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YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

Gift of
Edith and Maude Wetmore
/;/ tiictiiory oj tlieir father
George Peabody Wetmore
B.A. 1867

PIRST GO-VEKNOIl

OF MASSACfflJSETTS,

THE
FIFTH HALF CENTURY
OP THE
Landing OF John Endicott

SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS.

COMMEMORATIYE EXERCISES
BT THE
ESSEX institute'
SEPTEMBER i8, 1878.

From the HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE,

SALEM:
PRINTED FOR THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
1879.

PEINTED AT
THE SALEM PRESS,
f. W. PCTKAM & Co.,
Proprietors.

THK MEMiORY

CoNANT, Endicott, Winthrop,

..AJfrTXS 'X'XXJEIXSt, .A.SS003:A.a?£lS

ORGANIZATION OF THE COEONIAI GOVERNMENT

3VLA.SSACIIXTSETTS

THIS VOIiTTME

IS GEATEFULLT DEDICATED.

CONTENTS.

Introduction  1
Exercises at Mechanic Hall,  5
Exercises at Hamilton Hall,  13
Address of Henry "WTieatland,  14
Bemarks of Edwin C. BoUes,  18
Response of Governor A. H. Rice  19
Response of Mayor Henry K. Oliver, .... 22
Response of Robert C. Winthrop  26
Response of Marshall P. Wilder,  33
Response of Dean Stanley  41
Letter from Chief Justice Gray,  44
Response of WUliam C. Endicott,  45
Response of Leverett Saltonstall,  47
Response of Benjamin Peirce,  51
Response of George B. Loring,  55
Response of Fielder Israel,  64
Response of Joseph H. Choate,  66
Response of Benjamin H. Silsbee,  75
Address of E. S. Atwood,  81
Selections from Correspondence,  85
From Joseph H. Towne, Milwaukee, Wn., ... 85
From Hugh Blair Grigsby, Edgehill, near Charlotte Court
House, Va  86
From Charles Levi Woodbury, Boston  88
From L. G. M. Ramsay, Knoxville, Tenn., ... 89
From John G. Whittier, West Ossipee, N. H., . . .90
From Peter L. Foy, St. Louis, Mo., .... 91
From David King, Newport, R. I.,  92
From John C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich., .... 94
(V)

vi CONTENTS.
Poem by Charles T. Brooks,  9S
Ode by William W. Story,  117
Oration by William C. Endicott,  1*3
Appendix,  181
Notes on the Remarks of Henry Wheatland, George B.
Loring, and Benjamin H. Silsbee, with notices of the
following,  183
Joseph Story, 183. Stephen P. Webb, 196.
Edward A.Holyoke, 184. John Prince, 196,
Joseph G. Waters, 184. Brown Emerson, 197.
Timothy Pickering, 184. Lucius Bolles, 197.
B. W. Crowninshield, 185. John Brazer, 197.
Nathaniel Silsbee, 185. James Flint, 198.
Rufus Choate, 186. Joseph B. Felt, 197.
Benjamin Pickman, 186. Henry Colman, 198.
William Reed, 187. Joshua Fisher, 199.
Daniel A. White, 187. Andrew Nichols, 199.
Gideon Barstow, 188. Abel L. Peirson, 200.
Gayton P. Osgood, 188. Charles G. Putnam, 200.
Stephen C. Phillips, 188. Jacob Ashton, 200.
Leverett Saltonstall, 189. Nathaniel Bowditch, 201.
Daniel P. King, 189. George Cleveland, 201.
James H. Duncan, 190. Charles C. Clarke, 201.
Charles W. Upham, 190. Pickering Dodge, 201.
Samuel Putnam, 191. Pickering Dodge, jr., 202.
Nathan Dane, 191. William Gibbs, 202.
Ichabod Tucker, 192. Francis Peabody, 202.
John Pickering, 192. George Peabody, 202.
Benjamin Merrill, 192. William Pickman, 203.
Joseph E. Sprague, 193. Willard Peele, 203.
John G. King, 194. Dudley L. Pickman, 203.
David Cummins, 194. William Proctor, 203.
Frederick Howes, 194. Nathaniel L. Rogers, 204.
John Walsh, 195. Nathaniel Silsbee, jr., 204.
Ebenezer Shillaber, 195. John W. Treadwell, 204.
Asahel Huntington, 195. George A. Ward, 204.

CONTENTS. vii
Jonathan Webb, 204. E. Basket Derby, 206.
Stephen White, 205. William Gray, 207.
Benjamin Goodhue, 206. Joseph Peabody, 207.
Nathan Reed, 205. John Bertram, 207.
Jacob Crowninshield, 206.
Notes to the remarks of Dean Stanley, .... 208
Committee of arrangements,  209
Choir under the direction of B. J. Lang, .... 209
List of persons present at the Lunch, .... 210
Historical Events of Salem,  212
Index of Names,  225
Errata,  229

INTRODUCTION.

C¥T the annual meeting of the Essex Institute, held
ff Monday, May 21, 1877, a committee consisting of
^ President "Wheatland, Hon. James Kimball, W. P.
Upham, Esq., and A. C. GoodeU, Esq., ¦were appointed
to consider and report upon the propriety of celebrat
ing the 250th anniversary of the "Landing of John
Endicott," -which 'would occur in September, 1878.
At a regular meeting, Monday, Oct. 1, 1877, the com
mittee reported favorably, and in accordance therewith
the following vote was adopted : —
Voted, That it is expedient for the Institute to take the
initiative in the matter of the celebration, and that the
Hon. W. C. Endicott be invited to deliver an oration on
the occasion, and also that the committee be authorized
to make the necessary arrangements.
The committee deemed it advisable, before proceeding
further, to invite the cooperation of the city authorities,
and accordingly conferred with the Mayor, who in his
inaugural address, delivered on Monday, Jan. 7, of this
year, alluded to this subject and recommended it to the
favorable consideration of the council. On the 14th day
of January that portion of his address was referred to a
1

special committee, who, after a conference with the com
mittee of the Institute, reported, at a meeting of the
council held on the 11th of the March following, an order
appropriating $1,500.00. This report was referred to
the finance committee, who, on the 25th of IMarch, re
ported its adoption inexpedient.
The committee of the Institute, at the annual meeting,
Monday, May 20, 1878, was authorized to enlarge its
number, appoint sub-committees, and arrange plans for
carrying out the celebration in an appropriate manner.
The committee, thus invested with full powers to act,
after several meetings enlarged its number and arranged
sub-committees, who, by the liberality of several friends,
procured the necessary funds and were thereby enabled to
perform their several duties. Of the manner in which
these have been performed the reader can judge by the
perusal of the following pages.

Commemorative Exercises.

EXERCISES AT MECHANIC HALL.

Ebv. ROBERT C. MILLS, D. D., Chaplain of the Day.
Mr. benjamin J. LANG, Director of Music

z
ORGAN VOLUNTARY.

READING OF SCRIPTURE.
Psalm 147, v. 1. Praise ye the Lord ; for it is good to sing praises
unto our God ; for it is pleasant, and praise is comely.
12. Praise the Lord, O Jerusalem, praise thy God, O Zion.
13. For he hath strengthened the bars of thy gates ; he hath
blessed thy children within thee.
20. He hath not dealt so with any nation ; and as for his judg
ments they have not known them. Praise ye the Lord.
Psalm 44, v. 1. We have heard with our ears, O God, our fathers
have told us, what work thou didst in their days, in the times
of old :
2. How thou didst drive out the heathen with thy hand, and
plantedst them; how thou didst afflict the people, and cast them
out.
3. For they got not the land in possession by their own sword,
neither did their own arm save them ; but thy right hand and
(5)

thine arm, and the light of thy countenance, because thou hadst
a favor unto them.
8. In God we boast all the day long, and praise thy name for
ever.
Deut. 32, v. 7. Remember the days of old, consider the years of
many genei'ations; ask thy father and he will shew thee, thy
elders, and they will tell thee.
8. When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance,
when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the
people according to the number of the children of Israel.
10. He found him in a desert land, in the waste howling wilder
ness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the
apple of his eye. As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth
over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, bear-
eth them on her wings, so the Lord alone did lead them, and
there was no strange god with him.
Deut. 4, v. 32. For ask now of the days that are past which were
before thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth,
and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether
there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath
been heard like it.
34. Or hath God assayed to go aud take him a nation from the
midst of another nation, by temptations, by signs, and by won
ders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and by a stretched out
arm, and by great terrors, according to all that the Lord your
God did for you in Egypt before your eyes?
35. Unto thee it vvas showed, that thou mightest know that the
Lord he is God; there is none else beside hira.
37. Because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed
after them, and brought thee out in his sight with his mighty
power out of Egypt;
38. To drive out nations from before thee greater and mightier
than thou, to bring thee in, to give thee their land for an inheri
tance, as it is this day.
Deut. 26, v. 7. When we cried unto the Lord God of our fathers, the
Lord heard our voice, and looked on our affliction, and our
labor, aud our oppression,
8. Aud the Lord brought us forth out of Egypt with a mighty
hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terrible-
ness, and with signs, aud with wonders ;
9. Aud he hath brought ns into this place, and hath given us
this land, even a land that floweth with milk and honey.
n. Thou Shalt rejoice in every good thing which the Lord thy
God hath given uulo thee, and' unto thine house, thou, and the
Levite, and the stranger that is among you.

Psalm 148, v. 1. I will extol thee, my God, 0 King, and I 'will bless
thy name forever and ever.
3. One generation shall praise thy works to another, and shall
declare thy mighty acts.
7. They shall abundantly utter the memory of thy great good
ness, and shall sing of thy righteousness.
I Kings 8, v. 56. Blessed be the Lord that hath given rest unto his
people Israel, according to all that he promised; there hath not
failed one word of all his good promise which he promised by
the hand of JMoses his servant.
57. The Lord our God be with us, as he was with our fathers,
let hira not leave us, nor forsake ns;
58. That he may incline our hearts unto him, to walk in all his
¦u-ays, and to keep his commandments, and his statutes, and his
judgments which he comraanded our fathers.
Psalm 67, v. 1. God be merciful unto us and bless us, and cause his
face to shine upon us ;
2. That thy way may be known upon earth, thy saving health
among all nations.
3. Let the people praise thee, 0 God, let all the people praise
thee.

Ill
PRAYER.
BT REV. ROBERT C. MILLS, D.I>.
rv
ORIGINAL HYMN.
BT EEV. JONES VEET.
Though few, with noble purpose came
Our fathers to this distant wild;
A Commonwealth they sought to frame.
From country and frora friends exiled.
Religious freedom here they sought.
In their own land to them denied ;
With courage and with faith they wrought,
Nor monarch feared, nor prelate's pride.

That Commonwealth to power has grown ;
Religious liberty is ours ;
What now we reap, their hands have sown,
And changed the wild to garden bowers.
The trees thej' planted, year by year
Still yield their precious fruit and shade ;
Fair Learning's gifts still flourish here.
And Law man's right has sacred made.
They from their labors long have ceased.
On the green hill-sides saintly rest;
Their sons, in wealth and power increased.
Have by their fathers' God been blest.
Their noble deeds our souls inspire ;
Be ours their faith and courage still ;
Keep pure the home, the altar's fire.
And thus their cherished hopes fulfill.

V
POEM.
BT lUSV. CIIAKLES T. BROOKS.
VI
ORIGINAL ODE.
BT REV. STEPHEN P. HILL, D.D.

Hail to the days of yore !
When to this Western shore.
Our fathers came, —
And settled as their own
This land, so long unknown.
Where savage life alone
Had erst a name.

Wild as the winds at flrst.
That o'er these regions burst.
Those feathered forms,
So barbarous and so low.
To social life the foe.
Loomed, like the winter snow
Or cloud-cleft storms.

Long as these shores had stored
Their wealth, all unexplored.
Old time had slept
In silence o'er tho soil.
Nor heard the hum of toil;
But all this teeming spoil
For us had kept.
For us our fathers bore
Their Ibrtuncs to this shore
From o'er the sea;
And we to-day appear
To Iiail their hiyh career,
Aud sanctify their year
Of Jubilee!
This rock-bound shore, so lone.
But what a land unknown.
Before them lay !
Whose hills and lakes and streams
Within its vast extremes.
Beyond their brightest dreams.
Now leel their sway!
For us they laid in light
The germs of social right
And civil power;
Which, fostered by their care.
Such fine proportions bear.
And give their sons to share
The ample dower.
By small degrees it grew;
And bettor than they knew
Their work appears,
In beauty and renown
To distant ages down;
While glory yet shall crown
Its coming years !
Dear to our hearts be still
Each rock and vale and hill
Thoir foot have pressed;
And be it still our pride
To cherish with the tide
Of centuries, as they glide.
Their memory blessed.

Fr.KEDOM and Faith enshrined
Within the heart and mind,
By 'ViRTUn wreathed;
Let these our cares engage
Thro' each succeeding age ;
Our noblest heritage
By them bequeathed !
Upon his ancient staff
Two centuries and a half
In age to-day.
The State again appears,
Strong in the toil of years.
With treasures born of tears
And memories grey.
That parent pilgrim band.
Led by Jehovah's hand.
By this rude coast :
For fanes their fai;li foresaw.
Founded in sacred awe,
Of Liberty and Law : —
Our birthright boast !
Within this savage wild.
Where culture had not smiled
From earliest time,
Tliey found a home ; and here,
Mid prospects dark anil drear.
Displayed their faith sincere
By deeds sublime !
And children in the flood
Of pure ancestral blood
Attend in train,
And follow as a flock,
A numerous, vigorons stock.
Whose energies unlock
Tho laud and raain !
Hail to the land we love;
So broad, and blest above
All others, now;
Whose wealth, in golden grain.
Adorns each spreading plain
And lines, with many a vein.
The mountain's brow !

10

Thy hand, Almighty One!
Thro' ancient annals run
Divinely right.
Still loads our later way
Like Israel's shielding sway
Of pillar'd cloud by day.
And flre by night !

Thy light, thy love, thy truth.
Alike in age and youth.
Shall lead us on;
Thro' error's darkling maze.
And foes of future days,
Till peace, o'er empire, sways
Its rule alone !

God of our fatiikrs! Thou,
Who did'st the State endow
And mould so free ;
By generations nursed.
Bid FAirir, as at the flrst.
With growing voliuno burst
In praise to Thick!

VII
ORATION.
BT HON. WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT.

VIII
HYMN.
'The breaUng waves dashed hiffk."—Jilra. Hemans.
EENDEKED BT MRS. J. H. WEST.

IX
POEM.
BT WILLIAM W. STOET.
liecul by Prof. J. W. Churchill.

11

X
THE ONE HUNDREDTH PSALM.
SL-SG BT CHOEnS AND AUDIENCE.
All people that on earth do dwell.
Sing to the Lord with cheerful voice;
Him serve with mirth, his praise forth tell,
Come ye before him and rejoice.
The Lord ye know is God indeed.
Without our aid he did us make.
We are his flock, he doth us feed.
And for his sheep he doth us take.
O enter then his gates with praise,
Approach with joy his courts unto,
Praise, laud, and bless his name always,
For it is seemly so to do.
For Why? The Lord our God is good,
His mercy is forever sure.
His truth at all times firraly stood.
And shall from age to age endure.

XI
BENEDICTION.
BT EBV. EOBEET C. MILLS, D.D.

EXERCISES AT HAMILTON HALL.
INCLUDING ABDKESSES AND CORRESPONDENCE.

After the exercises at the Mechanic Hall the members
and subscribers with their invited guests assembled at
Hamilton Hall on Chestnut street for a lunch and social
entertainment. The hall presented an exceedingly animated and inter
esting appearance, and everything was well arranged and
conducted with good taste. An orchestra, under the
direction of Mr. Jean Missud, was stationed in the gal
lery over the entrance to the hall, and entertained the
company, at intervals, with excellent music. On the
wall opposite to the entrance, behind the President of
the Institute, was suspended a portrait of Gov. John En
dicott, and on each side were fac- similes of the colonial
flags of Massachusetts and Connecticut, and on the table
beneath were deposited several interesting relics of the
colonial period.
The tables, were laid by Mr. Edward Cassell, the well
known caterer, and were handsomely decorated with a
choice display of flowers, arranged beautifully in large
bouquets, and a small one at each plate, with a neatly
designed carle de menu, a fitting memento of the celebra
tion. The lunch embraced more than a score of dishes,
substantial and elegant. (13)

14
At 2.30 p. M. the Peesident called the company to
order and asked their attention while the Kev. E. C.
Mills, D.D., of Salem, invoked the divine blessing.
After au hour spent in festivity, the President com
menced the intellectual exercises of the occasion with the
following address : —
ADDRESS OF HENRY WHEATLAND.
Ladies and Gentlemen : Permit me to extend a cordial
welcome to the friends who are with us this day, espe
cially to those sons and daughters of Salem, who, after
years of absence, come to revisit the scenes of their
childhood and to unite in paying that homage and respect
due to the memory of a common ancestry ; also to the
chief magistrate of this old commonwealth, to the repre
sentatives of sister societies and to all others who have
honored us with their presence.
Let me briefly call your attention to some memorials
of the colonial period which are displayed in this hall
to-day. The two flags that are placed on each side of the
portrait of Governor Endicott, that hangs on the wall in
the rear, are fac-similes of two colonial flags, one of
Connecticut in 1675 and the other of Massachusetts in
1683. Ou the table we have the original indenture
under the signature of Lord Sheffield, Jan. 1, 1623,
granted by the council of Plymouth in the county of
Devon, England, for settling the northern part of Massa
chusetts Bay. Eoger Conaut was then the governor or
commander. He arrived in Gloucester in 1624, and re
moved to Salem in 1626. This charter or indenture was
superseded by the grant from the Council of Plymouth
and the subsequent charter under which Gov. Endicott
acted. The duplicate of this last charter, which was sent

15
over to Gov. Endicott in 1629, is on the table. These
two valuable documents are deposited in Plummcr Hall,
one the property of the E.ssex Institute, the other of
the Salem Athenteum. The original charter, which was
brought over later by Gov. Winthrop, is in tho State
House in Boston. There is also the first book of records
of the First Church in Salem, which commenced with the
ministry of John Higginson who was settled in 1659, in
cluding a copy of the principal part of the records of the
previous doings of the church from an old and much
defaced volume. Also the Bible that was used by Dr.
E. A. Holyoke. These are interesting memorials of the
occasion. Fifty years ago this day, in this hall, at the same hour
of the day, were assembled the members of the Essex
Historical Society with their invited guests — Governor
Lincoln, Lieutenant-governor Thoratis L. Winthrop, the
Hon. Daniel Webster, the Hon. Edward Everett, Mayor
Quincy of Boston, Professors Farrar and Ticknor of Har
vard and others — to commemorate tho two hundredth an
niversary of the landing of Governor Endicott at Salem.
Of this assembly, all, with few exceptions, have passed to
the better land; four of the survivors are with us this
day. The orator of the day was the Hon. Joseph Story,^
one of the justices of the Supremo Court of the United
States, an original member and the vice-president of the
society. The president of the society, the venerable Dr.
E. A. Holyoke,^ whose centennial anniversary was appro-
priatel}' observed by the medical profession of Boston
aud Salem on the thirteenth of the month preceding, — an
event probably without a parallel in the annals of medi
cine, — presided. Dr. Holj'oke was identified with the
1 'Ilie figures on this and the two following pages refer to notes in the appendix.

16
literary societies of Salem for a period of nearly seventy
years, from the organization of the old Social Library in
1760, and a large portion of the time held an official posi
tion. He was also an original member of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, incorporated in 1780, and
at one time its president. He was also the first president
of the Massachusetts Medical Society incorporated in
1781. To the earlier volumes of the publications of each
of these societies he was a liberal contributor. His most
important communication, which was printed after his
decease, was a meteorological register kept with great
care, commenced on the first of January, 1786, and con
tinued with only a few omissions of a part of a day till
the close of the yeav 1823 : from that time continued in a
less regular manner to the first of March, 1829, when the
last record was made. On that day he was confined to his
chamber by his List illness, and on the thirty-first day of
that month he closed his life of usefidness and benevo
lence. We have in our library the day books which con
tain an accurate account of his professional practice.
They comprise 123 volumes of ninety pages each, aud on
each page was the entry of thirty visits, making on the
average twelve visits a day for seventy-five years. The
first entry was in July 6, 1749 ; the last was February 16,
1829. Diu'ing the last few years of his life the entries
were very few.
The secretary of the society was the Hon. Joseph G.
Waters,^ whose death we have recently been called upon
to deplore. Ho was secretary of the society for twenty-
one years, till the union of that society with the Essex
Institute in 1848. He will long be remembered for his
deep interest in our literary and scientific institutions and
for his versatile and extensive knowledge of English liter
ature and history.

s

17
The society at that time, which might be called the
Augustan period of Salem history, had many men of note
and distinction ; among them was one* who was a member
of Washington's military fiimily during the Revolutionary
war, and afterwards a member of his cabinet and also
that of the elder Adams. One* was a member of the
cabinets of Madison and Monroe. Three ^ were, or had
been, or have since been senators iu Congress, and fifteen^
representatives in Congress; one^ justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States, a justice of the Supreme
Court of Massachusetts,' a judge of probate for Essex
County,^" and twenty members of the legal profession, ^^ of
whom we may enumerate Nathan Dane, Samuel Putnam,
Ichabod Tucker, John Pickering, Joseph Story, Daniel A.
White, Leverett Saltonstall, Benjamin Merrill, John G.
King, Rufus Choate, and others. There were also mem
bers of the clerical^ and medicaP^ professions and mer
chants." The writings of some in history, literature,
science, law and jurisprudence were the highest authority.
The brilliant eloquence of some would draw great crowds
of attentive listeners not only at the bar, but at the forum
and in the lecture room ; and there were others, the sails
of whose ships whitened distant seas, bringing to this
port the products of every clime. At that time probably
no society in the United States could exhibit upon its
roll a areater number of men of influence iu the various
walks of life.
In determining the time for this commemoration it was
deemed meet and proper that the same day be selected
which our predecessors, fifty years ago, appointed, not
wishing to discredit their judgment as to which day of the
present new style corresponds with the calendar day of
1628, nor to express an opinion on a subject that has agi
tated so much the minds of scholars and historical stu^
2

18
dents. It is well to be correct iu matters of history, but
practically it is of little consequence whether we celebrate
the sixteenth or the eighteenth, provided that the spirit of
the occasion is observed. "The letter killeth, the spirit
maketh alive." We are humble workers endeavoring to
build up a superstructure worthy to be placed upon the
foundation which the predecessors of this society in their
wisdom so wisely laid, and to carry forward, to the extent
of our means and feeble abilities, the work which they
would wish to have done. In order that this may be a
suitable and enduring monument to their memory, we
need the aid and cooperation of all ; not only of those
who reside among us, but of those born on our soil, edu
cated at our schools, and who received here that first
impulse iu life that has enabled them to assume positions
of trust and honor in the places of their adoption. I
thank you for your kind attention. Before taking my
seat, allow me to introduce to you the Rev. Edwin C.
Bolles, who has kindly consented to assist on this occa
sion. [Applause.]
REMARKS OF THE REV. E. C BOLLES, Ph.D.
!Ladies and Gentlemen: In accepting the honorable
position of toast master on this occasion, I understand,
of course, that my duties are simply to indicate the way
iu which others are to walk ; but I am also reminded of
the many interests which are represented here, the many
memories which must be recalled, the many voices which
you will all desire to hear. And because we have begun
our services at so late an hour, the numerous letters from
distinguished sons of Salem, or those who have been in
vited to our commemoratiou, will not be read at the table,
but will be printed iu the published and official report of
these proceedings.

19
There is one sentiment that must lead all the rest, and
great is our regret that no personal response can be made
to it. Those who laid the foundations of the new colo
nies upon these western shores, we are wont to say,
"builded better than they knew." At any rate, they
could not understand how vast the building was to be for
which they laid the foundations. They could not under
stand that so vast an union, so imperial a commonwealth,
so huge a population, would remember them so many
years after they had passed to rest, as their fathers —
their fathers and the founders of their best institutions.
Perrait me to give you, first of all: "The President of
the United States." [Applause.]

RESPONSE BY THE ORCHESTRA.
National Anthem, "Star Spangled Banner."
INTRODUCING GOVERNOR BICE.
We cannot be too thankful that this Anniversary comes
to us in the time of peace, and that, as we celebrate the
foundation of our state, we can say with pride that not
one jewel has been lost from the diadem of the Republic.
Aud if there be any one of the brilliants which we most
prize and cherish, it must be that very commonwealth
whose faint beginnings we celebrate to-day. I give you,
therefore, as our next toast : "The Commonwealth of
Massachusetts," and I call upon His Excellency, Governor
Alexander H. Rice, to respond. [Applause.]
RESPONSE OF GOVERNOR RICE.
!Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemen: I should
hardly meet the demands of this notable occasion, if I

20
failed to say a few words in response to the sentiment
which has been so kindly introduced ; and I should do
equal violence to my own sense of propriety, if I were
to enter upon any extended remarks which would post
pone, even for a few moments, the eloquent utterances of
those guests who are present from other cities and states
and from foreign climes, and for whose voices I know you
are already in waiting expectation. The orator of the
day, honorable and honored alike in his name, his charac
ter, and his lineage, carried us by easy steps backward
through the vista of two hundred and fifty years, aud in
vited us to look upon the germs of the great and noble
commonwealth which is our pride to-day, and upon a
condition of social and political society of wonderful sim
plicity, of sterling integrity, of dauntless courage, and of
religious fervor, well worthy to be the seed corn of the
glorious and honorable outcome which it is our heritage
to enjoy. I am not among those, who, while paying the
warmest possible tribute of admiration to the founders of
the commonwealth and of the nation, partake to any very
large degree in the apprehension that American character
and manhood have largely deteriorated from the early
times. [Applause.] We have to-day, I think, as bright
and noble examples of all that is honorable aud just and
great in human character aud achievement, as we have
had in any period of our history, state or national ; and
I think there are unmistakable indications that, should
any exigency arise calling for the re-assertion of those
principles and acts which have alwaj^s been representa
tive of the manhood and character of Massachusetts, our
citizens, one and all, forgetful of private interests and
personal considerations, would throw themselves into the
breach to save the honor and welfiire of the common
wealth. [Applause.] It would indeed be interesting
to take up the thread of history where the orator left

21
it and to follow it down during; the remaining two hun-
dred years. How marvellous has been the expansion
of knowledge ! How great the discoveries and reve
lations of science ! How manifold the arts in all their
kinds and appliances I How great the advance of soci
ety; how purified is religious thought; how elevated is
the plain upon which all civilized nations stand to-day I
How vast our resources, how great our opportunities !
But I must omit all this and can only bring to you the
hearty aud cordial salutations of the commonwealth, in
this ancient city towards which I look to-daj^ with a new
and inspiring devotion and gratitude. And I am sure
that when the proceedings of this day shall be read
throughout our borders, the sons and daughters of Massa
chusetts will turn to Salem with grateful memories and
invocations, and heartily desire that "peace may indeed
be withiu her walls and prosperity within her palaces ;"
that the bright sunlight of joy and happiness may be in
your homes and your households ; and their highest and
best emulation will be a generous rivalry with you to sus
tain what we claim as our common inheritance of privi
lege and of honor. [Loud applause.]

INTRODUCING MAYOR OLIVER, OF SALEM.
The old and the new meet together in this celebration :
for although Salem is an old settlement or colony, it is,
comparatively speaking, a new city. If I mistake not, the
municipal seal puts two huudred years between the found
ing and the act which gave it the character of a city. I
have no doubt that many present in this hall can remem
ber that act of 1836 by which Perley Putnam, who had
been, at the head of the selectmen of the town, passed

22

over the keys officially to Leverett Saltonstall, the first
Mayor of Salem. At any rate, I give you as the next
sentiment, "The City of Salem," and I call upon His
Honor, Mayor Oliver, to respond. [Applause.]

RESPONSE OP MAYOR HENRY K. OLIVER.
!Mr. President: Certain reminiscences, which just now
spring to memory, of days and events long past away,
when you and I stood in a difl'erent relation to one an
other, suggest the thought that with the sense of ordinary
duty in calling upon me as Mayor to respond to the senti
ment alluding to our goodly city, there may, just possi
bly, mingle a little bit of pardonable sympathy with the
schoolboy, who, when not unreasonably nor unseasonably
chastised for misdemeanor, vowed that, if he grew to
manhood, he would have his revenge on his master, — a
not uncommon vow among frisky younglings at school
such as, when I was in harness as teacher, you were, as
were sundry other oldsters whom I see hereabouts. And,
doubtless, neither have you, nor have these other now
antique venerables of this assembly forgotten, that iu the
ancient days when you and they were the rollicking boys,
— the peg-toppers, the March-marblers, the kite-flyers,
the general mischief-making manikins of the town,
"Creeping, like snails, unwillingly to school—"
And I was he
"On whom yon gazed and still the wonder grew,
That one small head could carry all he knew.
And you oft laughed with counterfeited glee.
At all his jokes, for many a joke had he—"
that in these remote times of "sixty years since," as Scott
called his early novel of Waverley, yourself and these

23
others might have felt, at my hands and in your hands,
something of the chastening rod ; and under its smart
have then vowed the vow of future revensje. And I
argue that, not unlikely, you may therefore have wel
comed this chance, however late, aud consigned me to
this punishment of post-prandial exposure of speech.
Yet I was not much, you know, in the forceful way, and
you could hardly say with Horace, alluding to old flog
ging Orbilius, the Roman schoolmaster,
 " Memini quse plagosum mihi parvo
Orbilium dictare." 
Recalling what, when but a little chap.
The master taught me with a stinging rap.
However that may be, I do not propose to permit you a
long enjoyment of this vengeance, nor to detain this
goodly company by any superfluous muchness of speech
from the more toothsome intellectual condiments that I
am sure are waiting to gratify their expectant appetites.
And speaking of school and schoolboys, — which last we
all glory that we once were, — it will not be out of place to
indulge iu an excusable vaunting of the influence of Sa
lem's early and continuous efforts at securing those means
which best insure best citizenship, — and those means are
the wise education of her children. Upon this duty, the
more wise duty than any and all others, she entered at
her earliest epoch, founding here a free Latin School clear
back iu the remote year of 1637, — two hundred and forty
years ago, and sending a scholar. Sir George Downing, to
the class first graduated at Harvard College, in 1642.
And all along the years that have since elapsed, she has
zealously cared for the mental and moral training of her
children, preparing them for the ordinary work of the
business of life, as well as continuing a full representation
at our various collegiate institutions. In my own time at

24
Harvard — class of 1818 — there were upwards of thirty
students from Salem iu the several classes of that College.
And without interruption, she has constantly and amply
provided, at the general expense, abundant and varied
educational means, expending therefor one quarter part
of her annual revenue, her own sense of justice, as well
as her own sense of true policy, urging her in this most
wise direction. I know that it is proverbially said, "Let
another praise thee and not thine own mouth," aud, on
ordinary occasions, it is both discreet and modest to heed
the counsel. But we, her children, are here to-day on
our mother's natal day, and are reviewing the methods
and the means by which, during her long parentage, she
has reared us and prepared us to act our several parts as
men and as citizens. Wo are, in fact, acting the part
assigned to us in the second party — the "another" that is
to act in the matter of praise, and it is our lips that praise
her, aud not hers that praise herself. And in retrospect
of her whole history, pardoning the errors of certain
periods of that history, — which errors were the legitimate
outgrowth of the hard-hearted logic of her religious creed,
— errors these ofthe general world and not hers alone, —
and charitably ignoring the less liberal influences that
hedged in some of her doings, the strongest reasons,
aided by a justifiable pride, impel us to be outspoken in
honoring her with our most grateful homage of heart aud
of lip. I certainly can, without partiality, join in this
homage, being but an adopted child, Beverly-born and
Boston-bred, a descendant, in direct line, of Ruling Elder
Thomas Oliver, an immigrant thither of 1632 — who was
so popular with his townsmen that M'hen, by their vote,
their "horses were no longer to be pastured on the Com
mon," they made his beast the sole exception. I can,
with smallest fear of contradiction, say — that the most

25
eminent position Salem has occupied in history, in com
merce, in literature, in noticeable local events, in her
long aud brilliant array of men of deserved renown, in
her widely known name, and in the true nobility of her
record, justifies all the pride of her people, and entitles
her to highest rank amoug the cities of the land. So then.

" Salve, magna parens ! 
Magna virum: — tibi res antiqnae laudis et artis
Ingredior." Great parent, hail !
Great in thy breed of noble men;
To speak thy praise, I wield my pen
And thy renown record.
So, too, may I apply what the same great poet, from
whom I quote, sings elsewhere :
 "Vivos ducent de marmore vultus;
Orabunt causas melius, coelique meatus
Describent radio, et surgeutia sidera dicent." 
"Quique sui memores alios fecere merendo."
Some from dead marble living forms create ;
Some at the courts the cause of right debate-
Some with the wand mark out the planets' race.
And sorae the rising stars prophetic trace —
See the long line of worthies, all our own,
Who by desert won praise and high renown.
How fitting the application of these words to our
younger Story and our Lander ; to the multitude of our
distinguished statesmen and lawyers, our elder Story and
our Choate — to our Bowditch aud our Peirce ! and to the
long line of our illustrious citizens, whose good name
their own good and pure lives transmitted to us. May
we, by our continuous effort in imitating, transmit our
names to those who shall hereafter judge us by the high
standard of our forefathers !

26

INTRODUCING THE HON. ROBERT C. WINTHROP.
History has been called a mirror in which we see the
living, moving forms ofthe past, though like an imperfect
mirror it may give a blurred or a distorted reflection.
All honor is therefore to be paid to those who make the
mirror of history clear. And that work is done better,
perhaps, by no organizations in the world than by the
Historical Societies which iu local departments or neigh
boring fields revive our knowledge of the by-gone world,
republish or restate the oracles of the past, or discover, it
may be buried under the dust of centuries, precious mem
orials of those who have gone before. I give you there
fore as our next sentiment, "The Historical Societies of
the United States — fellow laborers in the work of gather
ing up the relics of the past."
I shall call upon two gentlemen to reply to this senti
ment, and I first remember the oldest historical society of
the country — our own Massachusetts Historical Society —
in whose name the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, its Presi
dent, will reply. [Applause.]

RESPONSE OF HON. ROBERT C. WINTHROP.
I thank you, Dr. Wheatland, Ladies and Gentlemen,
for so friendly and flattering a reception. I was greatly
honored and obliged by the early summons which was
served upon me by the Essex Institute to be present here
on this occasion. But their Committee will bear me wit
ness that in accepting it, as I did at sight, I expressly de
clined to be responsible for any formal address. I came
to hear others ; and especially to listen to the worthy and
distinguished descendant of him whose arrival here, two

27
hundred and fifty years ago, you are so fitly commemo
rating to-day.
But I cannot find it in my heart to be wholly silent.
And let me say at once, Mr. President, that this is not
the first time I have participated in celebrating the settle
ment of Salem under the lead of John Endicott. I can
not forget that I was here fifty years ago to-day. It was
my well-remembered privilege to accompany my honored
father, who came, as Lieutenant Governor of the State,
to unite in representing Massachusetts on that two-hun
dredth anniversary of its small beginnings. There were
no railroads in 1828, and we drove down together from
Boston that morning, and drove back again at night, hav
ing retired early from the dinner table to allow time for
getting home before dark.
I was thus in the way of hearing the eloquent oration
of Judge Story, iu company with Webster, and Everett,
and Quiuc}^ and the other illustrious guests of that occa
sion , aud of being in close proximity to the venerable Dr.
Holyoke, who had already completed the hundredth year
of his age. I recall him at this moment, as I saw him,
coming out of his own door, with an unfaltering step, to
join the procession on its march to the Hall. And here,
in his own handwriting, is the very toast which he gave
at that dinner, — a precious autograph presented to our
old Historical Society by our associate Mr. Waterston,
and which, by the favor of Dr. Deane, I am able to ex
hibit at this festival.
Here it is, with the autograph verification of Judge
Story beneath it, — and my distinguished friend next to
me, the Dean of Westminster, will bear witness, while I
read it, to the clearness and firmness of the writing: —
" The !Memory of our Pilgrim Forefathers, who first
landed on this spot on the 6th of September, 1628 (just

28
two centuries ago this day), who forsook their native
country and all they held dear that they might enjoy the
liberty of worshipping the God of their fathers, agree
ably to the dictates of their consciences."
The Dean, in his admirable " Historical Memorials " of
the world-renowned Abbey over which he presides, has
made special record of the " Monuments of Longevity,"
including, of coiu'se, "the gravestone of the olde, olde,
very olde man," Thomas Parr, "the patriarch of the seven
teenth century," who is said to have lived to the age of
152.^ But I doubt whether Thomas Parr, or anybody
else of later date, could have executed a piece of pen
manship as fiiir and steady as this, after the authenticated
completion of his hundredth year.
And now, Mr. President, I could hardly have excused
myself, had I failed to come here again to-day, — not
merely to revive the pleasant associations of 1828, but to
manifest in maturer years my sense of the intrinsic inter
est of the occasion. My coming to your two hundredth
celebration was only and altogether an act of filial duty.
I. was then a mere law student, just out of college. I
come now to your two hundred aud fiftieth anniversary,
after a half century of observation and experience, as a
recognition, both official and personal, of its significance
and importance. I say official, for I certainly could not
have reconciled it with my duty, as President of that old
-Massachusetts Historical Society of 1790, which you have
just toasted, to absent myself from an occasion which
carries us back so close to the very cradle of our common
wealth. And I say personal, — because I should have felt
myself disloyal to the memory of my venerated New

2 Memorials of Westminster Abliey, ty Arthur Pemhyn Stanley, D.D. Fourth
edition, p. 337.

29
England progenitor, had I not been here, as his represen
tative, to bear testimony to one, who hastened on board
the "Arbella" to welcome him, on his own arrival with the
Charter, iu this same "Haven of Comfort," less than two
years afterwards, and who so kindly refreshed him and
his assistants, as he was careful to record in his journal
at the time, "with good venison pasty and good beer " ; —
a bill of fare which might well make some of our mouths
water at this moment.
Nor could I have been held guiltless by any of you, if,
by my owu delinquency, the name and blood of Governor
Winthrop had been missing from the representative group
of the old Fathers of Massachusetts, which lends so signal
a lustre, and so peculiar an historical interest, to this
scene aud its surroundings. Conants, and Cradocks, and
Endicotts, and Higginsons, and Dudleys, and Saltonstalls,
— not one of them, I believe, is without a lineal descen
dant here, to do honor to his memory ! Well may the
words of the Psalmist of the old original Salem come
back to us with new force : " Instead of thy fathers shall
be thy children : — The children of Thy servants shall con
tinue, aud their seed shall be established before Thee."
But this day, Mr. President, belongs peculiarly and
pre-eminently to old Naumkeag and to John Endicott.
We are not here to discuss historical conundrums, — if
there be any still unsolved, after the exhaustive, judicial
analysis which was made by your accomplished orator
this morning, — but we are here to recognize and com
memorate historical facts. I rejoice to remember that
Endicott and Winthrop were always friends. No ques
tion of priority or precedence, titular or real, was ever
heard of in their day. They understood perfectly the
respective parts they were called on to play in founding
Massachusetts, and they performed those parts with entire

80
harmony and concord. It was my good fortune, not many
years ago, to bring out from my old family papers more
than twenty original letters from Endicott to Winthrop,
— twice as many as had before been known to exist, —
which had most happily been preserved for two centuries
and a quarter, and which make up a large part of the
best illustration of his character and career. They are
all printed in our "Historical Collections," and they all
bear witness to the confidence, friendship, and affection,
which the two old Governors entertained for each other,
and which nothing ever interrupted or disturbed.
Endicott lived fifteen or sixteen years longer than Win
throp, and during the latter part of his life was associated
with troubles and responsibilities from which we all might
wish that he had been spared. He was a man of impul
sive and impetuous temper, and sometimes too summary
and severe iu his views and acts. But no mild or weak
nature could have contended with the wilderness trials he
was called to encounter. As Palfrey well says, iu his
excellent "History of New England:" "His honesty,
frankness, fearlessness, and generous public spirit had
won their proper guerdon in the general esteem." Or we
may adopt the words with which Bancroft introduces him
into his brilliant "History of the United States :" "A man
of dauntless courage, aud that cheerfulness which accom
panies courage ; benevolent, though austere ; firm, though
choleric; of a rugged nature, which his stern principles
of non-conformity had not served to mellow, — he was
selected as a fit instrument to begin this wilderness work."
As the founder of this oldest town of Massachusetts
proper, whose annals contain the story of so much of
early commercial enterprise and so much of literary aud
scientific celebrity, — including such eminent names as
Gray and Peabody and Derby, and Silsbee and Pickman

31
and Pickering and Putnam, and Saltonstall and Beutley
and Bowditch and Story, and Peirce and Prescott and
Hawthorne, — his own name could never be forgotten.
While, as the Governor of the pioneer Plantation which
preceded the transfer of the whole Massachusetts Govern
ment from Old England to New England,— without either
predecessor or successor in tho precise post which he was
called on to fill from 1628 to 1630,^— he must always hold
a unique place in Massachusetts history. Nor will it
ever be forgotten, that, when he died, iu 1665, he had
served the Colony iu various relations, including the very
highest, longer than any other one of the Massachusetts
Fathers. All honor, then, to the memory of John Endicott, and
may he never want a distinguished and eloquent descen
dant, like my friend to whom we have listened this morn
ing, to illustrate his name and impersonate his viitues I
May I be pardoned, Mr. President, for trespassing a
moment longer on the indulgence of the company, while
I give one more reason for my unwillingness to plead
either avocations, distance, or age, for not being here on
this anniversary? There seems to be a disposition, in
some quarters, to deal disparagingly, and even despite-
fuUy, with some of the Puritan Fathers of Massachusetts.
There is a manifest eagerness to magnify their errors of
judgment and to exaggerate their faults of character or
condiict. Men find it easier to repent of the offences of
their forefathers, than of their own offences. I trust that
we of Massachusetts may be betrayed into no recrimina
tions. We can never exhibit any thing but respect for
the chivalrous planters of the Old Dominion ; or for the
brave Dutchmen of New Netherlands; or for the pure-
» See Life and Letters of John Winthrop, Vol. I, pp. 343-352, Vol. II, pp. 23-32.

32
hearted Quakers of Pennsylvania or New Jersey ; or for
that grand impersonation of Soul-Freedom which our sis
ter Rhode Island recognizes in her illustrious founder.
And, certainly, we can entertain nothing but the pro
foundest admiration aud reverence for the Pilgrims of
Plymouth Colony, — so long independent of our own com
monwealth. But all this is consistent with holding, as
we of Salem and Boston all do hold, I trust and I believe,
at this hour, that the fathers and founders of Massachu
setts proper are to be accounted as second to none of
them, either in themselves, or in the institutions which
they established. We are not called on to defend their
bigotry or superstitions. We may deplore their occa
sional eccentricities and extravagancies. But no other
characters than theirs could have made New England what
it is. Indeed, the prosperity and freedom which our
whole land has enjoyed for a century past have had uo
earthly source of greater influence and efficacy than what
is called the Puritanism of the Massachusetts Fathers.
I have no serious fear for the future welfare and glory
of our country. Out of all the crime, and corruption,
and political chaos, which are appalling us at this mo
ment, light and virtue and order will reappear again, —
even as the dense aud protracted fogs which darkened the
whole North last week have broken away iuto the glorious
sunshine of this day ; or as the terrible fever which is at
this moment desolating the whole South, exciting all our
sympathies and receiving all our succors, will soon, by
the blessing of God, be followed by renewed health and
happiness. New England may never, perhaps, recover
her lost ascendency. But her power has passed to those
in the Great West who do not forget the old hives from
which they swarmed, and who will not wholly renounce
the memories or the principles of their Puritan ancestry.

