YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Biographia Evangelica ; OR, AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE LIVES and DEATHS Of the moft eminent and evangelical AUTHORS or PREACHERS, Both BRITISH and FOREIGN, IN THE SEVERAL DENOMINATIONS of PROTESTANTS, From ths Beginning of the Reformation, to the prefent Time : ' „r ¦ 4 WHEREIN Axe collected, from .authentic Hiftorians, their moft remarkable Actions, Sufferings, and Writings ; exhibiting the Unity of their Faith and "Experience in their feveral Ages, Countries, and Profefwns ; and ilftritrating the Power of Divine Grace in their holy Living and Dying. By the Rev. ERASMUS. MIDDLETON, Lefturer of St. Sennet's, Grace-church Street; and of St. Helen's, Bifhopfgate Street- The Faithful are-chofen in Chrift; Eph. i. ^.-called by Grace; Gal. i. 15.- MifMfwIj by Grace; Rom. iii. 24— «J> and belied; CoX. „,. I2._Thcy hve bih/b; hi iii. ^.-obtain . good Report through Faith; Heb. ,1. 39-^ biffed m the Lord; Rev. xiv. tj.-Jhall appear with him in Glory. Col, i... 4- " VOL. II./ LONDON: Printed by J. W. Pasham, for the Au r H o R ; $ And fold by Alex. Hogg, No. r6. Pater-nofter Row; G. Keith, Grace-church Greet ; and J. Mathews, No. 18. in the Strand. -M.DCC.LXXX. A N D X. CalvinPellican BrowneBugenhagius Marloratus MufculusBale Farel Coverdale Jewel Knox Bullinger Parker Viret Deering Cox Gilpin Grindal Fox SandysFulkeZanchius Andreas Cooper Whitaker, Dr. Rollock HookerHolland, J. Page Page i Nowel ; 3°4 60 Junius 3°9 63 Perkins 322 77 Cartwright 326 82 Whitgift 335 85 Beza 354 9° Rainolds, J. 37i 97 Holland, Tho. 37z IOI Field 374 103 Abbot, R. 376 133 Grynseus, J. J. 3h 164 Cowper 385 171 Willet 395 179 Adam 399 181 Paras us 401 /«3 Welch 408 191 Pifcator 429 210 Andrews 43° 240 Mornay 436 256 Hofpinian 443 261 Stock 445 263 Rothwel 45° 272 Carleton 455 *75 Prefton 460 278 Matthew 478 290 James 486 293 Benefield 49° 3°3 Donne 492 INDEX. N D E X. i^BBOT, R. AdamAndreasAndrews Bale Benefield Beza Browne Bugenhagius Bullinger Calvin Carleton Cartwright Cooper Coverdale Cowper Cox Peering DonneFarel Field FoxFulke Gilpin t Grihdal Grynasus, J. J. Holland, J. Holland, Tho. HookerHofpinian Page 376 399 272 43° 90 490 354 63 77 164 455326 275 101 3*5 183181 492 97 374 240261 191 210383 3°3372 293 443* Jiames Jewel Junius Page 486 103 3°9 Knox 133 Marloratus MatthewM'ornayMufculus 82 47* 436 85 Nowel 304 Paraeus Parker 1 PelHcanPerkins , Pifcator Prefton , 40 r 171 60 322 429 460 Rainolds, J. ; Rollock Rothwel 37i 290 45° Sandys Stock 256 445 : Viret 179 Welch Whitaker, Dr. Whitgift Willet 408 278 335 395 Zanchius 26- =D~*-te ^g ia JOHN CALVINj THE EVANGELIC REFORMER. THIS eminent Reformer was Wri, on ihe tentr$ of July*, 1^09, at Ndybn\ a city of fir ante, in the) territory of tioiffins, fifty-eight rriil^S N. .E. of Paris-. His parents were Gerhard Calvin arid jfa«i? Francke^ Who enjoyed a decerit fortune* and beftowed oft him 4. libeiat education; They' intended hihi for the fervice of the church, and fent him frorh tne grariiniar-fc'riool to the 'college of La Marcbt in Paris, where he was" ihftfudted in the grounds of. literature by Matiirihiis Cotieri-us, who Was one of the beft grammarians 2hd fchoolmafters that Could be defired ; for he underflood the Latin tongue very Well, was a man df Worth, and diligehtly appliea himfelf to his ftihdtion 5 being as Careful to form his fcliolars tf Navarre was fo undaunted as not to fear fuch dangers^ which fhe was perfectly acquainted with ; it is ftill more furprizing that fhe maintained herfelf, furrounded as file was by two powerful princes, the king of Spain on one fide, and the king of France on the other, both poflerTed with fuch a cruelty againft the Protectants, as has but few examples; both incited and animated by the ftrong fe licitations of the court of Rome. She was poifoned at Paris in 1572"; and that death could not but be very fea-> fonable to this princefs, who would have' been inconfola- .fcle,. had .fhe feen the Paris maflacr e on faint Bartholomew's day, CALVIN. 5 day. Henry IV. of France, was the fon of this queen. He- was the firft prince of the blood, and chief of the houfe of Beurbm, when he fuceeeded Henry III. in whom the line of Valois became extinct. This prince was born a Calvinift, which religion he really loved, without being a bigot : But he found it impofiible, notwithstanding all his victories and virtues, to get pofleflion of hiskingdom without abandoning Calvinifm. After his converfion to the Romanifts, gratitude would not permit him to feek (he destruction of the Huguenots; to whom he was in debted for his crown : But if he had been inclined to make the attempt, it is more than probable that he would havs mifcarried. He therefore cheriflied, and' protected, the Proteftants. So far it has been thought neceffary to give a concife account of the family of Navarre, which protected Calvin^ jind promoted the work of the Reformation. When Calvin retired to Xaintonge, he got the friendfiiijl ©f Lewis du Tillet, canon of Angwlefme, at whole requeit lie compofed fome fhort Chriftian exhortations, which were read as homilies in fome parifhes, to accuftom the people gradually to fearch after the truth- He went from Angoulefme to Poitiers, where he got new difcipies, to whom he ad-miniftered the facrament in caves and grot toes.- He paid Stapulenjis a vifit at Nerac in Gafcony, and returned to Paris in 1534* at the time that Roujjil. and Qoraldus were ba11*^16^ that city, and orders were ifliied for apprehending the Reformers, Servetus was then at Paris, where he difperfed his books againft the Trinity ; in which he was oppofed by Calvin 1, who agreed to engage in a difpute with him j but Servetus would not appear at the appointed conference. Francis I. was accufed of having fhewn too much in dulgence to the Reformers : But Mezerai has refuted this aceufation. Davila laid the charge in tfaefe Weirds : 'The ** belief of Calvin began to fpread in the reign of this * king, whether he allowed it, or took no notice of it.' TheFrench hiftorian convicts this Italian of forgetfulnefs or partiality : ' What ! fays he, to make fix or feven, i fevere edicts to ftifie it, to convoke the clergy feveral f times, to aflernble a provincial council, to be continue * ally fending ambaffadors to all the princes in Chriften- * dom to have a general one called ; to burn heretics by ? dozens, to fend them to the gallies by hundreds, and * to banifh them by thOufands : Can this be faid to allow, I Of take no notice pf it ? Are thefe bare refolutions, or ¦ TeaJ( 6 CALVIN. * real performances i ' Another French writer fays, that ' this king burnt a great many Lutherans ; and fpared ' none that he could difcover: Yet he took Geneva under * his protection ;' which was the metropolis of the re formed, and their mother church. This is one of the moft common fcenes of the craft or cunning of the world. Sovereign princes, in all ages, have played thus with re ligion ; and they play this game ftill ; for they perfecute at home, a religion which they fupport abroad.' You muft not infer from hence, that they have no religion : For the inference would be falfe ; they are often religious even to bigotry. What then can be the reafon of this ? They have a greater regard for the temporal intereft of their dominions, than for the kingdom of Jefus Chrifl. • I do not, (fays Bayle,) except the pope himfelf.' Nor indeed, need he. This perfecution made Calvin refolve to quit France as foon as he had publifhed a treatife at Orleans concerning the Pfychopannychia, againft thofe who believe the foul Sleeps, after leaving the body, to the day of judgement. He chofe Baftl for the place of his retreat, where he was accompanied by his brother Anthony Calvin, and Lewis dii ^fillet. He foon contracted a particular friendfhip with Grynesus and Capita, with whom he ftudied Hebrew. He was not greedy of praife ; yet was obliged to publifh his *' Chriftian Inftitution," which he dedicated to Francis I. This work contributed greatly to his reputation; and his dedicatory ejaiftle is one of thofe prefatory pieces fo much admired like Cafaubon's preface to Polybius, and the dedi cation of Thuanus. It was dated from Bajil, the firft of Auguft, 1536; and the whole was intended as the fpeci- men of a very large work. For Francis I. by his cruel executions, had greatly difgufted the German princes, who had efpoufed the gofpel, and whofe friendfhip he courted ; therefore, he contrived this only cunning ex pedient to declare to them, that he had only proceeded againft Anabaptifts, who fet up their enthufiafm againft the word of GOD, and contemned all magistracy. ' Cal- 1 vin was not able to bear this reflection call upon the true * religion, and took occafion to print that book; in my * opinion, (hys Beza,) an incomparable one.' The au thor afterwards retouched his " Christian- Inftitution," and rendered it fo excellent in Latin, that it was admired even by Scaliger. The work was divided into four books, and contained eighty chapters. It was firft printed at Bafil in 1535 ; but the preface was dated from thence the CALVIN. 7 firft of Auguft, 1536, and it was afterwards translated into almoft all the European languages. When Calvin had publithed this book, he made a jour ney into Italy, to wait on the duchefs of Ferrara, the daughter of Lewis XII. She was a princefs of exemplary piety, and a favourer of the Reformation. Calvin met with a very gracious reception from her : But the duke of Ferrara would not fufter him to continue long with his duchefs ; and he returned into France, to fettle his affairs in that kingdom, from whence he prepared to fet out for Strafiurgh, or Bafil, accompanied by Anthony Calvin, the only brother he had living. The war had left no other paSTage, but through the duke of Savoy's dominions, which obliged them to take that courfe. This feemed a particular direction of Pro vidence, that defigned him for Geneva, where he was kindly entertained by William Farel, who detained him there, as it were, by an order from above. ' Farel was a Frenchman, and a Reformer, who, like Calvin, fled from his native country to avoid the perfecution of the Papiils. He received the hand offelloiujhip from Zuinglius, Oecolam- padius, Bucer, and Capita, among whom he greatly distinguished himfelf by his zeal for the Reformation. He difputed againit popery in Geneva, from whence he was obliged to retire by the violence of the great vicar and other ecclefiaftics : But he was recalled there, in J534» Dv t'le inhabitants, who had renounced the Romijh church ; and he was the principal instrument of the entire fuppreflion of popery, which happened in that city the, next year. Farel was a man of a truly heroic fpirit, and uSed a great many arguments to prevail with Calvin to Slay and aflift him at Geneva, rather than proceed any farther. Calvin was unwilling to continue there, till Farel faid to him, ' Behold, I declare to you, in the name of Almighty « God, that unlefs you will here become fellow-labourer « in the work of the Lord, his curfe will be upon you, ' for feeking yourfelf rather than Chrift,' Peter, Viret feconded Fare], and Cahin then Submitted to the judge ment of the prefbytery and magistrates ; by whole fuf- frages, together with the confent of the people, he was chofen preacher, and divinity profeSTor. He complied with the latter, and would have declined the former ; but he was obliged to undertake both functions. Calvin after wards called Farel his " fellow-labourer, to whom the « Gentvefe owed even themfelves ; that he was the father 8 CALVIN. *s of* their liberty, and the founder of their church.' This year was remarkable for a Stricter league between Bern and Geneva ; as alfo' for the eftabliShmerit of the gof- pel at Laufanne, where a free difputation was held between the Papifts and Proteftants, at which Calvin was prefent. In 1537, Calvin fuceefsfully oppofed the Anabaptifts in a public conference, and confuted Peter Carolii, who had aceufed him and his brethren, of holding particular opinions concerning the Trinity. . He alfo wrote two let ters into France, to confirm the Proteftants in their faith : One of them, directed to Nicholas CheminuSi was an ex hortation to avoid idolatry; and the other was to Gerard Roujfel, lately made biShop of Oleron, againft the popifh p-riefthood. He made all the people folemnly fwear to a form of faith, and abjure popery. He alfo drew up a ca- teehifm, which he eaufed to be taught in Geneva ; and he endeavored to reconcile the principal families Which had been divided into feveral factions. Hooker has given the full character of Calvin, as head of the Genevan discipline. * A founder it had, whom for ' mine own part, I think incomparably the wifeft marl s that ever the French church did enjoy, Since it enjoyed ' him. His bringing up was in the Study of the civil laws * Divine knowledge he gathered not by hearing or read* ' ing fo much, .as by teaching others : For though thou^ e fands were debtors to him, as touching knowledge ill * that kind ; yet he to none, but only to God, the au- ' thor of that blcffed fountain, the book of life ; and of ' the admirable dexterity of wit, together with the helps * of other learning, which were his guides ; till being ' occafioned to leave France, he fell at the length upon > ' Geneva, which city the bifhop and clergy thereof had * a little before forfaken, as fome do affirm ; being of ' likelihood frighted with the people's fudden attemptj ' for the abolishment of the PopiSh religion. At the ' coming of Calvin thither, the form of their civil I'egi- 1 ment was popular, as it continueth to this day ; neither ' king, nor duke, nor nobleman, of any authority or ' power over them ; but officers chofen by the people^ ' yearly out of themfelves, to order all things with public e confent. For fpiritual government they had no laws at 1 all agreed upon ; but did what the paftors of their fouls ' by perfuafion could win them unto. Calvin considered * how dangerous it wag, that the whole eftate of that * church Should hang ftill on fo Slender a thread-, as the * liking of an ignorant multitude, if it have power to ' change! CALVIN. 9 * change wJiatfoever itfelf liketh. Wherefore taking unto ' him two of the other ministers for more countenance of 5 the action, albeit the reft were all againft it, they moved * and perfuaded the people to bind themfelves by folemn * oath* firjl, never to admit the papacy amongft them " again ; and, feeondly, to live in obedience unto fuch or- 1 ders* concerning the exereife of their religion* and the * form of their ecclefiaSiical government, as thofe their * true and faithful ministers of God's word* had, agree* ' ably to Scripture, fet doWn to that end and purpofe,'* Hence it appears, hoW extremely fa-lfe and urijuft the ex clamations of the Papifts againft Calvin are* that he fub- Verted the government* and turhed the Slate of Geneva into tonfufioh ; whereas the truth is, tfae biShop of Geneva^ Who, like fome other prince-biShops in Germanf, claimed the office of ruler, was expelled long before Gal-din' % ar rival ; and as the government was modelled into its de-" tnocratic form, previous to his reSidence* he did. not be lieve that he had any divine authority to alter the civil constitution, if it had ever been in his poWer. This reformation of doctrines had not removed that torruption of manners which had prevailed in Geneva j nor that factious fpirit Which had fo much divided the principal families. Therefore Calvin, affifted by his col leagues Farel and Caraldas, declared, that as all their re- mortftrahces had proved ineffectual, they could1 not cele brate the holy Sacrament while thofe difordefs continued; They alfo agreed, that they would no longer fubmit to the constitutions that the Synod of Bern had made ; and they defired to be heard in the fynod which Was held at Zurich. ¦ The church of Geneva made ufe of leavened bread in the Communion : They had removed the baptifmal font's out of" the churches ; and abolifhed all festivals except Sundays. But the churches of the canton of Bern dif* approved of thefe three things; and, by ah act made in 'the fynod of Lattfanne^ required that the ufe of unleaverted bread* the baptifmal fonts, and the feftivals Should be re^- eftabliShed in Geneva. Thefe were the regulations with Which Calvin refiifed to comply. It was the manner of thofe times* fays Hooker<, that every particular church did that Within itfelf, Which fome few of their ovvn thought good* by Whom the reft were all directed. ' Such num- * ber of churches then being* though free Within them- * felves* yet (mall* common conference before-hand might * have eafed them of much after- trouble. But it bred a Vol.. II. C ' greaser 10 CALVIN. greater inconvenience ; becaufe every later endeavored to be certain degrees more removed from conformity with the church of Rome, than the reft had been : Whereupon grew marvellous great dissimilitudes ; and, by reafon thereof jealoufies, heart-burnings, jars, and difcords among them; which notwithstanding might have been eafily prevented, if the orders that each church did think fit and convenient for itfelf, had not been fo peremptorily eftabliShed under that high commanding form which tendered them'to the people, as things ever lastingly required by the law of that Lord of Lords, > againft whofe Statutes there is no exception to be taken. For by this mean it came to pafs, that one church could not but accufe and condemn another of difobedience to the will of Chrijl, in thofe things where manifeft dif ference was between them : Whereas the fame orders allowed, but eftabliShed in a more wary and fufpenfe manner, as being to Stand in force till GOD Should give the opportunity of fome general conference, what might be bell for them afterwards to do ; this had both prevented all occafion of juft diflike which others might take, and referved a greater liberty unto the authors themfelves of entering into a farther confutation after wards ; which, though never fo neceSTary, they could not eafily now admit, without fome fear of derogation from their credit; and therefore that which once they had done, they became for ever after refolute to main tain. Calvin, therefore, and the other two his aSTociates, Stiffly refufing to administer the holy communion to fuch who would not quietly, without contradiction and mur mur, fubmit themfelves unto the orders which their fo- lemn oath had bound them to obey, were, in that quarrel, baniShed the town.' The Syndics of Geneva fummoned the people in 1538 ; and Calvin, Farel, and Courant, prefented themfelves be fore the council, offering to make good their confeSfion of faith. The Syndics favored the difcontented party, and were catholics in their hearts. The council, under pre tence of preferving the liberties and privileges of the city ; and becaufe Calvin and his friends would not conform to the cuftom of Bern, in celebrating the communion, made an order to enjoin-thofe three members to leave the city in three days. When this decree was brought to Calvin, he faid, " Truly, if I had ferved men, I Should, have had an- *' ill reward : But it is. well that I have ferved him, who " doth CALVIN. i " doth always perform to his Servants what he hath on< " prornifed." Calvin had no maintenance from the city, and lived ; his own expence. He went to Bafd, and from thence 1 Strafiurgh, where Bucer and Capito gave him every mai of their efteem. He was alfo careSTed by Hedio, and othi learned men, Who procured him permission from the m; giftrates to fet up a French church, of which he becan the paftor, and had a competent maintenance allowed hii there. He was alfo made profeffor of divinity, whic frustrated the expectation of the fee of Rome ; as Calv fettled in a new place; and a new church was erected, f( the former fub verted. While Calvin was abfent from Geneva, cardinal Sadol wrote an eloquent letter to the inhabitants of that city, i exhort them to return into the bofom of the Romijh churcl Calvin anfwered that letter in 1539 ; in which he man fefted his affection for the church of Geneva, and difaj pointed the views which the biShop of Carpentras had ei tertained in his fine artful letter to that Slate. So far would the popes and the ecclefiaftics have bet from abandoning their beloved interefts, founded upc ignorance and fuperftitjon, that a bloody inquisition wou have been eftabliShed, not only in Italy and Spain, but i all Christian countries, which would have fmothered ar extinguished for ever thofe lights which then began 1 fparkle. Lutheranifm gained fuch Strength and ftabilit; that it prevented the tyranny of an inquilition in German and the Reformation of Calvin fecured the liberty of oth< countries. Peter Cajlellan, great almoner of France under Franc I. was fo fcandalized at the corruptions which he obfervt in the court of Rome, that he could not think, or fpeal of them without indignation. He pufhed the matter far, that he believed religion was but a mere farce at Rom which they made ufe of to deceive the world, to prefer dominion. Calvin has not faid much more of it; Calvi fays Bayle, who has been fo much infulted, and fo ofte Galled an egregious calumniator, for having made ufe 1 thefe words regarding the popes and cardinals : " Tl " firft article of, their facred theology is, that there is 1 " God : The fecond, that all that is written, and preache " of Jefus Chrijl, is but falfehood and idle talk: Tl " third, that all that is contained in fcripture concernii " eternal life, and the refurrection of the body* are f **¦' bles." Cajlellan faid much the fame ; for when h,e w C 2 defqribii 12 CALVIN. defcribing the wanton lufts, ' avarice, and rapacioufnefs, of the Roman pontiffs ; their contempt of religion; the pride, luxury, and lazinei'sof the cardinals, their riotous .feaftings, and other vices, which he had obferyed in the court of Rome, while he was there with the bifhop of Auxerre the French ambaflador, he would be moved with fo much indignation; that not only the color in his face, but the very motions and goftures of his body would be changed : Infomuch, that he would often fay, he was fully perfuaded that the.popes theiAfelves, the fupreme heads of religion, contaminated with fo many vices of their own and thofe about them, . did not fincerely, and from their hearts, worfhip Chri/l. • Luther, Bucer, Calvin, Wd other bright Stars which fhone in the reformed church, were to enlighten this gloom. The divines of Strajburgh defired Calvin to affift at the diet the emperor had called at Worms and Ratijban, in 1541, to fee if it was poffible to reconcile the differences, in religion. He appeared there with Bucer, and conferred with Melanilhon, who called him his divine. The time was now come for eftabliShing the church at Geneva, by recalling Calvin, The Syndics who had promoted the decree of baniShment were dead or baniShed ; and the people were not before fo willing to be rid of their learned, paftor, as now importunate to obtain him again from them who had given him entertainment, and were unwilling to part with him, if irrefiftible follicitations had not been, ufed. One of the town ministers, who faw in what manner the people were inclined for the recalling of Calvin, gave him notice of their affection in this fort. ' The fenate *. of. two hundred being affembled, they all defire Calvin. * The next day a general convocation; they all cry, we ? will have ^Calvin, that good and learned man, the mir ' nifter of Chrift.'- When Calvin underftpod this, he praifed GOD, and judged it was the call of heaven. He faid, /< is marvellous in our eyes ; for the Jlone" which the builders refufed, was made the head of the corner. In his abfence, he had perfuaded them, with whom he was able to prevail, that though he more approved of common bread to be ufed. in the eucharift; yet they Should rather accept the other, than caufe any trouble in the church aboutvit. The people faw that the name of Calvin increafed every day greater abroad ; and that, with his fame, their infamy was Spread, who had ejected him with fuch rafhnefs anq folly, CALVIN. 13 folly. < Befides, it was not unlikely,, (fays Hooker) but * that his credit in the world might many ways Stand the * poor town in great Stead : As the truth is, their minister's * foreign estimation hath been the beft Slake in their hedge. * But whatever fecret refpects were likely to move them, * for contenting of their minds, Calvin returned, as it * had been another Tully, to his own home.' He re-entered Geneva, (leaving Brulius to fucceed him in the French court at Strajburgh) on the thirteenth of Sep tember, 1541, to the. infinite fatisfaction of the people and magistracy; and the firft thing he did was to eftabliSh a form of difcipline, and a confiftorial jurisdiction, with power to exercife canonical cenfures and punishments,' even to excommunication exclufive. This difpleafed many, who urged, that it was reftoring the Roman tyranny r However, the. thing was executed ; and this new canon paffed into a law, in a general aflembly of the people, on the twentieth of November, 1541. , He rightly confidered how grofs a thing it was for men of his quality, wife and grave men, to live with fuch a multi tude, and to be tenants at will under them, as their mi nisters, both himfelf and others, had been. For the ¦ remedy of this inconvenience, he gave them plainly to understand, that if he became, their teacher again, they muft be content to admit a complete form of difcipline, which both they, and alfo their paftors, Should he fo- 4emnly fwo'rn to obferve for ever after. Of which dif cipline the principal parts were thefe : A Standing eccle- Sialtical court to be eftabliShed; perpetual judges in that court to be their ministers, others of the people annually chofen, twice fo many in number as they, to bje judges together with them in the fame court: Thefe two forts to have the care of all men's manners, power of deter mining all kind of ecclefiaftical caufes, andpauthority to convent, control, and puniSh, as far as with excommuni cation, whoever they fhould think worthy, none, either frnall or great, excepted, ' This device, (fays Hooker) I * fee not how the wifeft, at that time living, could have bettered, if we duly confide/ what the State of Geneva did then require, For their biShop and his clergy being departed from them, to choofe in his room any other biShop had been a thing altogether impoffible. And for their ministers to feek that themfelves alone might have coercive power over the whole church, Would pethaps have been hardly conftrued at that time. But when fo frank an offer was made, that for every one minister* ' there i4 C A L V I N: * there Should be two of the people to Sit and give voice ^ in the eccleftaftical confiftory, what inconvenience could *- they eafily find, which themfelves might not be able * always to remedy? They were brought to fo Streight * an ilfue, that of two things* tt(ey muft chcofe one ; V namely, whether they would, to their endlefsdifgrace," ' with ridiculous lightnefs, difmifs.'him, whofe reftitu- * tiori they had in fo impotent manner defired ; or elfe ' condefcend unto that demand, wherein he was refolute * either to have it, or to leave them ? They thought it \ better to be fomewhat hardly yoked at home, than difc * credited for ever abroad : Wherefore thofe orders were * on all fides affented to ; with no iefs alacrity of mind, ' than cities unable, to hold out longer, are wont to Shew * when they take conditions, fuch as it liketh him ¦. to i- offer them, which hath them in the narrow ilreights of * advantage.' .- The city of Geneva is Situated on the river Rhone$ at the weft end of the lake Lemain, feventy miles fouth-weft of Bern, and Sixty miles north-eaft of Lyons in France. It is about two miles in circumference, and contains about thirty thoufand inhabitants. The Republic of Geneva, exclufive of the city, is but of fmall extent* not contain ing above eleven parishes. The city of Geneva is con siderable for'its Situation, as well as its commerce; it being the key, and the moft flourishing city of Switzerland. Doctor Burnet fays, c It is furprizing to fee the learning 4 that is here, not. only among the profeffors of it, but * the very magistrates and trading citizens are well verfed * in the Latin-tongue, mighty well acquainted with hif- ' tory, a/id generally men of good fenfe.' They have an univerSity; but- the language of the common people is the Savoyard, or a very bad dialect of the Frenck-tangua : Though people of condition fpeak French in greater pu-. rity. ¦; Their biShop was formerly their fovereign : But when they became a Republic, the legislative authority was placed in a council of two hundred, and a fenate of twenty^five, who have the executive power, or adminif- tration of the government. The territories of France and Savoy come up to the very walls of Geneva; and they muft have been reduced under the dominion of one or the other, if they had not been protected by their allies, the cantons of Friburg, Bern, and Zurich, againft the attacks of both. Both the clergy, and laity of Geneva engaged themfelves to a perpetual obfervance of the new inftitution made by* i Calvin* CALVIN. i5 Calvin, whofe inflexible feverity, in maintaining the rights of his confiftory, raifed him a great many enemies, and occafioned fome diforders in the city. However, he fur^- mounted all oppofition, and alfo governed the Proteftants in France, who almoft all held the doctrine of Calvin, and received ministers from Geneva, who prefided in their con gregations. An eminent Galvinift was againft popular government; becaufe the univerfal kingdom hath on'e king, and the government of the world is monarchical . There is no thing more clear and certain, than that the ultimate end puts the due eftimate on all the means of government : But, ' that is the beft form of government, which moft * powerfully conducesto the fpiritual and everlafting wel- ' fare of the people, their holinefs, obedience, and pleafing ' of God. If government be no means to this end, it is * not good, defirable, nor of God : For if it be not to and ' for God, it is not from him. The neareft end of go- ' vernment is order; the next is the maintenance and pro- * motion of the profperity and fecurity of the people, ' together with the honour of the governor. The more * principal end is our prefent pleafing and honouring of * God : The ultimate end is our more perfect everlalling * pleafing him in our fruition of him in glory. The * gqod of the world, and the whole body of the faithful * Subjects of God, require more attention than the wel- * fare of a particular common-wealth. The fame prin- * ciples that prove it fordid and impious to value our * private perfonal profperity before that of the common- * wealth, prove it as bad to value the benefit of one com- * mon-wealth before the univerfal kingdom of God on * earth. If a people could live moil profperouily to * themfelves in the Slate of fome, petty republics and free * cities; but are hereby incapable of doing much for the * fafety or welfare of their brethren abroad, it is not the * moft defirable government. Civil order is the neareft ' encT of civil polity: But church order, for holy com- ' muhion in God's worfhip, is the neareft end of church ' polity.' Yet he fays, « That though variety of out-. ' ward Slates, and the neglects of either magistrates or ' paftors, may be an exception, as to inward qualifica- 1 tions, the fame perfons are generally fit to be members 1 of church and common-wealth.' Dupin fays, ' The doctrine of Calvin concerning the < facrament, is not fundamentally different from that of f the Zuinglians ; though he ufes very pofitive words to ' exprefs *6 CALVIN. * exprefs- the prefence of the body and blood of Jefui. * Chrifl. He affirms, thai we arc not only partakers of • the Spirit of Jefus- Chriji in the eUcharift, but alfo of * his fleSh which is distributed to Us: that he no-uriSh.es c us there with the proper fubftance of his body and * blood : Thai it is not to be doubted but we receive his * very body : And that this communion of the body ami c blood of Chrifl is given under the fymbols of bread and * wine to all that celebrate his fupper, according to its * lawful inftitution ; fo that We truly receive what is fig- * nified by the fymbols, that the body Which is received is * not a fymbolical body, as it was not a fymbolical Spirit* • which appeared in the baptifm of our Lord ; but the Holy * Spirit itfelf was really and fubftantially under the fymbol * or outward form of a dove : Thai "Jefus Chriji is United td c us in this facrament, not by fancy and imagination, nor ' by thought, or a bare apprehenSion of the mind, but * really and verily by a true and fubSlantial union : Thai * the manner of our receiving the body of Chrifl1, is very * different from the other manner of receiving him by * faith : That this myftery is incomprehensible, and coni * tains a miracle, which exceeds the limits and capacity * of the mind of man, and is the work of God, much * above the courfe of nature : That there is a divine and * fupernatural change in it, which furpafles our SenSible * knowledge : That the fleSh and blood of Jefus Chrifl are; * truly given to the unworthy, as well as to the faithful * and elect ; though they are not received with benefitj *¦ unlefs by the faithful only.' Thefe fort of expreffions, and feveral others, which are in Calvin's institutions* and his other writings, might make us believe, that he did not deny the real and fubSlantial prefence of the body and blood of Chrifl in the eucharift: Yet, in other places, he clearly rejects not only tranfubftantiation, but alfo his real prefence; by afferting, that the body of Jefus Chrifl is really and fubftantially prefent only in heaven ; and that it is united to us only by faith, after a fpiritual man ner, by the incomprehensible working of the Holy Spirit, which joins things together that are feparated by diftance of place. Thefe words, this is my body, ought to be un-* derftood after a figurative manner, according to his notion j and the fign is there put for the thing Signified, as whert it is faid, 'The rock is Chrifl y the lamb is the paffoyer: * and circumcifion is the covenant.' The body and blood of Jefus Chrifl are united to us only by virtue and efficacy j and his flefh, remaining in heaven, infufes life into us from CALVIN. 17 from his fubftance: Laftly, though the fubftance of the body and blood of Jefus Chrifl are communicated to us by the Sacrament of the eucharift, they are not really and fubftantially prefent there: And though the body and Jblood of Chrifl are there prefented, and offered to all Christians, they are not really received, except by the truly faithful, and not by the unwortliy. ' Calvin differed not much from Luther in other points of doctrine, He held the fame principles as to imputed righteoufnefs, and the certainty of our justification, which he extended to an affurance -of eternal falvation, He alfo added an impossibility of falling finally from grace; and, he afferted the falvation of the children of believers, who,. die before they have been baptized. He likewife con demned, with more Severity than the Lutherans, the in vocation of faints : the worShip and ufe of images ; vows; celibacy of prieSls ; falling ; holy-days ; facrifice of the mafs j adoration of the euchariSt ; indulgences ; the fa- craments, except the eucharift ajid baptifm ; and, in ge neral, all the rites and ceremonies of the church, which, the Lutherans h,ad not entirely aboliShed, The manner in which Emanuel Ma\gntm, one of the greateft philofophers of the feyenteenth century, explained the retaining of accidents, without a fubjedt, in the myf- tery of the eucharift, is more ingenious than that of Des Cartes. He was a divine of the order of the Minims, and fays, * there is nothing fo eafy, as to explain the * manner how the accidents of bread and wine fubfift * without the bread arnd wine ; for we need only fay, that f the bread and Wine being taken, away, GOD continues * ftill to make the fame impreSJions iipon our fenfes, as ' they did, before they were changed.' Rohault, who was a Cartefiajn, blames this hypothefis ; becaufe it admits two miracles, where qnly one is wanting. ' Though it be * true, (fays he,) that GOD can produce in our fenfes * the impreflions pf bread and wine, after they have been * changed by tran Substantiation ; yet there is no neceffity, * after this, to have recourfe to a new miracle : Becaufe * it follows, from the very effence of the myftery, which ' is that the bread is really changed into the body of Jefus * Chrifl, that we muft continue to perceive all the fame * appearances as we perceived before ; that is, the ac- * cidents of bread and wine muft fubfift.' This Cartefian pretends, that the body of Jefus Chrifl takes up the place of the bread in fuch a "manner, that the fame Spaces ex actly, which Served for a place for the bread, are thofe Vol. II. P wherein iS C A L V I -N. wherein the body of Jefus Chrifl is difpofed, leaving tof the matter, which filled the pores of the bread, the fame* fpaces it filled before. From whence it follows, that the parts of the body of Jefus Chriji affu'me the figure, fixa tion, and in gerteral all the other moaeS Of bread, and consequently they are bread : For, according to him, the effence of 'bread, or the form* which diftingulfhes it from all Other bodies, is nothing but a particular concurrence of modifications ; therefore, Wherever this concurrence is* there muft be bread ; and fo, it being found in the body Of Jefus Chrifl, at the faCrament of the' eucharift, this body is nothing elfe but bread : From whence it follows, that this great myftery confifts in destroying a bit of bread* and replacing another bit of bread in the room of that Which was -annihilated* But this hypothefis includes fuch abfurdities*- as are iriconfifteht even with Popery* and the doctrine of tfanfubftahtiation. Calvik introduced the Lutheran expreffions regard" ing the eucharift* as mentioned in Bucer's life* which feem to admit of a corporal prefence. JodocUs Har- ehius, a phyfician of Mans, Wanted to find a middle way in the doctrine of the eucharift between the Roman ca tholics ahd the Proteftants, to compofe their differences; but he- was laughed at by both. John Ponett biShop of Winchejler^ who retired to Strajburg in the reign of Q. Mary, compofed a book with this title* ' DialleSlicon viri * boni et literati de veritate, natura, atque fubflantid corporis * etfangtiihis Chtijli in Euchariflia ;' wherein he endeavored to reconcile the controverfies about the eucharift* and particularly thofe of the Lutherans and 2Juingliaris. He . was zealoufty attached to the Reformation ; but he right) y judged what Would be the fate of his bo6k ; ' that neither ' of the contending, parties Would approve Of it; and * that, while he endeavoured to reconcile perfons who were ' at war with one another, he Should expofe himfelf to * the indignation of both fides :' And he compared him* fejf to a man who receives a wound with a fwofd in Striv ing to part people that are fighting. This book con cerned the reality, nature* and fubftance "of the body and blood of Chrifl in the eucharift ; which this famous biShop published with no other defign but to fet the faith and doctrine of the church of England in a clear light. He firft Shews, that the eucharift is not barely the figure of our Lord's body; but that it alfo comprehends there* ality, nature, and fubftance of it : For which reafon theft Words, nature and fubftance, are not tq be rejected, fince CALVIN, ,9 the fathers, in difcourfing of this facrament,made ufe of them. Secondly, he enquires, whether thefe words, re ality, nature, and fubftance, were understood by the fathers in this myftery, according to their general Signification, or in a fenfe that was peculiar and better adapted to the facraments ? For that we fhould not only obferye what words the fathers made ufe of, but likewife what mean ing they put upon them. And that though he was ready with the fathers, to acknowledge a d ifferenee between the body of Chrifl, which had the natural form of a humari body, and his myftical body in the Sacrament; yet he inclined to think that this difference Should be applied to the manner in which it is prefent and exhibited, rather than to the thing itfelf, the true body qi Chrifl ; It being moft certain, that the body which believers receive in the facrament, is the fame which Chriji offered up by his death for their falvation, Laftly, he maintains, that it muft be underftopd in a fpiritual fenfe, according to the general and unanimous expofition of the antient fathers-; 3nd that eyery carnal thought or imagination Should be excluded. Pond laid great ftrefs upon the authority of the fathers, who Speak in Strong terms of the prefence of our Lord's body in the fym'bols of the eucharift ; and he, entirely rejected the opinion that was afcribed to the Lutherans, H°wever* he condemned thofe who admit of the oral manducation of the body of Jefus Chrifl ; And was willing to allow of the word trqnfubflantiation, pro- yided it was understood in a certain fenfe, and not to in clude oral matjducation. He had no reafon to think thaf: the Romanifts would be Satisfied with bis allowing of a term which he modified in that manner, But as for thofb whodefired to have a miracle granted in the eucharift, he jnight ' fancy bis hypothefis would fatisfy them, if they pnly afked a great miracle in general ; for what heteache?, pn this head is one of the moft incomprehensible things jhat can be imagined, He admits a real and fubftantiaj prefence of the body of Jefus Chrjfl; but which is no more than fapramentaj at the fame time : And be affirms, that, by yirtue of this prefence, the bread in the euchari{| may purify pur fowls, and unite us into one body with our Redeemer, The catechifm of the reformed churches, compofed by Calvin, does not differ much from the opinion of this biShop of Winchejter ; as may be feen in thefe words ; *' Thus I doubt not but Jefus Chriji, as he was fignifie4 « »nd promifed, will make us partakers of his own fub- P 2 «* ftf»W? 20 CALVIN. " Stance, that we may be united to him in one life; " Min. But how can that be, fince the body of Jefus Chrifl " is in heaven, and we are in this earthly pilgrimage ? " Sch. It is by the incOmprehenfible power of his Spirit* " which unites things that ale diftant in place from one " another." Ponet's diallecticoh Was afterwards joined to the treatife * De corpore et fanguine Domini,* wrote by Bertram, who alfo endeavored to reconcile the controverfies about the eucharift* and whofe' notions arCYery particular concern ing this important article; Calvin was intimidated at nothing* and fettled the peace Of Geneva. It would be difficult to believe, that iii the midd of violent agitations at home, he could Shew fo much tare* as he did* of the churches abroad* in France^ England^ Germany, and Poland ; arid write fo rhariy books and letters. But there are inconteftible proofs of it ; for he lived in continual action* and almoft constantly with his pen in his hand* even when ficknefs confined him to' his bed ; arifing from his zeal for the general goOd of the churches. He was a man on whom God had conferred extraordinary talents* a great deal Of Wit* an exquifite judgement* a faithful memory* an able, indefatigable, and elegant pen ; an extenfive knowledge* and a great zeal for the truth. But he could not efcape Slander abroad, nor oppofition at home. He was full thirty years old when Ke married Idolette de Bure$ the widow of John Stordetir, a native of Liege, and an Artabaptift, whom he had converted. He married her at Strajburgf in 1540, by the advice of his friend Martin Bucer. She had children by her former huSband* and alfd brought Calvin a fori, who died before his father. She' died in the beginning of 1549, to the great grief of Calving who continued a widower all the reft of his lifej As the Reformers married to prove their coriverfiori from the Papifts, the latter reproached them, as if they warred againft Rome for the fame reafons the Grecians warred againft Troy. " Our adversaries,- (fays Calvin,) pre- " tend we wage a fort of Trojan war for a Woman; Td *' fay nothing of others at prefent ; they mUft allow my- *' felf at leaft to be free from this charge : Since I am " more particularly able, in my own cafe, to fefute this " fcurrilous reflection. For notwithstanding I was at " liberty to have married under the tyranny of the pope, " I voluntarily led a Single life for many years." The CALVIN, at The Romanifts call many reflections on Calvin for Changing his name from Cauvin, which was the nariie or" his family : But a Proteftant divine, who Was minifter of the chrirch of Paris, in i6zo, has Virtdicated.him againft them all ; riot only by fome examples, but alfo from Solid reafons. In reality, fajte he, the change of a letter iii the name Of Calvin, is Very incohfiderable* or none at all. In turning Cauvin into Latin, it. cannot be translated otherwife than by Calvinus, to give it art air arid termi<- riation fuitable to the genius of that'lattguage : For as the Picard word Cauve, and the French Chduve, is by all good authors eXpreffed in Latih by Cdlvtis ; fo Cauvin in Picard, and Chauvin in French, muft in Latin be Calvinus. ' NbW, * (fays Drelintourt,) the works of this godly mail being ' wrote in Latin, and having made him Uhiverfally known ' by the name Calvinus ; if afterWards, when he wrote in * French, he had ufed any other name than that of Calvin, * the work might have been afcribed to fome different * author* to the great damage both Of the public and ' printers.' Florimond de Remand tells us, that Bucer prefented Cal vin to Erafmus at Bafd, WhohaVingeonverfed Vfith. Calvin, told Bucer, that this young man would prove a pernicious Creature to the church. Others have adopted this idle ftory from Florimond; particularly Moreri, who is cen-- fured for it by Bayle. The whole is 'a romance ; and * its author is a writer of no credit, veracity, and con- * fiftency. Florimond was a man who judged without con- * fcience, iurote without learning, and built hatifet without * money. Of thefe three accomplishments the firft arid * fecond are far more common than the third.' The authority of fuch a man is of no Weight, as he Confounds and' mifplaces circumftances ; and cannot fee in his work the blunders, abfurdities, and impoffibilities which Stare full in his eyes. We Should therefore be very weak to give any credit to Florimond de Remand, when he brings neither witneffes* nor any other fort of proof: We fhould be very imprudent to truft him, and highly deferve to be deceived, if we made fuch a bad ufe of our fincerity. ' I fhould not, (fays Bayle,) have been fo bufy in expofing * the falfities of Remond, if I had not obferved they * fpread from book to book, and that the moft celebrated * authors procure them a fort of perpetuity by adopting * them. I have met with them in the lafl volume of * father Alexander's EccieSiaflical Hiftory.' However, all things rightly considered, this judgement of the great ' Erafir.us 22 CALVIN, Erafmus muft be very much to the glory of Calvin, ac cording to the .Proteftant hypotheSis : For it proves, that he acknowledged the eminent qualities of this young man, if he faid, Video magnam peflem oriri in ecclefia contra eccle- Jiam; which are the words in Florimond. One cannot help admiring the decent manner in which the illuftrious Thuanus hath fpoken of Calvin, who fays, ' he was called * the great divine.' Calvin eftabliShed the Prefbyterian government in the church of Geneva; and elders were accordingly appointedv Thecatechifm, which he wrote in French and Latin, was an admirable piece, and found fuch approbation and en tertainment in foreign places, that it was translated into High Dutch, Low Dutch, Englijh, and Scotch: Immanuel T'remellius translated it into Hebrew, as Henry Stephens did into Greek. Calvin modeftly Shewed that his doctrine had the approbation of the moft learned men of that agej as Zuinglius, Oecolampadius, Bucer, Melanffhon, Capito, Myconius, and Zuichius ; Which he proved out of their- writings. He made much ufe of FarelznA Viret ; yet he contributed much more to them. It was pleafing to good men* to behold three fuch perfons, fo famous in the church, co-r operating in the work of the Lord, and excelling in Several gifts of the Spirit. Farel excelled in a certain greatnefs of mind, whofe thundering fermons could not be heard without trembling ; and whofe ardent prayers would ele^, vate the foul. Viret fo much excelled in fweet eloquence, that he chairied his hearers to his Hps, Calvin fitted the mind with grave and fententious difcourfes. So that Beza fays, ' I often thought, that the gifts of thefe three ' men, meeting in one, would make a complete paftor.' The ordinary labors of Calvin were thefe. Every other Sabbath he preached twice, Monday, Tuefday, and Wednefday, he read his divinity lectures. Thursday he affifted in the confiftory for the exercife of ecclefiaftical difcipline, ' On Friday he read a jecture in exposition of fome difficult places in fcripture ; Befides his public Writings, and priyate negociations. GOD fo bleSTed his - miniftry that he was applied and reforted to from all parts of the Christian world ; fome to confult his advice in matters of religion, and others to hear him preach. This filled the city of Geneva with a great concourfe of people % and, befides the eftabliShed church, there were alfo churches for the EngHJh, Spaniard,;^ and Italians, Ja CALVIN. n In. 1542, Calvin confuted the Sorbonnifts in thofe ar-. tides of religion which they would have impofed upon mankind. The next year he was^attacked by Albert Pyghius, whom he refuted in his anfwer about free-will, which he dedicated to Philip Melanclhon, who testified his regard for that Work in his epiftles. Pyghius was a Dutch divine: He was remarkable for his extrerhe uglihefs and diffonant voice : But he was reputed the greateft fophifter of the time. The pope rewarded him with the provoft- fiiip of St'. John at Utrecht, for defending his bull to the general council in 1538; and he expected to be promoted to the dignity of a cardinal, if he oppofed and refuted the doctrine of Calvin. The cardinals Sadolet and Ctr- vinus were his patrons. The former affured him, that he would recommend hitn to the pope and cardinals. The latter wrote to him* on the twenty-feventh of Otlober, 1542, in thefe words : ' As to your debts, were -it in my '¦* power to pay them, you Should be in no diftrefs : And ' though his holinefs, at prefent, is put to vaft charges * on many accounts, I will riot fail to reprefent your * fervices and wants, and to affift you as much as lean.' Some fay* that the reading df Calvin's works made Pyghius heterodox withrefpedt to the merit of good Works, and the justification of Sinrters. Others affirm, thatPvj'-. hlus examined the works of Calvin with fo great a defire of refuting them, that he run into another extreme, and followed the Steps of the Pelagians, Cardinal Bona ad- vifed, that the works of Pyghius Should be read with cautioh. And Pojfevinus faid, that his doctrine, concern ing original fin and grace, was contrary to the writings of St. Auguflin. * Pyghius, (fays Beza,) chofe Calvin for * his antagonist, that, by gaining a notable "victory over * him, he might get a cardinal's hat from the pope : But * he was difappointed in his expectation, and only ob- * tained the reward which the enemies of truth deferve ; * that is* to be defpifed by learned and wife men, and de- * ceived by Satan and himfelf.' Dr. George Car leton, biShop of Chichefler, in 1619, pub lished a book entitled, ' Confenfus ecclef. catholica contra * tridentinos de fcripturis, ecclef a, fide et gratia, &c.' in Which he fays; « The Papifts affert that Pyghius, otlier- * wife a catholic doctor, was led away by reading the « works of Calvin: But Pyghius himfelf affirms, he had * his doctrine only from the fcriptures. O Calvin, happy * even by the testimony of thy adverfaries, Since '.thy « writings' are fo conformable to the holy Scriptures, ' that •* ' what 24 CALVIN. * what a very famous popiSh doctor confeffeshe took frsp» * the fcriptures, other Papifts imputed to the reading of ' thy books ! Certainly had not the opinion of fcholaftic 4 divines evidently clafhed with the fcriptures, Pygh%u& * would never have forfaken if.' But a Romiflj writer, who impudently reckons Calvin. amopg the firft clafs of heretics, and Luther arqtmg thofe of the fecond, fays, that * L.uther- required lefs learning * in his reader than Calvin, "whqfe fubtle way of writing * may impofe eyen upon them who are tolerably learned, * as we find by Pyghius, who frequently fplit upon rocks, * by reading his works, though he was a learned man. A French minifter alfo fays, that Pyghius maintained the doctrine of grace 5 and affirmed, that we are not juftified by an inherent righteoufnefs within us : But. he was Sharply cenfured- by the dean of the univerfity of Loyyflin, who, reproached him with having been corrupted by reading Calvin's Inftitution. Calvin never acknowledged that his works had made Pyghius orthodox in the leaft : On the contrary, he faid, *' All this not only favours of the fchool of Pelagius, " but is almoft an open profeffion of the Pelagian im- " piety. He maintains many things as thofe Pelagians " did whom Auguflin defcribes ; . and is much worfe than *' fome of them were. And therefore Pyghiits in vain " either attempts to disjoin hirrifelf from Pelagius, with " whom I have evidently proved he agrees, or to join " us to the Manichees, or other heretics, from whom, " we differ no lefs, than he does from the orthodox fenfe " of the church." Pyghius has alfo been Stigmatized for a Pelagian by a Janfenift, who calls him, ' A rriari that could not appr?