and those not able to un dergo the hardship of field labor, the subject certainly commends itself to the attentive consideration of our people. Mr. Ed. Easnach, of the city of Ealeigh, who has been a very successful silk culturist contributes the following : "Silk culture was attempted and carried on with fair success during the time of the American Colonies but the war of the Eevolution checked it, the means of exporting the raw silk . having been cut off. About 40 years ago the the Morus Multicaulis fever put silk -culture again on its feet, but the extravagant and false state ments of interested parties and the speculating and gambling mania that followed, prejudiced its interests. Every body went to growing trees and nobody to making silk. It ended in com plete failure. It is worthy of notice, however, and indeed it ahould always be borne in mind that if silk culture has not been a success it was no fault of the climate. On the contrary when ever our native grown silk was put to a test it always proved to lie of excellent quality. Dr. Elliot states that in 1759 the ex- ,KS SILK CULTUEE. port of raw silk to England for that year from Georgia alon» exceeded 10,000 pounds and it was of such excellent quality that it sold in London at from two three shillings more per' pound than thai from any other part of the world. Again, Prof. Kerr had some North Carolina cocoons exhibited at the World's Fair in Philadelphia which, after having been reeled were pronounced by experts of most excellent quality, another proof of the high valuation of the North Carolina cocoons.- Prof, A. Rowland, author and scientist of Orbe^ Switzerland, having seen some of my cocoons sent me a few weeks ago a lot of silk worm eggs of a very precious breed to- save the cocoons raised from them — silk worm eggs all the way from Europe to have the cocoons raised in North Carolina. The above instances should be suffici nt to satisfy all the doubting Thomases as to the adaptability of our climate for the raising of silk worm. But after all the paraiiount question is, does it pay ? Let us see : The prices for cocoons and raw silk have of late years very much fluctuated. While the cocoons were selling in 1876 at $3.00 per pound they are sslling to-dayat onlyll.00 per pound. These are the extreme figures, we may safely put the average- price at $2.00 per pound. Two hundred mulberry trees will grow very well on two acres; ef land. A good medium, sized tree will yield 150 pounds of leaves, which gives us 30,000 pounds of leaves on two acres. A* it takes 17 pounds of leaves to make 1 pound of fresh cocoons 80,000 pounds will give us 1,765 pounds of fresh cocoons. Since we have no market for fresh cocoons we must stifle them *nd dry them . Our 1,765 pounds will then only weigh 588 pounds. (The proportion of fresh to dried cocoons being as 3 to 1.) We have stated the average price of dried cocoons to be $2.0* per pound, this will give us 2X588=41,176.00. SILK CULTUEE. 269-> Expenses : 1 grown person first 10 days, $10.0O> 2 boys or girls " " 6.00' 2 grown persons second 10 days, 20.00, 6 boys or girls " " 15.00 3 grown persons third 10 days, 30.00- 16 boys or girls " " 48.00 $129.00- If we add a few dollars for feed, a few days work for pruning and cultivating the trees, and a few sundries it will cover all the- expenses which would not exceed $160. This deducted from,. above $1,176 would leave us $1,016. $1,016 on two acres of land and in one month time ! How cLoes this compare with one bale of cotton to the acre, the bale-- at $40.00, the crop of which it takes six months to make and. gather. THE BUILDING REQUIRED. Two cheap buildings of rough boards, with fixtures, built with a view of thorough ventilation, each 100x24 is all that is- required. I desire to state here that in my calculation for the above silk crop, 1 have been very careful not to rely on my judgment alone^ but have gathered from the many and excellent authorities at my command. In connection with silk culture you hear often the remark made that we had no market for our cocoons. This is a great- mistake. Marseilles is the great market for raw silk and cocoons. These- aie shipped to Marseilles in bales from the far Orient, as Turkey Asia, Egypt, Japan and China. Why could we not ship them from North