33
Let me once more thank the Essex Institute for the
privilege of taking part in this intcJ'esting festival, and
assure thcui of tho best wishes of the old Massachusetts
Historical Society, over which I have the honor to preside,
for their continued prosperity and welfare.
INTRODUCING THE HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER.
I desire the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, the President of
the New England Historic Genealogical Society, and
well-known also as the constant friend and patron of
rural improvement, to add his word in response to this
toast. [ Applause . ]
RESPONSE OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER.
!M!r. President: I thank you for remembering me in
connection with the New England Historic Genealogical
Society, whose mission, like that of your own Society, is
to gather up, preserve and perpetuate, all that m;iy be
known in regard to the histoi-y and genealogy of our New
England people. Most heartily do I rejoice that I am
able to be present and to participate in the privileges and
pleasures of the occasion.
Nothing could be more appropriate than the observance
of this anniversary. If, as we read in tho good book,
we should hallow the fiftieth year, how much more should
we remember the 250th year; the fifth jubilee of the
landing of our Puritan Fathers on these shores — au
event, as the orator has stated, which must ever be re
garded as of momentous character, not only iu the history
of our own New England, but, may I not add, iu the
histoiy of our country and the world.
The same heavens spread their magic arch of glittering
3

34
beauty over us — the same old ocean rolls its briny billows
at our feet, as when they landed hei-e, but in almost
everything else how chiinged the scene! The red man
has vanished like the will o' the wisp — the dark forest
has fallen beneath the pioneer's axe, the stubborn soil has
opened its bosom to the ploughman's share, and the iron
triick hiis opened a highway across our continent, from
sea to sea. Populous cities, thriving towns and villages
have sprung up as by enchantment ; civil, literary, scien
tific and benevolent institutions have been scattered on
our laud like gems from the skies, aud to-day a popula
tion of forty-five millions of souls are rejoicing iu the
benefits and blessings of the most free, independent and
prosperous nation on earth.
But this is not, my friends, the result of chance. No,
no, it is a part of that great plan of Divine Providence
which has for its object the elevation of our nation to a
higher and nobler scale of civilization, and in which our
own New England was to perform a most important part.
How important then the record of everything which may
pertain to history and progress of our beloved land. To
this end our Historical and Genealogical Societies have
been established, aud the Society over which you, Mr.
President, so ably and gracefully preside, has done noble
work. How astonishing the progress of art, science, and civ
ilization in our owu day ! How grand the discoveries,
inventions aud genius of our own New England men.
We have alluded to this before, but we delight to speak
of it again, that it may be perpetuated in our history
through all coming time.
"Thus should we tell it to our sons
And they again to theirs.
That generations yet unborn
May teach it to their heirs."
Listen again for a moment to this wonderful story?

35
Who was it that brought the lightning from the fiery
cloud and held it safely in his hand ? Who taught it to
speak all the languages of earth and sent it with messages
around the globe ? Who was it that laid the mystic wire
dry shod from continent to continent in the almost fathom
less abyss of the mighty deep ? Who was it that brought
the heaven-born messenger, lethean sleep, to assuage
human suffering and blot from the memory the cruel op
erations of the surgeon's knife? Who planted the first
free school on this continent, if not the first free school
in this world? Whose sign manual appears at the head
of the signers of the immortal Declaration of American
Independence? AYho were the men, more than any
others, by whose bold adventure and wonderful despatch,
the iron track was laid across our continent, opening a
highway for the nations of the world? Were not these
all New England men? Aye, they were Massachusetts
men. And who was it that was honored at his death by
special funeral rites in Westminster Abbey, under the di
rection of the Very Reverend Dean who sits by your side
[applause], who but your own George Peabody, son of
Salem, whose i-emains were by order of Her Majesty,
the Queen of England, sent hither under royal convoy of
ships in token of his benefactions to mankiud ? And who
was it that pronounced the affectionate, eloquent, and
truthful elogium over these remains of his beloved friend,
in yonder field of peace ; who but our own cherished
Winthrop, who honors this occasion with his presence.
But time would fail me, were I to speak in detail pf the
benign influence of New England genius and New Eng
land examples. Suffice it to say, that in all which relates
to the elevation and welfare of the human race she has
always stood boldly forth as a pioneer in the march of
progress and of principle.

36
I thank you Mr. President, for your kind allusion to
me, in connection with the great industrial interest of our
land. You do me no more than justice when you say
that I am a friend to rural improvements, for, Sir, I can
not remember the time when I did not love the cultivation
of the soil, and the culture of fruits and flowers. It is
the instinct of my nature, and I have ever felt that I had
a mission to perform in this line of duty. I have there
fore devoted all the time I could abstract from other cares
to the promotion of these objects. I have lived to see
great improvements in the agriculture and horticulture of
our country, and to them Essex County has been a large
contributor. From the earliest history of New England,
Essex County has been celebrated for the promotion of
these interests. Here in Salem was planted by Gov.
Endicott, the first nursery of which we have any account
in our country. For we find in 1648, he sold 500 apple
trees to William Trask, for which he received 250 acres
of land. Here also, was invented the first mowing ma
chine in our land of which we have any account, a patent
having been granted by the colonial government to one
Joseph Jencks, in 1655, for the "more speedy cutting of
grasses." Here, in your own Salem, was planted the first
pomological garden in New England, for the identifica
tion of fruits, by Robert Manning, fifty-five j'ears ago, in
which he had nearly 2000 varieties of trees, and under
whose personal inspection were tested many hundred
kinds of fruits — and whose son, still with us, is pursuing
the same important investigations. Here, too, were early
introduced, by your merchants and ship-owners, many of
the finest fruits which we now possess — and among which
came, seventy-six years ago, that useful and almost indis
pensable tomato, now so universally cultivated.
Your Essex Agricultural Society, now in its sixtieth

37
year, has always stood in the front rank of all similar
associations. Its first president was Timothy Pickering,
who was also the first secretary of the first permanent
agricultural society on this continent. Here, also, in
Salem, were the homes of Joseph Peabody, Leverett
Saltonstall (whose worthy son sits by my side), and many
other corporators of the Essex Society. Here, in Essex
County, on a later day, were the homes of Derby, Col
man, Newell, Proctor, Cabot, Allen, Ives, Hoffman, the
Putnams, and Allen W. Dodge, so recently taken from
us, and other leaders iu agricultural and horticultural
progress. Here are now the farms of Geoi-ge B. Loring,
President of the New England Agricultural Society, of
Ben Perley Poore, for many years Secretiiry of the United
States Agricultural Society, of Benjamin P. Ware, Pres
ident of the Essex Agricultural Society, of Dr. J. R.
Nichols, the eminent agricultural chemist, and last, not
least, the 1800 acres of farms of my good friend, Gen.
Will. Sutton. Nor let it be forgotten, that here in Essex
County was the birth-place of Charles Louis Flint, for
twenty-five years the Secretary of the Massachusetts
Board of Agriculture.
Nor would I fail to express my gratitude to my good
friends of Essex County who have stood by me for twenty-
five j-ears in all my efforts to advance the cause of Agri
cultural education — efforts which have culminated in the
establishment of our Agricultural Collc2:e — a colles'e
which has already graduated 150 scholars, and whose
freshman class this year, numbers more than ninety stu
dents, aud whose President, W. S. Clark, Ph.D., has
by the order of the Government of Japan, planted the
first agricultuial college in those far off isles, and in
stalled over it a president, and three professors, all of
whom are graduates of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College.

38
For the wonderful progress in agriculture and hoi-ticul-
ture which we have witnessed in our day, we are maiidy
indebted to those public spirited gentlemen who have
founded societies for the promotion of their interests, and
to which Essex County has contributed lai'gcly. It is not
a hundred years since the first permanent agricultiu-al
Society was founded upon this continent. It is not quite
fifty years since the Massachusetts Horticultural Society ¦
was formed, the great leader iu horticultural science ;
now, these and similar institutions are counted by thous
ands. It is only thirty years since the American Pomo
logical Society was formed, whose first and last President,
through a merciful Providence, stands before you to-day —
a society whose catalogue embraces lists of fruits for fifty
states, territories, and districts of the contiuent, and at
whose quarter centennial in Boston, the far off state of
Nebraska, headed by her governor, carried off the Wilder
medal for the best collections of fruit. But, marvellous
as our progress has been, it is but the dawn of that glori
ous day when all our lands susceptible of fruit culture,
shall be brought into use.
What would Gov. Endicott have thought when planting
his pear tree in yonder field, if he could have foreseen
that his example would have been multijilied into thou
sands of orchai'ds; that orchards of ten thousand trees of
a single kind would be planted ; that gardens in the vicin
ity of Boston would possess eight hundred varieties of
the pear; that the apple would be so extensively culti
vated, that three counties in the state of New York would
annually provide more than a million barrels of apples,
or that the exports of this fruit to the old world would
amount to 400,000 barrels annually; that the peach crop
from the peninsula of Delaware and Maryland alone,
would exceed five millions of bushels a year; that the
culture of the grape would be extended to the Pacific

39
coast ; and the annual product of the vine, beyond the im
mense consumption of fruit for the table, would produce
fifteen millions gallons of wine; or that the product of
our fruit crops annually, would amount to $140,000,000,
or nearly half the average value of our annual wheat
crops. I thank yon, Mr. President, for your kind recognition
of my efforts to advance the interests of terraculture in
our land. But my work will soon be done. I have
passed the summit of the hill of life, have desceiKkd
almost to the valley below. Soon I shall be resting in
the bosom of mother earth ; but if, as you intimate in
your sentiment, I have done anything to advance tho
great industrial interests of the world — anything wliich
shall live when I have, passed away — I shall be content,
feeling that I have not lived in vain.
Mr. President, I thank you for the privilege of being
present on this most interesting occasion ; I rejoice with
you, that we are favored to-da\' by the presence of His
Excellency, Gov. Rice, and of our cherished friends,
Winthrop and Endicott. lineal descendants of the worthy
men whose deeds are this day commemorated ; and es
pecially do we all rejoice, that we arc honored by the
presence of the Very Reverend Dean of Westminster,
the illustrious guest from our father land. [Applause.]
May your Society go on prospering in the future as in
the past, and may j'oiir own valuable life and services be
prolonged fin- many years an honor to your institution,
and a benefaction to our country.
INTRODUCING THE REV. DEAN STANLEY.
It may not be known to those who are at the other
tables iu the hal.l, that a dish of pears from the veritable

40
Endicott pear tree has been placed before the President
at the head of this table, and that Colonel Wilder's pomo
logical instincts led him to identify them even from his
seat some distance away. They are not exactly edible,
these pears, as yet ; but indeed you know it was one of
the Puritan peculiarities to take a long time to have its
soft side brought out.
But wo must not speak to-day, of all this history as
though it began with the landing of Endicott or the
founding of any of the colonies in this western world.
American history is not like one of those plants iu botany,
whose root abruptly terminates, bitten off, as the common
mind would say ; for the roots of our American history
strike down through all this anniversary and into the soil
of a land across the sea. And to those of us who have
had even the briefest look upon that land, it has given
especial pleasure to visit Westminster Abbey, where
those great men, who belong just as much to us as
they do to our English brethren, lie iu their places of
honor, and where the earth, consecrated in the name of
religion at first, has become doubly, trebly, nay, au hun
dred and a thousand fold consecrated since that time
by the wisdom and genius of those whose mortal taber
nacles have been laid to rest withiu it. You will per
mit me, therefore, to give as the next sentiment : "Our
Old Home." And when I call upon our honored guest
to respond to this sentiment, I might name him by any
one of his many titles to distinction. I might speak at
length of his service to letters and the church, the cause
of humanity and the interests of civilization everywhere.
But I call him by this one name, the name which is a
household word iu the homes and churches of America,
and I introduce to you Dean Stanley of Westminster.
[Great applause.]

41

RESPONSE OF DEAN STANLEY.
Ifr. President: You are aware that I have been but
two days ou this side of the Atlantic. I came to this
country not to speak but to hoar, not to teach but to
learn, therefore j'ou will not expect me, even if there
were not more potent reasons, to address you at pres
ent at any great length. But, after the kind way in Avhich
you have proposed my health, after the kind reception
with which I have been met, aftfer the tribute which I
feci is given, in my humble person, to my own country,
I cannot but say a few words to express the deep gratifi
cation which I have had at being present, under the kind
protection of my ancient friend, Mr. Winthrop, and my
new friend, the governor of Massachusetts [applause],
ou this auspicious occasion. You propose your old
homos, our old homes. It has often struck me that I
should almost have wished to have been born ou this side
of the Atlantic, as a citizeu of the United States, in order
to have felt the pleasure which I have seen again and
again in the faces of Americans as they have witnessed
their old homes on the other side of the ocean. It has
been my constant pleasure to receive them iu that oldest
of all the old homes, whether of Old England or of New
England, Westminster Abbey. It is a pleasure to me to
think that, besides those common recollections of the
great orators and poets and statesmen of the English-
speaking race, those who cross from this side of the
Atlantic may even find something iu that old home which
may remind them of their new homes here. You may
see on the walls of Westminster Abbey a tablet, placed
iu that church by the state of Massachusetts itself, in that
dnbiims period over which the eloquent orator of to-day
passed with so tender and delicate a step. And you will
sec the grave which has been already alluded to, of the

42
munificent benefactor of the poor of London ; the tem
porary grave, in which his remains were deposited amidst
the inouining of the whole people of London within our
walls. You will even see in a corner there, most sacred
of memory, Boston harbor depicted with the sun setting
behind the western world. All these things, when any
of you come to Westminster Abbe}', will, I trust, make
you feci that you are at home, even iu an American sense,
within those old familiar walls.
But I cannot but feel that as there is this pleasure which
Americans must feel in visiting their old home on the
eastern side of the ocean, so there is a pleasure, if not
reaching back so far, yet still of the same kind, with
which an Englishman, after long waiting, after long de
siring, visits for the first time the shores of this new
home of his old race. You can hardly imagine, I think,
the intense curiosity with which, as he enters Boston har
bor, he sees the natural features opening upon his view
of which he has so long read iu books, and has pointed
out to him name after name familiar iu his owu country.
And when I come to this celebration, cold and hard must
be the heart of that Englishman who would not feel drawn
to a place hallowed by the recollection of those Puritan
fathers whose ancestors were as valuable au element in
our society as they can have been iu yours. And I,
speaking for mj'self, long, long before I had formed the
design of comiug to America, certainly before I had any
expectation of being present ou such an occasion as this,
had been drawn to the city of Salem by the recollection
that it was the birthplace of one whom I call my friend,
the gifted sculptor, whose vigorous and vivid poem we
all hoard with so much pleasure to-day [applause], and
also by the genius ranking amongst the first place of the
genius of this century, the genius of Nathaniel Haw
thorne. [Applause.]

43
And listening to all the marvellous strains of interest
which have gone through the speeches of this day, one
of the thoughts which strikes me most forcibly is that I
am carried back from these shores to my own country 250
years ago. I doubt whether there is any audience in
England which conld be equally impressed by any event
that had taken place iu England 250 years ago [ai)plause]
with the feeling both toward the mother country aud
towards this country, and towards the society of their
own country which I have seen throughout the proceed
ings of to-day. The foundation of Salem is indeed an
event which binds together our old and our new homes,
and if there is a mixture of light and shade in the recol
lections which crowd upon us, it is one of those reflec
tions which fill the mind with that double feeling so
important for the hopeful view of the future destinies of
our race. If iu Salem we stand on the grave of some
extinct beliefs, extinct and vanished away, as we trust,
forever, so in Salem we cannot. Englishman and Ameri
can alike, but look forward to that distant future, the
future not only of the eastern states, but of those far
western states of which several speakers have spoken,
and of those far distant ages iu which we cannot forecast
with any certainty the destinies either of Europe or Asia,
but iu which we still hope that, judging by the past, our
own English race may still, under the providence of God,
effect new works and fulfil more hopes for the human
race, such as, perhaps, at present we hardly dare think
of. 'Tis not too late to seek a newer AVorld. [Applause.]

RESPONSE BY THE ORCHESTRA.
"God save the Queen."

44

LETTER FROM CHIEF JUSTICE GRAY.
A letter has been received from the Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court of our Commonwealth, which I will
read. Boston, September 9, 1878.
!My dear Sir:
The associate justices of the Supreme Judicial Court,
except ]\Ir. Justice Endicott, request me to say, iu thoir
behalf as well as in my own, that to our great regret our
official engagements at the terms of court established by
law constrain us to decline the cordial invitation of the
Essex Institute to be present at the coniinenioration of
two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the landing of
Governor Endicott at Salem ; and that we are therefore
obliijed to leave it to the descendant of the first lawo-iver
of the Massachusetts Colony to represent the court upon
this occasion. Respectfully and truly yours,
Horace Gray.

INTRODUCING THE HON. WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT.
I give you, therefore, as the next toast, "Tho Supreme
Court of Massachusetts," and I follow it with another
which is itself suggested by the terms of the Chief Jus
tice's letter. I am imiirosscd with one thing especially as
I stand before you in this hall : the number of interests
Which are here represented and summed up in individuals.
By that, I mean, that there are so many bore who are at
tached by more than a single golden link to the memories
and traditions which we revive or honor to-day. And

45
of all such gentlemen, citizens of Salem, or bearers of
its illustrious names, I think that one may, in particular,
be mentioned here. I might speak of him as occupying
an honored place upon the supreme bench of our common
wealth. I might call upon him to speak from his posi
tion at the head of that institution of science which in our
community bears the illustrious name of Peabody. I
might identify him with the spirit of this day, by the
memory of that ancestor whose portrait is just above his
head. I shall call upon him by yet another name, and I
desire that, to the sentiment "The Orator of the Day,"
the Hon. William C. Endicott may reply. [Applause.]

RESPONSE OF THE HON. WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT.
!Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I thank you for
this kind reception. After the address which I delivered
this morning, I feel that I should not trespass upon the
brief hours allotted to us here, for they belong to others
and not to me. I intended to ask you to excuse me from
any reply to the sentiment now proposed. But I am
reminded by the speech of my friend Mr. Wiuthrop, of
the remarkable fact that so many of the liueal descendants
of the early settlers are here, and I desire to allude to
another name, to add one, which in that connection he re
frained from mentioning. It is one of the most interesting
features of the occasion that a large number are present
who claim their blood and descent from those who started
this colony two hundred and fifty years ago. I said this
morning, that Endicott was welcomed when he landed, by
"Roger Conant and three sober men." These three men
were Woodbury, Balch, and Palfrey — Palfrey the ances
tor of the distinguished and ever-to-be-remembered histo-

46
rian of New England, Dr. Palfrey — and the names of all
are household words in this neighborhood. My friend
was right in saying that either at this table or in the
hall, where we assembled this morning, there were de
scendants of Conant, of Woodbury, of Balch, of Palfrey ;
and I see a Palfrey at the end of the table before me.
[Applause.] There are also descendants of Higginson
whom Endicott welcomed the next year; and as my
friend has said, there are descendants of Endicott here.
I see. several of them before me. [Laughter and ap
plause.] And there are descendants of that stout Sir
Richard Saltonstall, who came over with Winthrop. I
see on my right the familiar faces of two who bear his
name. I do not know that my friendship for them is
based altogether upon the fact that our ancestors were
friends ; but it goes back so far that I cannot remember
when it began, and their presence recalls pleasing and
delightful memories. But we have another name, ever
to be honored in Massachusetts. We have a Winthrop
here, whom you have welcomed so cordially, and to whom
I desire to add my welcome. My recollection of history
accords with his, when he says that Endicott welcomed
Winthrop, and Winthrop came on shore and was refreshed
with "venison pasty, aud good beer." Endicott was
then resigning an office, giving up a place ; Winthrop
came clothed with the insignia of a new power. I have
no office to resign to my friend ; and he does not come
to Salem to-day with the power of a governor of Massa
chusetts, bearing the seal and the Charter. These his
great ancestor could not transmit to him, aud he was too
good a republican to have desired it if he could. But his
great ancestor could transmit other things to him. He
conld transmit and send down with his blood, that capacity
for affairs, that sober and moderate wisdom, that rich and

47
sonorous eloquence, to which you have listened to-day.
[Applause.] I therefore desire to give you as a sen
timent, "the memory of Conant, and of Balch, and of
Palfrey, and of Woodbury, who stood upon the shore
and welcomed Endicott ; the memory of Saltonstall and
Winthrop, whom Endicott afterwards welcomed. [Ap
plause.] INTRODUCING THE HON. LEVERETT SALTONSTALL.
Wc have not by any means forgotten, in making up the
sentiments for this occasion, that the honor of the old
founding was not concentrated in a single name. We
well know that a good leader requires good followers,
and that if other names have perhaps, through the force
of circumstances, obtained less lustre than those which
have been repeated so often to you to-day, there were
others who wrought with those ancestors of this common
wealth to make their work effectual and permanent. I
beg to give you, gentlemen, as the ne.\t sentiment : "The
patentees of Massachusetts and their associates under the
old charter. May their descendants ever be mindful of
their virtues." And I call upon the Hou. Leverett Sal
tonstall to respond.
RESPONSE OF LEVERETT SALTONSTALL.
I feel painfully conscious that it is for no merit of mine,
nor even for any official position, that I am invited to
respond to the sentiment which has just been offered;
but merely because it is my privilege to bear the name,
and to have descended from one of those admirable men,
whose memory we this day celebrate. After the eloquent
oration of the morning, and the interesting remarks of

48
the distinguished gentlemen who have preceded me, it
would be presumptuous in me to do much more than to
thank you, sir, for your kind words.
And yet I should be false to my instincts, to my native
place, to the memory of my honored ancestry', and espe
cially of my venerated father, so identified Avith Salem,
had I been absent to-day, or refused whatever duty might
be assi2;ned to me.
It is a good thing for us thus to recur to the birthday
of the town, the state, and ma}' I not say of the nation?
to that bright day in September when the brave Endicott
and his band of hardy adventurers entered the bay and
began tho first permanent settlement. We strive to pic
ture to ourselves the scene, as it presented itself to their
admiring eyes, in all the freshness, beauty, and grandeur
of nature. It is difficult, now, to imagine this place as
it appeared to them, as they slowly approached this Avild
shore. They had left their native land, a country the
most advanced in civilization and refinement, for the pur
pose of beginning a settlement in this remote wilderness.
They arrived in September, whilst the forests were still
in their glory ; and though desolate and uncultivated, how
grand and beautiful must have been the prosjiect before
them ! The islands, the shores, the distant hills were
covered with lofty trees iu their richest foliage. There
they had been amid the silence of ages, a silence unbro
ken by human voice, save that of the savage race whose
home was in the forest.
We linger over their accounts of this new world, espe
cially that given by the gentle and saintly Higginson,
who was so soon called from those who loved him here to
his Ions; rest.
And again on the soft day in June, two years after,
when the "Arbella" and her consorts arrived, with Win-

49
throp, Dudley, Johnson, Saltonstall, and others, a goodly
company, with their wives aud children, bringing over
the charter, which they boldly resolved to execute as a
constitution of civil government here, instead of a mere
trading corporation in England, for which it was designed
— a coup d'etat which decided the destiny of the colony,
aud which made the little settlement here the germ of a
sovereign, free, and independent state.
No motive springing from the earth was sufficient to
induce these men to leave their pleasant aud luxurious
homes, to abandon all the attractions of wealth and high
social position, for this savage wilderness ; in their small
and miserable vessels, devoid of every comfort, with in
sufficient food, to cross what must have seemed to them
au almost boundless sea, to seek new homes in this "out
side of the world." These were men (and women, too)
of high culture, who eagerly gave up all for "freedom to
worship God."
But I am reminded by your toast, Mr. President, that
I should not omit briefly referring to Sir Richard Salton
stall, the first named patentee under the royal charter,
who, though not so conspicuous as others, was among the
first to devote himself, his family, and his fortunes to the
great enterprise, continuing, through life, to be the ardent
friend and supporter of the colony. No words can better
portray his truly Christian character, than his own letter
to the ministers of Boston, Messrs. Cotton and Wilson,
written after his return to England ; a few words from
which I know I shall be pardoned for quoting.
"It doth not a little grieve my spirit to heare what sadd
things are reported daily of your tyranny and persecu
tions in New England, as that you fine, whip, and im
prison men for their consciences. * * * Truly, friends,
this your practice of compelling any, in matters of wor-
mST. COLL. XV 10

50
ship to doe that whereof they are not fully persuaded is
to make them sinn. * * * I hope you do not assume to
yourselves infallibility of judgment, when the most learned
of the apostles confesseth he knew but in part and saw but
darkly as through a glass." A "spirit" which descended
to his grandson, who refused to sit as one of the judges at
the special court for the trial of the witches. These acts
bear evidence to a manliness aud independence, which
through all time should be a lesson to their descendants,
and inspire them with courage to boldly maintain their
convictions of right.
And now we have listened to the eloquent words which
have fallen from the lips of an Endicott and a Winthrop.
We rejoice that these admirable men, their ancestors,
among the other good things they did for posterity, under
the kind providence of God, left such a legacy as we
enjoy in their descendants. And it is a comfort to feel,
that however the storm of politics may toss our poor
country, and bring to the surface bad and dishonest
leaders, we have still among us good and true, wise and
patriotic men, who, while they carry in their veins the
blood and bear the names, no less inherit the virtues of
their illustrious ancestors.
TOAST TO HARVARD COLLEGE.
From the earliest years of its settlement, the community
which we represent has been especially identified with the
cause of academic learning. It has probably supplied
more students than has any other city in the common
wealth to the ranks of our oldest college ; and I am told
that to-day there are seven instructors upon the board of
its faculty, who hail in their birth from Salem. So I
shall give you as the next sentiment: "Harvard College,
the Pioneer of Academic Learning in our Country."

51
RESPONSE BY THE ORCHESTRA.
"Fair Harvard."
INTRODUCING PROFESSOR PEIRCE.
At the mention of Harvard College, I have no doubt
that some of your eyes turned toward one of our distin
guished guests with the expectation that he would be
called upon to respond to that sentiment. I did not then
mention his name, for this reason, that I did not care to
have his individual title to distinction lost in the seneral
glory of the university, and also because I wished to
emphasize in a particular way the call which I should
make upon him. And I make that call by reminding you
that the City of Salem has been especially connected not
only with the science of history, but with the history of
science. Some of its most cherished shrines are scien
tific shrines. Some of its noblest memories are the mem
ories of scientific achievement and distinction. And so I
give you, as the next sentiment : "The record of Salem
in Science," and I call upon Professor Peirce of Harvard
College to reply. [Applause.]
RESPONSE OF PROFESSOR PEIRCE, OF HARVARD.
Idr. Chairman: I trust that you will permit me to ex
tend your subject to one a little grander, and one that
was referred to, I believe, in my invitation, that is the
colonial science or the science of the colonies in general,
and not restrict it solely to Salem.
Mr. Bolles. — Certainly, sir.
Professor Peirce. — It is true that the grandeur of the

52
theme deserves a more influential and fitting utterance.
Man, with his intellect is placed iu this intellectual cos
mos that he may grow aud expand to the full measure of
his utmost capacity, which is, of course, infinite ; and the
land and the nation where this is readiest and most possi
ble, is the natural birth-place of an independent and pow
erful republic. Our earliest forefathers understood this
thoroughly, and they, in the outset, under the inspiration
of this, produced great men, such as the Winthroj^s,
Wigglesworths, Holyoke, Rittenhouso, Franklin and Bow
ditch. They were all born before the Revolution. They
established universities and colleges all over the laud.
Harvard was but one of them. There was Yale, there
was Columbia, New York ; there were altogether ten
colleges that were established before the Declaration of
Independence. They also founded academies, learned
academies throughout the country. The first of the Win-
throps was himself one of the founders, one of the orig
inal founders of the Royal Society of London, and his
grandson had a volume of the memoirs of the academy
dedicated to him. And there were four of that family.
There were Bowdoin and many other American academies
that were members of the Royal Society. In 1727, I
think it was, Franklin founded at Philadelphia the Junta,
or established the Junta, which was a workingmeu's soci
ety for the pursuit of knowledge. And afterwards, later
than that, 1743, I think it was, that he founded a larger
society under the name of the Philosophical Society ; aud
he combined these two societies, afterwards, under the
national name of the American Philosophical Society."
I go forward to mention an incident that is closely con
nected with this. In 1863, iu the midst of the war for
the Union, his great grandson, Alexander Dallas Bache,
founded the National Academy of Science. It is inter-

53
esting to see how these great natures studied for union
and nationality. I remember iu the gloomiest times of
the war, Bache's turning to me and exclaiming : "If these
men succeed, you aud I, professor, will have no country."
Massachusetts patriots in 1780, combined in the forma
tion of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
This was done in the midst of our war. It was worthy
to be done by the descendants of the Pilgrims who came
to us from Ley den, from that glorious Leyden that after
the ravages of war and the desolation of famine, asked
as their first petition to the Prince of Orange, that he
should establish their university ! And so also did our
own INIassachusetts patriots, even in the midst of war,
found the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The
beginning of the act of incorporation is worthy to be read
on account of its majfuificent generalities. "As the arts
and sciences are the foundation and support of agricul
ture, manufactures aud commerce ; as they are necessary
to the wealth, peace, independence and happiness of a
people ; as they essentially promote the honor and dig
nity of the government which patronizes them ; and as
they are cultivated and diffused through a State by the
forming and incorporation of men of genius and learning
into public societies ; for this beneficial purpose, the Hon.
Samuel Adams," — at the head of sixty-two names ar
ranged in alphabetical order and terminating with James
Winthrop — " are hereby formed into and constituted
a body politic and corporate, under the name of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences." The duty
especially assigned them was ; "to cultivate every art aud
science which may tend to advance the interest, honor,
dignity, and happiness of a free, independent and virtu
ous people." Among the names of the founders of the
Academy, were many citizens of our State. And we

54
may observe of all these, what also we can observe of the
names of those distinguished men who have their repre
sentatives here present, that not one of these names has
ever suffered dishonor [applause] , amid the pestilence of
dishonor with which the country has been ravaged. [Loud
applause.] One-fourth of the names of the founders of
the American Academy were from this very county of
which this society bears the name, and are a portion
of that junta of which Essex County may always be
proud. I will here quote an anecdote which I think of some
interest as bearing upon this question. "About twenty-
five years ago a wealthy gentleman of New York, pro
posed to have three national pictures painted. One of
these pictures was to include the richest merchants of the
country, twelve of the richest merchauts of the country ;
the second was to consist of twelve of the most popular
statesmen, and the third was to consist of the most dis
tinguished scientists. Some years after this plan was an
nounced, I asked a friend what had become of these
pictures. " Why," said he with a significant smile, "did
you never hear the crisis of that tale? When the pic
tures were to be produced many, most of the merchauts
had been involved in the misfortunes of the times ; most
of the Statesmen had lost the favor of their constituents ;
the scientific men only remained [applause and laughter]
with honor and reputation unimpaired, because they had
not been exposed to the changes of fortune nor of the
multitude." Now, sir, instead of a toast I will give you a sentiment :
May the country born of those born of the Pilgrims who
came from Leyden, be unequalled in the production of
sound learning, philosophy, science, and poetry. [Loud
applause.]

55

INTRODUCING THE HON. GEORGE B. LORING.
We cannot t6o much, even in scientific Salem, thank
our friend, the professor, for the new reason which he
has given why science should be cultivated. I am re
minded that several allusions have been made to-day to
the record of Salem amoug men of public life, and es
pecially to its congressional record. I cannot, of course,
state the number of men who have gone from this place
to the halls of Congress, nor can I, not "to the manner
born," recount their virtues, nor their history ; but our
present representative has been invited to reply to this
toast, and we all regret that sickness absolutely prevents
him from addressing us to-day. I give you, however,
as a sentiment: "The record of Salem in Congress;"
and I will ask Professor J. W- Churchill, of Andover,
to read the response which Dr. Loring has prepared.
[Applause.] RESPONSE BY THE HON. GEORGE B. LORING.
!M!r. President: It is a striking and interesting historical
fact that the first appointed Governor of the Massachusetts
Bay Colony and the founder of the first settlement from
which that colony sprang, has not been recognized as such
iu history or in the honors bestowed upon the distinguished
fathers of the State. My mind is called to the contem
plation of this curious fact by the toast to which I have
been requested to respond, and which refers to the funda
mental part of all American government. In the matter
of colonial legislation the colony at Naumkeag seems to
have been peculiarly deficient. It is true the patentees
were to be a body politic, called the Governor and Com
pany of Massachusetts Bay ; aud their legislative body

56
was to be composed of a Governor, Deputy and eighteen
assistants to be elected by the general assembly, which
embraced all the members of the Company. But until the
removal of the patent to Massachusetts, the legislative
rule Avas exercised by the officers of the corporation sit
ting in London, and holding frequent communication with
the authorities in this country. It was from the General
Court sitting in London, that the enactments and instruc
tions came. The government here was strictly subordi
nate to the Company iu England. Its jurisdiction did not
extend to all criminal offences even. Gov. Endicott was
appointed Governor in "1629, according to his best dis
cretion with due observance of the English laws or such
instructions as they furnished him with, till the Patent
was brought over iu 1630." It is easy for us to see that
such a state of affairs could not long be endured.- The
right of representation was claimed by every Englishman.
The charter was so transferred as to blend into one the
Company in England aud the Colony in America, and, as
it was said, in order to avoid any collision between Mr.
Cradock, the Governor of the Company, and Mr. Endicott,
the Governor of the Colony, a new choice of officers was
deemed necessary, and the choice fell upon John Win
throp. Then it was that legislation in the Colony com
menced ; and the controversies which attend legislation
commenced also. It will be remembered, moreover, of
John Endicott, that he was a stern and uncompromising
Puritan, and placed himself at once in sympathetic com
munication with the Pilgrims at Plymouth. He was
opposed to all the ecclesiasticism of the church of Eng
land, and expelled John and Samuel Browne from the
Colony on account of their devotion to Episcopal forms of
worship. The disturbance which grew out of this act
became very considerable. The Brownes, ou their return

57
to England, complained bitterly of their treatment, and
induced the Court of assistants to urge on Gov. Endicott
to be careful about introducing any laws which might have
a tendency to damage the State. The enterprise, more
over, for various reasons, proved to be unprofitable ; and
that the fisheries aud the profitable trade of the colonies
presented strong inducements to the minds of the Puritan
emigrants, there can be no doubt. iMilder counsels. Colo
nial legislation, an increase of capital and mercantile
capacity, presented temptations which could not be re
sisted. While we admire, therefore, the stern qualities
of John Endicott and recognize the value of his efficient
devoticm to principle, and his valor, as armed with "the
sword of the Lord and of Gideon," he stood firm for his
convictions, and made all material interests subordinate to
the cause of Christ, we can easily understand why it was
that he lost his place in the line of the conditores impe-
riorum, and yet retained still the lustre of his greatness.
For this legislative imperfection, in the career of the
colony of Naumkeag, ample amends were rapidly made.
In 1645 the General Court agreed to hold their sessions
successively iu Boston, Cambridge, and Salem. In 1774
the colonial legislature convened here, resolved that a
General Congress was essential, and that it meet next
September in Philadelphia, and they proceeded to choose
as delegates Richard Derby and Richard Manning, names
held in high honor iu their day. From this time until the
adoption of the Constitution, Salem was more engaged in
the strife for freedom than in the legislation which at-
teuded it and immediately followed it. The military
career of Timothy Pickering, commencing in the success
ful resistance to British aggression at the North Bridge
and ending only at the close of the great war, was the
contribution which Salem made to the long line of revo-

58
lutionary heroes — a tribute unsurpassed by any commu
nity in our struggling aud self-sacrificing country.
In surveying the course pursued by those, who, as
citizens of Salem, have represented what was long known
as the Essex South District in the Congress of the United
States, one is struck with the devotion of these men to
the best principles of Government and to the highest
wants and necessities of the times in which they lived.
In the business of constructing the Government, and in
the advocacy of useful reform, they stood among the
foremost. At the head of the line stands the name of
Benjamin Goodhue,^' whose wisdom as a citizen and in
tegrity as a merchant are held in high esteem here to-day.
His career in Congress commenced in 1789 as Representa
tive, and ended as Senator from Massachusetts iu 1800.
He was distinguished for his careful scholarship while in
college, his wise aud successful enterprise while in
business, and his practical usefulness while in Congress.
Nathan Rbad^* was the next of our citizens to take his
seat in Congress. His service commenced in 1800 and
ended in 1803. Of his congressional career we know
but little. He was devoted to science, was an inventor
long before patent laws were known in this country, and
stirred the waters of Wenham Lake with a boat propelled
by steam before the steam-driven keel directed by Fulton
had ploughed the bosom of the Hudson River. He
closed his life as a Judge of Probate in the State of Maine.
Pacob Crowninshield" was the immediate successor of
Mr. Read.\H'^He was a prosperous and leading young
merchant of the town. He represented the Republican
element of that day, and at the close of his first and only
Congress he was offered a seat as Secretary of the Navy
in the Cabinet of Mr. Jefferson, a positron which he de-
"The figures on this and the five following pages refer to notes in the appendix.

59
clined, preferring the comforts of private life to the toils
and trials of office. He died young'; but he left an hon
orable reputation as a citizeu and merchant! which is
sustained at home and abroad by one who tiirough his
maternal ancestor has inherited the name and blood of
this distinguished son of Salem.
Joseph Story, ^ the poet and orator and lawyer and
jurist and legislator, followed Mr. Crowinshield after an
interval of two years, representing the same political
sentiments as his mercantile predecessor. His career in
Congress was marked by great independence of his party,
and by the zeal and industry with which he discharged his
duties. Shortly after the close of his congressional career
he was appointed a justice of the Supreme Judicial Court
of the United States, by President Jefferson. As a wri
ter on law, and ou the constitution, he has never been
equalled ; as a teacher of law he was fascinating and in
structive ; as a contributor to the literature of his day he
performed an important part ; as an orator he stood fore
most at a time when the State was distinguished for its
brilliant aud powerful speakers. I cannot forget that he
was one of a galaxy of orators whom I heard at the sec
ond centennial celebration of the founding of Harvard
College, on which occasion he had as associates in that
great oratorical display, Edward Everett, John Quincy
Adams, Daniel Webster, Robert C. Winthrop, Peleg
Sprague, and the brilliant and youthful poet, Oliver Wen
dell Holmes — an assembly in which Judge Story, with
his fervid, rich and impassioned eloquence, had but one
superior, and he the matchless orator of our country iu
his day aud generation, and the presiding officer on that
occasion. ^Benjamin Pickman,^ born of one of the oldest, most
prosperous and most respectable families in the town.

60
succeeded Judge Story in 1809, and retired in 1811. He
was a strong federalist in politics aud was a warm and
ardent friend of Josiah Quincy, who was his colleague in
Congress. He was strongly opposed to the policy of Mr.
Jefferson and represented the sentiments of those mer
chants of the town who were antagonistic to the embargo
law. The friendship thus established between himself and
Mr. Quincy was never broken. He stood by this re
markable man in all his controversies. He was a graduate
of Harvard College and a liberal patron of letters. He
Avas a member of the Convention that revised the State
Constitution in 1820, and he died in Salem, 1843.*]
Timothy Pickering* was the next citizen of Salem who
followed Col. Pickman. His entire life had been spent in
the service of his country ; and he had shoAvn himself to
be a great soldier, a great cabinet minister, aud a great
senator. He possessed undaunted courage, perfect integ
rity, and a nice sense of honor. He contributed largely
to the legal information which guided the Colonies through
many difficult questions connected with the Av;ir, and took
an active part in some of the most important engagements
of the conflict. His mind was eminently practical. He
was a successful farmer and for many years applied not
only his sound experience to the tilling of the soil, but his
keen intellectual faculties to the discussion of all ques
tions bearing upon the farmer's interests. He Avas for a
long time President of the Essex Agricultural Society,
placed there by the farmers of Essex, because he enjoyed
the confidence of all the leading agriculturists of his day.
He held office on account of the valuable service he had
performed, and not to gratify his own restless desires.
He died in Salem, January, 1829.
Nathaniel Silsbee," a distinguished merchant of
Salem, was chosen a member of Congress in 1816 ; served

61
in the House until 1820, and in the Senate from 1826 to
1835. He belonged to one of the leading families of the
toAvn who had done much to develop the commerce of
Salem ; and by his judgment and sound sense he largely
increased its influence iu the business aud councils of the
commonwealth. He was a strong supporter of President
John Quincy Adams, and he left behind him a high and
honorable record. He died iu Salem, July, 1850.
Gideon Barstow' was Mr. Silsbee's successor. He
was born in the old Colony, moved early iu life to Salem,
practised for a time the profession of medicine, and after
wards became a successful merchant. He was a high-
toned and honorable gentleman, served through one
Congress, and died in March, 1852.
Benjamin W. Crowninshield^ Avas elected to Congress
in 1823, having previously been a most efficient Secretary
of the Navy iu the cabinet of President Madison. He
was au ardent supporter of the war of 1812 and violently
opposed to the Federal tendencies of his District. He
had great confidence in the American Government and
contributed liberally toward its financial support during
the trials and hardships of the contest. He represented
Massachusetts in an impressive style, journeyed to Wash
ington Avith his own equipage and endeavored iu every
way to maintain the social dignity of the CommouAvealth.
He Avas an earnest leader in the political contests of this
toAvn, and removed to Boston at the close of his political
career. He died in February, 1851.
RuEUS Choate'' was in many respects the most brilliant
senator and member of the House, whom Massachusetts
has ever sent iuto the Halls of Congress. He brought to
the subject of the law, to which his life was earnestly
devoted, great shrewdness and adroitness, and profound
knowledge of its fundamental principles Avarmed by a rich

62
imagination and great skill. He was indeed a great advo
cate. But it was manifest to all, that when he left his
profession and entered upon literary and oratorical pur
suits, his mind received fresh strength and energy from
the new work in which he was engaged. He had au
intense love of letters, aud his tributes to books have
never been surpassed even by the distinguished orators of
antiquity. He Avas the warm friend of the humlilest client
that appealed to him for advice ; and he left a memory
around the Bar of Essex County, which his contemporaries
cherish with admiration and from which his successors in
a younger generation find much to guide and stimulate
them in their work. He died in Halifax, July 12, 1859.
Stephen C. Phillips' entered Congress in 1834. He
was a graduate of Harvard College and had long taken an
active part in the largest mercantile enterprises of his
native city. He went to Congress filled Avith fhe spirit of
reform, and in all his actions in the House, he was guided
by the sentiments of humanity and philanthropy for which
his District was distinguished. He filled many offices of
public importance in the Commonwealth, devoting his
time and money to the cause of education, and Avas one of
the founders of the Freesoil party of 1848. He died by
accident, June 26, 1857.
Leverett Saltonstall' was elected in 1839, and re
mained iu Congress till 1843. He was one ofthe leaders
of the Essex Bar for many years, and one of the most de
voted and energetic supporters of the interests of Salem.
He maintained during his long life the most intimate rela
tions with the cultivated men of the Commonwealth. He
was an ardent Whig and a great admirer and supporter of
Mr. Clay; but notwithstanding his stroug political con
victions and his Avarm political attachments, he never lost
sight of the courtesies and kindnesses of life, tolerated

63
with a gentlemanly and noble generosity all differences of
opinion, and never allowed them to disturb his relations
with his contemporaries throughout the State. He was a
warm friend, a Avise, houest and eloquent lawyer, and a
most cheerful and benignant member of Society. In
Congress he devoted himself to questions affecting the
industries of the country, and it is to him that we owe the
protective tariff of 1842. He died iu Salem, May 8, 1845.
Charles W. Upham' was elected to Congress in 1853.
He commenced life as a merchant's clerk ; graduated at
Harvard in 1821 ; he then adopted the ministry as a pro
fession, and Avas for many years settled over the First
Church iu Salem. He was a vigorous and graceful writer
and the author of some of the best biographical sketches
iu our language. He published a Life of Sir Harry Vane ;
a History of Witchcraft, and a Life of Timothy Pickering.
After leaving Congress he Avas for two sessions President
of the Massachusetts Senate ; and he then retired from
public life. He died in Salem, June 15, 1875.
These are the representatives whom Salem has sent into
the councils of the Nation ; aud these are the services of
which she has a right to be proud. Her connection Avith
the legislature of the country, notwithstanding the early
Colonial obstacles, has been influential and important in
all the various forms of Government which have existed
here from the ancient times. I trust her future will be as
honorable as her past.
INTRODUCING THE REV. FIELDER ISRAEL.
It is empfiatically to-day, the time of remembering
first things, and Ave shall omit one of the most impor
tant factors in the history of Salem and the State did we
not remember the foundation of the earliest church. I

64
give you as our next toast, "the First Church of Salem."
The two huudred and fiftieth anniversary of that church
itself is almost at hand, and I call upon the Rev. Fielder
Israel, its pastor, for a response.
RESPONSE OF THE REV. FIELDER ISRAEL.
!Mr. President and !Mr. Toast-Master: You Avill alloAV
me to say, in vicAV of the lateness of the hour and the
fact to which you have alluded, that the two hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of this oldest church in America is
almost at hand, that I shall not now attempt to reply at
any length to the sentiment you have offered.
Suffice it to say that if, according to the Avord of Mat
thew Arnold, "there goes to the building up of human
life and civilization these four powers — the poAver of con
duct, the power of intellect and knowledge, the power of
beauty, and the power of social life and manners," theu
these founders and fathers of the First Church not only
possessed these moral forces, but used them, according to
the light they had, wisely and well, and built a church to
the Living God, on the Pillar and Ground of the Truth.
They subscribed no creed, but Avith Francis Higginson,
their first minister in 1629,^ they subjected themselves
under a perpetual Covenant of Love to God and His
Truth and to one another.
They believed iu God and Avorshipped Him alone.
They gave themselves to the Lord Jesus Christ, as Hugh
Peters exhorted them iu 1636,^ and to the Avord of His
grace "for the teaching, ruling, and sanctifying of them
in matters of worship and conversation, resolving to
cleave to Him alone for life and glory, and oppose all
> Covenant of 1629. = Covenant of IBSB.