-. * hend the doctrine of St. Auguflin, nor that of the church ; * having but an imperfect knowledge of the corruption, ' of nature, and original fin, which is the key of that ' doctrine. A man full of Pelagian errors about that ' matter, who fpoke againft divine predeftination, and * the doctrine of efficacious and free grace, with great in- ' difcretion and ignorance.' This Janfenift concludes, that ' it is no wonder, if the whole faculty of Louvain, * in the famous cenfure of 1587, called Pyghius a favourer * and a colleague of the femi-pelagians ; if the faculty * of Douay, in their cenfure, reckoned him among the • difciples of Fauflus Rejenfis; if the learned Eftius. fpoke * of him much in the fame manner ; and if Dr. Johfi * Molanus fays, that the moft learned divines blame hirn, ' ' « fo^ C A L V I Ni 25 * for having departed from the doctrine of St. Auguflin, 1 concerning original fin, predeftination, and grace.' Pelagius, a Briton, was the author of that herefy which bore his name, and began in the fifth century. He main tained, That man may be well inclined without the affif- tance of the grace of GOD; and that grace is given in proportion to our merit : That man may arrive at fuch a. ftate of perfection, as to be no longer Subject to paSfions or fin. That there is no original fin; and that children who die without baptifm are not damned. Manichceus, or Manes, was the author of that feet, which was called after him, in the fourth century ; the foundation of whofe! doctrine was, that there are two principles of all things, the one good, and the other evil ; both of them eternal^ fovereign, immortal, and independent. Thofe who are defirous of knowing the nature and propagation of thefe herefies, may confult Dupin's Hiftory of the Church, vol. 2'.' p.. ill to 118, for the Manichees ; and cent. 5. chap. 2. for the Pelagians, frorn p. 176 to 181. As alfo Fuller's Church Hiftory, cent. 5. And in Bayle's Dictionary, vol. 4. p. 90, under the article Manichees ; and in vol. 5. p. 815, where he explains, ' how what he has faid concerning the * objections of the Manichees ought to be considered." I Shall only make this farther obfervation, that the trea- tifes which Pyghius wrote concerning free-will againft Calvin, and about original fin, have been placed among the books prohibited by the Spanijh inquifition. Pyghius was fo provoked at a book which Bucer wrote againft him, that it haftened his death, in drawing up an anfwer, which he left unfinished. In 1544, Calvin declared his opinion about the power of the church of Neufchatel in ecclefiaftical cenfures. The fame year he difpleafed Sebaflian Cajlalio, becaufe he difapproved of the translation which Cajlalio had made of the New Teftament into French and Latin. Cajlalio was Skilled in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He published a Greek poem on the life of. St. John the baptift; and a Latin poem, which is a paraphrafe on the prophet Jonas., He acquired the efteem and friendship of Calvin, during his abode at Strajburg, in 154O. Cafsjin procured for him the place of teacher in the college of Geneva, which Cajlalio exercifed till he was compelled to leave the city, for having maintained fome particular opinions. Cajlalio began his Latin 'translation at Geneva in 1542, which he finiShed at Bdjil.'m 1550, and dedicated to Edward VI. king of England. The French translation was printed at Vol.. II. E Bqfii 26 G A L V I N< Bs/H in 1555, and was dedicated to Henry II. His tranf* latjon of the fcripture is variously fpoken of; fome blame it much, others fpeak very well of it. The fault which was moft generally condemned in his Latin translation, is the affectation of ufing claffic Latin only, which made him fay Genius inftead of Angelus, Lotio inftead of Bap- tifmui, and Refputlica inftead of Ecclefia. VoJJius, and other learned perfons, cenSured him for it with reafon. jfe is aceufed of running into another extreme in his French translation, where he made ufe of low and mean terms. Sayle, indeed, wonders at the impudence of Ga- rajfe, and fays, if another than Cajlalio had made that translation of the fcripture, they would not have com plained fo much againft his language : For he died of poverty, if we believe Scaliger ; and his misfortune has given him no author to pity him but Montaign, who is remarkable for the folidity of his reflection on this curious and melancholy fact, which is worthy to be confulted, and may be found in his elegant effays, book 1. chap. 34* p. 353. But we have it from a great authority, that many perfons judged, that Cajlalio applied his impure hands to the translation of the fcriptures with an infolent temerity. And Beza fays, that the jargon of Poiclou, the grofleft of all the jargons of France, may appear lefs har- barous than the epiftle of Caflalio. We are told that Cajlalio afpired to the ministry, and had fometimes preached: But he was no minifter at Geneva. He was fo vexed, that he could not make Calvin approve of the impertinences of his French translations of the New Teftament, that he begun to fpread fome errors ; and to maintain, that the Song of Songs was an obfeene piece, which ought to be left out of the canon of the fcriptures. He inveighed againft the ministers who oppofed his intention ; for which he was cited before the fenate, where he was heard on the firft of June, when he was declared convicted of calumny, and was ordered to leave the town. Beza farther fays, to the Genevefe, that ' Satan endeavoured to Shake them and * their faith, by the means of Sebaflian Caflalio, a man of "* pretended piety. The blow, though feemingly light,, 4 was a dangerous one : However, your city was purged 'from the latent poifon in the year forty-five, by ex- 4 pelling the man himfelf.' . This recital feems over strained, when compared with an attestation, that Cal vin gave to Caflalio ; which imports, that he laid down His office voluntarily. Doctor Span does not fay that he was. expelled the city.; but only that he was depofed. Caflalio CALVIN. ^7 Caflalio told Calvin as follows : In your teftimonial, you teftify, that the only reafon of my leaving you was, my different notion of the Song of Songs ; and your inter pretation of the article of faith, concerning the defcent of Chrifl into hell. Your words are thefe ; " We briefly " atteft this, that fuch was our opinion of him, that, by 44 common confent, he was defigned for the paStoral of- *' Sice: And that no one may fufpeet there was any other " C aufe of Sebaflian Caflalio's leaving us, we certify this " wherever he comes : He voluntarily refigned his place " of teacher in the fchool : He behaved himfelf fo in it, " that we judged him worthy of this facred charge. Not 44 was it any blemifh in his life, or any impious tenet, '' but the reafon above mentioned alone, which prevented " his admiffion," Caflalio retired to Bafd, where he obtained the pro- fefforShip of the Greek tongue, and died there in 1563. This man was a great inftance of learning and poverty : But if he had kept within the bounds of his profeffion, he would have done greater fervices than he did to the common-wealth of learning; and would have fecured him felf from many vexations ; inftead of which, he fet up for a myftic, and a devotee, and concerned himfelf with the nice and obfcure queftjons of divinity. A diet was held at Spires in 1544. Upon this occafion, Calvin published his book " Of the neceffity of reforming *' the church ;" which was more folid and nervous than, any other book, that had appeared on that fubject among his cotemporaries. He anfwered the infolent letters which the pope wrote to the emperor, on his promising the Pro-, teftarits to hold a general eeuncil ; which the pope faid Was thrufting his fickle into another man's harveft. And he alfo wrote two books, wherein he confuted the Ana- baptifts and Libertines, who had revived the monflrous herefies of former ages. The Libertines were a feet of heretics who fprung up in Holland in 1525, whofe heads were <$htintin arid Copin. They maintained, that what ever was done by men, was done by the Spirit of GOD;, and thence concluded there was no fin, but to thofe who. thought it So, They alfo afferted, that to live without any doubt or fcruple, was to return to the State of in- nocency. They allowed their followers to call themfelves Catholics, Or Proteftants, according to the company they fell in. They pretended, that the foul died with the body j that heaven was a dream, hell a phantom, and re- £ 2 ligion 28 CALVIN. ligiona mere trick of Slate; with many other- monftrous opinions. The queen of Navarre was offended with Calvin s book againft the Libertines, becaufe he had cenfured ghtintin; and Pocques, whom She admitted into her houfe. They were two defperate Libertines, whofe errors and blaf- phemies were confuted by Calvin. £)uintin had embraced the reformed religion : But he fell off, and was made pro-, feffor of the canon law at Paris in 1536. He afterwards demanded, that the Proteftants 'Should be proceeded againft With the utmoft feverity : But though that bloody fpiri* hadfo long prevailed, it was thought Strange that a clergy.. than Should take updn himfelf to folicit fuch a thing. His fpeech, upon delivering the memorial of the clergy* to' the king, proved, that the moft humble and devout orators of the clergy were for Shedding blood, if it was neceffaryj fince they reminded his majefty of the order and threaten- i'ngs of Mafes. Befides, !%uintin faid, that the king being armed with the fword, ought to oppofe the heretics : That; GOD had put the fword into his hands to protect the good, and puniSh the wicked : And that none can deny that a heretic is capitally wicked, and confequently ought to be puniShed capitally, and be fubject to the fword of the magistrate. *- Moft of the grandees of France began, (faysifosa,) 4' at this time, to fuit themfelves to the humour of the 4 king ; and, by degrees, grew fuch Strangers to the Study; 4' of the fcriptures, that at laft they became worfe than all 4 others. Nay, even the queen of Navarre bega^i tq 4' behave herfelf in a quite different manner, falling into 4 idolatry like the reft ; not that She approved fuch fu- * perftitions in her heart ; but becaufe Ruffi, and others 4' like him, perfuaded her they were indifferent things.*- "fyxLtBeza alfo fays, 4 that the queen of Navarre was dif- pleafed at Calvin's book againft the Libertines, becaufe 4 She was fo incredibly fafcinated with §>uintin and Poc- 4 ques,, that, though She did not profefs their opinions,, 4 yet She took them to be good men ; and therefore, in 4 fome meafure, thought herfelf wounded through their 4" fides.' Her charity induced her to protect them ; and it is not much to be wondered at, if fhp was provoked againft Calvin, who with that cutting Stile, peculiar tq him, had Severely handled the perfons whom She had pro tected and maintained. She complained fo him of it-j which made an impreffion on him, as She was ftill ac-; knowledged the protedtrefs of {he reformed, For a prinr cefs^ t CALVIN; aa $efs, or ar»y other woman, to do good to thofe whom She takes to be the houShold of faith, is no extraordinary thing, as it is the common effect of a moderate piety. But for a queen to grant her protection to people perse cuted for opinions which (he believes to be falfe ; to open a fanctuary to them, to furnifh them with a fubfiftence, liberally tQ relieve the troubles and inconvenierices of their exile, is an heroical magnanimity which has hardly any precedent, . Calvin, on the twentieth of April, 1545, wrote a re- fpectful letter to this queen, to juftify his conduct ; wherein he fays, *4 immediately on the receipt of your letters* I 44 dispatched this anfwer, that I might give you full fa- *' tisfaction on this account, left you fhould abate arty 44 thing pf that zeal, of which hitherto you have made 44 profeffion, and expreffed in reality." Beza fpeaks fa vorably of this queen in his Icones : And Brantome fays, file was fufpedted of Lutheramfm, which was then the name in France of what has been Since cailed Calvinifrii. Calvin fo far prevailed, that the Libertiri.es; were checked in, France, and confined themfelves to Holland. The year 1545 was rendered infamous by that cruel and abominable edict which the parliament of Aquitain iffued againft the poor Waldenfes, whereby the moft unparalleled barbarities were exercifed upon thofe unhappy people, without any distinction of age or fex, even to the very burning of their towns. The Waldenfes, or Vaudois, were a feet eftabliShed by Peter Vaud, or Valdo, a rich merchant of Lyons in France, in 11 60, who found out feveral errors in the church of Rome, and began a refor-r matiori, The clergy excommunicated him, and perfe- cuted fome of his difciples, which occafiqned them to quit Lyons, and fly into the yallies of Piedmont, which have been ever Since inhabited by theif defcendants, who have adhered to their doctrine,. Calvin was greatly afflicted for the fufferings of the Waldenfes, to whom he had wrote confolatory letters a Ihort time before, and fent them faithful paftors for in structing them in the gofpel precepts, He wrote to the reformed in France, to convince them they acted in a per nicious manner, who pretended it was no fin tp be prefent at the popiSh fervices, if they kept the true religion in their hearts. He told them, it was an error condemned by the ancient fathers : And, becaufe fome of them might think him too rigid, -b,e adjoined, to his own the opinions of 30 C A L V I- N. of MslanSlhen, Bucer, and Martyr ; whereby the name of thefe Nicodernitcs became obnoxious ; "for fo they were called, who cloaked their errors with his example. When the emperor held the diet at Ratijbon, in 1541, the neceffity -of his affairs compelled him to grant the Proteftants the interim ; that is, a fet form of faith, which might be agreeable to both parties, till a general- council Sliould regulate the points wherein the Proteftants had abandoned the fentimerits of the Roman church. The emperor wanted to invade the Turkijh dominions in A- frica: But he loft half of his army in that fatal expedition, and returned to Germany, where he renewed his Severities againft the Proteftants. Calvin affifted Melanclhon in writ ing againft the interim ; while the emperor and the king of England were engaged in a war againft France, which, ended in 1546, and was foon followed by the deaths of , Henry VIII. and Francis I. The city of Geneva had been infefled with the plague, and very unhappy divisions began there in 1546. Calvih^ from the pulpit, exclaimed againft the wickednefs of the people, who revived the controverfy about their privi leges, and would not fuffer their pallors to difpofe of the ecclefiaftica] goods taken from the Pontificians, as they ought to be. The young people would not fuffer them felves to be deprived of their fports, taverns, and other places of debauchery. The ministers infifted earneftly upon it, both in the council and church, threatening the contumacious with excommunication. One of the council aceufed Calvin, that he had taught falfe doctrine for the fpace of feven years : But the council committed him to prifon, without the folicitation of Calvin, and enjoined him to perform penance by carrying a torch in his hand through the city. Viret's fervant received a letter from Calvin : But, in ftead of carrying it to his mafter, as he was directed, he delivered it to the Syndics, who broke it open, and were not a little difpleafed at fome paffages in it, efpecially where he told Viret, " that the people of Geneva would " govern without G O D ; and that he had to do with " hypocrites." Calvin was fent for toanfwer this before them ; when he juftified his complaint by the inftance of feveral debauched perfons, who were fullered to feoff at the word of GOD, and to Slight their instructions, Calvin left the city, at the fame time that Farel departed from Neufchatel to go to Zurich, to, be profeffor at a fynod compofed of divines from Switzerland and the Griffons, At c C A L V I N. 3t At his return, he fet forth his commentaries on the epiftle of St. Paul to Titus, which he dedicated to Farel and Viret, in consideration of the Strict friendfhip and unity between them. ' Calvin remarked of Luther, that he often prayed he might not fee the vials of wrath poured upon Germany ; which immediately after his death came upon thofe places in a Storm* and with the fwiftnefs and execution of a whirlwind. Luther died in 1546 ; and all Germany was in arms, in 1547, on account of religion ; which gave great trouble to Calvin, who was glad that Bucer, Martyrr and fome other of his friends, were Sheltered from the* Storm in England, where they were invited by archhifhop Cranmer. The Calvinifts faid, that Bucer favored epifco- pacy : But Calvin entertained a good opinion of him, and wrote to him in a very friendly rnanner, while he was affifting the Reformers in England. Calvin advifed Bucer how to conduct himfelf before king Edward VI. He correfppnded with the duke of Somerfet; and gave him his opinion how the Reformation Should be carried on. In one of his letters to the lord protector, he expreffed his diflike of praying for the dead ; * which was one of thofe things he termed tolerabiles ineptias, englifhed by fome, * tolerable fooleries; more mildly by others, tolerable un- 4 fitnejfis.' The protector feemed to threaten to abolifh epifcopal authority itfelf, both out of church and ftate : But this was an impracticable fcheme, and archbiShop Cranmer foon convinced him of his errors. The foreign profeffors, who had taken refuge, and were fettled in England, were put upon combating the popjfh doctrine of the prefence of Chrifl in the facrament ; and many difputes upon that head were held in the univerfities, as mentioned in the life of Peter Martyr. Calvin, in his epistolary correfpondence with the protector, endeavored to unite the Proteftant churches ; nay, (fays Mr. Strype,) there was fo much joy abroad at the Reformation in Eng land under Edward VI. that Calvin, Bullinger, and others, 4 in a letter to the king, offered to make him their de- 4 fender, and to have bifhops in their churches, as there 4 were in England; with a tender of their fervice to aflifl 4 and unite together.' This good work was obftrudted by the machinations of the council of Trent, and by the artifices of fome popiSh biShops here at home. Calvin, however, renewed his endeavors upon the acceffion of queen . Elizabeth, and, in a letter to archbiShop Parker, deSired him " to prevail with her majefty to fummpn a " general 32 CALVIN. " geheral affembly of all the Proteftant clergy, where*- " Soever -difperfed ; and that a fet form and method might 44 be eftabliShed, not only in her dominions, but alfo 44 among all the reformed and evangelical churchesabroad." While this important bufinefs was meditating, the defign was frustrated by the death of Calvin ; but how probably all parties might have been reconciled appears from Cal vin's own opinion of a moderate epifcopacy. " Let them 44 give us, (fays he,) fuch an hierarchy, in which biShops 44 may be fo above the reft, as they refufe not to be under 44 Chrifl, and depend upon him as their only head ; that 44 they maintain a brotherly fociety, &c. If there be any 44 that do not behave themfelves with all reverence and 44 obedience towards them, there is no anathema, but I 44 confefs them worthy of it." The truth is, Calvin and Parker were but of one mind ; and fo are all good men, in effentials : They both labored and wifhed to promote the establishment of pure religion, and not their own gain or glory. And fo, in later times, if fuch men as arch* biShops Ujher and Leighton, Mr. Burrough, Mr. Philip Henry, and fome other excellent men, moderate in their tempers and in their attachment to indifferent things, could have been affembled to determine the outward mode and form of the church, we Should have had no diffenters among us but very bad men ; and the hearts and hands of all true Christians would have been much more Strength^ ened and united. This is the true purpofe of all out ward forms amongft Christians ; who, if they have in deed the grace of GOD in their fouls, have no real dif ferences between themfelves, worth a moment's conten tion. But to proceed. Francis Baudouin, who lodged with Calvin, gave out, that, in Bucer's judgement, Calvin kept no meafure either in his love or hatred ; or that he either raifed people above the heavens, or funk them down to hell. But Calvin folemnly protefted, that Bucer had never cenfured him in that manner. " I call GOD and his angels to wit- 44 nefs, (fays Calvin,) that what Baudouin recites of that 44 matter is a wicked fiction of his own. May GOD " fo profper me, as I never heard any fuch thing from 44 Bucer : On the contrary, Bucer, whom I revere as a 44 father, cultivated a mutual brotherly friendfhip with 44 me, with fo much affection, that it grieved him very " much when I left Strafiurg. It is certain, he Strove " to the utmoft to retain me by any means whatfoever; " There is alfo aJetter of his to our Senate, wherein he 2 4t complains y our archbiShop in the year 1 551 at Chrifl-church,- Dublin^ The cGpy of it Was given to Sir James Ware,- (fee his hiftory of- Ireland, p. 152. edit. 1705.) and is iriferted iri- the Hafleian Mifcellanf,- vol. v.- p. 566 •*.- PsAt. cxix. i& Open mine eyes, that I may fee the wonders of thy law'.' « THE wonders of the Lord GOD have for a long 44 time been hid from the children of men, which hath 44 happened by Rome's not permitting the common 'peo- 44 pie to read the holy fcriptures; for to prevent y6u,- 44 that you rrtight not know the comfort m your Salva- " tion, but to depend wholly on the chuTCh of Romet 44 they will riot permit it to be iri any tongue but the * It has been obferved in Maelaine\ tranflation of Mojheim's Eccle- fiarticsl Hiftory, that ' the character and (pint of the Jesuits were * admirably defcribed, and their tranfaftions and fate foretold, with * a faga'city almoft1 prophetic' in this fermbii. The paflage, alluded to, is near the ciofe, beginning with the words, " But there is a' new " frateinii-y, &c." The memory of almoft every Reader ean-confifnv tl»piilnefs of rite archbiflitip's prsfenttteent w prediction.' ; 44 Latin, BROWNE, 7S '" Latin, faying that Latin wa9 the Roman tongue : But 44 the wonderful GOD infpired the holy apoftles with *" the knowledge of all languages, that they might teach 44 all people in their proper tongu^ and language; which 44 caufed our wife K. IJenry, before his death, to have *4 the holy fcriptures tranfcribed into the Englijh tongue, 44 for the .good of his fubjects, that their fiyes may be opened 44 to behold the wondrous things out of the law ef the Lord. 44 But therve are falfe-prpphets at this inftant, and will be " to the end qf the world, that Shall deceive you with *' falfe doctrines, expounding this tex-t, or that, purpofely 44 to confound your underftaradings, and to lead you cap- 44 tive into a wildernefs of confufion, whom you Shall 44 take as your friends, but they Shall be your greateft 44 enemies, fpeaking againft the tenets of Rome, and yet *' he fet on by Rome; thefe Shall be ,a' rigid people, full 44 of fury aqd envy, 44 But, to prevent thefe things -that are to come, ob,- •" ferve Chrifl and his apoftles : Let all things be done with 44 decency, with miidnefs, and in order; fervently crying 44 unto GO D, Open thou mine eyes, that I may behold, the ' 44 wondrous things out of thy law ; then Should you rightly 44 keep the law and the prophets. It is the part of a >" prince to be wife, for he hath a. great charge to rule 44 and govern a nation. Your late king, for-efeeing Rayne 44 and her pope's intentions, how that .he intended- to en- 44 Slave his fubjects, and to keep them in the ftate. of ig- 44 norance, confulted with the learned, of bis, realm, 44 knowing that youth might quickly be wrought on ; 44 therefore he prepared, before his death, a wife and 44 learned fort of" counfellors for his-fon'¦-¦ of y9 BUGENHAGIUS. Of religion : And, finding that he made great progrefs ii) his. learning, they fent him early to the univerfity of Grypfaald, where he profited fo much in the Study of the liberal arts and the languages, that, at twenty years, of #ge, he taught fchool #t Treptow, and by his learning and diligence raifed the fchool to a confi.derable degree of re putation. He read every day, to his numerous fcholars, fome portion of fcripture, and prayed with them; till pne day meeting with Erafmus's Lucubrations, which treat of the hiSlripnicai carriage of the friars, and the, ido latry of the * times ;' he received So much light in the true ^understanding of the fcriptures, that he began to inflruct others by lecturing in his fchool on the gofpel by St. Matthew, Paul's epiftles to Timothy, and the Pfalms. To ithefe he added catechifing, an expofition of the Creed, and the Ten Commandments. Many in the city, of various defcriptions, reforted to thefe exer.cifes. He was .called from' the.fcbopl to preach iq the church, and was admitted into the college of PreSbyters ; where many people of all ranks attended his preaching. As learning was not very frequent in the popifh divines of thofe days, and as Bugenhagius was endowed with a conT fiderable variety, of knowledge, both in ecclefiaftical, theo logical, and even political concerns ; he foon became of great eftimation. Prince Bagifiaus engaged him to write a hiftory of Pomerania, furnifriinghim with money, books and recqrds ; and he completed it in two years, with much judgement and integrity, . His prince had employed him about thefe temporal af fairs ; but it pleafed GOD- foon to call off hjs attention to better things. For in the year 1520, one Otho Sluta- vius of Treptaw, having Leber's book on the 4 Babylpnifh 4 Captivity' fent him, gave it. to Bugenhagius as he fate at dinner with his colleagues. Bugenhagius looked over a few leaves of it, and told them, that 44 many heretics 44 had difquieted the peace of the church Since Chrifl'^ 44 time, but that there never was a more peftilent heretic 44 than the author of that book ;" Shewing at the fame time, how, in many particulars, Luther diSTerifed , froni the received doctrine of the church. But In a few days after, having read it with great diligence and attentiori, GOD was pleafed to work fuch an effect upon him,, that he made this public recantation before them all : " What 44 Shall I fay of Luther? All the world hath been blind 44 and in Cimmerian darknefs ; only this one man hath 44 found out tlje truth." And further reasoning with B U G E N* H AGIO 3". -jq fherri ohthe contents of Luther's book, moft of his col leagues were brought to form the fame judgement of them with himfelf; arid the abbot, two aged paftors of the church, and fome other of the friars, began to difcover fhe deceits of Popery, and to preach again'ft the fuperfti- lions and abufes of human traditions^ perfuading their auditors wholly to rely upon the merits of Chrifl. Bugenhagius after this applied himfelf diligently to the reading of Luther's other works, in which he was taught to fee the nature of the law and the gofpel, justification by faith, &c. perceiving the agreement there was, in opi nion of thefe doctrines, between Augufline and Luther, arid how wide of the mark,' Upon thefe points, were the Wri tings of Origen and Thomas Aquinas., Thefe truths of fcripture he preached and taught with fuch fuccefs, at the fame time opening to the people the idle comments and delufions of the monks* that Erafmus Mandwell, biShop of Cammin, enraged to a high degree, began to perfecute inany priefts, fcholars, and citizens of Treptow, who were' the profeffors or hearers of thefe doctrines. He grounded the occafion of it upon the images being removed out of the Church in the night, and the injury that the popiSh -priefts received by the people's leaving the mafs. Moved With envy and fage, he raifed a perfecution againft all that believed and prdfeffed them. Some he caft into prifon, While others fled abroad : And Bugenhagius, not thinking himfelf fafe, and being defirous Of an interview and an acquaintance with Luther, went to Wittenberg in the year 1 521, which was a little before Luther went to the diet of - Worms. About this time, Bartholomew Bernhard Feld- kirch, paftor of Kembergi was the firft prieft who led the Way, Since the abfolute interdiction of marriage, ;by the fee of Rome, by taking a wife. This gave rife to" the dif- putes on the Obligation of Vows made in Monkery: In La-, ther'S abfence, Bugenhagius engaged in a controverfy with CarokJladius, who would have brought the 'law of "Mofes into the civil ftate, and removed images out of the church. On Luther's return from his Patmos, by the fuffrages of the Univerfity and fenate, Bugenhagius -was chofen paftor of the church at Wittenberg, in which he labored in word and doctrine with much inward confolatiori, in many changes of affairs, for thirty years, never leaving the flock over which the Holy GhoJl had made him overfeer, neither be caufe of the dangers of war, nor for the peftilence that tvafteth at noon-day; but preferred very homely fare with the people,, among whom he had been made ufeful, to the 2 profered 80 BUGENHAGIUS. profered riches and preferment both of his own prince and ^he"ktrig of Denmark. Ifi the year 1 522, he was requefted to go to Hamburg, to rlraw up for them certain doctrinal articles, the mode of church-government, and the form of calling ministers ; he alfo erected a fchool in the monaftry of St. John, which afterwards became a fchool of great note. And in the year 1530, he was defired to s|o to Lubeck, and to do for them as he had done at Hamburg, where he likewife fet up a fchool in the monaftry of St. Catherine. In the year 1537, ^e was Elicited by Chriflian king of Denmark and duke of Holflein, to reform religion in his dominions, and to erect fchools ; at which time he published a book on the " Ordination of Ministers, formerly agreed upon 44 by Luther, and his Colleagues, with Prayers, and a 44 Form or Directory for holy Administrations." And in ftead of the feven biShops of Denmark, he appointed feven fuperintendants, who, for the time to come, fhould ordain ministers and take care of all ecclefiaftical affairs, whom he ordained in the prefence of the king and his council, in the chief church at Copenhagen. He alfo prefcribed what lectures Should be read in the univerfity of Copen hagen ; and appointed ministers in the kingdoms of Den mark and Norway, to the nuqiber of twenty-four thoufand. In the year 1542, he was employed by the elector of Saxony, to reform the churches in the dukedom of Brunf- wick: And the year following the fenate of Hildcjheim fent for him to reform their churches; where he, with Corvinus and Henry Winckle, wrote them a form of ordi nation, and ordained fix paftors to their fix congrega tions, committing the overfight of them to J oibcus Ifef- man, and Shut up the church of the canons. In the year 1533, John Frederick, elector of Saxony, with, his caun-fel- lors, being prefent at the ppbliq difputations of Luther, Cruciger, Bugenhagius; and Mpine, on the articles of juf- tifying righteoufnefs, the nature of the chureh, and the dif ference between ecclefiafiical authority and the civil power ; Bugenhagius made an oration on the laft of thefe, which very much pleafed the prince, at whofe inftance Bugen hagius then proceeded doctor in divinity. Thus far the life of Bugenhagius feems to have been quiet and eafy; but when the Bella Theologorum, the wars of divines began, as they did about this time, he expe-> rienced one continued Series of outward trouble and diftrefs. Yet when tribulations abounded, the Lord caufed the inward confolations of his Spirit much more to abound ; BUGENHAGIUS. 81 abound : So that in all the wars and confufions of Ger many, among the Slates, princes, and divines, ,and when Wittenberg itfelf was befieged, he did not fly to any other place, but gave himfelf up to conftant fervent prayer, encouraging himfelf much in feeing, that in the midftof the Storms and tempefts of controversies and quarrels ther poor Ship of Chrifl's church was not, and. could not,, be Swallowed up and destroyed. He remained Sledfaftand un- moveable both in the doctrine and difcipline of the church,' always averfe to unquiet and feditious counfels; urging that text, Render to Ctefar the things that are. CaJhr's, and untoGOD the things that are GOD's. Like the emperor Severus, ' he minded his own bufinefs, without minding 4 what others fa,id of him.' His bufinefs was the work. of the gofpel, about which he was to give an account to GOD, and. not to man. He left thofe, who delighted' to meddle with factions, to gather thethiftles and thorns, which they would fu rely find in the. way. He was only. concerned for the distractions of the church: And it was a favorite text with him, in all the commotions he faw and felt, Commit thy way to the Lordy and hope in him: Hi- JhaU bring it to pafs. At length, through age and great labor, not being able to preach any longer, he went daily to the church, and in the moft devout and ardent manner- prayed for himfelf .and for, the. afflicted church of God. Afterwards falling fick, he. Still continued inftant in prayer and holy profitable conferences, with his friends, till drawing near his end, he often repeated that impor tant portion' of fcripture, This is life eternal, to know thee the^enfy true GOD, and Jefus Chrifl, whom thotriiafl fent ; and fo quietly departed in the Lord on the twentieth of April, in the year 1558, in the feventy-third year of his age- '.:-.. ' He was a faithful paftor, companionate to the poor, bold in reproof, a zealous defender of the truth againft all error, and had learned the appftolic leffon,'in every Sta tion and condition in life therewith to be content; fo that the. moft earneft intreaties, feconded by honor, power and profit, could never prevail upon him to remove from the flock which he believedGOD had committed to his charge ; but he remained with them in all their afflictions, and watched over them with the fidelity, affiduity, and pains of a faithful Shepherd. In his fermons he was modeft and manly, but fo earneft and devout, that. he would often exceed the ufual time allotted for a diSiepurfe, He aSTilted Luther in the translation of the Bible into German, and " Vox.. II. M ' kept Si MARLORATUS. kept the day, on which it was firiifhed, annually a feftival with his friends, calling it "Th£ feast of THE trAns- 44 lation of the Bible ;" and it certainly deferves a red letter more than half the faints in the Kalendar. His life was of apiece with his doctrine, altogether evangelical. Upon the article of a finner's justification before GOD, he frequently ufed this fimile: 44 As a ring, fet with a 44 precious ftorie, is efteemed, not for the quantity pf 44 gold which inclofes the Stone, but for the Stone itfelf; 44 fo Sinners are juftified by faith in and through the Son 44 of GOD, whom faith, as the ring does the jewel, 44 receives and apprehends." Luther often declared, that of all his writings none pleafed him, but his Catechifiri* and his treatife Defervo Arbitrio, Or Free-will:a Slave; and' Bugenhagius was fo much of that opinion* that ,he con sidered them as fome of the choiceft tracts upon the Chris tian religion, always carried them about in his pocket himfelf, and earnestly recommended them to others. His Works are: i. A Commentary onthePfalms, which Luther highly commended. 2. Annotations on the Epif tles to the Galatians, Ephefians,- ColoJJians, the firft and fecond Epiftles to the Theffalonians, the firft and fecond Epiftles. to Timothy, to Titus, Philemon, Hebrews. 3. An notations on Samuel and St. John. 4. The Hiftory of Chrifl, fuffering and glorified, being an Harmony of the Gofpels, with Notes. 4. Annotations upon Di&teronomy; and fome other tracts. MARLORATUS. THIS holy martyr arid excellent minifter of Chrifl was born in fhe dukedom of Lorrain, in the year 1506. His parents died when he Vas very young; and his relations, coveting his eflate, thruft him, at eight years of age, into a monaftry of Augufline friars; which, through Providence, proved the means of his obtaining a good education. He was very eager to learn the languages, and to improve in the ftudy of divinity, which he afterwards devoted to the fervice of the Proteftant church, of which he became an eminent ornament and fupport. After a time, perceiving that the idlenefs of monks was but ill calculated MARLORATUS. S3 .calculated to encourage the ardor with which he purfued his literary objects, he left the monaftry, and went and ftudied in France; and from thence removed to the uni verfity of Laufanne, in the canton of Bern, fituated upon the borders of the lake Lemon. Here it pleafed GOD to bring him to the knowledge of the truth; and here, by extraordinary diligence and application, he made a very great proficiency in learning and in the critical knowledge of the holy fcriptures. Entering into orders, he was chofeq to be paftor at Vivia: And from Vivia he was called to Rouen, in Normandy, where he gathered a large congregation, which he watched over and instructed with fo much labor and fidelity, and conducted himfelf on all pccafions with fo much wifdom, prudence and piety, that he baffled the oppofition and malice of his adverfaries. In the year 1561, he was prefent at the conference held ?t Pafiah, [or PoiJ/y] -between Beza and the cardinal of Lorrain, in which he diftinguifhed himfelf by his ability and zeal on the fide of the Proteftants againft the Papifts. The year following, the civil wars broke out in France, when the city of Rouen was befieged, and at laft taken by Storm. Montmorency, the conSlable of France, after much .abufe of Marloratus, caft him into ciofe prifon, and com ing to him the next day, with the duke of Guife, vehe mently aceufed him of having feduced the people. To which Marloratus anfwered immediately, 4' If they are 44 feduced, it is GOD who hath feduced them, and not 44 I ; for I have preached nothing to them but divine 44 truths." 4 Thou art a feditious perfon (replied the 4 conftable,) and the caufe of this great city's ruin.' '4 In 44 anSwer to that charge (hid Marloratus,) I appeal to all 44 that have heard me preach, both Papifts and Protef- 44 tants ; and Jet them fay, if they ever heard me meddle 44 with human politics, or matters of ftate : On the con- 44 trary, I have confined myfelf, according to my abir 44 lities, to my proper fphere as a minifter of that king? 44 dom which is not of this world, laboriously inStruct- 44 ing them out of GOD's word, and guiding them in. the 44 way to life everlafting." The'cqnftable rejoined, that he and his adherents had plotted together to make the prince pf Condi king, adrqiral Qoligm duke of Normandy, and Aar delot duke of Bretagne. To this tyarloratus anfwered, pro- feffing his own and the innocence pf thefe noble perfpnages.. But the conftable turning away in a great rage, blafphe- moufly cried out ; 4 We (hall See, in a few days, whether f thy GOD is able to deliver thee out of my hands, or not.' 1 'M 2 He 84 MARLORATUS. He was foon after indicted by Bigot, the king's advo cate, arid condemned for high treafon ; having been, as they faid, the author of thofe great affemblies which had caufed rebellion and civil wars. This' the Papifts have ever been fond of charging upon the Proteftants ; and it was one of their moft vehement accufations againft Luther. But true religion hath nothing to do with rebellion and civil wars, but to preach them down, and to pray againft them; for GOD is not the author of confufion , but of peace. The court, however, fentenced him to be drawn on a Sledge, and to be hanged on a gibbet before Notre-Dame church at Rouen, his head then to be cut off and fet upon a pole on the bridge of the city, and his goods and inhe ritance to be confifcated. Touched with the worth of the man, and the injuftice done him, fome of Marlora- tus's adverfaries wifhed to have faved him ; but their mo tion was over-ruled, and he, (with four other chief citi zens,) fuffered on the thirtieth of Oclober, in the year 1562, in the fifty-fixth year of his age. As he went to the place of execution, drawn on a Sledge, the conftable and his fon Monbrun, (who was foon after. Slain in the battle of Dreux,) behaved with great inde cency ; and one Villebon added a blow with a Slick to many reproachful fpeeches ; all which Marloratus bore with the greateft patience and meeknefs. Before he was turned off, he made an excellent fpeech, .as long, as he was permitted ; exhorting, Strengthening, and comforting his fellow-fufferers, who With himfelf, after glorifying GOD together in doing his will, now glorified him in fuffering it. While they were hanging one of the Sol diers Struck Marlaratus's legs acrofs with a fword. The providences which occurred to feveral of his perfecUtors, after, this event, were not a little extraordinary. The captain who apprehended him was murdered within three weeks after, by one of the foldiers in his own company : One of his judges died of a bloody-flux, which was fo violent as to baffle all the Skill of phyficians : Another, who was a counfellor, had no longer a paffage for his water but at his anus, and that with fuch a Slink, that none could bear to come near him to give him any aflift- ance : And Villebon, who had Struck him as he went to execution, being invited to dinner, foon after, by mar shal Vielle-Ville, who had come to Rouen upon public affairs ; the rharShal lamenting in difcourfe the prefent miSeries of the city, exhorted Villebon as the king's lieu tenant, to endeavot the reformation of Several abufes; thi? MUSCULUS. 85 this Villebon took fo ill, that he faid, 4 If any man dare 1 to tax me for not carrying myfelf as I ought in my "'place, I would tell him to his face, that he lyed.' Which he repeated fo often over and in fo provoking a manner, that the marfhal rofe up and ftruck him a blow with his fword, that would have cleft his head in two, if he had not warded it off with his hand ; which, however, ftruck off that hand, with which he had with equal mean- nefs and cruelty Struck the fuffering Marloratus. His Works, which are fubjoined, Shew how great a lofs the church at that time fuftained in the death of this learned and pious divine. I . Novi Teflamenti catholica expojitio ecclefiaflica : ex pro- Jratis theologh, quos Dominus ecclefia fua diver fis in locis de dit, excerpta, Gf diligenter concinnata : Sive, Bibliotheca ex- pofitionum Novi Teflamenti ; id efl, expojitio ex probatis theo- iogis collecia, & in unum corpus fingulari artificio conflata : ¦^ua inflar bibliotheca multis expofitoribus refertes effe pojfit. The fourth edition of this book was printed at Ge neva, 1585. Of this work, Dr. Willet fpeaks very high ly, and wifhes that fuch another expofition had appeared in his time upon the Old Teftament. Very happily for us of this land, we have 'now feveral upon both Testa ments, of which that of Mr. Matthew Henry is to be named among the firft. 2. An Expofition of the book of Genefis. 3. An Expofition of the book of Pfalms. 4. An Expofition of the Prophecy of Ifaiah, 5. Thefaurns totius canonias fcriptura, in locos communes, dogmatum, & pbrafi- itm, ordine alphabetico digeflum. This work was printed under the infpection of William Feuguerius of Rouen, afterwards profeffor of divinity at Leyden, to whom Mar loratus left it, not being quite finished at his deceafe. =S~o-S= WOLFGANGUS MUSCULUS. WOlfgangus Musculus was a celebrated German divine and Reformer, whofe life was chequered with many extraordinary particulars. He was the Ton of a cooper, and born ztDjeuze upon Lorrain, the" eighth of September s 1497. His father, feeing him inclined to books, fc6 _ M U S C U L U S, books, defignedhim for a fcholar; but not having where-, witlial to educate him in that way, Mufculus was obliged to provide for his own fubfiftence, which accordingly he ,did, by Singing from door to door. He left Dieuze and travelled into Alface, and after gping through feveral towns in that country, he came to Rapperfril, where a well-difpofed widow, obferving fomething in his coun-r tenance, as She thought, promising future greatnefs (in which She was not mistaken) fupported him in his attend ance on the fohopls there, till, he was one day taken no tice of by a gentleman, who very liberally maintained him during his Slay in that place. From Rqpperfr:d he went. to Selejladt, where, in the courfe pf his Studies, he ex celled in poetry, and obtained the approbation of his, teacher. At the age of fifteen, he purpofed to return home ; and in his way, calling upon his auqt at Weflreik, She took him with her to yefpers, in a convent of Benedictines, where Mufculus joined in Singing -with,, the chqrifters, and fo happily, that the prior, ftruck with his appearance and charmed with his voice, offered him the habit of the order gratis, (a favor never before conferred on any qne,) which he accepted ; and the prior, as long as he lived, treated Mufculus as his pwn fon. He cqntinued in this monaftry fifteen years, and applied himfelf to the Study of the arts and fciences with great applaufe, efpecially from Claudius Cantiuncula, a learned lawyer of thofe days. He alfo made great proficiency in mufick. And at the age of twenty, he devoted himfelf more immediately to the Study of divi nity, which a pious old monk obferving, ("aid, 4. If ypu 4 intend to become a good preacher, you muft endeavour 4 to be familiar with the Bible.' This hint Mufculus wifely improved, and gave himfelf up to reading of the fcriptures, with a view, in due time, when he Should be come a public preacher, of being a fcribe instructed in the kingdom of heaven, and, like a man that is an houf- holder, bringing forth out of his treafure things new and old. While he was thus exercifed, a friend took occa fion to fupply him with Luther's books, which by this time were difperfed in Germany, and which, while he read with great attention, comparing the doctrines with .the fcriptures, it pleafed GOD to blefs, as means to his converfion from popiSh darknefs to the light and belief of the pure doctrines of the gofpel. His wife and prudent converfation, accompanied with fteadinefs and .zeal, made fo Strong an impreffion upon many of his ' brother ivi u s c U l u sV 87 brother friars, that moft of the Benedictines of that con vent forfook the order : And being a preacher at the church Of Leixheimi under the jUrifdidtion of the monaftry, he was equally fuccefsful in preaching the gofpel to the various ranks of people. Among other noble men converted to the trUe faith, was Reinhardus, governor of the caftle at Lutzelflein-, and in great favor with the prince Palatine. In the mean time, he raifed himfelf many enemies, and found himfelf expofed to many difficulties and dangers ; upon which he made an open profeSfion of Liitheranifm. In 1527 he fled tO Strafburg, and the fame year married Margaret Barth, whom he had betrothed before he left the monaftry. As he had nothing to fubfift on, he fent his wife to fervice in a clergyman's family, and bound himfelf apprentice to a weaver, who difmiifed him in two months, for difputing too much with an Anabaptift minifter, that had lodgings in the houfe. He then refolved. to earn his bread, by working at the fortifications of Strajhurg; but the evening before he was to begin this drudgery, he was informed that the magiftrat.es had appointed him' to preach every Sunday, in the village of Dorlijheim. He did fo ; but lodged the reft of the week at Strajburg, with Martin Bucer, from whom he gained a livelihood, by tranfcribing : For Bucer wrote fo ill, that the printers could not read his hand ;, nay, he was often puzzled to read it himfelf. Some months after, he was obliged to refide at Dorlijheim, where he fuffered the rigors of poverty with great con stancy. His only moveable was the little bed he brought from the convent ; which however was occupied by his wife, who was ready to lye-in, while he lay on the ground upon a little Straw. He ferved the church of this village a whole. year, without receiving one farthing of Stipend, through the oppreffion of the abbey, who gathered the tithes and revenues of it, and muft have perifhed through want, if the magistrates of Strajburg had not affigned him a fumoutof the public treafury. He was called back to Strafburg, to have the function of minifter-deacon in the principal church conferred upon him : And after he had acquitted himfelf in this character for about two years, he was called to Augjburg, where he began to preach in 1531. Here he had terrible coriflicts to fuftain with the Papifts ; yet by degrees prevailed upon the magistrates to baniSh Popery entirely. In 1534, the fenate and people of Augj burg absolutely difcharged them from preaching in any part of the city, and left only eight places where they were allowed to fay mafs : And thefe eight places they aboliShed, with 88 MUSCULUS. with all their trumpery, in 1537. Mufculus ferved the church of Augjburg till 1548, when Charles V. having en tered the city, and re-eStabliShed the Papifts in the church of Notre-Dame, he found it neceffary for his own fafety to decamp. He retired to Switzerland, his wife and chiU dren following foon after; and was invited by the magif- trates of Bern, in 1549, to the profeflbrfhip of divinity. He chearfully accepted this invitation, and acquitted him felf in this capacity with all imaginable pains : And, tp Shew his gratitude to the city of Bern, he never would ac-, cept of any employment, though feveral were offered him elfewhere. He died, at Bern, the thirtieth of Augufl, 1563. He was employed in fome very important ecclefiaftical de putations : He was deputed by the fenate of Augjburg, in 1536, to the fynod which was to be held at Eyfnach, for the re-union of the Proteftants upon the doctrine, of the fupper: he was deputed to aflift at the conferences which were held between the Proteftant and Roman catholic divines, during the diet of Worms, and that of Rat.ijbon, in the years 1540 and 1 541 : He was one of the fecretaries of the conference at Ratijbon, between Melantlhon and Eccius, and drew up the acts of it : And he was fent to the. inhabitants of Donar iverf, who embraced the Reformation in 1544, to form them into a church, and to lay the foundations of the true faith among them. Mufculus was a man of great application and deep learn ing, and a confiderable mafter of the Greek and Hebrew languages, although he was at the leaft thirty-two years of age when he began to ftudy the latter,- and forty when he firft applied to the former. He published feveral bpoksj and began with translations from the. Greek into Latin. The firft work of this nature which he published was, The Comment of St. Chryfoftom upon St. Paul's epiftles to the Romans, Ephefians, Philippians, Colofiians, and Thef* falonians, printed at Bafil in 1536. He afterwards pub lished, in 1540, the fecond volume of the works of St. Bafil; and, after that, the Scholia of the fame father upon the Pfalms, feveral treatifes of St. AthanaJius and St. Cyril, the ecclefiaftical hiftory of Eufebius,- Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, Evagrius, and Polybius. - He alfo wrote Commentaries, 1. On Genefis. 2. The Pfalms. 3. Matthew. 4. John. 5. Romans.. 6. Corin thians. 7. Philippians. 8. ColoJJians. 9. Thejfalonians. 10. 1 Timothy. 11. His Common Places. 12. Upon the Commandments. 13. Of Oaths. 14. Of the German Wars. 15. Two Sermons preached at Worms 2 concerning .MUSCULUS. 89 44 concerning the 4t PopiSh Mafs." Printed at Witten- 44 berg." A little before his death, his biographer Melchior Adam fays, he compofed the following verfes, to which we have added a translation taken from the Memoir of the late Rev. Mr. Toplady, iri which it has been given. Nil f up ere/l vita, frigus pracordia captat : Sed iu, Christe, mihi vita perennis ades. §>uid trepidas, Anima ? adfedes abitura quietis, En tibi du5lor adefl Angelus ille tuus. Linque domum hanc miferam, nunc in fua fata ruentemt §)uam tibi fida Dei dexter a reflituet. Peccafli? fcio : fed Christus credent ibus in fe Peccaia expurgat fanguine cun£ia fuo. Horribilis mors ejl ? fateor : fed proximo vita eft, Ad quam te Christi gratia certa vocat. Praflo efl de Satand, peccato, et morte triumphans Christus : ad Hunc igitur lata alacrifque migra, c (VVri 4 My fainting Life is nearly gone; * My Frame is chill'd with dying Cold : 4 But Jesus, Thou, my better Life, 4 Canft neither ficken nor be old. 4 Why trembleft, then, my parting Soul ? 4 To Manfions of eternal Reft 4 That Angel waits to guide thy Way, 4 And blefs thee there among the Bleft. 4 Quit then, O quit, this wretched Houfe, 4 Nor, at its Ruin, once repine : God foon Shall build it up again, 4 And bid it with new Luftre Shine. 1 But, art thou all-defil'd with Sins ? 4 Fear not, my Soul, thou ne'er Shalt fall j 4 Believe his faithful Word, and know, 4 The Blood of Christ can cleanfe them all. 4 Can Death a thoufand Horrors Shew ? 