Carolina? Moreover, if it pays to ship a bale of! cotton of 400 pounds, worth $40, to Liverpool, how much better- «an we afford to ship a bale of silk of 100 pounds, worth $200„ 370 SILK CULTUEE. to Marseilles, only about 300 miles farther. The cocoons enter Prance duty free. The mulberry tree ought to have four years growth before it can be stripped of its leaves with impunity. Four years is a long time to wait in this fast age of ours, and no doubt this fact has deterred many from engaging in silk culture. But what must we think of the thousands and thousands of mulberry trees scattered over North Carolina whose precious foliage is allowed to go to waste every year. In France and other countries to engage in silk culture you have to plant the trees, invest your capital and wait four and .six years before you can commence to reap any benefit. Here, in this greatly favored North Carolina you have the trees already. You have, so to speak, only to reach out your hands to gather the treasures with which the Creator has so bountifully sur rounded you. I have omitted to mention the advantage of establishing a filature in our midst. Its importance and usefulness can hardly be over-estimated. It would enable the silk grower to bring his cocoons to market, no matter how small his crop. (The small crops in France furnish three-fourth of the silk production.) He could dispose of it without the trouble and expense of stifling, drying and shipping to foreign markets, and this assures to the •small grower a prompt, certain and remunerative return for his labor. To make the culture of silk a matter of great individual and national importance we must strive to bring it to every farmer's door. A filature will do it." A letter from Brighton, Mass., to the "Farmer and Mechan ic," says: "Allow me to bring before you" readers the advantages of raising silk. You have a climate peculiarly adap'ted to this in dustry, two crops a year being possible. The following state-, ment will be found reliable: An acre of mulberry trees will support 1,000,000 silk worms that will make 400 pounds of raw. silk, now worth from four to five dollars per pound. A- single- fair-sized mulberry tree will feed worms enough to produce: SILK CULTUEE. 271 seven pounds of raw silk. One pound of reeled silk will make sixteen yards of fabric. Silk worms multiply very rapidly, the female moth laying 300 to 400 eggs. A million silk worms will need the first week the care of two persons; the second, 4; the third, 8; the fourth and fifth 15 to 20. But children can do much of this work. The reeling of the silk can be done at any time. It will thus be seen that[this business will yield rich returns — subject of course to losses and disappointments, our common lot in this life. But with intelligent care success will be the rule. A standard authority speaks of silk- raising as "an occupation for the feeble and a resource for the poor awakening to habits of industry and of virtue the lising generation. Though a native of the extreme North, a short residence in your State has made me deeply interested in its hospitable people, and in its future prosperity. BEE KEEPING. This branch of industry does not receive the attertion that it deserves, although the following reports from 37 counties show that it may be made quite a profitable one in the extreme* east ern and western counties. The expense attendant on the keep ing of bees is not necessarily large, and the profits from these busy little workers might doubtless be increased by taking ad vantage of the modern appliances that have been devised for their better housing and the extraction of honey without the destruction of life. From most of the ccmmunications it will be seen that the Italian Bee is the favorite and is frequently hybridized with the native or black bee. It is said to be more industrious, stronger and generally more docile. "They ap pear to have longer bills and to be able to reach the honey 111 m BEE CULTUEE. flowers— the Eed Clover for example — wbicb is not accessible to ¦common bees." (Farmers arid Planter's Encyclopaedia.) In response to the following questions: 1st. What Bee is kept and which do the best, the Native, Jtalian, Cyprian or Albino? 2d. What is the annual average yield per Colony in Honey ..and Beeswax ? 