65
contrary ways, canons, and constitutions of men." From
the beginning with John Endicott they made the Sermon
on the Mount, if not the only, the sufficient rule of faith
and practice. They believed in humanity and respected
manhood, and gave themselves to the work of its regen
eration and refinement with a zeal that knew no service
too great, no sacrifice too costly. All life to them was
sacred. Liberty, Labor, and Learning were to them ordi
nances of religion, of divine appointment, as well as Bap
tism and The Supper.
Through this faith they worked righteousness, wrought
wonders, and subdued tbe kingdom. Hard, harsh, stern,
and severe as they seem to us they were sincere, honest,
and true, and believed they were doing God's service.
We would not now choose their methods nor copy their
manners. "The old order changeth, yielding place to new.
And God fulfils Himself in different ways."
This church remains until this day free and indepen
dent, thoroughly organized, interested and engaged in
every good word and work. After two hundred and fifty
years, "It stands as it ever has stood ;
And brightly its Builder displays
And flames with the glory of God."
"!Esto perpetua."^ [Loud applause.]

INTRODUCING JOSEPH H. CHOATE, ESQ.
I have sometimes thought that a new catechism in his
tory should be written, and that if one wanted to know
where William the Conqueror was born, or where Mary,
»MottG and seal of tlie Church flrst given by the Hon. Judge White.
HIS'T. COLL. XV 11

66
Queen of Scots, had her nativity, the answer should be
uniformly and in all cases, "Salem;" for the sons and
daughters of Salem are so well scattered, it would seera
to me, especially in places of honor and repute all over
the country, that I am not surprised at anything or
anybody especially good claiming its ancestry here.
[Laughter.] I give you as our next sentiment : "The
sons and daughters of Salem in other cities," and I call
upon a gentleman whom I am sure will enforce more
emphatically what I have said in my prelude, I call
upon Mr. Joseph H. Choate to respond. [Applause.]
RESPONSE OF JOSEPH H. CHOATE, ESQ.
!Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen : The Salem
people abroad for whom you bid me speak, take, I ara
sure, a lively interest in this two hundred and fiftieth
anniversary of the landing of Governor Endicott. Not
indeed that the blood of Endicott has ever wandered
far or in copious streams beyond the borders of New
England ! The fact is that the Endicotts, the Win-
throps and the Saltonstalls have flourished too well upon
the parent stock and have been too much prized at home
to be driven, except on rare occasions, by inclination or
by necessity, to seek their fortunes beyond the domains
of New England, which they helped to plant and to es
tablish. See how they present themselves before us
to-day. Fair types of all the past! Endicott, the su
preme judge, well representing the old colonial governor I
Winthrop, bringing to the shrine of his honored ancestry
a personal fame which is better, far better, than to have
been the governor of any State, even of Massachusetts !
[Applause.] Saltonstall, my respected teacher in the
law, the most worthy son of a man whom all Salem has-

67
ever delighted to honor 1 [Loud applause.] But after
all a great, share of the glory of Endicott and of Win
throp Avas in their following, in that band of devoted fol
lowers who came with them and after them and helped
thera to make their great enterprise a success — these pul-
tured gentlemen, these sturdy yeoman, all of the < purest
English stocky who established and extended the boun
daries of this ancient city, who organized, under the
guidance of Endicott, its first church, who built its first
houses, who laid out its first streets, and whose descend
ants afterwards, iu many generations, started its com
merce and pressed it to the furthest confines of the globe,
so as to make the name of Salem respected and honored
on the shores of all the continents. It is from these men
that we trace our proud lineage, and it is this that makes
the sons of Salem proud of the place of their birth.
[Applause.] Of course, Mr. President, it requires great forecast for
a man to select a birthplace of which he shall always be
proud ; [laughter] but he must indeed be an unreasonable
creature, who having America for a continent and Massa
chusetts for a State, Essex for a county and Salem for a
native town, is not entirely satisfied. [Laughter and
applause.] Of course a man born anyAvhere can get
aloiig somehow. [Laughter.] I suppose that the native
of Topsfield, or of Middleton, or of Beverly, if he re
pents promptly, [laughter] and moves into Salem and
does Avell there, [laughter] may plead some excuse for his
original sin, [laughter] and if he be of a lively imagina
tion may even begin to boast of it. Why, Cicero boasted
of being born at Aspinum, and Rufus Choate at Hog
Island ; [laughter and applause] but it was after the one
had become the great orator of Rome, and the other of
Boston, and so, by their own fame, as it were, had ex-

68
tended the boundaries of the cities of their adoption to
embrace the humble, but thanks to them, historic places
of their birth. [Applause.]
But Salem, Mr. President, is so old, so queer, [laugh
ter] so unique, so different from all other places upon
Avhich the sun in his western journey looks down, so full
of grand historical reminiscences, so typical of everything
that has ever occurred in the annals of American life,
[laughter] that he who has had the good luck to be born
here may really claim it as a peculiar distinction. You
have heard all day, to the going down of the sun, of its
historic glories, and I will not repeat them to your addi
tional fatigue ; but I want to remind you of one thing,
and that is that the man who is born in Salem must pay
the penalty of that distinction. And chiefly in being just
a little older to the cubic inch than any other man born at
exactly the same moment in any other part of North
America. [Loud laughter and applause.] Hoav, sir,
could it possibly be otherwise, with human beings born
and bred in these old houses which have cradled so many
of our race for upwards of tAvo centuries, that humanity
itself has got used to being started here and finds itself
an old story at the beginning? [Laughter and applause.]
I wish to suggest it as an interesting and at the same tirae
subtle enquiry for the scientists of the Essex Institute
[laughter] to compare the new-born Salem baby with an
infant born at the same moment in Kansas, or Colorado,
or Montana. I venture to say that the microscope would
disclose a physiological difference. [Laughter.] The
microscope would ascertain a slight, perhaps a very slight
mould of antiquity, [laughter] but A\'hich all the waters
of Wenham could never Avash off. [Laughter and ap
plause.] How can a raan born in Derby street [laughter]
or Norman street — Norman, who came over with Conant,

69
who was here long before Endicott arrived, — or Essex
street — a high-way for the Indians before even Conant
thought of coming — hoAv can such a man ever feel like a
ncAv and absolutely young creature? [Laughter.] No,
Mr. Presideut, he can not do it. This stale flavor and
tinge is bred iu our bones. It is in the marrow, it is in
the red corpuscles of the blood, it is iu the roots of the
tongue and of the hair, and you can no more rub it out
than the farmers of Massachusetts can Aveed out the witch-
weed and the woad-wax that Governor Endicott brought
OA'er as choice garden plants. [Laughter and applause.]
Friction with the world don't destroy it in the least.
t^nd so it is that you may know a Salem man Avherever
you meet him, the Avorld over. He carries about him a
little "Auld lang syne" that shows where he came from.
Soraetiraes it is in the cut of his jib, and sometimes of
his coat ; sometimes it is the way in which he cuts across
a street corner, always slanting, never at right angles ;
[laughter] or from his style of shortening things, as the
Avay he utters some familiar words. He never takes off
his c-o-a-t but his cote ; [laughter] he never rides upon
the road, but always on the rode ; and if you should pick
up a final g, in "ing," you may be pretty sure that some
of his Salem people are the unfortunate people who have
dropped it ; but if you can hear him say " git," of course
you will know his very origin and almost the street from
which he came.; [Laughter and applause.] Noav in this
family meeting, as an illustration of this subject, perhaps
you Avill pardon me for telling a little personal anecdote.
A short time ago I was arguing a case in our court of
appeals at Albany with some earnestness, and there sat
by me a gentleman bred and born in the South. He lis
tened Avith attention, and when I got through he congrat
ulated me, "but," said he : "I would have given a hundred

70
dollars if you hadn't said "git." [Laughter.] Well,
Mr. President, how could I help it? [laughter] Governor
Endicott said it, [laughter] all my progenitors in this
town haA'e said it for two hundred and fifty years, and so,
Mr. Chairman, I believe it is more than half right.
[Laughter and applause.]
Well, perhaps we ought not to allow a stranger to in
dulge in these free criticisms of ourselves, but I am not a
stranger. Though not familiar in these streets for the
last quarter of a century, I claim to be a Salemite of the
Salemites. [Applause.] My maternal ancestors Avere
here for untold generations. They must have been here.
It is difficult to identify their names, because you know
when you go back eight generations you have about 128
progenitors, in that degree, and some of them must have
been here with Conant. They must have gone doAvn on
the end of Derby wharf with him to welcome Endicott.
The orator of the day didn't mention the circumstance
because he didn't know it. [Laughter.] You must not
smile at that for an anachronism, because I challenge any
antiquarian to go clown upon that venerable pile and view
its foundations and its structure, and give it anything
short of an antiquity, long before Endicott thought of
coming here. [Laughter.] Well, they helped to raise,
these maternal ancestors of mine, helped to raise the
First Church Avhich it has been the glory of the Essex
Institute, after 200 years, to resurrect and restore. They
were in that hooting and howling crowd that followed
Cassandra Southwick, strapped to a cart's tail and Avhipped
through the streets of this ancient city. And then later
they Avere in that other procession, with death at the head
and Cotton Mather at the rear [laughter] , that marched
from St. Peters street to Gallows Hill with the victims of
the witchcraft delusion. They were at the North bridge

71
when Colonel Leslie made his unceremonious retreat,
and Avent whence he came. They listened to the Declar
ation of Independence, first read on Salem common;
[applause] and on the quarter deck and before the mast,
for many generations, they contributed to create, through
all the periods of its progress and decline, the commerce
of Salem. So I claim to be to the manor born and to
have a right to speak of Salem and of Salem institutions
as I thiuk.
Aud, knowing this, I suppose, Mr. Chairman, it is that
you have called on me of all this company to speak for
the Salem people abroad. Well, I will say only a few
words. We make up the great mass of the population
of Salem. [Laughter.] Almost all Salem people go
abroad and very few of them remain at home. [Laugh
ter.] I believe you number about 25,000 within these
ancient Avails. We, the Salem people abroad, count our
selves by hundreds of thousands. [Laughter.] You
may find us on all continents, in every country, in almost
every city, on all oceans, and on all isles of the sea. We
engage in all sorts of occupations, providing only they
are honest — for you will bear me witness, Mr. Chairman,
that honesty is a Salem trait. Not to dilate upon their
virtues and their merits, I would say that they are all
doing pretty well. I think I may say of them, as you
have heard said so much to-day of their ancestors, that
they live lives of honesty, of industry, and of economy,
and that raakes up the great staple of Salem character at
home and abroad. They remember, sir, Avith gratitude
this ancient city, and above all the schools of Salem ; and
what they got in them they regard as her best legacy to
her departing children. In those palmy days of Salem,
Mr. Chairman, Avhen I Avas a child, education Avas no
joke. [Laughter.] The business of life began with us

¦ 72
in earnest as soon as we had learned to speak. There
Avas no playing or dallying for the children till they were
seven or eight years old, as is now too often the case.
At three years old the great business of education must
have been fairly started. [Laughter.] Why sir, I per
fectly remember at the age of two and three-quarters
being led by the distinguished judge of the district court
of the southern district of New York, — who had then at
tained the ripe age of four, [laughter] and who, I may
say in passing, even then exhibited those marked judicial
qualities of mind and character [loud laughter] Avhich
have recently attracted the attention of the President of
the United States, — being led by him to that ancient semi
nary for beginners in Summer street adjoiniug the bench
of Benjamin Cutts, which as far surpassed all modern
kindergartens as these excel comraon infant schools.
Well, then, at the age of seven, the boys of Salera of
this district were transferred to the central school in
Court street, under the shadow of the old court house, to
be thrashed for the period of three years under Abner
Brooks, of blessed memory. [Laughter.] Felt, in his
remarks on Salem, has made one curious and inexcusable
blunder, which for the truth of history, I Avisli to correct.
He declares that the whipping post that used to stand in
the rear of the old court house Avas not used after 1805. I
know better. I can swear from personal knoAvledge that
it Avas still in active use iu 1839, and can shoAv you the
very spot. [Laughter.] Well, then Ave were transferred
to that high school under the gentle, the patient, the ever
faithful Rufus Putnam, the best model of perfection in a
teacher, I believe, that even Salem has ever seen. [Ap
plause.] And last, not least, came that glorious old
establishment in Broad street, the public Latin school,
the schola publica prima, which had stood frora the foun-

73
dation of the colony, which sent George Downing, who
proved to be one of its worst boys, to Harvard college to
join its first class, and which had sent a long procession,
two hundred years long, of the fairest of Essex chosen
from the homes of Salem, to graduate at Harvard col
lege ; and at last, after our time, was merged in the high
school. I rejoice to have seen, within a few days, our
"old master, still living and walking these streets ; [ap
plause] and I hope he has been here to-day to enjoy the
prosperity and gratitude of all his old pupils ; and I am
sure they will join Avith me in saying that no living citi
zen of Salem can shoAV a record of so much done for the
welfare and good name of this city as he. He was harsh
sometimes, we thought. He had a monogram. They
were not much in fashion in those days, but he had one
that he applied to the hands and legs and backs of refrac
tory pupils. It was "O. K. O. K. O. K.," and anybody
who went to the public Latin school could translate it
as "au awful cut from Olivei Carlton's awful cowhide."
[Laughter.] Well, it was not as bad as it seemed. It
was a most impartial institution, because it mattered
nothing at all to the master hand that wielded it, whether
it fell on the aristocratic back of an Endicott or a Salton
stall, or the more common cuticle of a Choate or a BroAvn.
[Laughter.] This we can say with literal truth of it, I
think, namely, that it was more honored in the breach
than in the observance. [Applause and laughter.]
Well, then, the finer arts which Salem added to the
education which she offered to her children. Who has
forgotten Jacob Hood, who taught the boys pretty much
all the music they ever knew ? His fame as a coraposer
and teacher may be more liraited than that of Mendels
sohn or Liszt, but they never had such hard subjects to
deal with, and his success was wonderful because he
taught some of us to sing who never had made the at-

74
tempt before. And then the lighter and more fantastic
art to which this temple in which we sit was dedicated.
I would like to have these tables swept away, and see
whether we have forgotten all the painful teachings of
those days. [Laughter and applause.] Why, this is the
very spot ; and when I look up and down these tables
this afternoon and see so many of the fair forms we left
behind us — we the Salem people who have gone away —
how the thirty years that have interveued disappear aud
slip away ! How young they all appear again, hoAV slen
der, how fresh, how fair I Why, Mr. Chairman, let me
tell it as an historical incident, that on the very spot
where you now sit I have seen the daughters of GoA'ernor
Endicott, in the seventh generation, take steps that Avould
have AVOU applause from their stern Puritan ancestor him
self, if he had been permitted to look upon thera. [Ap
plause.] But the day is passed ; the sun has already set. I
wanted to say something of some great names that have
shed such lustre upon Salem. [Cries of "go on."]
There is one that I will not omit, because, in ray judg
ment, and I believe in that of many of the sons and
daughters of Salem abroad, it is the dearest and most
precious jcAvel in the diadem of imperial Salem. I give
you the memory of Nathaniel Hawthorne, a native of
Salem, descended from her earliest settlers ! So imbued
was he with the genius of her sons, and so deeply has he
enthroned it in his matchless works, that though its an
cient buildings will crumble, though the forests should
grow again between these historic rivers, and the place
be forgotten where Salem was, her name, her traditions,
and the spirit of her history, will still be fiimiliar so long
as men can read in the English tongue "The Twice Told
Tales," and "The House of the Seven Gables." [Great
applause.]

75

INTRODUCING BENJAMIN H. SILSBEE, ESQ.
You will find in Martineau's History of England an
allusion to Salem, in the reports which British travellers
used to carry home from America concerning the abun
dance of Oriental luxuries and furniture in the homes of
that city. It was from the East that Salem drew its first
great wealth. Its mercantile connections with the East
Indies are still remembered wherever Salem is known,
though the vessels that sought those distant seas have
long since ceased to anchor in our bay. I give you as
the next sentiraent: "The Commerce of Salem and the
East India Marine Society," a toast to which Mr. Benja
min H. Silsbee will respond.

RESPONSE OF BENJAMIN H. SILSBEE, ESQ.
!Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It seems par
ticularly appropriate that the sentiment just announced,
and to which I have been called to reply, should thus
unite the "Coramerce of Salem" and the "East India Ma
rine Society," for in the past the two have been naturally
associated, and each somewhat mutually dependent on the
other. Without the enterprise which started the foreign
comraerce of Salem, after the war of the Revolution had
ended in the independence of the colonies, the class of
men who were the founders of the "East India Marine
Society" would probably have sought other fields of use
fulness and employment, and without the aid of such
men that commerce would not have attained the promi
nence which it did, and which caused Salem to be known
far and wide as one of the principal pioneers in the India
trade, and the names of her merchauts, her ships and her

76
ship-masters to be familiar in almost every part of the
civilized world. It might have been more appropriate,
if the sentiment to which I am replying had said the past
commerce of Salem, for though many of her citizens are
ship-OAvners and importers of East India merchandize, to
a very considerable extent, yet their vessels are never
seen in her harbor, aud her commerce is virtually a thiug
of the past, the memory of which only survives and
brings up, on occasions like the present, pleasant recol
lections of her former business and enterprise.
The history of the commerce of Salem is yet to be
written, and it is to be hoped that under the auspices of
your young and active society, Mr. President, an histo
rian Avill be found to put on record, before it is too late,
the facts connected with its rise and progress. The com
merce of Salem, previous to the war of the Revolution,
was by no means inconsiderable, and during the war her
citizens were very active in fitting out privateers ; but in
what I may have to say regarding that commerce, I shall
confine my remarks to Avhat was after the peace of 1783.
I cannot, in the time allotted to me, attempt to give
even a slight sketch of its extent, or the names, with very
few exceptions, of its prominent merchants. Perhaps the
most prominent, inasmuch as he dispatched the first ves
sel from Salem to China, and was earlier engaged in the
East India trade than any of his cotemporaries, was Elias
Haskett DEEBY,^*a mau of large Avealth, great enterprise,
and one of Salem's most respected citizens. In Novem
ber, 1785, he sent the ship "Grand Turk," Ebenezer
West, commander, to the Isle of France and China. A
ship frora New York for the same destination had sailed
in February, 1784, owned by several parties in Philadel
phia aud Ncav York. So that to Salem belongs the honor
of having sent the second vessel to China from this coun-
"The figures on this and the two following pages refer to notes iu the appendix.

77
try, and the first from a New England port, loaded and
owned solely by Mr. Derby. His India business rapidly
increased, so that in 1789, out of fourteen American ves
sels in the Chinese waters, five of them hailed from Salem,
and all were the property of Mr. Derby. Many of the
ship-masters in the employ of INIr. Derby and others were
very young men, as were also the officers and crew. A
strikiug instance of this is the fact that, about the year
1792, the ship "Benjamin," Nathaniel Silsbee, raaster,
was cleared by Mr. Derby for the Isle of France Avith not
a man on board of her, neither her captain, officers, nor
any of her crew having attained the legal age of tAventy-
one. Mr. Derby died in 1799, at the age of sixty.
Another of the prorainent merchants in the early days
of the coramerce of Salem, whose business was continued
raany years after the death of Mr. Derby, was Mr. Wil
liam Grat.^^ Mr. Gray was a native of Lynn ; came to
Salem when a boy, entered the counting-room of a mer
chant of that day, and eventually became one of the
wealthiest of Salem's wealthy merchants, and, Avithout
doubt, at one time her largest ship-owner. In 1806 there
were seventy-three ships, eleven barks, and forty-eight
brigs employed in foreign commerce belonging to Salem,
of which one-quarter were the property of Mr. Gray.
He was devoted to his business, and his habit for fifty
years was to rise at the dawn of day, and go over his
large correspondence. He was a most patriotic citizeu,
and used his great wealth with a most liberal baud. Mr.
Gray removed to Boston about the year 1809, where he
ended his earthly life. Many of the captains in Mr.
Derby's and Mr. Gray's employ early became ship
owners, and these, with many others, active and enter
prising merchants, whose names are most familiar to our
citizens, some of whora carried on a very extensive busi
ness, might be mentioned, but time will not permit.

78
If the full history of this commerce should ever be
written, it will be seen how much those men of a former
generation have contributed to the prosperity of Salem.
But there is one, whose business life covered a space of
more than fifty years, and who was probably more exten
sively engaged in commerce in this long period, than any
other of Salem's distinguished merchants, — with the ex
ception perhaps of Mr. Gray — 'one who is distinctly
remembered by all of us, who have arrived at middle
age, to whom I cannot but allude. Joseph Peabody^
was prominent as a merchant for so many years, carrying
on so large a proportion of his business in Salem, that
any account, however brief, would be imperfect without a
glance at the extent of his business. Mr. Peabody was
a ship-master in his early days. Retiring from the sea in
1791, he engaged in commerce, continuing in it actively
till towards the close of his long life, being owner at
different times of eighty-three vessels. His vessels were
employed in voyages to Calcutta, China, Sumatra, St.
Petersburg, and other European ports, most of them
bringing return cargoes, which were sold in Salem. I
have alluded thus hastily to three of the most prominent
merchants of our city, and would gladly have extended
the list. These raen with many others were witnesses of
the dawn of Salem's commerce, and its meridian bright
ness, and have long since passed onward and upward.
But Ave have with us yet, one well-known and most
valued citizen, who witnessed the setting of that com
merce in which he had so long been engaged, his vessels
having been the last to enter the harbor of Salem from
ports beyond the Cape of Good Hope. May Mr. John
Bertram ^^ long be spared to enjoy the distribution of his
wealth. The East India Marine Society was formed in the sum
mer of 1799, and regularly organized in October of that

79
year by the choice of a president, treasurer, secretary and
committee of observation. The conditions of member
ship were that the candidate for admission should have
been master or supercargo of a vessel beyond the Cape
of Good Hope or Cape Horn. The objects of the society
were declared to be : first, to relieve the wants of the
widows and children of deceased indigent members, out
of the funds of the society ; second, to make such obser
vations and experiments as would tend to the improve
ment and security of navigation ; third, to form a collec
tion of natural and artificial curiosities, principally from
ports beyond the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn.
The society has always been a charitable one, and con
tinues to this day to distribute the income of its funds
among indigent members, or the widows and children of
such as have deceased. The second object of the society
has not been overlooked, and in its earlier days especially
received the careful attention of its members. Its sorae
what famous museum, now transferred to the "Peabody
Academy of Science," will bear witness that the third
object of the Society was faithfully accomplished. Most
of the ship-masters and merchants who had formerly been
ship-masters, became members of the Society at an early
date, and took an active interest in its success. Many of
these men were among our most prominent citizens, and
some of thera Avere called upon to fill places of honor and
responsibility in the town, the state and the nation. Of
these, I can now name but one whose fame has extended
far beyond the limit of his town or his country, who is
known amoug scientific men as the translator of La
Place's "Mechanique Celeste," and araong navigators as
the author of the "Practical Navigator," which for more
than seventy years has been the standard work on the
subject. Nathaniel Bowditch joined our society shortly

80
after its formation, and continued an active member until
he left Salem in 1820, having been its secretary, presi
dent, and one of the committee of observation.
Mr. President, I have said that the commerce of Salem
was a thing of the past. The same may be said of the
East India Marine Society. But not soon can it be for
gotten among the descendants of its founders, and its
museum, preserved and taken care of as it will be, will
long help to keep its memory fresh and green in the
hearts of the citizens of our good old town of Salem.

CLOSING SENTIMENT.
Fifty years ago a very characteristic celebration marked
the two hundredth anniversary of the day whose com-
memoration occupies us at this hour. There are four
gentlemen present here who had a part in the festivities
of that time — Messrs. R, C. Winthrop, George Peabody,
Caleb Foote and Nathaniel Silsbee. Of the survivors of
that time two others may also be remembered, though
absent — Stephen P. Webb and George Wheatland. As
our last toast let us take : "The Survivors of the Celebra
tion of fifty years ago."
RESPONSE BY THE ORCHESTRA.
"Auld Lang Syne."

81

The following is the text of the address prepared by
Rev. E. S. Atwood in response to the sentiraent: "The
Essex Institute — our Host at this Commemorative Festi
val." This, intended for the closing toast, was omitted
on account of the lateness of the hour.

ADDRESS OF REV. E. S. ATWOOD.
When the pride of London, the Cathedral of St. Paul's,
had been brought to completion, and the hopes and labors
of years had their outcome in the massive Avails and
stately areas and swimming dome of the great minster,
the question arose, in what way an appreciative people
could best express their estimate of the architect, in
whose genius the magnificent pile had its birth. The
exjpedient adopted was as significant as it was simple.
A tablet on the inner wall of the Cathedral bears the
inscription : "Si quseris mouumentum, circumspice." The
man's work is the man's best testimonial.
And so, Mr. President, in response to this sentiment,
I have only to say "Si quaeris monumentura, circuraspice."
This brilliant array of eminent men who have come to
gether at the invitation of this Society, this garnered
wealth of historic research which has been so freely placed
at our disposal, the tide of eloquence and learning which
has flowed without pause, since the opening of these
exercises, these fair faces that forget for a little while
their youth, in their reverend interest in the past, all are
better testimonials to the position and worth of the Essex
Institute, than any poor words of raine could be. It is
rarely, I think, that any organization succeeds iu grouping
on a single spot so many men of mark, or is able to crowd
HIST. COLL. XV 12

82
between sunrise and sunset so much that is valuable of
sound learning and so much that is pleasing in witching
speech as this association has been privileged to summon
and command to-day.
And yet, sir, it is to be remembered that this occasion,
satisfactory as we trust and believe it has been, is only
one blossom of the work Avhich the Essex Institute is
patiently and faithfully endeavoring to do, and is doing.
Formed thirty years ago by the union of the Historical
and Natural History Societies, it has zealously followed
the line of research of both of its progenitors, and has
achieved not only an Araerican, but also a continental
reputation. Some of its expedients for promoting a gen
eral interest in the objects for which it exists, have re
ceived special commendation at home aud abroad. Its
field meetings held in various parts of the county, and
sometimes outside of the limits of the state, have been of
great advantage to many communities, and quickened a
zeal for scientific and historical studies. The familiar lec
tures and valuable papers which it yearly gives to the
public, constitute in the aggregate a most generous con
tribution to the thought of the times. Speaking of this
whole class of work, the Avell known London magazine,
"Nature," says : —
"* * * While affording a medium for the publication
of papers of sterling scientific value, the Essex Institute
has not been unmindful of the no less imperative duty of
scientific bodies, that of promoting a taste for science
among the educated but unscientific public. We in this
country have perhaps erred in too much ignoring the pro-
fanum vidgus. It becomes, however, yearly more and
more raanifest that science must become no esoteric relio--
ion, but that it raust grasp, iu its all-including embrace
every section of the community. It is doubtful, indeed,
which class of scientific men deserves best of the repub-

83
He, those who devote the whole of their time to actual
work in the laboratory or the dissecting room ; or those
who of the riches of their knowledge impart to the
ignorant crowd in the lecture room or by the popular
treatise. With the names of the former will doubtless
be connected the raost important discoveries of the age ;
the latter will have the satisfaction of knowing that they
have done their part towards making science really popu
lar, towards spreading its blessings among the masses.
The danger is when the instruction of the public is under
taken by those who have not practically made themselves
masters of the mysteries they presume to communicate to
others." Looked at from any and every point of view, the Insti
tute deserves well both of scholars and the community at
large. And so, Mr. President, I think that we shall all admit
that it is a matter of regret, that this society should be so
hampered in its work by the limitation of its surround
ings. It has no home of its own, being only a tenant at
will in the building belonging to the Salem Athenaeum.
It is true it has been reasonably well accommodated in its
present quarters, but its large and invaluable collection
of books and manuscripts is poorly protected against fire,
and it is the constant fear of the managers that that peril
will be realized when it is too late to avert disaster. As
things are now, one hour of flame might sweep away Avhat
has been so patiently gathered by the earnest work of
more than a half century. What the Institute needs, and
what some of its friends think it has fairly earned, is a
building of its own, coraraodious, fire-proof, and arranged
with reference to future growth. Our own citizens, the
inhabitants of Essex county, the wealthy and large hearted
men who belong to that numerous class which we are fond
of designating as "the Salem people abroad," all of these,

84
it seems to us, ought to be glad to lend a helping hand in
this enterprise, which is not local but national. Give us
this which we so greatly need, ladies aud gentlemen, and
we assure you that the past accomplishraents of the Essex
Institute, creditable as they are, shall be only the hint of
the larger and better work which shall be done. In that
building of which we dream, and which we have set our
selves to secure, might be gathered aud preserved the
records and relics of the old families of the Common
wealth, the portraits that hand down in pictured distinct
ness from generation to generation the memory of good
and true raen and women, the histories of cities and
towns ; in a word, all that pertains to the old life and the
new, of the state. Past experience justifies us in believ
ing that with a rallying centre so stable, there would be a
constant influx of books, manuscripts, works of art, things
new and old, a collection that would please the curious,
delight the antiquarian, instruct the student, aid the his
torian, benefit every class in the commuuity. If these
words seem enthusiastic, it is to be remembered that it is
the enthusiasm of truth. Men can hardly give themselves
and their means to a nobler work, than the sending down
to posterity, undimmed, the handAvriting of God in his
tory.

SELECTIONS FROM CORRESPONDENCE.

Milwaukee, Wis., July 23, 1878,
Mr. Geo. M. Whipple, Secretary Essex Institute,
Dear Sir: I should be most happy to be able to say, in
reply to the friendly invitation of your Committee, that I
would be present with you on the 18th of September next,
and take part in the services of the occasion.
Salem is a dear old town to me — the place of my
nativity — the horae of as happy a childhood as boy ever
knew. There is no spot on the earth associated in my
mind with so many sacred and tender memories. In im
agination I often go back to the old toAvn — people its
streets Avith the scenes and living throngs of more than
half a century ago — revisit the haunts and playgrounds
of my boyhood, and converse, or seem to. converse, Avith
friends of other days, till the present vanishes into
shadow, and the past rises before rae with all the vivid
ness of a living reality.
The tree has been transplanted ; but its roots and fibres
still reraain in the soil that gave it birth.
I wish I could be with you, aud give utterance to
thoughts and eraotions that are ever welling up iu my
mind and heart as often as Salem is brought to my re
membrance. But I cannot. I am now eleven hundred
miles away — an old man in my seventy-fourth year —
with voice so impaired and broken that I am not able to
address even a very small assembly. (85)

86
But everything that relates to Salem is of interest to
me ; and therefore though absent in body on the day of
commemoration, I shall be with you in spirit.
It was when thinking of dear old Salem that I penned,
some time ago, a little ballad, containing among others
the following lines : —
O give me back my boyhood's dreams.
When life was young, and hills and streams.
And fields and flowers, shall be as then.
And birds will sing old songs again !
O give rae back the friends I knew,
The playmates of my earlier years.
When hours on golden pinions flew,
And tears were only April tears !
The brook by whose sweet banks I strayed
With liook and line, in careless joy.
Will babble over former tales.
And I shall be once more a boy !
Hoping your day of commemoration will be all you
anticipate, very truly yours,
Joseph H. Towne.

Edgehill, near Charlotte C. H., Virginia,
September 9, 1878.
To Henry Wheatland, Esq.,
Dear Sir : I am much obliged to you for the kind invi
tation of the Essex Institute to attend the celebration of
the tAVO hundred and fiftieth auniversary of the landing
of Governor Endicott at Salem, and deeply regret that I
cannot be with you on so interesting an occasion. I take
a special delight iu those anniversaries which comraemo-

87
rate the founding of States, and I would rejoice to behold
the gathering of the genius and worth and patriotism,
and, let me add, the beauty, of Massachusetts around a
common altar.
What an influence the year eighty-eight seeras to have
exerted on the destinies of the Anglo-Saxon race I The
year 1588, in which John Endicott was born, perhaps the
hour of his birth, saw Queen Elizabeth on horse-back,
with pistols in her holsters, exhorting her army to stand
up for the liberties of England then raenaced by the In
vincible Spanish Arraada, which was hovering about the
British coast. And had Endicott lived to the age of your
townsraan, the venerable Holyoke, he would have hailed
the British Revolution of 1688, to which England owes
that prestige which has raade her the greatest nation the
sun ever shone upon. And then recurring to our own
land, we have another commingling of the eights in an
American centennial epoch, that of 1788, when the pres
ent federal constitution was ratified by a people whose
territory was bounded by the river St. Mary's in Georgia,
with a portion resting on the eastern bank of the Missis
sippi, on the waters of which pur fathers could not launch
a skiff and bear their annual product to the sea without
vailing their flag to a foreign fortress, and begging a li
cense frora some haughty minion of the king of Spain,
but which iioAV extends from Alaska to the gulf of Mex
ico, and from sea to sea; a constitution, by the way,
under the influence of which from the small beginnings
of John Endicott, which you are about to commemorate,
has arisen one of the grandest commonwealths of the new
world or the old.
It would indeed be a pleasing office to hear the lessons
of American experience of tAvo centuries and a half ex
pounded from the platform by your eloquent men, and to

88
listen to the voice of the living lyre swept by the hands
of your distinguished minstrels ; but my infirmities make
such a privilege impossible to me ; and I can only assure
you of the cordial sympathy I cherish for the brilliant
success of your celebration, and of my earnest wishes
that it may tend not only to impress and instruct our
hearts and our minds with the recollections of the past,
but inspire us all with fresh hopes of the future of our
common country.
With great respect and esteem for the gentlemen of
your Committee, and for the members of the Essex Insti
tute, I am truly yours,
Hugh Blair Grigsby.

Boston, Sept. 12, 1878.
To Messrs. Henry Wheatland and Others,
Gentlemen: Let me acknowledge the receipt of a kind
invitation to be present with you at the two hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of the landing of Gov. Endicott at
Nahumkeig, and at the same time express ray regret that
a prior engageraent to be in Milwaukie that day, renders
it impossible for me to be Avith you on that occasion. I
trust, however, that your day will be brilliant and the
services gratifying to all interested in the early history of
New England.
Little has been preserved of the history of the period
during Avhich Gov. Endicott exercised his authority over
the territories included in the Bay Charter. I have often
despaired when endeavoring to penetrate that mysterious
period further than the obscure references to the negotia
tions with "the old planters," and political economical
vicAVS about "raising tobacco," I hope the ardor with

89
which your Institute has pursued historical investigation
may be crowned with the discovery of additional facts.
In the career of John Endicott his governorship was
not the most important feature. A self-reliant and fiery
spirit kept him in the heat and turmoil of political contest,
wherever it arose in the Colony, and the uprightness of
his character and a certain marked ability of mind pre
served for him respect and influence even in those rare
instances where his judgment was distrusted. He repre
sented one of the best moulds of Puritan character.
Without doubt, as he first took possession of the Bay
Colony territory for the incorporated grantees, first
brought their Charter authority there, and first exercised
their right of local government over it, he was its first
governor under a Charter which, for half a century con
trolled its fortunes. Neither the existence of earlier
settlements in the territory, nor the history of the old
planters can be found to militate against this honorable
distinction of him you celebrate.
I am your obedient servant,
Chas. Levi Woodbury.

Mechlenburg Place, Knoxville, Tenn.,
Sept. 14, 1878.
Dr. Henry Wheatland and Others of the Com
mittee op Essex Institute,
Gentlemen: Your polite invitation to become your
guest at the approaching commemoration of the landing
of Governor Endicott at Salem has been received.
Allow me on my own behalf and in the name of the
Historical Society of Tennessee to make my very cordial
acknowledgments, for the compliment and good feeling
implied by the invitation and to assure your committee

90
that we reciprocate their courtesy as thus manifested most
sincerely, and while circumstances beyond my control
make it impossible for me to attend in person, I seize the
occasion to join with you in the sincere wish that your
commemorative observances of the 18th of September,
1628, and the traditional and historical memories and
associations inspired by the fame and character of Endi
cott and Salem, may be all that patriotism and reverence
for the past can desire.
Please assure your colleagues of the committee of the
regard and high consideration with which I am.
Your obedient servant,
J. G. M. Ramsey,
President Hist, Soc. of Tennessee.

West Ossipee, N. H., 14th 9th mo., 1878.
Oeo. M. Whipple, Esq.,
Dear Friend: I am sorry that I cannot respond, in
person, to the invitation of the Essex Institute to its
commemorative festival on the 18th inst. I especially
regret it, because, though a member of the Society of
Friends, and, as such, regarding with abhorrence the
severe persecution of the sect under the administration
of Gov. Endicott, I am not unmindful of the otherwise
noble qualities and worthy record of the great Puritan,
whose misfortune it was to live in an age which regarded
religious toleration as a crime. He was the victim of the
merciless logic of his creed. He honestly thought that
every convert to Quakerism became by virtue of that
conversion a child of perdition ; and, as the head of the
Commonwealth, responsible for the spiritual as well as
temporal welfare of its inhabitants, he felt it his duty to

91
whip, banish, and hang heretics to save his people from
perilous heresy.
The extravagance of some of the early Quakers has
been grossly exaggerated. Their conduct will compare
in this respect favorably with that of the first Anabaptists
and Independents ; but, it must be adraitted that many of
them manifested a good deal of that Avild enthusiasm
which has always been the result of persecution and the
denial of the rights of conscience and worship. Their
pertinacious defiance of laws enacted against them, and
their fierce denunciations of priests and raagistrates, raust
have been particularly aggravating to a man as proud
and high tempered as John Endicott. He had that
free-tongued neighbor of his, Edward Wharton, smartly
whipped at the cart-tail about once a month, but it raay
be questioned whether the Governor's ears did not suffer
as rauch under Wharton's biting sarcasra and "free speech"
as the latter's back did frora the magisterial Avhip.
Tirae has proved that the Quakers had the best of the
controversy ; and their descendants can well afford to for
get and forgive an error which the Puritan Governor
shared with the generation in which he lived.
I am very truly thy friend,
John G. Whittier.

St. Louis, Sept. 15, 1878.
G. M. Whipple, Esq.,
Dear Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt
of an invitation from the Essex Institute to assist, the
18th instant, at the commemoration of the landing of
Gov. Endicott at Salem, the 18th of September, 1628,
I regret very much that I shall not be able to join in the
celebration which will signalize the 250th anniversary of

92
that event. I like commemoration fStes, for they have a
wholesome effect on the public mind, which is all too apt
to be engrossed by the present. When Burke said that
those who do not look backward to their ancestors Avill
not look forward to their posterity, he more than implied
that he who looks backward will also look forward, and
thus looking before and after will prove himself worthy
of both the past and the future.
There is another reason which in my humble opinion
calls for the commeraoration of the early events of our
history. We live in a time when science is making won
derful revelations, and (in the judgraent of certain scien
tists) shaking the foundations of supernatural religion.
I do not propose to raise a theological question, rauch less
to say a word in favor of New England Puritanisra, but
I do mean to say that belief in the supernatural was the
most potent element in the history of the colonies, as it
has been the most potent element and factor in the his
tory of the human race. If it could be eliminated from
the past, we should have inherited very little worth caring
for in art, literature or political institutions.
I have the honor to be very faithfully yours,
Petek L. Foy,
President Mo. Hist. Society.

Newport, Rhode Island, September 16, 1878.
Dr. Henry Wheatland and the Gentlemen op the
Committee,
Dear Sirs: I regret that sorae professional engagements
have intervened, to prevent me from accepting your polite
invitation, and from participating in your joyous festival,
on the anniversary of the settlement of Salem.

93
At the former celebration on the 18th of September,
1828, the orator of the occasion, Judge Story, spoke in
high commendation of Rhode Island, as preceding the
other colonies in the establishment of Religious Liberty.
At that tirae it was the custora of historians to eulogize
Roger Williams as the sole early Apostle of Religious
Liberty in Rhode Island.
Had I been able to have been present at your celebra
tion, I should have felt it my duty to put forth as early
advocates of Religious Liberty, the just and equal claim
of AVilliam Coddington and his company, who, in 1638,
founded a settlement on the Island of Rhode Island, where
the Doctrine of Religious Liberty, having been practised
from 1638, was in 1644, incorporated into a distinct Act
of State Legislation. This was the first Act of entire
Religious Liberty ever incorporated in the Legislation of
a civilized state. The above Act preceded by three years
the union of Rhode Island with Providence Plantations in
1647. William Coddington and his company are, there
fore, entitled to the high praise of being the first Legis
lators, "since Christianity ascended the throne of the
Caesars," to enact in their Code of Laws, the declaration
of entire Religious Liberty. Rhode Island is contented
with this praise. She aspires not to the additional com
mendation of Judge Story for the eloquent preamble to
the Act in the Digest of 1798, an argument in support of
Religious Liberty, he says, rarely surpassed in power of
thought, and felicity of expression. That argument,
rightfully, belongs to Virginia, and to American States
men of a later day.
I beg leave to offer the following sentiment : —
"All Honour to the Early Worthies of your City ; the
illustrious Endicott and the glorious Founders of Salem."
Believe me, dear sirs, yours sincerely, DAAtiD King, M. D.

94

Detroit, Mich., Sept. 5th, 1878.
Dr. Henry Wheatland, Chairman,
Dear Sir: Please accept my thanks for your invitation
to be present on the 18th inst. to participate in the Essex
Institute's proposed celebration of the two hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of the landing of Gov. Endicott. It
would afford me much pleasure to be with you on that
interesting occasion. Undoubtedly there will be many
there who, like myself, left their native city many years
ago to seek a home in the West, so that in connection
with the celebration there will be a reunion of friends
who raay not have met for many years , each to tell the
story of his or her life, some to tell of their riches and
sorae of their poverty, some of their joys and sorae of
their sorrows. I would like to be there to join with you
in realizing the pleasures of the day and hearing the old,
old stories of Salem and its inhabitants, but other engage-
ments will prevent. Hoping that many of the sons and
daughters of Salem who have wandered to other parts of
the earth will be there to help make the grand gathering,
one of joy to many a household, and one to be placed on
record in the archives of the Essex Institute aud treasured
up in the memory of all who may have the pleasure of
witnessing it, I remain. Yours truly,
J. C. Holmes.

POEM BT
REV. CHARLES T. BROOKS.

"Antiquam exquirite matrem."^ iEneid, iii, 96.

"Look up the Old Mother !" — long ago 'twas sung
By Roman Virgil, in his tuneful tongue ;
" Fxquirite antiquam matreml" — thus
The blessed "Ordo"^ read the words to us ; —
The selfsame cry is in the air to-day ;
We hear the summons, and our hearts obey.
"Come back to the old Mother I" we, too, sing,
Tied to the ancient matron's apron-string ;
The elastic cord, which, wander Avhere we will.
Draws the last lingering truant homeward still.
Sooner or later, to the Mother's breast,
In her embrace, a grateful child, to rest.
To-day — where'er the world's wide ways they roam —
Old Mother Salera calls her children home.
On all the winds of heaven her voice goes forth —
From East and West they come — frora South and North.
The raessage rings "from China to Peru" —

1 The Motto is part of the oracle of Phosbus to the " duri Dardanidss " (the hardy
Trojans), directing them, when they should reach the Latiau shore, to search out
the old original homestead of their ancestors.
2 The Ordo refers to the old Delphin Edition, in which the words of the author
were arranged in the Engli.sh order for the help of beginners. It was this railway
b'y which some of us were launched "E conspeotu Siculse telluris iu altum" at a
voluntary evening school kept by our worthy Mayor, in a room of the Ives' Block
in 1827. 7 (97)

98
Pacific isles have caught the tidings, too ;
And all — at least on Memory's well-worn track —
With loyal, loving reverence hasten back.
Each seeks some favorite haunt, where once the face
Of heaven and earth wore its most winning grace.
One finds his way to sweet South Fields again.
And steers for Derby's Farm — alas ! in vain ;
Theu climbs the lane, half fearing, hoping still
They may have left a piece of Castle Hill.*
There rubs his eyes and seaAvard looks with dread —
Heaven grant they may have spared old Naugus' Head I
Another to the Common takes his way.
Play-ground and training-field of childhood's day ;
To see if, still, the quivering poplar-trees*
Flash in the sun and murmur in the breeze.
As Avheii the glittering ranks, ou muster-day,
Down the green vista stretched their long array 5
And if, in that neglected, weed grown spot
The ancient Gun-house keeps its place or not.
When an old son of Salera, after years
Of exile, in his native streets appears.
Behold, in his perplexed and eager glance.
What crowds of questions yearn for utterance I
Pray, can yon tell me, friend, if hereabout
There lives a person by the name of Strout?*

= A large slice of this bold and beautiful eminence has been cut away this long
time. » The mall was lined with Lombardy poplars in my boyhood. They were out
down to raake way for Elms in 1823.
»JoshuaStrout, a grocer, kept in the northwest corner of the Franklin Build
ing. If I rightly remember, he was stout as well as Strout.