4 True, Soul ; but what is Death to thee? * 4 Life is at hand, the promis'd Life, 4 And, like its Giver, fure and free. 4 Lo ! Christ, o'er Satan, Sin, and Death, >_ 4 Yonder in Triumph fits on high : 4 Fly, happy Soul, with eager Wings j 4 Away to Jesus fwiftly fly !' -Vol. II.' N JOHN ( 90 ) =2--*~ < JOHN BALE, BISHOP of OSSORY in IRELAND. JOHN BALE was born the twenty-firft of November, in the year 1495, at Cove, a fmall village in Suffolk, near Dunwich. His parents,' whofe names were Henry and Margaret, being in poor circumftances, and encumbered with a large family, by the advice of their then popiSh priefts, entered young Bale, at twelve years of age, in the convent of Cartnelites at Norwich; and from thence fent him to Jefus-College at Cambridge. He was educated in the Romijh religion, but became afterwards a Proteftant. I wandered, (fayshp,) in utter ignorance andblindnefs of mind both there [Norwich] and at Cambridge, having no tutor or patron; till, the word of GOD Shining forth, the churches began to return to the pure foun tains of true divinity. In which bright riling of the New Jerufalem, being not called by any monk or prieft, but feriouSTy Stirred up by the illuftrious the lord Went- worth, as by that centurion who declared Chrifl* to be the Son of GOD, I prefently faw and acknowledged my own deformity, and immediately, through the Di vine Goodnef?, I was removed from a barren mountain to the Howry and fertile valley of the gofpel, where I found all things built, not on the fand, but on a folid rock. Hence I made hafte to deface the mark of wicked antichrist, and entirely threw off his yoke from me, that I might be partaker of the lot and liberty of the fons of GOD. And that I might never more1 ferve fo execrable a beafl, I took to wife the faithful Dtrothy, in obedience to that divine command, Let him that cannot contain marry." This good woman was a great comfort to him in his future exiles and troubles, which not long afterwards were permitted to fall upon him. His conversion, and publicly preaching againft' the po piSh doctrines, however, greatly expofed him to the per secution of the Romijh clergy ; and he muft have felt their keeneft refentment, had he not been protected by the fa mous lord Cromwell, then in high favor with Hetir/Vlll. %. But B A' L E. 91* But upon the death of that nobleman, Bale, being preffed with the celebrated fix articles, (commonly called the whip with fix firings,) was forced to retire into the Low-countries^ where he refided feven or eight years; during "which time he wrote feveral pieces, chiefly againft the Romijh fuper- ftitions, in the Englijh language. ' He was recalled into England by K. Edward VI. and prefented to fhe living of Bijhopfloke, in the county of Southampton. While our Author lived retired at Bijhopfloke, about five miles from Southampton, (about which time he lived ^in great familia rity with the excellent bifhop Ponet of Winchefler,) the king went to Southampton, where Bale waited upon him. His majefty, who had been informed that he was dead, was furprized to fee him, and, the bifhopric of Ojfory in Ireland being then vacant, fummoned his privy-council, and appointed him, (Augufl 15th, 1552,) to that fee: Whereupon the lords prefent wrote the following letter to our Author. ' To our Very lovinge friende Dodtour Bale. After 4 our hartye commendacyons. For as much as the Kinges 4 Majeftie is minded in confideracyon of your learninge, e wyfdome, and other vertuoufe quqlityes, to beftowe 4 upon you the biShopricke of Oiforie in Irelande prefently 4 voyde, we have thought mete both to give you know- ' ledge thereof, and therewithal! to lete you underftande, 4 that his Majeftie wolde ye made your repayre hyther to 4 the courte as foon as conveniently ye may, to the end, 4 that if ye be inclined to embrace this charge, his high- 4 neffe may at your comynge give fuch ordre for the far- 4 ther proCedinge with you herin, as Shall be convenient. 4 And thus we bid you hartily farewell. From Southamp- 4 ton the 16th daye of Auguft 1552. Your lovinge 4 friendes, W. Winchejlre, J. Bedford, H. Suffolke, W. 4 Northampton, T. Darcy, T. Cheine, J. Gate, W. Cecill.' Our Author tells us, in his piece entitled, 44 The Vo- 44 cacyion of John Bale to the biShopricke of Offorie in 44 Irelande, &c." that he refufed this offer at firft, alledg- ing his poverty, age, and want of health ; but the king not admitting this excufe, Dr. Bale went to London about fix weeks after, where every thing relating to his election and confirmation were difpatched in a few days, without any manner of charge or expence. 0n the nineteenth of December, in the fame year, he fet out, with his books and other effects, and arrived at Briftol, where he waited twenty-Six days for a paffage to Ireland. On the twepty- firft of January, he embarked, with his wife and ©ne fer- 0 'N a, vant i§t B A L 1. vant, and in two days arrived at Water ford'; and frotfl thence went by land to Dublin. On the twenty-fifth of March following, he 'was confecrated at Dublin by the archbiShop of Dublin, affifted by the biShops of Kildare and Down ; and at the fame time Hugh Goodacre, a parti cular friend of our Author, wasconfecrated archbiSliopof Armagh. He underwent a variety of perfacutions from the popifh party in Ireland, while he ufed his utmoft en deavors, in preaching the gofpel of Jefus Chrifl iri its pu rity, to correct the leud practices and debaucheries of the priefts, to aboliSh the mafs, and to eftabliShthe ufe of trie new book of Common Prayer fet forth in England; but all his labors of this kind were put a Slop to by the death of K. Edward, and the acceffion of Q; Mary,, and- himfelf expofed fo much to the rage and fury of the Papifts, that his life was frequently endangered. Once in particular, they murdered five of his domeftics, who were making hay in a meadow near his houfe, and would probably have attempted the fame upon him, if the governor of Kilkenny, hearing of it, had not come to his defence with an hun dred horfemen and three hundred footmen. Nor ought it to be forgotten, that he expended the whole nearly of his epifcopal revenue in a£ts of piety and beneficence. ' Yet no liberality or goodnefs could Slop the rage of his popiSh adverfaries, who were implacably offended at his preach ing the doctrines of the gofpel, and at the fuccefs" which GOD was pleafed to give it. At length, the biShop receiving intimations, that the Romijh priefts were confpiring his death, he withdrew from his fee, and lay concealed in Dublin. Afterwards, en deavoring to make his efcape in a fmall tradlrig veffeLin that port, he was taken prifoner by the captain of a Dutch man pf war, who rifled him of all his money, apparel and effects. This Ship was drove by ftrefs of Weather into St. IvcsAn Cornwall, where our prelate Was taken up on fufpicion of treafon. The accufation was brought againft the biShop by one Waited an Irijhman, who was pilot of the Dutch Ship, in hope's of coming in for a Share of the bifhop's money, which was in the captain's hands. When our Author was brought to his examination before one of the bailiffs of the town, he defired the bailiff to afk Waker, how long he had known him, and what 'treafon he, [the bifhop,] had committed. Walter replied, he had never heard of, nor feen hlfn, till he was brought into thatfhip. Then faid the bailiff, What treafon have you known by this honeit gentleman? For I promiSa. you he looks like BALE. 93 like an honeft Man-.: Marry, faid Walter, he would have fled into Scotland. (The veffel in which the, biShop em barked in the port pf Dublin was bound for Scotland.) Why, faid the bailiff, know you any impediment, why he fhould not have gone into Scotland? If it be treafon for a man, having bufinefs in Scotland, to go thither, it is more than I knew before. Walter was fo confounded by what the bailiff faid, that; he had nothing to reply. In the in terim, the captain and purfer coming in depofed in favor of the biShop, affuring the bailiff that he was a very honeSt man, and that Walter L was a vile fellow, and deferved no credit.- For the captain, our Author obferves, was afraid left the money he had ftripped him of Should be taken out Of his hands. The bifhop being difefoarged, they failed from thence, and after a paffage of feveral days, the Ship arrived in Dover Road, where the poor bifhop was again put, in dan ger by a falfe accufation. One Martin, a Frenchman by birth, but an Englijh pirate, perfuaded the Dutch captain and his crew, that our Author had been the principal in-» ftrument in putting down the mafs in England, and in keeping the biShop of Winchefler, Dr. Gardiner, fo long in the tower ; and that he had poifoned the king. With ' this information, the captain and purfer went afhore, car rying with them our Author's epifcopal feal, and two let ters fent him from Conrad Gejner, and Alexander Alefius, with commendations from Pelican, Pomeranus, P. Me-, lanclhan, Joachimus, Camer arius, Matthias Flaccius, and other learned mfen, who were defirous to inform themfelves in the doctrines and antiquities of the Englijh church. They had likewife taken from him the letter from the council, concerning his appointment to the bifhopric of OJfory, Thefe things aggravated the charge againft him. For the epifcopal feal was conftrued to be a counterfeiting of the king's feal, the two letters were heretical, and the coun cil's letter a confpiracy againft the queen. When the captain returned to the Ship, it was proppied to carry the biShop to London ; but at length they refolved to fend the purfer and one more, with a meffage to the council in yelation to the affair. However, this refolution was drop- ped, upon our Author's Strong remonftrances to the cap tain, and his agreement to pay fifty pounds for his ran- fom, on his arrival in Holland. He was carried into Zealand, and lodged in the houfe ef one of the four owners of the Ship, who treated the feiShop with great, civility ajfid kindaefs. He had but j twenty- 94- B A L E. twenty-fix days allowed him for raifing the money agreed Upon for his ranfom, and could not obtain the liberty of going abroad to find out his friends. In the mean time he was threatened to be thrown into the common gaol, fometimes to be brought before the magistrates, fometimes to be left to the examination of the clergy, at other times to be fent to London, or elfe to be delivered to the queen's ambaffador at BruJJels. At laft his kind hoft interpofed in his behalf, and defired the captain to confider, how far he""had exceeded the limits of his commiffion* in mifufing1 a fubject of England, with which nation they were not at War. This produced the defired effect, and the captain was perfuaded to take only thirty pounds for the biShop's ranfom, as he Should be able to pay it, and fo to difcharge him. From Holland he retired to Bafil in Switzerland, where he continued during the reign of Q_. Mary. On the acceffion of Q. Elizabeth, he returned to Eng land, but not to his bifhopric in Ireland, contenting him felf with a prebend of Canterbury, to which he was pro moted the fifteenth of January, 1560, and in which city he died in November, 1563, being then in the Sixty-eighth year of his age, and was buried in the cathedral of that place. This prelate is author of a celebrated Work, contain ing the lives of the moft eminent writers of Great Britain^ written in Latin. When it firft made its appearance, it Was entitled Summarium illuflrium Majoris Brytannia, \to. Wefel, 1549. It was addreffed to K. Edward.Vl. and contained only five centuries of writers. He afterwards added four more, and made feveral additions and correc tions throughout the whole work. The title of the book thus enlarged, is as follows, Scriptorum illuflrium Majorit Brytannia, quam nunc Angliam & Scotiam vacant, Catalo- gus, a Japheto per 3618 annos ufque ad annum hunc Domini 1557, ex Berafo, Gennadio, Bedd, Honorio, Baflone Burienfif Frumentario, Capgravo, Boflio, Burello, Trijja, Trithemio; Gefnero, Joanne Lelando, atque aliis authoribus coll?£ius;. et ix. centurias, continens, &c. &c. Bafil, apud Joannem Opc-> rinum. This title at full length is an exceeding good analyfis of the Author's defign in this work. It informs us, that the writers, whofe lives are there treated of, are thofe of the Greater Britain, namely, England and Scot-* land; that the work commences from Japhet, one of the fons of Noah, and is carried down,- through- a feries of 3618 years, to the year of our Lord 1557 ,-at which time the Author was an exile for religion in Germany, that it is B A L E. 9S Is collected from a great variety of authors, as Berofuh, Gennadius, Bede, Honorius, Boflon of Bury, Frumentariusy Capgrave, Boflius, Butfllus, Trithemius, Gefner, and our antiquarian John Leland; that it confifts of nine centu ries, comprizing the antiquity, origin, annals, places, fucceffes, the more remarkable actions, fayings and writ ings of each author; in all which a due regard is had to chronology : The whole with this particular view, 4 That 4 the actions of the reprobate as well as the elect minif- * texs of the church may historically and aptly correfpond 4 with the myfterjes defcribed in the Revelation, the 4 Stars, angels, horfes, trumpets, thunderings, heads, 4 horns, mountains, vials, and plagues, through every 4 age of the fame church.' There are appendixes to many of the articles; alfo an account of fuch actions of the contemporary popes a9 are omitted by their flatterers, Car- fulanus, Platina, and the like ; together with the actions of the monks, particularly thofe of the Mendicant order, who (he fuppofes) are meant by the locufls in the Revela tion, chap. ix. ver. 3 & 7. To thefe appendixes is added a perpetual fucceffion both of the holy fathers and the an tichrists of the church, with curious instances from the hiftories of various nations and countries ; in order to ex- pofe their adulteries, debaucheries, Strifes, feditions, fects, deceits, poifonings, murders,' treafons, and innumerable impoftures. The book is dedicated to Otho Henry, prince" Palatine of the Rhine, duke of both the Bavarias, and elector of the Roman empire ; and the epiftle dedicatory is dated from Bafil in September,!^. In February, 1559, came out a new edition of this work, with the addition of five more centuries, making in all fourteen ; to which is prefixed an account of the writers before the deluge and the birth of Chrifl, with a defcription of England from Paulas Jovius, George Lilly, John Leland, Andrew Altha- merus, and others. This volume is dedicated to count Zhradin, and Dr. Paul Scalichius of Lika. The following is a catalogue of his other Works, as given by Mr. Fuller. The titles are not given, only the fubjects on which he wrote, briefly expreSfed ; for as our Author's pieces are very fcarce, it was impoffible tofupply all the titles. Thofe he compiled whilft he was yet a Pa- pill are, 44 1. A Bundle of Things worth knowing. 2. The Writers from Elias. 3. The Writers from Berthold. 4. Additions to Trithemius. 5. German Collections. 6, French Collections. 7. Englijh Collections. 8. Di vers 96 BALE. vers Writings of divers learned Men. 9. Catalogue of Generals. 10. The Spiritual War. ' n- The Caftle of Peace. 1*2. Sermons for. Children. 13. To the Sy nod at Hull. 14. An Anfwer to certain Queftions. 15. Addition to Palaonydorus. 16.' The Hiftory of Patron age. 17. The Story of Simon the Englijhmah.- 18; The Story of Francis Senenfis. 19. The Story of hro- eard. 20." A Commentary on Mantuan's Preface to his Fafli. The following he wrote after he had renounced Popery, firft in Latin: 1. The Heliades of the Englijh. 2. Notes on the three Tomes of Walden. 3. On the Bundle of Tares. 4. On Polydare de Rerum Invent!-. enibus. 5. On Textor's Officio. 6. On Capgrave's Ca talogue. 7. On Barnes's Lives of the Popes. 8. The Acts of the Popes of Rome. 9. A Translation of Thorpe's Examination. Secondly,- in Englijh metre, and feve ral forts of verfe : 1. The Life of John Baptifl. 2. Of John Baptijl's Preaching. 3- Of Chrifl's Temptation, 4. Two Comedies of Chrifl'i i "Baptifm and Temptations. 5. A Comedy of Chrifl at twelve Years Old. 6. A Comedy of the Raifing of Lazarus. 7. A Comedy of the High Prieft's Council. 8. A Comedy of Simon the Leper. 9. A Comedy of the' Lord's Supper, and the Waffling of the Difciples Feet. 10. Two Comedies (or rather Tragedies) of Chrifl's Paffion. n. Two Co medies of Chrifl's Burial and Refurrettion.- 12. A Poem of God's Promifes. 13. Againft thofe that per vert God's Word. 14. Of the corruptirig of God's Laws. 15. Againft Carpers and Traducers. 16. A Defence of K. John. 17. Of K. Henry's two Mar riages'. 18. Of PopiSh Sects. 19. Of PopiSh Treach eries. 20. Of Thomas Beckefs Impoftures. 21. The Image of Love. 22. Pammachius's Tragedies, tranf lated into Englijh. 23. Christian Sonnets. The fol lowing in Englijh Profe : 1. A Commentary on St. John's Apocalypfe. 2. A Locupletation of the Appca- •lypfe. 3. Wickliffe's War with the Papifts. 4. Sir John Oldcaflle's Trials. 5. An Apology for Barnes. 6. A Defence of Gray again Smith. 7. John Lambert's Confeffion. 8. Anne AJkew's Martyrdom. 9. Of Lu ther's Deeeafe. 10. The BiShop's Aleoran. 11. The Man of Sin. 12. The Myftery of Iniquity. 13.' Againft. Antichrifts, or falfe ChriSts. 14. Againft Baal?s- Priefts, or Baalamites. 15. Againft the Clergy's Single Life. 16. A Difpatch of PopiSh Vows and Priefthopd. 17. The Acts of EngliSh Votaries in two Parts. 18. Of1 He retics F A R E L. 97 retics indeed, tq. Againft the PopiSh Mafs. 20. The Drunkard's Mafs. 21. Againft PopiSh Perfuafions. 22. Againft Standijh the Impoftor. 23. Againft Bonner's Articles. 24. Certain Dialogues. 25. To Elizabeth the King's Daughter. 26. Againft cuflomary Swearing. 27. On Mantuan of Death. 28. A Week before God. 29. Of his Calling to a Bifhoprick. 30. Of Leland's Journal, or an Abridgement of ' Leland, with Additions. 31. A Translation of Sebald Heyden's Apology ag-ainft Salve Regina. 32. A Translation of Gardiner's Oration of true Obedience, and Bonner's Epiftle before it, with a Preface to it, Notes on it, and an Epilogue to the Reader.1' Gejner, in his Bibliotheca, calls bifhop Bale, vir dili- gentijfimus, 4 a writer of the firft diligence;' arid biShop Godwin, in his treatife of the ConVerfion of the Britons to Chriflianity, gives him the character of a laborious en quirer into the Britijh antiquities. The reverend Laurence Humphrey, in his Vaticinium de Roma, has this diftich on our Author: ' Plurima Lutherus patefecit, Platina multay Ightadam Vergerius, cunEla Balasus habet. That is, Luther and Platina difcovered many things, [viz. the errors and frauds of the Papifts] and Vergerius fome ; but Bale detected them all. Valentine Henry Vogler, (in his IntroduEl. Univerfal. in notit. Scriptor. c. 22.) 4 thinks 4 it will be lefs matter of wonder, that Bale inveighs 4 with fo much afperity againft the power of the pope, 4 when it is confidered, that England was more grievoufly 4 oppreffed, by the tyranny of the holy fee, than any 4 other kingdom.' — And adds, * that notwithstanding our ' Author had rendered himfelf fo odious to the Papifts, ' yet his very enemies could not help praifing his Cata- 4 logue of Englifh Writers.' WILLIAM FAREL. THERE are diverfities of gifts (fays the apoftle), but it is the fame Spirit: And this Spirit divideth to every man feverally as he will. GOD ufeth all forts of means Vol. H. O for 98 FAREL. forthe accomplishment of his work, to Shew us, that all ¦ means are in his hand : And he fuffers many perfons to come within the- found and compafs of them, who are not in the leaft affected by them, to demonftrate, that not all the means in the world can have any efficacy, with out the concurrence of his divine power. He ufes fome times foft and lenient methods, and fometimes cutting and fevere. To fome fouls he bleffes the gentle perfua- Sives and comforts of a Barnabas; while to others he fuc- ceeds the. vehemence and thunder of a Boanerges, to awaken them from their fins, and to drive them from ruin. Of this latter kind was William Farel, the fubjedt of the prefent article. This learned minifter of the Protef tant church, and moft intrepid Reformer, was the fon of a- gentleman of Dauphiny in France, and was born at Gap, in the year 1489. He ftudied philofophy and the Greek and Hebrew tongues at Paris with great fuccefs, and was for fome time a teacher in the college of cardinal Le Maine. Briconnet bifhop of Meaux, who being inclined to the Re formed religion, invited him to preach in his diocefe in the year 1521; but the perfecution, raifed there againft thofe that were Styled heretics, in the year 1523, obliged him to feek his Security out of France, fie retired to' Strajburg, where Bucer and Capita readily admitted him as a brother; and he was afterwards received as fuch by Zuin- glius at Zurich, by Haller at Berne, and by Oecolampadius at Bafd*. As he was thought a very proper man for the purpofe, he was advifed to undertake the Reformation of religion at Montbellecard, in which defign he was fupported by the duke of Wittenberg, who was lord of that place ;- and he fucceeded in it moft happily. He was a man of the moft lively zeal, which however he tempered a little,' according to Oecolampadius' s advice. A remarkable in-' Stance of this warmth is recorded of him, which however * At Bafil, in 15 14, farel propofed feveral thefes for public difpu- tations, among which were the following : " That Chrifl hath piefciibed for us a perfect rule of life. " That the commands of Chriji are to be obeyed; among which it " is ordained, that they, who have not the gift of continence, fhould " marry. " That long and wordy prayers are dangerous, and contrary to the " precept of Chriji. ". That he, who believes that he Shall befaved and justified by, " his own righteoufnefs and Strength, makes himfelf God. " That fuch Sacrifices, as the Holy Gholt prescribes, are to be 0 offered to God. alone." we FAREL. 99 we do not pretend to juftify. Once on a proceSfiori-day, he pulled out of the prieSt's hand the image of St. An thony, and threw it from a bridge into the river: It is a wonder he was not torn to pieces by the mob. Erafmus did by no means like Farel's temper, as appears from what he wrote of him to the official of Berancon. 4 You have, 4 (fays he,) in your neighbourhood the new eyangelift 4 Farel; than whom I never faw a man more falfe, more 4 virulent, more feditious.' He has given a frightful cha racter of him elfewhere, and even defcende.d to the mean- nefs of giving him a nickname. But he thought Faril had abufed him in fome of his writings, and therefore, is not to be altogether believed in every thing he fays of him. Farel was blunt; but Erafmus could trim and walk in fo fine a line between error and truth, that it required a con siderable Share of penetration to difcern' fometimes to which he belonged. In the year 1528, he had the fame fuccefs in promot ing the Reformation in the city of Aigle, and foon after in the bailiwick of Marat. He went afterwards to Neuf- chatel, in the year 1529, and difputed againft the Roman catholic party with fo much power, that this city em braced the Reformed religion, and eftabliShed it entirely on the fourth of November, 1530. He was fent a deputy! to the fynod of Waldenfes, held in the valley of Angrogne. Hence he went to Geneva, where he ,and Viret labored againft Popery : But the grand vicar, and the other clergy refilled him with fo much fury, that he was obliged to v retire. He was called back in the year 1534, by the in habitants, who had then renounced the Roman catholic religion : And he was the chief perfon that procured the perfect abolition of Popery in the next year. Added to this, he was the great means of fixing Calvin at Geneva, where neither of them met with that gratitude and affec tion which they both deferved ; for, In the year 1538, he was banifhed with his great friend Calvin from Geneva, and retired to Bafil, and afterwards to Neufchatel, where there was great probability of a large evangelical harveft. From thence he went to Metz, but had a thoufand difficulties to Struggle with, and at length was obliged to retire into the abbey of Gorze, where the count of Furflemberg protected him and the new converts'. ,B.ut they could not continue there long; for they were prefently befieged in the abbey, arid obliged at laft to fur- render, upon a capitulation. Farel very happily efcaped, though Strict- fearch was made after him-, having been put O 2 > in ioo FAREL, in a cart among the Sick and infirm. He took upon him his former functions of a minifter at Neufchatel, whence he took now and then a journey to Geneva. He went to Geneva in the year 1564, to take his laft leave of Calvin, who was dangeroufly ill. He took a fecond journey to Metz in the year 1565, being invited by his antient flock, to come and fee the fruits of the feed, which he had fown in their hearts. He returned to Neufchatel, and died there the thirteenth of September in the fame year, and in the feventy-fixth of his age, having furvived his good friend Calvin not more, (fay fome,) than eleven months, but, according to Melchior Adam, one year, three months, and fourteen days. He married at the age of fixty-nine, and left a fon, who was then but one year old, and who furvived him but three years. Though he was far better qualified to preach than to write books, yet he was the author of fome few pieces. The difficulties this minifter underwent in promoting the Reformation, and the courage he Shewed in furmounting them all, are almoft incredible. He was to be bent 'by no difficulties, affrighted by no threats, and overcome by no malice, that men or devils could give him. Yet with all this invincible courage, he was not only remarkable for his piety, learning and innocency of 'life, but the moll exemplary and unaffuming modefty. He had an extraordinary prefence of mind, great ardor and force of expreffion, infomuch that, fays Melchior Adam, 4 ho feemed rather to thunder, than to Speak/ And he poffeffed fuch a wonderful gift of prayer, that he not only appeared wrapt up himfelf with the life of hea ven, but lifted up the hearts of his audience thither. He was often Surrounded with drawn fwords : Bells were rung to prevent his being heard ; but in vain : They could neither interrupt nor terrify the preacher. And when they haled him before the magistrates, and it was inquired of him, ' by whofe command and defire he pre- 4 fumed tp preach;' he anfwered, with his ufual intre pidity, ~^_y the command of Qhr\{\, and the defire of his mem bers, and then went to defend himfelf in a manner, they could anfwer in no better form than by perfecution. His marriage was thought very Strange, and out of feafon, by his friends : But he was not at a lofs for arguments, to make them approve of it. He married, as it is faid, for the fake of an help-mate in his old age: He married to Shew, that a ftate of celibacy is neither meritorious nor fatisfactory, as they of the RomiSh church aSfert : And i he ^&crmSa^£}mzwv?Lg . tyi/rrie zZ^fe-e/^urfi/ e>f- — U COVERDALE. tos he married to prove, that the grace of a perpetual conti- nency is neither given to all, nor for ever. He published only fome difputations, which he had held at Bafil and Bern; being, as we obferved before, much more considerable as a Preacher than a Writer. =B-«-d= MILES COVERDALE, BISHOP of EXETER. THIS pious Reformer was born in Yorhjhire, in the reign of Henry VIII. and bsing educated in the Romijh religion, became an Augufline monk. He took his doctor's degree at Tubingen in Germany, and was admitted ad eundem at Cambridge. By GOD's grace embracing the Reformation, he entered into holy orders ; and, as Bale tells us, he was one of the firft, who, upon the de livery of the church of England from the fee of Rome, to gether with Dr. Robert Barnes, taught the purity of the gofpel, and dedicated himfelf wholly to the Service of the Reformed religion. He aififted Tindale and Rogers in the Englijh verfion of the Bible,, published in the years 1532 and 1537, wnich he afterwards revifed and corrected for another edition in a larger volume, with notes, which was printed in or about the year 1540. Dr. Coverdale fucceeded Dr. John Harman, alias Voyfey, in the fee of Exeter,' Augufl the fourteenth, in the year 15.51, being promoted propter " fingularem facrarum literarum doElrinam, marefque probatijfimos; i. e. 4 on accpunt of his extraor- 4 dinary knowledge in divinity, and his unblemished cha- ' racter.' The patent for conferring this bifhopric on him, though a married man, is dated Augufl 14th, 1551, at Weftminfler. Upon the acceffion of Q. Mary to the throne, bifhop Coverdale was ejected from his fee, and thrown into prifon; out of which he was releafed at the earneft requeft of the king of Denmark, and, as a very great favor, permitted to go into banifhment. In his con finement, he was one of thofe who figned the famous con feffion of faith, which we have given our Readers in the firft volume, under the article of Ferrar. Upon this ejec tion, Harman was reinstated. Soon after Q. Elizabeth's acceffion loa COVERDALE. acceffion to the throne, he returned from his exile, but refufed to be reftored to his biShopric, and paffed the re mainder of his time in a private manner. He died May 20, 1567, in a good old age, viz. at the age of eighty- one, at London, and lyes buried in the church of St. Bar tholomew by the Exchange, attended to his grave by vaft crouds of people. He was a celebrated preacher, juftly admired, and Very much followed. He was Author of feveral Tracts. He wrote, i."The Chriften Rule or State of all the Worlde from the higheft to the loweft: and how every Man Shulde lyve to pleafe God in his callynge. 2. The Chrifb-n State of Matry- monye, wherein Hufbandes and Wyfes maye lerne to keepe Houfe together with Loue. The original of holy Wedloke : when, where, how, and of whom it was insti tuted and ordeyned : what it is : how it oughte to proc- cade : what be the occafions, frute, and commodities thereof: contrary wyfe how fhamefull and horrible a thinge Whoredome and Aduoutry [Adultery] is: how one ought alfo to chofe hym a mete and convenient Spoufe to keep and increace the mutual Loue, Trouth and Dewtye of Wedloke : and how maried Folkes Shulde bring up rheyer Chyldren iri the Feare of God. 3. A Chriften Exhortation to customable Swearers. What a ryghteand lawfull Othe is : whan, and before whome it oughte to be. 4. The Maner of fayenge Grace, or gy vyng Thankes to God, after the Doctrine of Holy Scrypture. 5. The old Fayth: an evident Probacion out of the Holy Scryp ture, that the Chriften Fayth (which is the ryghte, true, olde, and undoubted Fayth) hath endured. fens the begin- nyng of the Worlde. Herein haft thou alfo a Snort fumme of the-whole Byble, and a Probacion, that al ver- • tuous Men have pleafed God, and wer faved through the Chriften Fayth. Thefe pieces are printed together in a fmall duodecimo, and a black letter, in the year 1547. 6. A faythfull and true Prognostication upon the year M.CCCC.xIix. and parpetualy after to the Worldes Ende, gathered out of the Prophecies~and Scryptures of God, by the Experience and Practice of hys Workes, very comfortable for all Chriften Hertes ; divided into Seven Chapters. 7. A fpirituall Almanacke, wherein «very Chriften Man and Women may fee what they oughte daylye to do, or leaue undone. Not after the Doctrine of the Papiftes, not after the Lernynge of Ptolomy', or other Heythen Aftronomers, but out of the very true arid wholfome Doctryne of God Our Almyghty heavenly Fa ther, i^nnn,awCfrt&e>na^}f£&ee?^/ C O V E R D AL E. 103? ther, Shewed unto us in his holy Worde by his Prophets, Apoftels, hut fpecyally by his dere Sonne Jefus Chrifl: and is to be kept not only this newe Yeare, but conty- nualy unto the Daye of the Lorde's comyng agayne. Thefe two were printed in a thin duodecimo, and a black letter, at London 'by Richard Kele, dwellyngeat the longe Shoppein the Poultry under Saynt Myldred's church, cum privelegio ad imprimendvm folum. ,. .#«/ <4 any communion rniniftered unto the people under one 44 kind. 3. Or that the people had their commpn-prayef 44 in a Strange tongue that the people understood not. 4. f4 Or that the bifhop of Rome was then called an univerfal 44 biShop, or the head pf the univerfal church- 5. Or 44 that the people were then taught to believe that Chrift's 44 body is really, fubftantially, corporally, carnally, or 44 naturally, in the facrament. 6. Or that his body is or 44 rnay be in a thoufand places or more at one time. 7. *' Or that the prieft did then hold up the facrament over QY '4 his iifi J E W E L, 44 his head. 8. Or that the people did then fall down 44 and worShip it with godly honour. 9. Or that the 44 facrament was then, or now ought to be, hanged up 44 under a canopy. 10. Or that in the facrament after 44 the words of confecration, there remained only the ac- 44 cidents and Shews, without the fubftance of bread and 44 wine. 11. Or, that then the priefts divided the facra- 44 ment in three parts, and afterwards received himfelf 44 alone. 12. Or that whofoever had faid the facrament 44 is a figure, a pledge, a token, or a remembrance of 44 ChriSt's body, had therefore been adjudged for an he- 44 retic. 13. Or that it was lawful then to have thirty, 44 twenty, fifteen, ten, or five maffes faid in the fame 44 church in one day. 14. Or that images were then fet 44 up in the churches, to the intent the people might wor- 44 Ship them. 15. Or that the lay^people were then for- 44 bidden to read the word of GOD in their own tongue, 44 16. Or that it was then lawful for the prieft to pro- 44 nounce the words of confecration clofely, or in private 44 to himfelf. 17. Or that the prieft had then authority 44 to offer up Chrift unto his Father. 18. Or to com^ 44 municate and receive the facrament for another-,^ as they 44 do. 19. Or to apply the virtue of ChriSt's death and 44 paffion to any man by the means of the mafs. 20. Or 44 that it was then thought a found doctrine to teach the 44 people, that mafs, ex opere operato, (that is, upon ac- 44 count of the work wrought,) is able to remove any 44 part of our fin. 21. Or that any Christian man called 44 the facrament of the Lord, his GOD. 22. Or that 44 the people, were then taught to believe, that the body 44 of Chrift remaineth in the facrament, as long as the 44 accidents of bread and wine remain there without cor- 44 ruption. 23. Or that a moufe, or any other worm or 44 beaft, may eat the body of Chrift, (for fo fome of our 44 adverfaries have faid and taught). 24. Or that when 44 Chrift faid, hoe efl corpus meum, the word hoc. pointed 44 not to the bread, but to an individuum vagum, as fome 44 of them fay. 25. Or that the accidents, or forms, or 44 Shews of bread and wine be the facraments of ChriSt's 44 body and blood, and not rather the very bread and 44 wine itfelf.* 26. Or that the facrament is a fign or 44 token of the body of Chrift, that'lieth hidden under- 44 neath it. 27. Or that ignorance is the mother and 44 caufe of true devotion. The conclufion is, that I Shall *' then be content to yield and fubfcribe," Thia J E W E 14 xiy This challenge, being thus published in fo great an au, ditory, ftartled the Englijh Papifts both at home and abroad, but none more than fuch of our fugitives as had retired to Lovain, Doway, or St, Omers, in the Low? country Provinces, belonging to the king of Spain. The bufinefs was firft agitated by the exchange of friendly letr ters betwixt the faid reverend prelate and Dr. Henry Cole, the late dean of St. Paul's; more violently followed in a book of Raflal's, who firft appeared in the lifts againft the challenger, followed herein by Dorman and Marjhal, who feverally took up the cudgels to as little purpofe; the firft being well beaten by Nowel, and the laft by Calfhill, in their Difcourfes writ againft them; but they were only velitations, or preparatory Skirmishes in reference to the main encounter, which was referved for the reverend challenger himfelf, and Dr. John Harding, ant of the divines of Lovain, and the moft learned of the college. The combatants were born in the fame county, bred up in the fame grammar-fohool, and ftudied in the fame uni verfity : Both zealous Proteftants in the time of K. Ed* ward, and both relapfed to Popery in the time of Q. Mary\ Jewel for fear, and Harding iipOn hope of favpr arid pre ferment. But Jewel's fall may be compared to that of St. Peter, which was Short and fudden, rifing again by his repentance, and fortified more Strongly iri his faith than before he was : But Harding's like to that of the Other Simon, premeditated and refolyed on, never to be reftored again (fo much was there within him of the gall of bitternefs) to his former Standing. But fome former differences had been between them in the church of Salifi, hury, of which the one was prebendary, and the other biShop, occafioned by the biShop's yifitation of that cathe dral ; in which as Harding had the worft, fo was it a pre-* fage of a fecond foil which he was to have in this encounter. Who had the better of the day, will eafily appear to any that confults the writings, by which it will be feen how much the biShop was too hard for him at all manner of weapons. Whofe learned anfwers, as well in maintenance of his challenge, as in defence of his apology, contain in them fuch a magazine of all forts of learning, that all our controyerfors fince that time have furnifhed themfelves with arguments and authority from it. When Qj Mary died, Paul IV. was pope, to whom Q. Elizabeth fent an account of her coming to the crown, which was delivered by Sir Edward Karn, her filler's refl uent at Rome ; to which the angry gentleman replied, That 2, ' England **» J'E*W-EL. England was held in fee of the apoftolic fee, that She could not fucceed being illegitimate; nor could he contradict the declarations made in that matter by his pradeceffors Clement VII. and Paul III. He faid it was a great bold- nefs in her, to affume the crown without his confent; fo^ which in reafon She deferyed no favor at his hands j yet if She would renounce .her pretenfions, and refer herfelf Wholly to him, he would Shew a fatherly affection to her^ and do every thing for her that could confift with the dig nity of the apoftolic fee. Which anfwer being haftily and paffionately made, was as little regarded by the queen* But he dying foon after, Pius IV. an abler man, fucceeded j and he was for gaining the queen.tby arts and kindn'efs; to which end be fent Vincent Parapalia, abbot of St. San viours, with courteous letters to her, dated May 5, 1560, with order to make large proffers to her under hand; but the queen had rejected the pope's authority by act of par liament, and would have nothing to do with Parapaliaf nor would She fuffer him to come into England,. In the interim, the Pope had refolved to renew the council at Trent i and in the next year fent abbot Martiningo his nuncio to the queen, to invite her and her biShops to the council, and he accordingly came-to Bruxells, and from thence font over for 'leave to come into- England j But though France and Spain interceded for his admiffion, yet the queen Stood firm, and at the fame time rejected a motion from the emperor Ferdinand, to return to the old religion as he called it. Yet after all thefe denials given to fo many and fuch potent princes, one Scipio, a gentle man of Venice, who formerly had had fome acquaintance with biShop Jewel when he was a Student in Padua, and had heard of Martiningo's ill fuccefs in this negociation, would needs fpend fome eloquence in laboring to obtain that point by his private letters, which the nuncio could not gain as a public minifter; and to that end he writes his letters of Expostulation to biShop Jewel his old friend^ preferred not long before to the fee of Salijbury. Which letter did not long remain unanfwered ; that learned pre late was not fo unftudied in the nature of councils, as not to know how little of a general council could be found at Trent : And therefore he returned an anfwer to the proposition, fo elegantly penned, and fo elaborately digefted, that neither Scipio himfelf nor any other of that party durft reply to him. This was written forae time after the apology was printed in England, '-'.' III j E W E L. fro; Iii the year 1562, bifhop Jewel pat out the Apology &f the Church of England^ in Latin ; which though writ ten by him, was published by the queen's authority, and with the advice of forne of the biShops* as the public cofi- feffion of the Cathblick arid Christian faith of the church Of England, &a arid to give an account of the reafofts of our departure from the fee of Rome, and as an anfwer to' thofe calumnies that Were then raifed againft the Englijh" thurch and nation, for not fubmitting to the pretended general council of Trent then fitting. So that it is not to be efteemed as the private work of a Single bifhop, but ast & public declaration of that church whole name it bears.! • This apology being published during the very time of flie laft meeting of the council of- Trent, was read there*? and -Serioufly confidered, and great threats made that it Should be anfwered ; and accordingly two learned biShops* One a Spaniard and the other an Italian^ undertook that taSk, but neither of them did any thing' in it. But in the mean time the book fpread into all the' Countries in Europe, and was much applauded in Fran ed) Flanders, Germdiiy, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Denmark^ Sweden, and Scotland; and found at leaft a pafl'age inf.© Italy, Naples, and Rome itfelf ; and was foon after tranf-j' lated into the German, Italian, French, Spanijh, Dutch, and at'laft into the Greek tongue; in fo great efteem this book; was abroad : And at home it was tranflated into Englijh try the lady Bacon, wife to Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper pf the great feal of England. -¦ It very well deferves the character Mr. Humfrey has given of it, whofe words are thefe. 4 It is fo drawn, 4 that the firft part of it is an illustration* and as it were 4 a paraphrafe of the twelve articles of the Christian * faith (or creed) ; the fecond is a Short and fol id confuta tion .of whatever is objected againft the church ; if the 4 order be confidered* nothing can be better distributed % 4 if the perfpicuity, nothing can be fuller of light; if the 4 Style* nothing more terfe ; if the words, nothing more yfplendid; if the arguments, nothing Stronger.' ' The good biShop was moft encouraged to publifh this apology by Peter Martyr (as appears by Martyr's letter Of the twenty-fourth -of Augufl) with whom he had fpent the greateft part of his time in exile. But Martyr only lived to fee the book which he fo much longed for, dying St Zurick, on the twelfth day of November following, after he had paid his thanks for, and expreffed his value of th« piece in a letter which is fubjoined. * s In iati JEWEL. In the year 15(34, Mr. Harding put out a pretende3 an swer to biShop Jewel's famous challenge at Paul's Croft) mentioned above, to which, in the year following, the biShop rnade a very learned reply, the epiftle before which bears date at London the twenty-feventh of Oilober of that year. The fame year the univerfity of Oxford gave him (though abfent) the degree of doctor of divinity; and certainly he well deferved to have that extraordinary re- fpect and honor Shewn him, who was fo eminently em ployed then in the fervice and defence of the church. He had no fooner brought this to a conclusion, but Harding was again upon him, and put out an Antapology, or anfwer to his Apology forthe Church of England. A defence of which the biShop forthwith began, which he finished, as appears by his epiftle to Mr. Harding at the end of it, the twenty-feventh of Odober^ 1567. The next year after, Mr. Harding put out another piece* which he entitled, A Detection of fundry foul Errors* &c. which was a cavilling reply to fome paffages in his defence of the Apology ; which not feeming to deferve an anfwer by itfelf; he anfwered rather by a preface to a ¦new impreffion of his former defence, which he finished the eleventh of December, 1569, and dedicated his works to the queen ; 'Harding having told the world, that She was offended with biShop Jewel for thus troubling the world. The fame year pope Pius IV. having published a bull of excommunication and deprivation againft the queen; biShop Jewel undertook the defence of his fovereign, and wrote a learned examination and confutation of that bull; which was published by John Garbrand, an intimate ac quaintance of his, together with a Short treatife of the holy fcriptures ; both which, as he informs us* were de livered by the bifhop in his cathedral church, in the year 1570. Befides thefe he wrote feveral other large pieces ; as* I. A Paraphraftical Interpretation of the Epiftles and Gofpels throughout the whole Year. 2. Diverfe Trea- tifes of the Sacraments and Exhortations to the Readers. 3. Expofitions of the Lord's-Prayer, the Creed, and ten Commandments. And alfo, 4. An Expofition upon the Epiftle to the Galatians ; the firft of St. Peter, and both the Epiftles to the Thefifalonians ; which I fuppofe were his fermons: For he was of opinion that it was a better way of teaching, to go through with a book, than to take here and there a text j and that it gav« the people a more clear and Jewel. / 121 jfthd laftlng knowledge. For a fample of his Style and dpctrine, See the note below*. '' \ In the beginning of the next year, viz. April 5, ijyr, was a parliament, and confequently a convocation, w%ea fome who aimed at the Reformation of the church upon the model of Geneva, to theexelufion of epifcopacy: in the government of it, having alarmed the church by their ©ppofitions to the eftabliShed religion, it was thought fit to obviate their attempts ; arid thereupon command was given by the archbilhop, That all fuch of the lower houfe of convocation, who had not formerly fubfcribed unto the articles of religion agreed upon in the year 1562, Should fubfcribe them now; or on their abfolute refufal, or delay, be expelled the houfe : This oecafipned a ge neral and perfonal fubfcription of thofe articles. And it was alfo farther ordered, that the book of articles fo apv proved, fhould be put into print, by the appointment of * The extraft is taken from his Expofition of the Epiftles, to the IheJJaloniafis, p. 143, i^.. Lond. \h\\. — "GOD hath chofen you " from the beginning. . His ejection is fure for ever. The Lord " knoweth who are his«- You Shall not be deceived with the power " and fubtilty of antichriil. You Shall riot fail from grace. You "¦ Shall not perish. This is the comfort which abideth with the faith- " ful, when they behold the fall of the wicked; when they fee them W forfake the truth and delight in fables; whsm they fee them return " to their vomit, and wallow again in the mire. When we fee thefe " things, in others, we mull fay, alas! they are examples for me, and '* lamentable examples. Let him that ilandeth take heed that he fall '* not. But God hath loved me, and hath chofen me, to falvation. " His mercy Shall go before me, and his mercy (hall follow in me. If His mercy Shall guide my feet, and'ftay me from falling. If I Stay ?' by myfelf, I ftay by nothing ; I mull needs come to ground. *t lie hath loved me; he hath chofen me; he will keep me. Neither " the example nor the company of others, nor the enticing of the . f devil, nor my own fenfual imaginations, nor fword, nor fire, is able 'f to feparate me from the love of God which is in Chrill Jefus our " Lord. Th>s 's the comfort pf the faithful. — Whatfoever falleth " upon others, though others fall and perifh, although they forfake "'Chrift and follow after antichrift, yetGod hath loved^oK and given 'f his Son for you. He hath chofen you, and prepared you unto fal- " vation, and hath written your names in the book of life. But how 1? may we kttmu that God hath chojen us ? liowmay vie fee this Elec- " TION? or how. may v/efeel it?' The apoftle faith, through fan^i- ** fication, and the faith of truth. Thefe are tokens of God's eleSioA. '* — This [viz. the Holy Spirit] comforteth us in all temptations; and •' beareth witnefs with our fpirit that we be the children of God j that '¦f God hath chofen us ; and doth love us, and hath prepared us to t' falvation; that we are the heirs of his glory ; that God will keep " us as the apple of his eye; that lie. will dsfend us; and' we Shall f* not periSh. '•' Vof.. II, R tlw Ml \ T~ F/4 Vfr E L; this year alfo, that he had his conference, and preached his laft fermon at Paul's Crofe, about the ceremonies %nd ftate of thechurch. But I can^ not fix the preoife. time of either of them, or give any further account with whom that- cojiference was. Being naturally of a fpare and thin body,, and thus leftlefly: wearing it out with reading, -writing, preaching, and travelling* he haftened his death, which happened; before he was full-fifty years of age ; of which he hadja ftrdng pra&fentiment a confiderahle time before it happened, gnd. wrote of it to feveral, of his, friends, but; woiild by nq means he- perfuaded to abate, any thing of his! former ejf,-\ ceflive labors, faying, " A biShop fhould die preaching;" having thefe words impreffed upon his mind, Happy art thou, my fervant, if, when I come, I find thee fo diing. Though he ever governed* his diocefe with great dili gence, yet perceiving his death approaching, he-began- a pew and more feyere visitation' of it ;r correcting the vices of the clergy and laity more Sharply; enjoining them' in fome places, talks of holy tracts to be learned by heart, conferring orders more carefully, and preaching oftener. Having promifed to preach at Lacock in Wiltjhire, a gentleman Who met him going thither, obferving him to \ e very ill by his looks, advifed him t& return home, affurr ing him it was better the people fhould want one fermon, than to be altogether- deprived of fuch a preacher. But he would not be perfuadeid, but went thither and preached his laft fermon out of the fifth to the Galatians, Walk in the Spirit., &c. which he did not finifh without great labog and difficulty. In the beginning of his ficknefs he made his will, and gave moft of his eftate to his Servants, to Scholars, and to the poor of Samm, The Saturday following,, having called all- his houShold about him,, he expounded the Lord's-prayer-, when- he faid:— " It hath always, been my *' defire, that I might glorify God, and honour his name, *' by facrificing my life for the defence of his truth : But " though God hath not granted, my defire, yet I rejoice, *' that my body is. exhausted and worn away in the la- *' bours of my holy calling, And now, that my hour is «« at hand, J" earneftly defire you fo pray for me, and to «' help me with the ardency of your affections, when you, *' perceive me, through the infirmity of 'the Siefh, to «' 'languish in my prayers, hitherto I have taught ypu5 «' but JT E W E L. iaj *< but now the time is corne in which I may and defiri *' to be taught and Strengthened by every one of you." He then defired them to fing the feventy-firft Pfalm, and fung with them as well as he could; fometimes in- terpofing fome Words of particular application to himSelf; and in the end he faid, — " Lord, now let thy fervant de- " part in peace. Break off all delays. Lord, receive " my fpirit, &c." Then one Standing by prayed with tears, that if the Lord pleafed, he Would reftore him to his former health : Jewel hearing him, feemed. to be offended, and faid,—" I have riot lived fo, that I am " alhamed to live longer ; neither do I fear to die, be- " caufe we have a merciful Lord. A crown of righ- " teoufnefs is laid up for rne. Chrift is my righteoufnefs. " Father, let thy will be done : Thy will I fay, and not '* mine, which is imperfect and depraved. This day, *' quickly, let me See the LoRb Jesus." He died on Saturday the twenty-firft of Sep'temier,.j^i, aged 'fifty, at Monhetonfarly, when he had been a biShop almoft twelve years; arid was buried almoft in the middle of the choir of his cathedral Church, and Mgidius Law rence preached his funeral fermon. He was extremely bewailed by all men ; arid a great number of Latin* Greek, and Hebrew verfes were made On this occafion by learned men, which are collected and printed by Mr. Lawrence Humfrey, regius profeffor of divinity at Oxford^ in the end of his life written in Latin by the order of that uhiverfity; nor has his name been Since mentioned byany mail, withorit fuch eulogies and commendations as befitted fo great, fo good, fo learned and laborious a prelate. Having thus brought him to his grave, (fays his honor able biographer) permit me to collect Some particular things which could not fo well be inferred into the hiftory of his life, without breaking the thread of it. He had naturally a very Strong memory, which he had greatly improved by art, fo that he could exactly re peat whatever he wrote after once reading. While the bell was ringing, he committed to his memory a repeti tion fermon, and pronounced it without hesitation. He was a conftant preacher; and, in his own fermons, his courfe was to write down only the heads, and meditatfc upon the reft, while the bell was ringing to church. Yet fo firm was his memory, that he ufed to fay, if he We're to deliver a premeditated fpeech before a thoufahd audi* ¦tors, Shouting or fightirig all the while, they%ould npt R*2 put M4 j E" W E L. put him out. -Mr. jtJumfrey gives feveral' ¦ examples of this, but I will inftarice in two only; John Hooper, biShop of Gkueefler, who was burnt in the reign of Q. Mary, once to try him,- wrote about forty Weljh and trijh words,; Mr. Jewel going a little while afide, and recolledtinlg them in his memory, and, reading them twice or thrice over, faid them by heart backward and forward exactly in the fame order they were fet down. And another time he did the fame by ten lines of Erafmus 's, paraphrafe in Eng lijh, the words of which being read fometimes confufedly without order, and at other times in order by the lord keeper Bacon, Mr. Jewel thinking a while on them, pre- fently repeated them again backward, and forward* in their right order and in the wrong,, juft as they wfere read to him ; and he taught his tutor Mr,t Parkhurfl the fame »rt. Though his memory were fo great and fo improved^ yet he would not entirely rely upon it, but entered down into common-place books, whatever he thought be might afterwards have occafion to ufej which, as the author of his life informs us, were many in number, and great in quafttityj being a vaft treafure of learning, and a rich repofkory of knowledge, into which he bad collected facred, profane, poetic, philofophic, and divine notes of all forts;- and all thefe he had again reduced into a fmall piece or two* which were a kind of general indexes^ which he made ufe of at all times when he was to fpeak or write any thing ;, which were drawn, up in characters for brevity, and thereby fo obfoured,- that they were not of any ufe, after his death, to any. other perfon. And befides thefe, he ever kept diaries, in which he entered whatever he had heard or faw that was remarkable, which once a year he perufed, and out of them extracted what-* ever was moft remarkable. ' _., And from hence it came to pafs, that whereas Mr. Harding in that great confcrpverfy they had,- abounded only, in words, bifhop Jewel overwhelmed him with a cloud of \yitneffes and citations out of the antient father's, councils, and church historians ;- confirming every thing with Sj» freat a number of incontestable authorities, that Mr* larding durft never after pretend to a fecond perfect and full anfwer, but contented himfelf with fnar-ling at fome' fmallpieces: The truth is, all the following controverfies were in this point beholding to the indefatigable induftry ©f this great Leader* 2 Yet j E W E- U %*£ - Yet he was fo careful in the ufe of his own cohimprtJ -place books* that when he was to write his defence of the Apology, and his Reply, he would not truft entirely to his own excerpts or tranfcriptions* but haying firft care fully read* Mr. Harding's hooks, arid marked what hG thought deferved ari arifw.er, he in the next place drew up the heads of his intended anfwer, and refolved what au-" thorities he would make ufe of upon each head, and then by the directions .of his commpn-place book, read and marked all thofe paffages he had oceaSion to make ufe of* and delivered them to fome fcholars to be tranfcribed, under their proper Beads, that he might have them together un- ' ¦der his eye, when he came to write ; which care and dili gence of his fpeaks at once both his induftry* fidelity^ and modefty, in that he would not truft his oWn tranr fcripts, and is a juft reprehenfion of the falfhood of thofe who knowingly make falfe citations, and of the fupine iiegljgence of thofe who take them up upon truft from other men* and ufe them Without any examination ; by which means great mistakes are made, and controverfies Spring up to the disturbance of the world. The truth is, a man ought to reexamine his own thoughts ; for what tnay feem very pertinent at a firft reading to any purpofe, may prove otherwife upon fecond thoughts, and a ciofe obfervation of what goes before, or follows after in the author ; and few men are fo exact in their firft extracts, but through hafte, inadvertence or miftake, they may more or lefs err and be deceived ; not to, fay that a man's intention of mind is much exalted by the fixing it upon orie particular object, and the expectation of a conviction from his adverfary, in cafe he make the leaft miftake. This account of our venerable biShop was given by Mr. John Garbrand, who was intimately acquainted with him, in an epiftle dedicatory before fome of his fermons, printed in octavo, in the year 1583. He was an excellent Grecian, and not unacquainted with the, Italian tongue; and as to the Latin, he wrote and fpoke it with that elegance, politenefs, purity, and fluency, that it might very well betaken for his mother tongue : And certainly he took the right courfe to be mafT ter of it, having made himfelf in his youth perfectly maf ter of Horace, (upon whom he wrote a large commentary) Tully, and Erafmusi all whofe voluminous and excellent Works he read over, excerpted and imitated every day, efpecially during his continuance at Oxford.; and he was then wont alfo to declaim extempore to himfelf in Latin in m6 JEWEL. fn the woods and groves as he walked. He Was excel lently read in all the Greek poets, orators, 2nd hiftoriahs, efpecially in the ecclefiaftical hiftorians, and, above all other, loved Gregory Naziartxen, and quoted him oft, all Occasion's. His learning "was much improved by his exile, in which, befides his converfation with Peter Martyr and the Other learned men at Strafburg and Zurick, and his fociety with! Mr. Sands, afterwards archbiShop of York, who was his bedfellow almoft all the time they were in exile, his cu- iriofity led him over the Alps into Italy, and he Studied • fome time . in Padua, and by the acquaintance he con tracted with Seignior Scipio, a great man, feems to have been very much efteemed there. He was of a pleafant humour, extreamly civil and obliging to all ; but withal of great gravity, and of fo fevere a probity and virtue^, that he extorted from his bittereft enemies a confeffion, that he lived the life of an angel ; and though he were lame, yet till his being a bi fhop, he travelled for the molt part a-foot, both at home and beyond the feas ; he was contented in every condi tion, and endeavored to make all others fo, by telling them when he Was in^exile, that neither would their ca lamity laft an age, neither was it reafon they fhould bear Sio Share of the crofs of Chrift, when their brethren iii England fared fo much worfe. ' He was fo extremely grateful to all that had done hint good, that when he could not exprefs his gratitude to Mr. Bowin his fchoolmafter, he paid it to his name, and did good to all that were fo called for his fake, though they were not related to that good man. He was a moft laborious preacher, always travelling about his diocefe, and preaching wherever he camej wherein he labored to fpeak to the apprehenfions of the people, hating all light gingling difcourfes and phrafes, as 'beneath the dignity of that facred place ; yet he was careful here too in the choice of his words, and endea vored to move the affections of his auditory by pathetic and zealous applications, avoiding all high-flown expref- fions, and ufing a grave and fedate, rathe? than fweet way of fpeaking to them. He was a man of great moderation, and expreffed. k great fenfe of the frailties of mankind, as appears by his letter to Dr. Parkhurfl when biShop of Norwich, " Let " your chancellor, (faith he,) be harder, but you edfier; *' let him wound, but do you healj let him lance, do « ypu | E W EL. \iy, ,c ypu plaifter;, wif® clemency will dp more good fshart " rigid feverity; one man may move more with ajri en- " gine, than fix with the force of their, hands." And* accordingly he would often fit in his own confiftory with, his chancellor, hearing, considering, and fometimes de-; termining cayfes concerning matrimony, adultery, and teftame.nts, Sec. not thinking it fafe to commit all to the Sole care and fidelity of his chancellor and officers. But though as a juftice of peace he often fat, in the courts of quarter- feSlions, yet here he. very rarely interpofed, except his judgeiment were defired concerning fome fcruples of religion, or fome other fuch like difficulty. ; So exact; was his cajre,, nqt.to entangle himfelf with fecular affairs ; ^nd yet not tso be wantiug to his duty in- any cafe. Though he came to a biShopric miferably impoverished, and wafted, yet he found means to exercife a prodigious liberality and hpfpitajity. For the firft-, his great expence; in the building a fair library for his cathedral church,. may be an. inftah,ce, which his fucceffor Dr. Gheafl fur.