3d. What is the average price per pound ? ASHE COUNTY, Through Mr. T. C. Worth, reports that the native bees are • chiefly kept. There are some Italians tnatado not succeed well. Yield of Honey and Beeswax about 100|p)iiuls pjrcobip Price of Honey 12-£ cents per pound. Beeswax 25 cents per '3»ound. ALAMANCE COUNTY Has the native, Italian and Hybrid — Italian preferred.' Ona pound of wax to 20 or 25 pouuds of honey per colony. ^Prica from 15 to 20 cents per pound. This report is received from Mr. D. W. Kerr and Dr. W. F. Bason. ALEXANDER COUNTY. Mr. I. P. Matheson states that the native is the only bee in. "his county. Average yield 100 pounds honey and 6 pounds wax. Price per pound of honey 10 cents and wax 25 cents. Mr. W. W. Gryder of this county also writes, that from the native bca about 30 to 35 pounds of honey is the average yield per cclonv, ¦and about 4 pounds of wax to every 30 pounds of honey. The riioney commands 10 cents per pound, and the wax 28 cents. BLADEN COUNTY. .Mr. J. W. Purdie reports that the native is the only kind BEE CULTUEE. rf. kept, and that the yield per colony is about 50 to 60 pounds. Price of honey from 8 to 10 cents. Wax about 25 cents. BRUNSWICK COUKTY. Mr. A. C. Williard answers that the native is the only bee kept; that the Italians have been tried but do not thrive well. About 25 pounds of marketable honey is made to the colony, and 2-$- pounds of wax worth 25 cents. BUNCOMBE COUNTY. Mr, W. B. Cheek reports that there are no Cyprian or Albino br-e3 in this county. The Italians gather at least one third more honey than the natives. Average yield of honey per col ony 20 pounds. ¦ Price 10 cents. About 2 pounds of wax, prica 2® cents per pound. CALDWELL COUNTY. Mr. John M. Houck reports that the native and Italian both; do wel-l in this county, and that there is not much difference ia their work. A low estimate of yield per colony is 25 pounds. The average price is 10 cents per pound. CATAWBA COUNTY. Mr. W. P. Eeinhardt states that the Italian is superior to th« native. Average yield about 40 pounds to the colony. Prica of honev varies.from 15 to 20 cents per pound, and wax is rated at 25 cents. CHEROKEE COUNTY. Mr. Wm. Beal reports only the native bee in this county. Average yield per colony 30'pounds. Price 12| cents. %U BEE CULTUEE. COLUMBUS COUNTY. Mr. W. M. Baldwin says that only the native bees are kept; that they do well, especially near the large swamps. FRANKLIN COUNTY. Messrs. M. S. Davis and 0. L. Ellis state that the native bee is kept. The average yield per colony is 50 pounds of^ honey and 6 pounds of wax. Price of honey 12^ cents per pound. ^FORSYTH COUNTY. Mr. E. H. Linville writes that 50 pounds of honey -to°the col ony is about the average yield, and the price is 12£ centsfper pound. GASTON COUNTY. Mr. James H. White states that the Italian bee will get honey from the cotton bloom and the red clover, where the native bee never works. GRAHAM COUNTY. ' Mr. G. B.'BWalker writes that the native bee is cultivated, and that the average yield of honey per colony is 60J"pounds, and of wax 10 pounds. Honey sells for 10 centsjind wax Jfor 22| cents per pound. GUILFORD COUNTY. Mr. Jas. W. Albright reports that the native, Italian and Hy brid are kept, the Italian being preferred. | [Average yield per colony about 40 pounds of honey and 5 pounds of wax. Aver age price of honey 15 cents, and wax 20 cents. BEE CULTUEE. 27$» HAYWOOD COUNTY. Mr. A. J. Henan writes that the native is the only bee kept— The annual yield per colony is about 60 pounds, some yield lOCk- pounds. Price 10 cents. HYDE COUNTY. Mr. Wm. S.Carter reports that the native bee is the only- kind Kept. The average yield is 5 gallons of honey and 5 pounds of wax from a colony. Price from 50 to 60 cents per gallon.