99
What has become of that queer, winking man.
Named Jaquish,^ who could saw a load of tan?
Whose daughter Judith — apple of his eye ! —
(A heroine whom Fame should not let die)
Of the church militant a soldier true ;
Binder of shoes ; artist in fresco, too ;
Fresh from her conflicts with the hosts of sin.
Would sit, well-pleased, and scrape the violin :
The mother bending o'er the buzzing wheel.
To droAvn the rapturous joy she needs must feel,
Or stooping o'er the hearth to brush aside
The honest tear-drop of maternal pride. . .
And this rare group has gone? Ah, well-a-day !
Thus on Time's Avave the jewels melt away !
Does the old green Gibraltar-cart^ still stop.
Up in Old Paved Street, at Aunt Hannah's^ shop I
Beside Cold Spriug drop the sweet acorns still ?
Do boys dig flagroot now beneath Legge's Hill?
When 'Lection-day brings round its rapturous joys

• Jaquish was the popular pronunciation ; but Jacques was, I believe, the real
name. The family room— dining, cooking and work-room, all in one— presented a
group which Teniers might have envied. The sharp-faced Judith, her shoe-binding
¦aid aside, one leg with the deep blue stocking crossed over the other, while, with aa
innocent self-satisfaction, she swept the violin for the entertainment of her visitors ;
the father sitting, with an eye winking and watery, partly from paternal partiality
and partly from an infiniiity well understood by his townsmen, — the mother busy
at the spinning wheel and only occasionally looking up with a sly look of triumph
— all this made a picture well worth a more elaborate execution than the text has
given it. (The fresco paintmg refers to the Palms and Camels that figured on tbe
walls of the room.)
'Refers to old Ma'am Spencer and her son Thomas, the Quaker Astronomer,
Natural Historian and Scientist generally, who made that Javorite hard candy
called gibraltars, over in North Salem. See Hist. Coll.- Essex Institute, vol. xiv,
page 271, for a notice of Mr. Spencer.
8 Aunt Hannah is Hannah Harris, who kept a Circulating Library and variety
shop.

100
Does Doctor Lang* sell liquorice to the boys?
Is there a house still standing Avhere they raake
The regular, old-fashioned 'Lection-cake ?
Does "A True Grocer"^" his oAvn merits praise?
Does Mister Joseph" bahe cold loaves some days ?
Does Micklefield's^ Indian, as he used to do,
Hold the narcotic Aveed to public view ?
Echo the streets no more with Mullet's ^^ bell?
Has Bedney" no more Almanacs to sell?
Those Kings ^^ of East and West, in days of yore-
Mouarch and Mumford — do they Avalk no more?
Does 'Squire Savage still look sternly down
On ill-bred urchins with his awful froAvn ?
Deputy Dutch and dog — do they still chase
The recreant debtor to his hiding place?
Does Louvriere still skip, with book in hand.
By a short cut through Doctor Oliver's laud ?
Blind Dolliver^^ — an eye in every finger —
Still at the organ does he love to linger ?

•Dr. Lang, apothecary, kept at the corner of Liberty and Essex Streets. The
Vine street boys used to invest one cent out of their four-pence ha'penny Election
money in ball-liquorice at his shop.
•"There were two True,*, Abraham the grocer and Joseph True, carver. The
former kept in Washington Street, the latter in Mill Street.
1' John Joseph, a Portuguese, had a Bakery in Brown Street. A woman asking
for a cold loaf one day, he replied, " we did not bake any cold loaves to-day,
ma'am." " MioWefield, Tobacconist, kept on Front Street, near the corner of Central.
'5 Mnllet was the blind Town Crier.
" Robert Bedney was sexton of the "Tabernacle."
115 " East and West " mean East End and West End. Jo Monarch was a stately
Portuguese who lived iu a small house fur down Essex Street, below the East
Church, and Mumford was King of the Colony in the " Huts " on the Turnpike
near Buffum'a corner.
'° Dolliver was organist at the First Church.

101
Or at the party, coming late, perchance,
Tune the piano Avhile he calls the dance ?
Does Doctor Prince continue still to preach ?
-Does Philip " blow ? Does Master Hacker teach ?
Do children sometimes see with terror, still,
The midnight blaze of wood- wax on Witch Hill?
Or hail, far tAvinkling through the shades of night.
The cheering beam of Baker's Island light?
Our pilgrim stands in Central street, and there
Wonders if still, in summer hours, the air
Murmurs abroad, as evening shades corae in.
The tones of Ostinelli's violin ;
Or shakes Avith footsteps, iu the dancing-hall,
That beat responsive to Papanti's call.
When "training-day" is drawing to a close.
And tired "Militia" long for sweet repose;
Only the showy " uniforms " would fain
"Improve the shining hours" that yet remain,
A few unique manoeuvres to display,
A grand finale to the festive day, —
Do "lobster-backs" and gray-coats sometimes meet,^*
And come to a dead-lock, in Central street?
(Alas I that this proud gala-day, so bright.
Should close its eye upon a true " sham-fight I " )
But still fresh questions crowd upon his mind.
And still sad ansAvers he is doomed to find.

"Philip Frye blew the organ (played it, as he flattered himself), at the North
Church. "Refers to the rush and rivalry of the red coat Cadets and the Itfantiy for the
possession of that convenient street to display their respective tactical skill.

102
Where is the old North Church that heard the tread
Of Sabbath-breaking troops from Marblehead ?
Where is the venerable "East" that shook
To Bentley's note of thanks or bold rebuke ?
Where is the Old Sun Tavern?*' Where the sign
That showed the "Coffee House" in days lang syne ?
The Juniper — sweet name ! what charm it wore
To childhood's fancy in the days of yore !
The Willows — well may it be called to-day —
There Memory weeps — the charm has passed away !
Where is the Gate,^ beneath whose graceful arch
We saw so many a gay battalion march.
Welcomed by Washington's majestic face ?
Where is Plank Alley ?^^ Where is Holyoke Place?
Neptune and Vine and Court streets ^^ — where are they?
With their old dwellers they have moved away —
Gone up to that calm city in the air;
The feet of Memory still frequent them there.
"In Salem is his Tabernacle" — so
Our pious fathers cried with souls aglow ;
And here their Tabernacle builded they ;
Men live who once beheld it ; but to-day
A wooden finger ^^ stretches high in air
And cries : Behold your tabernacle there I

" It was opposite Liberty Street or (more exaoUy) Dr. Oliver's house.
20 The old Common gates.
"1 " Plank Alley " is Elm Street.
12 " Neptune connected Vine with Derby —"Vine " is now part of Charter, and
' Court" continues Washington.
"' Referring to the entire transformation of the old Tabernacle with its belfry.

103
Yet while the pilgrim, roaming up aud down
The streets and alleys of his native town.
So many a well-known object seeks in vain.
The sky, the sea, the rock-ribbed hills remain.
In the low murmur of the quivering breeze
That stirs the leaves of old ancestral trees.
The sarae maternal voice he still can hear
That breathed of old in childhood's dreaming ear ;
The same maternal sraile is in the sky
Whose tender greeting blessed his infant eye.
Though much has changed and much has vanished quite.
The old town-pastures have not passed from sight.
"Delectable Mountains" of his childhood — there
They stretch aAvay into the summer air.
Still the bare rocks in golden lustre shine.
Still bloom the barberry and the columbine.
As when, of old, on many a "Lecture day,"^
Through bush and swamp he took his winding Avay,
Toiled the long afternoon, then homcAvard steered.
With weary feet and visage berry-smeared.
Thus to some favorite hauut will each to-day.
At least in fond remembrance, find his way.
My thoughts, by some mysterious instinct, take
Their flight to that charmed spot Ave called the Neck ;
Aye, round the Mother's lileck I fondly cling;
Around her neck, like beads, my rhymes I string.

5* On Wednesday and Saturday there was no school in the afternoon, these
having originally been the times of the Week-day Lectures.

104
She will not scorn my offering, though it be
Like beads of flying foam, flung by the sea
Across the rocks, to gleam a moment there.
Then break and vanish in the summer air.
Then hail once more, the Neck — the dear old Neck !
What throngs of bright and peaceful memories Avake
At that compendious name ! What rapturous joy
Kindles the heart of an old Salem boy.
As he returns, though but in thought, to take
That old familiar walk "down to the Neck !"
The old Neck Gate swings open to his vicAV,
At morn and eve, to let the cows pass through.
Foye's ropcAvalk stands there still — he enters iu :
AdoAvn that dusky lane shall Memory spin
Full many a yarn, the while with silent tread
A ghostly workman draws his lengthening thread.
Through Avindow-holes that light that black earth-floor
How many a sprite peeps in from days of yore !
What wild halloos rencAV their mocking chase

"o

Far doAvn the dark, reverberating space !
No magic wand the Enchantress needs to Avave —
Awe-struck we stand before old Gifford's Cave f^
While, towering o'er us — a strange contrast — lo !
Fresh as they looked when, sixty years ago,
They caught our glance from far, on sea aud land.
The red brick walls of the poors' palace stand.

'^ A house in the bank back of the "Workhouse," consisting of several sucessive
rooms scooped out by Gifford, the hermit.

105
^Wlth boyish feet I climb yon naked hill,
And Bentley's Rock — a ruin, greets me still.
Rises once more the Genius of the place —
The same elastic step and eager face.
The old raan lifts the spy-glass to his eye :
"There go the ships !" again I hear hira cry ;
As, on his other watch-tower, once he stood,
And fired his farewell shot in playful mood.
And to the parting fleet his God-speed said —
The self-invited guests of Marblehead.^"
In my mind's eye, on that memorial ground
A relict of the war of '12 limps round.
As I beheld him oft iu childhood's day.
Of the Neck Gate an old habitue.
Whereby there hangs a tale : One cloudy night.
The sentinel upon the Neck caught sight
Of a strange figure creeping round the hill ;
He cried out : "Who goes there?" — but all was still.
He challenged thrice — then fired — a canine yell
Revealed his sad mistake too late and well.
With bleeding foot the victim limped away,
A cripple and a hero frora that day.
2«0ne Sunday in the war of 1812 news came to Salem in church time that a
British fleet had chased the Constitution into Marblehead harbor. Dr. Bentley
dismissed his congregation and hastened over on horseback. In the afternoon he
laid aside his prepared sermon and extemporized one from Psalm civ, 26 : " There
.go the ships."
Another, more particular version runs as follows : During the morning service,
'some one cime into meeting and whispered to a member ofthe Congregation. Dr.
Bentley observing it, called out, "what is he telling you?" 'The man repeated,
" The British Fleet are chasing the Constitution into Marblehead. The Doctor at
once dismissed tlie congregation, saying, " Let us hasten to help our brethren; we
must fight to day, we can pray any day.
Still a third version makes the Doctor to have said in dismissing the congrega
tion : " Serving man is the most acceptable way of serving God."

106
But other, fairer, memories consecrate
The immortal purlieus of the old Neck Gate.
Oft, on a summer Sunday's peaceful close,
(The sweet relief no child at this day knows ! )
In the long, lingering glow of evening's ray,
(Holy day melting into holiday)
All down through Wapping (Derby street, I mean).
Where trig and jaunty tars might then be seen.
Leaning on old spiked cannon, taken at sea.
Trophies of many a naval victory.
And made to serve henceforth a double intent.
Street-corner-post and sailor's monument ; —
Thus, in the Sabbath evening's quiet ray,
Down this old storied street we took our way
To where, beside the fresh, cool, spray- wet shore.
Old Colonel Hathorne's hospitable door
Invited us to rest ; serenely there
The patriarch greeted us with musing air ;
But no long reverence childhood waits to pay —
Soon to the garden-gate we found oiir way.
Hoav red — how sweet — the rose, the currant there !
What heavenly fragrance filled the evening air !
What but a bit of Eden could it be —
That little garden close upon the sea ?
Withiu, red rose and redder currant glow —
Without, the white-lipped ocean whispers low.
Sweet memories ! yet not chiefly for their sake
My thoughts to-day have wandered to the Neck.
Bentley and Hathorne — names that shed renown

107
Upon the history of our ancient town —
Are but as criers to-day, that point us back
With gloAving faces, up the shining track
To where j assembled now on Memory's hill,
A group of forms more venerable still.
With upturned faces, wear immortal light.
Caught and reflected from the heavenly height.
On that meraorial mount, in air serene.
Walking in glory, with majestic mien,
A shiuing cloud of witnesses appear
And send us greetings frora their lofty sphere.
Reverent and brave, inflexible, sedate.
Founders and fathers of the Church and State,
Captains and counsellors, a saintly band.
They beckon onward to the Proraised Land.
Conant, the wise and generous pioneer ;
Endicott, high-souled, daring, and austere;
Higginson, Williams, Peters, — well might we
Cry, as in vision we behold the three :
Fair souls I to Goodness, Faith and Freedora dear.
Shall we not build three tabernacles here ?
On the Lord's mountain, at the fount of Truth
They dwell with Him, in life's unwithering youth :
That sweet and saintly one, who crossed the Avave
To find, in one short year, an exile's grave ;
He — tAvice a pilgrim, who in Aviuter snows
And savage huts alone could find repose,
(Nay — where, on earth, could such as he e'er find
!Repose for his aspiring, restless mind?)
To whom the dark-skinned ravens of the wood

108
In his distress brought sinking nature food ;
Who, by the hand of Providence led hence.
Still at his journey's end found Providence ;
And that brave preacher and strong worker — he
Who left his darling such sweet "Legacy ;"
Who, living, brought her lessons from the sky.
That taught the Avay to live for joys ou high,
And with his dying smile aud dying breath
The precious lesson : Hoav to conquer death.
"I wish you neither poverty
Nor riches ;
But godliness, so gainful
With content.
No painted pomp, nor glory that
Bewitches ;
A blameless life is the best
Monument ;
And such a soul that soars a-
bove the sky.
Well pleased to live, but better
Pleased to die.""
O could those saints — those seers and singers twain^'
Breathe their free spirit through my stamraering strain,
Then should these lips indite a fitting lay.
Congenial to this high memorial day.

"This beautiful extract I take from Eev. Mr. Upbam's eloquent 2nd Century
Lecture. 2» I call Williams as well as Peters a singer, having in mind his touching
hymns in the wilderness, also given in Upham's discourse.

109
Then might I utter in a worthier rhyme
Those lofty lessons for the comiug time.
Of faith and freedom, of content and trust,
The fathers breathe from heaven and from the dust.
That graver task I cheerfully resign
To other voices — abler hands than mine.
But me the question now confronts (too long
Evaded by my loitering, gadding song) ,
Why at this hour, when we our Avay retrace
Back to the earliest footprints of the race
Who on these pleasant shores first pitched their tent,
The cradle of the infant settlement —
The old North River side ray thoughts forsake
And take that lonely ramble to the Neck.
— Forgive a Avould-be-patriarch (shall I say?)
Born all too late, Avhose raeraory stops to-day
Well nigh two hundred years this side the mark,
Runs back three score — theu fumbles in the dark.
I was a boy when quaint old Bentley died :
I roamed the Neck, his spirit at my side.
Within its gate a realm of shadoAvs lay —
A land of mystery stretching far away.
There with a ghostly Past I talked — Avith aAve
The ancient Mother's august form I saw.
"Seek out the ancient Mother !" — Hoav and where?
Some pore o'er musty scrolls and seek her there ;
But on the open land, beneath the skies
That made it fair to her first children's eyes, —

110
In that fresh air — upon that sacred ground —
Methinks the Mother's presence best is, found.
And so I seera to see her shadow wait
To greet me, passing through the old Neck Gate.
For does not Winter Island meet my eye
And tell a silent tale of days gone by ?
I climb yon hill and see forevermore
A spectral sail approach the wooded shore.
On Winter Island wharf I see them land,
A ghostly train come forth upon the strand.
A village springs to life — a busy port ;
It has its bustling wharves — its bristling fort.
Lo ! Fish Street — destined one day to run down
To Water Street — hoav runs to Water-town.
Can Fancy quite recall to-day the charms
Of those enchanting "Marble Harbor Farms?"
Are the "sAveet single roses"^ still in bloom?
Still do the " strawberries " the air perfume ?
And from the flowers aud shrubs that clothe the ground
Does a "sweet smell of gardens" breathe around?
And, — sous of Salem ! — be it ne'er forgot
That it was there — in that wild, lovely spot —
While yet the plough had scarcely broke the land —
They set their hearts to have the College stand.^"
Well can we guess what charms the landscape wore
When first our fathers trod this silent shore.

" Sweet Briar.
=» Bentley (Description of Salem — Mass. Hist. Col., Ist Series, vi.232), says:
As early as 1636 they made a reserve of lands upon the Marble Harbor Farms for
a college.

Ill
The child asks : Why should those green islands be
Baptized as Great and Little Misery ?"^i
Might we not almost deem these names were given
Lest those poor saints should dream this earth was
Heaven ?^^
Great miseries and little miseries — well
Could they, of both, by sore experience tell.
But, sweetly locked in sheltering arms, to-day.
Their shallop safe in Summer-Harbor lay.
Such was the name they gave the spot, when first
Upon their yearning eyes its beauty burst ;
Till by a three fold — nay, a four fold claim,
Salem shoAved right divine to be its name.
For Salem they were taught of old to pray ;
To Peace — to Salem — God has led their way ;
A spark of strife at Conant's breath had died — ^
In Salem now — in Peace — Ave dwell — they cried.
And lo ! another wonder — if we here
To Cotton Mather's word may lend an ear —
"Behold !" they cried, "the meaning of our name
In Indian speech and HebrcAV is the same.

'^ Shelley sings : "Many a green isle needs must be
In this wide sea of misery."
82 But the prose account (Bentley's) is : "It was early called Moulton's Misery
from a shipwreck."
" See Hubbard, quoted by Young (Chronicles of Mass., p. 31 and note) : Rev
John White, speaking of the change of name from Nahum-keik to Salem, says it
was done "upon a fair ground, in remembrance of a peace settled upon a confer
ence at a general meeting between them and their neighbors [the Dorchester
planters and Endicott's company], after expectance of some dangerous jar" —
'• being by the prudent moderation of Mr. Conant quietly composed."

112
This is the place of rest we carae to seek :
This is our comfort-haven : Nahum-Keek !"^*
Here Mother Salem her first fortune raade —
The future Queen of the East India trade.
Here her commercial greatness she began
With that small fleet of fishers from Cape Ann.
Wharf after wharf crept Avestward, year by yed,r ;
The hum of traffic grew more loud and clear.
Meanwhile, as through the field of History's glass
The various groups of scattered settlers pass.
Yonder we see, from the North River shore
The farmers of the region paddling o'er
To Avhere the magnates of the Church and State
Reside — the Minister and Magistrate.
There stands the house iu its capacious lot.
Where dwells the worthy Master Endicott,
Which Roger Conaut, that good-natured man.
Sent to his honored neighbor from Cape Ann.^^
North Fields and South Fields little dreamed that day
Of horse-cars ruuning on an iron way.
Each household had its family canoe.

5<Magnalia, i. 6S; "Of which place I have somewhere met with an old obser
vation, that the name of it was ratlier Hebrew than Indian; for Nahum signifies
comfort a,a<i Keek signifies haven; and our English not only found it au haven of
comfort, but happened also to put an Hebrew name upon it; for they called it
Salem, for the peace which ihey had and hoped in it; and so it is called unto this
day." '6 An old witness says Endicott sent and had it pulled down by virtue of the
right given him by the company in England; I have simply shadowed forth in ray
version the well-known good grace with which Conant accepted his being super.
seded by Endicott.

113
And of these "water-horses" some had two.
Tliese troopers also had their grand displays,
Their General Trainings, and their Muster Days.
Hadst thou the skill to reproduce, my Muse,
That raeraorable Inspection of Canoes,
By some prophetic instinct (shall we say ?)
Named to take place on that midsummer day
Which in another century was to be
The Glorious Fourth of Freedom's History —
Couldst thou but picture to the outward eye
The flash of paddles in the noonday sky —
How would that grand Regatta's rainbow blaze
Dim all the tinsel pomp of modern days I ^
Turn now from inland ferry and canoe,
Where heavier, deep-sea craft invite the vieAV.
Years passed — our sorely tried, yet hardy town
Won with her merchant ships a rare renown. ^^
The second war gave her success a check ;
I was a boy when the Brig Ann, a wreck,
Crawled up to Derby's Wharf and landed there
Her Oriental cargo, rich and rare.

"Upham's "Salem Village, &o.," i. 63. The order of the General Court ia
dated June 24, 1836, and the time fixed was "the next second day, being the fourth
day of the fifth month."
s' The following metrical version is ofl'ered of a well-known story droUy illus
trative of Salem's former imposing greatness in oriental eyes.
Some native merchant of the East, they say,
(Avhether Canton, Calcutta or Bombay),
Had in his counting-room a map, whereon
Across the field in capitals was drawn
The name of Salein, meant to represent
That Salem was the Western Continent,
While in an upper corner was put down
A dot, named Boston, Salem's leading town.
8

114
What sweets and fragrances, in frails and crates.
Gum-copal, allspice, nutmegs, cloves and dates !
Then filled the eyes of every Salera boy
With mingling tears of sadness and of joy.
We laughed to see how the old-yelloAV stores
Took in the bags of sweetmeats through their doors :
We wept to see through Avhat a hard fought fight
The brave old hulk had brought us such delight.
Sadly she seemed to figure, as she ]a.y,
The sunset of our old commercial day.
Thenceforth, O Salem I on another sea,
A calmer deep, thy commerce Avas to be ;
In History's realm thy flag Avas now to shine
And make the noble Avealth of KnoAvledge thine.
Peace be within thee, dear old Mother Town !
And as, at morn and eve, the dews come down
On thy fair gardens, grace from heaven descend
And rest upon thy homes till time shall end I
From Buffum's Corner to the old Neck Gate,
Peace aud prosperity upon thee Avait !
And from Orne's Point to Pickering's Point may peace
Reign in thy borders, and thy Aveallh increase —
The wealth they Aviii Avho choose the better part : -
The never-failing wealth of mind and heart :
Treasures not tied to earthly fortune's Avheel ;
Which not e'en Time — the busiest thief — can steal :
Generous aspirings — Truth that maketh free —
And "thoughts that Avander through eternity;"

115
Jewels of Knowledge — Wisdom's ample store —
Treasiires laid up in Heaven forevermore.
'Tis pleasant, in this headlong age, to find
A quiet corner for the musing mind ;
And he who seeks it, sure may find it here,
In this old memory-haunted atmosphere.
"Dreamy old town" — they call thee ? Well, dream on I
Thought's dreams shall last, when Passion's dreams are
gone.
Be thine the dreams that yearn for realms divine ;
Pilgrims that seek Perfection's distant shrine ;
Such dreams — so pure, so tranquil and so true —
As Avarice and Ambition never knew ;
Not such as make the worldling's daily life
A scene of fitful, feverish, futile strife,
But those calm, holy dreams that melt away
Like morning twilight into perfect day.

ODE BT
WILLIAM W. STORY.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by
WILLIAM W. STORY,
in the ofiice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

ODE.

I SEND my voice from far beyond the sea ;
Only a voice — and therefore fit to be
Among the dim and ghostly company
That, from historic realms of shadoAvy gloom.
And from the silent world beyond the tomb.
This day shall come, their living sons to greet
With voiceless presence, and with noiseless feet.
To join the long procession in the street.
And listen to the praise
Of the old deeds and days
That in our memories evermore are SAveet.
II
There the brave Endicott,
With jingling sword, high ruff, and magisterial coat,
Aiigu.st, shall lead the shadowy train — ¦
And marching near on either side
Winthrop, his friend so true and tried.
With stately step and dignified
And Conant proudly plain. (119)

120
There Darley, Cradock, Vassall, Johnson. There
The stern-hued face of Goffe, the regicide,
And Skelton's serious air.
There Higginson, serene and sad.
With eyes uplifted 'neath a brow of care.
In Puritanic vestments clad.
Breathing a silent prayer.
There Roger Williams pensive shall be seen.
Quiet of presence, gentle in his mien,
As erst he was, ere he Avas forced to flee
Before the cry of rabid bigotry.
There Saltonstall and Pynchon, Lynde and Fitch,
Stern Stoughton, humbled SeAvell, shall be found;
And over-zealous Parris, looking round.
Eager to catch a glimpse of some foul witch
Among the childish group who, at his side,
Gaze all about them shy aud eager-eyed.
There, rustling in her stiff brocade,
High-heeled, erect and slim.
Lady Arbella Avith her figure staid
And manners prim ;
And following her, full many a maid, whose eyes,
Dp-glancing from her downcast face.
Despite her Quaker dress and bashful grace,
Give warrant for the charge of witcheries :
A brave procession, free of worldly guile.
Stern in its aspect and Avith features grim.
Scarce knowing hoAV to smile, —
All moving silently, and keeping pace
Unto a voiceless hymu.

121

III

And there, behold, with lofty feathered crest,
A dark bronzed face looks out among the rest,
As the procession slowly moves along —
That is old Massasoit, erect and strong,
With a brass coin upon his broad bare chest ;
Open his look as when
He met the Pilgrims on the shore with "Welcome
Englishmen ! "
And there on either hand.
With frowning faces, stand
Brave Alexander, Philip, and their friend
Canonchet, brooding o'er the fate
That kingdom, home, and hearth raade desolate,.
And drove them to their sad and bitter end.

IV
And, since for all that pass the time is short
For full report.
Leap we two centuries, to note the name
Of some, who, on our Pilgrim roll of Fame,
Have later but not lesser claim.
Those who but fifty years ago
Walked in the flesh with us, when we
Closed up our city's second century
That now no more we know.

122 _^y^

V
[Dearest to me, and first of all fhe throng
That sloAvly moves along,
Is one beloved form, with face benign.
Whose birthday fell on the same day as thine.
Oh pleasant town of mine !
'Tis the great Jurist : all his features bright
With an illuminating inner light.
Whose voice that day the story old
Of pilgrim faith and strength so nobly told, —
The good, Avise man, who had the power to draw
All hearts, as by a charm ;
Whose high clear spirit, dry Avith Avisdom's light.
With love's rich tints, Avas warm!
There, not uukuown to fame.
Goes Dane, Avhose liberal bounty laid
In Harvard's academic shade, —
The school Avhich bears his name ;
And, by his great abridgment to the law.
His full debt doubly paid.
There Bowditch, who with keen and patient eye
Traced the far planet's pathway in the sky.
And man's across the sea ;
Whom every sailor, tossing on the main
In danger or distress.
Hoping to see his dear ones once again,
Names but to bless.
There Holyoke, still erect and firm, Ave see

123
Under the full weight of a century.
There Pickering ; Pickman. There the clustering hair
And flashing eyes of Choate, whose rare
Full-worded eloquence had power to thrill.
And move, and mould his hearers at his will.
There too are Phillips, Silsbee, Saltonstall ;
Putnam and Crowninshield, and King, and White, —
Good men and true, to battle for the right
At bar, bench, and the nation's council hall.
There HaAvthorne, in whose subtle glance
Are silent worlds of mystery and romance ;
A boy as yet, shy, modest in his mien,
Pondering the passing scene.
There the tAvo Prescotts, — not he of the sword.
Who the great battle fought for Liberty,
For he Avas of the older race, — but he
Who Avore the ermine of the bench, Avhose word
Was justice, — and the younger one whose pen
Painted the pomp of Spanish chivalry.
Battles and conquests, and brave deeds of men
Sailing across the almost untried sea.
There Flint and Prince and Brazer we may note,
And Upham, who our saddest annals wrote.
Amid the clergy moving on ; and there
Our merchant princes all, whose argosies
Ploughed with their keel the torrid Indian seas
Rich spoils to us to bear.
Gray, Derby, Rogers and the Peabodies :
And following them, perchance more known to fame.
Yet only worthy of his name,

124
He who with broad and open hand
Scattered its wide largess
Over his native aud adopted land.
The ignorant to teach — the poor to bless.
VI
These are our dead ! a glorious company
That have before us gone, — some many a year,
Some as it were but yesterday, — and we.
Their living sons, to-day bring up the rear.
VII
Here on this day, then, when we meet,
These shades august to greet.
And sun us in their shining memory,
Let us our vows record.
Never by act or word
To shift our shoulders from the weight
They laid on us, of Liberty.
Now, while their spirits gather near.
Let us from them take heart, and cheer
Aud pledge our utmost will and skill
High up to hold, with spirits bold.
The task they planned Ave should fulfil.
No cravens recreant to our trust,
No coAvards shrinking from the fight,
But ready, through life's toil and dust,
To combat for the Right !
Ready, with heart and hand, to strive

125
To keep the ancient faith alive,
And bear us, so that our New England name,
Through us, shall never suffer shame.
VIII
Weak are we, and in numbers few.
Heroic deeds to dare and do ?
Well, so were they, the tried, the few
Who braved the sea, the storm, the bleak
Wind-hunted coast.
On these inhospitable lands to seek
The freedom that we boast.
Who bade farewell to homes and friends,
To arts, to luxury, to ease,
Ready to brave the blind, wild, weltering seas;
The icy shafts that cruel winter sends ;
Horrors of savage war, black nights
Startled by war Avhoops, hideous sights,
Peipetual fears that prowled like phantoms dim
Round every hope ; perils unknown and grim ;
The face of famine, that Avith hollow eye
Glared into every household's privacy :
All this — and more thau this — intent
To plant upon this stern, far contiuent.
The seed, the precious seed, of Liberty.
IX
With stern sincerity they wrought.
With pious trust and earnest thought,

126
With dauntless courage and deterrained will ;
And if that sternness had its evil side.
And through excess of zeal grew narrow-eyed,
And bigoted, and hard,
Their errors were to virtues close allied.
That no low passions marred.
For this we praise them — nobly straight they stood
Their duty to fulfill.
Firm to their faith, Avhatever might betide
Of good or ill —
For this we glory, that within our veins
Runs their strong blood —
For this forgive the cruelty that stains
Their very faith to God. X
¦ Grim was their creed : for them the flower
Had scarce a right to bloom ;
Beauty and joy they deemed the devil's dower
To tempt man to his doom.
And life a sad procession of gray hours
That led but to the tomb. XI
Even as I speak, behold, Avith plaintive eyes
What sorroAving phantoms rise !
That superstition, hid behind the cloak
Of pious duty, aud, in God's own name.
Struck with its deadly stroke.
See, there I that peaceful Quaker band

127
That, from their hearth aud home, and land.
Sharp persecution drov^e.
To whora our fathers stretched no Christian hand
Of favor, grace, or love.
And that even sadder, darker group behold !
Fair maidens, children iu'-the first fresh bloom
Of their young life, old men and matrons old.
Tottering upon the threshold of the tomb.
What was their crime? their cruel doom?
Ah, Avell may we uplift our eyes
In sorrow and surprise I
These are the devil's wretched brood.
That expiated with their blood
The crime of witchcraft, and foul sorceries.
XII
Sad is the sight : let us avert our gaze.
And yet most sad for this, that through the maze
Of all this tangled skein of cruelties,
Blindly astray, threading the bigot way
The clue of virtue lies.
Narrow of mind they were, and short of sight.
And still to duty true.
In Avrong Avays ever striving for the right
They meant God's work to do.
XIII
Two long half centuries since then have passed,
And now, Avhat wondrous change !

128
Cities are broadcast soAvn through the wide range
Of Avhat Avas savage desert, drear and vast.
Where, through the Avilderness, hissed now and then
The Indian arrow, or the passing breeze
Shook the primeval forest's serried trees.
Rings now the whir and busy hum of men :
The rattling train, — with streaming snake of steam
And fiery eyes agleam, —
Shakes all its silences with rush and roar.
And shoots its shuttles, weaving shore to shore ;
Gone is the dark face, and the cautious tread
That stole upon its game or on its foe :
A horde of pale-faced raen, since born and bred,
Swarras everywhere frora Maine to Mexico,
Builds, weaves, dams up the torrents iu their flow
To turn the Avhirring mills to grind thera bread ;
Sows leagues of seed, beats out the golden grain,
Tunnels the hills, speeds it across the main.
And, prisoning in the hold a fiery slave.
Bids him his huge arms heave, — and o'er the wave
The ship, beneath the flaming fire by night,
And pillared cloud by day,
Across the desert ocean's pathless plain
Throbs on its pulsing way.
XIV
How vast a change is this ! and yet more vast
Another change that o'er our world has past.
For savage Liberty that then uncurbed

129
Knew only poAver as might,
. A strong republic Ave have shaped and orbed
To justice, law and right.
This is our boast, not only we are free
But free through Law, aud scorning to be free,
Through aid of any wrong,
We, for the great hopes of humanity.
Our state have builded strong.
XV
Is this the truth, or but an idle boast ?
On days like this it fits us to make pause.
Look to our armour, test its strength and flaws ;
See where we stand, what we have gained, Avhat lost,
Take counsel, weigh our cause.
XVI
And pausing now, and looking round.
Boasting apart, can we affirm
That we are whole and sound ?
Or raust we, even while we see
Our large proud marches of prosperity.
Abase our eyes, and own, that, while our growth
Is mighty in material things.
The soaring virtue of our brave stern youth
Flies low on wounded Avings ?
XVII
Alas I the hymn to which our fathers trod
With even step, the inspiring cry
9

130
With which they inarched to liberty,
Their trumpet note, "Man only can be free
When he is just to man and true to God,
Virtue alone is true prosperity"
This wakes faint echoes iu our bosoms now
Our faith is weaker, our desires more low ;
Let us be rich, we cry, wealth is the prize.
That Freedom, drugged Avith greed and luxury,
Holds up before our eyes^
From the stern virtues that our fathers knew
We turn with easy sneers.
The trumpet tone that stirred them through and through
Jars harshly on our ears.
We can be bought and sold , — Ave have struck palms
With treachery aud fraud.
Dishonesty corrupts us with its alms
And Bribery flaunts abroad ;
Sly Knavery, disguised, prowls like a fox
Around our politics ;
The juggler's hand is iu our ballot-box.
While Office Avins by tricks .
The simple homely Avays
We knew in early days
Have lost their zest aud beauty in our eyes ;
Corners, Ave have, and rings.
Where speculation hid in ambush lies
And on the unwary springs —
New vices bred new names.
And in the public mart the bull and bear
Wrangle and fight, and lie and tear,

131
And commerce for a swift advantage, games.
Folly in diamonds leads the social dance.
Half dressed and over free,
With the frail brood of Avild Extravagance
And reckless Vanity. XVIII
Is this our great Republic? This the flower
Of that high faith our fathers planted here ?
This the heroic spirit, and severe.
They left us for our dower?
Are we so fallen, we neither care nor heed
Whither our great republic drifts, so long
As we on lotus flowers may lie and feed
And listen to Corruption's syren song.
Heedless of rocks and shoals that stretch before.
And trusting only Luck iu time of need
To hold the helm upon a Avild lee-shore ?
What though our captain may be brave and true,
Or those the highest trust who hold,
If mutineers are in the crew
And scuttlers in the hold? XIX
Ah no ! it is not written in the book of Fate
That heedless as we are, and blind.
This glorious ship on Avhich are set
The eyes, the hopes, of all mankind.
This great republic, with its precious freight,

132
That bears the flag of freedom at its peak, —
This hope our fothers launched with hearts elate
With fears, and prayers and sighs, —
Through our gross negligence should suffer wreck
In clear and cloudless skies.
XX
If tho frail Mayflower could endure the stress
Of Avind and tempest, on its venturous way.
With fcAV to care and almost none to bless.
Bravely, without dismay.
Shall our strong ship, for Avaiit of Avorth aud will.
Well-timbered, Avell-appointed, framed with skill.
Founder at last through utter recklessness?
XXI
No I foreign Avar hath struck at us in vain.
We have withstood the sterner, deadlier strain
Of fierce fraternal strife ;
Wc have Avorkcd out, with spirits stout and brave,
Through our heart's blood, redemption for the slave
Heedless of cost and life.
We have cast off his chains into the sea.
And purged us of the curse of slavery.
And, noAv, it is not to be even thought,
That we, who. deeds like this have Avrought,
While in the bay of peace we lie
Without a menace from the sky.
Should perish from internal rot.

133

XXII
It is not that within our land
Is lack of spirit, brave and high, —
Of lofty maguanimit}', —
Of pure heroic temper fit
For actions large and grand.
Who, that behind shall cast his eyes
To that sad page of civil strife
With all its stern brave sacrifice.
Its faith that o'er defeat could fly.
Its stubborn strength, its scorn of life.
Such temper can deny ?
It is the spirit of delay.
The careless trust, that happy luck
Will save us, come Avhat may, —
The apathy with Avhi<;h we see
Our country's dearest interests struck,
Dreaming that things Avill right themselves,
That brings dismay. XXIII
No ! things will never right themselves, —
'Tis Ave raust put thera right.
Strip for the task, do the good Avork,
Labor Avith love unite.
Fall into line, and fight !
While half the honest, Avise, and stroug.

134
Apart in selfish silence stand.
Hating the danger and the AA'rong,
And yet too busy to uplift their hand
And do the duties that belong
To those Avho" Avould be free.
Our great republic, soiled in name.
Is sliding down the dire declivity
Of ruin and of shame. XXIV
Here, then, upon this day
So consecrate to meraories of the past.
And hopes and fears that o'er the future cast
A dim and doubtful ray,
I call upon you, noble men and true.
High, low, young, old, wherever you may be,
Awake ! arise I cast off this lethargy 1
Your ancient faith reucAV,
And set your hands to do the task
That freemen have to do ;
Cleanse the Augean stall of politics
Of its foul muck of crafts aud Aviles and tricks ;
Break the base rings Avhere commerce reeks and rots ;
Purge speculation of its canker spots ;
Drive off the cruel incubus that squats
Upon our sleeping country, till it rise
Renewed in strength, Avith upward looking eyes,
And forward go upon the path
Of its high destinies.

135
XXV
If any love for liberty you bear.
If any pride in this dear land you share,
By all that love aud pride, I pray you, swear
To set her free :
And make her record honest, AvIiite, and fiiir
In sight of all humanity.
XXVI
Swift fly the years. Too swift, alas !
A full half century has flown,
Since, through these gardens fair and pastures lone
And down the busy street.
Or 'neath the elms Avhose shadoAvs soft are thrown
Upon the common's trampled grass.
Pattered my childish feet.
Gone are the happy games we played as boys !
Gone the glad shouts, the free aud careless jbj'S,
The fights, the feuds, the friendships that Ave had,
And all the trivial things that had the poAver,
When Youth Avas in its early flower.
To make us sad or glad !
Gone the fiimiliar faces that Ave knew.
Silent the voices that once thrilled us through,
And ghosts are everywhere !
They peer frora every window pane.
From every alley, street and lane
They whisper on the air.

136
They haunt the meadows green and Avide,
The garden Avalk, the river-side,
The beating mill adust Avith meal.
The rope-walk Avith its Avhirring Avheel,
The elm grove on the sunny ridge,
The rattling draAV, the echoing bridge ;
The lake on which Ave used to float
What time the blue jay screamed his note.
The voiceful pines that ceaselessly
Breathed back their answer to the sea.
The school house, Avhere avc learned to spell.
The church, the solemn sounding bell, —
All, all, are full of them.
Wliere'er we turn, howe'er avc go,
Ever we hear their voices dim
That sing to us as in a dream
The song of "Long ago," XXVII
Ah me, how many an autumn day
We Avatched Avith palpitating breast
Some stately ship, from India or Cathay,
Laden Avith spicy odours from the East,
Come sailing up the bay !
Unto our youthful hearts elate
What Avealth beside their real freight
Of rich material things they bore !
Ours were Arabian cargoes, fiiir.
Mysterious, exquisite, and rare ;

137
From far romantic lands built out of air
On an ideal shore
Sent by Aladdin, Camai-alzaman,
Morgiana, or Badoura or the Khan.
Treasures of Siubad, vague and wondrous things
Beyond the reach of aught but Youth's imaginings.
XXVIII
Glad were the days, uoav vanished evermore.
When to our eager eye
Some frieudly key opened the Museum's door
To worlds of mystery.
There, wandering many an hour amazed
With greedy look, we lingering gazed
On treasures strange from many a foreign land,
Whose very names our childish fancy smote,
So vague were they and so remote.
As awful, startling, grand ;
Dim Madagascar, and the far
Lone stretches of black Africa,
Pagoda'd China, quaint Japan,
Bronzed Egj'pt, Avhero the creeping caraA'an
Along tho yellow desert lengthening files ;
Hot Borneo and the tropic isles.
Where summer burns, and spices grow.
Arabia, Malta, Spain and Mexico,
Silken Circassia, lovely land of dream.
And bright Brazil Avhere painted parrots scream ;
Cyprus and Rhodes, and all the isles that sleep

138
In Grecian peace along the Ionian deep.
And turbaned Turkey with its barred Harem.
Wild Hottentot and stunted Caffre-land,
Swart Abyssinia, stately Samarcand,
Lands of the grove-like banyan and the palm.
Soft Avhispering seas of Polynesian calm ;
Siberia, black with battlements of pines.
Dwarfed Lapland, half asleep in buried snow,
Sad Upernavik, where, all Avinter, shines
No sun upon the dreary Esquimaux ;
All these their treasures sent for our delight.
To stir our fancy, and to charm our sight.
XXIX
There spread before us Ave could see
What worlds of curiosity !
Strange dresses — bead and feather trimmed —
High Tartar boots, and titty Chinese shoes.
And all the slender craft that ever skimmed
The shark-infested Indian sea —
Catamarans, caiques, or birch canoes.
Tinkling pagodas strung Avith bells.
Carved ivory balls, half miracles ;
Strung necklaces of shells and beads.
Sharp poisoned spears and arrowheads.
Bows, savage bludgeons, creeses keen^
Idols of hideous shape and grin.
Fat, bloated spiders stilted high
On hairy legs that scared the eye ;

139
Great, gorgeous spotted butterflies.
And every splendid plumaged bird,
That flashes through the tropic skies
Or in the sultry shade is heard ;
All these, aud hundreds more thau these, we saw.
That made our pulses beat Avith a delighted aAve.
XXX
How oft half-fearfully we prowled
Around those gabled houses, quaint and old,
Whose legends, grim aud terrible.
Of witch and ghost that used in them to dwell.
Around the twilight fire were told ;
While huddled close Avith anxious ear
We heard them, quivering Avith fear.
And, if the daylight half o'ercame the spell,
'Twas with a lingering dread
We oped the door and touched the stinging bell
In the dark shop that led.
For some had fallen under times disgrace.
To meaner uses .and a lower place.
But as Ave heard it ring, our hearts' quick pants
Almost Avere audible ;
For Avith its sound it seemed to rouse the dead.
And Avakc some ghost from out the dusky haunts
Where faint the daylight fell.
XXXI
Upon the sunny wharves how oft
Within some dim secluded loft

140
We played, and dreamed the livelong day,
And all the Avorld Avas ours iu play ;
We cared not, let it slip away,
And let the sandy hour-glass run.
Time is so long, and life so long
When it has just begun. XXXII
Alas ! though SAviftly it has fled.
And gone are all the old familiar faces,
And fcAv they are Avho lingering tread
The old familiar places.
Yet, still, those places Ave behold"
Almost unchanged from what they were of old
Some fifty years ago ;
The demon of Avild change, that o'er our land
Keeps hurrying to and fro.
Swift to efface without a lingering trace
Youth's happy landmarks, here hath stayed his hand;
And, if hot industry has hurried by
To toil in busier marts.
And nervous commerce spread its wings to fly
To dizzier schemes and arts.
Here it has left us calm serenity
And peaceful hearts.
And thus, apart from croAvded din and noise
And the fierce strife that spoils life's simplest joys,
Our dear old city Avorthily may claira
Her biblical old name,^ —
'City of Peace,' — And tranquil in her age,

141
By no wild passions and ambitions torn.
May calmly sit like to some honored dame
And read her youth's bright page, —
Happy to be at rest, unsoiled by shame.
Proud of the noble children she hath borne,
And looking forward still, with quiet heart
And ever upward aim.
To do her duty, and to act her part
Beyond the reach of blame.

ORATION BY
HON. WM. C. ENDICOTT.

ORATION.