-. jj.yhed with, books, whofe name is perpetuated, tdgethen with the memory of his predeceffor by this infcription :, Jfac Bibliotheca »xtrucJa efl fumptibus, R. P. ac D. D+ JQHANNIS JEWELLI, quondam Sarum Epffcopi^ inflrucla v#ro libris a R, in Chriflo P. D. Edmundo Gheafl, dim, ejufdem. Ecclefia Epifcopo, quorum mev^oria in Benedic- t}.dne.erit. A. D. 1578, -> £ * His doors flood always open to the poor, and he would frequently Send his charitable reliefs to prifoners, nor did he confine" his bounty to Englijh men only, but was libe-* ral tp foreigners, arid, efpecially to thofe of Zurich, and the friend's of Peter Martyr. But. perceiving the great; want of learned men in. his tjmes, his greateft care, was to have eyer with him in. his> h.pufe half a "dozen or more poor lads which he brought up in learning ; and took much delight to hear them dis pute points, pf grammar-learning in Latin at his table, when he was at his meal, improving them, and pleafing ftynfelf at. the fame time. Arid befides thefe, he maintained in the univerfity, feveral young Students, allowing them yearly penfions j, aj}d whenever they pame to yifit him, rarely difmiffed ^jerpu without liberal gratuities, Amongft thefe was. the famous Mr. Rifhqrd Hooker his countryman, whofe. pa* relets being poor, muft have been, bound apprentice to 9. trade, but for the,. bounty of this good biShop, who allow** $4 his parents. * yearly pertfipp, towards h'S maintenance well ?2» J E" w e l; ,f well near feven years before he was fit for the uhrverfity^ ^nd in the year 1567, appointed him to remove to Oxford^ .and there to attend Dr. Cole, then prefident of Corpus Chrifli-college, who, according to his promife to the biShop, provided him a tutor, and a clerk's place in that college; which with a contribution from bis uncle Mr. John Hooker, an'd the continued penfion of his patron the"biT ftiop, gave him a comfortable fubfiftence; and in the laS| year of the biShop's life, Mr, Hooker making this his p&- £ron a vifit at his palace, the good biShop, made him, and a companion he had with him, dine at his Own table with him, which Mr.- Hooker bpafted of with much joy and gratitude, when he' faw his mother and friends, whither he was then travelling on foot.' The bifhop when he parted' with him? gave him good counfel and his bleffing, but forgot to give hjm money, which wheri the bifhop be-r thought himfelf of, he fent a Servant to Call him back again, and. then told him, f I fent for you, Richard, to *' lend your a horfe which hath carried me many a mile, " ar;d I thank GOD W'tn much eafe." And prefently dejiyered intp his hand a walking-Staff, with' which he prpfeffed he had travelled' many parts pf Germany ; and then went on, and Said, " Richard, I do not give but *( lend you rriy horfe ; be Sure you be honeft and bring " my horfe back tQ me at your return this way to Ox- *t fiord; and I do now give yoij^ten 'grpats to bear 'ypuV| *' charges to Exeter; and here are ten groats more which* " I charge you to deliver to your mother, and tell her, I *.* fend her a biShop's bleffing with it,' and beg the "conlfc* " nuance of her prayers for me. And if you bring my " horfe back to me,. I will give you ten more to carry ** you on foot to the college ; and fo GfJD blefs you, " good Richard", It was not long after this, before this good bifhop died, hut before his death he had fo effectually fecpmmended Mr. Hooker to Edwin Sandys, then bifhop of London, and afterwards archbiShop of York, that about a year after he put his fon under the tutelage pf Mr. Hooker^ and was otherwife. f called all his fervan^s about him, examined how they had fpent their time that day, com mended fome, and reproved others, as occafion feryed, and Jthenclofed the day with prayers, as he began it: The time of his publick morning prayers feems to have been eight.' After this, he commonly went to his ftudy again, and from thence to bed, his fervant reading fome part of an author to him, to coirjpofe his mind, and then committing himfelf to his^GOD and Saviour, he betook himfelf to his reft* He was extremely careful of the revenues of the church, notjsaring whom he offended to preferve it from impover ishing in an age, when the greateft men, finding the queen not over liberal to her courtiers and fervants, too often paid themfelves out of the church patrimony, for the fer- yices they had done the crown, till they ruined fome bi- ihopricks intirely, and left others fo very poor, that they are fcarce able to maintain a prelate. There is one inftance of this mentioned by all that have written our biShop's life ; a courtier, (who was a lay-man), having obtained a prebend in the church of Salijbury, and intending to let it to another lay-perfon for his beft advantage, acquainted biShop Jewel with the conditions Vox., II. S between *3<> JEWEL., between them ; and fome, lawyers opinion abcgj,r. them.' To whic^ the biShop replied ; " What your lawyers may " anfwec^I know not; but for my part, to my power, I " will take care that my church Shall fuftain no lofs whilft " I live." What was the event of this* none of them havfc told us. . , • '* Nor was he careful of his own church only, but of the whole Englijh church, as. appears by his fermon upo%, Pfalm lxix. g.. The zeal of fhine houfe hath eaten me up^ Which he preached before1 the queen and court, as ap pears by it in feveral addreffes to herein the body of that fermon. In it he hath this obferva^on. " In other coun- " tries the receiving of the gofpel hath always bee,n tie *' caufe. that, learning was more fet by ; arid learning hath " ever been the furtherance Of the gofpel. Y&England, I " know not how it cometh' otherwife to pafs, for firicc '*' the gofpel hath been received, the maintenance for *« learning hath been decayed ; and the lack of learning " will be the decay of the gofpel." Arid a little after he tells us, " Thofe that fhould^be fofters of learning, and *' increafe the livings, had no zeal. ''What faid I, in- ," creafe? Na'y, the living^ arid provisions which hereto- " fore given to this ufe are, (faith/ he) taken away." And a little after, " Whereas another labourers and ar- " tificers have their hire increafea double, as much as it *' was wont to be ; only the poor man that laboureth and^ *' fweateth in the vineyard of the Lord of hofts*- hath his| <( hire abridged and abated^." And he applies himfelf to wards the conclusion thus to the great men. - " Youfn- " riched them which mocked,.' and blindedy arid devoured " you ; fpoil not, them«-now that feed, arid inftruct, and* " comfort you." His Writings which have rendered his riame famous over all the Christian world, are as follow : i.- Exhortatio ad Oxonienfes. The fubftance printed in Humfrefs ljfeof him, p. 35, and feq.; edit. 1573, 410. ; 2. Exhortdw'ili collegia CC. five concio in fundatoris Foxi commemorationlm-,- printed ibid. p. 45, 46, &c. 3. Concio in Hemplo B. M.- Virginis, Oxon. 1550, preached for his degree of Bv D. it is reprinted in Humfrey, ibid. p. 49. and' again in1 Englijh by R. at London, 1586, 8vo. 4. Oratio in aula collegii CC. vHis fqrewel Speech on his Expulfion in 1554, printed by Humfrey, ibid. p. 74, &c. 5. A Short tract, DeUfura, ibid. p. 217, &c. 6. Epiflola ad Scipio- nem, Patritium Venetum, &c. 1559, and reprinted in the Appendix to father Paul's Hiftory of the Council of Trent, in Englijh, by Brent, third edit. 1629, folio. 7. A Letter to v n WE L, 13f to. Henry Bollinger tJ&& Zurick, concerning the State of ^Religion ia^nglana^dLted^May 22, 1559, Pg||ted in the, Appendix to Strype's Annals, No. xx. 8._AnoWer Letter to the fame, dated Feb, 8, 1556, concerning his contro- verfy with Hardynge, ibid. No. 36, 37. 9. Letters be tween him and Dr. Henry Cole, £sV. London, 1560, 8vo, ip, A Sefmon preached at St, Paul's Crofs, the fecond Swnday be|ore Eafler, an, I56.§, London, 1560, 8vo. Dr. *Gole wrote" feveral letters to; him on this Subject. 11. A Reply to Mr. Hardynge' s^wwer, &c. Lmdon, 1566. fol. and again in Latin,' by. Will. Whitaker, fellow of Trinity^ 0hge, Cambrmge. at? Geneva, 1578, 4tov (fee his Life, pereafter]^ And fpjain in 1585, in folio, wj|n our Author's Apologia EMtlejia: Anglicana. 1 2. Apologia Wcclefia Angli- cana, Ljumbn, 15M, 8yo. it was feveral tjimes printed in EnglandWtid iSbfoad, and a Greek translation of it was printed at Oxford, 1614, Svo.. The Englijh translation by the lady Bacon, wife to Sir Nicholas Bacon, intituled, An Apology or Anfjgr in Defence of the Church of Eng land, fycLondoy^sfa, 4T.0. This apology was approv ed by the queen, and fet forth with the confent of the bi Shops. 1 ^13. A Defence of the Apology, &c. Lfindon% 1564, 1567, folio, again in Latin by Thomas Braddock, fellow °f Chrifl' s-college, Cambridge, at Geneva, 1600, folio. This was ordered by <*). Elizabeth, K. James, ^and K. Charles, and fqm- fucceifive archbiShops, to be > read and chained up in all parifh churches throughout England and Wales. 14. An Anfwer to a Book written bf Mr. .Hqrdyjige J intituled, A Detection of fundry foul Errors; &c. London, 1568 and 1570, folio. 15. A View of a feditious Bull, fent ipto England from Pius,*V. &c, London ,1582, 8vo. 16. A Treat3! fe pf the Holy Scrips tures, ibid. 8vo. 17. Expofition on the two Epiftles to the Theffalonians, ibid. 1694, %v0' l%' A TreatiSe of the SaCraments, &c. ibid. 1583. 19. CJertain Sermons preach ed before the Queen's Majefty, at Paul's Crofs, and elfe- where. All thefe books, (except/the firft eight,) with (he Sermons qnd Apology, were printed, at;, London in 1609, in one vol. folio,, witht an AbrtrVct; of qux Author's Life by Dan. Featly, hut full of faults, as Mr. Wood, fays* 30. An Anfwer to certain frivolous Objections againft the Government of the Church of England, London, 1641, 4to, afingle Sheet. 21. Many Letters in the Collection of Records in Part iii. of Bifhop Burners Hiftory of the Reformation.1 S % A Letter kp J E W E L: ^ A Letter written to the Reverend Father in God Dr. John JeWel, Lord Bifhop ofSalifbury, by Dr. Peter Martyr- " c BY the favour of the bfUtop of London, (moft wor thy prelate and my very good lord,) there was brought me one of your Apologies for the Church of England'; which neither I nor any others hereabouts„.hefore had feen : It is true in your laft letter you rather intimate^., that it might come out, than fignified that it Should; but however it came not hither till about the middle of July. And from hence your 'lordShip mayconfider how much we fuSfer from the diftance of places. It hath. not only given me an entire fatisfadtion, who approve and am Strangely pleafed with all you do ;",but to Bul- linger and his fons, and fons in law : And itfeems fo very wife, admirable and elegant to Gtcalter^krid Wol-. phius, that they Can put no endjto their commendations of it, as not thinking there hath" been any thing printed in thefe times of fo great a perfection, I do infinitely congratulate this great felicity of y8$Tr parts, this ex cellent edification of the church, and the honour "you have done your country; and I do moft earnestly be- feech you to go- on in, the fame way ; for though'we have a good caufe* yet the defenders of it are few in comparifon of its enemies ; and they now feem faawak7 ened, that they have of late won much upon the igno rant multitude, by the goodnefs of their Style, and the fubtilty of their fophiftry. I fpeak, this of Staphylut and Hofius, and fome other writers of that party, who are now the Stout champions of the papal errors. But now you have, by this your moft elegant and learned Apology, raifed fuch an hope in the minds of all good and learned men, that they generally promife them-, felves, that whilft you live, the Reformed religion ihall never want an advocate againft its enemies, ^nd truly I am exireamly glad, that I am fo happy as to live to fee that day which made you the father of fo illuftrious and eloquent a production. " May the GOD of hea ven of his goodnefs grant that you may be bleffed in, time with many more fuch.' Zurick, Aug.' 3.4, 1562, . J. O H N ' ( JJ3 ) a}*»»g5S . .. , , t ,^f JOHN KNOX; ?m SCOTCH REFORMER, *0 SCOTLAND had the honor of producing this great and errimlnt luminary; who became the principal in strument, in GOD's hand, of effecting the Reforma tion in that kingdom, at a time when papal darknefs, Ignorance, andjfifcerftition, had involved the whole na tion in Shades or deeper than Egyptian night. He was defcended of an antient and honorable family ; and was born in the year||5£5, at Giffard, near Hadington, in the county of Eaty-Lommn^ in Scotland. He received the firft part of his education in the grammar* fchool of Hqding- ton, and from thence was removed to the univerfity of Sr. Andrew's, 'mid placedunder the tuition of the celebrated Mr, John.M-air. He applied with uncommon diligence to the academical learning in vogue at that time; and, by the natural Sharpnefs of his wit, having made a very great progrefs in thefe Studies in a Short fpace, he ob tained the degree of mafter of arts when very young. As the bent of his inclination led him ftrongly to the church, he turned the courfe of "his Studies early that way, and, by the advantage of his tutor's instructions, foon became ¦remarkable for his knowledge, in fcholaftic theology ; in* fomuch, that he obtained prieft's orders before the time ufually allowed by the canons ; and, from being an. auditor of his tutor,'^ instructions, he began himfelf to teach, with great applaufe, his beloved fcience to others. But after fome time, upon a careful perufal of the fathers of the church, and particularly the writings of St. Jerom and St. Auflin, his tafte was entirely altered. He quitted the fubtilizing method of theories and the fchoolmen, «nd applied himfelf to a plainer and more Simple divinity. At 534 K N' ° x- At his entrance upon this new courfe of ftudy, he at^ fended the preaching of t^fhomas Guilliam, a black-friar, whofe fermons were Of* extraordinary fervice to„.. him. This friar, who was provincial of his order, was bbirn at Athtlfton-ford, in Eqft Lothian': -'And in this year, vizs 1543, he was chaplain to the earl of Arran, then gover-i nor of Scotland, and who favored the Reformation. Sirk James Balfour fays, he tranflated the New Teftament, and publicly preached againft thepopjf's authority; and that; he was winked at by the regqntj .ajid fupported by the noblemen that had returned lately from England, Which ferves to explam what Buchanan fays concerning himy that ' be was a preacher ofJOjurid judgement arid healthfomfl^ ' doctrine;' as alfo of Malderxv^d, who obferves^' that he was ' the firft from whom* Mr, Knox receivedanytafte of f the truth.' Accordingly, Mr. Knox hinpelf remarks, in his hiftory of the Reformation, that;, "the* provincial ** was learnedand found ,w§f a good utterance, but wit^ " a great vehemence againft fuperftifion." The nejafc year, 1544, Mr. George, Wijhart, fo mtfch celebrated m- thB hiftory of this time*, coming from England, with the commissioners fent from K. Henry VIII". our Author being of an inquiSitive nature, learned from him, the following year, the principles of the Trofxftants ; wi$t Which he was fo pleafed, that he reriounced the Ramijk religion, and became a zealous PjMeftant. j4* He had left St, Andrew's a little'pefore, being appointed tutor to the fons of the lairds of OWkiflon arm Langnidry, who were both favorers of the Reformation. Mr. Knox's ordinary refidence was at Langnidry, where he nqt. only instructed his pupils in the feveral parts of learning, but Was particularly careful tq, inftil into them the principles of piety and the Proteftant religion. This coming to the. ear of the biShop of St. Andrew's, that prelate profecuted, him. with fuch feverity, that he Was frequently obliged to abfcond, and fly from place to 'place. Whereupon^ being wearied with fuch continual dangers, he reislved to retire to Germany, where the, Reformation was gaining ground ; knowing that in England, though the pope's authority was fupprefl'ed, yet the greater part of his doc trine remained in full vigor. But this defign being much difliked by the fathers 'of both bis pupils, they, byitheir importunity, prevailed with him'to, go to St. Andrew's. * For a particular account of this very famous aiid fu^cefsful prSachcr of the goSpel, fes his life in Vol, I. p. 13^5. about -K tf D & *# fehottt Elffier, 1547,; and for his own fzfely, as well as that of their children, to betake himfelf to the caftle;, Where they might all be $ecure from the efforts of the Paptfts, and he be in a condition to inftruct thefe young gentlemen with greater advantage. Heire he began fc» teach his pupils in his ufual manner. Befides the gram mar and the claffiCal aiithoiKj, he read a catechiffn to> them, which hapbliged them\o give an account of pub±- licly in the parifh chujfeh^of St. Andrew's.. He likewife • ¦continued to read to raem the gofpel of St. John, pro^ ceeding where he left, off at his departure from Langnidry. This lecjjjjre he read at a certain hour* ' in the chapel Within the caftle, at Which' Several of the pjace were pre fent. Am3rig thefe, Mr. Henry Balnaveis, and Johti Rough, preacher there, King pleafed with his doctrines, (for they were zealous for the new^thzt is, the Reformed J (religion), wi§an earneftly to intreat him to take the ^feacher's place ; but hfe abfplutely refufed, aliedging^ ",that he would not run Wnere GOD had not cadled st him," meaning, that he would dp nothing without si lawful vocation. Hereupori, they deliberating the matter in a conjultation with Sir David Lindfay of the Mounts lyon kiflj at arms* a perfon of great probity and learn ing, it was concluded t° give Mr. Knox a charge publicly by the mouth of the p||3cher. Accordingly Mr. Roughs upon the day appointed, preached a Sermon concerning the l$ledtiorir,'of miniSfas, wherein he. fet forth, 'What * power the congre^pion, how fmall foever it was paffingj * the number of twO of three, hg^ above [over] any man^ **in whom they fuppofed arid efpied the gifts of GOD c to be, and how dangerous it was to refufe, arid not d> * hear the voice of fuch as defire to be inftructed.' Thefe and other things being, declared in general, the preacher then^gddreffed himfelf particularly to Mr. Knox in thefe words : « Brother, ye Shall not be offended, albeit I fpeak * unto you that which I have in charge, even from all * thefe that are here prefent ; which is thisw In the name * of GOD, and of his Son Jefus Chrifl, and in the name * of thefe that prefently call you by my mouth, I Charge * youtthat ye refufe not this holy vocation ; but, as ,ye 4 tender the glory of GOD, the increafeof Chrifl' s king* * dom, the edification ditoour brethren, and the comfort * of rn£a, whom ye irWderftand well enough to be op^ ' preffed by the multitude oidtobours, that ye take upon * you the public office and clSrge of preaching, even as * ye look to avoid GOD's heavy difpleafure, and defire 1 * that *3* K N O $. * that he fhould multiply his graces with .you/. Thei? directing his fpeech to the audience, he faid, 'Was not ' this your charge to me, and do ye not approve th^vo- * cation ?' They anfwered, * It was, arid we approye it/ At which Mr. Knpx abaShedj'iburft forth into tears, and withdrew into his chamber. His countenance and be havior from that day, to the day he was forced to prefent himfelf to the public place of preaching, did fufficiently declare the grief and trouble of ^is heart : For no man faw any Sign'of mirth in him^ neither yet had he pleafure to accompany any man for many days afterwards. , But on the Sunday .appointed, afcending tjjg pulpit, he preached a fermon from Dan. vii. 23 — 28. when he proved to the fatisfadtion of his auditors, that the^fjope was an tichrist, and that the doctrine of the Roman church was contrary to the doctrine of Chrifl and his apoftles. He likewife gave the note's both of the true church, and of, the antichriftian church, &c of which he gives a full account in his hiftory; and alfo of a public difputation which he then had with the dean of St. Andrew's upon popery, at the end of which the people unanimoully called on him to let them hear the fame dodtrine from the preach ing place ; which call he accordingly obeyed. ^This fer mon made a great noife, and the popifh clergy being much incenfed by it, the abbot of Paifiey, lately nominated to the fee of St. Andrew's, and not yet confecrated, wrote a letter to the fub-prior, who, fede vacante, was vicar-ge neral,, expreffing great furprize, that fuch heretical and fchifmatical doctrines were fuffered to be taught without oppofition. Upon this rebuke, the fub-prior called a con vention of grey and black-friars, to meet in St. Leonard's? Yard; where, both our preachers being convened, they were charged with feveral offences *. The articles of the charge • The. following are the articles exhibited againll them. 1. ' No « mortal man can be the head of the church; 2. The pope is ane ' antichryft, and fo is no member of Chriltis mistical bodie. 3. Man •« may nether mak nor devyfe a religioun, that is acceptabill to GpoY ' bot man is bound to obferve and keip the religioun, that fra God * is reSTavit, without chopping or chainging 'thairof. 4. The facia; *" mentis of the N. Testament aucht to be miniStrate, as theyjwar in- ' ftituted by Christ Jefus, and pra&ifit by his apoftles j nothif%lucht * to be addit unto thame, nothing auchffito be diminilhed frome thame. ' 5. The mafs is ^bbominabill idolatSif.blafphemous to thedeyth of ' Chrift, and a prophanation of. the Lord's fupper. 6. Tliair is np * purgatOFie, in the whiche thflo&llis of men can nether be pyned or • purged efter this lyif. But fiWin reftis to the faithful), and helj to * the reprobate and unfaithfull. 7. Fraying for the rteid is vain, aril KNOX. 137 charge being read, the fub-prior eritered' into'a conference with Mr. Knox, who, after that, difputed with one of the' friars "upon feveral controverted points between the Papifts and Proteftants. Popery ferifibly loft ground by the dif- pute ; and the fupporters of, it found themfelves obliged to take another method to maintain its reputation. An order was paffed, obliging every learned perfon in the abbey and univerfity, to pre%ch in' the' parifh-chufch by turns on. Sundays, and, in their fermons, not to touch upon any of the controverted points. But Mr. Knox rendered this caution ineffectual, by preaching on" the week-days ; when he took occafion to praife GOD that Jefus Chrifl was pleached, and"nothing' faid publicly againft the doctrine' he had taught them : Protesting withal, that if in his ab-' fence they Should fpeak any thing which they forbore while he was prefent, that his hearers Should fufpend their judge- - ment till it fhould pleafe GOD they fhould hear hirri a*gain. And he was fo fuccefsful in his work, that all the people in the caftle, and a great number in the town, openly pro'feffed the Proteftant doctrine, and teftified it by partaking of the Lord's- fupper, in the fame manner as it was administered in the church of Scotland, after the Proteftant religion was eftabliShed by law, in the year 1560. And this, in the year 1547, was, perhaps, the firft time that the facrament was administered in Scotland in the way of the Reformed churches. Mr. Knox continued thus in the diligent difcharge of his ministerial work, till July that year, when the caftle" was furrendered to the French, upcin terms, that all in the garrifon fhould be carried fafe to France; and, in cafe they were not fatisfied with the con ditions of their liberty there, they fhould be conveyed. at the expence of that kirtg wherever they pleafed, Scotland excepted. Mr. Knox with the reft was carried to France, and, from an- attentive perufal of this part of his life, in his hiftory of the Reformation in Scotland, printed in 1732, it appears that he remained a prifoner on board the gallies till the latter end of the year 1549; when, being fet at liberty, he paffed to England; and going to London, was there licenfed, and appointed preacher, firft at Berwick and next at Newcaflle. During this employ, he received a fummons, in the year 1551, to appear before Guihbert Tonflal biShop of Durham, for preaching againft the mafs, * to the deid is idolatiie. 8. Thaii; i^no bifchopis, except they preiche • e/rin by tham;felvis, without onyftib'ititute. 9. The teindis "[tenths] * by Godis law, do not apertein. oft>neceifitie' to the kirkmen',' Vol. JI. T In *.38 KNOX. , In the fame year, he was appointed chaplain to K. Ed ward VI. * and, the enfuing year, he had the grant of an .annuity of forty pounds, payable quarterly out of the augmentation office, till fome benefice in the church fhould be conferred on him. And from fome of Mr. Knox's original letters, in the hands pf the reverend Mr. Woodrow, minifter of Eaflwood, it appears, that he en^ joyed this annuity of forty pounds till the beginning of Q. Mary's reign. In a letter to Mrs. Bowes his mother- in-law, dated 1553, ^e te^'s her, t^t ^e was °Wgea to ^bfcond by reafon of the fury of the Papifts, and adds, " I will not make you privy how rich I am, but off Lon- V don I departed with lefs money than ten groats: But *' GOD hath fince provided, and will, I doubt not, *' abundantly for this life. Either the queen's majefty, " or fome treafurer, will be forty pounds richer by me, *,' for fo meickle lack I of duty of my patent ; but that " little troubles me." The fame year, viz. 1551, he came into fome trouble, on account of a bo]d fermpn; preached at Newcajlle on Chriflmas-day, againft the obftinacy of the Papiftsf. And, about the latter end of the y^ar, 155I, he returned to Londpn; and being well efteemed, by his rhajefty and fome of the courts for his zealous preaching againft the errors of the Romijh church, he was appointed to preach before the king and council at Weflminfler, a little before his majefty's departure thence. In this fei> mon he had feveral piercing glances againft fome great ones, who were fecretly well-wiShers to the pppifh re- • In the month of December, 1551, it was thoughf fit that the king Should retain fix chaplains in ordinary, who Sliould, not only wait on him, but be itineraries, and preach the gofpel all the ration over; two of thefe fix to be alway*s prefent at court, and four abfent abroad in preaching; one year, two in Wales, two in Lancajlire a,nd Derby; i?ext year, two in the Marches of Scotland, and two in York/hire ; the third year, two in Devon/hire, and two in Hampjbire-, the fourth year, two in Norfolk and EJJex, and two in Kent and Sujfex ; and thefe fix to he. Bill, Harley, Pern, Grindal, Bradford, the fixth was daShed out of the king's joupiil, from whence this ii taken, which pi-obahly was Knox ; for he was one of the preachers of the North at Nctwcafrje, x?iA elfewhere, and had a falary paid him out of the exchequer. But, the number was reduced to four, Bradford alfo being left out, who were %led the king's ordinary chaplains. Strype's Memorials, Vol. II. ¦f- In this fermnn he affirmed, that, whofoever in his heart was an enemy to ChriJl's doctiine and gofpel, which was then preached,iwi;hin the realm, was an enemy to GOD, and fecret traitor alfo to the erown and commonwealth of England, and that, as fuch, thirde,d aftet nothing more than the king's death, which their iniquities woujdpro-. cure. _ He faid, they regarded not who Should reign over, them, fo that their idolatry might be ereftcd again. " 1 . , . ligion,. K N O X. 139 ligion, though they outwardly fubmitted to the then pre fent establishment -*. But notwithstanding it muft have been about this time, that the council fent to Cranmer, archbilhop of Canterbury, to bellow the living of Allhal- lows, Bread-Street, in London, upon him, which accord*- ingly was offered hirri ; but he refufed it, not caring to conform to the Englijh liturgy as it then, Stood f. How ever, ^ * Strype fays, particularly the earl of Northumberland and the mar quis of IVincheJier were both prefent at the fermon, in character of Achitophel the counfellor, Judas the purfe-bearer, and Shebna the fcribe, comptroller and treafurer. f. We have the following account of this matter by Sirype; takefl from a letter of Mr. Knox. ' April 14., ,1551-3, Knox was called be fore the council, who demanded of him three queltions, 1. ' Why 'he ' refuted the benefice provided for him in London?' To which he anr ftoered, that " his confcience did witnefs, that he might profit more in " fome other place than in London, and therefore had no pleafure to " accept any office there." a. * Whether he thought, that no Chrif- _* tian might ferve in the ecclefiaftical miniltralion, according to the ' rites and laws of the realm of England?' To which he . faid, that " many things at that time were worthy of reformation in the ministers. " of England, without the reformation whereof, no minifter did oi " could discharge his confcience before GOD ; for no ministers in " England had authority to feparate the lepers from the heal," [that is, they had not the full power of excommunication,] ," which, he " faid, was a chief point of his office." 3. They alked him, ' If * kneeling at the Lord's table was not indifferent ?' He anfwered, that " Chrijl's a<3ion was moll perfect, and it was done without kneeling j *f and it was moft Sure to follow bis example, and that kneeling was " man's addition and invention." About this question there was great contention between the lords of the council and him. There were then prefent the archbiShop of Canterbury, Cranmer ; the biShop of Ely, Goodrich; lord chancellor; lord treafurer; the earls of Bedford', Northampton, Sbrewjbury ; the lord chamberlain, and both the fecre-1 tariesj After long reafoningit was faid to him, that he was not called of any. ill meaning, and that they were forry to know him of a con trary mind to the common order. He anfwered, he " was forry the " common order was cantrary to ChriJYi institution.'* He was dif- miffed with fome gentle fpeeches, and they willed him to advife with himfelf, whether he would communicate according to that order.' It is affirmed by feveral writers of good authority, thalt, bejides the living of Altbattows, Mr. Knox had the offer of a bishopric made to him in Ednuard Vlth's reign, and that he refufed it. Melchior Adam fays, « At that time in England) reigned Edfjoard VI. who' obferving e Knox's piety, had a Singular kjndnefii for the man, and he was of* ' fered a bishopric by the king'^ command 5 but he refufed it with ' indignation, vehemently condemning thofe titles, as favouring of ' the kingdom of antichrist.' Mr. Calderiuood confirms the above paffage, by faying, 'Mr. Knox being then resident in St. Andrew's, ' and' preaching on the Lord's- day, February 10, 1571, the earl ot ' Mar being pi efent, refufed to inaugurate the biShop ; yea, in Open * audience of many then prefent, he denounced anathema to the giyej* ' and anathema to the receiver, as I find in -a certain manufcript.' ;l T* And i4« KNOX. ever, he Still hel.d his place as itinerary-preacher; and, in the difchargeof that office, going to Buckinghamshire, was much plealed with his reception at fome towns, parti cularly at Amerjham, in that county ; and he continued to .preach there, and at other places, fome time after Q. Mary's acceffion to the throne. But that. year, viz. in February 155J, he left England, as appears, from two MS. papers in the hands of the Rev^ Mr. Woodrow ; one, addrelTed to Mrs. Bowes, his mother-in-law, concludes thus, " upon the very point of my journey, the laft of " January, 155^. Watch and 'pra. Your foq with, " forrowful heart, J. K." The other bears, this title, " John Knox, to the faithful in London, Neweaflle, and " Berwick, &c." and ends thus; *' From a fair.troublit " hairt, upon my departure from Diepe, 1 5 5 J , guhidder " God knawis, John Knox." leaving croffed the fea to Dieppe in France, he went from thence to Geneva; where he had not been long, when he was called by the con gregation of the Englijh refugees, then eftabliShed at Frank fort, to be preacher to them. This call he obeyed (though unwillingly) at the inftance of Calvin. Mr. Knox continued at Frankfort, till fome of the prin cipal perfons of his congregation, (particularly Dr. R. Cox, K. Edward Vlth's preceptor) finding it impoffible to perfuade him to ufe the Englijh liturgy, refolved to effect his removal from the place. In that view, they aceufed him to the magistrates of treafon, committed both againft their fovereign, the emperor of Germany, arid alfo againft their own fovereign in England, Q. Mary. Upon which, the magistrates not having it in their power to fave him, if he Should be required either, by the emperor, or in his name by Q. Mary, gave him private notice of it ; which he no fooner received, than he fet out for Geneva; where he arrived March 26, 1555, but Staid there only till ,Augufl following; when, refolving after fo long an abfence to make a vifit to his native country, he went to Scotland. , Upon his arrival there, which was in the end And the fame writer further obferves, that, « when Mr. John Rulher- ' ford, provoft of the Old College, alledged Mr. Knox's repining pro- « ceeded from male-contentment [becaufe he was not made bifhop ' himfelf], Mr. Knox purged himfelf the next Lord's day, faying, " I have refufed a greater bishopric' than ever it was,' which! might " have had with the favour of greater men than he hath his,; I did " and do repine for the difcharge of my confcience." Mr. Petrie gives the fame account, with this addition, that Mr. Knox faid, " I " did and do repine for the difcharge of my confcience, that the church ?' pf Scotland be not fubjeft to that order." ...... pf .KNOX. 141 of harveft, finding the profeffors of the Reformed religion much increafed in number,, and formed into a fociety under the inspection of the following teachers; William Harlcw, John Willock, Paul Maffy or Methuen, and John Erjkine of Dun, he affociated himfelf with thein, and preached to them. Prefently after this, he accompanied one of them, the laird of Dun, to his feat in the north ; where he Stayed a, month, teaching and preaching daily to considerable numbers who reforted thither, among whom were the chief gentlemen in that country. From thence returning to Lothian, he refided for the moft part in the houfe of Calder withSir James Sandilands, a man of great prudence and worth, where he met with many perfons of the firft rank ; viz. the maifter of Erjkine, afterwards earl of Mar ; the lord Lorn, afterwards earl of Argyle ; lord James Stewart, prior of St. Andrews, afterwards earl of Murray, and regent of Scotland. With thefe noble per- fonages he converfed familiarly, and confirmed them ia the truth of the Proteftant doctrine. In the winter of 1555, he taught, for the moft part, in Edinburgh; about Ckrijlmas 1556, he went to the Weft of .Scotland at the defireof fome Proteftant gentlemen, as Jchn Lockhart of Bar, Robert Campbell of Kinze,ancleugh, and others, and preached in many places in Kyle, viz. the houfes of Bar, Carnal, Uchiltree, Gathgirth, and the town of Air. In his fermons he infilled much upon the unlaw- fulnefs of being prefent at mafs, which, he maintained to be an idolatrous worfhip. In fome of thefe places he Cele brated the Lord's fupper after the manner of the Reformed churches. He vifited likewife the earl of Glfncairn^ at Fynlaiflan in the county of Renfrew, and adminiftred.the facrament to his lordfhip's family. From thefe wefterri parts he returned to the eaft, and refided fome time in Col der, where many reforted to him both for doctrine and the benefit of the facraments. From thence he went a fecond time to the laird of Dun's houfe, in the county of Mearns, ¦ where he preached more publicly than before, and admi- niftred the facrament to many perfons of note at their de-. fire. The popiSh clergy being alarmed at this fuccefs of Mr. Knox, in promoting the Proteftant caufe, fummoned him to appear before them in the church of Blackfriars in Edinburgh, on the fifteenth of May, 1556. Several gentle men of distinction, among whom the laird of Dun was none of the leaft considerable, refolving to Stand by him, he determined to obey the fummons. But the profecution Was dropped, upon fome informality of the fummons, as was 142 K N O X. was pretended, when the biShops perceived fuch a consi derable party appearing in his behalf. However, he went to Edinburgh on the day to which he was cited, where he preached to a greater audience than ever he had done be fore ; in the bifhop of Dunkeld's great houfe he taught, both before and after noon, to a great number for ten days. At this time the earl of Glencairn prevailed with the earl Marifchal, and his truftee Henry Drummond, to hear one of Mr. Knox's fermons. They were extremely well fatisfied with his difcourfe, and propofed to him to write to the queen regent an earneft letter, to perfuade her, if poffible, to hear the Proteftant doctrine. He complied with their defire, and wrote to her in May, 1556. The letter was delivered by the earl of Glencairn ; the queen read it, and gave it to James Beaton, archbiShop of Glaf- gow, with this farcafm : ' Pleafe you, my lord, to read * a pafquil.' This gave occafion to Mr. Knox to make fome additions to his letter, which he printed afterwards with the additions at Geneva, in the year 1558. While our Reformer was thus occupied in Scotland, he received letters from the Englijh congregation at Geneva, earneftly intreating him to come thither : For after his expulfion from Frankfort, feveral of the congregation went to Geneva. Having ferioufly confidered this invitation, he determined to return to that people, who had fo great a regard for him. Accordingly, in July 1556, he left Scotland, and having firft fent his mother-in-law Elizabeth Bowes, and her daughter Margery his wife, to Dieppe in France, he followed after, and from thence they went to Geneva. He had no fooner turned his back, than the bi Shops fummoned him to appear before them ; and, upori his non-appearance, they paffed a fentence of death againft him for herefy, and burnt him in effigy at the crofs of Edinburgh. Againft this fentence he formed, and after*- wards printed at Geneva, in the year 1558, his " Appel lation from the cruel and moft unjuft Sentence pro nounced againft him by the falfe BiShops and Clergy of Scotland; with his Supplication to the Nobility, Eftates, and Commonalty of the faid Realm." On the tenth of March, I55y, the earl of Glencairn, lord Lorn, John Erjkine of Dun, (for lord Erjkine had not yet joined himfelf to this party), and James Stewart, af terwards earl of Murray, the chief promoters of the Re formation at that time in Scotland, judging their affairs to. be in a pretty gbod-pofture, and being fenfible 0/ the ufe- fulnefs K NO X. 143 j6*lliefs of Mr. Knox for the purpofe, fent him an -exprefs, earneftly defiring him to return home*. This letter com ing to his hands in May, 1557, he immediately communi cated it to his congregation, who were very unwilling to part with him ; but having confulted with Calvin and other worthy ministers, they gave it as their opinion, that he could not refufe fuch a plain call, unlefs he would de clare himfelf rebellious to GOD and unmerciful to hi* country. The congregation upon this yielded to his re turn to Scotland, and he wrote back by the meSTengera who brought the letter, that he would ,return to them w-ith all reasonable expedition. Accordingly, having pro vided for his congregation at Geneva, he left them in the e#»dj of September, and came to Dieppe, in- his way to Scot land, on, the twenty-fourth of QcJober. But there he un expectedly met with letters from thence, contrary to the former, informing him, that new confutations were entered into, and advifing him to ftay at Dieppe till the final conclu sion of them. This was further alfo explained in another letter, directed to a friend of Mr. Knox, in which he was told, that many of thofe who had before joined in this; invitation, were becoming inconftant, and began todraw1 back. Upon the receipt of thefe advices,, Mr. Knox wrote sm expoftulatory letter to the lords who invited- him, concerning their rafhnefs ; in, which, he denounced judgements againft fueb as Should be inconftant in the religion they now profefted. BeSides this, he wrote feve ral other letters from Dieppe, both to the nobility arid gr©-> feffors of the Reformed religion of an inferior degree, ex horting them to coaftancy in their profeffion, and giving fome ufeful cautions againft the errors of Sectaries, which grew up about this time both, in Germany and England. Mr. Knox exciting them in thefe letters to a greater degree of zeal for the doctrine they had efpoufed, they oame at laft to this refolution, that ' They would follow 4 forth their purpofe, and commit themfelves, and what- ' foever GOD had given them, into his hands, rather. ' than fuffer idolatry to reign, and the fubjects be. de- * frauded of the only food of their fouls ;' and that every one might be allured the more of one another, a common bond or covenant was made and entered into by them, dated at Edinburgh, December 3, 1557+- Mr. -¦*- This letter is printed inhis history, p. 97, 98. and is dated Stir- 1'ttig, March 10, 1556- to which, on aceount of its length, we are pWiged to refer the cuiious Reader. s fThe covenant run thus; ' We peiceive howiathan in his mem- 4 beris, 144 KNOX. Mr. Knox returned to Geneva in the beginning of the- year 1558, and the. fame year he printed there his trea- tife, entitled, " The firft Blafhof the Trumpet againft the monftrous Regiment of Women." ' Mr. D. Calder-' wood takes, notice that the cruel and bloody government of Q^Mary of England, and the endeavors of Mary of Lor- rain, queen regent of Scotland, to break through the: legal conftitution, and introduce tyrannical government, and the domination of the French, were the chief motives which induced Mr. Knox to write and publifh this piece; that writer adds, that in it he Shews his erudition and va riety of reading, more than in any other of his treatifes. However, it is certain it made a great noife, and was the occafion of much obloquy and reproach againft him. Yet it was much approved by feveral of the exiled Proteftants^ though difliked by others. Mr. Strype obferves, that, * After the death of K. Edward, though Q. Mary Was" * acknowledged by the far greater part of the- Proteftants 'in ' beris, the antichriftis of our tyme cruellie doeth rage, feeking to • downthring and to deilroy the evangell of Chrift and his congregai • tion, aucht, according to our boundin dewtie, to Slryye in our maifr * teris caufe, eviil unto the deith, being certapeof the viftorie in him : * The quhilk our dewtie, being- weill confident, we do promeis befoir ' the majeftie of God and his congregation, That we be is grace, fall * with all diligence continuallie applie our haill power, fubltance£ and * our, very lyves, to manteine, fet fordward, and eftabliSh, the moll * bjiffit word of God, and his congregation : And fall labour at our ' poflibilitie to have faythful miriifteris, puirlie and trewlie to minister 4 Chriftis evangel and facraments to his pepill. We fall mantein * thame, nurifche thame, and defend thame, the haill congregation of * Chrift, and everye member theirof at our haill poweris, and wairing * of our lyves, againft fathan and all wicked power that dois intend * tirranie. or trubije againft the foirford congregation. Unto the quhilk * holie word and congregation we do join us ; and alfo dois renunce ' and foirfaik the congregation of fathan with all the fuperftitiounis, '. abominatiounis and idolatiie thereof. And mairover fall declair * our felfis manifeftlie enemies thairto, be this our faythfull promeis ' befoir God, testified to his congregation, be our fubfcriptioun at ' thir prefen-s. • At Edinburghe the third day of December, 1557 yeiis. : • God callit to witnefs. ' Sicfubfcribilur. ' A. erle of Argyll. ' Glencairne. ' Mortoun. - ' Archibald]ord of Lome. ' John Erjkin of Dun,' &c. Our biographer informs us, that, from this bond, thofe who-fepa- rated from popery, were called The Congregation f becaufe in it they otilige themielves to maintain, fet forward, and eftabliSh the moft bleSTed Word and his congregation ; and the nobility who adopted the Reformed intereft wer<: called « the lords of tke 'congregation.' KNOX. 145- r in England, yet fome few of them appeared for lady * Jane Grey; and Mr. Goodman, with fome others, de- * clared againft the lawfulnefs of the government of wo. ' men, an opinion not peculiar to them, but adopted by * feveral learned men, and maintained by the whole king- * dom of France.' The Proteftants in England, who were * of this opinion, are accounted Mr. Knox's difciples.