- for honey, and 25 cents per pound for wax. IREDELL COUNTY. Messrs. J. D. Click and J. McOvercash state that the native* - < and a few Italians are kept. The Italians are preferred. Aver age yield 50 pounds. Price about 12* cents per pound. JACKSON COUNTY. Mr. D. D. Davies writes that the native bee is kept. Th» average yield is 30 pounds to the colony — 10 cents per pound. MADISON COUNTY. ™Mr. J. J. Gudger says that the black bee is most common- Average yield about 33* pounds to the colony. Price 10 cent&_ There are about 1000 colonies in this county. MECKLENBURG COUNTY. Mr E. B . Caldwell reports that both Italian and natives are* kept. The Italian colonies average 30 pounds to the colony- The natives from 15 to 20 pounds, and of wax about 2 pounds. Price of honey 12* cents. MITCHELL COUNTY. Mr. S. W. Blalock estimates the average yield of a colony at 30 pounds, at a price of 12* cents per pound. This is a fin* . .county for honey. The native bee is the only one kept. 19 '-R6 BEE CULTUEE. PAMLICO COUNTY. Mr. J. S. Lane writes that the average yield of a colony ii : about 40 pounds of honey and 4 pounds of wax. PENDER COUNTY. Mr. Daniel Shaw reports that none but the native bee is kept hi this county. This is a good county for bees. Average yield 1 from 2 to 4 gallons of honey per hive, wax 2 pounds. Price of <&oney 80 cents per^gallon; of wax 30 cents per pound. PITT COUNTY. Mr. Jos. Joyner says that none but the native bees are kept «nd that the average yield is from one to one and a half gallons -per colony. Price of honey is 8 cents per pound. { ) .' C ' f 1 C v. I J1Jf[f, Mr. John W. Hutchinson says that but little attention is : given to bees in this county. ROWAN COUNTY. Mr. Luke Blackmer reports^that the native bee is almost ex clusively raised. The average .^amount of,, honey is about 40 jfounds, and 10 pounds of beeswax. Price of honey 12* cents, not more than 25 pounds $>er hive. SAMPSON COUNTY. Col. John Ash ford and Mr. W. P. Weimyss prefer the Hy brids. The average yield is'about 2 gallons of honey to the hive, .and from 2 to 3 pounds of wax. This is for the common box. BEE CULTUEE. .-977 With improved boxes and management' 80 pounds per colony can be made. By the use of the honey extractor an average of 100 pounds can be made. Price 15 cents per pound for comb, and $1.00 per gallon for strained honey. SWAIN COUNTY. Mr. J. M. Earls writes that the native bee is the only one .raised, and that the average yield per colony is from 15 to 30 pounds, and 2 or 3 pounds of wax. Honey is worth 10 cents, a.nd wax 20 cents per pound. STANLY COUNTY. Mr. W. J. Eoss writes that the native bee is the one chiVly kept. A few Italians have been introduced. The average yield -per colony is about 50 pounds — wax 2* pounds. Price of honey varies from 10 to 18 cents, and wax from 30 to 30 cents pe pound. TYRELL COUNTY. Mr. Eli Spruill reports that the native bee is the only bee kept. Two gallons of honey and about 8 pounds of wax is. the average yield per colony. Price for a gallon of honey 40 cents, and for a pound of wax 22 cents. There is a good deal of honey made in this county and the industry pays well, WAKE COUNTY. Mr. D. P. Meacham writes as folllows: "The three varieties most propagated are the native blacks, the imported Italian and the Cyprian. The superiority of the Italian bee has long been acknowledged by all Apiarians of any .note I might state while on this point, that there are five lead ing points of superiority, viz: 1st. They are far more prolific than our natives. 2nd. They are larger stronger and more vigorous. 278 BEE CULTUEE. 3rd. They are more industrious. 4th. They are more docile in disposition. 5th. They are more beautiful. The Hybrid is a cross of the native black oa the Italian or the reverse, either of which crosses produces a bee far superior to the native, indeed tl e genuine Hybrid may scarcely consid ered inferior to the genuine Italian in several important partic ulars especially the first three points of superiority conceded to the Italian, to which may be added its ability to withstand our cold winters. The Cyprian bee is of comparative recent importation, and enough is not yet generally known of its qualities to justify the be lief that it will prove superior to the Italian , yet it is believed by many bee keepers that it will prove to be superior to anything of the kind yet brought to notice: that it will prove, a valuable- acquisition to apiculture in this country I have no doubt. The average, yield of honey per colony from bees kept on the improved plans, as near as we can learn from the data at command, is a little over sixty eight pounds annually, wbile one- hundred pounds is not now regarded as unusual. As to the amount of wax, is a question that cannot be answered with any degree of certainty, since all experienced bee keepers find it much more economical to. save and use empty combs than to turn them into wax. The average price, at which honey is sold in this country as far as we have been able to learn may be placed at about thirteen cents, this is. the average- for while much is sold at ten eents a great deal is sold for twenty cents per pound. Bee keeping we think is destined to become one of our na tional industries at no distant future. No other industry has made such progress as bee keeping has made with the last twelve* years." WATAUGA COUNTY. Mr. A. J. McBride says that there are two" varieties kept, th* BEE CULTUEE. 