We are assembled to-day to commemorate the founding
of a great State : and to recall th^ names, the characters,
the deeds of the men who founded it ; men to whom the
words of Bacon may be fitly applied : "The true marshal
ling of the degrees of honor are these : In the first place
are conditores imperiorum, the founders of States and
Commonwealths." They are entitled also to other de
grees of honor named by Bacon, for they were not merely
the founders of a State, but fathers of their country, who
long reigned justly, making the times good wherein they
lived, and lawgivers, governing by their ordinances after
they were gone.
The landing here two hundred and fifty years ago was
the first step in the establishment of the Colony of Mas
sachusetts. To say that it was an event momentous in
its consequences to England and Araerica, would be to
apply terms equally applicable to all successful coloniza
tion by the children of the mother country. But the
planting of this Colony had a significance peculiar to
itself, for it was intimately connected with and a part of
that great national movement, of that great change in the
life and government of the English people then just be
ginning. To restore to Englishmen their civil liberties,
to establish the right of the English nonconformist to
worship according to the dictates of his own conscience,
10 (145)

146
were the motives which led alike to the Great Rebellion
and to the colonization of Massachusetts. Both were
parts of the great Puritan work. The leaders of both
movements were Puritans, not the Puritans of the Com
monwealth, and of Cromwell, but Puritans as they stood
in 1628, not then pledged to separate from the national
church, but to purge and jiurify it by the aid of political
forces, under the existing forras of governraent. That
determined band of statesmen who passed the Petition of
Right in the parliament of 1628, and that no less deter
mined band who planned and established the Massachusetts
Colony, were co-workers, friends and brothers embarked
in the sanae cause, and struggling in different paths to
accomplish the same ends. The one by wisdom in counsel
and parliament, aud if necessary by their swords in the
field, intended to bring back to England the reign of
order, liberty, and law ; the other to found another and a
new England beyond the sea, where they and those who
agreed with them might rest secure, and in which sacred
asylum their brethren in England raight find refuge if the
cause there was hopeless or went out in fire and blood.
It would be interesting to trace, did tirae allow, the ties
of liueage, of personal love and friendship, the bonds of
common interests, civil and religious, the identity of
views, purposes, and aims which united the Puritan
leaders who came over, and those who remained to do
their work in England, and made the cause of one the
cause of both. As the struggle widened and deepened,
the cause of one was not always the cause of the other ;
the infant Colony had peculiar interests to be guarded and
maintained at every cost ; the progress of the civil war
raised new leaders, educated in a new school, and issues
never dreamed of in 1628 were to be met in England;
but at the outset they were banded together for a common

147
purpose, and by concert of action in different fields they
both sought to give civil and religious liberty to their
countrymen. The influences which led to this great crisis in the
history of England, and produced that lofty type of char
acter, and that noble elevation of thought, which dis-;
tinguished the Puritan leaders of that day, cannot fail to
enlist the attention and engage the study of all who would
understand the period. A brief enumeration of some of
the most iraportant, may assist us at this moment.
During the century which had passed between the fall
of Woolsey in 1529 and the erabarkation of Endicott in
1628, the human mind had made wonderful progress. It
was a century of change, in which old things had passed
away and all things had becorae new ; yet at its close the
English kings still claimed the right to tax without par
liament, and to persecute for heresy and nonconformity.
The England of 1529, and of the stormy years that fol
lowed, was still Catholic England. All the safeguards of
constitutional freedom were swept away under Thomas
Cromwell. The right to tax, to imprison, to execute, at
the will of the sovereign, was claimed and exercised
almost without dispute. The powers of parliaraent,
recognized and established under the Plantagenet and
Lancastrian kings, were substantially extinguished under
the first Tudors. The hopes of the new learning, with
its schemes of social, religious, and political reform, which
had begun to illumine England, fell before the fierce spirit
of the times, and seemed to go out in darkness on the
scaffold of Sir Thomas More. But the very violence
with which the kingly power asserted itself may be in
part explained by the great questions with which it was
confronted, and by the new spirit that was abroad. For
great elements were at work.

148
In 1526, the first copies of Tyndale's New Testament
appeared in London, and within ten years the whole
Bible translated was in the hands of the English people.
It was a new revelation to the general mind of England,
and was read, studied and committed to memory, as it
never had been before. It was not merely read, but, in
spite of the royal injunction, it was expounded and ex
plained in the pulpits, and was everywhere the theme of
popular discussion. King Henry himself complained,
"that it was disputed, rhymed, sung, and jangled in
every tavern and alehouse" in the kingdom. It gave rise
to new theories of government, of religion, of social
duty ; it invested man hiraself with a new dignity and
power, and gave another color to the times. Is it strange
that it became at last the pillar of fire by night, the
pillar of cloud by day, to guide the steps of the Puritan ;
that, beside the authority of earthly rulers, and the vain
counsels of fallible man, it should stand for him the
store-house of all wisdom and truth — the one revelation
of the will of God to man, dictating its law alike to the
ruler of states and kingdoras and to the hurablest of his
subjects, and holding out to each, with an impartial hand,
its blessed promises ?
If the Bible was a great teacher, so was the Reforma
tion itself. Steadily, amid all the turbulence and violence
of the time, the revolution which struck down the church
of Rome went on ; the great religious houses disappeared,
one by one, and their wide lands became the property of
the subject; the Reformation, stayed for a time by the
faggot and the block in the reign of Mary, finally tri
umphed under Elizabeth, and England became the great
Protestant power, and the mistress of the sea. It was a
period of intense excitement, of strange vicissitudes of
fortune on sea and land, of dangers so overwhelming

149
that at last men forgot the quarrels of politics and sect,
and stood together to avert a comraon peril and to win a
common victory. Such a struggle, extending through
more than one generation of raen, quickened all the intel
lectual faculties of the English nation, and gave to the
people a feeling of strength, power and self-confidence
never before known. It manifested itself in a spirit of
adventure, that sent the ships of England to all quarters
of the globe on voyages of trade and of discovery, and
the tales that carae back to every household, of the won
drous lands beyond the sea, first stirred that spirit of
colonization, which has, even to the present time, sent
yearly from the ports of England thousands of her chil
dren. That rich coramerce which had called Venice from
the Adriatic, and had studded the Mediterranean with
great cities, sought her shores ; artisans and tradesmen,
driven from the continent by its wars and persecutions,
brought to England their skill and labor. She became
rich and prosperous ; new arts, new industries sprung
into life.
Nor did England acquire from foreign lands an added
commercial and industrial power merely. There was a
revival of the ancient, and the foreign learning ; classical
studies, which had well nigh disappeared in the turmoil
of the Reformation, were again the pursuit of the English
youth, and through the coraraon schools, founded so nu
merously after the dissolution of the religious houses,
reached a larger class than ever before. Such was the
taste for the classical learning, it is said, that all the great
ancient authors were translated into English before the
close of the sixteenth century. And John Milton Avas
not the first young Englishraan who sought in foreign
travel in Italy, and the great centres of the continent,
larger opportunities for study and culture. He but foi-

150
lowed the example of the preceding century, and carried
with him directions of travel and maxims of prudence
from Sir Henry Wotton. The traces of the classical and
the foreign learning, with its grace and beauty, are to be
seen in all the literature, the letters, and the oratory of
the time. And that band of English exiles, who during
the Marian persecution had listened to Calvin in Geneva,
had there seen a church without a bishop, a state without a
king. They doubtless brought back sorae new thoughts
of civil and religious government, which they scattered
among their countrymen. Perhaps, to their prophetic
eyes already appeared the pillars of the coming republic,
rising in the dim distance. Rufus Choate, in his noble
address on the Age of the Pilgrims, says, "I ascribe to
that five years at Geneva an influence which has changed
the history of the world."
One fruit of this era of change, revolution and growth
— this breaking up of the old limitations, this expansion
of the horizon of thought and action — was the birth of
that noble and splendid literature, which stands without a
rival in modern times. The genius of its poets, drama
tists, and philosophers, has thrown into the shade the
fame of the soldiers and statesmen of that eventful period.
Born of the times, it was also the teacher of the times.
While it reflected the national sentiment, it gave to it
form and substance. But Avho can measure and estimate,
within narrow limits, the influence of Sidney and Spenser
and Shakspeare, of Hooker and Bacon, on the generations
that knew them, and that were reared under this fresh
inspiration ?
I have thus endeavored briefly to state the temper and
spirit of the tirae, aud some of the influences at work to
mould and fashion the Englishmen destined to do so great
a work both at home and in America. As the literature

151
of the age was the fruit of the time, so were the men
who in 1628 had determined, in the service of civil and
religious liberty, to reform England and to found another
England beyond the Atlantic. They formed that great
political party known in the reigns of James I. and of
Charles I. as the Puritan Party. "The rank, the wealth,
the chivalry, the genius, the learning, the accomplish
ments, the social refinements and elegauce of the time
were largely represented in its ranks, "^ A majority of
the great middle class of Englishmen was also represented
there, whom the age had rendered thoughtful and relig
ious ; of a bold, high, and independent spirit, they were
ready to suffer all for conscience and couutry ; they pos
sessed moderate means, and had no political power, but
later they filled the parliamentary armies, and the ships
of Endicott, Higginson, and Winthrop,
The great controversy between popular and arbitrary
principles, which was the legacy of the Tudors, continued
through the reign of James ; it is spoken of by historians
as the period of vital stuggle, though the open conflict
and result did not come till later. The accession of
Charles gave little hope of better things ; the French
marriage of the King, his arrogant and repellent temper,
his early efforts to govern without parliament, his relent
less hostility to the nonconformists in church worship, his
forced loans and unlawful imprisonments, and the danger
of a standing army, clearly indicated to all thoughtful
men that the great conflict was at hand, "They saw that
the time had come for determining whether the English
people should live in future under an absolute or under a
liraited and balanced monarchy ; and they launched upon
the course of measures which was to decide that momen
tous question,"* 1 1 Palfrey's Hist. N. E., 279. = I Palfrey's Hist. N. E., 265.

152
The first two Parliaments of Charles were of a resolute
disposition and were of short duration; and in March,
1628, the last Parliament, that was to meet at Westmin
ster until 1640, asserabled. Its courageous spirit startled
the King, and in his necessity he gave his assent to the
famous Petition of Right, the second great charter of
English liberty, which announced that forced loans, com
mitments without cause assigned, quartering of soldiers
in private houses, and hearing! before military tribunals
of cases properly cognizable in courts of law, were con
trary to the liberties of the subject and the laws and stat
utes of the realm. This was afterwards violated by
Charles, and Parliament, resenting his duplicity, and
seeking to inquire into his conduct, was suddenly dis
solved in March, 1629.
The Petition of Right was the first gun in the great
conflict which was to divide England. It is a singu
lar fact that within a few days after the King assented
to it, Endicott sailed for these shores ; and six days
before Parliament was dissolved, for contesting the
King's right to violate it, Charles signed the Colony
Charter of Massachusetts, in March, 1629. Strange that
the same hand to sign the Charter, which was to esta
blish the free State of Massachusetts, and thus give
to the Puritan full scope to found his free government,
should within one week dismiss a Puritan Parliaraent,
because it sought to secure sorae guarantees of a free
government at home.
By these two acts the career of the Puritans was deter
mined in England and Araerica. After years of arbitrary
government and cruel persecution, they drew the sword
in England; the horrors of civil war followed, Charles
fell upon the scaffold, but constitutional liberty was finally
established by the Revolution of 1688. After years of

153
toil, suffering and danger in America, they established
on a firm and enduring foundation the Colony of Massa
chusetts. To consider properly the nature of the expedition that
Endicott conducted, and the government that he after
wards exercised on this spot, will require some detail of
subsequent events.
The colonial period, extending from Se{)tember, 1628,
to the extinction of the Charter, may be said to present
three phases or forms of government: (1.) The govern
ment under Endicott and his associates from September,
1628, to the organization of the company under the Colony
Charter granted by the King, March 4, 1629. (2.) The
government by Endicott and his Council, under the
Charter, entitled the Governor and Council of London's
Plantation in the Massachusetts Bay in New England,
until the arrival of Winthrop, who superseded him in
1630. (3.) The establishment of the colonial govern
ment here with the Charter under Winthrop and his
successors till 1686. The distinction to be observed by
these divisions is important to be kept in mind in con
sidering the nature and character of the authority ex
ercised while Salera was the seat of government.
The "Great Patent of New England" as generally
called, was a grant by James I, on November 3, 1620, to
the Council established at Plymouth in the county of
Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering and governing
of New England in America, of all that section of the
continent, lying between the fortieth and forty-eighth
degrees of latitude, that is from the northern line of Vir
ginia to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to hold the same in
free and common socage (an estate of the highest nature
that any subject can hold under any government) , with
power to establish laws not contrary to the laws of Eng-

154
land, and to correct, punish, pardon and rule all British
subjects that should become colonists.'
Grants were made by the Council prior to 1628, some
of which included territory afterwards embraced within
the limits of Massachusetts.* Attempts were made to
occupy portions of this territory before 1628. Roger
Conant, the leader of the principal effort in this direction,
a man of singular energy and determination, and some of
his associates who formed a portion of the "Old Planters"
as they were afterwards called, having abandoned their
settlement at Cape Ann, came to Naumkeag in 1626,
where, hoping for succor from England, they built houses
and prepared land for cultivation, and were found by
Endicott on his arrival two years later.®
On March 19, 1628, the Great Council of Plymouth
granted to Sir Henry Roswell, Sir John Younge, Thomas
Southcote, John Humphreys, John Endicott, and Simon
Whetcombe, all that part of New England extending three
railes north of every part of the Merrimack, and three
miles south of every part of the Charles, from the At
lantic to the "South Sea." The original of this patent is
not known to be in existence, but its substance is recited
in the Charter obtained in the following year.® All the
rights, powers, and privileges of the Council to plant and
rule this territory were conveyed to the patentees. Pre
cisely to what extent, or in what forra the patentees had
power to establish a government, appoint rulers, and
enact laws, not repugnant to the laws of England, it is
not important to inquire. No records of their adminis-

s Plymouth Col. Laws, 1.
•A complete history of these grants by S. F. Haven, Esq., may be found in
Lowell Institute Lectures on the Early History of Massachusetts, by members of
the Mass. Hist. Soc, pp. 129, 152.
'Hubbard's Hist, of N. E., 107, 116.
°lMass. Col. Bee, 3.

155
tration are known to exist, and the acts of those who
came over under their authority afford the only evidence
-of the powers they exercised; and there is no doubt that
the Patent thns granted, which extinguished the claim of
the Council at Plymouth to this territory, was obtained
for the purpose of enabling the patentees, if their enter
prise should prove successful, to procure the Royal Char
ter of the following year, which established a distinct and
well defined forra of government. It was a step in the
growth of the Massachusetts Colony.
The patentees, who acted in behalf of a large number
of other persons, were in earnest and at once organized
an expedition. Endicott, the only patentee who came
over at that tirae, manifested much willingness to embark,
which gave great encouragement to all interested in the
scheme. He was well known to "divers persons of good
note," and was selected as the leader.^ Little is known
of his previous history. Yet we may assume, from the
fact of his appointment to such a trust, that his qualities
were well understood, and that he had already shown in
other fields of action, that power of comraand, that in
trepid courage, that zealous love of liberty, that devout
and earnest spirit, which fitted him here for the wilderness
work, and led hira to take so conspicuous a part in the
government of the Colony for nearly forty years. The
confidence which put him at the head of affairs in the
morning of the enterprise, continued to the end ; and he
was Governor of Massachusetts when, in 1665, at the
ripe age of seventy-seven, death found him at his post.
He sailed on the Abigail from Weymouth, June 20, 1628,

'White's Planters' Plea, c. 9, p. 43, in 2 Force's Hist. Tracts. 3 Arch. Amer.,
XX, xxvi, 2. Memoir of John Endicott, by C. M. Endicott, Esq. Memorial of Gov.
Endicott, by Hon. Stephen Salisbury, in Proceedings of Amer. Antiq. Soc, 1873, p.
113. See also 2 palfrey's Hist. N. B., p. 598.

156
with his company, and landed here two hundred and
fifty years ago this day. We have no information of what
transpired on the voyage, except that they had a prosper
ous journey, and safe arrival, and that Endicott sent back
a good report of the country, which inspired his friends
at home with a new zeal.
The learned and venerated historian of New England,
Dr. Palfrey, who, to the qualities of an accurate and pro
found student of history, adds the graces of a vigorous
oratory, in a speech delivered at the Danvers Centennial
Celebration in 1852, said;:; "When the vessel which bore
the first Governor of Massachusetts was entering the
harbor of Salem, she was anxiously watched from the
beach by four individuals, styled, in the quaint chronicles
of the time, as "Roger Conant and three sober men.' The
vessel swung to her moorings, and flung the red cross of
St. George to the breeze, a boat put off for the shore,
and, that the Governor might land dry shod, Roger
Conant and 'his three sober men' rolled up their panta
loons, — or rather their nether garments which we in these
degenerate days call pantaloons, — waded into the Avater,
and bore him on their shoulders to the dry land."* In
behalf of the patentees, he thus took possession of the
territory described in the Patent.
Here, upon this spot, aud at that hour, Massachusetts
began her career. The Royal Charter on the foundation
of the Patent was yet to be obtained, the officials to ad
minister its authority, its governor and assistants were
yet to be chosen and sworn into office. Its church, its
courts, its laws, its policy, were yet to be established,
erected, and declared. But the corner stone of the tem
ple was laid. A firm and settled authority has since then
'Danvers Centennial Celebration, p. 130.

157
existed here, and amid changes and revolutions, and
under the several names of the Colony, the Province, the
State, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the problem
of self-government and of liberty regulated by law has
been solved; that liberty so beautifully described by
Governor Winthrop, when at the close of his impeach
ment and acquittal, in 1645, he resumed his seat upon
the bench. After alluding to the natural liberty which^
is incompatible and inconsistent with authority, he said ;
"The other kind of liberty I call civil or federal : it may
also be termed moral, in reference to the covenant be
tween God and man in the moral law, and the politic
covenants and constitutions amongst men themselves.^
This liberty is the proper end and object of authority,
and cannot subsist without it ; and it is a liberty to that
only which is good, just and honest. This liberty you
are to stand for with the hazard (not only of your goods,;
but) of your lives, if need be. Whatsoever crosseth this
is not authority, but a distemper thereof. This liberty is
maintained and exercised in a way of subjection to author
ity ; it is of the same kind of liberty wherewith Christ
hath made us free."* These are noble and stirring words,
and when the children of the Puritans forget them, their
heritage will pass away like a scroll.
The instructions to Endicott, signed by his associates,
John Venn and others, which were dated a short time
before he sailed, are lost. Hutchinson, who apparently
had them before him when he wrote his history, says,
that "all the affairs of the Colony were committed to hia
care."^" What was then the organization of the patentees
in England does not appear, and it may be doubted
whether they contemplated any permanent organization,
'2 Life and Letters of John Winthrop, 341.
i°l Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, IS.

158
until their plans were so far matured that they were ready
to ask for, and able to obtain, a royal charter. The ex
pedition they sent out was thus entrusted to Endicott,
probably with full powers, as he is spoken of in the
Planters' Plea by John White, who was one of his asso
ciates, and signed his letter of instructions, as having
been "sent over Governor."^^ They evidently intended
to provide and send to him ministers, a copy of the
Patent under seal, and a seal as the sign of his author
ity ; ^^ though the vessel that bore the ministers did not
sail till after the Charter was granted.
That Endicott did exercise full authority after his arri
val is evident from his acts. He allotted lands to settlers,
and Higginson the next year found a large number of per
sons settled at Salem, with houses and lands inclosed.
He says : "We found about half a score of houses, with
a fair house newly built for the Governor."^ And it may
fairly be presumed that Endicott maintained order and
exercised command. Before the winter an exploring
party made or prepared to raake a settlement at Charles-
town ; and Endicott himself conducted an expedition to
Merry Mount, which he called Mount Dagon, within the
jurisdiction of the Patent, cut down the May pole of
Morton's companions, rebuked them for their profaueness,
and admonished them "to look there should be better
walking."" That he exercised a ruler's authority within his juris
diction, and was most judicious in his dealings with the
Indians, is apparent from the fact the General Court in
1660 confirmed, contrary to their custom, a grant of land

"White's Planters' Plea, c. 9, p. 43 in 2 Force's Hist. Tracts. 3 Ar-ch. Amer.,
XX, xxvi, 2.
121 Mass. Col. Eec, 24. 383.
1= Young's Chron. of Mass., 258.
» I Palfrey, Hist. N. E., 289. Morton's N. E. Memorial, 137.

159
by the Indians to John Endicott, Jr.; "considering tbe
many kindnesses that were shown to the Indians by our
honored Governor in the infancy of these plantations for
the pacifying the Indians, tending to the common good
of the first planters, in consideration whereof the Indians
were moved to such a gratuity unto his son."^^ The old
planters were not altogether satisfied with the advent of
a ncAv company in which they had no part ; but all diffi
culties with them were adjusted, and as if to commemo
rate the happy settlement, and as typical of the peace
that followed, the Indian narae of Naumkeag was changed
to Salera ; and at a General Court afterwards convened
by Endicott, in June, 1629, they were "all combined
together into one body politic, under the same Gover
nor." i®
The story of the first winter is a tale of exposure, pri
vation, sickness, and death. Though less severe than the
terrible sufferings of the pilgrims at Plymouth, it was
greater than that which visited the larger company which
came over two years later with Winthrop. The dire dis
tress of the settlers led to the visit of Fuller from Ply
mouth, and that friendship began which ever after existed
between the Colonies to the time of their union under the
Province Charter. Endicott's wife died, and doubtless
under the influence of that great affliction, he Avrote a
touching letter to Bradford in which he says : " It is a
thing not usual that servants of one master and of the
same household should be strangers. I assure you I
desire it not. Nay, to speak more plainly, I cannot be
so to you. God's people are all marked with one and
the same mark, and have for the main one and the same
heart, guided by one and the same spirit of truth ; and
" 4 Mass. Col. Kec, Pt. I, 427.
>°Young'8 Chron. of Mass., 259. Thornton's Landing at Cape Ann, 68.

160
Avhere this is, there can be no discord, nay, here must
needs be a sweet harmony.""
But during all his trials and dangers, his courage did
not fail. We have none of the letters he wrote home,
but we can gather from the replies he received, and from
the annalists of the time, that his words were hopeful aud
confident, giving encouragement to his associates, and
enabling them to enlarge both their means and their num
bers. Cradock, whose name first appears at this time as
a patentee, wrote to him in behalf of the whole, thanking
him for the "large advise" contained in his letters, and
giving assurance that they " intend not to be wanting by
all good means to further the plantation." ^^ This letter
contains many suggestions, but no positive commands in
regard to Endicott's administration of affairs, showing
that they relied mainly on bis discretion and judgment.
And in pursuance of this promise, six vessels sailed
from England in April, 1629, and arrived in Salem the
following June, bearing a large number of colonists with
cattle, food, arms, and tools. Among the passengers
came Higginson and Skelton, destined to be the first
ministers of the church founded at Salem. Previously
to this embarkation, the Charter was granted, but of this
Endicott probably had no notice until their arrival. A
new government was to be established; and with the
arrival of this fleet, the first stage in the history of the
Colony may be said to have closed.
While these events transpired here, the Charter had
been obtained in England. It was dated March 4, 1629,
and granted and confirmed to Sir Henry Roswell and the
other patentees named in the Patent, and twenty asso-

" Memoir of John Endicott by C. M. Endicott, Esq., p. 27. Morton's N. E. Me
morial, p. 143.
u 1 Mass. Col. Bee, 383.

161
ciates, the same territory, to hold by the same tenure, and
made them "a body corporate and politic, in fact and in
name, by the narae of the Governor and Company of the
Massachusetts Bay in New England."^'
There has been some difference of opinion among his
torians respecting the character of the corporation thus
created. But a careful examination of the provisions of
the Charter leads irresistibly to the conclusion that it does
not establish a corporation merely for the purpose of
trade and traffic, but was intended to be the constitution
and foundation of a political government.
It appoints from among the grantees a governor, Mat
thew Cradock, a deputy governor, and eighteen assistants
by name, with power to nominate and appoiut as "many
others as they shall think fit and that shall be willing to
accept the same, to be free of the said company and body,
and them into the same to admit." The persons thus
appointed became members of tho corporation, having
the power annually to choose the governor, deputy gover
nor, and assistants, and they are styled in the Charter
and were known in the subsequent history of the Company
as the freemen. To the governor, deputy governor,
assistants and freemen assembled in general court, the
Charter gives the power "from time to time to make,
ordain and establish all manner of wholesome and reasona
ble orders, laws, statutes, and ordinances, directions and
instructions" not contrary to the laws of England; in
cluding the "settling of the forms and ceremonies of
government and magistracy, fit and necessary for the said
plantation and the inhabitants there, and for naming and
styling of all sorts of officers, both superior and inferior,
which they shall find needful for that government and

"IMass. Col. Bec.rS.
11

162
plantation, and the distinguishing and setting forth of th?
several duties, powers, and limits of every such office, and
place." It also provides for the forms of their oaths, and "the
disposing and ordering of the elections of such, of the
said officers as shall be annual, and of such others as shall
be to succeed ,in case of death or removal;" and that
"these our letters patents or the duplicate or exemplifica
tion thereof shall be to all and every such officers, superiqr
and inferior, a sufficient warrant and discharge ;" and ij;
declares "that all and every such chief comnianderpi, capr
tains, governors, and other officers and ministeirs,", as
should be appointed by the governor and company,
"either in the government of the said inhabitants, and
plantation, or in the way by sea thither, or from thpnce,
according to the natures and limits of their office^.and
places respectively," should "have full and absolute power
and authority to correct, punish, pardon,, govern and rule."
all English subjects inhabiting said plantation or voyaging
thither or from thence, a/ccording to the orders, laws, and
instructions of the company. And the chief commanders,
governor, and officers for the time beiing.rpsident in New
England are empowered for their defence and safety, "to
encounter, expulse, repel and resist by force of arms, as
well by sea as by land, and by all fitting ways and means
whatsoever, all such person and persons as shall at, any
time hereafter attempt or enterprise the diestruetlon, inva
sion, detriment or annoyance to the plantation or inhabi
tants;" and to capture their persons, ships, munitions,
and other gopds,
These provisions of the Charter are fully recited,, that
the character of the government; authorized to be estab
lished here by the Company in England, may be disclosed,
and the extent of the powers afterwards delegated to
Endicott and his Council, may be understood.

163
The Comp^my was duljr, organfze<J ip JE^iigland, and the
Governpr, the Pep^ty,,G;overnQr,^nd Assist,^fits, took jthe
oatjhis of. office; a coinmittee was appoinjted to write to
Endicott and to make, orders SLJxd ppwers ^or the govern
ment of the Colony. Such a letter was prep9,red, directed
to Endicott and his Covmci^l, and forwarded to hini by the
ships <wl?ic]hi cp,rded Higgln?(^n,,apd his cpmpa^ij)ns, ^ac
companied, by duplicates of the Charter and the seal of
the Compaqy.'*, The Jetteir informed him that; a Charter
ig,d been obtained, tlj£it he,,had, i?,een "confirmed" Gover-
noTf. and .(hat thpy h?id provided hipi with a Council.
Many suggestions ar? made a,n.d wishes expressed in
regard, IfOjpairticuljarrttatters, but no po^jtive,, orders are
given. The ¦\^hole , gpveriiment of the. Colony Avas by thi8
letter in}:rusted to Endicott and his .Council : and the letter
states,, "to the end that you m^ay not do,anyt]tiing coptrary
to law nor the p]C)wer granted us by hiis Majesty's Patents,
¦we have,.as aforesaid, .sent you a duplicate of the letters
patent, under the great seal, of .England, ordering and
requiring yoy and the rest of the council there not to do
anything, either in inflicting punishment on malefactors,
or otherwise, contrary to or in derogation, of s;^,id letters
patent; l?ut if^ occasion ,requii^e, we authprize you and
them to proceed according, to, the power you have." In
case, of Epdicott's deaths Mr. Skelton or Mr. Sharpe is
j^amed to take charge pf affairs^ "and to goA^ern the people
accordjing to ord?r,, until further order," And ifl commit
ting tp thp disjeret^on of Endicott and hisQpuncil, the
.inaifltenance ;pf J, their privileges against ,thp plai'PjS and
interference of John Oldham ^nd bis adheirents, the caution
js.giye^j,, jthat "the preseryati,p:fl^of pu,r priyileg^s will
chiefly depend (under ,(Tpd) iupon|the, first foiindatipii pf
our government." »1 Mais. Col. Bee, 37', 37>, 386.

164
There can be no question that the appointments thus
made and the powers conferred were but preliminary to a
more formal election, and a more specific delegation of
authority. They were probably sent forward at the time,
because of the opportunity afforded by the sailing of Hig
ginson and others, who were to be of the Council.
On April 30, 1629, a general court was held, the letter
sent a few days before was confirmed, orders were drawn
up and an election had.^^ The record recites that the
Company "thought fit to settle and establish an absolute
government at our plantation in the said Massachusetts
Bay in New England," to consist of thirteen persons, resi
dent on the plantation, who should "from time to time and
at all time hereafter have the sole managing and ordering
of the government and our affairs there," and "be entitled
by the name of the Governor and Council of London's
Plantation in the Massachusetts Bay in New England.
And having taken into due consideration the merit, worth,
and good desert of Captain John Endicott, and others
lately gone over from hence with purpose to reside and
continue there, we have with full consent and authority of
this court, and by erection of hands, chosen and elected
the said Captain John Endicott to the place of present
Governor in our said Plantation," for one year after he
should take the oath of office (which was sent out to be
administered to him in New England) , or until the Com
pany should choose a successor. At the same tirae they
elected seven members of the Council (Francis Higginson
and others who had recently sailed), and gave to the
Governor and the seven authority to elect three more;
and, to complete the thirteen who were to corapose the
government, the former or old planters residing within
the limits were empowered to name the remaining two

»I Mass. Col. Eec, SV, 361,

165
members. To the government thus erected power was
given to elect one of their number deputy governor, to
make choice of a secretary and other necessary officers,
and to fill vacancies caused by death or removal from office
for misdemeanors or unfitness. Under the power derived
from the Charter and in nearly the same words, the
Governor and Council in New England were authorized
"to make, ordain, and establish all manner of wholesome
and reasonable laws, orders, ordinances, and constitutions
(so as the same be no way repugnant or contrary to the
laws of the realm of England), for the administering of
justice upon malefactors, and inflicting condign punish
ment upon all other offenders, and for the furtherance
and propagating of the said plantation, and the more
decent and orderly government of the inhabitants resi
dent there." ^
A more complete delegation of the law-making power
to a political government could not well be framed ; and
substantially the same words are used in conferring it on
the Legislature in the Province Charter, and in the Con
stitution of the Comraonwealth.^ The forras and cere
monies of government and magistracy necessary for the
plantation, the chief commanders, captains, governors,
officers, and other ministers, named in the Charter, to
whom were intrusted full power to correct, punish, par
don, govern and rule all English subjects resident in New
England, or on the way thither or from thence by sea,
according to the nature and limits of their powers and
offices, and to whom the authority is given to wage defen
sive war, were by this act declared and appointed, and
the Governor and Council of London's Plantation in

s» See also Letter, to Endicott, May 28, 1629. 1 Mass. Col. Keo., i
»Anc. Chart., 32, 33. Const, of Mass., Ch. 1, Sec. I, Art. IV.

166
Massacliusetts Bay in New fiiglahd inVested with th4
powers of the Compa^.^n^ei^ t^^e OhartefT, to inale such
la^s as the Company might inake. '
"It is also to he 6'terved thkt, while tho fJrm df th^
oath to be admihistered'to the Governor of the Cdhipaiiy
in England birid's him to ekectite the statutes and ordi-
tances^made by the auiShbritjr of the assi'stahtsand freeing
of the Company, the oath 'to be taken by "the Governor
ib'eybnd the sea" omits thi4 clause, and, after stating' that
he shall suppbrt and maintain the ' government and Com
pany, dedla^es, that "Statutes and ordiiiances shall you
nbrieniake without the' iadvibe and consent of 'the Council
for the ' gbverhmiBnt bf the " Massachusetts Bky In New
England." ** This clearly refers to the Council ' oh 'th^
spot, which had been appointed as a bfanch of tlie gov
ernment here ; and evidently contemplates that the laws;
by which the' Colony was to be governed, Tvere to be
Enacted by Endicott ahd his Council. ' That it was the
ihteintion of the Cbmpahy to clothe the government in
New En'gland With poAV^er to kdniit freemen' Js manifested
by ainothbr cldiise ill the Governor's okth, which states
*'you shall' admit none into the freedom of this Coinpaiiy
but such ias claiiii the saWeby virtue of the privileges
thereof." The oath'to be' adiliinistered to' the GbVeriidr
of the Company in London cOtitains a' similar clause.
NoWe of thfe pibWer's conferred by the Charter, and essen
tial' to the ptbpei and efficient government of the Cblorfy;
iBeem to have been Avithheld.
" " But it is 'not to be suppb'sed that the Comipahy in Lon
don intended to surrender the' whble legislative authority
to the 'gbVef'nnieh't-thiis 'established in' New' England;
without any power to restrain it, if it should exceed or
¦ ' *' ' Hi Masi. Col. Rec., 39, 349, 351, 899.

167
unwisely execute its trust. And that they might be in
formed of the conduct of the government here, and tho
character of the laws whibh it enacted, it was provided in
the ' ¦vote, which conferred the law-making power on
Endicott and his Council, that copies of all laws should
" from time tb time be sent to the Company in London.'"'*
It does not appear that the Company passed any other
orders or laws in England for the government of the
Gblony here (except the orders for the apportionment of
land to settleriB, and for the bb'servance of the Sabbath) ,"'
or in regard to any law enacted here under Endicott ; and,
as before stated, the language of the several letters of
instruction is rather of suggestion than command.
To the Gbvernor and Council thus set up in New
England, complete pioWer was delegated to administer a
political government, to make laws, to appoint officers,
and to admit as freemen of the Company, those who
claimed the same by virtue of its privileges ; the Company
of course retaining in itself the power to change the
government, appbint new officers, and repeal or change
any laws which might be enacted.
The right of the Coinpany under the Charter to make
this -delegation of power cannot be disputed. On this
point the Charter is explicit ; the clause which gives to
chief commanders, captains, governors, and other officers
in New England appointed by the Company, the power
to correct; punish, pardon j govern and rule all English
suljjects there resident; clearly ' indicates that it was the
intention of the Charter to authorize such delegation, and
to^ establish in the persons so appointed the highest func
tions of government, to which is added the power to wage

u 1 Mass. Col. Bee, 38.
»1 Mass. Col. Bec.,^, 383, 399.

168
defensive war by sea and land without order from or re
course to the Crown."
That this government was at the time intended to be
permanent, there would seem to be no question. There
is no evidence that a removal of the Company in London
with the Charter was then considered or thought of. The
first mention of such a project was made some months
later by Cradock.^ Indeed Winthrop and other persons
of note and fortune, upon whose accession to the Com
pany the removal afterwards took place, were not then
members, and had taken no part in the enterprise.^
We cannot fail to see, in this large grant of power to a
subordinate governraent, that purpose, so soon to be more
distinctly manifested, of establishing a state independent
and complete in itself; owing no duty to the Crown of
England, except so far as the Charter compelled it to pay
one-fifth part of all precious metals found in the soil to
the King, and forbade them to make laws repugnant to
those of England. This was the construction put upon
the Charter by the founders of Massachusetts, and guided
their policy for fifty years.
Such was the character of the government erected here.
The records of Endicott's administration are not known
to be in existence, and there is no direct evidence when
he took the required oaths. But it appears from various
sources, that he held courts, councils, and elections,
granted lands, made laws, and regulated the civil and
religious affairs of the Colony, under his appointment by
the Company, from the time of Higginson's arrival, until

"I Mass. Col. Eec, 18. I Hutchinson's Hist. Mass., 20, 366. 1 Chalmer's Annals,
142. "' I Mass. Col. Eec, 49. See Eemarks by Charles Deane, Esq., on " Tlie Forms
of issuing Letters Patent by the Crown of England," Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings,
Dec, 1869, pp. 166, 179, 180.
""Young's Chron. of Mass., 281, 282.

169
he was superseded by Winthrop in the summer of 1630 ;'"
indeed there is no record of any other authority exercised
in the Colony, until the first court held by Winthrop in
August of that year.
Two events took place in Salem during Endicott's ad
ministration, worthy of special notice ; the establishment
of the first church in the Colony, and the return of the
Brownes to England.
The arrival of Skelton and Higginson, who were non
conforming ministers of the Church of England, and the
spiritual needs of the colonists settled at Salem, led to
the immediate organization of the first church of the Col
ony, which still exists as the First Church of Salem. It
was a most important event, and determined the constitu
tion of all the churches of New England.
It is not practicable here to point out all the distinc
tions of faith and doctrine, or to enumerate the sects
which divided those engaged in resisting the assumptions
and claims of the Church of England. It is sufficient to
say that the Puritans who founded the Colony, and their
friends who were struggling for religious freedom at
home, were not separatists, but nonconformists. It was
no new struggle ; it had divided the church during

'"Edward Howes, in a letter to John Winthrop, Jr., dated London, March 25,
1633, says: "There was presented to the Lords lately about twenty-two of Capt.
Endicott's Laws," 29 Mass. Hist. Coll., 257. I Mass. Col. Eec, 48, 361, 363, and
Letters of Cradock, 386, 398. See also the learned note to the case of Commonwealth
vs. Boxbury, 9 Gray (Massachusetts Eeports), 450, note pp. 503, 506, 607. In the
petition of the General Court to Parliament in I65I, signed by Endicott and Dud
ley, then Governor and Deputy Governor, after alluding to their original charter,
under which they came over " about three or four and twenty years since," they
say: "By which Patent, liberty and power was granted to us to live under the
government of a governor, magistrates of our owu cbosing, and under laws of our
own making (not being repugnant to the laws of England), according to which
patent we have governed ourselves above this twenty-three years." This covers
the period from 1628 to 1651, including Endicott's first administration under tbe
charter in 1629.
1 Hutchinson's Hist, of Mass., 448.

170
thd preceding century, and maiy be traced Still futther
back. The sfeparaf ists; to which sect the Plymouth -emigrants
belonged, left the established church; 'the nonconfermidtS
reraained within the- paile, contending against its prelacy,
iW ceremonies and= discipline, White not objecting to its
doctrine. In sUch a contest the tendency was constantly
to drive the nonconformists to sepai^atism; and here in
th'6 new wbrld, distafat frbm'the church iarid its influences,
it would hav^ been strange if the Puritan had still con
tinued tb cling to the hierarchy from whose persecutions
he had fled'. '' There Was nb bishop here, from whom cbuld
descend spiritual and ecclesiastical poWer upon the minJsJ
ter* to be installed in his holy office. 'Neither the Com
pany in London nor the Oovernbr here pblssessed any
p'bwer of appointment. " ¦ It must therefore come from the
congi*egatiPns,frbrn the Christian men who, called of God
to' their' high' estate, could thus fe'xercise the function of
preld,te afid of king. JEndicbtt doubtless reiached this
cbnclusioU without difficulty ; he had learned from Brad-i
ford and Fuller their oUtWard form of woi-ship, that it
was far different ftom the cbmmbn report, and such as he
ha<d always ^bfeSSfed and maintained. Skelton and Hig
ginson^ who-were asked -to give- their views-of the manner
in which the minister should be called to his office » re
plied: there Was a twofold calling; "the one an inward
calling, when the Lord moved the heart of a man to take
that ca,lling upoU him,' a'nd fitted him with gifts for the
same; thesecond was an outward calling which was from
the people, when a .company of believers are joined in
fcovenant to walk together in all the ways of God." These
conclusions were not reached without protracted consulta^
tion.' The ceremonies that followed were simple and
prunitive. The members of the congregation voted for

171
¦whom'they AiiJ^ould hare' as 'pastor ahd 'tfeachel", and Skel
ton and Higginson were chosen. Four of the gravest
inenibers bf the chutdi' laid' 'their hki'ds' in prayer upon
them and they were ordained to' their sacred duties. A
eoVienaut ¦waB aftei'ward drawn up, and sighed by the
niembers, and oh ^ latet day^the deabbhS ahd elders w6re
eilected, th4 fordier ptodeedihgs were affirmed, and Brad
ford, who was present from Plymouth j gave the Tight
hand of fellb-wship to the new church.'* ¦ "' • • '¦ »>
Such ivas the first NeW England' ordination.' At ^ sin
gle blcrw* they had separated the brganiz^tion of ' the
ichurch from the authority of the state ; but the full sig-
nifi'canbe of the act was' nbt appreeiatied by the actoi^s in
fhat'rae'ihorabl© scene. What seem to us the necessary
conclusions from such a 'step did not fpllbw ; and dbubfc^
less it 'did not occur to Endicott' brthfe ministers that they
bla^'done^ anything mbre than' recbgniiie the right of a
godly 'people in every parish to chbbse its minister, under
the eye' of a gbdly magistrate] ' The church was still to
cbhtinue a part of the PUritan state ;' its membersTiip' waa
fpr many years to be thfe qualification bf those Who were
to make 'its laws and administer its authority; and the
conduct of its teachers, aud the rteligious belief and pirac-
tlbe of its people, were to be the subject of iriveStigation
aiid correction ' by the temporal po'wer. '-' When we con
sider the dangers that' surrounded the infant state and
church. We cannot at this day know thafe^heir* union was
tfbt necessai-y and essential tb the public safety. '
"•" Thottgh the Puritah was i6 alivSnce of his time/ he Was
still ' subject to its influences; The idea that religion
feoUa be*^' sustained, except 'through the aM of political

"Letter of Chas, Gott, July SO, 1639, Hubbard's Hist. K. B., Ki. Morton's K.
E. Memorial, 118.

172
forces, had not yet dawned upon the world at large, and
had not then occurred to the Puritan. The experience
too of mankind was against it. Luther would have been
destroyed but for the aid of the Elector of Saxony ; Cal
vin was sheltered and protected by the Republic of Ge
neva. Dear to the heart of the Puritan was his religious
faith; alone in the wilderness, surrounded . by perils, God
was very near to hira, and he wanted a church to declare
and defend His word. Dear also to him was the liberty
of the people, and he wished to found a government that
would regulate and protect it. That the church would
furnish such a bulwark to the rising state, and that the state
would find the church a source of strength and purity,
were the natural and necessary conclusions which he
reached in common with the current opinion of his time.
But even in the small band of colonists there was oppo
sition to the new church. The question was asked,
whether this was a church? John and Samuel Browne,
who were brothers and members of Endicott's Council,
recently arrived, men of character and influence, set up a
separate worship of their own, in conformity to the disci
pline and ceremonies of the Church of England ; and
charged that the ministers " were separatists and would be
annabaptists." A conference was held before the Gover
nor. Accommodation of the dispute was impossible. En
dicott was in no mood, at this time, and in the critical
condition of affairs, to tolerate schism. He acted with
his usual vigor ; finding that the brothers were of high
spirit, and that their speeches and practices tended to
mutiny and faction, he told them "that New England was
no place for such as they," and sent them back to England
by the returning ships.'* This act was not formally dis-
" 1 Palfrey's Hist. N. E., 298.

173
approved by the Company in London, though cautious
and politic letters were sent to Endicott and the minis
ters.^ He might well have relied on the instructions in
a previous letter, in which Cradock said : "If any prove
incorrigible, and will not be reclaimed by gentle correc
tion, ship such persons home by the 'Lion's Whelp,'
rather than keep them there to infect and to be an occa
sion of scandal unto others."'*
The question thus decided was of great importance, for
it settled the construction put upon the Charter, that the
Company and its officers had the right to exclude from
their chartered limits all persons whose schemes and prac
tices were subversive of authority, creating dissensions,
fomenting discord and mutiny, and thereby imperilling
the safety of the Colony. This course was afterwards
followed, not only against those whose conduct and speech
impaired the authority of the rulers, but against those
guilty of crimes peculiarly infamous and dangerous to the
young Colony. "Religious intolerance, like every other
public restraint, is criminal, wherever it is not needful for
the public safety ; it is simply self-defence, whenever
tolerance would be public ruin."'*
The Colony was like a ship at sea, or an army on the
march, and disaffection and mutiny in the crew, or in the
ranks, must be summarily dealt with. The wide conti
nent was open to colonization, but the narrow strip of
land called Massachusetts had been given to this people
as their own, with power to determine who should enjoy
and be adraitted to its privileges, and upon what terms
and conditions. It was a heavy labor they had under
taken, beset with danger on every side ; and only with a

«s 1 Mass. Col. Eec, 51, 407, 408. " 1 Mass. Col. Eec, a
" I Palfrey's Hist. N. E., 300.