* Mr. Strype alfo informs us, that Fox the martyrologift had expostulated With Knox about the matter of " The Blaft,** and that Mr. Knox returned him an anfwer in a letter, dated at Geneva, March 18, 1558 ; in which he makes a modeft apology for writing this book, not excufing any vehement or raSh expreffions he had uSed in it, but ftill affirmed, that he-was perfuaded of the truth of the posi tions laid down in it. - He defigned to have written a fub- fequent piece, which Was to have been called " The Se cond Blaft." But Q; Mary of England dying foon after " The Firft Blaft", was published, and he having a great efteem for Q. Elizabeth, and entertaining great hopes of Signal advantages to the Proteftant caufe from her govern ment, whom he looked upon as an instrument raifed up by the good providence of GOD for the good of his peo ple, he went no farther. In a letter to fecretary Cecil, dated April 10, 1559, Mr. Knox writes thus concerning " The Blaft." " Itisbruted, *' that my book is, or Shall be written againft. If fo be, *' Sir, I greatly fear, that flatterers Shall rather hurt than " help the matter, which they would feem to maintain ; " for except my error be plainly Shewn and confuted by " better authority, than by fuch laws as from year to " year may and do change, I dare not promife Silence in " fo weighty a bufinefs, left in fo doing I Should appear " to betray the verity, which is not fubje£t to the muta- " bility of the time. And if any think me either enemy " to the perfon, or yet to the regiment, of her whom *' GOD hath now promoted, they are utterly deceived " of me. For the miraculous work of GOD comforting " his afflicted by an infirm veffel I do acknowledge, and " the power of his moft potent hand (raifing up "whom " beft pleafeth his mercy, tofupprefs fuch as fight againft " his glory) I will obey, albeit, that both nature and " GOD's moft perfect: ordinance repugn to. fuch regi- " ment : More plainly to fpeak, if Q\| Elizabeth Shall " confefs, that the extraordinary difpenfation of GOD's " great mercy, maketh lawful unto her, which both na- «' ture and GOD's law doth deny unto all women ; then Vol. II. U "Shall 146 K N O X. " Shall none in England be more willing to maintain her ." lawful authority than I Shall be ; but if (GOD's won- " derous Work fet afide) She ground (as GOD forbid) •" the juftnefs of her title, upon confuetude, laws, oror- « dinances of men, then I am affured, that as fuchfool- «' ifh prefumption doth highly offend GOD's fupreme " Majefty, fo do I greatly fear that her ingratitude Shall " not long want puniShment. And this, in the name of " the eternal GOD, and of his Son Jefus Chrifl (before " whom both you and I Shall Stand to make account of all " counfel we give) I require you fignify unto her grace " in my name ; adding, that only humility and dejection " of herfelf before GOD Shall be the firmity and ftabi- " lity of her throne, which I know Shall be affaulted ." more ways than one." He wrote alfo in the fame ftrain to Q. Elizabeth herfelf. " If thus, (fays he) in GOD's •" prefence you humble yourfelf, as in my heart I glorify «' GOD for that reft granted to his afflicted Hock within " England^ under you a weak instrument ; fo will I, with " tongue and pen juftify your authority and regiment, as " the Holy Ghoft hath j uftified the fame in Deborah, that " bleSTed mother in Ifrael, But if the premifes (as GOD " forbid) negledisd, you Shall begin to brag of your birth, " and to build your authority and regiment upon your " own law, (flatter you who fo lift) your felicity Shall " be Short." There was this year, 1559, printed at StraJ* burg, an anfwer to it, written by John Aylmer an exile, formerly archdeacon of Stowe, and preceptor to lady Jam Grey, and afterwards made bifhop of London, by Q. Eli* fcabeth. The title of it is, ' An Harborough for faithful and true Subjects, againft the late blown Blaft. concern ing the Government of Women ; wherein are confuted #11 fuch Reafons, as a Stranger of late made in that be^ half, with an Exhortation to Obedience.' With all de^ ference, we conceive, that with queftions of this kind our Reformers had nothing to do. The kingdom of Chrifl is xot of this world, and his people are chofen exprefsly out of the world. Let the potjherds of the earth flrive— but the fervants'of the Lord must NOT flrive. They are pilgrims and Strangers upon earth, and as fuch walk, or Should walk, in a very different fpirit from the men of the world, Earthly rule and dominion Stand or fall according to the defigns of Providence ; but true believers belong to a king-. dom wjhrrch cannot be Shaken. The whole frame of it is peace and joy in the Holy Ghoft; and, generally, the way to it, is the way of peace. While, therefore, we gladly present K N O X. 147 prefent our Readers with all that is excellent in good men, we muft beg them to confider, that they were but men, and that we do not mean to defend or propofe for examples their failings and infirmities along with their gifts and graces. We will only add, that Strype, in his life of Aylmer, gives a fummary of the controverfy, which was handled by Aylmer with great decency and refpedt to Knox, and with the fairer advantage of the argument. This is the more remarkable, as Aylmer was naturally of a warm tem per ; and therefore this conduct may well be imputed to his great regard for his opponent. Indeed, he fays him felf, that he believes Knox would not be offended on his proving the truth to be againft him. ' For, (adds he) I * have that opinion of the man's honefty and godlinefs, 'that he will not difdain to hear better reafons, nor be * lothe to be taught in any thing he miffeth ; knowing ' that no man's judgement is fo found, no man's wit fo * ripe, no man's learning fo perfect, but he may fome- 4 times mifs the queftion, and fall into error.' Strype's Life of Aylmer, p. 238. In April .1559, he determined to return, to his native -country; and having a Strong defire in his way thither to vifit thofe in England, to whom he had formerly preached the gofpel, he applied to Sir William Cecil, his old ac quaintance, to procure leave for that purpofe. But this petition was fo far from being granted, that the meiTen- ger, whom he fent to folicit that favor, very narrowly efcaped imprifonment. Upon this he made the beft of his way to Scotland, where he arrived on the fecond day of May, 15591, and was very active in promoting the Re formation there, as appears from the fecond book of his hiftory, which contains a full account of his conduct, till the Proteftants were obliged to apply to England. For carrying on which tranfadtion, in July this year, he was pitched upon to meet Sir William Cecil, incognito at Stam ford* ; but his" journey being retarded by the danger of paffing near the French, who lay at Dunbar, he was after wards fent in company with Mr. Robert Hamilton, ano ther Proteftant minifter, to negotiate thefe affairs between the Proteftants in Scotland and Q. Elizabeth. When they came to Berwick, they remained Some days with Sir James Crofts the governor, who undertook to manage their bufi- " Sir William Cecil's letter defiring that meeting, is dated at Oxford, Jiffy 14.01, 1553, and printed in Knox's Hiitory, p. a»2, 113. U 2 nefs i48 K NO X. nefs for" them, ¦ and advifed them to return home ; which- they»did. Secretary Cecil fent alfo an anfwer to the Pro teftant nobility and gentry, concerning their propofals to Q. Elizabeth; which was fo general, that they were very near refolving to break off the negotiation, had not Mr* Knox interpoied with fo much earneftnefs, that they allow ed him once more to write to the fecretary. To Knox's letter there was quickly fent an anfwer, de- firing that fome perfons of credit might be fent to confer with the Englijh at Berwick ; and the fame letter informed them, that there was a fum of money ready to be deli vered for carrying on the common caufe, affuring them, that if the lords of the congregation were Willing to enter into a league with Q. Elizabeth upon honorable terms, they fhould want neither men nor money. Upon this anfwer, Mr. Henry Balnaveis, a man well refpedted in both kingdoms, was fent to Berwick, who foon returned with a fum of money, which defrayed the public -expence till November; when John Cockburne of Ormiflon being fent for the fecond fupport, received it, but fell into the hands of Earl Bothwell, who took the money from him* . Iri the interim, Mr. Knox was chofen minifter of .Edin burgh in July; but being obliged to attend the lords, while the agreemerit was in dependence, Mr. Willock was left in Edinburgh to officiate in his room. The effect of thefe negotiations was the fending of an army under the command of the duke of Norfolk; which being joined by almoft all the great men in Scotland, at laft a peace was procured and concluded between the two kingdoms, on the eighth of July in the year 1560. Mr. Knox, and the reft who had formed themfelves into congregations, being freed by this peace from any disturb ance, made feveral regulations for the farther propagating and eftablifhing the Proteftant religion ; and in order to have the Reformed doctrine preached through the king dom, a diviSion was made of it into twelve districts (for the whole number of the, Reformed ministers at this time 1 was only twelve,) and the district of Edinburgh was af- figned to Mr. Knox. Tbefe twelve ministers alfo com pofed a confeffion of faith, which was afterwards ratified by parliament ; they alfo compiled the firft bopks of dif cipline for that church. In December this year, Mr. Knox buried his firft wife Margery Bowes, an Englijh woman, for whofe lofs he was much grieved. In January the following year, viz. 1561, we find our Author engaged in a difpute concerning the 1 contro- K N O X.- S4$ controverted points of religion, againft Mr. Alexander Anderfon, fub-principal of the King's-college at Aberdeen, and Mr. John Lefiie, parfon of line,- afterwards biShop of Reft. .. In March 156°, Mr. John Spottifwoad was admitted fuperintendant of Lothian by Mr. Knox. And the fame year, Augufl 20th, 1561, the queen arrived at Leith from France. From her firft arrival, her majefty fet up a pri vate mafs in her own chapel, which afterwards, by her protection and countenance, was much more frequented : This excited the zeal of Mr. Knox, who expreffed himfelf with great warmth againft allowing it ; and an act of the privy-council being proclaimed at the market-crofs of Edinburgh, forbidding any disturbance to be given to this practice under pain of death, on the twenty-fifth of that month, Mr* Knox openly in his fermon the Sunday fol-« lowing declared, that " one mafs was more frightful to " him, than ten thoufand armed enemies, landed in any 44 part of the realm." This freedom of fpeech gave great offence to the court, and the queen herfelf had a long conference with him upon. that and other fubjedts. la this conference her majefty having charged him with writ ing the " Blaft," he avows it, and then proceeds thus : 4C I *¦' hear that an Englijhman hath written againft it, but I 4,4 have not read him. If he hath fufficiently improved 44 my reafons, and eftabliShed his contrary propofitions 44 with as evident testimonies as I have done mine, I 44 Shall not be obftinate, but Shall confefs my error and 44 ignorance. But to this hour I have thought, and yet 44 think myfelf alone to be more able to fuftain the things 44 affirmed in that my Work, than any ten in Europe 44 Shall be able to confute it." The queen likewiSe charged him with denying her juft authority : To which he pleads the privilege of the learned in all ages, and cites Plato in particular, who had publicly taught doc trines contrary to the common opinion without disturb ing the fociety, bearing with patience the errors and im perfections which they could not amend. " Even fo, 44 (fays he,) madame, am I content to do in uprightnefs 44 of heart ; and with the teftimony of a good confcience 44 I have communicate my judgement to the world; if 44 the realme finds no inconveniency in the regiment of a 44 woman, that which they approve Shall I not farther 44 difallow than within my own breaft, but Shall be as 44 well content to live under your grace as Paul was to <4 live under Nero} and my hope is, (concludes he,) that 44 fo f5# £': N O X; 84 fo long as ye defile not your hands with, the blood of 44 the faints of GOD, that neither I nor the book Shall 44 either hurt you or your authority; for,/ in very deed, 44 Madame, that book was written moft efpecially againft* 4* that wicked Jezabel of England." What part he bore ih the affairs of the church, during the remainder of this year, 1561, may be feen in his Hiftory, to which we refer the curious Reader. " In the year 1562, we find him employed in reconciling the earls of Bothwell and Arran, which is an evidence how much be was regarded by the moft eminent perfons Of the kingdom, and how much intereft he had with them. The fame year, the queen being informed that her uncles were like to recover their former interefts at the court of France, received the news with great joy : Mr. Knox hear ing of her behavior, and apprehending that the power' «f the queen's relations would produce difmal effects, in prejudice of the Reformed intereft in thefe parts, thought fit to preach a fermon, wherein " he taxed the ignorance, 44 vanity, and defpite of princes, againft all virtue, and" ** againft all thofe in whom hatred of vice and love of 44 virtue appeared." This and other expreffions, in re proof of dancing for joy at the difpleafure taken againft GOD'S people, coming to the ears of the queen, her majefty fent for hirn, and had a fecond conference with him. The meffage was brought by Alexander Cockburne, who had been formerly his fcholar, and the conference ended with the queen's declaring, She had been misin formed. This year he was appointed, by the general' affembly, commissioner to the counties of Kyle and Gallo- tvay; and, by his influence, feveral of the moft eminent gentlemen of Kyle, Cunningham, and Carrick, entered into a bond or covenant at Air, either, the fame or one Similar" to that entered into at Edinburgh, in the year 1557, which was fubfcribed September the fourteenth, one thoufand feven hundred and Sixty-two. Mr. Knox went from the fhire of Air to Nithfdale and Galhwdy, and had feveral conferences about matters of great importance with the mafter of Maxwell; and from this county he wrote to the duke ©f Chatelherault, giving' him cautions both againft the biShop of St. Andrews and the earl of Huntley, whofe counfels he judged might prove prejudicial to the Reformed intereft. At this time he ac cepted a challenge madehy an eminent perfon among the Papifts, a Mr. Sfuintin Kennedy, a fon of the houfe of CaJJils, to a' public difpute about the mafs, which was hel.4 KNOX. 15s held in the village of Maybole, in Carrick, and continued for the fpace of three days, and was afterwards printed. In the beginning of the queen's firft parliament, in May, 1563, Mr. Knox endeavored to excite the earl of Murray to appear with zeal and courage, to get the arti cles of Leith eftabliShed by law ; but finding him cooler, than he expected, there followed a breach between them, which continued for a year and a half. And after the bill was rejected, the parliament riot being diSTolved, he preached a Sermon before a great many of the members, in which he expreffed his fenfe of that matter with yehe- mency, and at the ciofe declared his abhorrency of the queen's marrying a Papift. This gave great offence to the court ; and her majefty, fending for him, expreffed much paffion and thought to have puniflied him, but was prevailed upon to defift at that time. The enfuing year, Lord Darnley being married to the queen, was advifed by the Proteftants about court to hear Mr. Knox preach, as thinking it would contribute much to procure the good-will of the people. At their defire he went, on the nineteenth of Augufl, to the high-church, but was fo much offended at the fermon, that he com plained to the council, who immediately ordered Mr. Knox before them, and forbad him to preach for feveral days> His text was in Ifaiah xxvi. 13 — 17. 0 Lord our GOD, other lords than thou have reigned over us, cjfr. From thefe words he took occafion to fpeak of the government of wicked princes, who for the fins of the people are fent as tyrants and fcourges to plague them. And amongft other things, he faid,, " that GOD fets in that room, (for the 44 offences and ingratitude of the people,) boys and wo- 44 men." There were alfo fome other words uttered by him which gave great offence to the king, as, " that 44 GOD juftly puniShed Ahab arid his pofterity, becaufe 44 he would not take order with.- that harlot Jezabel.'* Thefe words the council told him had given great offence to his majefty, and they defired him to abftain from preaching fifteen or twenty days, and let Mr. Craig fup- ply the place. He anfwered, that he had fpoken nothing but according to his text ; and if the church would com mand him either to fpeak or abftain, he would obey fo far as the word of GOD would permit him. The pub lisher -of Mr. Knox's hiftory in 410 adds in the, msftgin, that in anfwering he faid more than he had preached ; for he added, " 'that as the king had for pleafure of the *' queen gone to mafs, and dishonoured the Lord GOD^ *' (0 Should GOD in his juftice raak'e'htr an Inftr'urrierit " of *S4 KNOX. «4 of his ruin ;"' and fo it fell out in a very Short time } but the queen being incenfed at thefe words, fell into tears, and to pleafe her, John Knox muft abftain from preachirig for a time. The general affembly, which met in December this year in their fourth feffion, appointed Mr. Knox to draw up a confolatory letter in their name, to encourage ministers, exhorters and readers, to continue, in their, vocations, which many were ilnder great temptation to leave for want of fubfiftence, and to exhort the profeffors of the realm to fupply their neceffities. He was alfo appointed by this affembly to vifit, preach, and plant, the kirk's of the fouth, till the next affembly, and to remain as long as he could at that work. Mr. Knox requested the general affembly, which met at Edinburgh in December, 1566, that he might have leave to go to England to vifit two of his fons, probably then at fchool, and for neceffary affairs in that kingdom. Before he fet out, he had ample testimonials from ,the affembly of his life, doctrine and ufefulnefs, and was by them re commended to all to whom he fhould come. The affem bly limited his abode in England to the meeting of the next general affembly, to be held in June following. The general affembly being informed, that fome worthy and learned divines in England were profecuted by the biShops, becaufe they refufed to ufe the habits appointed by law for church-men, caufed a letter to be written and fent by Mr. Knox, in which with great earneftnefs they intreated, that they might deal gently with fuch ministers as fcrupled the ufe of thoje veftmerits. As this letter is too long for our infertion, we muft refer thofe that are curious to read it, either to biShop Spottifwood's Hiftory of the Troubles at Frankfort, or to Mr. Strype's Life of ArchbiShop Parker. In the year 1567, Mr. Knox preached a fermon at the coronation of K. James the Sixth of Scotland, and after- Wards the Firft of Great Britain. This fermon is much commended by Buchanan in his Hiliory of Scotland. This year is very remarkable in Scotland, upon account of the great turn of affairs there by Q. Mary's refigning the go vernment, and by the appointment of the earl of Murray to be regent. The firft parliament which was -called by the earl met on the fifteenth of December. It was "a very numerous convention of all the eftates, and Mr. Knox preached a very zealous fermon at fhe opening of it; and he was extremely afflicted at the regent's death in. 1569. We KNOX, i53 We are told that he apprehended the intereft of religion avould be expofed to the utmoft danger by the earl of Murray or regent's fall ; and, on that account, expreffed himfelf with great concern both in public and priyate. - In the year 1571, the Hamltons and others, who had entered into a combination againft the earl of Lenox* then (tegent, began to fortify the town of Edinburgh. While they were thus employed, a council was held by them in the caftle on the fourth of May, where the laird of Grainge, captain of the caftle, propofed that they might give feourity for the perfon of Mr. Knox, which was .alfo much defired by the town's-people. The Hamiltons an* fwered, that they could not promife him fecurity upon their honor, becaufe there were many in the town who loved him not, befides other diforderly people, that might do him harm without their knowledge. Upon this an fwer, which plainly Shewed no good intention to Mr, Knox, his friends in the town, with Mr. Craig his coU league at their head, intreated him to leave the place, by reafon of the impending danger tO him, and to them too Upon his account, in d-efending him from the attempts of the contrary party ; which, being alfo the Sirongeft, would moSt probably be able to execute their defjgns againft him„ Accordingly, leaving Edinburgh on the fifth of May,, he *vent firft to Abbotjbajl in Fife, and thence to St. Andrews, where he remained till the twenty»third of Augufl, in the year 1572, That year there was a .convention of the ministers at Leith, where it was agreed, that a certain kind of epifco pacy Should be introduced into the church, which was zealoufly oppofed by our Reformer. The matter flood jthus: The courtiers had got the far greater part of the xevenues of the bishopries, but they could not get a color r able title to thefe rents, as the law then, flood, except jthey had a conveyance from thofe who had the title of biShops; for this reafon it was thought a goo.d expedient by the great ones, who had a longing mind to enjoy the profits pf -the hifhopri.es, that this fort of biShops Should jbe brought into the church, and iwdeed all of them, by Certain pactions, conveyed the far g. eater part of the re venues to 'their patrons;, refer vin g a very Small part to themfelves. Among the reft, the archbiShopric of St* Andrews coming to the Share of the earl of Morton, that nobleman defigned Mr. John Douglafs, rector of the uni- yerfity there, in whom his lordfhip had an entire confi dence, to be elected to that fee : For this purpofe the „j Voi.. II, X _ electors i'54 KNOX. fclector^ were convened February 8th, i,j>72» where, after fome oppofition, he was elected archbiShop. Mr. Knojt being then in St. Andrews; was much difpleafed with this election ; and the next Lord's-day, being to preach in the forenoon where the earl of Morton was prefent, he not only peremptorily refufed to inaugurate and receivfc the new-elected biShop/ but publicly denounced an ana thema both to the giver and receiver of this biShopric. Notwithstanding this oppofition, Mr. Douglafswzs ad mitted archbiShop according to the order for admitting fuperintendants and ministers; for they had not as yet framed any particular form for admitting biShops; Mr. J. Rutherfrd, provoft of the Old-eollegt of St. Andrew's; and meffieurs Arch, and John Hamilton, profeffors in the ¦New-college, fpread a report next week, that Mr. Knox's 'oppofition to the biShops proceeded from a pique that he was not elected himfelf. This coming to his ears, he vindicated himfelf from the pulpit next Lord's-day in words to the following purpofe : " I have refufed a far 44 greater biShopric than ever it was, which I might have 44 had with the favour of greater men than ever he had 44 his; I did and do repine, not from malecontent, but t4 for the difcharge of my confcience, that the kirk of 44 Scotland be not Subject to that order." This feems to refer to the offer that we have obferved was made him of a biShopric in England in Edward Vlth's time. The troubles of the country being much abated, and the people of Edinburgh, who had been obliged to leave it, being returned, they fent two of their number, viz. Nicol. Edward and John Johnflon, fcribe, to St. Andrew^ to invite Mr. Knox to return to them, and to afk his ad vice about the choice of another minifter to affift hira during the time of the troubles : For they were exceed ingly difpleafed with the conduct of Mr. Craig during the times of the troubles, he having made too great compliance, as they thought, with thofe who appeared againft the authority of the young king and his regents, and were unwilling any longer to fubmit to his ministers', With their comriiiffioners they fent 3 letter, inviting hirrt to return. The fuperintendant of Lothian was with them, when, they prefented the letter; which, when Mr; Knox had perufed, he confented to return upon this condition* that he Should not be defired in any fort to ceafe Speaking againft the treafonable dealings of thofe who held out the caftle of Edinburgh; and this he defired them to. Signify 2 t» KNOX. 15$ to the whole of the brethren, left- they Should repent afterT Wards of his aufterity againft thofe in the caftle, or fear to be treated the worfe on his account ; and after his return, he repeated thefe words more than once to his friends there, before he entered the pulpit; they anfwered, that they never meant to put a bridle on his tongue, but,de- fired him to fpeak according to his confcience, as in for mer times. They alfo requested his advice in the chpice pf a minifter ; and, after Some debates, they agreed upoa Mr. James Lawfon, fub-principal df the King's-collegp at Aberdeen. Mr. Knox left St. Andrews, Augufl 17th, an$l came to Leith on the twenty-third. Upon the laft day of , that month, he preached in the great kirk; but his voice was become very weak, and therefore he defired another; jilace to teach in, where his voice might be heard, if if were but to a hundred perfons ; which was granted, Im mediately after this agreement commissioners were tent* by whom Mr. Knox fent the following letter. , , . J 44 Dear Brother, 44 SEEING G O D of his fnercy, far above my ex- 44 pectation, hath called me once again to Edinburgh, and 44 yet I feel nature fo decayed, and daily to decay, that I 44 look not for a long continuance of my battle, I would 44 gladly once difcharge my confcience, unto your bofom, 44 and unto the bofom of others, in whorri I think the 44 fear of GOD remairiethl If I had the ability of body, 44 I Should not hive put you to the pains to which I re- 44 quire you now, that is, orice to vifit me, that we may 44 confer together of heavenly things, for in earth there is 44 no Stability except the kirk of Jefus Chrifl, ever fight- 44 ing under the crofs, to whofe protection I heartily com- 44 mit you. 44 From Edinburgh, feverith of September, 1572. fe Accelere, mifrater, alioqui fero venies." Mr. Lawfon came to Edinburgh September 15th, and preached on the Friday after, to the great Satisfaction of the people, and continued preaching, till he was admitted to the charge of the minibell, a great? friend to the gofpel ; Mrs. Knox, and others ; who, ob ferving his agonies, thought him to be in the. pains of rle^th. At length, however, contrary to their expecta tion, ' he recovered,, lifee «ne awaked from Sleep: And, being m & n o Xv feeing alkcd how he djdi anfwered, " Many have beeit 44 my conflicts with' fatan, in the courfe of my frail life, 44 and many the affaults which I have fuftained : But that 44 roaring lion never befet me, fo furiouSly tyi70;j^^ BULLINGER. i6£ 16 f Zuinglius there. It does not appear, that Bullinger was a clergyman in the communion of the fee of Rome : And it is exprefsly remarked, that he performed no manner of Roman-catholic funtftion in the abbey of La Cappel. 4 His religion was entirely pure ; nor had he any Share in 4 the monaftic vows, or order, habit, Tinging, choir, or 4 any other popiSh Tuperftitiori.' Zuinglius, affifted by Oecolampadius and Bucer, had efta bliShed the doctrine of evangelical truth, at Zurick, in 1523, ^Bullinger attended the lectures of Zuinglius at. Zurich, five months, in 1527 ; which occafi'oned him to renew his -Study of the Greek language, and to begin that of the He- ¦brew. He preached publickly by a million from the Sy nod ; and, in 1528, he accompanied Zuinglius at the fa mous difpute that was held at Bern. In 1529,- when he was in the twenty-fifth year of his age, he was made paftor of the Reformed at Bremgarten, He was fcarce quietly fettled in his church, with regard to thofe of the Romijh communion, when he was engaged in difputes with the Anabaptifts : But he difputed pub licly againft them, and wrote feveral books in which he confuted their erroneous opinions. The fame year, he married Anne Adlifchwiler, by whom he had many children. The victory obtained by the Catholic cantons'over the Reformed, in 1531, obliged Bullinger to forfake hiscoun* try, together with his father, brother, and colleague. He retired to Zurick, and there had the honor to fill the place vacant by the death of Zuinglius. Bullinger has been rudely called an apoftate, and a mar ried prieft ; which is falfe, and Simler has Shewn the con trary. He edified the church of Zurick, by his preaching and writings. He was obliged to refute the boafts and jmpertinencies of John Faber, who had been the princi pal antagonist of Zuinglius : But Bullinger Shewed him, that the goodnefs of a religion was not to be judged of by the good or bad fuccefs of a battle, From that time, Bullinger was employed in feveral ec clefiaftical negociations, by which Bucer labored to re concile the Zuinglians and the Lutherans, Bullinger conducted himfelf in fuch a manner, that no fufpicion was entertained of him ; and, in 1536, he fhewed, that the love of concord Should never bring him to promote a formulary, that was captious and contrary to found words. In 1538, the magistrates of Zurick, by his perfuafion, erected a new college; and healfo prevailed with them to build? in a place that h^d formerly been a. nunnery, a new fchooj, *66 BULLINGER, fchool, in which fifteen youths Were trained up under ait pble mafter, and fuppjied with all neceffaries. It has been obferved, that Erafmus may be juftly cen fured, ' for his weaknefs in flattering a party, whofe * fentiments and conduct he in many things difapproved ; 4 and in finding fault with thofe, whom upon the whole 4 he refembjed much more than he did their ady.erfaries1, 4 But he died in a friendly and charitable difpofition to- * wards Pellicanus and Bellinger, two Proteftant divines.' He had been at variance with the former ; But he makes honorable mention of the latter. We are told this by Radolph Hofpinipn, one of the greateft Authors of SwiU ?,erland, who, in 1576, formed the hiftory of the errors pf Popery, to Shew the Romanifts that they vainly boaSt pf the conformity of theirdoctrines with antiquity. Bullinger wrote fome books eyery year, and particu larly one againft Luther in 1545. The Switz churches had kept a -long filence, notwithstanding Luiher wrote in a very paffionate manner againft their doctrine concerning the Sacrament : At laft it was thought fit to anfwer him in his-life-tlme, left, if it was deferred till after his death, occafion might be given to fome difadvantageous fur-r mifes. Befides, it was thought, that a very vigorous an* fwer would make Luther more moderate for the future, jmd prevent his abufing that refpedt which was Shewn him, Bullinger, who advifed filence, was the man charged with the bufinefs of anfwering him, and he acquitted himfelf worthily: For the Switzers thought, that though Luther had deferved exceeding well of the church, he wanted mo deration in his writings. But it is an idle tale, thatXa- ther, who died about this time, Should break his heart with vexation, becaufe he could not anfwer Bullinger'^- apology, The landgrave of Hejfe, who knew that people complained pf the church of Zurick on account of thefe infults, informed Bullinger of it, who wrote an apologetic letter to him in the name of his colleagues. In 1549, Bullinger and Calvin drew up a formulary of the confor mity of faith between the church of Zurick, and that of Geneva. Bullinger's Decads were held in high estimation by the Reformed. Archbilhop Whitgift, in full convocation, 1586, procured an order to be made, that every minifter pf a certain Handing Should procure a copy of them, read one of the fermons contained in them every week, and make notes of the principal matter contained in the courfe of reading. A greater testimony of the excellence arid Utility BULLINGER. i6 In 1575, he relapfed into a Severe difeafe, which had attacked him for three months in the ye^r before ; but, though his pains were excruciating, he never appeared impatient pr unrefigoed, either by word or gefture, but prayed the more fervently. In the intervals of eafe, he difcourfed very pleafantly with his friends. He faid, at one time,- " If the Lord will make any farther ufe of me 44 anid of my ministry in his churph, I Shall willingly 44 obey him ; but if he Shall pleafe (as I much defire) to 44 take me out of this miferable life, I Shall exceedingly 44 rejoice; as I Shall be delivered from a wretched age, 44 to go to my Saviour Chrifl^ Sqcratei was glad when 44 his death approached; becaufe, as he thought, he 44 Should go to Homer, Hefiod, arid other learned men, 44 Whom he fiippofed he Should meet with in the other Vox. II, • ' Z 4' world, tp BULLINGER. 44 world. How much more do I rejoice, who am fure that 44 I Shall fee my Saviour Chrifl, the faints, patriarchs,* 44 prophets, apoftles, and all the holy men, who have 44 lived from the beginning of the world ? Since, I fay, 44 I am fure to fee them, and to partake of their joys ; 44 why fhould not I willingly die, to be a Sharer in their 44 eternal Society and glory ?" He took his leave of the minifters and other friends with tears, which, he faid, pro ceeded not from fear of death, but as Paul's, from his great love to them ; having made before them a declara tion of his faith. He defired the magistrates, whom he thanked for all their kindnefsto him, to appoint Ralph Gualter to be his fucceffor. On the day he died, he was much in prayer, repeating the fifty-firft, the fixteenth, and forty-fecond Pfalms. He departed on the feventeenth of September, 1575. He was feventy-one years of age at his death, and had exercifed his ministry during forty- three years. His funeral oration was made by John Stuc- cius: His life was wrote by Jofias Simler : And his me mory was celebrated, in different kinds of verfe, by fe veral hands* He was beloved by all good men^ and par ticularly by doctor Hooper, bifhop of Gloucefler, who was martyred in 1555. Bullinger was Author of a great many books : His printed. Works make ten volumes : And he wrote feveral others that are preferved in manufcript. 44 1.. A Catechifrn for the Tigurine Schoolmafters. %. An Epitome of Christian Religion; in ten Books, 3, Sermons ori the Heads of Christian Religion. 4. A Con feffion and Expofition of the Orthodox Faith. 5. A De claration proving the Proteftant Churches to be neither Heretical or Schifmatical. 6. A Compendium of the Po- piSh and Proteftant Tenets. 7. The old Faith and Reli gion. 8. Of GOD's eternal Covenant. 9. An Affertion of the two Natures in Chrifl. 10. Inftitution of Christian Matrimony. 11. Instructions for the Sick. 12. Decla* rations of" GOD's Benefits unto the Switzers. 13. Ex hortations to Repentance, 14. A Treatifeof the Sabbath, and of .Christian Feafts! 15. Of the Office of Magistrates, and of an Oath. 16. Of Repentance, 17. Of Conver-, fion unto GOD. 18. An Explanation of Daniel's Pro phecies. 19. Of the Office Prophetical, 20. An E.xhor, tation unto Minifters to leave off Controverfies, 21, Of the Original of Mahometanifm. , 22. Of the Perfecut tions of the Church. 231 A Preface to the Latin Bible, 24. Sixtyrfix Homilies 01, Daniel. 25, Epitome of the 3 rfthz^a^Oreawiad YaMUvna lyi^t>U PARKER. tfi Times from the Creation to the Destruction of Jerufalem. 26'. Homilies ori Ifaiah. 27. Sermons on Jeremiah. 28. An Expofition on the Lamentation. 29. Commentaries on Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. 30. On the Ails of the Apoftles. 31. A Series of Times and Actions of fhe Apoftles, 32. Commentaries on the Epiftles of St. Paul. 33. Sermons on the Revelation. 34. A Demonstration of Christian Perfection to Henry II. king of France. 35. Of the Authority of the Scripture. 36. Of the Inftitution of BiShops". , =B»*-a= MATTHEW, PARKER, ARCHBISHGJfyoF CANTERBURY. OUR excellent prelate was the fecond Proteftant arch biShop of Canterbury, and was born Augufl 6, 1504, in the parifh of St. Stephen's, in the city of Norwich. . He had the misfortune to lofe his father when he was only fwelve years of age ; but his mother took a yery particular care of his education. In September, 1520, he was ad mitted into Corpus-Chrifli, or Bennet-college, in Cambridge ; of which houfe he was chofen Scholar, or bible-clerk, the twentieth of March following: And applying himfelf clofely to his Studies, took the degree,of bachelor of arts in 1523-, but, according to others, in 1524. In April,i$2jt he was ordained deacon ; in June, prieft ; and in September^ created mafter of arts, and chofen fellow of his college. By this time he had rendered himfelf fo confpicuous for learning, that he was one of thofe eminent fcholars wh° were invited from. Cambridge, to the magnificent founda tion of cardinal Wotfey's [now Chrifl' s-Church] college J in Oxford: But by the perfuafion of his friends he flayed where he was, diligently following his Studies. And hav ing, within five or fix years, read over the fathers and councils, and rendered himfelf an accomplished divine, he became a licenfed, and frequent preacher, at court, at St. Paul's-crofs, and other public places and occafions. In 1533s or *534> be was made chaplain to Q; Anne Bolein ; who had fo much regard and efteem for him, (he being a zealous promoter of the Reformation) that, a little before Z .2 her iji PARKE. R. her death, She gave him a particular charge, to jtake card' Of her daughter Elizabeth, that fhe might not want his pious and wife counfel. JulJ 14, 1534, he commenced bachelor in divinity. And beifrg prefented, on the fourth of November follow ing, by the' favor of the, queen his miftrefs, to the deanery of Stoke, hear Clare in Suffolk, he was inftalled the thir teenth' of the fame month. At this place he founded a grammar- School; and made new Statutes for the college. March 1, 1537, after the queen's death, K. Henry took him into his own fervice, and made him one of his chap lains : As he was afterwards to K. Edward the Sixth. During the rebellion that broke out that year, he preached sit Clare, agaitift pbpifti fuperftitions, for which he was articled againft by fome of his neighbors ; but his own vindication was fo fatisfadtory to the lord chancellor Auie- ley, that he bid him go on, and not fear fuch eneriii'es. On the firft of July, 1538, he was created doctor in divi nity : And, Oclober 28, 1541, inftilled prebendary of the fecond Stall in the cathedral of " Ely, having been nomi nated thereto by K. Henry the eighth, in his new charter for that cathedral. In 1542, he was prefented by the chapter of Stoke to the rectory of AJhen in Effesi, conve niently Situated both for Cambridge and Sttki. He held this" living not full two years, but refigrted it April 30, 1544, and the next day was prefented to the rectory of Birling-. ham All-faints in hts oWn county of Norfolk; Which he refigned Oclober 1, 1556. December 4, 1544, upon the" king's letters commendatory to the college, dated Novem ber 30, he was choferi mafter of Corpus-Chrifli, or Bennet- tollege, to which he afterwards became a fpecial benefac tor, and compiled for it a new book of Statutes. January" 25, I54y» he was elected vice-chancellor of the univerfi ty, which office he difcharged afterwards in the year 1549; The twenty-fecond of September, 1545, he was preferited by his college of Corpus-Chfifli, to the rectory af Land- beach, in Cambridgejhire, to which he was admitted De-' cember ift.- Notwithstanding all his endeavors to the con trary, he loft his deanery of Stokeby thediftblution'of that College, April 1, 1547; but, in consideration of his merit, he had a yearly penfion of forty pounds fettled On him, in lieu of it, and a promife of the deanery of Lincoln. In the fame year, on the twenty-fourth of June, he married Mrs* Margaret Harleflone, daughter of Robert Harleflone of Mai- tijhal in Norfolk, gent. Happening to be in Norfolk, in 1549, during Ket's rebellion, he had the refolution to go to y P A R K E R. i7j to the re)>els camp ; and, preaching, to them out of the' 44 Oak of Reformation," took an opportunity to exhort them to temperance, moderation, and fubmrffion to the king. In January 155^., he was put into a commiffion for correcting and punifhing fome Anabaptifts, newly fprung up in the kingdom. Mr. Strype gives us this ac-< count of their opinions : 4 They would not baptize their * children ; held as the Arians in the doctrine of theGod- 4 head, and as Pelagius in the doctrine of free-will and 4 predeftination: All thefe came under the denomina- 4 tiori of Anabaptifts. Many alfo adminiftred the facra- 4 ments in other manner than was prefcribed by the book * of Common-Prayer.' The February following, he preached a funeral fermon for doctor Martin Bucer, regius profeffor of divinity in Cambridge. June 1, 1552, he was prefented by K. EdwardVl. to the prebend of Coringham^ or Coldingham, in the cathedral church of Lincoln ; and being nominated, a few days after, by his majefty, to the deanery of the fame church, he was elected July 30, and inftalled the feventh of Oclober following. Thus he lived in great reputation under K. Henry VIIL and Edward VI. But, upon Q; Mary's coming to the crown, he was reduced to low circumftances, and fuf- fered much ; though ftill contented and chearful : For, in the fecond year of her reign, he was deprived of all his preferments, of which the pretence was his being mar ried. According to his own account, " In December 1553, 44 He refigned his mafterShip of Corpus-Chfifli-college to 44 Laurence Moptye, whom1 in a kind of neceffity he chofe 44 his fucceffor. April 2, i554» he was deprived of his 44 prebend of Ely, and rectory of Landbeach. .May 21, 44 fo he was of his deanery and prebend of Lincoln." — — • 46 After that,^adds he) I lived privately ; fo joyful in my 44 confcience before GOD ; and fo neither aShamed nor 44 dejected, that the moft fweet leifure for ftudy, to which 44 the good providence of GOD recalled me, gave me 44 much greater and more 'folid pleafures, than that for- 44 mer bufy and dangerous kind of life ever afforded me." He had fo heartily efpoufed the Reformation, which ren dered him obnoxious, that he was fain to abfcond, and to retire privately into Norfolk, among his friends, with his wife and family. He was often and diligently fought for, yet by Shifting from yplace to place, without, however, going out of the kingdom, he efcaped thofe bloody times, and was referved for better days. One time, narrow fearch keing made in order to take him j he receiving notice of it, 174 P- A R K E- R. it, Sled in the night in great diftrefs, and got fo danger^ ous a fall from his horfe, that he never recovered it. Dur ing this retirement, he turned the book of Pfalms into Englijh verfe ; and wrote a defence of the marriage of priefts. , Qi Elizabeth's acceffion, in 1559, made a great change in his condition : For, he not only became free from all fear and danger, but was exalted to the higheft Station in the Englijh church, to the archbiShopric of Can terbury. A Station for which he was looked upon as the htteft man ; his great prudence, courage, conduct, learri- ing, and experience, being wanting and neceffary, for the Reformation that was now to be fet on foot, and carried on with the utmoft vigour. He was fo far from feeking that high dignity, that it Seems he earneftly avoided it. In the mean time, he was appointed one of the vifitors of the univerfity of Cambridge. And he privately addreffed the queen, to diffuade her from exchanging the temporal revenues of bishopries for impropriations, as She was im- powered to do by act of parliament, upon a vacancy y which was a very unequal exchange. He likewife advifed her to" remove crucifixes and lighted tapers out of churches, par ticularly out of her own chapel. Having been elected archbiShop Augufl 1, 1559, by thedeari and chapter of Canterbury, he was confirmed, December 9, iii the church of St. Mary le Bow ; and confecrated, the feven- teenth of the fame month, in Lambeth-chapel, by Willidth^ Barlow, late bifhop of Bath and Wells, and then elect of ChU chefler, John Scory, late bifhop of Chichefler, and then elect of Hereford, Miles Coverdale late biShop of Exeter, arid John Hodgkin fuffragan biShop of Bedford. The Romanifts in vented afterwards a tale, that he had been confecrated at the Nag' s-head inn, or tavern, in Cheapfide : But that Story hath been fo thoroughly confuted by our Englijh authors ¦and others, and withal difproved by many Catholics j that, to believe it now-a-days, requires more even than the faith of a Papift. ArchbiShop Parker being thus con stituted primate and metropolitan of the church of Eng-. land, took care to have the feveral fees filled with learned and worthy men, and well affected to the Reformation : And foon after performed his metropolitical vifttation of the feveral diocefes. It has been obferved, that in the fpace of fifteen years and five months (during which he was metropolitan) he either confecrated or confirmed the biShops of all the diocefes throughout the kingdom : A circumftance, which has occurred to him alone of all the archbiShops of Canterbury, In 1560, he and the biShops of PARKER. 17-5 tit .Londan\and Elyi addreffed' the queen, to enter into the bleffed. Slate of wedlock ; but She chofe to reign alone. He Iikewife, and fome other bifhops, exhorted her to re move images entirely out of churches, which She inclined to, retain. By his encouragement it was, that a free- fchool was .founded, in 1,563,, at Sandwich in Kent ; and he Iikewife recovered the ftipend of the fchool-maSter of Stok,e. npar Clare. In 1564, he completed the reparation and building of his palace at Canterbury, the expenpe whereof amounted to a,bove one thoufand four hundred pounds ; and, about the fame time, founded a free-fchool at Rochdale in Lancajhire. One of his main defigns and endeavors, was to introduce into this churchman unifor*- mity both in habits and ceremonies; but he met. therein with great oppofition, from that wicked great man the earl of Leicefler, and fome other courtiers ; and from the whole bulk of the Puritans, who have feverely treated him upon that account. June 24, 1567, he founded three, gram- mar-fcholarfhips, or exhibitions, in Bennet-college. And again, in May 1569, he founded five more fcholarfhips ; and, the Augufl -following, two other fcholarfhips, and two fellowfhips, in the fame college. And, in July 1568', obtained alfo of the queen, for that college, the advow- fon of St. Mary Ab-church in London ; for which he gave in exchange the rectory of Penjhurfl in Kent. This laft- mentioned year, came out the great Englijh bible, com monly called " The, BiShops Bible;" which Was put out chiefly through the archbiShop's procurement and care. His heart was much fet upon this great work, from the many defects which appeared in the bibles then in ufe. He was the great fpring which fet this bufinefs in motion. He distributed the book in parts to feveral learned biShops and other divines, and revifed the whole for the prefs. Edwin Sandys, then bifhop of Worcefler ; Guefl, biShop of Rochefler, who had the Pfalms ; Parkhurfl, biShop of Nor wich ; Davies, bifhop of St. David's; Cox, biShop of Ely 5 and other eminent men ; were employed in this tranfla*- tion. Strype fays, 4 So highly pleafed was this good pre- 4 late, when he- faw an end put to this great work, that 4 he feemed to be in the fame fpiritwith old Simeon, ufing 4 his very words, Lord, now lettefl thou thy fervant depart 4 in peace; for mine eyes have feen thy falvation I This was 4 that which was commonly called the BiShops Bible, 4 becaufe the archbiShops and the biShops had the chief 4 hand in correcting, reviewing, and publishing it. Law-, 4 .rtfce, a man very famous for his knowledge iii G) Ui .rence, a man very famous for his knowledge iii Greek, "'' 'had ij6 PARKER. * had the care of the New Teftament.' The fecond ediV jtion of this bible was published in 1572, much improved and embellifhed.. In 1570, he repaired the great hall at Lambeth, cover ing it with Shingles ; and made the long bridge into the Thames near the palace, He alfo made the regent-walk, leading from the weft of St. Mary's church in Cambridge to the public fchopls, paving it, and building a brick wall on each fide. In 1571, he gave handfome prefents of plate, and other benefactions, to feveral colleges in that univerfity, and in particular founded one feholarfhip in Trinity-hall, for the ftudy of the law. The feventh day of September, 1573, he magnificently entertained Q. EQ- zabeth at Canterbury, as he had entertained her feveral times before. Taking umbrage at the prophefyings fet up in feveral diocefes, particularly in that of Norwich, he en* deavored to fupprefs them, which expofed him to frefh cen- fures from fome warm Puritans : Arid made them ufe their utmoft efforts to ruin him at court. Towards the end of the year 1574, he gave a hundred volumes to the library of the univerfity of Cambridge ; whereof twenty-five were valuable manufcripts : And added further benefactions to his favorite college of Corpus-Chrifli. At length being arrived to the feventy-fecond year of his age, and finding himfelf in' a declining condition ; April 5, 1575, hefigned his will, wherein he bequeathed legacies and gifts to fe veral perfons and places. He died the feyenteenth of May following, of the ftone and Strangury; and was buried with great folernnity, in his own private chapel, within his palace at Lapibeth. His magnificent, as well as generous, and cjiaritahle difpofition, is fufficiently manifeft from what hath been faid of him in this article, As tp his other virtues ; hp was pious, fober, temperate ; modeft even to a fault, be* ing upon manyoccafions over-bafhful ; immovable in the distribution of juftice ; a great patron, and zealous de* fender, of the church of England, againft the attacks both of Puritans and Papifts ; in which he acted with great floutnefs and refolution, it being his rule " in a good caufe 44 to fear no body ;" notwithstanding he is for that cerifured by fome, as having too much roughnefs, and want of court* Ship. Among his other valuable episcopal qualities, he was a frequent preacher ; and given to hofpitality with-r out profufion or offence ; his family and entertainments^ though large, being conducted with the utmoft, decency, elegance, regularity, and Sobriety. Of his learning, the Several, park e ft: -^'j feveral books published by him are a fufficient evidence. Particularly, he was a great' lover and preferverof manu scripts, and other antiquities ; and a hearty encourager, if not the firft reviver,- of the ftudy of the Saxon tongue in this kingdom. He recovered many books in that lan guage, which would otherv/ife have been inevitably loft,; and fome of them were published by himfelf, or by his di rection. The beft antiquarians in his tiine, had the ho nor of Standing in the number of his moft intiinate friends and acquaintance. His Works were as follow : ." i. A Defence of Prie'fts Marriages, eftabliShed by the Imperial Lawes of the Realm of England : Againft a Civilian naming himfelf Thomas Martin, Doctor of the Civil Lawes, going about to difprove the faid Marriages, lawful by the eternal Word of GOD, and by the High Court. of Parliament: Only forbid by foreign Lawes, and Canons of the Pope, coloured with a Vifrfr of the Church. Which Laws and Canons were extinguished by the Parliament, and fo abrogated by the Convocation in their Synod by their Subfcriptions, Printed in 1562, without his name. 2. Mlfric, [Abbot of St, Albans about the year 996] his Saxon Tranflation of a Latin Homily, entitled, A Sermon of the Pafchal Lamb, and of the Sacramental Bodie and Blood of Chrifl, writ7 ten in the old Saxon tongue before-.the Conqueft, and appointed in the reign of the Saxons to be fpoken unto the People at Eafler, before they Should receive the Com munion. Or, A Teftimony of Antiquity, Shewing the Antient Faith of the Church of .England, touching the Sacrament of the Bodie and Blood of the Lord, here pub lickly preached, and alfo received, iri the Saxons time, above 700 years ago. With Two Epiftles of Mlfric. 3. The world is alfo obliged to him, for the publication of four of our beft Englijh hiftorians ; Matthew of Wefl- minfler, Matthew Paris, AfJ'er's Life of Kirig Mlfred, and Thomas Walfingham. Matthew of Weflminfler he pubr lifhed in'1570,' fol. under this title, Flares Hifloriarum per Matthaum Weflmonaflerienfern collecli, prtecipue de rebus Britannicis ab exordia mundi itfque ad Annum Domini, 1307. With a large preface. 4. Matthew Paris was published by him in 1571, fol. and entitled, Matthcei Paris Mona- chi Alianenfis Angli Hifloria major. 5. And the Life of K. Mlfred, by John AJfer bifhop of Sherbourne, came out in 1574, entitled, Alfred! Regis res gefla: ab Afferio Shir- burnenfi Epifcopo confcriptee: Printed in Saxon letters, the fame as the original manufcript was written in; on pur- Vol. II. A a pofe 378 PARKER. pofe to bring gentlemen to the knowledge and ftudy of the Saxon tongue. To which is fubjoined, Hifloria brevis Thoma: Walfingham ab Edvardo prima ad Henricum quintum; s-with his Upodeigma Neuflria vel Normannia. i. e. " The 44 Hiftory of Thomas Walfingham from Edward I. to Henry 44 V. with his Account of Normandy." 