279 natives and Italians. He thinks that the cross of the two kinds is the best and that the yield is about 45 pounds of honey and two pounds of wax to the colony, the honey being worth 12* -cents per pound the wax 25 cents. WAYNE COUNTY. Mr. T. B. Parker thinks that the Italian bee is far superior to all other varieties. Sometimes as much as 200 pounds of honey is made by one colony but 50 pounds is a good average for the State. Honey is worth from 8 to 15 cents per pound; wax about 23 cents. Mr. Eufas Morgan of this county sends •the following interesting letter. "I have no hesitation in pronouncing the Italian decidedly su perior to the Natives in many respects, that will come out very prominently in poor seasons, but which are not so noticeable du ring those that yield large quantities of honey. To the ordi nary farmer the native ';ee is as good as any for all practical purposes; as the intro.1. ..2tion of Italian Queens, and the trouble in keeping their projcry pure, more than counterbalances all :the advantages. To ', I :e professional Apiarian the Italians are .a necessity for many reasons. With him the trouble of in troducing queens and keeping the stock pure, is a labor of love, and all the good qualities which the pure Italians really possess, are taken advantage of, at the right time and in such a man ner that would be impossible to the farmer. The differences in favor of, or against the Italians, I sum up as follows: During a good honey season they arc not as cross as the Na tives. During a poor one, they are much more cross and irritable. They swarm often er and earlier than the natives (objection- f good would be done to call attention to the most modern meth od of packing and shipping it to the northern market, wheue- alone good honey commands its true value. " YADKIN COUNTY. Dr. Thos. Long reports that the native is the only kind kepi — average yield 15 pounds of honey and 5 pounds of wax; price 18' cents for honey and 30 cents for wax. YANCEY COUNTY. Mr. J. E. Neil reports that the native and Italians are kept— the yield of honey is about 40 pounds and wax 5 pounds per colony; honey worth 10 cents wax 20 cents. FEUITS ADAPTED TO OUE CLIMATE AND SOIL The following list of valuble fruits adapted to North Carolina. has been forwarded by Mr. C. W. Westbrook, of Wilson, N. C, the owner of a large Frnit Farm. 382 FEUITS ADAPTED TO NOETH CAEOLINA. EARLY APPLES. Yellow May, Early Harvest, lied Astrachan, Eed June, Hoover's June, Yellow Sweet June, .Eed Sweet June, Large Striped June, Parker's June, Early Sweet Bough, Early Joe, Early Pear Apple, Early Eipe, Summer Eose, LATE SUMMER APPLE. ^•Summer Pearmain, Garden Eoyal, Summer Queen, Yellow Horse, ..Maiden's Blush, -JPorter, Summer Cheese, Clampett,Gregory,Large White Sweet, Cane, Golden Banana. FALL APPLES. IBonum, Buckingham, Hunge. Grimes' Golden Pippin, Fall Smoke House, Yellow Bellflower, Yandevere Pippin, Wine, English Pippin, Barnes' Tender Skin. EARLY WINTER APPLES. " 3?ine Stump, 'Clark's Pearmain, "White Winter Pearmaiu, Eoxbury Eusset, Foust, MEDIUM WINTER APPLES. Wine Sap. Ben Davis, ¦Gully, Green Cheese, Mason's Stranger, Tanner's Winter, FEUITS ADAPTED TO NOETH CAEOLINA. 