174
united people cpiild the work, be accoippU^hefl,,,, They
banished those only who , disturbed their, jeace,,: and TY^
they thought endangered their safety; and ,w|iile,, they
adhere<i to this ruje, they had the right tp.,exer!cise^.,this
power. . ,
Another winter of sufferipg afld death, fpllpw^d,tjllis
new arrival of colonis.^, ?ig^y; died, arid .the, accom.-
plished and gifted Higginson contracted, the fatal ,mala<^y,
which soon carried him tp the grave. , But in ,th?s sumnaer
of 1629 he had writtep that glowing descriptiop pf I^ew
England, and itsj pjromise, which passeid through three e^i;-
tions in Xondon within a few mppths,. awakeued an intepse
interest in, the npw, Colony, and led many, to embark-,,. ,-
Op the pther si,de pf the "prater great .changes had, been
made. The proppsitipn of Crad,pck, that,th^ whple gov
ernment, with the Charter should be, remove^ to, liTew
England, had beep,, after gi^aye, d,ebate, adopted, liy the
Company; and a number of gentlemen of worth and.foi^-
tune agreed ,t;o come over 'vyith their families and caS|t their
lot with the colonists.'* , Cradock, withdrew frpin his,, office
of Governor, and John Winthrop was chosen to spccCied
him. A Deputy Governor was elected, and eight9,en
Assistants, amopg 'flfhom was Epdicott»'T Great prepara
tions were made, and ip the spring seventeen vessel^
sailed from Englaii^, bearing inore than a tho,us^n4 pas
sengers, and among them were Winthrop, pudley, ^ajtp,-
, stall,, apd Jphpsop.
The period of, Endicott's ^dministratjian jy:a?, dif^y^ijig
to its close ; the year foj;. which he wap .elected was sppn
to expire. Salem was no longer ^tobe the. seat iPfithp
gpve^-nmentj bpt merely one of the towps in,,the, Colqny
of which Boston was to be the capital. An era of pros-
"Toung'sChron. of Mass.,281,282. ^ "J Mass. Col. Eec, 68.

175
perity apd growth was about to, dawii,,Ty;ith the coming
fleets of Winthrop.
But we cannot forget the courage which held, the place
though those two memorable years of suffering and dan
ger, and amid sorrow, tears, and death, sent, back to
England iwprds of hope , and confidence ; a courage,, not
born of mere personal fortitude and cpntenapt of danger,
but inspired and sustained by, a devout trpst that.Gqd
Vjrpuld le&^ His chil(3ren to the promised land ; nor can we
forget that here the foundation of the State was laid, in
soil sanctified by the Wood of thpse who perishe.d in the
effort. That our knowledge of the events of those two years
is, so imperfect must ever be a subject of regret; though
the ptudent pf that period is ,npt "writhpuit hope ^ that , the
records of Endicott's goyerpment and ,his letters home
may yet be found. Henceforward we move in. a clearer
Jight. On the 12th of June, 1630,, Gpverpor Winthrop, bear
ing the Charter, arrived at Sa!em, ,in the Arbella,. He
was cordially welcomed by Endicott, and a warm and |;en-
der friendship seems to have begup at that time, whicih
lasted without a cloud "while Winthrop liyed^ They were
both throughput,. their lives jip the constant service of the
Colony,, and during twenty-seven of.jtbe thirty-fiye, year^
¦which followed, pne or the pther held the office of Gover-
,nor. .Wipthrpp soon assumed the management of affairs.
The great seryipea 'which he rendered, in deyelpping and
estahlisMng the Colony, canppt well be over-estjmated.
He possessed a rare, genius for goyerpmept, and was ,ad-
miriably traiped foic, the ej^ecutipn, of Ws work.. It would
require more time jthan we have, properly to. delineate his
character, to measure, hii^ ppwers, or to point putjhe dis
tinctive features of our system, for which we are indebted

176
to him. His name must ever stand among the great
names of Massachusetts.
During the next thirty years the Puritans had full
opportunities to develop and mould their institutions.
Though threatened at times with interference from Eng
land, they maintained their course and were practically
independent and subject to no control by the authorities
at home. During the first ten years Charles was too
much occupied with his own difficulties to give much at
tention to this side of the Atlantic. During the second
ten years the parliamentary struggle and the civil war
were raging ; and during the last ten there was no king
in England.
It was the golden age of the New England Puritans ;
and in 1660, when Charles II was restored, their great
work was substantially done, and the system which we
have inherited was settled on a firm and enduring basis.
Having a government under the Charter clothed only with
general powers, they started out with no written plans or
constitution ; they had no theories prepared in the closet
and based upon abstract principles. They wanted a free
government, annually responsible to the will of the free
men of the Colony, in which the greatest liberty should
exist that was compatible with order and authority ; and
gradually it grew into symmetry and beauty, measure fol
lowing measure, as the hour and the exigency demanded.
When the freemen became too numerous to meet in
general court, town representation was established ; and
later they adopted that great security of a constitutional
government, a legislature of two co-ordinate branches.
When the question arose how local authority should be
administered and taxes levied, the system of town gov
ernment, substantially the same as it exists to-day, was
created in 1636; and these little republics, the best

177
schools of selfgovernment in the world, survived the loss
of charters, and even in tiraes of revolution protected the
people aud maintained order. They early understood
that to make the goA''ernment they intended to found,
enduring and perpetual, the people must be educated,
and thej' made the schools a public charge'^ and endowed
the college at Cambridge. The same year that the Com
mons of England voted'" to publish Lord Coke's Com
mentary on Magna Charta, the jNIassachusetts colonists
established a code of fundamental laws, known as The
Body of Liberties, iu which it is declared that : "The free
fruition of such liberties, imnninities aud privileges, as
huraanity, civility, and Christianity call for as due to
every man in his place and proportion without impeach-
raent aud infringement, hath ever been and ever will be
the tranquillity and stability of Churches and Common
wealths.''*" To streno-then their hands at home and abroad
they joined the Confederation of the New England Colo
nies, thus shadowing forth the Union of these States.
And thus we might trace through all the laws and policy
of the Colony the gradual growth of our institutions.

38 At a Quarterly Conrt, JIar. 30, 1611, "Col. Endicott moved about the fences and
a free school, and therefore wished a whole town meeting about it." This applied
to Salem. See 1 Felt's Annals of Salem, p. 4i7, et seq.
3»This was ordered May 12tli. 1B41.
?"Francis C. Gray, Esq., in a learned paper on the Early Laws of Massa
chusetts, published in 1813, say.s : '-The Body of Liberties really established by
them e-xhibits throughout the hand of the jjr.ictised lawyer, familiar with the prin
ciples and securities of English liberty; and although it retains some strong trace.9
of the times, is in the main far in advance of tiiem, and in several respects in ad
vance of the common law of England at this day. It shows that our ancestors,
instead of deducing all their laws from the Books of Moses, established at tbe out
set a code of fundamental principles, whicli, taken as a whole, for wisdom, equity,
adaptation to the wants of their comniimity, and a liberality of sentiment superior
to the iige in which it was written, may fearlcs.sly challenge a comparison with any
similar production, from Magna Chai'ta itself to the latest Bill of Eigbts, that has
been put forth in Europe or America." 8 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., pp. 191, 199, 218.
See also 2 Mass. Col. Rec, 212. " The men of Massachusetts did much quote Lord
Coke." 2 Bancroft's Hist. U. S., p. 430.
1'2

178
Throughout this period of thirty years it had been the
constant aim of her rulers to keep Massachusetts free and
untrammelled. This governed and controlled all her re
lations to the mother couutry during that time. The
removal of the government with the Charter was probably
prompted and executed that such a purpose might be
carried out. When in 1635 a movement was made to
deprive them of their Charter, hopeful of assistance doubt
less from their brothers in England, then nearly ready for
open conflict with Charles, they erected fortifications in
Boston harbor, appointed a military comniissioii with ex
traordinary powers ; and to secure a supply of musket
balls, they, were made a legal tender, at a farthing apiece,
instead of coin, the circulation of which was prohibited.
And this was in substance their reply to the demand for
their Charter. In 1647 they resisted successfully the
right of Parliaraeut to reverse the decision and control
the goyernment of Massachusetts. And under the Com
monwealth of England they kept this purpose steadily in
view ; they successfully remonstrated against the attempt
to impose upon them a new Charter, and to place gover
nors and commissioners in all English colonies in Amer
ica ; they did not yield to the plan of Cromwell to trans
fer them to Ireland to be a defence against Catholicism;
aud would not consent to waste their strength by trans
planting their people to Jamaica."
Thejr did not compromise their independence, and
yielded no raore to the Parliament and the Protector thau
the}' had to the King. They expressed no formal ap
proval of the. execution of King Charles, or of the eleva
tion of Cromwell or his son. They did nothing to impair

"Petition to Parliament in 16,51; Letter of Eudicott to Cromwell in the same
ye.ar; 1 Hutchinson's lUst. of Mass., 418, 450; 2 Palfrey's Hist. N. E., 390.

179
or. imperil the safety of New England. To her, the child
of. their suffering, they had transferred their allegiance.
, But their hopes of independence were not to be real
ized. With the Restoration came a new order of things.
The American colonies had prospered, they became ob
jects of interest and worthy the attention of the Crown,
and there were those who coveted their places of honor
or emolument. There was not the same intense spirit
prevailing among the people, and religion was no longer
the vital question that it had been. There was no Puri
tan party in England like that which before the Great
Rebellion had given aid and comfort to their brothers in
New England ; a generation had passed away ; the Puri
tans of Cromwell were scattered and broken ; some had
perished on the field or the scaffold, others were in exile
or in prison.
Soon after the Restoration, the stru2;ffle bogan in Mas-
sachusetts to save the Charter and the government ; it
dragged along with varying fortune through twenty weary
years, and the final judgment was entered and the Char
ter annulled iu 1684. Then came the brief rule of Dud-
\ey, the tyranny of Andros, the Revolution of 1688, the
temporary government of Bradstreet, and the Province
Charter of 1692 under which Massachusetts lived till our
own Revolution.
It would have been a sad experience to the Puritan
leaders of 1628 and 1630 to have witnessed these events.
Happily, Endicott and Winthrop and Dudley were spared
the spectacle. To them it would have seemed as if tlieir
children were descending into the house of bondage.
But iu the Providence which rules the affairs of men
and states, it was but a stage of discipline and growth,
whereby the consecrated democracy and godly magistracy
of the Puritan Colony finally bloomed into the full and
rounded beauty of the republican Comraonwealth.

180
The Province Charter and its royal governor did not
destroy what the Puritan had done. Child of the century
that preceded him, trained and educated for his great
work, he had builded wisely and well. The town govern
ment and the town meeting which he had created proved
indestructible, and the school-house, though built of logs,
more enduring than castle or cathedral. All that was
best in his principles of conduct aud methods of govern
ment had passed into the life, the thought, the social
habits of the people, and was stamped on the character
of his posterity ; from father to son, through successive
generations, were transmitted a love of liberty, an obedi
ence to law, a desire for knowledge, a reverence for
the teacher and the teachings of religion, a faculty for
understanding and dealing with public interests, a wise
economy and thrift, a deep seated belief that the general
welfare was more desirable thau private good or gain, and
with all these a fervent love for the hills and valleys of
New England.
And so may it be to the end; and may your descen
dants who meet here, as fifty or a hundred years go
round, to commemorate the landing at Salem, be true
and faithful to the memory of their fathers, aud stand for
the liberty and truth which the Puritan taught, with the
hazard not only of their goods, but of their lives, if need
be.

APPEISTDIX.

J!7btes on the Remar'ks of Henry WJieatland, George B.
Loring, and Benjamin H. Silsbee.
The persons named in these notes, with six exceptions, were mem
bers of the Essex Historical Society in September, 1828, when the two
hundredth anniversary of the landing of Gov. John Endicott at Salera
was duly commemorated. These persons were prominent citizens of
Salem and its vicinity during tho first third of the present century,
and may be considered representative men. of that period, a period
when party and sectarian lines were very closely drawn ; E^nd when
from the press were Issued, either in the journals of the day or in a
separate form, numerous political and controversial communications
by some of our most learned scholars and theologians; though differ
ing widely in their opinion on these and kindred subjects, they all
united in measures for the promotion of history, literature, the arts
and the sciences, and laid the foundations of several of the institu
tions that now exist, in this city, in furtherance of these oljjects,
though modified in some of their features to conform to the spirit of
the times.

1.
Joseph Story, son of Dr. Elisha and Mehitable (Pedrick) Story ;
b. in Marblehead, 18 Sept., 1779; gr. Haiv. college, 1798; m. 9 Dec,
1804, Mary Lynde, daughter of Kev. Thomas F. and Sarah (Pynchon)
Oliver; she died 22 June, 1805; m. 2dly Sarah Waldo, daughter of
Hon. William Wetmore. He studied law with Samuel Sewall and
afterwards with Samuel Putnam, and commenced the practice at
Salem in 1801. He soon became a lawyer of distinction ; speaker of
the Mass. House of Representatives; Rep. U. S. Congress, 1808-9;
from 1811 nntil his death Judge of the U. S. Supreme Court, a posi
tion in which he won great distinction as a judge and a jurist. In
1830 he removed to Cambridge, having received the appointment of
the Dane Professor of Law at Harvard University. He possessed
great colloquial powers, and in early life was distinguished for his
poetical contributions ; his juridical works were numerous and evinced
* (183)

184 •
great learning and profound views of the science of law. He died 10
Sept., 1845. See memoir by his son, W. W. Story.
2.
Edward Augustus Holyoice, son of Rev. Edward and Margaret
(Appleton) Holyoke, b. 1 Aug., 1728; gr. Harv. Coll., 1746; com
menced the practice of medicine in Salem in 1749 ; m. 1 June, 1755,
Judith, dau,ghter of Benjamin and Love (Rawlins) Pickman; she died
19 Nov., 1756; m. 2dly 22 Nov., 1759, Mary, daughter of Nath'l Vial,
of Boston (b. 19 Dec, 1737; d. 15 April, 1802). He died 31 March,
1829. See Discourse at the interment by Rev. J. Brazer; Memoir by
Dr. A. L. Peirson; Genealogy of the Holyoke Family, by Andrew
Nichols, E. I. Hist. Coll., Vol. Ill, p. 57; Notice in E. I. Hist. Coll.,
Vol. IV, p. 273. 3.
Joseph Gilbert Waters, son of Capt. Joseph and Mary (Dean)
Waters of Salem, where he was born 5 July, 1796, and a descendant
in the sixth generation from Lawrence Waters, one of the first settlers
of Watertown. He graduated at Harvard College in 1816 and studied
law with John Pickering of Salem. In the autumn of 1818 he went
to Mississippi and resided there some two or three years in the prac
tice of his profession. Owing to ill health he returned to Salem, and
opened an ofiice, where he resided during the remainder of his life.
He was editor of the "Salem Observer" for several years from its
commencement, in 1823. He was appointed special Justice of the
Salem Police Court Sept. 1, 1831, and standing Justice Feb. 23, 1842,
and continued to discharge the duties of this latter office until the
establishment of the 1st District Court in 1874. In 1835 he was a
member of the Mass. Senate. He also held other oflices of honor and
trust. Jlarried 8 Dec, 1825, Eliza Greenleaf Townsend, daughter of
Capt. Penu Townsend. He died 12 July, 1878.

[Timothy Pickering, son of Timothy and Mary (Wingate) Picker
ing, -vvas born at Salem 6 July, 1745, gr. Harv. Coll. 1763, m. 8 April,
1776.' Rebecca White (daughter of Benjamin White of Boston, Mass.,
and^Elizabeth Miller, of Bristol, Eng.), b. at Bristol, 18 July, 1754, d.
at Salem, 14 Aug., 1828. ^le was descended in the fifth generation
from John Pickering', who settled in Salem about 1633, through
John^ John^ Timothy*. He was admitted to the bar in 1768, was on
the committee of correspondence and was a colonel of militia at the

185
opening of the war; joined 'Washington with his regiment in the fall
of 1776, and was adjutant general of the army and afterwards quarter
master general. After the war he settled in Philadelphia. He was a
delegate to the Pennsylvania Convention for considering the U. S.
Constitution, was in the cabinet of Washington and Adams, Post
master General 1791-1795, U. S. Sec. of "War, 1795, U. S. Sec. of
State, 1795 to 1800. In 1801 he returned to Massachusetts. U. S.
Senator from 1803 to 1811, and from 1814 to 1817 Representative in U.
S. Congress?) In his retirement he enjoyed the respect and esteem of
his contemporaries and devoted himself to rural pursuits. He was
the originator aud first president of Essex Agricultural Society and
delivered before that society several addresses. He died at Salem 29
Jan., 1829. See Discourse on his death by C. W. Upham; also Life
and Letters by his son Octavius and C. W. Upham.
5.
,'BENjAJiiiir Williams Crowninshield, son of George and Mary
(Derby) Crowninshield, b. at Salem 27 Dec, 1772 /" descended frora
Dr. John Casper Richter von Cronenshilt, a German physician, who
came frora Leipsic to Boston about 1688 and died there in 1711; m.
Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth (Clifford) Allen of Salem ;
owned lands near Lynn Mineral Spring Pond. Two of his sons, John
and Clifl'ord, came to Salem and were successful and enterprising mer
chants; John married Anstiss, daughter of John and Sarah (Manning)
Williaras, the father of George above named.
^r. Crowninshield, like his ancestors, was largely engaged in com
mercial enterprises in connection with his father and brothers under
the name of George Crowninshield & Sons | his brother, George Crown
inshield, the owner of the famous pleasure yacht, the "Cleopatra's
Barge," made an excursion to the ports in the Mediterranean, re
turning in October, 1817. He built the large brick house on Derby
street, between Curtis and Orange streets, now occupied as the Old
Women's Home. He was a member of the Mass. State Senate for
several years; U. S. Sec. of Navy from Dec, 1814, to Nov., 1818;
Rep. U. S. Congress 1823 to 1831 ; one of the flrst directors of the
Merchant's Bank, Salem, incorporated June 26, 1811 ; m. Mary Board-
man, daughter of Francis aud Mary (Hodges) Boardman, 1 Jan., 1804.
He removed to Boston in 1832 and died there Feb. 8, 1851.
6. SEBTATOES IBT COBTGKESS.
Timothy Pickering, see ante.
Nathaniel Silsbee, son of Nathaniel and Sarah (Becket) Silsbee,
b. at Salem 14 Jan., 1773; descended from Henry Silsbee, of Salem,

186
1639, Ipswich, 1647, Lynn, 1658, d. 1700, through NathanieP, Nathaniel',
William'', Nathaniel^. He pursued his studios with Rev. Dr. Cutler
of Hamilton; d. 14 July, 1850; m. 12 Dec, 1802, Mary, daughter of
George and Mary (Derby) Crowninshield, b. 24 Sept., 1778; d. 20
Sept., 1835. In early life a shipmaster and supercargo, afterwards a
successful and erainent merchant. A Rep. and Senator Mass. Legis.,
for three years President of the latter body; Representative U. S.
Cong. 1817-21; Senator U. S. Cong. 1826-35. See Sermon on the
death of Nathaniel Silsbee, by James Flint.
Rufus Choate, son of David and Miriam (Foster) Choate, b. at
Ipswich (now Essex) 1 Oct., 1799; d. at Halifax, N. S., 13 July, 1859;
gr. Dart. Coll., 1819; m. 29 Mar., 1825, Helen, daughter of Hon. Mills
Olcutt of Hanover, N. H. ; Tutor at Dartmouth 1819-20; read law at
Harv. Univ. Law School, also with David Cummins of Salem and with
U. S. Att'y Gen. William Wirt; he coraraenced practice in Danvers; a
considerable portion of the period before his removal to Boston in
1834 was passed in Salem ; a member of Mass. House and Senate ;
Rep. U. S. Cong. 1832-4; Senator U. S. Cong. 1841-5; a raan of splen
did and brilliant talents, who early distinguished himself as an advo
cate at the bar and an eloquent speaker in the HaUs of Congress, on
the lecture platform, and on other occasions.
7. KEPRESEBTTATIVES IN COirGKESS.
Joseph Story, see ante.
Benjamin Pickman, son of Benjamin and Mary (Toppan) Pickman,
b. at Salem 30 Sept., 1763; descended from Nathaniel Pickman, who
came from Bristol, England, with his family, in 1661 and settled in
Salem, through Benjamin^ (b. in Bristol, 1645, m. Elizabeth Hardy, d.
Dec, 1708), Capt. Benjamin^ Col. BenjaminS and Col. Benjamin*;
pursued his preparatory studies at Dumraer Academy, then under the
charge of the celebrated "Master Moody;" gr. Harv. Coll. 1784; m.
20 Oct., 1789, Anstiss, youngest daughter of Elias Hasket and Elisa
beth (Crowninshield) Derby (b. 6 Oct., 1769 ; d. 1 June, 1836) ; stu
died law with Theophilus Parsons (Harv. Coll., 1769) then residing
in Newburyport, and afterwards Chief Justice of Mass. Sup. Court ;
admitted to the bar; soon relinquished the practice of the profession
and engaged in commercial pursuits, in which he continued during the
greater part of his life; a Rep. and Senator of Mass. Legislature;
member of Mass. Constitutional Convention, 1820; member of the
Executive Council of Mass; Rep. U. S. Cong. 1809-11; he was Presi
dent of the Directors of the Theological School at Cambridge, and
also President of the principal literary and historical and other insti-

187
tutions of Salem and vicinity; died at Salem 16 Aug., 1843. See Dis
course on his death, by Rev. John Brazer.
William Reed, son of Benjamin Tyler and Mary Appleton (Dodge)
Reed, bapt. 9 June, 1776; m. 13 Nov., 1800, Hannah, daughter of Rob
ert and Mary (Ingalls) Hooper of Marblehead (b. Aug., 1778; d. 16
May, 1855) ; the flrst ancestor was William, son of Richard Reed of
Whittlesey in the county of Kent, who came to America about 1630,
settled flrst at Weymouth, then removed to Boston ; Samuel'', Samuel^
of Marblehead, Samuef, SamueP, Benjamin Tyler^, above named; an
eminent merchant in Marblehead, and highly esteemed for his benevo
lent and religious character; Rep. U. S. Cong. 1811-15; President of
Sabbath School Union of Mass., of Am. Tract Society; an officer and
member of many other educational and religious organizations. He
was so deeply interested in the cause of temperance that he was styled
the "Apostle of Temperance." He died suddenly, 18 Feb., 1837. His
'Widow, who survived several years, was always engaged in works of
charity, and was regarded as a most accomplished lady and eminent
Christian. Daniel Appleton White, son of John and Elizabeth (Haynes)
White, b. at Methuen, 7 June, 1776; gr. Harv. Coll., 1797; Tutor in
Harvard; studied law with Samuel Putnam, at Salem, and was ad
mitted to the bar 26 June, 1804; commenced practice in Newburyport;
24 May, 1807, m. Mrs. Mary Van Schalkwyck, daughter of Dr. Josiah
Wilder of Lancaster, Mass. ; senator Mass. Legis., 1810-15 ; elected
Rep. U. S. Congress in Nov., 1814 ; before he took his seat, he ac
cepted the appointment to the oflice of Judge of Probate for the
county of Essex, and resigned his commission of representative in
the spring of 1815. Jan. 3, 1817, he removed to Salem, where he
passed the remainder'of his life ; continuing to fill the office of Judge
of Probate, with uncommon ability, until he resigned the situation in
the suraraer of 1853. His vast literary resources were always at the
command of his friends and the public, and he was always a patron
of every good enterprise which tendered to foster the highest inter
ests of the community; one of the founders of the Divinity School
at Cambridge; an overseer of Harv. Coll. from 1842 to 1853; founder
of the Lyceum at Salem, President of Salem Athenseum and also of
the Essex Institute, etc.
His wife died 29 June, 1811; m. 2d, 1 Aug., 1819, Mrs. Eliza Wet
more, daughter of William and Abigail (Ropes) Orne of Salem ; she
died 27 Mar., 1821; and he m. 3d, 22 Jan., 1824, Mrs. Ruth Rogers,
daughter of Joseph Hurd, of Charlestown; she survived him. He
died in Salem 30 Mar., 1861, aged 84 years. See memoir by G. W.

188
Briggs in Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., VoL VI, p. 1; Memoir by Rev. Drj
Walker in Proceedings of Mass. Hist. Soc. ; also a notice in E. I.
Hist. Coll., Vol. IV, p. 104.
Timothy Pickering, see ante. Nathaniel Silsbee, see ante.
Gideon Barstow, son of Gideon and Anna (Mead) Barstow, b. at
Mattapoiset, 7 Sept., 1783; d. in St. Augustine, Fla., where he had
gone for the benefit of his health, 26 Mar., 1852; m. Nancy, daughter
of Simon and Rachel (Hathorne) Forrester, who is now residing in
Boston. He descended in the sixth generation from Williara Barstow,
who, at the age of twenty-three, erabarked for New England with his
brother George iu the " True Love," John Gibbs, master, probably
from the West Riding in Yorkshire ; he was in Dedham in 1636, a free
man in Scituate in 1649, and the first settler in the present territory of
Hanover; a noted man of his day and a great land-holder; d. in 1668,
aged 56 ; through William', Benjamin', Gideon'', Gideon". Three or
four of the later generations lived in Mattapoiset and were largely
engaged in ship building. He first settled in Salem as a practising
physician, where he was considered skilful in his profession and atten
tive to its duties ; afterwards a merchant engaged in foreign com
merce ; a member of both branches of Mass. Legis. ; a representative
in U. S. Congress, 1821-3.
Benjamin W. Crowninshield, see ante. Rufus Choate, see ante.
Gayton Pickman Osgood, son of Isaac and Rebecca T. (Pickman)
Osgood; b. in Salem, 4 July, 1797; removed with his parents in early
life to Andover, which was afterwards his place of abode ; gr. Harv.
Coll., 1815; studied law with Benjamin Merrill of Salem, where he
began the practice of the profession ; soon after returned to North
Andover. He lived a retired life, and his range, of study and reading
was very extensive. Several times elected a Rep. Mass. Legis. ; Rep.
U. S. Cong, one term, 1833-35; m. 24 Mar., 1859, Mary Farnham of
North Andover. He died 26 June, 1861, aged 64 years.
Stephen Clarendon Phillips, only child of Stephen and Dorcas
(Woodbridge) Phillips; b. at Salem 4 Nov., 1801; gr. Harv. Coll.,
1819 ; a descendant from Rev. George Phillips, flrst minister of Water-
town, who came over in the "Arbella," with Gov. Winthrop, Sir R.
Saltonstall and others (d. 1 July, 1644, aged about 51), through Jona
than", Jonathan-', Stephen," and Stephen". After leaving college he
coraraenced the study of the law, but soon relinquished it and entered
upon mercantile business, and was for many years an eminent and
successful merchant. Member of both branches of Mass. Legislature ;
in 1834 elected a Rep. U. S. Cong. ; resigned in 1838; mayor of Salem

189
from 1838 to 1842 ; a Presidential Elector in 1840 ; Member of Mass.
State Bd. of Education, 1843-52; Trustee of Mass. State Lunatic Hos
pital, 1844 to 1850; president of several local organizations. Iu 1848
he left the Whig party and engaged actively in the Free Soil raove
ment, and was the candidate of that party for Governor. He had a
soul for great enterprises and was a liberal and public spirited mem
ber of society. He m. 1st, 7 Nov., 1822, Jane Appleton, daughter of
Willard and Margaret (Appleton) Peele; she d. 19 Dec, 1837, and he
m. 2dly, 3 Sept., 1838, Margaret M., sister of his first wife. Ho was
lost by the burning of the steamboat "Montreal" on the passage from
Quebec to Montreal, 26 June, 1857.
Leverett Saltonstall, son of Nathaniel and Anna (White) Salton
stall; b. at Haverhill, Mass., 13 June, 1783; gr. Harv. Coll., 1802; m.
7 Mar., 1811, Mary Elisabeth, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth
(Elkins) Sanders (who d. 11 Jan., 1858, aged 70 years) ; d. 8 May, 1845 ;
a descendant of Sir Richard Saltonstall, an associate of Mass. Bay
Company, 1st assistant, coraraenced the first settlement of Watertown
in 1630, through Richard'', Nathaniel', Richard-*, Richard", and Nathan
iel". He coraraenced the practice of lavf in 1805 at Salem and soon
became eminent in the profession and acquired a large and profitable
business. Rep. Mass. Legis.; Pres. Mass. Senate; Rep. U. S. Cong.,
1838-1843; flrst Mayor of Salera; President of Essex Agricultural
Society, Vice President of Essex Historical Society, and was associ
ated with other institutions having for their objects the advancement
of the best interests of society. He was respected and beloved by
the whole community and often placed in oflices of honor and trust
by his fellow citizens. See Discourse on his life and character by Rev.
John Brazer.
Daniel Putnam King, son of Daniel and Phebe (Upton) King, was
born in Danvers (now Peabody) 8 Jan., 1801; gr. Harv. Coll. 1823;
probably a descendant of Williara King, who sailed from London to
Salem in the "Abigail," July 1, 1635, a freeman in 1636, d. about 1651 ;
through Samuel", who removed to Southold, L. I., SamueP, Zacha-
riah", Zachariah^ Daniel". He m. 5 Feb., 1824, Sarah P., only child of
Hezekiah and Sally (Putnam) Flint. He then commenced the cultiva
tion of the farm that for centuries had belonged to his wife's family
and devoted himself to agriculture. He had been speaker of the
Mass. House of Rep. and President of Mass. Senate; Rop. U. S. Cong.
from 1843 to his death, which occurred 25 July, 1850. He had been
for several years, successively Secretary, Trustee and Vice President
of the Essex Agricultural Society and was also interested in several
of the county and local organizations. He had delivered several oc
casional discourses that have been printed. His devotion as a public

190
servant, his integrity as a private citizen, and the high moral and relig
ious character which he sustained in all the relations of life had en
deared him not only to his immediate constituents, but to the whole
people of Massachusetts.
Henry James Duncan was of Scotch Irish descent; his gr. grand
father, George Duncan, was one of the Colony that carae from Lon
donderry, Ireland, and settled in Londonderry, N. H., in 1719; he
was a man of education, a justice of the peace, and an elder in the
church ; James", the youngest child, removed to Haverhill and died
there in 1838, aged 92; aud James', who m. Rebecca White, and died
5 Jan., 1822, aged 62, was the father of the subject of this notice.
Born at Haverhill, 5 Dec, 1793; gr. Harv. Coll. 1812; studied law, first
in the office of Hon. .Tohn Varnum of Haverhill, afterwards with his
cousin, L. Saltonstall of Salein; admitted to the Essex Bar in 1815;
entered upon practice at Haverhill; passed through the various grades
of militia service to the rank of colonel ; was a Trustee and President
of Essex Agricultural Society; member of both branches of Mass.
Legislature aud also ofthe Council; iu 1838 one of the Commissioners
of Insolvency; iu 1841 one of the Commissioners of U. S. Bankrupt
Law; Rep. U. S. Congress 1849 to 1853. He took a leading interest in
the municipal afl'airs of his native town, and also in the benevolent
institutions of the Baptist denomination and was frequently elected
the presiding officer of their meetings and conventions. He married,
28 June, 1826, Mary, daughter of Benjamin Willis, Esq., of Boston.
He died at his residence iu Haverhill, 8 Feb., 1869.
Charles Wentwoi-.tii Upham, son of Hon. Joshua and Jlary Chand
ler Upham, formerly of Massachusetts, and a graduate of Harvard in
the class of 1763; b. at St. Johns, N. B., 4 May, 1802; gr. Harv. Coll.,
1821, and ofthe Theol. School, Carabridge, 1.S24; ord. 8 Dec, 1824,
colleague wit.i Rev. Dr. Prince of the First Church; Salem';' resigned
his pastoral oflice in Dec, 1844 ; was soon called into public life ; Rep.
and Senator in Ma.^s. Legis. aud President of the latter body; Rep. U.
S. Cong , 1853-5 ; Mayor of the city of Salera ; author of"Letters on
the Logos, 1828, Lectures on Witchcraft, 1831, Salem AVitchcraft,
in 2 vols., 8vo, 1867, Life of T. Pickering and other works, and several
orations and pamphlets; m. 29 Mar., 1S26, Ann Susan, daughter of
Ruv. Dr. Abiel Holmes, of Carabridge, who died, Thursday, Apr. 5,
1877, aged 72 yrs., 10 mos. and 20 days.' He died 15 June, 1875, two
days preceding the general and enthusiastic celebration of tho Battle
of Bunker HiU. See Momuir by G. E. Ellis, sermon by J. T. Howes.
8.
Joseph Story, Justice of U. S. Sup. Judic Court. See ante.

191

9.

Samuel Putna^m, son of Gideon and Hannah Putnam ; b. in Danvers
13 April, 1768; studied in the Academy at Andover; gr. Harv. Coll.
1787 ; went to Newburyport and studied law with Hon. Theophilus
Bradbury, a sound and learned lawyer; established himself in the
practice of the profession, soon very extensive, at Salem. He took
a decided and ardent part in the political questions of the time and '
adhered with great conservative firmness and inflexibility to his prin
ciples. In 1814, upon the death of Judge Sewall, he was appointed,
by Gov. Strong, Justice of the Mass. Supreme Court, and continued
to perform the duties until his retirement in 1842, a period of twenty-
eight years. In 1825 he received from Harvard the degree of LL.D.
He had repeatedly represented, in both branches of the Legislature,
his section of the State. He m. 28 Oct., 1795, Sarah, daughter of
John and Lois (Pickering) Gooll (b. 28 Nov., 1772, at Salem; d. at
Boston, 22 Nov., 1864). The family removed frora Salem to Boston
about 1833. He died at Somerville, 3 July, 1853.
A descendant of John Putnam, through Nathaniel", Benjamin',
Nathaniel-*, and Gideon", who came from Buckinghamshire in Eng
land and settled iu Salem in 1634; his wife's name was Priscilla, by
whom he had three sons, Thomas, Nathaniel, and John. About the
year 1640, they took up several tracts of land in Salem Village (now
Danvers) where they lived and died, tillers of the soil. John, Sen.,
and John, Jr., owned the farms now or recently owned by James B.
Putnam and William A. Lander. Thomas's patrimony was the farms
now or recently owned by Daniel and Jesse Putnam, and the house
now occupied by some of the family of Daniel Putnam is tho house in
which Gen. Israel Putnam was born. Nathaniel Putnam's place was
the farm until recently owned by Hon. Samuel Putnam. These lands
have been owned and occupied by one or more of the respective de
scendants of these original settlers. 10.
Daniel Appleton White, Judge of Probate for Essex. See ante.

11. LAWYERS.
Nath.vn Dane, son of Daniel and Abigail (Burnham) Dane, of
Ipswich, b. in Ipswich 29 Dec, 1752; gr. Harv. Coll., 1778. After
leaving college he taught school in Beverly, at the same time pursuing
his legal studies with William Wetmore, Esq., of Salein. In 1782 he
commenced the practice in Salem, but soon removed to Beverly and
came into a lucrative aud extensive business ; a delegate from Mass.

192
to the Continental Congress, 1785-88 ; framer of the celebrated ordi
nance of 1787; author of tho Abridgment and Digest of American
Law ; established a professorship of law in Harv. Univ. ; d. at Beverly,
Feb. 15, 1835; his wife Polly d. 14 Apr., 1840, aged 90. See N. E.
Hist. Gen. Reg., VIII, 148, for "A Pedigree of Dane; Quincy's Hist.
of Harv. Univ., II, 375; Stone's History of Beverly, 135; E. I. Hist.
Coll., IV, 279.
Samuel Putnam, see ante. Daniel Appleton White, see ante.
Ichabod Tucker, son of Benjamin and Martha (Davis) Tucker, b.
at Leicester, Mass., April 17, 1765 ; gr. Harv. Coll. 1791 ; m. Sept. 16,
1798, Maria, daughter of Dr. Joseph and Mary (Leavitt) Orne (b. Nov.
13, 1775; d. Dec. 14, 1806); m. 2dly, Oct. 13, 18ll, Esther Orne,
widow of Joseph Cabot and daughter of Dr. Williara and Lois (Orne)
Paine of Salera and Worcester (b. Aug. 29, 1774, d. Jan. 29, 1854).
He commenced the practice of law in Haverhill, and afterwards re
moved to Salem; clerk of the courts for Essex upwards of thirty
years; d. at Salem, Oct. 22, 1846.
Ho was President of the Essex Historical Society and also of the
Salera Athenffiura, and was always interested in Historical and Liter
ary Institutions ; a member of Mass. Hist. Society, Am. Antiq. Soci
ety, etc; See E. I. Hist. Coll., IV, 280.
(John Pickering, son of Timothy and Rebecca (White) Pickering,
b. at Salem 7 Feb., 1777; gr. Harv. Coll., 1796; m. Sarah, daughter of
Isaac and Sarah (Leavitt) White (d. at Salem, aged 69, 14 Dec, 1846).
Ho began the study of the law in Philadelphia, with Mr. Tilghman,
afterwards Chief Justice ofthe Suprerae Court of Penu. After spend
ing several years at Lisbon and London connected with the U. S.
Legation in those cities, he returned to Salem and resumed the study
under the direction of Hon. Samuel Putnam. He commenced the
practice of the profession in Salem, and in 1829 he removed to Boston
and was soon appointed City Solicitor. He was widely known for his
writings on philological subjects, aud as a lawyer he ranked high in
the consideration of the community He was president of the Amer
ican Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the American Phil
osophical Society and various other literary and learned societies, both
at home and abroad. He died at his residence in Boston, 5 May, 1846.-
See Memoir by W. H. Prescott, Mass. Hist. Coll., 3d Ser., X, 204;
White's Eulogy before Am. Acad. Sci., on Oct. 26, 1846.
Joseph Story, see ante. Leverett Saltonstall, see ante.
Benjamin Merrill, b. at Conway, N. H., 13 March, 1784. His
father, Thomas Merrill, was a son of John and Lydia (Haynes) Mer-

193
rill, of Haverhill, was one of the flrst settlers of Conway, and died in
1788, aged 66. His mother, a descendant of George Abbot, one of the
early settlers in Andover, was Elizabeth, daughter of Benjamin and
Abigail (Abbot) Abbot of Andover (b. 8 Nov., 1738, d. 12 Oct., 1787).
He was prepared for college at Phillips (Exeter) Academy, under
that eminent instructor, the venerable Dr. Benjamin Abbot, and was
well grounded in classical learning ; gr. Harv. Coll. in 1804, and studied
law successively with William Stedman, of Lancaster, and Francis D.
Dana, of Boston. He first opened his office in Marlboro', but within a
year removed to Lynn, and not long after established himself in
Salem, where he passed the residue of his life. For four or flve years
he was connected in professional business with the Hon. Samuel Put
nam, until the latter was raised to the bench of the Supreme Judicial
Court. He attained a high standing in his profession, though making
no pretensions to forensic eloquence and avoiding all public display.
His sound judgment, legal ability, sagacity, and learning inspired
universal confidence and gained for him an ample professional income
and an undying good name. He freely imparted his extensive learn
ing and various knowledge to all, whether upon consultation, in casual
conversation, or in the journals of the day. The pages of the Salem
Gazette contain many portraits from his pen of worthy and excellent
characters. He died at Salem, 30 July, 1847, unmarried. See Salem
Gazette, Aug. 3, 1847.
Joseph E. Sprague, eldest son of William and Sarah (Sprague)
Stearns, b. at Salem 9 Sept., 1782; gr. Harv. Coll., 1804; soon after
graduation he took the name of Sprague, to which family his mother
belonged. A member of the Essex Bar ; Postmaster of Salera from
1815 to 1829 ; in September, 1830, was appointed high sherifi' of Es
sex, and remained in office until his comraission expired, about nine
months before his death, which took place 22 Feb., 1852. He had
been Rep. and Senat. Mass. Legis. and had held other offices of trust
and honor. He m. 1st Elizabeth, 2d Sarah L., daughters of Hon.
Bailey Bartlett of Haverhill.
Mr. Sprague and Mr. Benjamin Merrill were classmates, and though
sometimes opposed in politics, were united, not only by their academi
cal career, but by many circumstances of their times. They not only
took a deep interest in public affairs, but labored with disinterested
zeal and constancy to enlighten the people, through the local press.
For more than forty years the columns of the Salem Register have
been enriched by articles from the pen of Mr. Sprague, which have
often attracted notice throughout the Union. The same service with
equal effect during the same period was rendered by the pen of Mr.
MerrUl to the Salem Gazette. The names of J. E. Sprague and B,
13

194
Merrill are identified with these two journals and will long be held in
grateful remembrance. See Salem Register,' Thursday, Feb. 26, 1852.
John Glen King, second son of James and Judith (Norris) King,
b. In Salem 19 Mar., 1787 ; member of the class that graduated at Harv.
Coll. in 1807 ; a descendant of William King, who sailed from London
to Salem in the "Abigail," 1 July, 1635, a freeman in 1636, d. about
1651 ; through John", Samuel', John"*, James^ ; studied law with Hon.
Wm. Prescott and Hon. Judge Story; began the practice in Salem,
where he continued during the remainder of his life. He attained an
eminent rank as a wise and learned counsellor, and was considered
one of the leading members of the Essex bar. He loved the quiet of
tho study moro than the contests of the forum, and had not been
known as a pleader. Rep. and Senator in Mass. Legislature ; the flrst
President of the Common Council of Salem ; for many years a Com
missioner of Insolvency, and held that office at the time of his death.
Ho was one of the founders of the Essex Historical Society, and from
1822 until his decease was elected successively a trustee, correspond
ing secretary, or vice president of that society and after the union a
vice president of the Essex Institute ; for twenty-three years of that
time he performed very acceptably the duties of corresponding secre
tary of the flrst named society.
He was a ripe scholar and enjoyed the pursuits of literature, espe
cially the ancient classics. His love of books araounted almost to a
passion, and his choice and well selected library was his solace
through many a year of suffering. He married, 10 Nov., 1815, Susan
H., daughter of Major Frederick and A. H. Oilman, of Gloucester.
He died 26 July, 1857.
David Cummins, son of David and Mehitable (Cave) Cummins, b.
at Topsfield 14 Aug., 1785 ; gr. Dart. 1806 ; read law with Hon. S. Put
nam ; began the practice in Salem in 1809 ; removed after many years
to Springfield, thence to Dorchester, where he died, 30 Mar., 1855;
Judge of Mass. C. C. P. from 1828 to his death; m. 1st, 13 Aug., 1812,
Sally, daughter of Daniel and Sarah (Peabody) Porter of Topsfield
(b. Apr. 1, 1786; d. Feb., 1814) ; 2nd, Aug., 1815, Catherine, daughter
of Hon. Thoraas Kittredge of Andover, who died July, 1824, aged 34;
3d, Maria Franklin, sister of his 2d wife, who died 29 Jan., 1873, aged
80 years. He was a man of strong powers and prominent at the bar,
and is well remembered for his ardent natural eloquence at public
meetings and in addresses to juries.
RuEus Choate, see ante.
Frbdbkick Howes, son of Anthony and Bethia Howes, b. at Dennis
in 1782 ; m. Elizabeth, daughter of William and Susan Burley of Bev-

195
erly; commenced the practice of the law In Salem, residing, however,
some time in Danvers and representing that town in the Legislature ;
returned to Salem and was, for several years. President of the Salera
Marine Insurance Company ; he was for many years an officer of the
Salem Athenseum; and a trustee 1824-48, and treasurer, 1831-48, ofthe
Essex Historical Society ; d. at Salem 12 Nov., 1855.
John Walsh, b. at Newburyport 23 July, 1794; d. at St. Louis, Mo.,
3 Dec, 1845; unmarried. His father, Michael Walsh, was the author
of the "Mercantile Arithmetic," which for many years in the early
part of this century was the standard text book on this subject in all
our schools; he was born near Waterford, Tipperary Co., Ireland, in
1763, and was the son of Thomas and Nancy (Walley) Walsh; he
came to this country in 1782 and soon after his arrival formed an ac
quaintance with Mr. Joseph Page of Salisbury, who invited him to
teach the school in that town ; he continued in that vocation either
in that place or in Newburyport during the greater part of his life, and
soon became well known and celebrated as a teacher; some of his
scholars, as Joseph Story, Caleb Cushing and others, have acquired a
national reputation ; Harvard College conferred upon him the honor
ary degree of A. M. ; he died 20 August, 1840. His mother was
Hannah, daughter of Joseph Page of Salisbury; she died 18 June,
1803, aged 38 years. Under the tuition of his father he was prepared
to enter Harv. Coll., where he graduated in 1814. He studied law and
was admitted to the Essex Bar. He had an office in Salem and also
in Danvers, and for three years, 1821-4, had the charge of a private
school for boys, located on Chestnut and Green streets, Salem. He
was considered a thoit>ugh scholar and was the author of several re
views and biographical sketches.
Gayton Pickman Osgood, see ante. Joseph G. Waters, see ante.
Ebenezer Shillaber, son of Ebenezer and Dorcas (Endicott) Shil
laber, b. at Salem, July 8, 1797; gr. Bowd. Coll., 1816; studied law
with Hon. L. Saltonstall at Salem. He flrst opened an office in New
buryport ; after a few years removed to Salem ; Clerk of the Courts of
Essex County from 1841 to 1851 ; d. at Biddeford, Me., 8 Nov., 1856,
set. 59 yrs., 4 mos. ; unmarried.
AsAHBL Huntington, son of Rev. Asahel and Alethea (Lord) Hunt
ington, b. at Topsfield 23 July, 1798 ; pursued his preparatory studies
at Phillips (Andover) Academy; gr. Yale Coll. 1819; commenced the
study of the law in the office of John Scott, Esq., at Newburyport, and
afterwards removed to Salem and finished his stildies in the office of
Hon. D. Cummins. In March, 1824, he was admitted to the Essex