6. If was through his advice and encouragement, that the learned John Fox published K. Mlfred' s Saxon Translation of the Gofpels; and Reformatio Legum Ecclefiaflicarum, 1 5 7 1 , 4to. 7 . Ano ther confiderable work of his, was, The Lives of his Pre- deceffors ArchbiShops of Canterbury, entitled, De Antiqui- tate Britannica Ecclefia & Privilegiis Ecclefia Canfuari- enfis, cum Archiepifcopis ejufdem LXX. London, 1572, fol." Though London is put in the title-page, it is faid to have been printed at Lambeth, where the archbiShop had work men of all forts. He caufed only a few copies to be printed, which he occafionally distributed amongft his friends. It is very remarkable, that there are hardly any two copies alike ; and moft of them want the account of his own life, he having, out of modefty, caufed it to be fuppreffed, whilft he lived. Mr. Strype has therefore in ferred it in the appendix to our afchbifhop's life. A wretched edition of that book was printed again at Hanaw .in 1605, full of faults and imperfections. But, a very Beautiful and elegant one was at length reprinted at Lon don, in 1729, folio, by Samuel Drake, D. D. fellow of St. John' 's-college, Cambridge; adorned with the figures of the feveral archbiShops monuments, and other fculptures, exquifitely performed. Some have afcribed this work to John Jofceline, our archbifhop's fecretary, or chaplain, a very learned antiquarian. But what Share Jofceline had in it, was only this, that he made collections for it out of antient hiftorians : And the digefter and compiler of them was the archbiShop himfelf. This is undeniable from two letters of the archbiShop published by Dr. Drake, and Mr. Strype; wherein he calls that work, 4' My book of my 44 Canterbury predeceffors— — my Small Travels— —my *' pore collection, kc." PETER ( 179 ) ~8-.»»ueen' s- college in Oxford told him, that he had heard Dr. Chedfey, one of our Author's old acquaintance, fay among his friends, the Proteftants and us muft compound the matter, they muft grant us the real prefence, and we muft give way to them in the point of tranfubftantiation. Dr. WeJlon alfo, another of fais fellow Students, made a long oration to Shew that tho C c eucharift 194 GILPIN. Eucharift Should be adminiftered in both kinds, and Mr. Morgan, a third brother Oxonian, told him that Dr. Ware, a man moft famous for life and learning, had affirmed to him, that the principal facrifice of the church of GOD was the facrifice of thankfgiving, Mr. Gilpin further ob ferved, that the moft learned biShops at that time con futed the primacy of the pope both in words and writing. And to conclude, one Harding, being newly returned home out of Italy, in a long and famous oration fo plainly fet out and painted to the life the friars and unlearned hi* Shops, who had met at the council of Trent in their green gowns, that it abated in him, as well as in many others* a great deal of that opinion and confidence, which they had repofed in general councils. Hence continuing his diligence in fearching the fcrip* tures and the fathers, he began to obferve many great abufes., and fome enormities in Popery, and to think Re* formation neceffary. Whilft he was going on in this courfe, having taken holy orders from the biShop of Oxford, he was over-ruled by the perfuafions of his friends to accept, againft his will, of the vicarage of Norton in the diocefe of Durham. This was in 1552, and being a grant from king Edwara E VI, before he went to refide, he was appointed to preach be fore his majefty, who was then at Greenwich. His fer mon was greatly approved, and recommended him to the notice of many perfons of the firft rank, particularly to Sir Francis Ruffel and Sir" Robert Dudley, afterwards earl of Bedford and Leicefler, and to fecretary Cecil, afterwards lord treafurer Burleigh,, who obtained for him the king's licence for a general preacher during his majefty's lifej which however happened to be not much above the fpace of half a year after. Thus honored he repaired to bis pariSh, entered upon the duties of it, and, as occafion re^ quired, made ufe of the king's licence in other parts of the country. But here he foon grew uneafy ; However re-> Solved as he was againft Popery, he was fcarcely fettled in fome of his religious opinions ; he found the country overfpread with popiSh doctrines, the errors of which he was unable to oppofe. In this unhappy Slate he applied to biShop Tonftall (then in the Tower.} That prelate ad-t vifed him to provide a trufty curate for his pariSh, and fpend a year or two abroad in converging with fome of the moft eminent profeffors on both fides the queftion, The propofal was juft Mr. Gilpin's own wifh with regard to travelling abroad, which he therefore refolyed upon, but, ai GILPIN. i95 at the fame time, determined to refign his living, as he •accordingly did, to a perfon very deferving of it. This done, he fet out for London to receive the biShop's laft or ders and embark. His resignation gave his lordShip much concern : It was done out of a fcruple of confcience very uncommon, and which the biShop could fee no foundation for, Since he could have procured him a difpenfatipn. However, after fome words of advice to look better to his intereft, he was reconciled, promifed to fupport. him abroad, and at part ing put into his hands a treatife upon the Eucharift, which the times not fuiting to be printed here, he defired might be done under his infpedtion at Paris. With this charge he embarked for Holland, and upon landing went imme diately to Malin to vifit his brother George, who was then a Student there. But after a few weeks he went to Lou vain, which he pitched on for his refidence, propofing to rriake occasional excursions to Antwerp, Ghent, Bruffels, and Other places in the Netherlands. Lauvain-was then one of the chief places for Students in divinity, fome of the moft eminent divines on both fides of the queftion refided there ; and the moft important topics of religion were difcuffed with great -freedom.^. Our Author made the beft ufe of his time, foon began to have jufter notionsof, and greater fatisfaction in the doctrine of the Reformed ; when he was alarmed with the news of K. Edward's death, and the ac ceffion of Q. Mary to the throne. However this bad news came attended with an -agree able account of bifhop Tonflall's releafe from the Tower and re-eftabliShment in his biShopric. But the confe- quence of this was not fo agreeable ; for afterwards he re ceived a letter from his brother George, inviting him to Antwerp upon a matter of great importance. Coming thither he found the bufinefs was a requeft of the biShop's to perfuade our Author to accept of a living of confider- able value, Which Was become vacant in his diocefe. Giorge ufed all his endeavors for the purpofe, but in vain, Bernard was too well pleafed with his prefent Situation to think of a change, and excufed himfelf to his patron on the fame fcruple of confcience as before, againft taking the profits while another did the duty; 4' And whereas, (con- 44 eludes he,)'I know well your Jordfhip is careful how I 44 fhould live, if GOD fhould call your lordShip, being 44 now aged, I defire you let not that trouble you. For 44 if I had no other Shift I could get alectureShip I know 44 Shortly, either in this univerfity, or at feaft in fome C c 2 " abbey <( io« G I L P I tf. 44 abbey hereby ; where I Should, not lofe my time : Aiwt 44 this kind of life, if GOD be pleafed, I defire before any benefice." ..This letter was dated November 22, 1554 : The biShop was not offended at it : The unaf* fected piety of it led him rather to admire a behavior iii which the motives of. confcience Shewed themfelves fo fu-> perior to thofe of intereft. In the mean time our Author was greatly affected with the misfortune of the Englijh exiles from Q. Mary's perfecution, and was not, a little pleafed to find that though unable personally to affiSl them, yet his large acquaintance in the country furniShed him with the means of being ufeful to many of them by very ferviceable recommendations. He had been now two years in Flanders ; and had made, himfelf perfect mafter of the controverfy as it was there handled. He left Louvain therefore and went to Paris, Where his firft care was printing his patron's book, which he performed entirely to his lordlhip's fatisfaction this, fame year 1554, and received his thanks for it. Here, popery became quite his averfion, he faw more of its fu- perftition and craft than he had yet feen, the former among. the people; the latter among the priefts, who Scrupled not to avow, how little truth was their.concern. In this city he met with his old acquaintance and Hebrew mafter,. Mr. Neal, of New- college : He had always been a favorer of popery; and was now a bigot to it; -and he tried his Strength upon his quondam, pupil, but found him above his match. This Was the fame Neal, who was afterwards chaplain to biShop Bonner, arid distinguished himfelf by being the fole voucher, of the filly ftory of the Nag's-head. confecration. After three years abfence* having fatisfied his confcience in the general doctrines of the Reformation, Mr. Gilpin returned to England in 1556,' a little before the death of Qj. Mary. As his return was probably at the biShop of, Durham's requeftj fo his lordShip received him with great friendship* and in a very little time gave him the arch-, deaGonry of Durham, to which the rectory of Eafington was annexed. He immediately repaired to his pariSh, where, notwithstanding the perfecution, which was then in its height, he preached boldly againft the vices, errors,, and cprruptions of the times, efpecially in the clergy.- This was an infallible way to draw vengeance upon him-- Self; and accordingly, a charge confuting of thirteen ar-. tides was drawn up againft him, and prefented in form to the biShop. But Tonflall, who was a prelate of great difcernment G I: LP IN, fg? 4jScerrtment as well as humanity, and being much p'rae-» tifed in the world, eafily found a method of difmiffing the eaufe in fuch a manner, as to protect his nephew, with out endangering himfelf. The malice of his enemies could not however reft; his character, at leaft* was in their power, and they created him fo much trouble, that not able to undergo the fatigue of both his places, he begged leave of the- bifhop "to refign either the archdea conry or his pariSh, which his lordShip thought fit ; to which thebiShop anfwered, that the income of the former was not a fupport without the latter, and that they could , not be feparated. In the mean time he managed a dif-" pute againft tranfubftantiation with the biShop's chaplains* and in his prefence, with fo much prudence as well as learning, as greatly pleafed his lordShip ; and the rich living of Houghton le Spring becoming vacant he prefented him to it, on his refignation of the archdeaconry, at his own, requeft. This generous patron alfo, foon after urged him to accept of a Stall then vacant, in the cathedral o£ Durham, telling him, there lay not the fame objection to this as to the archdeaconry, that it was quite a Sinecure, &c. But he urged in vain; our Author told the bifhop, he had already more wealth than he was afraid he could give a good account of, and begged not to have an ad ditional charge. ueen' s-col- lege. This was complied to with great reluctance by the fellows, who were attached to popery : And the doctor finding his Situation uneafy among them, determined- to refign, and made an offer of the place to Mr. Gilpin, But though he loved the univerfity well, and this college in particular, of which he had been fellow, and was af- fured likewife, that the prefent fellows had a very great refpect and efteem for him ; yet all was not able to move him from his parfonage. It is true, the rectory of Houghton$was of considerable value (four hundred pounds per annum at leaft), but the duty of it was proportionably laborious. It was fo ex- 2 tenfive, GILPIN. I99 tenfive, that it contained no lefs than fourteen villages. But this he looked on as an ample field, opened for exer-"- cifing his faculties and taknts in the duties of a pariflv- prieft ; and he fulfilled them all. Upon taking poffeffior*i he found the parfonage-houSe gone fo entirely to decay, that he cpuld nptrefide in it; repairing of this was there fore his firft bufinefs 5 part of it was fitted up as foon as poffible for his reception; and he continued improving and enlarging it, till it became fuitable to the hofpitality he was refolved to keep in it. His houfe, (fays hiShop Qarleten) was like a'biShpp's palace ; fuperior, indeed, to moft biShops' houfes, with refpedt both to the largenefs of the building, and the elegance of the fituation, In this houfe, his hofpitable manner of living foon became the admiration of the whole country. He fpent in his family every fortnight forty buShels of corn, twenty buShels of malt, and a whole ox ; befides a proportionable quantity of other kinds of provision. Every Thurfday throughout the year, a very large quantity of meat was dreffed wholly for the poor ; and every day they had what quantity of broth they wanted. Twenty-four of the pooreft were his conftant pensioners. Four times in the year a dinner was provided for them, when they received from bis Steward a certain quantity of corn, and a fum of money : And at Chriftmas they had always an ox divided among them. Every Sunday from Michaelmas till Eafter was a fort of public day with him. During this feafonj he expected to fee all. his parifhioners and their families, for their reception he had three tables well covered; the firft was for gentlemen, the fecond for hufbandmen and farmers, and the third for day-laborers. This piece of hofpitality he never omitted, even when loffes, or a fear-* city of provision, made its continuance rather difficult to him. Even when he was abfent, no alteration was made in his family expences ; the poor were fed, and his neigh bors entertained as ufual. Strangers and travellers found a ehearful reception ; all were welcome that came ; and even their beafts had fo much care taken of them, that it was humorouSly faid, if a horfe was turned loofe in any part of the country, it would immediately make its way to the rector of Houghton's, To any one who knows that hofpitality was the boaft of the Romijh. clergy before the Reformation ; the pru dence of this part of our Author's conduct will appear iri jts proper light. Ana the reft was of a piece with this. He fet out with making it his endeavor to gain the affec tion jtoo GIL P I Ni tion of his pariShioners. To fucceed in it, however, he ufed no fervile .compliances. His -behavior was frei without levityj obliging without meannefs, insinuating without art. To this humanity and courtefy, he added an unwearied application to the immediate duties of his function. Not fatisfied with the advice he gave in pub lic, he ufed to inftnict privately, and brought his pa riShioners to come to him with their doubts and difficult ties ; he laid himfelf out in forming the youth to godli- nefs, fuffering none to grow up in ignorance of their duty. He was veryaffiduous in preventing all law- Suits, and his. hall is faid to have been often thronged with people, who came on that account ; he Shewed fuch a hearty concern for all under affliction, that he was confidered as a good angel by all fuch. • He ufed to interpofe, likewife, in all acts of oppreffion ; and his authority was fuch, that it generally put a Stop to them : For inftance, after the rebellion raifed by the earls of Weftmoreland and Northumberland was quelled, though the rebels had forced him to withdraw, and in his abfence had ravaged and plundered his houfe and grounds at Houghton ; yet, when he faw too much feverity ufed againft them by the marShal, Sir George Bowes, he inter? ceded for them fo earnestly, that, either perfuaded by what he faid, or paying a deference to his character, the marfhal grew more mild, and Shewed many inftances of mercy riot expected from him, • The bifhop once requiring him, upon his canonical obedience, to preach a vifitation fermon, he found him-? felf obliged to comply; though without any previous no tice, and after the clergy were affembled. This prelate was a well meaning, but a weak man, and wholly in the hands of his chancellor. Mr. Gilpin thought this no unfavorable opportunity to open his lordfhip?s eyes, and induce him to exert himfelf, where there was fo great reafon for it ; private information had often been given him without fuccefs, Mr. Gilpin was now refolved, there fore, to venture upon a public application. In this fpirit, before he concluded his fermon, turning towards the bi fhop, he thus addreffed him: " My difcourfe' now, reve-> *' rend father, muft be directed to you. GOD hath 44 exalted you to be bifhop of this diocefe, and requireth 44 an account of your government thereof, A reforma- 44 tion of all thofe matters, which are amifs in the church, 44 is expected at your hands. And now," left perhaps, 44 while it is apparent, that fo mjmy enormities are com mitted. GILPIN. aoj '« mitted every where, your lordShip Should make anfwer, 44 that you had no notice of them given you, and that' 44 thefe things never came to your knowledge/' ffor this, it feems, was the biShop's common apology to all com plainants] ; '4 behold, I bring thefe thirigs to your know- 44 ledge this day. Say not then, that thefe crimes haVo 44 been committed by the fault of others, without your 44 knowledge ; for whatever either yourfelf Should do in 44 perfon, or fuffer by your connivance to be done of 44 others, is wholly your own. Therefore, in' the pre- 44 fence of GOD, his angels, and men, I pronounce 44 you to be the author of all thefe evils: yea, and in 44 that Strict day of the general account, I will be a wlt- 44 nefs to teftify againft you, that all thefe things have 44 come to your knowledge by my means ; and all thefe 44 men Shall bear witnefs thereof, who' have heard me 44 fpeak unto you this day." This freedom alarmed every one ; -the biShop, they faid, had now got that advantage over him, that had been long fought for. But when our' Preacher," before he went home, Went to pay his compli ments to his lordShip, 4 Sir, (faid the bifhop), I purpofe 4 to wait upon you home myfelf.' This he accordingly did ; and as foon as Mr. Gilpin had carried him into a parlour, the bifhop turned ftiddenly round, and feizing him eagerly by the 'hand, 4 Father Gilpin, (fays he), I 4 acknowledge 'you are fitter to be biShop of Durham, 4 than I am to be parfon of this church of your's. — I a Sic 4 forgivenefs for paft injuries. — Forgive me, father.— I 4 know you have enemies, but while I live biShop of Dur-> 4 ham, be fecure ; none of them Shall caufe you any far- * ther trouble.' Notwithstanding all this painful induftry, and the large fcope it had in fo extended a pariSh, our Paftor thought the fphere of his benevolence yet too confined : It grieved him extremely, to fee every where in the parishes round him fo much ignorance and fuperftition, occafioned by the very great neglect of the paftoral care in the clergy of thofe parts*. Thefe bad confequences induced him to * The. folfcjwjng instance (hews how low preaching_ ran at tills time; Mr. Ta-vernaur of Water^Eatqn in Oxford/hire, high-Sheriff of the county, came, it is faid, in pure charity, not out of oftentation, and gave the Scholars at Oxford a fermon in St. Mary's- church, with his gold chain about his neck, and his fword by his fide, and aecolted them thus ¦. ' Arriving at the mount of St. Mary, in the ftony Stage 4 where I now Stand, I have brought you fomg fine bifcuits baked in * the oven of charity, and carefully conferved for the chickens of the * church, the fpariws of the fpirit, and the fweet fwallows of falva- ' tion.' Fuller's Church Hiitoiv. D 4 fupply a«*< G"l L P I N". fgpply as far as he could, what was wanting in other's*-' FOr this purpofe* every year he ufed regularly to vifit the? moft neglected pa-riShes in Northumberland, Torijhiref Chejhire, Weflmoreland and Cumberland : And that his own pariSh in the meantime might not fuffer* he was at the expence of a conftant affiftant.. And as he had all the warmth of an enthufiaft,- though under the direction of it- very calm judgement, he never wanted an audience, even in the wildeft parts ; where he roufed many to a fenfe of* religion, who had contra£ted the moft inveterate habits of' inattention to every thing of a ferious nature.' Where-' ever he came, he ufed to vifit all the jails, and places of coafinement, few in the kingdom at that time having an^ appointed minifter; and by his labors, and affectionate manner of behaving, he is faid- to have reformed many- very abandoned perfons in thofe places. He would em- Sloy his intereft, likewife, for fuch criminals, whofe cafes* e thought attended with any hard circumftances, and often procured pardons for them. There is a tract of country upon the borders of Nor-* thumberland, called Reads-dale and Tine^dale, of all bar-< barous places in the North,, at that time, the moft barba-» fous. , Before the union, this place was called the de-* bateable land, as fubjedt by turns to England and Scot^ land; and the common theatre where the two nations-were continually acting their bloody fcenes* It was inhabited by a kind of defperate banditti, rendered- fierce and active* by conftant alarms; they lived by theft^ ufed to plunder1 on both fides of the barrier, and what they plundered ort> one, they expofed to fale on the other ; by that means Cfcaping juftice. Such adepts were they in the art of? thieving; that they could twift a cow's horn, or mark a horfe, So as its owners could not know it, and fo fubtle, that no vigilance could guard againft them. For thefe arts they were long afterwards famous. A pesfon telling K. James J. a furprizihg Story of a cow, that had been driven from the north of Scotland into the fouth of Eng-, land, and^ efcaping from the herd, tiad found her way home : 4 The moft furprizing part of the ftory, replied 4 the king, you lay the leaft ftrefs on, viz. that She paffed 4 unftolen through the debateable land.' In this dreadful country, where no man would even travel that could help it*, Mr. Gilpin never failed tofpend! fome ' * Mr. Camden dafci-ibing thefe places writes thus : ' Both theft ' Dales breed notable bog-trotters, and have fuch boggy-topped moun- 4 tains, •G I L P IN'. -20$ fome part of every year- He generally chofe the holi days of Chriflmas for this journeys becaufe he found the people at that feafon moft difeogaged, and moft eafily af- fembled. He had fet places for preaching, which were as regularly attended, as the affize town of a circuit. This was a very difficult and laborious employment on -feveral accounts; the country was fo poor, that what provision he could get, extremity only could make palatable ; the hadnefs of the weather, and the badnefs of the roads through a mountainous country, and at that feafon co vered with fnow, expofed him, likewife, very often to great hardships. The Saxon cuftom of deciding differ ences by the fword prevailed here. Nay, thefe wild Nor thumbrians went beyond the ferocity of their anceftors ; they were not content with a duel : Each contending party ufed to mufier what adherents he could, and commence a kind of petty war ; fo that a private grudge would often, occafion much bloodfhed. It happened that a quarrel of this krnd was on foot once When Mr. Gilpin was at Rothbury, in thofe parts ; during the two or three firft days of his preaching, the difputants obferved fome decorum, and never appeared at church to gether; at length, however, they met. One party had been early at church, and juft as Mr. Gilpin began his fermon the other entered ; they Stood not long Silent ; in,- ftamed at the fight of each other, they began to claSh their weapons, for they were all armed with javelins and fwords, and mutually approach. Awed, however, by the facred-* ;iefs of the place, the tumult in fome degree ceafed : Mr. Gilpin proceeded ; when again, the combatants began to brandiSh their weapons, and draw towards each other. As a fray feemed near, he Stepped from the pulpit, went between them^ and addreffing the leaders, put an end to the quarrel for the prefent ; but could not effect ah entire reconciliation. They promifed him, however, that till the fermon was over they would make no further disturb ance. He then went again into the pulpit, and fpent the ' tains, as are jnotto be croffed by ordinary horfemem ,We wonder * to fee fo many heaps, of ftones in them, which the neighbourhood ' believe to be thrown together in memory of Some perfons there llain. ' There are alfo in both of them, many ruins of old forts. The Um- ' fran'viUes held Reads-dale, as Dooms-day book, informs us, in See * and knight's fervice, for guarding the Dale from robberies. AH ' over thefe waftes you fee, as it were, the antient Nomades, a mar. * tial people, who from April to Augufl lie in little tents, which they ' call (heals or (healings, here and there dilperfed among their flocks," CAWD6NV Britannia. Pda reft 664 G I L P I N. reft of the time, in endeavoring to make them afhamedof what they had done. His behavior and difcourfe af fected them fo much, that, , at his farther intreaty, they promifed to forbear all acts of hoftility, while he conti nued in the country. And fo much refpected was he among them, that whoever was in fear of his enemy, ufed to refort where Mn, Gilpin was, efteeming his prefence the beft protection -. One Sunday morning coming tb a church, before the people were affembied, he obferved hanging up a man's glove ; and being informed by the fcxton, that it was meant as a challenge to any one that Should take it down ; upon the fexton refufing, he took it down himfelf,. and put in his breaft. In his fermon he took this occafion to rebuke them for thefe inhuman challenges. " I hear, (fays 44 he,) that one among you hath hanged up a glove even 44 in this facred place, threatning to fight any.one who 44 takes it down ; fee here, 1 have taken it down :" And holding it out to the congregation, he Shewed how un- fuitable filch practices were to Christianity, and preffed them by the moft affectionate perfuafives to mutual love> The djTinterefted pains he thus took among thefe barba,- rous people, added to his good offices and charities to them, (which were fo liberal, that though he fet out on this jour ney wish ten pounds in his purfe, yet he returned twenty nobles in debt, which he always paid in a fortnight,) drew from them the fincereft expreffions of gratitude. Of this We h^ve one pregnant inftance. By the careleffnefs of a fervanf:, his horfes were pne day Stolen. The news was quickly propagated,, and everyone expreffed the higheft indignation at it. The thief, however, was rejoicing over his prize, when, by the report of the country, he found whofe horfes he had taken. Terrified at what he had done, he inftantly came trembling back, confeffed the fact, re turned the horfes, and declared he believed the devil would have feized him directly, had he carried them off when he knew they belonged to Mr, Gilpin. Such actions as thefe are not, it is confeffed, the bril liant and, Striking part of his historical memoirs ; but they certainly are not the leaft ufeful. Perfons in high life can be examples only to few, in comparifon of thofe who move in a lower fphere, and fill an inferior Station ; and among thefe, there is no character fo amiable, nor which fpreads its influence fo extenfively, as that of a worthy parifh-prieft. Such, undeniably, was Mr. Gilpin's, and that to fuch a degree too, as deferves to he diftinguifhed H GILPIN. 20s hy particular notice to the prefent age, as much as he was diftinguiShed in his own, when he merited and obtained the defireable titles of the Father of the Poor, and The Apostle of the North. But this character was not fully . completed in him, by the particulars hitherto mentioned, extraordinary as they are. There is ftill ano ther, which alone would have been fufficient to fill up the whole fphere of an ordinary activity, and which, there fore, neither juftice to him, nor to the Reader, will fuffer to be omitted.,,,;; We have already mentioned the firft method taken by our Author, as being the moft preffing and urgent to fup ply the want of able preachers. Q. Elizabeth was very ienfible of this fcarcity, and, among other ways of pro viding a relief, recommended to her council the founding feminaries of good learning. - No good work ever went ^forward, which Mr- Gilpin did not promote as far as he was able. . In this he joined to the utmoft of his abilities, and, as was commonly indeed thought, beyond them. His manner of living was the moft affluent and generous ; his hofpitality made daily a great demand upon him, and his bounty and charities a much larger. His acquaintance, therefore, could not but wonder to find him, amidft fuch great expences, entertain the defign of building and en dowing a grammar-fchool : A defign, however, which his -very exa£t ceconomy foori enabled him to accomplish, though the expence of it amounted to upwards of five hundred pounds. The effects of this endowment were very quickly feen. His fchool was no fooner opened than it began to flourish, and to afford the agreeable profpedt of a fucceeding generation, rifing above the ignorance and errors of their forefathers. That fuch might be its ef fects, no care on his part was wanting : He not only placed able mailers in his fchool, whom he procured from Oxford, but himfelf, likewife, constantly inspected it ; and, that encouragement might quicken the application of his boys, he always took particular notice of the moft forward ; he would call them his own fcholars, and would fend for them into his ftudy, and there inftruct them him- .felf. There was fo great a refort of young people to this fchool, that in a little time the town was not able to ac commodate them. Seeing this, he fitted up a part of his own houfe for that purpofe, where he feldorii had fewer than twenty or thirty children ; fome were fons of per fons of distinction, whom he boarded at eafy rates : But the greater part were poor children, who could not fo esffily V* G I L P I *F. feafiiy get themfelves boarded in the town, and whom he not only educated, but cloathed and maintained : He was at the expence, likewife, of boarding many others in town, One method ufed by him to fill his fchool was a little "fingular. Whenever he met a poor boy upon the roady he would make trial of his capacity by a few queftions, and if he found it fuch as pleafed him, he would provide for his education*. Thus he ufed to bring feveral every year from the different parts where he preached, particu larly Reads-dale and Tine-dale. Nor did his care end here--; from his fchool he fent feveral to the universities, where he maintained them wholly at his own ejtpence; for that end he yearly fet apart fixty pounds ; this fum he always laid out, often more : His common allowance to each fcholar was about ten pounds a year, which, for a fober youth, ,wasat that time a very fufficient maintenance; fo that he neyer maintained fewer than Six. To others, who were in circumftances to do fomething for themfelves, he would give the farther affiftance they needed. By which means, he induced many parents to allow their children a liberal education, who otberwife would not have done jt. 0ur Author's care of them went Still farther. He confidered himfelf as their proper guardian, and feemed- to think himfelf bound to the public for their ufefulnefs. __ With this view he held a punctual correfpondence with their tutors ; and made the youths themfelyes frequently write to him ; fo folicitous, indeed, was he about them, that once every year he generally madea journey to the yniverfities to infpect their behavior. Nor was this un-? common care unrewarded ; few of his fcholars mifcarried, many of them, fays Carleton biShop of Chichefter, (who was one himfelf) became great ornaments to the church, »nd very exemplary instances of piety, * It was in this manner that he firft picked up, in his road to Ox ford, the famous tlugh BrwgktMf, whom he fent to Cambridge and 'Supported there ; among other iludies applying himfelf principally to the Hebrew tongue, he became by far the moft eminent perfoji in his time, he not only fpoke it fluently himfelf, but taught feveral others to do the fame. See Dr. Lighffoot't article in Bidgraphja Britannica. But he ailed a moft bafe and ungrateful part to his Benefactor. Ins inuating himfelf into the bishop of Durhain's, [Barnes"] favor, he found means to prejudice him againft Mr. Gilpin, in the view of fupr planting him at Houghton. But the biShop was reconciled, as has been mentioned in the text, and promifed that his enemies Should not hurt him, meaning particularly Broughton; who thereupon left Durham, ami went to Seek his fortune elfewhere. Broughton, though indeed a n'f great fchgjar, w?8 one of fhe vaineft men of. his time.. The r -The fettlement of thfs fchool Was the laft bufinefs of- a. public nature, in which he was engaged. It anfwered- hjs expectations fo well, that when he grew old it became his chief concern. His infirmities obliged him now to rela>s-a little from thofe very great fatigues, he had Un dergone abroad, and to draw his engagements nearer home. His fchool, Situated near his houfe, afforded him whert moft infirm an employment, and he could hardly die in. peace till he had fettled it to his mind. What he had- principally at hearts was to compofe for it. a fet of good Statutes, to provide it a better endowment, and fix all by a charter. As to the Statutes, 'he was daily employed in, improving his firft draught. With regard to a better: endowment, as it was not in his power to do any thing more himfelf, he applied to. a neighboring gentleman,; John Heath, Efq. of Kepier, with whom he had lived many years in great intimacy, and prevailed with him to double the original endowment : This, with fome other contributions, procured by him, raifed the revenues an- fwerable to his wiShes. The laft thing was to obtain a charter. For this, he applied to his friend the earl p( Bedford, who eafily procured it of the queen in March# , Towards the latter part of his life, Mr. Gilpin went through his duty with great difficulty ; his health was much impaired ; the extreme fatigue, he had during fo many years undergone, had now quite broke his eonfti--* tution, and while he was thus Struggling with thefe diffi culties, there happened an affair, which entirely deftroyed his health. As he was crofting the market-place at Dur ham, an ox ran at him, and threw him down with fuch violence, that it Was imagined he had received his death's Wound. He lay long confined ; and though he got abroad again, he never recovered even the little Strength he had! before, and continued lame as long as he lived. But ficknefs was not the only diftrefs, which the declining years of this excellent man had to Struggle with, As age and infirmity began to leffen that Weight and influ-i ence he once had, the malice and oppofition of his ene mies of courfe prevailed more. He was charged by fome With maintaining the un.lawfulne.fs of marriage in the clergy; others taxed him with hypocrify ; and a third, with refufing to pay his juft debts: While chancellor Bar*** laid afide all decency in oppreffing him. Such a load of calumny, ingratitude, and ill ufage, mayjuftly fee Suppofed to lay heavy upon him, already Sinking under a 2 weight 2c8 G I L P I W. Weight of years. Yet he bore it with great fortitude, Strengthening himfelf with fuch confolations, as aChrif-> tian hath in referve for all extremities. His resignation, however, was not long exercifed. About the beginning of February, 1683, he found him felf fo very weak, that he was fenfible his end muft be drawing near. He told his friends his apprehenfions ; and fpoke of his death with the moft happy compofure. He was foon after confined to his chamber; but his fenfes continued perfect to the laft. A few days before his death, he ordered his friends, acquaintance, and depen dants to be called ; and being raifed in his bed, -he' made feveral moft pathetic difcourfes ; firft, to the poor.; next to his fcholars, and then to his fervants ; after -whioh fending for feveral perfons, who had hitherto made no good ufe of his advice, he preffed it now again, in hopes that his dying words might prove more effectual: His fpeech began to faulter, before he finiShed thefe laft ex hortations. The remaining hours of his life he fpent in prayer, and in broken converfe with fome felect friends ; mentioning often the confolations of the gofpel, declar ing they were the only true ones, and that nothing elfe would bring a man peace at the laft. He died upon the fourth of March, 1583, in the fixty-fixth year of his age, and was interred in his own church. As to his character. His perfon was tall and Slender, in the ornament of which he was at no pains. He had a particular -averfion to the fopperies of drefs. In his diet he was very temperate, rather abstemious. His parts were very good; his imagination, memory, and judgement, were lively, retentive, and foiid. His acquirements were as considerable: By an. unwearied application he had amaffed a great Store of knowledge ; and was ignorant of no part of learning at that time in efteerii : In languages^ hiftory, and divinity he particularly excelled. He read . poetry with a good tafte ; and was himfelf no mean poet. But he laid out little time in the purfuit of any ftudy foreign to his profeffion. His temper was naturally warm ; and in his youth there are instances of his giving way to paffion ; but in time, by grace, he got more command of himfelf, and at length was enabled to fubdue that infirmity. iHis difpofition was ferious, yet among his particular friends he was commonly chearful, fometimes facetious. His ge neral behavior was very affable ; his feverity had no ob ject but himfelf ; toothers he Was humble, candid, and indulgent. Extravagance with him was another word for injuftice. GILPIN. 209 Hijuftice. Amidft all his bufinefs he found leifure to look into his affairs ; well knowing that frugality is the Tup- port of charity. His intimacies were, but few ; it was his endeayor, as he thought the fpirit of Christianity re quired, to dilate, rather than to contract his affections. Yet where he profeffed a particular friendship, he was a religious obferver of its offices. He was a moft candid interpreter of the words and actions of others ; where he plainly faw failings, he would make every poffible allow ance for them- He ufed to exprefs 3 particular indigna tion at Slander ; often faying, it more deferved the gal lows than theft. For himfelf he was remarkably guarded, when he fpoke of others ; he confidered common fame as the falfeft medium, and a man's reputation as his moft valuable property. His Sincerity was fuch as became a Chriftian minifter; and he had the ftrjcteft regard to truth, of which his whole life was a continual inftance : All little arts, and finifter practices, thofe ingredients of worldly prudence, he difdained. His perfeverance in fo commend able a part, in whatever difficulties it might at firft in volve him, in the end raifed his character above malice and envy, and gave him that weight and influence in every thing he undertook, which nothing but an approved fin-i> cerity can give. Whatever his other virtues were, their luftre was greatly increafed by his humility. To conquer religious pride is one of the beft effects of religion ; an effect, which his religion in the moft amiable manner pro duced. Thus far however he hath had many imitators. The principal recommendation of him, and the diftin-j guiShing parts of his character were his confcieritious dis charge of the duties of a faithful, laborious paftor j his extenfive benevolence ; and his exalted piety. In his charitable distributions he had no meafure but the bounds of his income ; of which the leaft portion was always laid out on himfelf. Nor did he give as if he was granting a favor, but as if he was paying a debt ; all ob- feqiiious fervice the generofity of his heart difdained. He ' was more particularly careful to give away in his life time whatever he could fave for the poor, as he had often, feen and regretted the abufe of pofthumous charities. " It 44 is my defign, at my departure, (fays he, writing to a, 44 friend,) to leave no morehehjnd me, but to, bury me, 44 and pay my debts," What little he did leave, he left; wholly to the poor, deducting a few Slight tokens of TS- memberance that he bequeathed to his friends. Vol, II. E e He ii& G R I N b "A"L.- He was buried in his own church, but without stflf monument befides that of his example, which one would imagine had its influence upon the rectors of Hottgbfon $ for perhaps few pariShes in England can boaft of fuch a fucceffion of worthy pallors^ as that parifh can Since Mr. Gilpin's death. The fate archbiShop Seeker was one of thofe paftors* A fermon preached in the court at Greenwich, before K. EdwardVl. the firft Sunday after the Epiphany, in fhe year 1552* is the only revifed compofitiort of Mr. Gilpin's that furviVed him. He fpenthis timernore' actively' than in literary avocations : Yet to what good purpofe he might have employed it irt his clbfet, this piece may con-f Vince us. It was thought in K. Edward's time a very pa^ thetic Strain of eloquence, well adapted to the irregular f ities then prevailing in the court of that prince. It hath Since been taken notice of by moft of the writers who treat ©f the ecclefiaftical affairs of thofe times, and is men tioned by them as a remarkable inftance of that com- meftdable zeal and noble freedom, which the ilhiftrious Reformers of our church exerted in the caufe of the Pro teftant religiori. But on account of its length, we muft refer the curious Reader to the fermon itfelf, published by his Name-fake, from whom the name of Gilpin hasr received an additional honor,- =8-*»8± EDMUND GRINDAL, ARCHBISHOP of CANTERBURY, THIS great and good man was born in the year i$io» at Hinfingham, in the parifh of St. Begh's, in Cowpland, a fmall village in the county of Cumberland/ After a fiiitable foundation of learning at fchool, he was fent to Magdalen-college in Cambridge, but removed from thence to Chrift's,- and afterwards to Pembroke-hall, where having taken his firft degree in arts, he was chofen. fellow ' in 'i&tmt/ a*i/ '<^^««^^2^feS^«^_-^<»«^^/^^^^< VG R L N DAL. 211 in the year 1538, and commenced A. M. in 1541 ; having ferved the office of junior burfar of his college the pre ceding year. In the year 1542, he was appointed proctor of the univerfity, and is faid to have often fafas affeffor to the vice-chancellor in his courts. In 1549, he be came prefident [vice-mailer] of his college, and being now B. D. was unanimously chofen lady Margaret's pub lic preacher at CambridgS; as he was alfo one of the four diiputants in- a theological extraordinary act per formed that year for the entertainment of K. Edward's visitors. Thus distinguished in the univerfity, his worth was obferved by Ridley, biShop of London, who made him his chaplain in 1550, perhaps by the recommendation of Bu cer, the king's profeffor of divinity of Cambridge, who foon after his removal to London, in a letter to that pre late, Styles our divine a perfon 4' eminent for his learning 44 and piety, a chief member of Chrifl, and his affociate 44 in the moft facred ministry of the word of GOD." Thus a door being opened to him, he rofe by quick advances into notice and efteem ; his patron the biShop being fo%mch pleafed with him, that he defigned him the prebend of Cantrilles, in St. Paul's church, and wrote to the council (fome of whom had procured it for the fur nishing the king's Stables) for leave to give this living, as he fays, to his well-deferving chaplain, who was with out preferment, and to whom he would grant it, with all his heart, that fo he might have him continually with him and in his diocefe to preach, adding, that he was known to be both of virtue, honefty, difcretion, wifdom and learning. What effect this addrefs had, does not appear ; but the chanter's, place becoming vacant foon after, his lordShip, Augufl 24, 1551, collated him to that dignity,, which was of much greater value, and like- wife procured him to be made chaplain to his majefty (with the ufual falary of forty pounds) in December the fame year. July 2d, in the year 1552, he obtained a Stall in Weft mi nfler- A b by ;\ this, however, he afterwards refigned to Dr. Bonner, whom he afterwards fucceeded in the biShopric of London. In the mean time, there being a defign, on the death of Dr. Tonflall, to divide the rich fee of Durham into two, Mr. Grindal was nominated for one of thefe, and would have obtained it, had not one of the courtiers got the whole biShopric diffolved, and fet tled as a temporal eftate upon himfelf. E e 2 In 218 GRINDAL. In the year 1553, ne fled from tne perfecution under Q. Mary into Germany, and fettling at Strajbutg, made himfelf mafter of the German tongue, in order to preach in the churches there: And'in thedifputes that happened at Frankfort about a new model of government and form of worShip, varying from the laft liturgy ©f K. Edward^ he fided with Dr. Cox and others againft John Knox and his followers. Jt » ' One of Grindal's great bufineffes now was to collect together the writings and Stories of the learned and pious fufferers in England, and to publish them : For which purpofe he had a great correfpondence here. In the year 1555, had come to his hands Ridley's Difputations at ¦Oxford; alfo Marcus Antonius Canflantius's Objections to archbiShop Cranmer's book againft Stephen bifhop of Winchefler, and the anfwers to thofe objections, which were either framed by the_faid archbiShop, or Ridley, in prifon : And a treatife in Englijh againft tranfubftantia- tion, which was Ridley's. This laft, by the ccunfel of Grindal and others, was refolved to be put into Latin ; and fo it was. But thefe writings Grindal with bis friends there made fome Slop to put in print as*yet, left it might irritate the enemies of thofe holy men then in captivity ; and therefore reckoned it better to defer it for a while. And concerning this, Grindal being now at Frankfort, and having an opportunity here, fent a letter to the faid biShop Ridley, to know his pleafure herein, And becaufe in the letter are other matters relating to the prefent ft&te of the exiles, I Shall here infert it ; and the rather, becaufe the anfwer to it from Ridley is preferved in Fox, and mention only made of this letter, 4 Gratiam & confolationem a Domino, 1$ Servatore noftro. 4 Jefu Chriflo." 44 S I R, I have often been defirous to have written to 44 you, and to have heard from you, but the iniquity of 44 the times hath hitherto always put me forth of all hope 44 and comfort;. Now at this prefent GOD feemeth to 44 offer fome likelihood, that thefe might come to your 44 hands, which I thought to ufe, referring the reft to 44 GOD's diTpofition. Your prefent ftate, not I only 44 (who of all pther am moft bound) but alfo all other our *4 brethren here, do moft heartily lament, asjoyncd with 44 the moft miferable captivity that ever any Church of " Cfarift h^th Suffered, Notwithstanding, vye geve GOQ '' rr19.il GRINDAL. fttj w moft humble thanks, for that he hath fo Strengthened 14 you and others, your concaptives, to profefs a good 44-profeffion before fo many witneffes. And I doubt no- 44 thing, but that he that hath called you and them not 44 only to believe upon hym, but alfo to fuffer for hym, 44 doth not leave you destitute of that unfpeakable com- 44 fort, which he iifeth to minifter abundantly to his in 44 the fchole of the crofs, *$ie graunte that his name may 44 be glorified in you, whether it be by life Or death, as 44 may be moft to his honour, and your everlafting con-* 44 folation ! 44 Sir, I thought it good to advertife you partely of ouf 44 ftate in thefe partes. We be here difperfed in divers 44 and feveral places. Certayne be at Tigurye, good flu- 44 dents of either univerfity a number; very well en- 44 treated of maifter Bullinger, of the other minifters, and " of the whole eitye. Another number of us remayne at 44 Argentine, and take the commodity of maifter Martyr's 44 leffons, who is a very notable father. Maifter Scory, 44 and certayne other with hym be in Fryfiand, and have 44 an Englijh church there, but not very frequent. The, 44 greateljnumber is at Frankfard, where I was at this *4 prefent by occafion ; a very fayre city, the magistrates 44 favourable to our people, with fo many other commo-> *4 dities as exiles can well look for. Here is alfo a church ; 44 and now (GOD be thanked) well quieted by thepru- 44 dency of maifter Coxe, and other which met here for 44 that purpofe. So that now we truft GOD hath pro- 44 vided, for fuch as will flye forth of Babylon, a refting 44 place, where they may truly ferve hym, and hear the 44 voice of their true paftor. I fuppofe in one place and 44 other difperfed, there be well nigh an hundreth Students 44 and minifters on this _fide the Teas, Such a Lord is 44 GOD to work, dyverlly in his, according to his un- 44 fearchable wifdom, who knoweth beft what is in Man. 44 We have alfo here certayne copies of your aunfwers 44 in the difputation, Item Antoniana Objetla cum Refpon- 44 fione : The treatife in Englijh againft tranfubftantia- 44 tion, which in tyme Shall be tranflated into Latine. It 44 hath bene thought beft not to print them till we fee 44 what GOD will do with you, both for incenfyng of 44 their malicious fury, and alfo for restraining you and 44 others from writing hereafter; which fhould be a t4 greater lbfs to the church of Chrift, than forbearing of 44 thefe for a tyme, If I Shall know your will to be pther- 44 wife »i4 GRINDAL. 44 wife in it, the fame Shall be followed. Thus much I 44 thought good . to let you underftand concerning thefe 44 matters, and concerning the popr State of men here. *4 Who moft earpeftly and inceffantly do cry unto GOD ** for the delivery of his church, to behold the caufes of 45 the afflicted, and tojiear the groans of hys imprifened: „ 44 Knowing that you, who in this Slate have more familiar 44 accefs unto G0D3 «P not forget us. 44 GOD comfort you, ayd you and affift you with his 44 Spirit and grace, to continue his unto the end, to the 44 glory of his name, the edification of his church, and *4 the fubverfion of antichrift-'s kyngdom. Amen." From Prankford, -p. p the 6th of May, 1555. Z"KJ' Whilft Grindal remained in thefe parts, he took occa fion to vifit fome places of eminency in Germany, as did the other exiles commonly. One of thofe places which he faw was Spires ; where he was courteously entertained and harbored by one Leach a Scotchman : To whom he af terwards Shewed himfelf a true friend in his neceffity, by interpofing feafonably for him to the fecretar|? pf ftate, when by^falfe witnefs he was in very great danger in Ire land. The other great work our painful countryman labored in this time of his exile, in conjunction with Mr. Fox; was the Hiftory of the Perfections of the Church of Chrifl, and efpecially in the latter time? of it. Many accounts of the a£ts and difputations, of the fufferings and ends of the godly men under Q. Mary, came from time to time to Grindal's hands ; who had a correspon dence with feveral in England for that end and purpofe ; jmd as they came to his hand, he conveyed them to Fox. Nor did he only do this; but withal frequently gave Fox his thoughts concerning them, and his instructions and counfels about them ; always Shewing a moft tender re gard to truth ; and fufpending upon common reports and relations brought over, till more fatisfactory evi dence came from good hands. And becaufe a complete account of all particulars of thofe that fuffpred in that Sharp perfecution, could not So foon be procured, he ad vifed Fox, for the prefent, to print feparately the acts of fome particular men, of whom any fure and authentic gelations came to hand : And that a larger and completer hiftory of thefe martyrs Should be printed together after wards. G R I'N- D1 A LJ k§ Wards, when he fhould be fupplied with fuller accounts of the whole perfections. And, finally, that his hiftory might be both in Latin arid Englijh, for the more gene-' ral benefit. In Short, by what appears from Grindafs and -Fox's own letters, he was an earneft affiStant in compiling ^^-'s Martyrology ; both by his continual cou'fifel, and by fupplying him with materials for it ; much" whereof he fenthim drawn, up, and methodized by his own peri in Englijh ; and Fox's work was chiefly totranflate into Latin. And by his advice alfo, Fox published there at Bafil many examinations and histories of the Englijh'hifkofys arid di- vihes at fundry times in Single pieces, foon after their refpective martyrdoms. Arid it was his advice to Fb#t' to digeft them 'altogether in a more large volume; but thought not converiierit, that he Should make too much hafte to put it forth, till he could make the relations of the perfecution more full and complete, and might ob tain more certajnty of truth to depend upon- ""We will only add of Grindal, with refpect to Fox's work ; that he alfo fupplied him with collections of mat ters, that happened before thefe times, of which one was f6l'rerriarkable, that by fetting Grindal 's name under it, he'itfigh't acknowledge Whencehe had the relation. The paffage is concerning the death'of the pious Mr. Stafford, reader of divinity in Cambridge, about 1528, when reli gion firft began to Shew itfelf there. ' The ftory was this : There was one there of great fame for his Skill in the black art (as it was called), and therefore was commonly called Sir Henry Conjurer. This"man at laft fell Sick of the plague j out of compaffion to Whofe foul at this time, that good man ventured his own life by referring to hirri ; arid there fo effectually argued with him of his former wicked lifcand practices, that he brought him to repen tance, and caufed all his books upon the fubject of divi nation to be burnt before his face. Thus he endeavored" to fave that man's' foul, though he loft his own life by it: For he got the infection, went home and ! died. , To this ftory are 'fubjoined thefe words, Ex Teflimonio D.' Ridlei& Edmundi Epifc. Lond. The meaning whereof I fuppofe wa's, that Ridley might have ttjld this to his chap lain Griridal, and-heto-Fwr. Grindal, returning to England on- the' acceffion of Q. Mizateth, wis employed, among others, in drawing up the new liturgy to be prefented to the queen's firft parlia- 2 ment, ai6 G R I N D A L. ment, and was alfo one of the eight Proteftant divines chofen to hold a public difpute with the popifh prelates ahout that time. His talent- for preaching was likewife very ferviceable, and he was generally appointed to that duty before the queen, privy council, &c. on all public! occafions. At the fame time, he was appointed one of the commissioners in the North, on the royal vifitation for restoring the fupremacy of the crown, and the1 Proteftant faith and worShip. This vifitation extended alfo to Cambridge, where Dr. Toung being removed, for refufing the oath of fuprerhacy, from the mafterShip of Pembroke-Hall, Mr. Grindal was chofen by the fellows to fucceed him, in 1559. Particu larly he was for having the church there under the govern ment of a fingle perfon fuperior to the reft, and not feve ral, all of equal dignity and power; and for this purpofe, he wrote to Scory, afterwards bifhop of Hereford, then an exile at Emden, to go to Frankfort and govern the Englijh church there. In July the fame year, he was nominated to the biShop ric of London, vacant by the depofition of Dr. Bonner. The juncture was very critical, and the fate of the church's revenues depended upon the event. An act of parliament had lately paffed, by which her majefty was em powered to exchange the antient epifcopal manors and lprdShips for tithes and impropriations. This was ex tremely regretted by thefe firft biShops, who fcrupled whe ther they fhould comply in a point fo injurious to there- venue of their respective fees,, which muft fuffer consider ably by thefe exchanges ; and which too would cut off all hope of restoring the tithes, fo long unjuftly detained from the refpective churches, for the maintenance of the in cumbents. In this important point, our new nominated biShop confulted Peter Martyr, in a letter dated iri Augufl this year, nor did he accept of the biShopric till he had received his opinion in favor of it from that divine, to whom he alfo communicated his fcruples concerning the habit, and fome cuftoms then ufed in the church. But before he received his anfwer to the whole, he was confe crated, December the firft ; when the exchange of lands with the queen not being fully fettled, he could not com pound for his firft fruits, and confequently he was hin dered from exercifing his epifcopal fundtiori, and was obliged to have the queen's exprefs authority for that purpofe, It GRINDAL. 