283* Carolina Beauty, Eawle's Janette,* Duke, Pryar's Eed,* Eoyal Limbertwig, x Sweet Limbertwig or Winter Eomanite, Lady Finger, Eed Vandevere, Winter Smoke House, Nickajack,* Golden Winter Pippin. LATE WINTER APPLES. .Shockley, Hall's Seedling, Winter Neverfail, Edward's, Nansemond Beauty, Eed Limbertwig,* Franklin, Bar Seedling, Cullasaga, or Bowman's Excel- Johnson's Eed, or Brazil Crab, sior, White Honey Crab, .. Matamuskeet, Hewe's Virginia Crab. The following varieties are particularly recommended for market in the eastern and middle counties : Wine Sap, Wine, Neverfail, Shockley, Nansemond Beauty, Ben Davis, Carolina Beauty, Oully, Sweet Limbertwig, Franklin, Eoval Limbertwig, Cullasaga, Duke. All these varieties and many others succeed well in the mountains . : The Bonum Wine Grimes's Golden, Buckingham, Vandevere Pippin, and other Fall apples are good keepers m the mountains. Varieties marked thus * do not succeed well in the cottoa belt. 384 FEUITS ADAPTED TO NOETH CAEOLINA. Amsden's June, Alexander's Early, Early Beatrice, Early Louise, JUNE PBACHES. Early Eivers, Large Early Eivers, Hale's Early. JULY VARIETIES. Early Tillotson, Large Early York, Amelia,Early Ann, Cole's Early, Troth's Early, Flatus St. John, Foster, Early -Eed Cling, White Newington Cling,. Baltimore Beauty, George IV, Eoyal Kensington, Crawford's Early, Yellow Eareripe, Mountain Rose, Hone\ , AUGUST VAR.ETIES. Old Mixon Free, Old Mixon Cling, Chinese Cling, Tippecanoe, Crawford's Late, Stump the World, Large Newington Cling, President, Orange Cling, Chinese Frae. Morris White, Georgia Press, Columbia, Lemon Cling, Kingsmore, Sally Worrell. SEPTEMBER VARIETIES. Sal way, Heath Cling, Eaton's Golden Cling, Yellow Heath Cling, LaGrange, Steadley, Eliza Thomas, Cowan's Late, Steven's Late Earerip*. [FEUITS ADA'JED TO NOETH CAEOLINA. 285, OCTOBER VARIETIES. Nix October Cling, Baldwin's Late Free, Scott's October Cling, Lady Parham, NOVEMBER VARIETIES, Albright's Cling, Harris' Winter. The Harris Winter Peach originated in Nash county, is a perfect free stone, white flesh, juicy and very good, and bears- abundant annual crops. Frost does not injure it, the fruit has- been kept until Christmas. It is a valuable market peach. The- Albright originated with G. W. Albright, Esq., of Guilford county, and is a remarkably fine peach, bearing abundant crops, ripening- late, and keeping well. A peach of great value for market. The most valuable peaches for market purposes as shown by ac tual shipments made to northern cities from the fruit farm of" 0. W. Westbrook, Wilson, North Carolina, in the summer of 1878: Amsden's June. First shipment made May the 29th — made- various shipments. Sold at $6, $7, $8, $9 and -$10 per bushel. A few of the Alexander were shipped with the Ams— den, but the two peaches are much alike and will always sell at the same price. The Amsden, however, began to ripen first,. and bore more abundant crops. Amsden and Alexander varie ties sent to New York in strawberry baskets, about the 30th or May from Faison, N. C, sold at $20 per bushel. Other ship ments in the same way sold at high figures. Early Beatrice. — First shipment on the 4th of June. Sold us high as $6 at first, but gradually declined in price, and the last •shipment brought from $1.25 to $2 per crate of 3 pecks. The Beatrice is usually small, and the better plan with it is to pick before fully ripe It keeps remarkably well. The tree has a.. tendency to over-bear and should be well pruned. 186 FEUITS ADAPTED TO NOETH CAEOLINA. Early Eivers,— First shipment the 14th June. Sold at $2.50 to $5 per crate of 3 pecks. Large Early Eivers.— -Eipe with above. Sold at $6 per crate. Early Louise. —First shipment the 13th Jun. Sold at $3 to $5 per crate. Hale's Early.— First shipment 18th June. Sold from $3 to $4 per crate. Early Till otson.— First shipment 24th June. Half bushel •crates from this date sold at $1.75 to $2.00 per crate. Cole's Early.— First shipment 27th June. Sold at $1.00 to $2.50 per half bushel crate. Troth's Early— First shipment 27th June, sold for $1.00 to $2.50 per half bushel crate. Amelia.— First shipment 1st July— $2.50 to $3.00 per* bushel crate. Early Eed Cling.— First shipment 5th July— $1.25 to $2.50 per* bushel crate. Eiyal Kensington.— First shipment 5th July— $1.25 to $2.50 per * bushel crate. •George IV— First shipment 5th July— $1.25 to $2.50 per * bushel crate. Yellow Eareripe— First shipment 8th July— $2.00 per*bushel crate. Crawford's Early.— First shipment 10th July— $1.50 to $2.50 per * bushel crate. Stump the World.— First shipment 15th July— $2.50 to $3.00 per * bushel crate. White Newington Cling.— First shipment 17th July— $2.00 to $2.25 per * bushel crate. Chinese Cling.— First shipment 17th July— $2.50 to $3.00 per * bushel crate. Yellow Alberge.