196
bar and commenced the practice in Salem, where he spent the remain
der of his life. He was attorney for tho county of Essex and attorney
for the district of Essex and Middlesex. In 1851 he was appointed
Clerk of the Courts for the county of Essex, and continued to perform
the duties of that office till his death, either by appointment or elec
tion. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1853 ;
Mayor of Salem 1853 ; one of the Trustees of Dummer Academy, Di
rector and President of the Naumkeag Steara Cotton Company ; Presi
dent of the Essex Institute 1861-5. He was from first to last a con
sistent, unwavering, and judicious friend of the temperance cause,
and also interested in other movements for the improvement of soci
ety. He married, 25 Aug., 1842, in Boston, Mrs. Caroline Louisa
(Deblois) Tucker. He died 5 September, 1870. See Memoir by O. P.
Lord, Hist. Coll. Essex lust., vol. XI, pagei 81; .Huntington Family
Memoir, p. 213.
Stephen Palpray Webb, son of Capt. Stephen and Mrs. Sarah
(Putnam) Palfray Webb, b. at Salem 20 Mar., 1804; gr. Harv. Coll.
1824 ; pursued his studies with Hon. John Glen King and was admitted
to the Essex Bar, and practised the profession in Salem. Rep. and
Senator of Mass. Legis.; Mayor of Salem 1842-3-4; went to San
Francisco, Cal., about 1853, and resided there some three or four
years, and was elected Mayor of that city for the municipal year
1854-5 ; after his return to Salem he was re-elected Mayor for 1860-
1-2, and elected City Clerk for 1863-70; m. 26 May, 1834, Hannah
Hunt Beckford Robinson, daughter of Nathan and Eunice (Beckford)
Robinson, b. 9 June, 1805. He resides in Brookline, Mass.
12. CLERICAL.
Rev. John Prince, son of John and Esther Prince of Boston, b. 22
July, 1751 ; gr. Harv. Coll. 1776 ; studied divinity with Rev. S. Wil
liams of Bradford ; ord. at Salem 10 Nov., 1779, over the First Church
and continued his connection until his decease, which occurred 7 June,
1836 ; at an early age he communicated to the scientiflc world his
improved construction of the air pump, and continued his labors as a
philosophical mechanician to a very advanced age. He was eminently
learned in almost every department of natural philosophy and he took
pleasure in contributing to tho diffusion of useful instruction in a
great variety of ingenious methods. He was also a learned theologian
and was very conversant with the history of the opinions of the
church; he received the degree of LL.D. from Brown Univ., and was
enrolled among the associates of several learned and philosophical
societies of the country. He m. Mary, daughter of James Bayley

197
of Boston, who died 4 Dec, 1806, aged 52; m., 2dly, 27 Nov., 1816,
Milly, the widow of Jonathan Waldo, and daughter of John and Phebe
(Guild) Messinger of Wrentham, Mass. See Upham's Discourse at
the funeral, June 9, 1836 ; Upham's Memoir in Sillimans's Am. Journ.
Sci., vol. XXXI, p. 201 ; Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. IV, p. 272.
- Rev. Brown Emerson, D.D., son of John and Catherine (Eaton)
Emerson, b. at Ashby, Mass., 8 Jan., 1778; gr. Dart. Coll., 1802; stu
died divinity with Rev. Reed Page of Hancock; ordained colleague
pastor of the South Congregational Church in Salem 20 Apr., 1805,
and continued in that relation, or that of pastor, during a long life,
universally esteemed ; several of his discourses have been printed ;
his Alma Mater in 1835 conferred upon him the degree of D.D. ; m.
29 Oct., 1806, Mary, daughter of Rev. Daniel Hopkins, who survived
until 4 April, 1866, sustaining the happiest married relations for a
period of nearly sixty years. He died on Thursday evening, 25 July,
1872. Rev. Lucius Bolles, sixth son of Rev. David and Susanna (Moore)
Bolles; b. at Ashford, Conn., 25 Sept., 1779; gr. at Brown Univ.,
1801 ; studied theology with Rev. Dr. Samuel Stillman of Boston ;
ordained pastor of the First Baptist Church, Salem, Mass., 9 Jan.,
1805 ; in June, 1826, he was appointed Corr. Secretary of the American
Baptist Board of Foreign Missions, but continued to discharge the
duties of senior pastor in Salem until 6 Aug., 1834. He married, 8
Sept., 1805, his cousin Lydia, daughter of Deacon John and Lydia
(Taber) Bolles of Hartford, Conn. (b. 20 Oct., 1784; d. 20 June, 1851).
He died in Boston, Mass., 5 Jan., 1844. He was the sixth generation
from Joseph Bolles, the flrst emigrant who was engaged in trade at
Winter Harbor, in the year 1640, afterwards removed to Wells, Me.,
where he held the office of town clerk from 1654 to 1664, died at Wells
in the autumn of 1678; through Thomas", John', Enoch'', David^ He
was the highly esteemed pastor of the church in Salem and the senior
and much respected Secretary of the Board. No man of his denomi
nation occupied a more prominent position or exercised an infiuence
more strong and universal.
Rev. John Brazer, D.D., son of Samuel Brazer of Worcester,
Mass., b. in that place 21 Sept., 1789 ; gr. Harv. Coll. in 1813 ; tutor in
Greek 1815-17, and Prof, of Latin, 1817-20; ordained over the North
Church in Salem 14 Nov., 1820, and continued the pastor until his
death, which took place at the plantation of his true friend. Dr. Huger,
on Cooper River, near Charleston, S. C, 26 Feb. 1846, whither he had
gone for the benefit of his health. He married 19 April, 1821, Annie
Warren Sever, daughter of William and Sarah (Warren) Sever of

198
Worcester. She died in Salem 30 Jan., 1843, aged 54. He was a fine
classical scholar, of great attainments, and a writer of great purity of
style. Many of his occasional discourses have been printed.
Rev. Jambs Flint, D.D., b. at North Reading, 10 Dec, 1779, son of
James and Mary (Hart) Flint, gr. Harv. Coll., 1802; spent a few years
in teaching, then studied divinity with Rev. Joshua Bates of Dedham;
ord. 29 Oct., 1806, over the First Church and Society in East Bridge-
water; installed over the East Church in Salem 19 Sept., 1821, and
continued to be the pastor until the installation of his colleague. Rev.
Dexter Clapp, 17 Dec, 1851; m. Oct., 1805, Lydia Harriet Deblois; d.
in Salem 4 Mar., 1855. He soon acquired the reputation of a highly
attractive preacher, which he sustained to the last of his public ser
vices. He was a person of extensive culture, a fine classical scholar
and some of his occasional poetic pieces will long be remembered.
See Discourse on his death, by Eev. Dexter Clapp ; Salem Gazette,
Mar. 6, 1855.
Rev. Joseph Barlow Felt, b. at Salem 22 Dec, 1789, son of Capt.
John and Elizabeth (Curtis) Felt ; gr. Dart. Coll. 1813 ; studied divin
ity with Rev. Dr. Worcester of Salem ; settled in the ministry at Sha
ron, from 19 Dec, 1821, to 19 Apr., 1824, and also at Hamilton, as
successor of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL.D., from 16 June, 1824, to 4
Dec, 1833, when owing to ill health he dissolved his pastoral relations
with that church. In 1834 he removed to Boston, where he engaged
in his congenial pursuits of the antiquary and historian ; librarian of
Mass. Historical Society; a commissioner to arrange the ancient
papers in the State Archives ; secretary and librarian of the Congre
gational Library Association ; president of New Eng. Hist. Gen. Soci
ety for 1850-1-2. In June, 1861, he removed to Salem, where he spent
the remainder of his life. In 1857 Dart. College conferred upon him
the degree of LL.D. ; the well known antiquarian, author of History
of Ipswich, Annals of Salem, etc. ; m. 1st Abigail Adams, daughter
of Rev. John Shaw of Haverhill, Mass., 18 Sept., 1816 (b. at Haverhill;
d. at Boston, July 5, 1859); m. 2dly, 16 Nov., 1862, Mrs. Catherine
(Bartlett) Meachum, daughter of Hon. Bailey Bartlett of Haverhill;
d. at Salem, 8 Sept., 1869, without issue.
Rev. Henry Colman, son of Dudley and Mary (Jones) Colman, b.
at Boston, 12 Sept., 1785; gr. Dart. Coll., 1805; studied divinity with
Rev. James Freeman of Boston and Rev. John Pierce of Brookline ;
ord. at Hingham 1 June, 1807; installed at Salem 16 Feb., 1825; dis
missed 7 Dec, 1831 ; the remainder of his life was devoted to agricul
ture. His writings on this subject, especially reports on the agri
culture of Massachusetts and of England, have had an extended cir-

199
culation. He m. 11 Apr., 1807, Mary, daughter of Thomas Harris of
Charlestown, Mass. He died at Islington, England, 17 Aug., 1849.
Charles W. Upham, see ante.
13. MEDICAL.
Edward Augustus Holyoke, see ante.
Joshua Fishek, M. D., son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth Fisher, b.
at Dedham, May, 1749 ; gr. Harv. Coll. 1766 ; in 1770 began the study
of medicine under the direction of Dr. Lincoln of Hingham ; began
the practice in Ipswich, for a time in Salem, and finally removed to
B'everly, where he passed the remainder of his life ; ho was held in
high estimation by his profession, his patients and his friends ; he was
also in an important sense a public man; senator in Mass. Legis.;
president of Mass. Med. Soc; president of the Beverly Bank, and
also president of the Beverly Charitable Society and largely added to
its funds ; took a deep interest in the natural sciences and bequeathed
to Harv. Coll. $20,000 to found a Professorship of Natural History.
He died 15 March, 1833. See Quincy Hist. Harv. Univ., vol. II, p. 427 ;
Stone's Hist, of Beverly, p. 160; Channing's Notice in Mass. Med.
Soc. Communications, vol. V, p. 279.
Andrew Nichols, son of Andrew and Eunice (Nichols) Nichols ;
b. at Danvers, 22 Nov., 1785; m. 1st, 1 June, 1809, his cousin, Ruth
Nichols, daughter of John and Sarah (Fuller) Nichols (b. at Middle-
ton 21 Jan., 1785 ; d. s. p., 31 Mar. 1832) ; m. 2d, 3 Oct., 1833, Mary
Holyoke Ward, daughter of Joshua and Susanna (Holyoke) Ward, b.
at Salem, 2 May, 1800. He died 30 Mar., 1858. In early life he
worked on the farm and attended the district school, but having
decided to become a physician he repaired to the Academy at Ando
ver for the preparatory studies and on the 11th of April, 1805, he en
tered the office of Dr. Manning at Billerica; he also studied with Dr.
Waterhouse of Cambridge. In July, 1808, he entered upon the prac
tice of the profession in the south parish of Danvers (now Peabody),
where he resided until his decease.
He had an early taste for the study of natural history, especially
botany. He was particularly conversant with our local natural his
tory, and several communications on these subjects have appeared in
the publications of this society. See Proceedings of Essex Inst., Vol.
2, p. 26. In all our excursions he took an active part. In the various
movements of society he took a deep interest. He was a pioneer
with Pickering in the organization of the County Agricultural Society ;
for many years its treasurer. In Mass. Med. Society he was an active
member and, for many years, was president of the District Society,

200
embracing Salem and the neighboring towns. He delivered the annual
address in 1836. See Genealogy of Nichols Family in E. I. Hist. Coll.,
Ill, 29 ; sermon by F. P. Appleton.
Gideon Barstow, see ante.
Abel Lawrence Peirson, M. D., son of Samuel and Sarah (Page)
Peirson, b. at Biddeford, Me., 25 Nov., 1794; gr. Harv. ColL 1812.
Ho studied medicine with Dr. James Jackson of Boston, and gradu
ated M. D. Harv. Coll. 1816; entered upon practice of the profession
at Vassalboro, Mo. ; removed to Salera early in 1817, where he spent
the reraainder of his life. He kept himself well informed as to the
useful additions made to medical science, gave great attention to sur
gery and acquired a high reputation in that branch of practice. For
many years he was largely employed in consultations throughout a
large portion of Essex County and was an active member of the Mass.
Mod. Soc, and president of the Essex South District Med. Soc. at the
time of his decease. He married, 18 April, 1819, Harriet, daughter of
Abel and Abigail (Page) Lawrence (b. 4 July, 1793; d. 13 Nov., 1870) ;
was killed, on the Now York & New Haven railroad, at Norwalk,
Conn., 6 May, 1853, on his return from New York, where he had been
to attend a medical convention.
Charles Gideon Putnam, M. D., son of Samuel and Sarah (Gooll)
Putnam; b. at Salem, 7 Nov., 1805; gr. Harv. 1824; studied medicine
with Dr. A. L. Peirson and received the degree of M. D. from Har
vard in 1827 ; commenced the practice in Salem ; about 1833 removed
to Boston, where he resided the remainder of his life and entered into
a successful practice; president of Mass. Med. Society; m. Elizabeth,
daughter of James and Elizabeth (Cabot) Jackson; d. at Boston, 5
Feb., 1875, with universal respect and esteem for his invariable kind
ness and courtesy, and his readiness to impart freely, from his abun
dant professional resources, valuable information to his less experi
enced brethren. 14. MERCHABTTS AETD OTHERS.
Jacob Ashton, son of Jacob and Mary (Ropes) Ashton, b. at
Salem 5 Sept., 1744; gr. Harv. Coll. 1766; d. 28 Dec, 1829; m. 16
May, 1771, Susanna, daughter of Richard and Hannah (Hubbard) Lee
(b. 15 Apr., 1747; d. 21 Apr., 1817); merchant, afterwards Pres. of
Salem Marine Insurance Company. A prominent citizen, filling many
situations of trust, and during a long life he has uniformly exhibited
an example of industry, probity, and usefulness.
Gideon Barstow, see ante.

201
Nathaniel Bowditch, son of Habakkuk and Mary (Ingersoll) Bow
ditch, b. at Salem 26 Mar., 1778; m. 25 Mar., 1798, Elizabeth B.,
daughter of Francis and Mary (Hodges) Boardman; she died 18 Oct.,
1798; m. 2dly, 28 Oct., 1800, his cousin Mary, daughter of Jonathan
and Mary (Hodges) Ingersoll (b. 4 Dec, 1781; d. 17 April, 1834) ; de
scended in the sixth generation from William Bowditch, the flrst of
this family in Salem, who came to this country from the west of Eng
land, probably from the city of Exeter, admitted an inhabitant Nov.
20, 1639, had a grant of land Jan. 23, 1643 ; through William", Wil
liam', Ebenezer*, Habakkuk*. In early life a clerk and supercargo;
president of Salem Fire and Marine Insurance Company ; removed to
Boston in 1823, and was the actuary of Mass. Hospital Life Ins. Com
pany; devoted himself to the study of mathematics and became very
distinguished in that direction; author of the American Navigator
and the translator of La Place's Mficanique Cfileste, in 4 vols., 4to.
He was president of the East India Marine Society of Salem, and
president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, fellow of
Royal Society of London, and also member of many of the leading
scientific societies of this country and Europe. Harv. Coll. conferred
the degree of LL.D. in 1826, and he was from 1826-38 a member of the
corporation of that institution. He died at Boston 16 Mar., 1838.
See Eulogies by D. A. White and John Pickering ; Discourse on his
life and character by Alexander Young ; Memoir by his son Nathaniel
Bowditch. '
George Cleveland, son of Stephen and Margaret f Jeffry) Cleve
land, b. 26 Jan., 1781; m. 7 April, 1808, Elizabeth, daughter of Jona
than and Elizabeth (Ropes) Hodges (b. 1 Jan., 1789, d. 23, Dec, 1834).
He died at Salem 13 Mar., 1840; descended from Moses Cleveland,
who came to this county (says family tradition) a joiner, from Ipswich,
Suffolk County, England, and early took up his permanent abode in
Woburn and m., 26 Sept., 1648, Ann, daughter of Edward Winn;
through Aaron", Aaron', Rev. Aaron'', Stephen^ President of Salem
Commercial Insurance Company ; trustee and a vice president of the
Essex Historical Society. See Sewall's Hist, of Woburn, p. 599.
Charles Chauncy Clarke, son of Rev. John and Esther (Orne)
Clarke of the First Church, Boston, b. in Boston 3 April, 1789; gr.
Harv. Coll. 1808; d. in Salem, unmarried, 14 Oct., 1837. Interested
in literary and historical studies ; an officer of the Salem Athen»um
for several years, and of the Essex Historical Society from its organi
zation until his decease.
Pickering Dodge, son of Israel and Lucia (Pickering) Dodge ; b.
6 April, 1778 ; m. 5 Nov., 1801, Rebecca, daughter of Daniel and Mary

202
Jenks (b. 19 Feb., 1781 ; d. 30 Mar., 1851). He d. 16 Aug., 1833 ; well
known as an active, enterprising, intelligent and honorable merchant;
universally esteemed.
Pickering Dodge, jr., son of the preceding, b. at Salem, 24 April,
1804 ; prepared for college at the Private Grammar School in Salem,
kept by John Brazer Davis (H. C. 1815) ; gr. Harv. Coll. 1823 ; m. in
March, 1826, Anna Storer, daughter of Rev. Henry and Mary (Harris)
Colman of Salem (b. 20 Nov., 1808, d. 16 Sept., 1849) ; after his mar
riage resided on a farm in Lynn until 1837, when he returned to Salem
and engaged in horticultural pursuits and in the walks of literature ;
in 1846, published a volume entitled "A History of the Art of Paint
ing," in 1849 a second volume entitled " Sculpture and the Plastic
Art." After the death of his wife in 1849 he spent much of the time
of the four following years in European travel. In June, 1853, m.,
2dly, Eliza Webb, daughter of Rev. Samuel and Caroline (Howard)
Gilman, who was for many years the pastor of the Unitarian Church in
Charleston, S. C. He then spent a year in European travel, and after
wards resided principally in Worcester, where he died 28 Dec, 1863.
William Gibbs, son of Henry and Mercy (Prescott) Gibbs ; b. at
Salem 17 Feb., 1785 ; m. 24 Sept., 1811, his cousin Mercy, daughter of
Peter and Mary (Prescott) Barrett (b. at Concord, Mass., 13 Sept.,
1783, d. 7 Feb., 1837); resided in Salem, Concord and Lexington; d.
in Lexington 23 Dec, 1853 ; distinguished for his genealogical and
historical researches. The flrst of this family in this country was
Robert Gibbs, fonrth son of Sir Henry Gibbs ; b. about 1634 ; came to
Boston between 1657 and 1660, where he became a distinguished mer
chant; his son Henry" was the well known minister of Watertown;
his son Henry', a graduate of Harvard in 1726, entered into mercantile
business in Salem; his son Henry", a graduate of Harvard in 1766,
was also a merchant in Salem and was the father of the subject of
this notice. See Family Notices collected by William Gibbs.
Francis Peabody, son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Smith) Peabody,
b. at Salera 7 Dec, 1801 ; ra. 7 July, 1823, Martha, daughter of Samuel
and Elizabeth (Putnam) Endicott; d. at Salem 31 Oct., 1867. Soon
after leaving school he raade an excursion to Russia and Northern
Europe, and on his return settled in Salem, where he continued to
reside until his decease, except occasional visits to Europe. He was
early interested in the study of chemistry and the kindred sciences
and their application to the useful arts. He took an active part in the
organization of popular lecture courses in this city, and delivered sev
eral of the lectures in the earlier courses, as those of the Essex Lodge
of F. A. M. in 1827-8, the Salem Charitable Mechanic Association

203
about. the same time, and the Salem Lyceum in 1830— the last named
institution has continued the annual courses of lectures. About 1^26
he engaged in the manufacture of white lead. From that time until
his decease he had been interested in this and other manufactures, or
commerce. Mr. Peabody had a very active and inventive mind and gave much
attention to experimental researches in physical sciences. President
of the Essex Institute 1865-7, and the flrst president of the Peabody
Academy of Science, being very much interested in the organization
of that Institution. See Memoir by C. W. Upham, in Vol. IX of E. I.
Hist. Coll.
George Peabody, son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Smith) Peabody,
and brother of the preceding; b. at Salem 10 Jan., 1804; gr. Harv.
Coll. 1823; m. 5 Sept., 1827, Clara, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth
(Putnam) Endicott. Rep. Mass. Legis. ; member of Mass. Const.
Conv. 1853 ; popular commander of the Salem Light Infantry ; Col. of
Artill. Reg. ; 1st Pres. of Eastern R. R. Corp. ; now resides in Salem.
William Pickman, son of Benjamin and Mary (Toppan) Pickman,
b. at Salem 25 June, 1774; d. at Salem, unmarried, 1 May, 1857; in
early life a merchant in Boston, returned to Salem and lived many
years retired from the active duties of life. A brother of Benjamin
Pickman ; see ante.
Willard Peele, son of Jonathan and Abigail (Mason) Peele ; b. at
Salem 30 Nov., 1773; gr. Harv. Coll. 1792; m. Margaret, daughter of
John and Jane (Sparhawk) Appleton ; d. 13 June, 1835 ; studied law
before engaging in commercial pursuits ; merchant in Salem ; presi
dent Commercial Bank.
Dudley Leavitt Pickman, son of William and Elizabeth (Leavitt)
Pickman; bapt. May, 1779; m. 6 Sept., 1810, Catherine, daughter of
Thomas and Elizabeth (Elkins) Sanders (bapt. 29 Aug., 1784, d. 18
May, 1823) ; d. 4 Nov., 1846. He was one of our most eminent and
wealthy merchants, for several years a member of both branches of
the legislature, public spirited and liberal to our several literary,
religious and charitable institutions. A cousin of Benjamin Pickman;
see ante.
William Pkoctor, son of William and Elizabeth (Masury) Proctor;
b. at Salem : m. Sarah, daughter of Joseph and Sarah (Peirce) Holman.
Rec. Secretary Essex Historical Society ; merchant; in 1827 removed
to Brooklyn, New York.

204
Nathaniel Leverett Rogers, son of Nathaniel and Abigail (Dodge)
Rogers; b. at Ipswich 6 Aug., 1785; m. 24 Oct., 1813, Harriet, daugh
ter of Aaron and Elizabeth (Call) Waite ; d. 31 July, 1858 ; descended
from Rev. Nathaniel Rogers, son of Rev. John of Dedham, b. in 1598,
arrived in Boston in Nov., 1636, and was settled over the church in
Ipswich, d. July 3, 1655 ; through Rev. John", Pres. of Harv. Coll.,
Eev. John' of Ipswich, Rev. Nathaniel'' of Ipswich, Nathaniel*. For
many years in business connections with his brothers John W. and
Richard S. under the name of N. L. Rogers & brothers, president of
the East India Marine Society of Salem and held other offices of honor
and trust. See N. E. Hist. Gen. Reg., V, 105, 224, 311.
Nathaniel Silsbee, son of Nathaniel and Mary (Crowninshield)
Silsbee; b. 28 Dec, 1804; gr. Harv. Coll., 1824; m. Nov. 9, 1829, Mary
Ann Cabot Devereux, daughter of Humphrey and Eliza (Dodge)
Devereux, b. 6 Feb., 1812; merchant; mayor of the city of Salem,
1849, 50, 58, 59 ; removed to Boston, 1860 ; treasurer of Harv. College ;
now resides in Boston.
John White Treadwell, son of Jacob and Elizabeth (White)
Treadwell, b. at Ipswich 12 July, 1785. He moved to Salem in early
life and soon became one of our most respected and valued citizens,
widely known in the religious denomination of which, for a third of a
century he was a conspicuous and a hospitable member. He was for
many years a cashier and president of the Merchants' Bank, Salem ;
Rec. Sec. of Essex Hist. Society; m. Susan K. and Harriet K., daugh
ters of Mr. Farley of Ipswich; d. 4 April, 1857.
George Atkinson Ward, son of Samuel Curwen and Jane (Ropes)
Ward, b. at Salem 29 Mar., 1793; m. 5 Oct., 1816, Mehitable, daugh
ter of James and Sarah (Ward) Cushing (b. 28 Feb., 1795; d. 4 Oct.,
1862) ; d. at Salem, 22 Sept., 1864; descended from Miles Ward, men
tioned in 1639, who carae from Enith in Kent, a few miles below Lon
don on the Thames, with his wife Margaret, and died in Virginia
3 Mar., 1650; through Joshua", Miles', Joshua", Richard*, Samuel Cur
wen" ; merchant at Salem and New York ; one of the founders of the
Historical Society and its flrst secretary ; editor of Curwen's Letters
and author of several memoirs and historical papers. See Notices of
the descendants of Miles Ward in E. I. Hist. Coll., V, 207 ; Memoir by
C. W. Upham, E. I. Hist. Coll., VII, 49.
Jonathan Webb, son of Benjamin and Mary (King) Webb, b. at
Salem 22 Jan., 1795; m. 5 Jan., 1825, Harriet, daughter of Abijah Nor-
they of Salem (d. at Andover 15 Oct., 1870, aged 72 years) ; d. 2 Aug.,
1832 ; an apothecary, Colonel of Mass. Militia, endowed with talents

205
of the highest order and a refined taste, he devoted his leisure to sci
entiflc pursuits, especially those appertaining to electricity. He was
enterprising and active in business, frank and cordial in his social
intercourse. Stephen White, son of Henry and Phoebe (Brown) White ; b. at
Salem 10 July, 1787; m. 7 Aug., 1808, Harriet, daughter of Elisha and
Mehitable (Pedrick) Story of Marblehead; she died 19 June, 1827.
He removed to Boston about 1830; d. at New York 10 Aug., 1841.
While a resident of Salem he was an active and enterprising mer
chant; had been elected several years, a member of both branches of
the Legislature, and was frequently called upon to officiate on publio
occasions, and to hold positions of honor and trust.

15.
Benjamin Goodhue, son of Benjamin and Martha (Hardy) Goodhue,
b. at Salem 20 Sept., 1748; gr. Harv. Coll., 1766; m. 6 Jan., 1778,
Frances Eichie of Philadelphia (b. 27 June, 1751, d. at Salem 21 Jan.,
1801) ; m. 2dly 5 Nov., 1804, Ann Willard, a daughter of Abijah and
Anna (Prentice) Willard of Lancaster, Mass. (b. 20 Aug., 1763, d. 2
Aug., 1858) ; descended from William Goodhue, b. in England in 1612,
took the oath of Freeman, Dec, 1636, and probably came over in that
year ; settled in Ipswich and sustained the chief trusts of the town ;
was deacon of the First Church for many years, selectman. Rep. Gen.
Court, etc.; died about 1699; through Joseph", William', Benjamin".
He early embarked in comraerce with credit and success ; a whig in
the Revolution; represented the county of Essex in the Senate of
Massachusetts from 1784 to 1789 when he was elected a Eep. to the
flrst U. S. Congress under the new constitution ; in 1796 elected to the
U. S. Senate, and in 1800 he resigned his seat and retired to private
life. He died at Salem 28 July, 1814, leaving an irreproachable name
to his then only surviving son, Jonathan Goodhue of New York, a
merchant who in character and credit stood second to none in that
commercial emporium. 16.
Nathan Ebed, b. at Western, now Warren, Mass., 2 July, 1759 ; son
of Major Eeuben and Tamerson (Meachum) Reed, who was born at
Sudbury, 2 Nov., 1730, d. 26 May, 1803; his grandfather, Capt. Na
thaniel Reed, was one of the first settlers of Warren, died 9 June,
1785, at the advanced age of 81. He gr. Harv. Coll. 1781 ; then taught
school at Beverly and Salem about two years, tutor in Harv. 1783-7 ;
studied medicine with Dr. Holyoke until Oct., 1788, when he opened

206
-an apothecary shop; m. 20 Oct., 1790, Elizabeth, daughter of William
and Elizabeth (Bowditch) Jeffry. He invented a machine for the
making of nails, and in 1796 erected a building in Danvers for the
manufacture of nails, and the next year had his machines in operation.
About the same time he built a splendid mansion near by and moved
there ; for many years since owned by Capt. Porter. He also con
structed the first steamboat with paddle wheels in this country; the
trial trip took place in 1789. Rep. U. S. Congress 1801-3. In 1807 he
removed to Belfast, Me., and for many years was Chief Justice of the
Court of Common Pleas in said county. He was much interested in
agricultural pursuits. He died at his residence in Belfast 20 Jan.,
1849. See History of tho Reed Family by Jacob W. Reed, pages 272,
etc. 17.
(Jacob Crowninshield, son of George and Mary (Derby) Crownin
shield; b. at Salem 31 May, 1770; d. at Washington 15 May, 1808; m.
June 5, 1796, Sarah, daughter of John and Sarah (Derby) Gardner (b.
1773, d. May, 1807). A brother of Benjamin W. Crowninshield, see
<3,nte. A merchant in connection with his father and brothers at
Salem ; Rep. U. S. Cong. 1802-08. In 1805 he was appointed U. S. Sec.
of the Navy by Pres. Jefferson, declined the position on account of ill
health ; in Congress ho was specially valued for his knowledge of
marine and commercial matters, which was extensive and accurat^.
He was prompt and diligent in the performance of his duties and ptjs-
sessed amiable manners, an open disposition and a liberal heart.

18.
Elias Haskett Derby, son of Richard and Mary (Hodges) Derby,
b. at Salom 16 Aug., 1739; d. 8 Sept., 1799; m. 23 Apr., 1761, Eliza
beth, daughter of John and Anstiss (Williams) Crowninshield (b. at
Salem, 6 Aug., 1734, d. 17 June, 1815) ; descended from Roger Derby,
who carae from Topsham, Devonshire Co., England, and landed at
Boston 15 July, 1671 ; thence he went to Ipswich, afterwards to
Salera; b. in England in 1643; d. in Salem 26 Sept., 1698, aged 55
yrs. ; ra. 23 Aug., 1668, Lucretia (b. in 1643, d. 25 May, 1689) ; their
grave stones are in the old burial ground in Peabody ; through Rich
ard", Richard'. At an early age he entered his father's counting room,
and from 1760 to 1775 kept his father's books and traded extensively
with the English and French W. I. Islands. Mr. Derby espoused the
cause of the colonists. Trade being depressed, he fltted out some 108
private armed vessels during the Revolutionary War. In 1784 he
despatched the "Grand Turk" to Cape of Good Hope and to Canton

207
(1st voyage). Other voyages were afterwards made. He thus led the
way to India and China, and opened for Salem that extensive foreign
commerce which will always hold a prominent place in her history.
See Genealogy of Derby Family, Vol. IV of E. I. Hist. Coll.
19.
William Gray, son of Abraham and Lydia (Calley) Gray, b. in
Lynn 27 June, 1750; m. 18 Mar., 1782, Elizabeth, daughter of John
and Elizabeth (Brown) Chipman of Marblehead. Mr. Gray removed
to Salem at an early age and entered the counting room of Richard
Derby. He soon became one of the largest ship owners in Salem,
and followed the lead of Mr. Derby in sending ships to Canton and
ports in the East Indies. His mansion in Salem is now the Essex
House. About 1809 he removed to Boston. In 1810, 1811, he was
chosen Lieut. Governor of Mass., having held previously a seat in the
Massachusetts Senate. He died in Boston 3 Nov., 1825. During his
life he accumulated a great property. As a merchant, he was industri
ous, far seeing and energetic ; as a citizen, patriotic and public spirited.
20.
Joseph Peabody, son of Francis and Margaret (Knight) Peabody ;
b. at Middleton 12 Dec, 1757; m. 1st, 28 Aug., 1791, Catherine; 2dly,
24 Oct., 1795, Elizabeth, daughters of Rev. Elias Smith of Middleton;
d. 5 Jan., 1844; descended from Lieut. Francis Peabody of St. Albans,
Hertfordshire, England, b. in 1614; came to New England in the ship
Planter in 1635 ; one of the original settlers of Hampton, whither he
came in the summer of 1638 ; Freeman in 1640 ; in 1657 he was in
Topsfield and was one of the prominent men in that town ; lived to
an advanced age, died 19 Feb., 1697-8 ; through Isaac", Francis', and
Francis". Mr. Peabody lived in early life in Boxford and Middleton ;
at the commencement of the Revolution, he came to Salem to partici
pate in the more stirring scones of a sea life on board of our private
arraed vessels, where he distinguished himself as a brave and skilful
officer. After the establishment of peace he was a ship owner and
merchant, and soon became one of the most eminent merchants of
Salem and extensively known throughout the commercial world. See
Genealogy of Peabody Family in N. E. Hist. Gen. Reg., Vol. ii, p. 153;
Memoir of J. Peabody by G. A. Ward, in Hunt's Merchant's Magazine,
Vol. XIII, page 150. 21.
John Bertram, b. on the Isle of Jersey, 11 Feb., 1796; ca iie to
Salem at an early age with his parents ; his father, John Bertram, son

208
of Thomas and Jeanne (Legros) Bertram, was born in the Parish of
St. Saviour, Jersey, 26 Sept., 1773, d. at Salem, 29 April, 1825, aged 63
years ; his mother, Mary Bertram, daughter of Jaques and Elizabeth
(Vaudin) Perchard, b. in the Parish of St. Saviour, Jersey, 16 Mar.,
1773, d. in Newton, Mass., 20 Feb., 1842, aged 70 years. He married
19 Oct., 1823, Mary G. Smith, who died 18 April, 1837, aged 36 years;
m., 2dly, 25 March, 1838, Mrs. Clarissa (Maclntire) Millet, who died 30
June, 1847, aged 37 years ; m., 3dly, 27 June, 1848, Mary Ann, daugh
ter of Timothy and Sarah (Holmes) Ropes.
He commenced life as a cabin boy and by successive stages soon
became a commander, then an owner, afterwards largely interested in
vessels engaged in the several trades. Those of Zanzibar, Para, and
California seemed to have claimed a considerable share of his atten
tion. In his various enterprises he has been successful, and now,
somewhat retired from the active duties of life, he takes pleasure in
aiding various charities. He has furnished and maintained at his own
expense the "Old Men's Home," and was largely instrumental in
establishing the Salem Hospital. As a merchant, enterprising and
energetic ; as a citizen, public spirited and liberal.

J^ote to the RemarTcs of Dean Stanley.
Dean Stanley in his speech refers to the monument erected by
Massachusetts in Westminster Abbey to Lord Howe. The following
extract is taken from the "History ofthe Abbey Church of St. Peter's
Westminster, its antiquities and monuments," Vol. II, page 34: —
"A figure, representing the Genius of Massachusetts Bay, reposes
in a mournful posture and is supported by a shield. An obelisk rises
behind her, decorated with the arms of the Howe family and military
trophies. On a tablet beneath is the inscription : —
'The province of Massachusetts Bay, in New England, by an order
ofthe Great and General Court, bearing date Feb. 1, 1759, caused this
monument to be erected to the memory of George Augustus Lord
Viscount Howe, brigadier-general of His Majesty's forces in America,
who was slain July the 6th, 1758, on the march to Ticonderoga, in the
thirty-fourth year of his age, in testimony of the sense they had of
his services and military virtues ; and of the affection their officers,
and soldiers bore to his command. He lived respected and beloved.
The public regretted his loss— to his family it is irreparable.'"

209

Committee of Arrangements.

Henry Wheatland, Chairman.
Abner C. Goodell, jr.,
William Sutton,
William P. Upham,
Edward S. Atwood,
Fielder Israel,
EiCHARD C. Manning,
Thomas M. Stimpson,

Daniel B. Hagar,
Jambs Kimball,
Hbnrv L. Williams,
George R. Emmbrton,
Edwin C. Bolles,
Amos H. Johnson,
Thomas F. Hunt.
George M. WmppLB, Seci

Choir, under the direction of Mr. B, J. Lang.

Sopranos.
Miss Mart A. Bush,
Miss Grace Dalton,
Miss Clara L. Emilio,
Miss Mart S. Emilio,
Mrs. a. E. B. Govba,
Miss Nellie B. Kehew,
Miss Grace E. Machado,
Miss S. Alice Machado,
Miss Harriet K. Osgood,
Mrs. H. W. Putnam,
Miss Helen M. Smith,
Miss Rosamond Simonds,
Mrs. j. C. Townb.

Altos.
Miss Emily W. Archer,
Mrs. a. B. Brown,
Miss E. W. Chadwick,
Miss Mart K. Felt,
Mrs. C. B. Fowler,
Mrs. W. H. Kehew,
Mrs. j. H. Lbfavour,
Miss S. Amy Machado,
Miss Margaret M. Osgood,
Miss C. S. Spiller.

Tenor.
Mr. Sbth C. Bennett,
Mr. Charles E. Chutb,
Mr. E. V. Emilio,
Mr. Andrew Fitz,
Mr. D. B. Hagar,
Mr. D. B. Kimball,
Mr. T. M. Osborne,
Mr. Geo. M. Whipplb.

Bass.
Mr. Frank Brown,
Mr. S. p. Chase,
Mr. Arthur A. Clark,
Mr. R. B. Gifford,
Mr. W. H. Kehew,
Mr. John C. Pulsifer,
Mr. T. M. Stimpson,
Mr. W. H. Whipple.

14

210

List of Persons present at the Lunch.

Archer, Charles F. W., Salem.
Atwood, Edward S., Salem.
Atwood, Mrs. Edward S., Salem.
Austin, Miss Harriet A., Salem.
Bacon, J. P., Boston.
Batchelder, Henry M., Salem.
Bodfish, Joshua L., Boston.
Bolles, Edwin C, Salem.
Bolles, Mrs. Edwin C, Salem.
Bowdoin, Mrs. W. L., Salem.
Bowkor, Charles, Salem.
Bowker, George, Salem.
Bradbury, Jas. W., Augusta, Me.
Brooks, Chas. T., Newport, E. I.
Brooks, Miss Mary M., Salem.
Brooks, Phillips, Boston.
Brown, Augustus S., Salem.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Choate, Mrs. Chas.F., Cambridge.
Choate, Mrs. George, Cambridge.
Choate, Mrs. George F., Salem.
Choate, Joseph H., New York.
Churchill, J. W., Andover.
Clarke, Mrs. A. P., Lawrence.
Clarke, Miss Alice S., Lawrence.
Cook, Mrs. James P., Salem.
Cook, Miss M. A., Salem.
Curwen, George E., Salem.
Curwen, James B., Salem.
Curwen, Mrs. James B., Salem.
Davis, James H., Salem.
Davis, Mrs. James H., Salem.
Deane, Charles, Cambridge.
Dean, John Ward, Boston.
DeGersdorf, E. B., Boston.
DeGersdorf, Mrs. E. B., Boston.
Derby, Miss Lucy, Boston.
Dexter, George, Boston.

Dexter, Mrs. George, Boston.
Dudley, H. A. S. D., Boston.
Emmerton, George E., Salem.
Emmerton, Mrs., Geo. E., Salem.
Endicott, Miss Anna G., Salem.
Endicott, Miss Mary C, Salem.
Endicott, John, Beverly.
Endicott, Mary Eliz., Beverly.
Endicott, Rob't Rantoul, Beverly.
Endicott, William, Beverly.
Endicott, William, jr., Boston.
Endicott, Wm., jr., 2d, Boston.
Endicott, William, Danvers.
Endicott, William C, Salem.
Endicott, Mrs. William C, Salem.
Endicott, William C, jr., Salem.
Fenno, D. Brooks, Boston.
Fenno, Miss, Boston.
Fielden, Francis A., Salem.
Foote, Caleb, Salem.
Franks, James P., Salem.
Franks, Mrs. James P., Salem.
Frothingham, Rich., Charlestown.
Gardner, George, Boston.
Gardner, Miss, Boston.
Gifford, R. B., Salem.
Gifford, Mrs. R. B., Salem.
Goldthwaite Willard, Salem.
Green, Samuel A., Boston.
Grove, George, London.
Hagar, D. B., Salem.
Hagar, Mrs. D. B., Salem.
Harper, Gerald, London.
Harrington, L. B., Salem.
Harris, N. B., New York City.
Heard, John, Boston.
Hill, B. D., Peabody.

211

Hodges, Mary O., Salem.
Hodges, N. D. C, Salem.
Hodges, Osgood, Salem.
Howe, Samuel B., Salem.
Howe, Mrs. Samuel B., Salem.
Hunt, Sarah E., Salem,
Hunt, Mrs. Thomas, Salem.
Hunt, T. F., Salem.
Huntington, A. L., Salem.
Huntington, Miss S. L., Salem.
Israel, Fielder, Salem.
Ives, S. B., Salem.
Ives, S. B., jr., Salem.
Ives, Mrs. S. B., jr., Salem.
Jenkins, Chas. T., Salem.
Ketchum, Silas, Poqnonock, Ct.
KimbaD, James, Salem.
Kimball, Mrs. James, Salem.
Lang, B. J., Boston.
Lang, Mrs. B. J., Boston.
Lee, Miss Harriet R., Salem.
Lefavour, J. W., Salem.
Lefavour, Mrs. J. W., Salem.
Lincoln, Solomon, jr., Salem.
Mack, William, Salem.
Manning, Richard C, Salem.
MerrUl, George E., Salem.
Mills, Robert C, Salem.
Moore, David, Salem.
Moulton, J. T., Lynn.
Nevins, Wm. S., Salem.
Nourse, Dorcas C, Salem.
Oliver, Henry K., Salem.
Palfray, Charles W., Salem.
Peabody, Alfred, Salem.
Peabody, Francis, Danvers.

Peabody, Mrs. Francis, Danvers.
Peabody, Francis, jr., Danvers.
Peabody, Miss Martha, Salem.
Peabody, Miss Fanny E., Danvers.
Peabody, George, Salem.
Peabody, Mrs. George, Salem.
Peabody, Henry W., Salem.
Peabody, Mrs. Henry W., Salem.
Peabody, S. Endicott, Salom.
Peabody, Mrs. S. Endicott, Salem.
Peirce, Benjamin, Cambridge.
Peirson, Charles L., Boston.
Peirson, Mrs. Charles L., Boston.
Phippen, George D., Salem.
Pickett, John, Beverly.
Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.
Pickman, Mrs. Wm. D., Boston.
Putnam, Alfred P., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Putnam, F. W., Cambridge.
Putnam, Mrs. F. W., Cambridge.
Rice, Alexander H., Boston.
Robinson, John, Salem.
Robinson, Mrs. John, Salem.
Rogers, Richard D., Boston.
Ropes, Charles A., Salem.
Ropes, Mrs. Charles A., Salem.
Ropes, Miss Eliza Orne, Salem.
Ropes, Miss Mary, Salom.
Ropes, Nathaniel, Salem.
Ropes, Reuben W., New York.
Russell, Samuel H., Boston.
Safford, Mrs. James O., Salem.
Saltonstall, Leverett, Boston.
Saltonstall, William G., Salera.
Saltonstall, Mrs. Wm. G., Salem.
Silsbee, Benj. H., Salem,
Silsbee, Mrs. Benj. H., Salem.
Silsbee, Miss Margaret, Salem.
Silsbee, Edward A., Salem.
Silsbee, Nathaniel, Boston.
Silsbee, Mrs. Nathaniel, Boston.
Silver, Peter, Salem.

212

Simonds, William H., jr., Salem.
Simonds, Mrs. Wm.H., jr., Salem.
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, London,
Stimpson, Thomas M., Peabody.
Stone, Mrs. Alfred, Prov., R. I.
Sullivan, Henry D., Salem.
Tuokerman, J. Francis, Salem.
Tuckerman, Leverett S., Salem.
Upham, O. W. H., Salom.
Upham, William P., Salem.
Very, Jones, Salem.

Webb, Mrs. Wm. G., Salem.
Webber, Charles H., Salem.
Webster, John, Salem.
West, J. H., HaverhiU.
West, Mrs. Julia H., Haverhill.
Wheatland, George, jr., Boston.
Wheatland, Henry, Salem.
Whipple, George M., Salem.
Whipple, Mrs. George M., Salem.
Wilder, Marshall P., Boston.
Williams, Henry L., Salem.
Williams, Miss E. D., Salem.
Williams, Tucker D., Salem.
Winthrop, Robert C, Boston.