217 ..It may gratify fome of oiir Readers to infert Peter Mar tyr's anfwer' to GrindaPs inquiry. , ..We will therefore lay it before them put of Strype. 4 That ¦ reverend man, ir> 4 the beginning of November, gave his anfwer. And firft, 4 as for imprppriations, he thought Grindal needed not 4 to be fb.folicitouSf For that it was a thing lay not in ' his power, whence or how it pleafed'.the queen to pro- 4 vide wages and food for her biShops' and the pariSh mi- 4 nifters. And; then, as for going jn a cap, whether round 4 or fquare, arid in a, gown, in. ordinary converfation, 4 when they were not employed about holy, things, his 4 judgement was, that they Should not wrangle more than 4 need was about them,;.. Since fuperftition feemed not 4 properly to be concerned herein. But in the next place, 4 as for, the habits to. ,be ufed in the . miniftry of holy 4 things, Since- they carried an appearance; of the mafs, 4 and, were merely remainders of popery, it was, he faid, 4 the learned Bullinger, the chief minifter.. of Zurick, his 4 opinion, that they were to be refrained from "by Grindal, 4 left, by his example, a thing that was fcandalous Should 4 he. confirmed. But Martyr faid, that though he was 4 always againft the ufe of fuch ornaments, yet he faw 4 the prefent danger, left they Should be put from the 4 Office of ;preaching ; and that perhaps fome hope might 4 he, that as altars and images Were already taken away, 4 .fo alfo, thofe appearances of the mafs might in time be: 4 taken away too ; if he and others, who had takert upoii 4 them epifcopacy, earneftly laboured therein. But not- 4, Withstanding, if it came not to fo good effect; yet, 4 Should he decline the office, another might fucceed in his 4 place, who would nbt care to have thofe relicks reject - 4 ed, but perhaps would rather defend, cherifh and mainr 4 tain them. He was therefore, he faid, more backward * to advife him rather to refufe the bifhoprick, than to * fubmit to the ufe of thofe. veflures. But becaufe he faw 4 Scandals of that kind were altogether by all means to be 4 avoided, therefore he more eafily had yielded to Bullin- 4 ger's opinion aforefaid. But if altars and images had * been continued and preferved, then he did freely, as he 4 had wrote in other letters, judge, that Grindal ought by ' no means to minifter. 4 In general, he advifed him to do nothing againft his * confcience ; he ackriowledged the queftions which h« * fent him had difficulty in them ; and therefore he ex- * cufed himfelf that he had no fooner imparted his coun- * fel, Since it could not fo eafily be given. He a'ddeti, Vol. 'II, Ff 4 that ai$ G R I N D A p. 4 that when he was at Oxford, thbugh he were a cafrony 4 yet he would never wear the furplice in the choir : Hft 4 knew his example was no juft confirmation of Grindal. 4 But that which moved him then, and ftill did the fame* * might perhaps have fome force with Grindal, namely', * that that was not to be done, which might confirm the ' practice of what his confcience did not approve.' And again, in a fiibfequent letter, he fays : , 4 Of the 4 fquarecap, and the external epifcopal habits, he thought * there was no need much to difputeT when the .wearing * thereof was without fuperftition, and efpecially when it- * might have a civil reafon in this kingdom* 4 Of the garments which they termed holy, he con- ' feffed they Somewhat Stuck with him : So that he won- 8 dered they fhould be fo Stiffly retained ; and he wifhed ¦ all things, in the fervice of GOD, might be done in * the moft Simple manner. Yet he fubjoined, that in cafe * peace might be obtained between the Saxon and Helvetian * churches, as to doctrine, this fort of garments Should * never make a feparation : For though they Should not ap- 4 prove of them, yet they would bear them. Therefore * he allowed, that Grindal might ufe that attire, either * When he preached, or admihiftred the facrafnents : Yet 4 fo, as to continue to fpeak and teach againft the- ufe of * them. But be added, that he could never adviSe, that 4 when he preached or adminiftred the Lord's fuprier, he * Should have the image of the crucifix upon the table. 4 Grindal alfo defired to know this great divine's judge- * ment, as to the State's dealing with obnoxious Papifts ; *¦ and what he advifed as to the inflicting puniShment upon 4 them, in refpect of the many advantages that might be * taken againft them for their irregular and lawlefs doings 4 in the laft reign. Likewife whether he thought advife- * able, that popifh priefts Should be continued in their ' places, or that fuch Should be admitted to livings. But * Peter Martyr pioufly counfelled, that for peace fake ' matters paft fhould be forgotten ; remembering that pu- ' niShments in the church have fometimes been intermit'-' f ted, and fometimes a total pardon granted : And that • Heretics have been received with the continuance of their * former honours and degrees, they fubfcribing to found 4 religion. But he advifed withal, that care Should be * taken, that for the time to come, nothing Should be ad- 4 mitted which was contrary to the religion now entef- * tained. And as for fuch as Should hereafter be pre- * fented from patrons to the biShops for fpiritwal livings, i '...¦* that GRINDAL, ai9 < that they Should not be by them instituted, unlefs they * ^Should fubfcribe to the religion eftabliShed.' The good biShop, now above all, thought it highly peedful to provide minifters to fupply the vacancies, and to furnifh the church with men of learning, honefty and good religion, in the room of fuch priefts, as had either voluntarily relinquished their places, or were put out. Therefore the biShop, foon after his own confecration, proceeded to the ordination of minifters ; of whom he or-? gained considerable numbers ; confuting in a great mea fure, as it feems, of fuch young perfons, as had left the univerfities in the late reign, and Studied abroad at Zu rick, Strajburg, and other, places. In all this ordination none were ordained that were un der twenty- three or twenty-four year% of age, but moft were upward of "thirty. Some of the deacons were ni fcholars, or of any univerfity, but men of fober converfa tion, and that could read Englijh well ; who neverthelefs, in this prefent neceffity, were ordained, that they might be readers in the churches, to read the Common Prayers and Homilies. March 3. Our bifhop preached again at Paul's Croft in his habit, i. e. in his rochetand chimere; and fo con tinued to wear them, as often as he preached. There was then a large audience ; for the people were greedy to hear the gofpel. And fermon being ended, a pfalm was fet, and lung by all the congregation (for now it became commonly pradtifed in churches) with the organ. In the year 15,60, he was made one of the ecclefiaftical commissioners, in purfuance of an act of parliament to infpect into the manners of the clergy, and regulate all matters of the church ; and the fame year. he joined with Cox,, biShop of Ely, and Parker, archbiShop of Canterbury, in a private letter to the queen, perfuading her to marry. In 1 56 1, he held his primary vifitation. In 1,563, he af* Sifted the archbiShop of Canterbury, together with fome ci vilians, in preparing a book of Statutes for Chrifl-church, Oxford, which as yet had no fixed Statutes,, This year he was alfo very ferviceable, in procuring the Englijh- mer^ phants, who were ill ufed, at Antwerp, and other parts of the Spanijh Netherlands, who had been very kind to the exiles in the late reign, a new fettlement at B.mbden in Eafl Friefiand; and the fame year, by the requeft of Sir William Cecil, fecretary of ftate, he wrote animadverfions upon, a treatife entitled, Chrifliani H'ominis Norma, See. $ The Rule of a Chriftian man,' the authpr whereof, one F f 2 Juflns 220 GRINDAL. Juftus Velftus, a Dutch enthufiaft, had imprudently, in. fome letters to the queen, ufed fome menaces to her ma jefty, and being at laft cited before the ecclefiaftical com-. million, was charged to depart the kingdom*. Towards the latter end of the year, I find our biShop riiuch concerned about two clergymen in London, the one a very good man, and the other a very bad one ; earneft for the preferring of the one, and as defirous of oppofing the other. This latter was one Barton, parfon of Ab- church, who had been guilty of fome grofs mifdemeanor, and of fo foul a nature, that the bifhop was refolved topu- hiSh him, either by deprivation, or a long fufpenfion : But interceffion was made by a friend of this Barton's to Sir William Cecil in his behalf, and he got a Amplication prefented into his hand by that friend, Signifying to the faid Cecil, that the bifhop did not fufficiently underftand his cafe. But the bifhop let Cetil know that he under stood it but too well, and that though the ared. not 30ow to enter upon the charge of a biShopric, confidering his own age, and his want of Strength and activity, re-r quired to execute fuch an office. But in fine, in the month of February, pur biShop collated Coverdale to the parifh of Saint Magnush af the Bridge-foot ; and withal, fued to the fecretary to obtain the favor pftlje queen to releafehim his firft fruits, which came to fixty pounds and upwards. And the venerable man pleaded himfelf for this favor to be I^ewn him, for thefe reafons; viz. that he had been def-, titute ever Since his biShopric had been taken away from him ; (which was upon the death of K. Edward) and tha$ he never had penfion, annuity or Stipend of it for ten years, now paft. And that he was unable either to pay the firSi fruits, or long to enjoy the fame living : Not able to live making league' with his neighbour K. Achab, (of the like good meaning, no doubt) was likewife reprehended by Jehu the prophet, in this form of words, Impio prabes auxilium, & his qui oderunt Dominum amcitid jUhgiris, &c. Ambrofe writing to Theodojius the emperor, ufeth thefe words, Novi Pietatem tuam erga Deum, Lenitatem in Homines ; obligatus fum heneficiis tuis, &c. and yet for all that, the lame Ambrofe doth not for bear, in the fame epiftle, earnestly to perfuade the laid emperor h> re voke an ungodly edift, wherein he had commanded a godly biShop to re-edify a Jeiuifh fynagogue pulled down by the Chriftian people. " And So to come to the prefent cafe ; I may very well ufe unt* your highnefs the words of Ambrofe above-written, Novi Pietatem tuam, &e. i. e- I know your .piety Godward, and your gentlenefs to wards men : I am bounden to you for your benefits, &c. But furely I cannot marvel enough, how this Strange opinion Should once enter into your mind, that it Should be good for the church to have few preachers. " Alas! Madam, Is the- fcripture more plain i'n any one thing, than that the Gofpel of' Chrift Should be plentifully preached ; and that plenty of labourers Would be fent into the Lord's harveft ; which being, great and large, ftandeth in need not of a few, but many workmen ? '.' There was appointed to the building of Solomon's material temple, an hundred and fifty thoufand artificers and labourers, befides three thouland three hundred overfeers : And Shall we think that a few preachers may fuffice to build and edify the Spiritual temple of Shrift, which is his church ? " Chrift, when he fendeth forth his apoftles, faith unto them, Ite, frkdicate Evangelium omni creatura; i.e. Go ye, preach the Gofpel1 to every creature. But all G O D's creatures cannot be instructed i» the Gofpel, unlefs all poffible means be ufed, to have multitude 6£ preachers and teachers, to preach unto them. " Ser'mo Chrifti inhabitet in vobis opulenti, i. e. Let the word of Chrifl dwell among you richly, faith St. Paul to the Colojfians ; and to Timothy, Pradica fermoneni, injfd tempeftive, intempgflivl, argue, increpa, exbortqre, i. e. Preach the word, be inftant in feafon, out of feafon, reprove, rebuke, exhort- ; whkh things cannot be done with out often and much preaching. " To this agreeth the pradtice of Chrifl's apoftles, 2!gi conjlitutebant ferfmgulas Ecclefias Prejbyteros, i. e. "Who appointed elders in every church. St. Paul likewiTe writing to Titus, writeth thus, Hujus rei gratia' reliqui te in Creta, ut qua defunt pergas corrigere, S? conflituas oppidatim Prejbyteros ; i. r. For this caufe I left thee in Crete, that thou maye'ft go on to make up what is wanting, and appoint eldecs throughout every town. And afterwards del'cribeth ,how the faid PreSbytery, i. e. elders, were to be qualified ; not fuch as we are com pelled to admit by mere neceffity, (unlefs we Should leave a great num ber of churches utterly defolate) but fuch indeed as were able to ex hort per fanam DoBrinam, fif contradicentes convincere, i.e. by found doctrine to convince gairifayers. And in this place I befeech yoiirma- je-fty GRINDAL. «i9 bid all exercifes and prophefyings, and all preachers and: teachers not lawfully called, of which there was no fmall number j jelly to note one thing neceffary to be noted ; which is this: If the Holy Ghoft prefcribe exprefly that preachers Should be placed Oppida- tim, i. e. in every town or city, how can it well be thought that three cr four preachers may fuffice for a Shire ? " Public and continual preaching of GOD's word, is the ordinary mean and instrument of the falvation of mankind. St. Paul calleth it the miaiflry of reconciliation of man unto GOD. By preaching of GOD's word, the glory of GOD is enlarged, faith is nourished, and charity is increafe.d. By it the ignorant is instructed, the negligent exhorted and incited, the Stubborn rebuked, the weak confcience com forted, and to all thofe that fin of malicious wickednefs, the wrath of GOD is threatened. By preaching, alfo, due obedience to Christian princes and magistrates is planted in the hearts of fubjects. For obe dience proceedeth of confcience ; confcience is grounded upon the word cf GOD^ ; the word GOD worketh his effect by "preaching. So as ge nerally where preaching wanteth, obedience faileth. " No prince ever had more lively experience hereof than your ma jefty hath had in your time, and may have daily. If your majefty come to the city of London never fo often, what gratulation, what joy^ what concourfe of people is there to be feen ? Yea, what acclamations and prayers to GOD for your long life, and other manifeft Significa tions of inward and unfained love, joined with moft humble and hearty obedience, are there to be heard ? Whereof cometh this, madam, but of the continual preaching of GOD's word in that city ? Whereby, that people hath been plentifully inftrufted in their dutjr towards GOD and your majefty ? On the contrary, What bred the rebellion in the North? Was it not papistry and ignorance of GOD's word, through want of often preaching ? And in the time of that re bellion, were not all men or all ftates that made profeflion of the gofpel, moll ready to offer their lives for your defence ? Infomuch, that one poor parish in YorkJhire; which by continual preaching had been better instructed than the relt, (Halifax I mean) was ready to bring three or four thoufand able men into the field to ferve you againft the faid rebels. How can your majefty have a more lively trial and experience of the contrary effects of much preaching, and of little or no preaching ? The one working moft faithful obediehce, and the other moil unnatural difobedience and rebellion. " But it is thought of fome, that many are admitted to preach, and few be able to do it well. That unable preachers be removed is very requisite, if ability and fufficiency may be rightly weighed and judged : And therein I trull as much is, and Shall be dene, as can be. For both I, for mine own part, (let it be fpoken without any oStentation) am very careful in allowing fuch preachers only, as be able and fuffi cient to be preachers, both for their knowledge in the fcriptures, and alfo for testimony of their good life and converfation. And befides that, I have given very great charge to the reft of my brethren, the biShops of this . province, to do the like. We admit no man to the office, that either profeffeth papistry or puritanifm. Generally the graduates of the univerfity are only admitted to be preachers, unlefs it be fome few which have excellent gifts of knowledge in the fcriptures, joined with good utterance, and godly perfuafion, I myfelf procured abors *3© GRINDAL. number; and in June, the archbilhop was fequefterea from his office, and confined to his houfe by an order of the above forty learned preachers and graduates within lefs thari Six years to be placed within the diocefe of York, befides thofe 1 found there 5 and there I have left them. The fruits of whofe travel in preaching* your majefty is like to reap daily, by moll affured, dutiful obedience of your fubjects in thofe parts. " But indeed this age judgeth very hardly, and-r.othing indifferently of the ability of preachers of our time ; judging few or none in their opinion to be able. Which hard judgement gioweth upon divers evil difpofitions of men. St. Paa/doth commend the preaching of Chrifl crucified, abfq; eminentid Sermonis; i. c. without excellency of fpeech; But in our time, many have fo delicate ears, that no preaching can fatisfy them, unlefs it be fauced with much finefs and exornation of fpeech: Which the fame apoftle utterly condemneth, and giveth this reafon, Ne evacuetur Crux Chrijii ; i. c. left the crofs of Chrift be made of none effect:. " Some there be alfo that are miSlikers of the godly Reformation in religion now eftabliShed ; wishing indeed that there were no preach ers at all ; and fo by depraving the ministers impugn religion, Non aperto Marte, fed Cuniculis; i. e. not by open oppofition, but by fecret undermining. Much like to the popiSh biShops in your father's time, who would have had the Englijh translation of the bible called in, as evil translated : And the new translating thereof to have been committed to themfelves j which they never intended to perfc+ni. " A number there is, (and that is exceeding great) whereof fome are altogether worldly minded, and only bent covetouily to gather worldly goods and poffeffions; ferving mammon and not GOD. ' And another great fum have given over themfelves to all carnal, vain, diffolute, and lafcivious life, Voluptatis amatores, magis quam Dei; i. e. lovers of pleafure rather than GOD :¦ Et quifemetipfos dediderunt ad patrandum omnem lmmunditiam cum aviditate ; i. e. and who have given over themfelves -to commit all uncleannefs with greedinefs s Ahd becaufe the preaching of GOD's word, which to all Chriftian confciences is Sweet and delegable, is to them, (having Cautefiatas Confcientias ; i. e. consciences feared) bitter and grievous. For as St. Ambrofe faith, Sluomodo pojfunt Verba Dei dulcia effe infaucibus tuis, in quibus eft Amaritudo Nequitia; i. e. how can the word of GOD be fweet in his mouth, in which is the bitternefs of fin ? Therefore they wifh alfo, that there were no preachers at all. But becaufe they dare not directly condemn the office of preaching, fo exprefsly commanded by G OD's word, (for that were open blafphemy) they turn themfelves altogether ; and with the fame meaning as the other do, to take ex ceptions againft the perfons of them that be admitted to preach. " But God forbid, madam, that you Should open your ears to any of thefe wicked perfuafions ; or any way go about to diminish the preaching of Chrifl's gofpel : For that would ruinate altogether at the length. SZuum defecerit Propbetia, dijfipatibur Populus; i. e. when prophefy Shall fail, the people Shall periSh, faith Solomon. " Now where it is thought, that the reading of the godly homilies, fet forth by public authority, may fuffice, I continue of the Same mirid I was, when 1 attended jalt upon your majefty. The reading of the homilies hath his commodity ; but is nothing comparable to the office of grindal; i3i. the court of ftar-chamber ; in the latter end of November, his friend the lord treafurer wrote to him about making his of preaching. The godly preacher is termed in the gofpel, FideEr Servus £f prudens, qui novit Famulitio Domini Cibum demenjum dare in tempore: i.e. a faithful fervant, who knoweth how to give his Lord's family their apportioned food in feafon. Who can apply his fpeech according to the diversity of times, places, and hearers ; which cannot be done in homilies : Exhortations, reprehensions, and perfuafions are uttered with more affection, to*the moving of the hearers, in fermonsi than in homilies. Befides, homilies were devifed by the godly biShops in your brother's time, only to fupply neceffity, for want of preachers; and are by the Statute not to be preferred, but to give place to fer mons, whenfoever they m£y be had; and were never thought in them felves alone to contain fufficient. instruction for the church of England. For it was then found, as it is found now, that this church of England hath been' by appropriations, and that not without facrilege, fpoiled of the livings, which at the firft were appointed to the office of preach ing and teaching. Which appropriations were firft annexed toabbies; and after came to the crown ; and now are difperfed to private men's poffeffions, without hope to reduce the fame to the original inftitution. So as at this day, in mine opinion, where one church is able to yield fufficient living for a learned preacher, there are at the leatl feven churches unable to do the fame : And in many parishes of your realm, where there be feven or eight hundred fouls, (the more is the pity) there are not eight pounds a year referved for a minifter. In fuch parishes, it is not poffible to place able preachers, for want of conve nient Stipend. If every flock might have a preaching paftor, which is rather to be wished than hoped for, then were reading of homilies altogether unneceffary. But to fupply that want of preaching of G O D's word, which is the food of the foul, growing upon the neceffities afore-mentioned, both in your brother's time, and in your time, certain godly homilies have been devifed, that the people fhould not be altogether destitute of instruction : For it is an old and true proverb, ' Better half a loaf than no bread.' " Now for the fecond point, which is concerning the learned ex ercife and conference amongft the minifters of the church ; I have eonfulted with divers of my brethren, the biShops, by letters ; who think the fame as I do, viz. a thing profitable to the church, and therefore expedient to be continued. And I truft your majefty will think the like, when your highnefs Shall be informed of the manner and order thereof; what authority it hath of the fcriptures; what commodity it bringeth with it ; and what incommodities will follow, if it be clear taken away. m- « The authors of this exercife, are the biShops of the diocefes wher» the fame is ufed; who both by the law of GOD, and by the canons and constitutions of the church now in force, have authority to ap point exercifes to their inferior minifters, for increafe of learning and knowledge in the fcriptures, as to them feemeth moft expedient. For that pertaineth ad difciplinam clericalem ; i. e. to the difcipline of mi nifters. The times appointed for the affembly is once a month, or pnce in twelve or fifteen days, at the difcretion of the ordinary. The time of the exercife is two hours. The place, the church of the town appointed for the affembly. The matter intreated of, is as followeth. - I v Some 232 GRINDAL. his fubmiffion, which he not thinking fit to comply with,' his fequeftration was continued, and in January follow ing, Some text of fcripture, before appointed to be fpoken of, is interpreted iti this order: Firft, The occafion of the place is Shewed. Secondly, The end. Thirdly, The proper fenfe of the place. Fourthly, The propriety of the words : And thofe that be learned in the tongues, fliewing the diversities of interpretations. Fifthly, Where the like phrafes are ufed in the fcriptures. Sixthly, Places in the fcriptures feeming to repunge, are reconciled. Seventhly, The arguments of the text are opened. Eighthly, It is alfo. declared, what virtues and what vices are there touched ; and to which of the commandments they per tain. Ninthly, How the text had been wrefted by the adverfaries, if occafion fo require. Tenthly, and laft of all, What doctrine of faith or manners the text doth contain. The conclusion is, with the prayer for your majefty and all eftates, as is appointed by the Book of Com-. mon Prayer, and a pfalm. " Thefe orders following, are alfo obferved in the faid exercife : Firft, Two or three of the graveft and bell learned paftors are appointed of the biShop, to moderate in every affembly. No man may fpeak unlefs he be fiilt allowed by the bifhop, with this provifo, That no lay-man be fuffered to fpeak at any time. No controverfy of this prefent time and ftate Shall be moved or dealt withal : If any attempt the contrary, he is put to filence by the moderator. None is fuffered to glance openly or covertly at perfons public or private ; neither yet any one to confute another. If any man utter a wrong fenfe of the fcripture, he is pri vately admonished thereof, and better instructed by the moderators, and other his fellow-minilters. If any man ufe immodeft fpeech, or irreverend gefture or behaviour, or otherwife be fufpefted in life, he is likewife admonished, as before. If any wilfully do break thefe or ders, he is prefented to the bifhop, to be by him corrected. " The ground of this, or like exercife, is of great and antient au thority. For Samuel did praitifefuch like exercifes in his time, both at Naiath in Ramatha, and at Bethels So did Elizxus at JerichOi "Which Studious perfons in thofe days were called filii prophetarum, i. t. the fons of the prophets : That is to fay, the difciples of the pro phets, that being exercifed in the ftudy and knowledge of the fcrip tures, they might be able men to ferve in GOD's church, as that time required. St. Paul alfo doth make exprefs mention, that the like in effect was ufed in the primitive church ; and giveth rules for the order. of the fame. As namely, that two or three Should fpeak, and the reSi {hould keep filence. t " That exercife of the church in thofe days, St. Paul calleth pro* fhetiam, i. e. prophecy ; and the fpeakers prophetas, i. e. prophets ; Terms very odioua in our days to fome, becaufe they are not rightly understood. For indeed propbetia in that, and like places of St. Paul, doth not, as it doth fometimes, Signify prediction of things to come. Which gift is not now ordinary in the church ef GOD, but fignifieth there, by the confent of the beft antient writers, the interpretation and expofition of the fcriptures. And therefore doth St, Paul attribute unto thofe that be- called propheta in that chapter; doctrinam, adadu fieationem, exbortationem, 6» confilationem, i. e. doitrine, to edification, exhortation and comfort. « Thii, GRINDAL. 233 frig, there were thoughts of depriving him, but that de fign w'as laid afide. In June, 1579, his confinement was either " This gift of expounding and interpreting the fcriptures, was in' St. Pauts time given to many by fpecial miracle, witliout Study : So was alfo, by like miracle, the gift to fpeak with Strange tongues, which they had never learned. But now, miracles ceafing, men muft attain to the knowledge of the Hebrew, Greek and Latin tongues, &c. by travel and ftudy, GODigiving the incieafe. So mud men alfo at tain, by like means, to the gift of expounding and interpreting the fcriptures. And amongft other helps, nothing is fo neceffary as thefe" above-named exercifes and conferences amongft the minifters of the church : Which in effeft are all one with the exercifes of Students in divinity in the univerfities, faving, that the firft is done in a tongue understood, to the more edifying of the unlearned hearers. " Howfoever report hath bjen made to your majefty concerning thefe exercifes, yet I and others of your buShops, whofe names are noted' in the margin hereof, as they have testified unto me by their letters, having found by experience, that thefe profits and commodities fol lowing have entued of them : Firft,. The minifters of the church are more Skilful and ready in the fcriptures, and apter to teach their flecks. Secondlyr,It withdiaweth them from idlenefs, wandering, gaming, &e. . Thirdly, Some, afore fufpected in doctrine, are brought hereby to open, confeffion of the truth. Fourthly, Ignorant minifters are driven to itu- die, it not for confcience, yet for Shame and fear of difcipline. Fifthly, The opinion of lay-men, touching the idlesefs of the clergy, is here by removed. Sixthly, Nothing by experience beateth down popery" more' than that minifters (as fome of my brethren do certifie) grow to fiich a geod knowledg, by means of thefe exercifes, that where afore' were not three able preachers, now are thirty, meet to preach at St.* Paul's Crofs ; and forty or fifty befides, able to inltruc"t their own cures. So as it is found by experience the belt means -to encreafe knowledg in the fimple, and to continue it in the learned. Only back ward men in religion, and contemners of learning in the countries abroad, do fret againft it -. Which in truth doth the more commend it. The diffolution of it would breed triumph to the adverfaries, and great foirow and grief unto the favourers of religion. Contrary to the coun- fel of Ezekiel, who faith, Cor jufli non eft contriflandum, i. e. the heart of the righteous mult not he made fad. And although fome few .have abufed this good and neceffary exercife, there is no reafon that the malice of a few Should prejudice all. " Abufes may be refoimed, and that which is good may remain. Neither is there any juft caufe cf offence to be taken, yf divers men make- divers fenfes of one fentence of fcripture ; fo that all the fenfes be good and agreeable to the analogie and' proportion of faith : For othei wife we muft needs condemn all the antieht fathers and doctors of the church, who moft commonly expound one and the fame text of fcripture di-- verfely; and yet all to the good of the church. Therefore doth St. Bafil compare the fcripture to a well ; out of which, the more a man draweth, the better and fweeter is the water. " I truft, when your majefty hath confidered, and well weighed the premifes, you will reft Satisfied, and judge that "no fuch inconvenien ces can grow of thefe exercifes, as you have been informed, but ra ther the clean contrary. And for my own part, becaule 1 am very Vol. If, Hh "well 234 GRINDAL, either taken offs or elfe he had leave for his health to re tire to his houfe at Croydon, for we find him there confe- ' crating well affured, both by reafons and arguments taken out of the holy fcriptures, and by experience, (the m6(l certain feal of fure know ledg) that the faid exercifes, for the interpretation and expofition of- the fcriptures, and for exhortation and comfort drawn out of the fame, are both profitable to encreal'e knowledg among the minifters, and tendeth to the edifying of the hearers ; I am forced, with all humility, and yet plainly, to profefs, that I cannot with fafe confcience, and without the offeree of the majefty of GOD, give my affent.to the fuppreffing of the faid exercifes : Much, lefs can I fend out any injunc tion for the utter and univerfal fubveifion of the fame, I fay with St. Paul, 1 have no power to defray, but only to edifie ; and with the fame apoftle, I can do nothing againft the truth, but.for the truth. '¦ " If it be your majefty's pleafure for this, or any other caufe, to remove me out of this place, I will, with all humility, yield there.- •unto, and render again to your .majefty that I received of the fame. I confider with myfelf, quid horrendum eji incidere in manus Dei vi-ven- tis; i. c. that it is a fearful thiffg to fall into the hands of the living GOD. I confider ajfo, quod qui Jack contra confeientiam (di-yinis juribus ntxam) adificat ad gehennam ; i. e. that he who acts againft his confcience (reding upon the laws of GOD) edifies to hell. Andnvhat Jhould I ixiinn, if I gayned (I will not fay a bufhopric, but) the vjhol^.. 'qyprfd, and lofe mine ovjnfoul? " Bear with me, I befeech you, madam, if I chufe rather to offend your earthly majefty, than to offend the heavenly majefty of G 0 D. And now being forry, that I have been fo long and tedious to your majefty,- I will draw to an end, moft humbly praying the fanyv we'l to confider thefe two Short petitions following. - " The firft is, that you would, refer all thefe ecclefiaftical matters which touch religion, or the doctrine and4 difcipline of, the church, unto the buShops and divines of your reajm ; according to the example of all godly Chriftian emperors and princes of all ages. For indeed they are things to be judged (as an antient father wiiteth) , in ecclefta, feu Jynodo, non in palatio, i. e. in the church, or a fynod, not in a palace. When your majelty hath queftions of the laws of your realm, you do not decide the fame in your court, but fend them to your judges, to be deteimjned. Likewife for doubts in matters of doctrine pr difcipline of the church, the ordinary way is to refer the decision of the fame to the bifhops, and other head minifters of the church. ' ' ' . " Ambrofe to Theodofius ui'eth thefe words, Si de caufis pecuniariis comites. tuos confulis, quanta magis in caufa religionis facerdote's Domini, aquunt efl confulas; i, e. if in matters of mony you confult with your earls, how much more is it fit, you confult with the Lord's priefts in the caufe of religion ? And likewife the fame father to the good emperor V".alentinianus, Si de fide confer end um eft, jacerdotum debet effe ifla col- latio ; ficutfaSum eft fub Conftantino augufl a memories principe: £Zui nnllas leges ante pramifit, quam liberum dedit judicium facet dotibus ; i. e. if we confer about faith, the conference ought to be left to the priefts ; as it was done under Conftantine ," e. prince of moft honourable me mory ; who fet forth no laws, before he had left them to the free judgement of the priefts. And in the fame place, the fame father j^itli, that Conftantius the, emperpi-j fon to the faid Qonftantine the " Great, G R I N D A L. i$$ crating the bifhop of Exeter in that, year, and the bifhops of Wifkhefler, and Litchfield and Coventry the year fol-> lowirigs Great, began well, by reafon, he Followed' his father's Steps at the firft; but ended ill, becaufe he took upon him, de fide intra pala- 'tiuin judicare ; i. e. to judge of faith within the palace, (for lb be the words of Ambrofe) and thereby fell into Arianifm ; a terrible ex ample. " The laid Ambrofe, fo much commended in all hiftories for a godly bufhop, goeth yet farther, and writefh to the fame emperor in; this form. Si docendas cji epifcopus a laico, quid fequatur ? laicus, ergo difputet, & epifcopus audiat ; epifcopus difcat a laico- At certe, fi vel- fcriptiirarum feriem divinarum, vel Vetera tempora retraile'mus, quis eft qui .ttbnteat, in caufa. fidei, in caufa, hnquam, fidei, epij'copos folere de imperatoribus Cbriflianis, non imperatores de epijcopis judicare ? i. e. if a buffiop.be to be taught by a layman, what, follows ? let the lay man then difpute, and the bufhop hear : Let the bufhop learn of the layman. But certainly, }f we haverecourfe either to the order of the holy fcriptures, or to antient times, who is there that can deny, that 5n the caufe of faith, I fay, in the caufe of faith, bufhops were wont to judge concerning Chriftian emperors, not emperors of buShops? Would to G 0 D your majefty would follow this ordinary courfe, you fhould procure to youifelf much quietnefs of mind, better pleafe GOD, avoid many offences, and the church Should be more qujetly and peaceably governed, much to your comfort, and the commodity of your realm. "The fecond petition I have to make to your majefty, Is this*- that, when you deal in matters of faith and religion, or matters that fouch the church of Chrifl; which is his fpoiife, bought with fo dear , a price ; you would not ufe to pronounce too refolutely arid peremp- toiily, quafi ex auth'oritate, as ye may do in civil and extern matters : But always remember that in G O D's caufes, the will of GOD, (and not the will of any earthly creature) is to take place. It is the anti- chriftian voice of the pope, fee volo, ficjubeo ; fletpro ratione voluntas'^ i. e. fo I will have it ; fo 1 command : Let my will ftand for a reafon. In GOD's matters, all princes ought to bow their fceptres to the' Son of God, and to afk counfel at his mouth, what they ought to doi David exhorteth all kings ai\d rulers, to ferve GOD ivilljfear and trembling. " Remember, madam, that you are a mortal creature. Look not only (as was faid to Theodofius) upon the purple and princely array, wherewith ye are apparelled, but confider withal, what is that that is covered therewith. Is it not flefh and blood ? is it not duft and afhes ? is it not a corruptible body, which muft return to his earth again, GOD knows how foon ? .Mull not you alfo one day appear, antf- tremenduiti tribunal crucifixi, ut recipias ibi, prout gefferis in corpore, Jive bonumfive malum ? i. e. before the fearSul judgement feat of the crucified [Jefus], to receive there according as you have done in the body, whether it be good or evil ? " And although ye are a mighty prince, yet remember that He which dwelleth in heaven is mightier. He is, as the pfalmift faith, terribilis, & is, qui aufert fpiriium principum, terribilisjuper omnes reges terra; i. e. terrible, and lie who taketh away the fpirit of princes, and is terrible above all the kings of the earth. H h » . «< Whej-e- &36 GRINDAL; lowing. This part of his fundfion was exercifed by * particular commiffion from the queen, who in council appointed two civilians to manage the other affairs of his fee, the two of his nomination being fet afide. Of this difgrace put upon the archbilhop, and of the injury reli gion feemed to fuffer by it, Sir Robert Cotton, a wife man, had thefe words. * In thofe days there was an emulation 1 between the clergy and the laity ; and a ftrife, whether * of them fhould fhew themfelves moft affe&ionate to the ' gofpel. Minifters haunted the houfes of the worthieft 4 men, where jefuits now build their tabernacles; and ' poor country churches were frequented with the beft of 1 the ftiiire. The word of GOD was precious : Prayer ?' Wherefore I do befeecli you, nladam, in vifceribus Chrifli, when you deal in thefe religious caul'es, fet the majefty of GOD before your eyes,, laying all earthly majefty afide ; determine with your Self to obey his Voice; and with all humility fay unto him, non mea, fed tua voluntas fiat ; i.e. riot mine, but thy will be done. GOD hath bleffed you with great felicity in your lign, now many years ; beware you do not impute the fame to your own deferta or policy, but give GOD the glory. And as to inltruments and means, impute your faid felicity ; firft, to the goodnefs of the caufe which ye have fet forth ; I mean, Chrifl's true religion ; and fecoridly, to the Sighs and groanings of the godly in their fervent prayef to GOD for you. Whie'h have hitherto, as it Were, tyed, and bound the hands of GOD, that he Could not pour out his plagues upon you" and your people, moft jultly .deferved. " Take heed, that ye never once think of declining from GOD, left that be verified of you, which is written of Ozeai, \_Jo'aJti\ who Continued a prince of good and godly government for many years to gether ; and afterwards, cuiii robgratUs ej'et, (faith the text) elevatuiH eft cor ejus in interitum fuuni, & neglexit Dominum ; i. e. when he was Strengthened, his heart was lifted up to his destruction, and he re garded not the Lord. Ye have done many things well, but except ye perfevere to the end, ye cannot be bleffed. For if ye turn from GOD, then GOD will turn away his merciful countenance from you. And what remaineth then to be looked for, but only a terrible expec tation of G O D's judgments, and an heaping up •wrath againfl the day of ivrath. " But I truft ih GOD, your rhajefty will always humble yourfelf under his mighty hand, and go forward in the zelous fetting forth of G O D's true religion, always yielding due obedience and reverence to the word of GOD, the onlie rule of faith and religion. And if ye fo do, although GOD hath juft caufe many ways to be angry with you and us for our unfaithfulnefs, yet I doubt nothing, but that for his own name's fake, and for his own glory fake, He will .ftill hold his merciful hand over us, Shield and protect us under the Shadow of his wings, as He hath done hitherto. _'* I befeech GOD our heavenly Father, plentifully to pour his principal Spirit upon you, and always to direct your heart in his holy fear. Amen." * and G' R\ I N D A L< in * and preaching went hand in hand together; until arch- ' bifhop Grindal 's difgrace, and Hatfield's [Hatton per- * haps] hard conceit of prophefying, brought the flow- ' ing of thefe good graces to a ftill water.' Yet fometimes he had fpecial commands from the queen and council to afl: in perfon, and iffued out orders; in his own name, and in general was as active as he could be, and vigilant in the Care of his diocefe, as occafion offered. In the year 1580, for inftance, when there hap pened a violent earthquake, our archbilhop, having iffued an order for prayers and humiliations, compofed a prayer for families throughout his diocefe, which- was allowed by the council, who in a letter to him commended his great zeal, and required him to enjoin the obfervation of his new order of prayer in all other diocefes. The coun cil alfo referred to him the decifion of a difpute that hap pened the fame- year at Merton-college, Oxford,- where he was vifitor as arChbifhop ; and foon after he was employ ed by the lord treafurer in a controverfy between the uni verfity and town of Cambridge. This year a convocation met at St. Paul's, at which, though he could not appear, yet he had a principal fhare in the tranfadtion of it. He drew up an expedient for preferving the authority of the fpiritual courts in the point of excommunications ; he laid before them alfo a new form of pennance to be obferved for the future, bet ter calculated than the former to bring the finner to amendment. It was moved in this convocation, that no bufinefs fbsuld be entered upon, nor any fiibfidy granted till he was reftored. And though that motion was car ried in the negative, yet they unanirhoully prefented a petition, which was thought more refpe&ful to her ma jefty in his favor. It fet forth, ' How exceedingly griev- * ed they were, that the moft reverend father, after fo * many years fhould fall into fo great and fo durable an f offence of her majefty. That he was a man that did •' not often offend ; and but once in his life feemed to * have difpleafed her ; and that not fo much with a wilful * mind, as by a tender confcience. Of which fo great c was the force, that eminent authors and the beft men * had, writ, that whatfoever was done, the confcience re- * claiming, or erring or doubting, was done amifs and to * be condemned as no little fin. That the archbilhop * had led a life free not only of all crime, but even from * the fufpicion of a crime; preferved his religion from *, all, not only corruption of popery, but from fchifm, * and 238 GRINDAL. ' and had fuffered perfecution for righteoufnefs fake, hav-, ' ing wandered abroad in other countries for the caufe of ' the gofpel. Therefore they moft humbly and unani- ' moufly befeeched her not only to lift up the archbifhop- * broken and feeble with grief, but to reftore the church * to him, and him to the church, to her fubjects, to his ' own brethren, to foreign nations, and, in a word, to ' all pious people. And for their own parts they pro- ' mifed her, if flie would grant this their fupplicationf ' they would never be wanting in their care of fettling * the church, in propagating religion^ in taking away s fchifms; and in being mindful of and thankful for this c favour.' However^ the addrefs proved ineffectual, nor was he reftored till he made his fubmiffion ; wherein, among. other things, to, clear himfelf of the charge of a refractory difobedience in tfefpect of fuppreffing the exercifes,. he proved that in his own bifhopric, and other peculiar jurifdidtions, he never fuffered the exercifes to be ufecb after the time of her majefty's command. The precife time of his reftitution does n°t clearly appear, yet feveral of his proceedings fhew, that he was in the full poffeffion of the metropolitical power in 1582^ in which year, it is certain alfo, that he had totally loft his eye^-fight through hard ftudy and infirmities, efpecially the ftranguary and cholic, with which he had been long afflicted ; and lofing all hopes of recovering his fight^ to-* wards the latter end of this year, he refigried his fee,, and obtained a penfion for his life from the queen, though iri no degree of her majefty's favon With this provifion he retired to Croydon, where he died two months after, on July 6, 1583, and was interred in that church, where 3 ftone monument was erected to his memory. . . Mr. Strype, who wrote an account of our ArchbiftiDp's life, in order to vindicate his memory from the late rnif- reprefentations, as he calls them, of Fuller and Heylinr, who fet him forthas an ill. governor of the church, as tod much inclined to puritanifm, obferves, that in the times wherein he lived,, when he was better known, his epif- cPpal abilities and admirable endowments for fpiritoal government, as well as his lingular learning., were much" celebrated. He was a, man, continues this writer, of great firmnefs and refolution, though of a mild and aftable temper and friendly difpofition. La his deportment cour teous and engaging, not eafily provoked, well fpoken^ and eafy of accefs -, and in his elevation npt at 4II affedt- 1 ing GRINDAL, 239 Ing grandeur or ftate, always obliging in his carriage as well as kind and grateful to his fervants, and of a free and generous fpirit : That he 'was* confeffedly a prelate of great moderation towards the puritans, to whofe in-? tereft in the cabinet, joined to his own merits, his-pre- ferment was perhaps owing. ' He had doubtlefs a great refpect for Calvin, Luther^ Melantlhon, Bucer, Peter Martyr, Bullinger, Zanchy, and the reft of the Reformers abroad, with whom he had con tracted a friendfhip, during his exile, and ftill corre- fponded with them ; and he was very inftrumental in ob taining a fettlement for the French Proteftants in rUeir own way of worfhip, which was the beginning of the Walloon church, fituated in Threadneedle-flreet, London^ and hath continued ever fince for the ufe of the French pation. Befides the things already mentioned, our Author affifted Fox in his Martyrology, wherein is printed of his own- writing, " A Dialogue" between cuftom and truth, which is written in a clear manner, and with much ra tional evidence againft the real, that is, the grofs, and corporal prefence in the facrament. The archbilhop lived and died unmarried, yet does not feem tp have amaffed much wealth, notwithftanding his great and rich preferments. However, he left feveral charitable legacies by his laft will ; as thirty pounds per annum for the maintenance of a free grammar fchool, at St. Begh's in Cumberland, where he was born. To Pern-' firoke-ballj in Cambridge, twenty-two pounds per annum. He left alfo to the college feveral books of Henry Stephens's edition, and a curious Hebrew bible to the Majler's' Andy. He likewife gave the college aftanding cup of above forty ounces, double gilt, which in honor of him they called Poculum Gantuarienfe, ' the Canterbury Cup.' It was a prefent to him from the qtseen the year after his promo tion to the fee of Canterbury. He gave to ^ueeri 's-college, Qxford, twenty-fix pounds and four pence per annum. To Magdalen-college, in Cambridge, for the maintenance of one fehokr, one hundred pounds. To Chrifl' s-college, in Cambridge, a ftanding cup value thirteen pounds, fix fhillings and eight pence. For the building and furnifli- ing St. Begh's fchool, three hundred and fixty-fix pounds thirteen fhillings and four pence. For the purchafe of lands and other profits for the relief of the poor alms houses in Croydon, fifty pounds. For repairing the church, five pounds. To fhe city of Canterbury to fet the poor to work, zup F O X. work, one hundred pounds. To the poor of Lambeth and Croydon, twenty pounds. To the poor of St. Begh's, ¦ thirteen pounds fix fhillings and eight pence. To the parifh-church of St. Begh's his communion cup and coyer double gilt, and his beft great bible. To the queen, a curious Greek teftament of Stephens's impreffion. To his fucceffors, feveral pictures and implements. To his patron, lord Burleigh, a ftanding cup of forty ounces, given by the queen the laft New-year's day before he died. To Sir Francis Walfingham, a ftanding cup of the like value. There are many other legacies to fervants, friends and relations, among which laft we are told that he had a brother whofe name was Robert, who with his wife and Edmund his only fon died in 1567, leaving four daughters orphans, the fecond of whom married William Darres, gent, againft the confent of the archbilhop, who had like- wife feveral nieces by his lifter Elizabeth Woodfall. =B->~*8= JOHN fox: THIS meek and laborious minifter was born at Boflon, in Lincolnjhire, A. D. 1517 ; the. very year, when Luther began the Reformation, in Germany. His father died, when he was very young ; and, his mother marrying again, he came under the tutelage of a father-ip-law : With whom he dwelt, till the age of fix- teen, at which time he was entered of Brazen-nofe-college, Oxford; and was chamber-fellow with the celebrated Dr. Alexander Nowel, afterwards dean of St. Paul's. Mr. Fox plyed his academical ftudies with equal affiduity, im provement, and applaufe; In 1538, he took the degree oFbachelor in arts; and that of mafter, in 1543. The fame year, he was elected fellow of Magdalen- college. When he was firft removed to the univerfity, and for fome time after, he was ftrangly attached to the herefies and fuperftitions of popery. To his zeal for thefe, he added a life ftrictly regular and moral : And, laughing at the idea of j u'ftification by faith in the imputed righteouf nefs of Chrifl, thought himfelf fufficiently fafe in the ima ginary F, O X5 24f V g«nary merit of his own felf-denial, penances, almfdeeds, and compliances with the rites of the church. But he was a chofen veffel ; and, therefore, divine grace would not let him remain a pharifee. Through the effectual breathings of GOD's holy Spirit, his ftudies were over-ruled, not only to the advantage of pofterity at large; but; alfo^ to the benefit of his own foul in parti cular. His, indefatigable and profound refearches, into. ecclefiaftical hiftory, and the writings of the primitive fathers; and, above all, his thorough acquaintance with the holy fcripture, in its original languages; became the means of convincing him, to what an immenfe diftance L the Romifti church has departed, from the faith, practice, and fpirit, of Chriftianity. In order to make himfelf. a yet more competent judge of the controverfies,. then in debate between Proteftants and Papifts; he fearched,. with indefatigable affiduity, into the antient and modern hiftory of the church. Here he learnt, at what periods, and by what means, the religion of Chrift ljourilhed ; and by what errors it began to de cline. He confidered the caufes, and weighed the im portance, of thofe various diffentions, which had, from. , time to time, obtained in the profeffing world : And quickly , perceived, that, in every age, the miftakes, follies, and vices of mankind, are more fimilar, in their nature, ope rations, and effects, than is' generally imagined. What ¦ is the far greater part of civil and ecclefiaftical hiftory, . btit a regifter of the weaknefs and Wickednefs which divide almoft the whole human race between them ? With fuch zeai and induftry did Mr. Fox apply himfelf , to thefe enquiries, that, before he was. thirty years of age*.. he had read over all the Greek and all the Latin fathers ; all the fcholaftic writers ; together with the acts of all the councils : And, moreover, made himfelf mafter of the Hebrew language. But, from this ftrict and fevere appli cation, by night as well as by day ; from forfaking his old popifh friends, and courting the moft fequeftered re tirement; from the dubious and hefitating, manner, in which, when he could not avoid being in company, he fpoke of religious, fubjects ; and, above all, from his fpar- irig attendance on the public worfhip of the church, which he had, before, been remarkable for ftridtly and conftantly frequenting ; arofe the firft furmifes of his being alienated from the reigning fuperftitions", and infected with (what the bigotted Romanifts had the ignorance to term) the new herefies. Vol. II. I i ;* Thus, 24* F O X. Thus, even the humble and benevolent Mr. Fox wai not without his enemies ; who narrowly watched his con duct, and waited for an opportunity to injure him. Hi9 Angular opennefs and fincerity did not long leave them at a' lofs for ways and means.. Snares were laid for him ; and his generous honefty betrayed him into- them. A mo derate portion of diffimulatiort (commonly called, pru dence and circumfpedtion) would, perhaps, have fecured him, a while, from the machinations of his adverfaries. But he chofe rather to fuffer ajfiiclion, with the people, and for the caufe, of GOD; than to enjoy the pleafute of fin , for a feafon: Mindful of that decifive and alarming decla ration, Whofoever is ajhamed of me, and of my words, in this adulterous and finful generation; of him Jhall the Son of man be ajhamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father, with his holy angels. Through grace, .our Author, deter mined to venture the lofs of all things, for Chrifl's fake : In confequence of which, he openly profeiTed the gofpel, and was publicly aceufed of herefy. His college paffed judgement on him, as an heretic convicted ; and, presently after, he faw himfelf expelled from the univerfity. His eriemies maintained, that he was favorably dealt with, by that fentence; and might think himfelf happily off, to irfcur expulfion, inftead of death. Mr. Fox's troubles fat the heavier on him, .as they loft him the countenance and good offices of his friends, who were afraid to affift and protect a perfon condemned for a capital offence. His father-in-law, particularly, feifed this dpportunity to withhold from Mr. Fox the eftate which his Own father had left him : Thinking, that he, who ftood in danger 'of the law himfelf, would with dif-f" fieulty find relief by legal methods. Being thus forfaken and oppreffed, he was reduced to great ftraights : When GOD raifed him up an unex pected patron in Sir Thomas Lucy, of Warwickjhire ; who received him into his houfe, and made him tutor to his children. Here he married a citizen's daughter, of Co ventry ; and continued in Sir Thomas's family, till his pupils were grown up : After which, he, with fome diffi culty, procured entertainment with his wife's father, at Coventry ; from whence, a few years before the death of Henry VIII. he removed to London. For a confiderable time after his arrival in the capital, being without employment or preferment, he was again reo"tfced to extreme want. But the Lord's good provi-* dence relieved him, at length, in the following extra ordinary F O X. 243 ordinary manner. As he was fitting, one day, in St. Paul's church; his eyes hollow, his countenance wan and fiale, and his whole body emaciated (or, rather, within a . ittle of being literally ftarved to death) ; a perfon, whom he never remembered to have feen before, came and fat down by him : And, accofting him familiarly, put a re- fpectable fum of money into his hand, faying,,' Be of * good comfort, Mr. Fox ; take care of yourfelf, and ufe ' all means to preferve your life : For, depend upon it, 'GOD will, in a few days, give you a better profpect, * and more certain means of fubfiftence. ' He, afterwards, ufed his utmoft endeavors, to find out the perfon, by whofe bounty he had been fo feafonably relieved : But he was never able to gain any difcovery. However, the predic tion was fulfilled ; for, within three days from that me* morable incident, he was taken into the duchefs of Rich* tnond's family, to be tutor to her nephew the earl of Surrey's children, who' (on the imprifonment of the earl, and of his father the duke of Norfolk, in the tower) were committed to the care of the duchefs for education. Mr. Fox lived with this family, at Ryegate, in Surrey during the latter part of Henry VIII's reign, the five) years' reign of K. Edward VI. and part of O^ Ma ry's. Gardiner, the bloody bifhop pf Winchefter, in whofe diocefe this good man fo long lived, would havg foon brought him to the fhambles ; had he not been pro tected by one of his noble pupils, then duke of Norfolk, Gardiner always bated Mr. Fox (who, it. is faid, was the. firft perfon that ventured to preach the gofpel at Rye- gate) ; and faw, with deep concern, the heir, of one of the nobleft families in the kingdom, trained up in at tachment to Proteftantifm, under Mr. Fax's influence. The prelate, therefore, formed various defigns againft the fafety of the latter; arid fought, by many artifices and ftratagems, to work his ruin. The holy man, who was no lefs fuipicious of the bifhop, than the bifhop was o.f him ; found himfelf obliged in prudenpe (though much againft the duke's inclination, who loved and revered him as a father) to quit his native land, and feek flicker abroad, His grace of Norfolk, perceiving that no argu-. ments nor iritreaties could induce his honored tutor to remain in England, took care to provide him with every accommodation, requifite for his voyage. Mr. Fox, ac cordingly, fet fail from Ipfwicb haven : Accompanied by his wife, who was then pregnant ; and by feveral other perfons, who were leaving their country on a religious I i 3 account. 