— First shipment 17th July— $1.75 to $2.00 per * bushel crate. Large Newington Cling.— First shipment 19th July— $1.75 to $2.00 per* bushel crate. Old Mixon Free.— First shipment 22d July— $1.25 to $1.75 per * bushel crate, FEUITS ADAPTED TO NOETH CAEOLINA. S8T Stevens' Late Eareripe. — First shipment 8th August — $1.2& to $1.50 per * bushel crate. Salway.— First shipment 15th August— $2.00 to $2.25 per * bushel crate. As the spring of 1878 was unusually forward, all the above- varieties ripened very early. The dates given above show when the different kinds began to ripen, and they would last from 10- day s to three weeks. JUNE PEARS. Madeline, Early Sugar, Doyeum de Ete, Boykin's June, Beum Gifford, JULY PEARS.' Osband's Summer. Ott, Bloodgood, Tyson, Eostiezer, Clapp's Favorite. Deerborn's Seedling, AUGUST PEARS. Barelett, Brandywine, Belle Lucratine, Kingsessing, Manning's Elizabeth, Chapin, SEPTEMBER PEARS. Duchess de Angouleme, Buffum, Seekel, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Howell Beurre deAnjon. Flemish Beauty, OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER PEARS. „ -n- t Glout Morcean, Beurre Diel, Beurre Clairgean. NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER PEARS. Winter Nellis, Lawrence,Vicar of Wakefield, ?8 FEUITS ADAPTED TO NORTH CAEOLINA. A KELIABLE WINTER PEAR FOR GENERAL USB. Easter Beurre, "The Morgan is also a fine pear and a good keeper and is said \,o be a native of North Carolina. PLUMS. Wild Goose, Jefferson, Imperial White Gage, Egg, {Joe's Golden Drop. General Hand. NECTARINES. Early Violet, New White, Boston, Hunts' Tawnoy, APRICOTS. Eoyal, Peach, Turkey, Moorpark, Large Early, CHERRIES. Hearts and Bigarreans Early Purple Guigue, Black Tartarian, Black Heart, Black Eagle. Belle de Orleans, Governor Wood, Elton, Knight's Early Black, Yellow Spanish, Eockport Bigarrean, Ooe's Transparent, Napoleon Bigarrean, DUKE CHERRIES. May Duke, Late Duke, Belle de Chaisey, Belle et Magnifique, Eeine Hortense. 35arly Eichmond, MORELLO CHERRIES. English Morello. FEUITS ADAPTED TO NOETH CAEOLINA. 289 ¦Orange, Hardshell, QUINCES. Eea's Mammoth, ALMONDS. Brown Turkey, Marseilles, FIGS. Celestial, Black Brunswick EVER-BEARING MULBERRIES FOR RAISING AND FATTENING HOCiS. ALSO GOOD FOR POULTRY Large Black — the best Eed, Large White, Small Black, Purple, GRAPES. Concord,* Delaware,* Ives' Seedling,* Hartford Prolific,* Diana, lona, Clinton , Salem, ¦Catawba,* Martha, •Scuppernong j Eebecca, Flowprs \ » i Enmelan, Thomas, Arbor W' Mish, j *Most profitable bunch grapes. RASPBERRIES. Brandy wine- Eed, Doolittle, Black, Philadelphia, Eed, Davidson's Thornless, Black, Mammoth Cluster, Black, Seneca, Black, 290 FEUITS ADAPTED TO NOETH CAEOLINA. CURRANTS. Eed Dutch, Cherry, White Dutch, Victoria, White Grape, La. Versaillaise. GOOSEBERRIES. Houghton's Seedling, STRAWBERRIES. Nunan's Prolific, Monarch of the West. Baltimore Scarlet, Triomphe de Gand, Wilson's Albany, Charles Downing, Boydan's No. 30. While apples grow well in every county of the State those of the Piedmont and Transmontane sections are superior both in size aud flavor to the fruit of any other section on the globe. The truth of this assertion is founded on the Statements of commission merchants of the northern cities and has recently become known to the world at the World's Fair at Philadelpb _ in 1876, and at the National Pomological Display at Baltim r in the fall of 1877. Numbers were exhibited at our recent State Fair, weighing over one pound and some as great as two. We give below a list of the varieties best adopted to those sections. FALL APPLES. Fall Pippin, Bellflower, Queen Pippin or Buckingham, Black Gilleflower, Eed Vandevere, Big Eed, Catawba Eed, Capps Mammoth, Shannon, Bonum, Spy, 20 oz^Pippin, Grand-mother Cheese, Golden Pippin, Seek no further, London Lady, Smoke house Splitting, Fall 'Blacfe,- Gloria Mundi,:, Golden Eusset, Lady Melon, Orfley or White Bellflower, Virginia Beauty. FEUITS ADAPTED TO NOTEH CAEOLINA. 291 WINTER APPLES. Nickajack, Wilfony, Buff, Comack, Pharr, Newtown or Al bemarle Pippin, Hoover, Limbertwig, Ben Davis, Holden Eed. Finger Seedling, Halls seedling, Eoyal Limbertwig, Pound. SUMMER APPLES. All varieties do well in this section. c^g^S^THE. END.JSSsj^^a^ »8 ¦W «