Historical Events of Salem, from its Early Settlement to
the present time.^
1626. Salem, then called Naumkeag, flrst settled by Roger Conant,
John Woodbury, John Balch, Peter Palfrey, and others.
1628. Sept. 6 ; Arrival of Capt. John Endicott with a company of about
one hundred.
1629. April 30 ; Capt. Endicott appointed Governor of the Plantation.
1629. June 29 ; Arrival of Rev. Francis Higginson, Eev. Samuel Skel
ton, and a company of about three hundred and eighty.
1629. August 6 ; A church is established, the flrst organized Congre
gational Church in the country.
1630. Juno 12 ; Arrival of Gov. John Winthrop, with the charter.
1630. August 6 ; Eev. Mr. Higginson dies, aged 43.
1630. August; Lady Arabella Johnson, a daughter of the Earl of
Lincoln, dies here.
1631. August; Indian alarm.
1634. August 2 ; Rev. Mr. Skelton dies.

» The foUowing list of historical events was prepared for "Au Exhibit of Salem,"
sent to the International Exhibition in 1876 by the Essex Institute. At the request
of several fi-iends, it is inserted iu this appendix with a few additions. The limits
of these pages will not permit more extended notices; it is only a brief eompend
a few facts gleaned from the records.

213
1634. The congregation having worshipped from 1629 to the present
time in an unflnished building of one story agreed, with Mr.
Norton, to build a suitable meeting house, not to cost more
than £100.
1635. Oct. 6 ; Arrival of Hugh Peters.
1636. June ; Assembling of the flrst Quarterly Court.
1639. First records of tanning business. Philemon Diekerson is
granted land "to make tan-pits and to dress goat-skins and
hides."
1643. May 10 ; Wenham set off and incorporated.
1645. May 14 ; Manchester set off and incorporated.
1648-9. March 12 ; Marblehead set off and incorporated.
1650. Sept. 22 ; Brethren at Bass River, Beverly, have liberty to ob
tain a minister.
1650. Oct. 18 ; Topsfleld set off and incorporated.
1655. May 17 ; Burial place laid out at the hill above Francis Law's
house.
1657.  ; The Quakers began to arrive, and in 1658 the flrst law
of penalty of death upon them was enacted, and in 1661 eigh
teen of them were publicly punished in Salem.
1658. June 29 ; Court punishes people for attending Quaker meeting.
1659. Dec. 23 ; Rev. Edward Norris dies.
1660. Aug. ; Rev. John Higginson ord. minister of the First Church.
1665. March 15; John Endicott dies.
1667. July 4; Dismissal of Brethren from First Church to found a
church at Bass River.
1668. Beverly set off and incorporated.
1672. March 22 ; Permission for ministry at Salem Village.
1674. June 5 ; Capt. Walter Price dies, aged 61.
1675. Sept. 18 ; Capt. Thomas Lathrop and seventy men were killed
at Bloody Brook (now Deerfleld).
1675. Dec. 29 ; Capt. Joseph Gardner was killed at the Narragansett
swamp flght.
1681. June 28 ; William Hathorne dies, lately, aged 74, having been in
the town since 1636.
1685. Jan. 6 ; Capt. George Curwen dies at 74, who came in 1638, and
in 1688, Jan. 20, Hon. William Browne, aged 81, who arrived
in 1635 ; these were the most noted persons in the town.
1689. Nov. 10; Persons dismissed to constitute a Church at Salem
Village, now Danvers, where they had preaching years before.
1692. This year is memorable for the prevalence of the witchcraft
delusion, twenty persons being tried and executed ; though
designated "Salem Witchcraft," it had pervaded other places
previously to Its appearance here.

214
1697. March 27; Gov. Simon Bradstreet dies.
1698. Feb. 28 ; Bartholomew Gedney dies, aged 52.
1698. June 28; Several dwellings were burnt on the spot now partly
covered by the Essex House, called the Great Fire till that of
1774 ; damages, £5000.
1706. Sept. 2 ; First Quarterly Meeting of Friends held in this place.
1708. Dec. 7; Benjamin Browne dies, aged 60; made liberal bequests
to schools in Salom and to Harvard College.
1708. Dec. 9 ; Rev. John Higginson dies, aged 92.
1712. First Grammar School, anciently called a writing school, was
established ; Nathaniel Higginson, teacher.
1713. April 19 ; Ann, relict of Gov. Bradstreet, dies, aged 79.
1713. April 24; Benjamin Gerrish, collector of the Port, dies, aged 60.
1713. June 25; Persons dismissed to form a Church in the middle
precinct, now Peabody.
1714. May 13 ; Friends consider the building of a meeting house.
1716. Fob. 14; Hon. Wm. Browne dies in his 78th year, leaving leg
acies to Harvard College, Salem Grammar Schools.
1718. July 9 ; Jonathan Corwin dies, aged 78.
1718. Dec. 25; Persons dismissed to form the East Church.
1725. Oct. 17; Major Stephen Sewall dies, aged 68.
1728. June 30 ; Middleton is incorporated.
1728. Oct. 31 ; General Court assembles at Salem by order of Gov.
Burnett.
1740. March 17 ; Philip English dies, aged 89.
1740. Sept. 29 ; Rev. George Whitefield preaches on the Common to
about six thousand people.
1744. Bridge built over North River.
1745. Jan. 28 ; Benjamin Lynde, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
dies, aged 89.
1745. July 17 ; Timothy Pickering born.
1749.  ; First Fire Engine.
1755. Nov. 18 ; Great Earthquake.
1760. March 31 ; Social Library established.
1766. Salem Marine Society instituted.
1767. July 14 ; Timothy Orne died, aged 50.
1768. April —; First Printing Press, by Samuel Hall.
1772. Aug. 23 ; The new meeting house for the North Church and So
ciety flrst opened for public worship.
1773. March 26 ; Nathaniel Bowditch born.
1773. Aug. 20; Benjamin Pickman dies, aged 66.
1774. Oct. 6 ; The Great Fire, Rev. Dr. Whitaker's Church, Custom
House, eight dwelling houses, fourteen stores, shops, etc.,
burned.

215
1775. Feb. 26 ; Col. Leslie's rencontre at North Bridge.
1776. Aug. 15 ; Eev. Thomas Barnard, of the First Church, dies.
1777. Feb. 17 ; John Pickering, celebrated philologist, born.
1780. May 19 ; Dark day.
1781. Dec. ; Richard Derby, Jr., dies in his 46th year.
1781. July 10 ; Stephen Abbott, the flrst commander of the Cadets,
and other officers are commissioned. First parade of this
company in uniform April 19, 1787.
1784. June 15; The bark "Light Horse," Capt. Bufflnton, cleared for
St. Petersburg; flrst American vessel to trade there. Last
arrival at Salem from St. Petersburg — ship "Eclipse," John
son, master — in September, 1843.
1784. Oct. 29 ; Lafayette visited Salem.
1785. Nov. 28; Cleared ship "Grand Turk" Capt. Ebenezer West, by
Elias Haskett Derby ; first voyage from New England to In
dia and China.
1787. May 22 ; Ship Grand Turk returns from Canton ; the first vessel
of New England that performed such a voyage.
1787. May 23 ; Artillery make their first public appearance under Za-
dock Buffington.
1788. Sept. 24 ; Beverly Bridge opened for travel.
1789. Feb ; Elias Hasket Derby sent the ship "Astrea", a direct voy
age to Canton for the first time.
1789. Oct. 29 ; Washington visited Salem.
1789. Dec 16 ; First circulating library opened by John Dabney.
1792. July 2; Essex Bank, first in Salem, commenced business.
1795. Nov. 3; Sch. "Rajah," Capt. Jonathan Carnes, cleared for India,
sailed for Sumatra, first vessel, by Jonathan Peele.
1796. May 4 ; W. H. Prescott the historian born.
1797. Mar. 9 ; Salem and Danvers Aqueduct Corporation incorporated.
1797. May; Ship "Astrea," Henry Prince, master, entered from Man
illa to Elias Hasket Derby ; first entry at Salem from Manilla.
1798. Apr. 26 ; Capt. Joseph Ropes in the ship " Recovery " for Mocha ;
first American vessel to display the stars and stripes in that
part of the world.
1799. Sept. 8 ; Elias Hasket Derby dies.
1799. Sept. 30; Launched the Frigate Essex, built by the merchants
of Salem for the U. S. Government.
1799. Oct. ; East India Marine Society organized.
1799. Dec. 6 ; Judge Andrew Oliver died, aged 62.
fT802. The common levelled, fenced, and trees set out.
'1802. May 10; Ship Minerva, owned by Clifford Crowninshield and
Nath'l West, had lately returned from China, the flrst Salem
vessel that had circumnavigated the globe.

216
1803. Mar. 8 ; Salem Bank incorporated, now Salem National.
1803. Sept. 22 ; Salem Turnpike opened for travel.
1804. July 4 ; Nath'l Hawthorne born.
1805. Jan. 1 ; New South Meeting House dedicated.
1805. July 4 ; Salem Light Infantry first paraded under Captain John
Saunders.
1807. July 4; Salem Mechanic Light Infantry first paraded under
Perley Putnam.
1808. May 15; Jacob Crowninshield, M. C, died, aged 38.
1810. March 12 ; Salem Athenaeum incorporated.
1810. June 1; Bark "Active," Capt. Wm. P. Richardson, sailed from
Salem on the first trading voyage from Salem to the Feejee
Islands.
1181J..-June 26 ; Merchant's Bank incorp. "National," Jan. 9, 1865.
1812. Feb. 6; Consecration of Messrs. Judson, Newell, Nott, Hall
and Rice as Missionaries to India, in the Tabernacle Church.
1812. Feb. 19 ; Sailing of the Missionaries in the brig Caravan, Augus
tine Heard commander.
1814. July 28; Benjamin Goodhue, U. S. Senator, dies.
1814. Oct. 1; Rev. Thomas Barnard, of the North Church, dies,
aged 66.
1814. Dec. 14 ; Rev. Daniel Hopkins dies, aged 80.
1815. June 17 ; George Crowninshield died, aged 81.
1815. Oct. 14 ; William Orne died, aged 64.
1816. Aug. 22; Great fire on Liberty Street, sixteen buildings des
troyed.
1816. Nov. 16; Almshouse ready for occupancy.
1817. July 4 ; Simon Forrester dies, aged 69.
1817. July 8 ; President Monroe visits Salem, and was received in the
new Town Hall, the flrst public use of this building.
1817. Oct. 1 ; Salem Charitable Mechanic Association organized.
1818. Jan. 29 ; Salem Savings Bank incorporated.
1818. Feb. 16 ; Essex Agricultural Society organized. Col. Timothy
Pickering, flrst president.
1818. Present Custom House built by order of Congress.
1819. April 19 ; Commercial Bank incorp. First National, June, 1864.
1820. Feb. 15 ; Salem Dispensary formed.
1821. April 21 ; Essex Historical Society organized.
1821. Nov. ; Brig "Thetis," Charles Fobes, master, arrived from Mad
agascar to N. L. Rogers & Bros.
1823. Jan. 31 ; Exchange Bank incorporated. National, Feb. 18, 1865.
1824. Feb. 9 ; Salem Marine Railway incorporated.
1824. Feb. 7 ; Salem Lead Manufacturing Company incorporated.
1824. June 12; Asiatic Bank incorporated. National, Feb. 1, 1865.

217
1824. Aug. 31 ; Lafayette visits Salem.
1825. Nov. 3 ; William Gray dies at Boston.
1826. Lead manufacture commenced in Salem, by Salem Lead Company
on present site of Naumkeag Mills.
1826. Feb. 15 ; Essex Marine Railway incorporated.
1826. May 8 ; Mercantile Bank incorporated. National, Jan. 10, 1865.
1827. Aug. 11 ; First vessel to enter at Salem Custom House from
Zanzibar; three masted sch. "Spy," Andrew Ward, master, to
Nath. L. Rogers & Bros.
1827. Nov. ; Lectures before the Essex Lodge. The beginning of the
present system of Lyceum Lectures.
1828. Jan. 24; First Lecture before the Salem Mechanic Association.
1828. Aug. 13 ; Centennial birthday of Dr. E. A. Holyoke.
1828. Sept. 18 ; Essex Historical Society celebrates the bicentennial
anniversary of the landing of Endicott.
1829. Jan. 29 ; Col. Timothy Pickering dies.
1828. March 31; Dr. E. A. Holyoke dies, aged 100 yrs., 7 mos.
1830. Jan. 18; Salem Lyceum organized.
1830. Feb. 22 ; First lecture before the Salem Lyceum, by D. A. White.
1830. April 6; Death of Capt. Joseph White.
1830. Nov. 24 ; Thomas Perkins, merchant, died, aged 72.
1831. Jan. 19 ; Lyceum Hall opened.
1831. Mar. 17; Naumkeag Bank incorporated. National, Dec, 1864.
1831. June 23 ; Police court established.
1832. Ship "Tybee," Capt. Charles Millett, owned by N. L. Rogers
& Brothers ; first American vessel to enter the ports of Aus
tralia.
1832. August; Ship "Eclipse," William Johnson, master, consigned
to Joseph Peabody ; last entry at Salem, direct from Canton.
1833. June 26 ; Visit of President Jackson.
1833. Oct. 29 ; Visit of Henry Clay.
1833. Dec. 23 ; Essex County Natural History Society organized.
1836. Feb. 15 ; The town voted to adopt a city form of Government.
1836. March 22 ; Act to establish the City of Salem passed the Legis
lature.
1836. April 4 ; City charter accepted ; 617 yeas, 185 nays.
1836. Apr. 14 ; Eastern Railroad incorporated.
1836. May 9; City Government organized; Leverett Saltonstall,
Mayor, John G. King, President of Common Council.
1838. March 16 ; Nathaniel Bowditch died at Boston.
1838. May 31 ; City Hall flrst used for meetings of the City Council.
1838. Aug. 27 ; Eastern RaQroad opened for travel to Boston.
1839. Feb. 27; Salem Children's Friend Society organized.
1839. Nov. — ; Mechanic Hall opened.

218
1839. Dec. 10; Eastern Railroad Branch from Salem to Marblehead
opened.
1839. Dec. 18 ; Eastern Railroad opened to Ipswich.
1840. Feb. 19 ; Harmony Grove Cemetery incorporated.
1840. June 14 ; Harmony Grove Cemetery consecrated.
1840. June 19 ; Eastern Railroad opened to Newburyport.
1840. Nov. 9 ; Eastern Railroad opened to the New Hampshire line.
1842. March 21 ; The stone Court House was flrst opened. The Court
of Common Pleas commenced its session.
1843. Aug. 16 ; Hon. Benjamin Pickman died, aged 80.
1844. Jan. 5 ; Joseph Peabody died, aged 86.
1844. Dec. 18 ; Great fire on Front street.
1846. May 8 ; Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, first Mayor of Salem, died,
aged 62.
1845. Sept. 10 ; Joseph Story, Justice U. S. Supreme Court, died at
Cambridge, aged 66.
1846. May 5 ; Hon. John Pickering died at Boston, aged 69.
1846. Aug. 31; Salem Academy of Music organized.
1846. Oct. 22; Ichabod Tucker died, aged 81.
1846. Nov. ; Brig " Lucilla," D. Marshall, master, to Tucker Daland ;
last entry at Salem from Sumatra.
1846. Nov. 4 ; Hon. Dudley L. Pickman died, aged 67.
1847. Feb. 8 ; Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company commenced weaving.
1847. May — ; Foundations laid for stone depot of Eastern Railroad.
1847. May 31 ; First parade of the City Guards under Capt. R. H. Far-
rant.
1847. July 5 ; James K. Polk passed through Salem.
1847. July 30 ; Benjamin Merrill, a distinguished la-wyer, died, aged
63.
1848. Feb. 11 ; Essex Institute incorporated.
1848. Sept. 5 ; Essex Railroad opened to Lawrence.
1848. Oct. 27; Brig "Mary & Ellen," owned by S. C. Phillips, Capt.
J. H. Eagleston, cleared for the Sandwich Isles, via California;
first vessel from Massachusetts after the gold discovery.
1849. June 12 ; First field meeting of Essex Institute at Danvers.
1849. Sept. 24 ; First Exhibition of Salem Charitable Mechanic Asso
ciation.
1849. Sept. 25 ; Philharmonic Society organized.
1850. Aug. 1 ; Salem & Lowell Railroad opened.
1850. Sept. — ; South Reading Branch Railroad opened.
1850. April 4 ; Salem Gas Light Co. organized.
1850. Dec. 17 ; The stores were lighted with gas for the first time.
1850. July 14 ; Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee, U. S. Senator, died, aged 77
years.

219
1851. Feb. 3; Benjamin W. Crowninshield, M. C. and U. S. Sec. Navy,
died in Boston, aged 79.
1851. Dec. 19 ; Nathaniel West, merchant, died, aged 96 years.
1852. Feb. 22 ; Joseph E. Sprague, for many years sheriff of Essex,
died aged 70.
1853. July 3 ; Hon. Samuel Putnam died at Somerville, aged 85.
1854. May 15; Caroline Plummer died, aged 74.
1854. Sept. 14; Salem State Normal School dedicated. Address by
Hon. G. S. Boutwell. R. Edwards, Principal.
1855. Mar. 9 ; Salem Five Cents Savings Bank incorporated.
1855. Nov.; Bark "Witch," consigned to Edward D. Kimball; last
entry at Salem from Batavia.
1856. March 18 ; Salem Classical and High School dedicated. Ad
dress by H. K. Oliver.
1857. June 26 ; Hon. Stephen C. PhiUips, member of Congress, sec
ond Mayor of Salem, died, a victim to a steamboat disaster
on the St. Lawrence River, aged 56.
1857. July 26 ; Hon. John Glen King died, aged 70.
1857. Oct. 6 ; Plummer Hall dedicated. Address by Rev. J. M. Hop-
pin.
1858. July; Bark "Dragon," Thomas C. Dunn, master, entered from
Manilla, consigned to Benj. A. West ; last entry at Salem from
Manilla.
1859. Jan. 28; William H. Prescott, the historian, died at Boston,
aged 62.
1859. June 8 ; Mansion House fire.
1860. Oct. 21 ; Franklin Building flre.
1860. Sept. 4 ; Fair of the Essex Institute opened in Mechanic Hall.
1861. March 29 ; Hon. Daniel A. White, first President of Essex In
stitute, died, aged 85.
1861. April 18 ; Salem Light Infantry, Capt. Arthur F. Devereux, left
Salem for Washington. (Three days after Pres. Lincoln's
Proclamation.) 8th Regt.
1861. AprU 19; City Government of Salem appropriated $15,000 for
the benefit of families of Salem men enUsting for the war.
(Other appropriations were subsequently made.)
1861. April 20 ; Salem Mechanic Light Infantry, Capt. Geo. H. Pier-
son, and Salem City Guards, Capt. Henry Danforth, left Salem
for Washington; joining the 6th Regt., M. V.
1861. May 10 ; Field Hospital Corps raised by Rev. G. D. Wildes, D.D.
This corps was raised in Salem and vicinity, and composed
of sixty volunteers. It was the first effort for an ambulance
department in the army.
1861. May 10; Fitzgerald Guards, Capt. Edward Fitzgerald left for
camp with the 9th Reg.

220
1861. May 14; The Andrew Light Guard, Company C, 2nd Regt.,
Capt. William Cogswell, left Salem to join the Regt.
1861. July 22 ; Essex Cadets (company raised by A. Parker Bro-wn),
Capt. Seth S. Buxton, left Salem.
1861. Sept. 3 ; First company of sharp-shooters (unattached), left the
State for Washington. This company was armed with tele
scopic rifles.
1861. Sept. 4 ; Company A, 23d Mass. Vols., Capt. Ethan A. P. Brew
ster, left Salem for camp in Lynnfield.
1861. Sept. 7; Company under Capt. John F. Devereux left Salem for
camp.
1861. Sept. 30 ; Salera Union DriU Club, Capt. George M. Whipple,
votes to enlist for the war. Oct. 18 the company joined the
23d Regt. (Co. F) in camp at Lynnfleld.
1861. Oct. 8 ; Second company of sharp-shooters, Capt. E. Went-
worth, attached to the 22d Reg., left for the front.
1861. Oct. 31 ; 23d Regt., Col. John Kurtz, marched from camp at
Lynnfield to Salem; were reviewed on the Common by the
City Government; collation served; the Regiment marched
back to camp in tho afternoon.
1861. Nov. 15 ; Co. H, 19th Reg., Capt. 0. U. Devereux, commissioned
(S. L. I.).
1861. Nov. 20; Salem Artillery (4th Battery) Capt. C. H. Manning, left
the State.
1861. Dec. 9; Capt. John Daland's and Capt. Geo. F. Austin's compa
nies, left the State for the front ; both were in the 24th Reg.,
Col. Stevenson.
1861. Dec 13; Salem Light Infantry under Capt. Chas. U. Devereux,
left for the seat of war.
1861. Dec. — ; Old Ladies' Home opened.
1862. March 8 ; Funeral of Gen. F. W. Lander. Address by Eev. G.
W. Briggs in the South Church.
1862. March 21; Funeral of Lieut. Col. Henry Merritt, 23rd Eeg.
Mass. Vol.
1862. March 26 ; Fire Browne's Block, 226 Essex street.
1862. May 26 ; Second company of Cadets, Maj. John L. Marks, mus
tered for garrison duty in the forts of Boston Harbor.
1862. Aug. 22; Capt. S. C. Oliver's company in 35th Eeg. left the
State.
1862. Sept. 8; 40th Eeg., Lieut. Col. J. A. Dalton, left the State for
Washington.
1862. Sept. 8; Co. B, 40th Eeg., Capt. D. H. Johnson, left camp for
Washington.
1862. Sept. 8 ; Salem City Guards, 40th Reg., Capt. H. Danforth, left
the State.

221
1862. Sept. 8; Company under Capt. E. Skinner, jr. (40th Eeg.), left
the State,
1862. Oct. 4 ; Salem Light Infantry Veteran Association organized.
1862. Oct. 22; 5th Eeg., Col. Geo. H. Pierson, left Boston for New-
bern, N. C. (nine month's service).
1862. Nov. 19 ; Co. A, 50th Eeg., Capt. Geo. D. Putnam, left the State
for Department of the Gulf. (Nine month's service.)
1862. Dec. 21 ; Co. F, 11th Reg., Capt. J. F. Devereux, commissioned.
1862. Dec. 27; Co. E, 48th Reg., Capt. Geo. Wheatland, jr., left the
State for Department of the Gulf.
1863. Jan. 25 ; New Jerusalem Church formed in Salem, Rev. T. W.
Hayward, pastor.
1863. March 19 ; Salem Union League formed. Rev. Geo. W. Briggs,
president.
1863. March 31 ; David Pingree, sixth Mayor of Salem, died.
1863. July 8 ; Horse cars commenced to run between Salem and South
Danvers.
1863. July 10 ; Drafting commenced in Salem at Lyceum, Hall under
direction of Capt. D. H. Johnson, provost marshal.
1863. Oct. 28; Horse cars to Beverly.
1863. Nov. 16. 12th unattached company of Heavy Artillery, Capt. J.
M. Richardson, occupied the forts on Salem Neck.
1864. Horse cars to South Salem.
1864. May 12 ; Salem Light Infantry, Capt. R. W. Reeves, left Salem
for one hundred days garrison duty.
1864. May 13; Act passed by Massachusetts Legislature authorizing
the city to take water from Wenham Pond or the aqueduct
sources.
1864. May 19 ; Nathaniel Hawthorne died at Plymouth, N. H., aged 60.
1864. June 23 ; Company of Heavy ArtiUery, Capt. Joseph M. Parsons,
left camp for Washington.
1864. July 28; 5th Reg., CoL Geo. H. Peirson, left the State for one
hundred days duty.
1864. Sept. 22; Salem Freedmen's Aid Society formed; president,
Alpheus Crosby.
1864. Dec. 5 ; Act of Legislature on the water question accepted by the
people; yes, 1623 votes; no, 151.
1865. May 22 ; City CouncU of Salem passes an ordinance authorizing
the Commissioners to commence operations on the Water
Works.
1866. May 14 ; Lynde Block destroyed by fire.
1867. March 2 ; Peabody Academy of Science organized.
1867. Oct. 31 ; Francis Peabody, third President of the Essex Insti
tute, died, aged 66.

222
1867. Nov. 15 ; PhU. H. Sheridan, Post 34, Grand Army of the Repub
lic, chartered.
1868. April 15; Commenced laying the distribution pipes of Water
Works.
1868. Oct. 9 ; Reservoir on Chipman HUl in Beverly completed.
1868. Oct. 30 ; John A. Andrew died.
1868. Nov. 17; Salom Oratorio Society organized.
1868. Dec. 25 ; Water in every part of the city for hydrants.
1869. Feb. 1 ; First Publio Performance of Salem Oratorio Society,
"Haydn's Creation."
1869. Feb. 8; Joseph Andrews, ninth Mayor of Salem, died.
1869. April 21 ; Salom Fraternity rooms opened in Downing Block.
1869. June 4 ; Horse Cars commenced running to North Salem.
1869. Aug. 19 ; American Association for the Advancement of Sci
ence commenced its session in Salem. Museum of Peaboply
Academy of Science dedicated.
1869. Nov. 4 ; George Peabody died at London, aged 74.
1869. Nov. 6 ; Tolls on Salem Turnpike and Chelsea Bridge abolished,
henceforth a free public highway.
1870. Feb. 8; Funeral of George Peabody at Peabody; his remains
deposited in Harmony Grove Cemetery.
1870. May 1; Last entry from Zanzibar; bark "Glide" to John Ber
tram.
1870. Oct. 31 ; Fair of the Essex Institute and Salem Oratorio Society
commenced in Mechanic HaU ; first occupancy since the en
largement and alteration.
1870. Sept. 23 ; Plummer Farm School on Winter Island opened.
1870. Sept. 5 ; Asahel Huntington, eighth Mayor of Salem and second
President of Essex Institute, died, aged 70.
1870. Oct. 22 ; First lecture before the Salem Fraternity, by H. K.
Oliver.
1871. April 21 ; semi-centennial anniversary of the Essex Historical
Society; noticed by the Essex Institute; address by A. C.
Goodell, jr.
1871. Oct. 3; The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions commenced its sessions in Salem.
1873. Feb. 19 ; Corporators of the Salem Hospital organized.
1873. Mar. 5 ; Twenty-fifth anniversary of the Essex Institute noticed.
1873. July ; Last entry from West Coast of Africa, Brig Ann Elizabeth
from Sierra Leone, to Charles Hoffman.
1873. Dec. 16; One hundredth anniversary of the destruction of the
Tea in Boston Harbor, commemorated by the Essex Institute;
Hon. James KimbaU delivered an address.
1874. June 29; Hon. Joseph S. Cabot, fourth Mayor of Salem, died,
aged 78.

223
1874. Oct. 1 ; First Patient received in Salem Hospital.
1874. Oct. 5 ; Centennial Anniversary of the Meeting of the Provincial
Legislature in Salem, Oct. 6, 1774, noticed by the Essex In
stitute; A. C. Goodell, jr., Esq., delivered an address.
1875. Feb. 8 ; Centennial Anniversary of Leslie's Retreat at North
Bridge, Salem, noticed by the city authorities ; addresses by
the Mayor, Hon. G. B. Loring and Rev. E. B. Willson.
1875. March 25 ; Holly Tree Inn opened.
1875. June 14; Hon. Charles W. Upham, seventh Mayor of Salem,
died, aged 73.
1875. Dec. — ; Exhibition of Antique Furniture, etc., at Plummer
Hall, by Ladies' Centennial Committee.
1876. Apr. 19 ; Centennial Ball at Mechanic Hall given by Ladies' Cen
tennial Committee.
1876. May 8 ; Dedication of the City Hall extension.
1877. Mar. 21; Last entry from Cayenne, and close of the foreign
trade of Salem; sch. "Mattie F." to C. E. & B. H. Fabens.
1877. Sept. 13 ; Salem Old Men's Home opened, admitted first inmates.
1877. Dec. 12 ; Salem Old Men's Home incorporated.
1878. Sept. 18 ; Commemorative Exercises at Mechanic Hall, by the
Essex Institute, on the 250th anniversary of the landing of
John Endicott at Salem.

INDEX OE NAMES.

Abbot, 193.
Abbott, 215.
Adams, 17, 53, 59, 61, 185, 198.
AUen, 37, 185.
Andrew, 222.
Andrews, 222.
Andros, 179.
Appleton, 184, 187. 189, 191, 192, 200, 203.
Archer, 209, 210.
Arnold, 64.
Ashton, 200.
Atkinson, 204.
Atwood, 81, 209, 210.
Anstin, 210, 220.
Bache, 52, S3.
Bacon, 145, 150, 210.
Bailey, 193, 198.
Balch, 45, 46, 47, 212.
Bancroft, 30, 177.
Barlow, 198.
Bai-nard, 215, 216.
Barrett, 202.
Barstow, 61, 188, 200.
Bartlett, 193, 198.
Batchelder, 210.
Bates, 198.
Bayley, 196.
Becket, 185.
Beckford, 196.
Bedney, 100.
Bennett, 209.
Bentley, 31, 102, 105. 106, 109, IIO, III.
Bertram, 78, 207, 208, 222.
Boardman, 185, 201.
Bodfish, 210.
BoUes, 18, 51, 197, 209, 210.
Boutwell, 219.
Bowditch, 25, 31, 52, 79, 122, 201, 206, 214,
217.
Bowdoin, 210.
Bowker, 210.
Bradbury, 191, 210.
Bradford, 159, 170, 171.
Bradstreet, 179, 214.
Brazer, 123, 184, 187, 189, 197, 202.
Brewster, 220.
Briggs, 188, 220, 221.
Brooks, 8, 72, 95, 210.
Brown, 73, 197, 205, 207, 209, 210, 220.
Browne, 56, 169, 172, 213, 214.
Buffington, 215.
Buffum, 114.
Burke, 92. 15

Burley, 194.
Burnett, 214.
Burnham, 191,
Bush, 209.
Buxton, 220.

Cabot, 37, 192, 200, 284, 222.
CaU, 204.
Calley, 207.
Calvin, 150, 172.
Carlton, 73.
Carnes, 216.
Cassell, 13.
Cave, 194.
Chadwick, 209.
Chalmer, 168.
Chandler, 190.
Channing, 199.
Chase, 209.
Chauncy, 201.
Chipman, 207.
Choate, 17, 25, 61, 65, 66, 67, 73, 123, 150,
186, 188, 194, 210.
ChurohiU, 10, 55, 210.
Chute, 209.
Clapp, 198.
Clark, 37. 209.
Clarke, 201, 210.
Clay, 62, 217.
Cleveland, 201.
Clifford, 185
Coddington. 93.
CogsweU, 220.
Coke, 177.
Colman, 37, 198, 202.
Conant, 14, 29, 45, 46, 47, 68, 69, 70, 107,
III, 112, 119, 154, 156, 212.
Cook, 210.
Cotton, 49.
Corwin, 214.
Cradock, 29, 56, 120, 160, 161, 168, 169, 173,
174.
Cromwell, 146, 147, 178, 179.
Cronenshilt, 185.
Ciosby, 221.
Crowninshield, 58, 59, 61, 123, 185, 186,
188, 204, 206, 215, 216, 219.
Cummins, 186, 194, 195.
Curtis, 198.
Curwen,204, 210, 213.
Cushing, 195, 204.
Cutler, 188, 198.
Cutts, 72.

(225)

226

Dabney, 215.
Daland, 218, 220.
Dalton, 209, 220.
Dana, 193.
Dane, 17, 122, 191, 192.
Danforth, 219, 220.
Darley, 120.
Davis, 192, 202, 210.
Dean, 184, 210.
Deane, 27, 168, 210.
Deblois, 196, 198.
DeGersdorf, 210.
Derby, 30, 37, 67, 76, 77, 98, 102, 113, 123,
185, 188, 206, 207, 210, 215.
Devereux, 204, 219, 220, 221.
Dexter, 198, 210.
Diekerson, 213.
Dodge, 37, 187, 201, 202, 204.
Dolliver, 100.
Downing, 23, 73.
Dudley, 29, 49, 169, 174, 179, 203, 210.
Duncan, I9C.
Dunn, 219.
Dutch, 100.
Eagleston, 218.
Eaton, 197.
Edwards, 219.
Elkins, 189, 203.
EUis, 190.
Emerson, 197.
Emilio, 209.
Emmerton, 209, 210.
Endicott, 1, 3, 10, 13, 14, 15, 27, 29, 30, 31,
36, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 56, 57,
65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,
91, 93, 94, 107, 111, 112, 119, 143, 147, 151,
152, 153, 15i, 156, 166, 157, 158, 159, 160,
162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183,
195, 202, 210, 211, 212, 213, 217.
English, 214.
Everett, 15, 27, 59.
Eabens, 223.
Farley, 204.
Farnham, 188.
Farrant, 218.
Farrar, 15.
Felt, 72, 177, I9S, 209.
Fenno, 210.
Fielden, 210.
Fisher, 199.
Fitch, 120.
Fitz, 209.
Fitzgerald, 219.
Flint, 37, Vii, 186, 189, 198,
Fobes, 216.
Foote, 80, 210.
Force, 165, 158.
Forrester, 188, 216.
Foster, 186.
Fowler, 209.
Foy, 92.
Franklin, 62, 194.
Franks, 210.
Freeman, 198.
Frothingham, 210.
Frye, 101.
Fuller, 159, 170, 199.
Gardaer, 206, 210, 213.

Gayton, 195.
Gedney, 214.
Gerrish, 214.
Gibbs, 188, 202.
Gifford, 104, 209, 210.
Gilman, 194, 202.
Goffe, 120.
Goldthwaite, 210.
Goodell, 3, 209, 222, 223.
Goodhue, 5S, 205, 216.
Gooll, 191, 200.
Gott, 171.
Govea, 209.
Gray, 30, 44, 77, 78. 123„169, 177, 207, 217.
Green, 210.
Greenleaf, 184.
Grigsby, 88.
Grove, 210.
Guild, 197.
Hacker, 101.
Hagar, 209, 210.
HaU, 214, 216.
Hardy, 186, 205.
Harper, 210.
Harrington, 210.
Harris, 99, 199, 202, 210.
Hart, 198.
Hasket, 186.
Haskett, 76, 206.
Hathorne, 106, 188, 213.
Haven, 154.
Hawthorne, 31, 42, 74, 123, 216, 221.
Haynes, 187, 192.
Hayward, 221.
Heard, 210. 216.
Hemans, 10.
Hewes, 190.
Higginson, 15, 29, 46, 48, 64, 107, 120, 151,
158, 100, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174,
212, 213, 214.
Hill, 8, 210.
Hodges, 185, 201, 206, 211.
Hoffman, 37, 222.
Holman, 203.
Holmes, 59, 94. 190, 208.
Holyoke, 15, 27, 52, 87, 102, 122, 184, 199,
205, 217.
Hood, 73.
Hooker, 150.
Hooper, 187.
Hopkins, 197, 216.
Hoppin, 219.
Howard, 202.
Howe, 208, 211.
Howes, 169, 194.
Hubbard, 111, 154, 171, 200.
Huger, 197.
Humphreys, 154.
Hunt, 196, 207, 209, 211.
Huntington, 195, 196, 211, 222.
Hurd, 187.
Hutchinson, 157, 168, 169, 178.
IngaUs, 187.
Ingersoll, 201.
Israel, 63, 64, 209, -211.
Ives, 37, 97, 211.
Jackson, 200, 217.
Jacques, 99.
Jaquish, 99.

227

Jefferson, 58, 59, 60, 206.
Jeffiw, 201, 206.
Jencks, 36.
Jenkins, 211.
Jenks, 202.
Johnson, 49, 120, 174, 209, 212, 215, 217,
220,221.
Jones, 198.
Joseph, 100.
Judson, 216.
Kehew, 209.
Ketchum, 211.
KimbaU, 3, 209, 211, 219, 222.
King, 17, 93, 123, 189, 194, 196, 204, 217, 219.
Kittredge, 194.
Knight, 207.
Kurtz, 220.
Lafayette, 217.
Lander, 25, 191, 220.
Lang, 5, 100, 209, 211.
Lathrop, 213.
Law. 213.
Lawrence, 200.
Leavitt, 192, 203.
Lee, 200, 211.
Lefavour, 209, 211.
Legros, 208.
Leslie, 70, 215, 223.
Leverett, 192, 204.
Lincoln, 115, 199, 211, 219.
Liszt, 73.
Lord, 195, 196.
Loring, 37, 55. 183, 223.
Louvriere, 100.
Luther, 172.
Lynde, 120, 183, 214.
Machado, 209.
Mac Intire, 208.
Mack, 211.
Madison, 17, 61.
Manning, 36, 57, 185, 199, 209, 211, 220.
Marks, 220.
MarshaU, 218.
Martinean, 75.
Mason, 203.
Masury, 203.
Mather, 70, III.
Meachum, 198, 205.
Mead, 188.
Mendelssohn, 73.
Merrill, 17, 188, 192, 193, 194, 211 218.
Merritt, 220.
Messinger, 197.
Micklefleld, 100.
Miller, 184.
MUlet, 208.
MiUett, 217.
Mills, 5, 7, II, 14, 211.
MUton 149.
Missud, 13.
Monarch, 100.
Monroe, 17, 216.
Moody, 186.
Moore, 197, 211.
More, 147.
Morton, 168, 160, 171.
Moulton, 211.
MnUet, 100,
Mumford, 100.

Nevins, 211.
NeweU, 37, 216.
Nichols, 37, 184, 199, 200.
Noi-man, 68.
Northey, 204.
Norris, 194, 213. "
Norton, 213.
Nott, 216.
Nourse, 211.
Olcutt, 186.
Oldham, 163.
Oliver, 21, 22, 24, 59, 100, 102, 183, 211, 215,
219,220,222.
Orne, 114, 187, 192, 201, 214, 216.
Osborne, 209.
Osgood, 188, 195, 209.
OstineUi, lOI.
Page, 195, 197, 200.
Paine, 192.
Palfray, 196, 211.
Palftey, 30, 45, 46, 47, 151, 155, 156, 158,
172, 173, 178, 212.
Papanti, 101.
Parr, 28.
Parris, 120.
Parsons, 186, 221.
Peabody, 30, 35, 37, 45, 78, 80, 123, 194,
202, 203, 207, 211, 217, 218, 221, 222.
Pedrick, 183, 205.
Peele, 189, 203, 215.
Pen-ce, 25, 31, 51, 203, 211.
Peirson, 184, 200, 211, 221.
Perchard, 208.
Perkins, 217.
Peters, 64, 107, 108, 213.
PhiUips, 62, 123, 188, 218, 219.
Phippen, 211.
Pickering, 17, 31, 37, 57, 60, 63, 123, 184,
185, 188, 190, 191, 192, 199, 201, 214, 215,
216, 217, 218.
I*ick6tti 211
Pickman, 30, 59, 60, 123, 184, 186, 188, 195,
203, 211, 214, 218.
Pierce, 198.
Pierson, 219, 221.
Pingree, 221.
Plummer, 219.
Polk, 218.
Poore, 37.
Porter, 194, 206.
Prescott,' 31, 123, 192, 194, 202, 215, 219.
Price, 213.
Prince, 101, 123, 190, 196, 215.
Proctor, 37, 203.
Pulsifer, 209.
Putnam, 17, 21, 31, 37, 72, 123, 183, 187,
189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 200, 202, 203,
209, 211, 216, 219, 221.
Pynchon, 120, 183.
Quincy, 15, 27, 59, 60, 192, 199.
Eamsey, 90.
Eawlins, 184.
Bead, 58.
Beed, 187, 197, 205, 206.
Reeves, 221.
Eioe, 19, 39, 211, 216.
Eichardson, 216, 221.

228

Eichie, 205.
Eittenhouse, 52.
Eobinson, 196, 211.
Eogers, 123, 187, 204, 211, 216, 217.
Eopes, 187, 200, 201, 204, 208, 211, 215.
Eoswell, 154, 160.
EusseU, 211.
Safford, 211.
Salisbury, 155.
Saltonstall, 17, 22, 29, 31,|37, 46, 47, 49, 62,
66, 73, 120, 123, 174, 189, 190, 192, 195,
211, 217, 218.
Sanders, 189, 203.
Saunders, 216.
Savage, 100.
Scott, 22, 195.
Sever, 197.
Sewall, 183, 191, 201, 214.
Sewell, 120.
Shakspeare, 150.
Sharpe, 163.
Shaw, 198.
Sheffield, 14.
Sheridan, 222.
ShiUaber, 195.
Sidney, 150.
Silliman, 197.
SUsbee, 30, 60, 61, 75, 77, 80, 123, 183, 185,
186, 188, 204, 211, 218.
Silver, 211.
Simonds, 209, 212.
Skelton, 120, 160, 163, 169, 170, 171, 212.
Skinner, 221.
Smith, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209.
Southcote, 154.
Southwiclr, 70.
Sparhawk, 203.
Spencer, 99.
Spenser, 150.
SpUler, 209.
Sprague, 69, 193, 219.
Stanley, 28, 39, 40, 41, 208, 212.
Stearns, 193.
Stedman, 193.
Stevenson, 220.
StUlman, 197.
Stimpson, 209, 212.
Stone, 192, 199, 212.
Storer, 202.
Story, 10, 15, 17, 25, 27, 31, 59, 60, 93, 117,
lis, 183, 184, 186, 190, 192, 194, 195, 206,
218.
Stoughton, 120.
Strong, 191.
Strout, 98.
SuUivan, 212.
Sutton, 37, 209.
Taber, 197.
Thornton, 159.
Ticknor, 15.
TUghman, 192.
Toppan, 186, 203.
Towne, 86, 209.
Townsend, 184.
Trask, 36.
TreadweU, 204.
True, 100.
Tucker, 17, 192, 196, 218.

Tuckerman, 212.
Tyler, 187.
Tyndale, 148.
Upham, 3, 63, 108, 113, 123, 185, 190, 197,
199, 203, 204, 209, 212, 223.
Upton, 189.
¦7ane, 63.
Van Schalkwyoh, 187.
¦Varnum, 190.
Vassall, 120.
Vaudin, 208.
Venn, 157.
Very, 7, 212.
Vial, 184.
¦Waite, 204.
Waldo, 183, 197.
Walker, 188.
¦Walley, 195.
¦Walsh, 195.
Ward, 199, 204, 207, 217.
Ware, 37.
Warren, 197.
Washington, 17, 102, 185.
Waterhouse, 199.
Waters, 16, 184, 195.
Waterson, 27.
Webb, 80, 196, 202, 204, 212.
Webber, 212.
Webster, 15, 27, 59, 212.
WendeU, 59.
Wentworth, 220.
West, 10, 76, 212, 215, 219.
Wetmore, 183, 187, 191.
¦Wharton, 91.
Wheatland, 3, 14, 26, 80, 86, 88, 89, 92, 94,
183, 209, 212, 221.
Whetcombe, 154.
Whipple, 85, 90, 91, 209, 212, 220.
Whitaker, 214.
White, 17, 65, HI, 123, 155, 158, 184, 187,
189, 190, 191, 192, 201, 204, 205, 217, 219.
¦Whitefield, 214.
Whittier, 91.
Wigglesworth, 52.
WUder, 33, 40, 187, 212.
WUdes, 219.
WiUard, 189, 205.
WiUiams, 93, 107, 108, 120, 196, 209, 212.
WiUis, 190.
Willson, 223.
Wilson, 49.
Wingate, 184.
Winn, 201.
Winthrop, 15, 26, 29, 30, 31, 39, 41, 45, 46,
47, 48, 60, 52, 53, 66, 59, 66, 67, 80, 151,
153, 157, 159, 168, 169, 174, 175, 179, 188,
212.
Wirt, 186.
Woodbridge, 188.
Woodbury, 45, 46, 47, 89, 212.
Woolsey, 147.
Worcester, 198.
Wotton, 150.
Young, HI, 158, 169, 168, 174, 201.
Younge, 154.

ERRATA.

Page 8, 16 lines from top, for ftiMU read fulfil.
Page 52, 10 lines from top, for Rittenhouso read Eittenhouse.
Page 52, 22 lines from top, for academies read academicians.
Page 67, 30 lines from top, for Aspinum read Arpinum.
Page 76, 27 lines from top, for Haskett read Hasket.
Page 80, 2 Unes from top, for 1820 read 1823.
Page 190, 5 lines from top, for Henry James read James Henry.
Page 206, 25 lines from top, for Haskett read Hasket.
Page 219, 37 Unes from top, for Pierson read Peirson.
Page 221, 4 lines from top, for Pierson read Peirson.

NOTE,

The thanks of the Essex Institute are due to the New England Historic-Genea
logical Society, for the use of the plate of Gov. Endicott from which the impres
sions for tills volume were made. (229)

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