244 F" ° X- account. The veffel had not been very long at fea, 'erfe a ftorm arofe; which, the next day, drove them back into the port from whence they had fet out. Having, with great difficulty and danger, reached the land ; -Mr. '¦Fox was faluied with indubitable information, that bifhop Gardiner had iffued a warrant for apprehending him, and was caufing the moft diligent' fearch to be made after him. On this, he made intereft with the mafter of the fhip to put to fea again, without delay ; though at evi dent hazard of their lives; as the tempeft had riot yet fub- fided. Through G O D's goodnefs, however, they all arrived, in two days, at Nieuport in Flanders : From •whence Mr. Fox and his compariy travelled to' Antwerp, "and Frankfort ; and fo to Bafil, in Switzerland; whither "great numbers of the Englijh reforted, in thofe times of "domeftic perfecution. ' - ¦ : ' The' city of Bafil was then one of the moft famous in 'Europe, for printing : And mariy of the learned5 refugees, ^who retired thither, got their fubfiftence by revifing and corre " fending parties may have an opportunity to repent of ""; and retradt their miftakes." He earneftly befeeches her majefty ' to fpare the lives of thefe miferable men ; or, at 4 leaft, to foften their mode of punifhment1: As to banifii c them, or commit them to perpetual imprifonment, &c. * but at all events not to rekindle the Smithfield fires*' ' which, through her goodnefs and care, had been fo long * extinguifhed. If this could not be granted, at leaft to * allow them a month or two, in order that endeavors * might be ufed to reclaim them from their errors; and ' thereby to prevent the deftrudtion of their fouls, as well * as of their bodies.' — Mr. Fox (fays Fuller) was very loth that Smithfield, formerly confecrated with martyrs' afhes, ' fhould now be profaned with thofe of heretics ; and was defirous that the Papifts might enjoy their own monopoly of cruelty, in burning condemned perfons. But though Q. Elizabeth conftantly called him, ' her father Fox ;' yet herein was fhe no dutiful daughter ; for fhe gave him a flat denial, as to the faving of their lives; if, after a month's reprieve and conference with divines, they would not recant their herefies. It is not a little furprifing, that fo good and fo candid a man as Dr. Fuller fhould endeavor to palliate, if not to juftify, the extreme malignity which ¦ brought thofe two Dutchmen to the ftake. ' Damnable, ' (fays this hiftorian) were their impieties; and the queen * was neceffitated to this feverity : Who, having formerly * punifhed fome traitors, it now fparing thefe blafphemers, * the world would condemn her ; as being more earneft • * in afferting her own fafety, than GOD's honour.' A' wretched excufe this, for wilful and deliberate murder! It reminds us of Melanclhon's fault (falfely fathered on Calvin) in preffing the magiftrates of Geneva rb burn the heretic Servetus. The anfwer of a popifh princefs, on a limilar occafipn, did more honor to humanity. This lady (who is ftill living) was folicited, by fome Romifh eccle- fiaftics, to concur with them in bringing a fuppofed he retic to the flames. ' Is it not true (faid fhe) that heretics * burn for ever in hell-firel' * Without doubt,' anfwered- 1 the - 248 FOX. thepriefts. t> It would be too fevere then (added fhe) to * burn them in both worlds. Since they are devoted to ' endlefs mifery hereafter, it is but juftice to let them live *¦ unmqlefted here.' / Hitherto, Dr. Fuller, and the Biographia Britannica^ have been our chief guides in the prefent account of the truly apoftolic Mr. Fox. For what we have farther to add, we fhall be principally indebted to the indefatigable Mr. Clark*. We have before obferved, that while Mr. Fox was in exile at Bafil, during the prevalence of popery in England; he one day, in a fermon which he preached be fore his afflicted countrymen in that city, pofitively allured them, " That the time was now come, for their fafe and " happy return home : And that he told them this corrc- " fortable news by exprefs command from GOD." Se veral minifters, who were prefent, took occafion after wards to reprove him with a degree of afperity for publicly declaring, what they took to be, the premature flights of his own fancy and conjecture. But they foon altered their opinion, when authentic intelligence arrived that Q; Mary the bloody was actually dead. On his re-fettlement here, he fet himfelf to revife and enlarge his admirable Martyrology. With prodigious • pains and conftant ftudy, he finifhed that elaborate work • in eleven years. For the fake of greater correctnefs, he • never employed any amanuenfis ; but wrote every line of , this vaft book with his own hand, and fearched and tran-> fcribed all the records and original papers himfelf. But , by fuch exceffive toil, leaving no .part of his time free . from ftudy, nor affording himfelf either the.repofe or re laxations which nature required ; his health was fojje- duced, and his perfon- became fo emaciated and alteref ,- that fuch of his friends and relations, as only converfed with him occafionally, could npt recollect him at fight. Yet, though he grew daily more lean, .withered, and exhaufted, his hard ftudies went on as brifkly as ever, nor would he ' be, perfuaded to leffen his accuftomed labors* The Pa pifts, forefeeing how extremely detrimental his hiftory of their errors' and cruelties would prove to their caufe, ex erted their whole art and ftrength to leffen the reputation of his work. This malice of thair's was of fignal fervice, both to Mr. Fox himfelf, and to the church of GOD at large ; as it eventually made his book more intrinfecally valuable, by inducing him to weigh,' with the moft exact and * See the firft volume, of his Marrow, of the Ecclefiaftical Hiftonr* p. 382, 383. FOX 249 amd fcrupulous attention, the certainty of the facts he re-- corded, and the validity of the authorities from whence he drew his informations. Having long ferved both the churcti and the world, by his miniftry, by his pen, and by the unfullied luftre of a, beneficent, ufeful, and holy life ; he comfortably refigned his foul to Chrifl, on the eighteenth of April, 1587. The Lord had given him a forefight of his departure : And fo fully perfuaded was he^ that the time was juft at hand when he fhould quit the body, that (probably, to, enjoy unmo- lefted communion with GOD, and to have no worldly in terruptions in his laft hours) he purpofely fent his two fons from home, though he loved them with great tender- nefs ; and before they returned, his fpirit, as he hadfore- feen would be the cafe, was flown to heaven. He was interred in the chancel of St. Giles's, Gripplegate ; of which parifh he had been, in the beginning of Q. Eliza beth's reign, for fome time vicar. Mr. Strype fays, that a very fair marble ftone, fixed in the fouth wall of that chancel, was pfefently after erected to his memory ^ with the following infcription ; CHRISTO S.S. J OH A N NI FOXO, Ecclefia Anglican^ Martyr olago fidelifftmo, Antiquitatis hiftoriea Ihdagatori fdgacifftmo, Evangelical Veritatis Propugnatori acerrimo, Thaumaturgo admirabili : ¦QuiMartyres MarianPs, tanquam Phaenices, ex cineribus redivivos py-aftitit : #t- Patri fuo, omni pietatis officio imprimis colendo, Samuel Foxus, Illius primogeriiius, Hoc Man umentltm p ofuit, Non fine Lachrymis. ' ObiitDie 18 Menf. April. An. Dom. 1587* Jam feptudgenarius. Vita vita mortals est, spes1 vitje immortalis. Fuller acquaints us that Mr. Fox foretold the deftrudtion of, what was madly ftyled by the pope and Spaniards, the ¦ Invincible, Armada : . '.The ftory, (fays that hiftoriari) is * true, though Mr. Fox furvived not to fee the perfor- * mance of his own prediction. — His dear friend, Dr. ' Laurence Humfrey, may be faid to have died with him j * (though .his languifliing life lafted a year longer) fo .. Vol. II. Kk 'great 250 FOX. ' great was. his grief, to be parted from _ his fellow-col* '- league, bred together in Oxford, and banifhed together- ' into Germany.' Among the graces, for which our Martyrologift was eminent, flione his extenfive (fome would almoft term it, p'rofufe) liberality to the poor. Be was fo bountiful to them while he lived, that he had no ready money to leave to them at his death. His love tohis Saviour was fuch, that he could never refufe giving to any, who afked him, for relief, in the name of Jefus; or, for Chrifl' s fake. A; friend once enquiring of him, '• whether he recollected a * certain poor man, whom he ufed to relieve ?' He an fwered, " Yes, I remember him well : And I willingly " forget lords and ladies, to remember fuch as he." His ability in comforting afflicted confciences was very peculiar : No wonder, therefore, that his houfe was fre quented by perfons of all ranks, from noblemen down to the pooreft of the flock ; who were laboring under foul-t diftreffes. His time was divided between ftudy, preaching, pray ing, fpirittial conference, and vifiting the fick and. af-i flidted. His principal hours for intercourfe with GOD in fecret prayer were during the night feafon ; at which times of holy retirement, he has been heard to agonize with GOD, and to mingle his fupplioations with groanings which could not be uttered. He was diftinguifhed by a deep and fettled contempt of earthly things : More efpecially, of pleafures, amufe- ments, wealth, and honors. Hence, he abftradted him felf, as much as he poffibly could, from all friendfhip,. fociety, and connection, -with the great and noble of thi^ world. The money, which was fometimes offered him by rich men, he accepted ; but the poor were as fure to have it, as ever he received it. There have been macaronies, in all 3ges. One of Mr* Fox's fons had a great defire to travel beyond fea, from which his father could by no means diffuade him. After a tour of feveral years, he returned home ; and prefented himfelf to the good old man, in a fantaftical, outlandifh habit. " Who are you ?" faid Mr, Fox.—* Sir, I am your * fon Samuel.' — To which his reply was : " O my fon, who " has taught thee to make thyfelf fo ridiculous ?" This re1- proof feems to have been attended with good effect : For the giddy youth proved, afterwards, a ferious, devout, learned,' $nd re/pe&able man, In i6ip, he' wrote the life of F O X, 251 of hisfatheri prefixed to his Martyrology* and at length died, full of years and of good works *. A very Angular incident, of which Mr. John Fox him felf was eye-witnefs, fhall conclude this fummary of his life and pharacter. He it was, who had that memorable interview with Mrs. Honeywood^ mentioned by fo many authors of that age. The concern of this pious lady, for the falvation of her foul, was fo great; her doubts and fears, fo very diftreffing; and her forrow of mind, fo grievous; that fhe funk into utter defpair : Which had fuch an effect on her bodily health, as brought her to death's door, and kept her in a gradual confumption, for almoft twenty years. In vain did phyficians adminifte^ their medical affiftances ; for her difeafe, which originated from a fpiritual caufe, required a fupernatural remedy, There was but one phyfician, whofe power and fkill could reach her cafe i Even he, who healeth thofe that are broken in heart, find giveth medicine to heal their ficknefs — In vain did the ableft and moft evangelical minifters preach to her the comforts of the gofpel ; and labor to perfuade her of the willingnefs and certainty, Wherewith Chrifl receives every coming finner. The Holy Spirit alone could preach to her heart, with efficacy ; and he had not yet vouch-? fafed, in all thofe years, to rife upon her foul. > At length, Mr. Fox was fent for : Who, On his arrival, found a moft mournful family, and the miftrefs of it the deepeft mourner among them all, The holy man prayed with her; and then reminded her of what the faithful GOD had pro- mifed, and of what Chrift had done and fuffered for her foul. But even this was to no purpofe: For, ftill, fhe could not believe, that the gofpel, promifes and the merits of Jefus belonged to her. — Mr. Fox, not in the leaft dif- couraged, went on; and, to the wonder of thofe about her, expreffed himfelf to the following effect : " You " will not only recover of your bodily difeafe, but alfo " live to an exceeding great age; and, which is-yet bet- " ter, you are interested in Chrift^ and will go to heaven " when you die." Looking earneftly at him as he fpake thefe words, fhe anfwered, with much emotion, ' lira- * poffible ! I fhall as furely be damnedT as this glafs will ' break:' and immediately dafhed a Venice glafs (which ihe was holding in her hand), with much force, againft * See more of him, in Strype's Annals, vol. iii, p. 505. — As alfo of Simeon, his youngeft brother, ibid. p. 506.. Mr. Strype terms bo^h. thefe furvivingfohs of Mr. John Fox, ' well-deferving men, bred up « to learning, and of note in tlieir times.' 2,52 FOX. the wall. The glafs fell, firft, on a cheft; and then,, upon "the ground : But was neither broken, nor fo much as cracked *. The event proved, that Mr. Fox 'did not prophefy by the fpirit of error. Mrs. Honeywood was theii fixty years old ; and lived, in much comfort and felicity, till fhe was upwards of ninety, and could reckon above three hundred and fixty perfons defcended from herfelf. His Works. Befides thofe already mentioned, he wrote, tiSyllogifticon admonitio adParliamentum. De lap fits per err or em in Ecclefiam reftituendis. A Latin Tranflation of the Con- troverfy between Archbilhop Cranmer, and Gardiner, Bi fhop of Winchefter, about the eucharift. This our Author did at Bafil, and there was only a part of it printed. Dey cenfura, feu excommunicatione Ecclefiaflica, interpellatio , ad Archiepifcopum Cantuarienfem. London, 1551, in 8vo. A Sermon preached at St. raid's Crofs, oh Good-Friday, upon the Subject of Chrift's Crucifixion, printed hyjohti Day, at London, 15.70, in 4to. It was dedicated, " tq " all fuch as labour and be heavy laden in confcience, to " be read for their fpiritual comfort." The text is, 2 Cor. v. 20, 21. and the fermon is divided into two parts, to which are fubjoined, a Prayer made for the "Church, and all th% States there ; and a Poftfcript to the Papifts. Mr. Wood mentions an edition of this fermon at London, 1609, in 8vo. and a Latin tranflation of it en titled, De Chriflo crucifixo : Concio in Die Parafcev. in %• Cor. cap. v. ver. 20, 21. London, 1571, in 4to." Mr. Strype, who does not appear to have ever feen the edition of this fermon in 1570, is miftaken in faying, that it was preached in 1578, and printed in 1585, unlefs reprinted in that year. His argument that it was preached about IS78». * Fuller, in his Worthies of England (Kent, p. 86), fays, that, though this circumftance was little Short of miraculous, ftill Mrs. Ho- itey.ivoad took no comfort from it; but ' continued, a great time after, f in her former difconfolate condition, without any amendment, until ' GOD, who findeth out the fitted minutes for his own mercie§, • fuddenly Shot comfort, like lightening, into her foul ; fo that She ' led the remainder of her life in fpiritual gladnefs. This She herfelf * told to the reverend father, Thomas Morton, biShop of Durham, from ' whofe mouth I have received this relation. In the days of Q;_ ' Mary, fhe ufed to vifit the pn'fons, and to comfort and relieve the ', confeffors therein. She was prefect at the burning of Mr. Bradford, * in Smithfield, and refolved to fee the end of his Suffering ; thoilgh, • fo great was the prefs of people, that her Shoes were trodden off, * and She forced thereby to go barefoot from Smithfield to St. Mar- * tin's, before She could furnifh herfelf with a new pair for her money. c She died, the eleventh of 'May, i6zo; in the ninety-third yeai of. ** her age, and in the forty-fourth year of her widowhood,' FOX. 255 1578, is drawn from a paffage in the prayer, wherein Mr. Fox fays, that " the queen had doubled the years of :" her filler and brother ;" but thefe very words are alfaf to be found in the prayer publifhed in the edition of the fermpn in 1570. Tables of Grammar; London, 1552. Wood tells us that thefe Tables were fubfcribed in print by eight lords of the privy-council ; but that they were foon laid afide, as being as much too lhort, as K. Henry VHIth's Grammar was too long. Articuli five Aphorifmi aliquot Joh. Wiclevi. Sparfim aut ex variis illius, opufculis excerpti per adverfarios papicolas, ac concilio Conftantienft exbibiti. Colletlanea quadam ex Reginaldi Pecocki Epifcopi Ciceftrienfis opufculis exuftis confervata, & ex antique pfegr mate tranfcripta. Opiftographia ad Oxonienfes. Thefe three laft are printed with his Commentaril rerum in Ecclejia geflarum, at Strajburg, 1554., in 8vo. Locarum commu- nium Logicalium tituli & Ordinationes, 150, ad feriem pree- dicamentorum decern defcripti, &c. Bafil, 1557, in 4to„ Probatiov.es & refolutiones de re & materia Sacramenti Eu- chariflici. This was printed at Londonjaho\xt the year 1563. " De Qliva Evangelica ; concio in Baptifmo Judesi habi- ta, Londini 1. Apr. cum narratione capitis XI. D. Pauli xid Romanos. London, 1578, tranflated into Englijh by James Bell. To this Latin fermon is fubjoined our Aur thor's comedy, De Chriflo triumphante., before-mentioned. Concerning man's Election to Salvation, London, 1581, in 8vo. Certain Notes of Election, added to Beza his Treatife of Predeftination. London, 1581, in 8vo. De Chriflo gratis juflificante, contra Jefuitas. London, 1583, in 8vo. Difputatio contra Jefuitas iff eorum argu- menta quibus inharentem juflitiam ex Ariftotele confirmant. Rupell, 1585, in 8vo. Eicafmi feu meditationes in Apocal. S. Johannis Apojloli & Evangelifta. London, 1587, fol. Genev. 1596, in 8vo. Papa confutatus : vel facra & apoflolica ecclejia papam confutans. This was tranflated into Englijh by James Bell, and printed at London, in 4to. Brief Ex hortation, fruitful and meet to be read in the Time of GOD's Vifitation, where Minifters do lack, or other- wife cannot be prefent to comfort them. London, in 8vo„ He alfo tranflated from Latin into Englijh, 1. A Sermon of John Oecolampaidius' to young Men and Maidens. Lon don, in i2mo. 2. An Inftrudtion of Chriftian Faith, how to lay hold upon the Promife of GOD, and not to doubt of pur Salvation. Or otherwife thus ; Neceffary Inftrudtions of Faith and Hope for Chriftians to hold faft, and not to {loubt, &c, London, 1579, fecond edition, in 8vo. writ- te^ 25* FOX. ten by Ur bonus Regius. He alfo finifhed an Anfwef A- pologetical to Hierome Oforius his flanderous invective.; which had been begun in Latin by Walter Haddon, LL. D. London, 1577,- and 1581, in 4*0. and he publifhed the- four Evangelifts in the old Saxon Tongue, with the Eng lijh thereunto adjoined. London, 157 1, in 4*0. Bale mentions feveral other writings of his,' but Mr. Wood fays fome of them were never printed ; we fhall therefore proceed to give fome account of the principal and greateft of our Author's Works, his Acts and Monuments of ¦the Church, commonly called, Fax's Book of Martyrs. " We have before obferved that the Author firft applied himfelf to write this Hiftory of the Church, whilft he Was at Bafil, but he referved the greateft part of it againft his return into his own country, that he might have the authority and teftimony of more witneffes. It appears by the Author's own notes, that this moft laborious work was eleven years in hand : And in this, as well as in fome others of his labors, Mr. Fox was greatly affifted by that pious prelate Dr. Grindal, afterwards archbilhop of Can terbury, who, befides his conftant counfel and advice in the courfe of the work, fupplied him with materials, which he digefted and methodized himfelf; for whilft Dr. Grindal was abroad, he had eftablifhed a correfpondence in England for this purpofe, by which means accounts of moft of the acts and. fufferings of the perfecuted in Q, Mary's reign, came to his hands ; and it was owing to Dr. Grindal's ftridt and tender regard to truth, that the Martyrology was fo long in hand, for he rejected all com mon reports and relations that were brought over, till more fatisfadtory evidence could be procured ; and hence he advifed Mr. Fox at firft only to print feparately the acts of fome particular men, of whom any fure and au thentic memoirs came to hand, till materials for a more complete hiftory of the martyrs and their perfecutions and fufferings could be procured. In purfuance of this advice, Mr. Fox publifhed at Bafil, Diverfe Hiftories of the Englijh Bifhops and Divines, in fingle pieces, foon ¦after their refpedtive fufferings and martyrdoms. He had alfo publifhed at Strajburg, in 1554,' in 8yo. Commentarii rerum in Ecclejia geflarum, maximarumque per totam Eura- pam perfecutionem a Wiclevi temporibus ad hanc ufque atatem defcript. in one book'; to which he added five more books, all printed together at Bafil, in 1559, in folio, It was alfo by the advice of Dr. Grindal, that the Martyrology was printed both in Latin and Englijh, t or the more gene- " rat F O X. 255 ral ufe, the Author having begun it in Latin. It was publifhed,at London, 1503, in one thick volume in folio* with this title, Adtes and Monuments of thefe latter pe~ rillous Days touching Matters of the Churche, wherein. are comprehended and defcribed the great Perfecutions and horrihle Troubles that have been wrought and prac- tifed by- the Romifh Prelates fpeciallye in this Realme of England and Scotland, from the Yeare of our Lorde a Thoufand unto the Time now prefent, &c. gathered and collected accordynge to the true Copies and wrytinges, Certificatorie, as well of the Parties themfelves that fuf-, fered, as alfo out of the Bifhops Regifters, which were the doers thereof. By John Fox. Imprinted at London. by John Day, dwelling over Alderfgate beneth St. Mar tin's, Anno 1563, the 20th of March. Cum gratia &.. privilegio regia Majeftaiis: " Mr. Fox . prefented a copy of this edition to Mag-' dalen-college, Oxford, and at the fame time wrote a Latin letter to Dr. Laurence Humphreys, printed by Mr. Thomas Hearne in his Appendix, No. 5. to his Pre face to Adami de Domerjham Hifl. de Rebus Geflis Glafto- nenfibus, Oxon. 1727, in 8vo. 2 vols. There was a fourth edition at London, 1583, in two volumes in folio,, and it Was reprinted in 1632, in three volumes folio. The ninth edition was printed at London in three volumes in folio, with copper cuts, the former editions having only wooden ones. Mr. Wood obferves, that the under takers of this edition had in a manner obtained a promife from K. Charles II. to revive the order made in Q; Eli-> xabeth's time, of placing it in the common halls of arch- bifhops, bifhops, deans, archdeacons, heads of colleges, &c. according to the canons of Dr. Matthew Parkerx archbilhop of Canterbury, in 1571. Mr. Strype tells us, that, when this book was firft publifhed, our Author was thought ' to have done very exquifite fervice to the Pro- 1 teftant caufey in fhewing, from abundance of antient ' books, 'regifters, records,, and choice manufcripts, the ' encroachments of popes, papalins, and the ftout oppo- ' fitions that were made by learned and good men, in all * ages and countries againft them ; and efpecially under * K. Henry VIII. and Q. Mary here in England; pre-- * ferving to us the memories of thofe holy men and wo- f men, thofe bifhops and divines, together with their * hiftories, acts, fufferings, and their conftant deaths, * willingly undergone for the fake of Chrifl and his gof- * pel, and for refufing to comply with popifh doctrines « and fuperftitions.' Archhiihop' Whitgift ftiles Mr ^ Fox • 1 that 2S6 SANDY* S. that worthy man, and tells Mr. Cartwrighl the Pufiraffy that, " he had read over his Acts and Monuments from the one end to the other ; and declares that Mr. Fox hath very diligently and faithfully laboured in this matter, (ofarch- bifhops and metropolitans) and fearched out the truth of it as learnedly as'I knowe any man to have done." Cam den likewife gives him and his work this character; Ex eruditorum numero obiit Johannes Foxus Oxonienfes, qui Ecdefiaflicam An'glia Hiftoriam five Martyrologiam in- iefeffo veritatis fludio, primum Latine pofle'a Anglice auc- tius, magna cum laude contexuit: The Papifts were very angry at the publication pf this hiftory^; in which their lies and oruelty were fo. fully .expo fed ; and accordingly did all they could to blaft the credit both of that and its' Author." =a--«~G= EDMUND SANDYS, D. D. ARCHBISHOP of Y 0 R K. 77 D WIN Sandys, Sandsj or Sandes, fucceffively bifhop- ¦**-' of Worcefler and London, and archbifhop of York; in the fixteenth "century, and anceftor of the prefent lord Sandys, was the fourth fon of William Sandys, Efq; by Margaret his wife, daughter and heir of William Rawlin- fon, of the county of York, Efq. He was born at Hawk- jhead, within the liberty of Fournes-fells, or Eflwaite, in Lancajhire, iri the year 1519. His univerfity education was at St. John's-college in Cambridge ; where he took his degree of bachelor of arts in 1539, and that of mafter in 1541 ; but was never fellow of that, or any other college. In 1542, he was junior proctor of the univerfity; and, on or about the year I547> proceeded bachelor in divi nity, and was elected mafter of Catharine-hall. At the time of his father's deceafe, in 1348, he was vicar of Hayerjham ; and the year following, on December 12, was prefented to a prebend in the cathedral church of Peter borough. The fame year, he alfo commenced doctor in di vinity. In 1552, K. Edward 'VI. granted him a pre bend in the church of Carlifie. At the time of that good king's deceafe, in 1553,- Dr. Sandys was vice-chancellor . . - of S ANDY S. a57 of Cambridge. Having early embraced the Proteftant re ligion, he zealoufly joined with thofe who were for fetting the lady Jane Gray on the throne, John Dudley, duke of Northumberland, coming to Cambridge, in his march againft the princefs Mary, required the doctor to fet forth tho lady Jane's title in a fermon the next day before the uni verfity. He obeyed * ; and preached in fo pathetic a man ner as drew many tear's from the audience ; and he gave a copy of his fermon to be printed. But heexprefled him felf with fo much prudence and moderation, as ahun-. dantly fatisfied the duke ; and yet did not violently ex- afperate the oppofite party. The unfteady duke fent for him, about two days after, to proclaim Q\ Mary, which he refufed ; whereupon he was deprived of his office of vice-chancellor and preferments, and conveyed prifoner to the Tower of London. In this place he was the means of converting his keeper, a bitter papift, to the truth, and chiefly by means of his mild and gentle deportment. Sandys knew, that religion was not to be eftablifhed by human fury, or by any arts of malice and wickednefs. Having remained there twenty-nine weeks, he was fent to the Marjhalfsa, , on Wyat's infurredtion ; who, at his coming to Southwark, invited the doctor to eome anoj give him his company and advice ; but he prudently ex-» cufed himfelf. * The warning was Short for fuch an auditory, yet he did not refute, but went into his chamber, and fo to hed. He rofe at three of the clock the next morning, took his bible in his hand, and earneftly prayed to God, that it might fall open where a moft fit text Should be for him to treat of. The bible fell open upon "the firft chapter aS Jojbua, where he found a text for that tiir.e the moft convenient he could have chofen, viz. ver. 16 17, 18. The duke, with the reft of the nobility, required Dr. Sandys to put his fermon In writing, and appointed Mr. Leaver-lo go to London, and get it printed. Dr. Sandys required one day and a half for writing it, and at the day ap» pointed Mr. Leaver came ready booted to receive it of him.. As he was delivering it, one of the beadles came weeping, and prayed him to Shift for himfejf, the duke being retired, and Q^JWary proclaimed. Dr. Sandys Shewed no concern at what was faid, but delivered the fer mon written. The duke of Northumberland that night fent for Dr, Sandys, to proclaim Q; Mary in the market-place at Cambridge, and told him fhe was a merciful woman, and that he had fent to know her pleafure, and looked for a general pardon. The doctor, replied, '.' My " life i-s not dear unto me, neither have I faid or done any thing that «' urgeth my confcience ; for what I have fpoken of the ltate, I have «' .instructions warranted by the fubferiptions of fixieen counfellors; " neither, yet have I fpoke further than the word of God and the laws "• of the realm do wairant me ; cpme of me what God will ; but be " you allured, you Shall never efcape death, for if She Shpuld fave «' you, they that now rule will kill you." Vot. II. L 1 After 258 SANDYS*. 'After he had been nine weeks prifoner in the Matjhaf- fea, he was fet at liberty, by the mediation of Sir Thomai Holcroft, theknight-marfhal. But fome whifperers fug- gefting to bifhop Gardiner, that he was the greateft here tic in England, and one, who, of fill others, had moft corrupted the univerfity of Cambridge^ Gardiner ordered ftridt fearch to be made for him. He was however fo happy as to efcape out of England, and in May, 1554, ar rived at Antwerp. But he had not been there many hours, •when receiving information that K. Philip had ordered •fearch to be made for him, he hafted away to Augjburg; and after ftaymg there fourteen days, he went to Straf burg, where he fixed his abode. His wife came there to him, but he had the misfortune to lofe her, and one child. . Towards the end of the year 1558, he took a journey to Zurich, and lodged five weeks in Peter Martyr's houfe. Receiving there the agreeable news of bloody Q^ Mary's .death, he went back to Strajburg, and thence to England, where he arrived January 13, 1558. In March follow ing, he was appointed, by Q. Elizabeth and her council, one of the nine Proteftant divines, who were to hold a difputation againft fo many of the Romijh perfuafion, be fore both houfes of parliament at Weftminjier. Alfo, he was one of the commiffioners for preparing a form of prayer, or liturgy, to be laid before the parliament, and for deliberating on other matters for the Reformation of the church. And being looked upon as one of the moft eminent Proteftant divines, who were fitteft to fill up the fees vacant by the deprivation of the popifh prelates, he was nominated to the fee of Carlifie, which he refufed, but accepted of the bifhopric of Worcefler, vacant by the deprivation of Richard Pates. He was confecrated De» cember 21, 1559. We are told, that he alienated good part of the revenues of this fee; and he had a long con- troverfy with Sir John Bourn of Worcefler, which grew to fuch a height, that bifhop Sandys was forced to vindicate his own life and innocency, unhandfomely traduced by Sir John, in an information, or declaration, of his to the privy-council. With refpect to the alienation, he and all the other bifhops were more or lefs compelled to do fo by the court, which was inordinatel v rapacious after the goods of the church. How refoluteTy averfe he was to thefe facrileges, may be feen in Strype's life of archbilhop Whitgift, p. 286, to which we refer the more curious Reader. Moreover, we are told, that he would not fuffer Papifts to remain in his diocefe ; And herein he was fo, earneft, SANDYS. 259 «arnerr, that he would not be perfuaded to give them a toleration, by any prayers or interceffionS.made to him in their behalf. He appears indeed to have been of a fevere difpofition ; for, in fome of his firft vifitations, he de prived clergymen, which occafioned warm and expoftu- lating letters between him and archbilhop Parker.- Being a man well fkilled in the original languages, as well as an excellent preacher, he was, about the year 1565, one of the bifhops appointed to make a new tranfla tion of the Bible: And the portions thereof which fell to his fhare, were the firft and fecond books of Kings, and the firft and fecond of Chronicles. Upon the tranflation of Dr. Edmund Grindal from the fee of London to the arch- hifhopric of York, in 1570, bifhop Sandys was pitched upon by the queen to fucceed him at London. He ear neftly excufed himfelf a while, but accepted of it at laft. ¦In 1 57 1, he was ordered by the queen to affift the arch- bifliop of Canterbury in the ecclefiaftical commiffion both againft Papifts and Puritans. He proceeded. againft thein with vigor and feverity, and advifed. that a national coun cil fhould be held to fupprefs them : All which expofed him to their cenfures and invectives ; and. in their libels occafioned him to be much afperfed, to the blotting of :his good name, and the endangering of his credit and re futation in his miniftry. He complained of it therefore -to the queen's chief officers, and defired that thofe flan- rderers might be brought before the temporal magiftrate, •the council, or the fta*-chamber. We find alfo, that he claimed to be fuperintendent of the Dutch church in Lon* „ don, as his predeceflbr bifhop Grindal was ; which occa fioned fome uneafinefs between him and that congregation. In 1576, he was tranflated to the archbiihoprie of York ; and, no fooner was he poffeffed of it, but he had like to lofe his manor and palace of Bijhop's-thorp, under pre tence that it was fit for the ufe of the prefident of the ¦council. in the North. But the archbilhop flood refolute, and would not part with it uponany account. His fuc- .«eflbr in the fee of London, bifhop Aylmer, gave him alfo fome trouble about the rents of that bifhopjio, and dila.- pidations. He vifited his province in 1577, but was re fufed admittance in the church of Durham, by William Wittingham.the dean, who had no regular orders, as hav ing received' them at Geneva-, and fome of the prebenda ries; the fee being then void • And fo high did the oon- teft grow, that the biftiop proceeded to excommunication.' This affair lafted till the year 1578. With.his.own dfc£n 1 2 at I ftgt) SANDY S. at York, Dr. Matthew Huttan^ he likewife had great and uneafy difpiites. He made it a rule, not to grant the) advowfon, or promife of any preferment in his gift, be-' fore it actually became void, nor ever to take a refigna- tion. Not only in his own diocefe, but even in the uni verfity of Cambridge, he was very diligent and active in finding out Papifts, and defeating their pernicious defigns. In May 1582, as he was vifiting his diocefe; the moft audacious attempt that malice and revenge could poffibly fuggeftj was made, to ruin at once his reputation ; name-* ly, by an inn-keeper's wife at Doncafler getting, into bed to him; through the contrivance of Sir Robert Stapleton^ and other wicked perfons. The ground and reafon of it Was, that Sir Robert wanted to compel the archbilhop to grant him an advantageous- leafe of his manors of South well and Scrooby. And he even procured the queen to fo* licit him to do it ; butall in vain. The fame attempt was repeated in 1587, in the earl of Leicefler's behalf; and likewife without fuccefs. Endeavors alfo were ufed, in 1588, -to get from him his archiepifcopal houfe, in Lon don; which, however, he would not be prevailed upon to part with, In his time ufury was fo exorbitant, that it amounted to cent> per cent. He endeavored to reftrain,< it, by preaching, and by bringing the offenders into the ecclefiaftical commiffioh, but met with great oppofition.. After a life full of troubles and contention^ />wing prin cipally to the iniquity of the times, our learned primate left this World on the tenth of July, 1588, in the fixty- ninth year of his age ; and was buried in the collegiate church of 'Southwell, where a monument is erected to his memory. He Was twice married ; firft, to a daughter of •Mr. Sandes of Effex, a gentlewoinan beautiful both in body and mind, which died at Strajburg of a confump- -tion : Secondly, to Cicely^ fifter to Sir Thomas Wilfbrd, of Hartridge in Kent, by whom he had feven fons, and two .daughters. She lived till the year 1610. From;Sir Sa- ¦muel, the eldeft fon, is defcended the prefent lord Sandys. His Works. Several of his letters, and other papers, are infertedin Strype's Annals ;. in his Life of archbilhop Parker; and- in his Life of archbilhop Whitgift; likewife in bifhop Burnet's Hiftory of the Reformation : And in other places In 1616, two and twenty of his fermons were collected together, and printed at London, in a fmall 4tQ with this title. " Sermons of the moft Reverend Fa ther in GOD, Edwin Archbilhop of Yorke, P^imat and M€tropol*tan€ of England, Some whereof were preached in FULKE. 26i in the -parts beyond the feas, in the time of his exile, in the raigne of Queene Marie. The refidue, in fuch places of preferment as he enjoyed under her late Majeftie, Queene Elizabeth, of famous memorie : viz. He was in.Anno D. 1559, firft confecrated Bifhop of Worcefler; and thence tranflated to London in Anno D. 1570, and then removed to York in Anno D. 1576. With a Preface to the Chrif tian Readers of their vfe and benefit ; by a moft reuerend Father now living." Two of them were preached at Straf burg; four before the queen ; one' before the parliament*; five at York ; and moft of the reft at Paul's Crofs. His flyle.is good, much fuperior to the generality of the wri ters of thofe times. He alfo publifhed .A Relation of, a Journey begun An. Dim. 1610, or his Travels to the Holy Land, and other places ; adorned with • cuts, taken moftly from the Devotifftmo Viagio di Zullardo. Roma, 1587, 410. =8«*"(Ba WILLIAM FULKE, D. D. TH I&very eminent and learned divine of the Church of England was born, and received the -firft part of -his education, in London. He Was a youth of great parts and fpirit; and it is reported of him, that having. a lite rary conteft with the famous Edward Campian, while he was at fchool, and lofing the filver pen -which was pro posed to the victor, he was feized with, grief and. anger, to the higheft degree imaginable. Afterwards he was fent to St. John' s-eollege in Cambridge,- in the year; 1555, of which he was chofen fellow in the year 1564. He had fpent fix years of this interval, in the ftudy of the law at . Clifford' s-inn,^ agreeable to his father's humor and incli nation ; who was fo offended at his returning to college, that he refufed to grant him any fupplies, although he Was very rich. Fulke, however, eafily made his way, by his parts and learning; He applied himfelf to mathe matics ; to languages, the oriental in particular ; to nivi- . pity: And he became, eminent, and publifhed books in them all. In procefs of time, he was fiifpected of puri- tanifm, with which he was fuppofed to be infected by Cariwrighti .the divinity profeffor, and hie intimate friend : And aft FULKE. And on this account was expelled his college. , He took lodgings in the town, and maintained himfelf for fome- time by reading lectures. The earl of Leicefler, laboring at that time to ingratiate himfelf with the eminent divines of all denominations- and principles, as thinking they would be his beft fupport in time of need, took Fulke under his patronage ; and in the year 1-57 1, prefented him to the living of Warley, in the county of Effex, and two years after ' to that of Didington in Suffolk. Soon after, the earl fent him to Cambridge with a mandamus for his doctor of divinity's degree, in order to qualify him to attend, as he afterwards did, an embaffador into France. Upon his return* he was made 'mafter of Pembroke-hall, and Margaret profeffor of divinity, in Cambridge; and, in poffeffionof thefe preferments, he died in Augufl, 1589, and was buried on the twenty-eighth of that month at his rectory at Didington. He had a wife and family. His Works are very numerous ; written in Latin and Englijh; levelled chiefly againft the Papifts; and dedicated, feveral of them, toQ^Elizabeth and the earl of Leicefler. The moft confiderable of them is his " Confutation of the Rhe- mijh Teftament," printed in 1580, and reprinted in 1601. The occafion was as follows : The Englijh Papifts in the feminary at Rheims perceiving, as Fuller obferves in his book entitled, ' The Englijh Worthis,' that they could no longer ' blindfold their laity from the fcriptures, refolved 4 to fit them with falfe fpectacles ; and fet forth the Rhe- 4 mijh tranflation,' in oppofition to the Proteftant ver- fions. No man fitter, fays a late eminent hiftorian, in point either of learning or of grace, to ftand forth in the name of the church of England, than Dr. Fulke, mafter of Pembroke-hall, and Margaret, profeffor - of divinity in Cambridge. He accordingly undertook, and fuccefsfully accomplifhed, an entire refutation of the popifh verfion and commentary. It is entitled " The Text of the New 44 Teftament of Jefus Chrifl, tranflated out of the vulgar 44 Latin by the-Bapifts of the traiterous Seminarie Rhemes : 44 With Arguments of Books, Chapters, and Annota- 44 tions, pretending to difcover the Corruptions of divers 44 Tranflations, and to clear the Controverfies of thofe 44 Days. Whereunto is added the Tranflation out of the 44 Original Greek, commonly ufed in the Church of Eng- 44 land: With a Confutation of all fuch Arguments, 44 Gloffesi and Annotations, as containe manifeft Irn- 44 pietie of Herefie, Treafon, and Slander againft : the 44 Catholicke Church of God, and the true Teachers *? thereof, Z A N C H I U Si 263 "•theregf, or the Tranflations ufed in the Church of 44 England. The whole Worke, perufed and enlarged 44 IB, diyers places by the Author's owne Hand before his 44 oeath ; with fundry Quotations and Authorities out of 44 Holy Scriptures, Councils, Fathers, and Hiftory: 44 More amply than in the former Edition." — This Work was publifhed again in 161 7, and 1633, in folio, as it was before. It is one ©f .thq.fe, which the Author dedi cated to the queen. The late great and good Mr. Hervey (though he was, fometimes, rather too cari-did and indif- criminate, in his public recommendation of books) paffed a very juft encomium on Dr. Fulke^s noble performance ; which he ftyles, a ' valuable Piece of antient Controverfy 4 and Criticifrri, full of found Divinity, weighty Argu- * ments, ,and important Observations.' • Adding, ' Would 4 the young Student be taught to difcover the very Sinews 4 of Popery, and be enabled to give an Effedtual Blow to 4 that Complication of errors; I fcarce know a Treatife * better calculated /"or the Purpofe.' =B-*»8= JEROM Z ANCHIUS. IT has been afferted, that this great divine was born at Alzano, a town of Italy, fituate in the valley of Seri, or Serio. But the learned John Sturmius, who was noe only Zanchius' f< contemporary, but one of his moft inti mate friends, exprefsly affirms, in a fpeech delivered on a public and important occafion, that he was nobili natusfa- milid Bergomi; born of an.illuftrious family, ,., at Bergamo,, the capital of a little province, in the North-Wefl of Italy; antiently, a part of Gallia Cifpadana; but, in the , year 1428', made a parcel of the Venetian territory ; as it ftill continues. I look wpon Sturmius' s teftimony, as de- cifive : It being hardly credible that he could miftake the native place of a colleague, whom he fo highly valued, who was living at the very time, and with whom he had opportunity of converging daily. Sturmius adds, thit there Was then remaining, at Bergamo, a fortrefs built (probably by fome of Zanchius's anceftors) known by th« name of the Zanchian Towe r, . '._ In 264 Z A N C H I U S. In this city was our Author born, February!, 1516. At the time of his birth, part of the public fervice then performing was, a light to lighten the Gentiles, &c. And, by GOD's good providence, the Reformation broke forth, the very next year, in Germany, under the aufpiceS of Luther ; and began to fpread. far and wide. At the age of twelve years, Zanchius loft his father, who died of the plague, A. D. 1528. His mother fur vived her hufband but three years. Deprived thus of both his parents,, Zanchius refolved on a monaftic life: And accordingly joined himfelf to a fociety of Canons Re* gular. He did this, partly to improve himfelf in litera ture, and partly for the fake of being with fome of his re* lations, who had before entered themfelves of that houfe". Here he continued nineteen years; chiefly devoting his ftudies to Ariftotle, the languages, and fchool-divinity, It was his happinefs to become acquainted, very early in life* with Celfus Maximinian, count of Martinen- go : Who, from. being, like Zanchius, a bigoted Papift", by education ; became, afterwards, a burning and fliin- ing light in the Reformed church. Of our Author's intimacy with this excellent nobleman, and its bleffed effects, himfelf gives us the following account : " I 44 left Italy for the gofpel's fake ; to which I was not 44 a little animated, by the example of count Maximinian, 44 a learned and pious perfonage, and my moft dear bro- 44 ther in the Lord. We had lived together, under one 44 roof, and in a ftate of the ftridteft religious friendfhip, 44 for the greater part of fixteen years ; being, both of 44 us, canons regular ; of, nearly, the fame age and ftand- 44 ing; unifons in temper and difpofition; purfuing the 44 fame courfe of ftudies ; and, which was better ftill, 44 joint hearers of Peter Martyr, when that apoftolic man 44 publicly expounded St. Paul's Epiftle to the Romans* 44 and gave private ledtures on the Pfalms -to us his 44 monks." From this memorable period we are, evi dently, to date the sera of Zanchius's awakening to a true fight and experimental fenfe of divine things. His friend the count, and the learned Tremellius, were alfo convert* ed, about thefame time, under the miniftry of Martyr. This happy change being effected, our Author's ftu dies began to run in a new channel. 44 The count (fay9 44 he) and myfelf betook ourfelves to a diligent reading of *4 the holy fcriptures: To which we joined a perufal of the 44 beft of the fathers, and particularly St. Auftin. For fome 2 " years, ZANCHIUS, 265 *.4 years, we went on thus in private; and, in public, wej 44 preached the gofpel, as far as we were able, in its pu- 44 rity. The count, whofe gifts and graces were abun- 44 dantly fuperior to mine, preached with much greater 44 enlargement of fpirit, and freedom of utterance, than I 44 could ever pretend to : It was, therefore, no wonder? 44 that he found himfelf conftrained to fly his country 44 before I was. The territory of the Grifons was his im- 44 mediate place of retreat : From whence removing foon 44 after, he fettled at Geneva, ; where he commenced the 44 firft paftor of the Proteftant Italian church in tha$ 44 city. Having faithfully executed this facred office, 44 for fome years, he at length comfortably fell afleep in 44 Chrift," A. D. 1558, after having, on his death-bed, cqmmended the overfight of his flock to the great Calvin. It was in the year 1550, that Peter Martyr himfelf was obliged to quit Italy, where he could no longer preach, jior even ftay, with fafety. Tqward the latter end of the fame year, eighteen of his difciples Were forced to follow their mafter from their native land ; of which number Zanchius was one. Being thus a refugee, or, as himfelf ufed to exprefs it, '8 delivered from his Babylonijh cap- 44 tivity ;" he went into Grifony, where he continued up wards of eight months ; and then to Geneva, where, after a ftay of near a twelvemonth, he received an invitation to England (upon the recommendation of Peter Martyr, then iii this kingdom) to fill adivinity-profefforfhip herej I fuppofe, at Oxford, where Martyr had been for fome time fettled. Zanchius embraced the offer, and began his journey ; but was detained on his way by a counter invi tation to Strajburg, where the divinity chair had been lately Vacated by the death of the excellent Cafpar Hedio. Zanchius was fixed at Strajburg, A. D. 1553, and taught jhere almoft eleven years : But not without fome uneafi- nefs to himfelf, occafioned by the malicious oppofition of feveral, who perfecuted him for much the fame reafon that Cain hated righteous Abel, 1 John iii. 12. .Matters, however, went on tolerably, during the life-time of Stur mius; who was then at the head of the univerfity,, and Zanchius's faft friend. At Strajburg it was that he pre fented the famous declaration of his faith concerning pre deftination, filial perfeverance, and the Lord's fupper. He gave it in to the fenate Oilober 22, 1562. In proportion as the old fenators and divines died off, .one by one, Zanchius's fituation at Strajburg grew more .and more uncomfortable. Matters at length came to that . Vol. II. Mm height, a66 ZANCHIUS. height, that he was required to fubfcribe to the Augjburg confeffion, on pain of lofing his profefforfhip. After mature deliberation, he did indeed fubfcribe; but with this declared reftridtion, modi orthodoxe intelligatur ; ce that 44 it fhould be underftood only in an orthodox fenfe." Notwithftanding the exprefs limitation with which he fettered his fubfcription, ftill this great and good man feems, for peace fake, to have granted too much, con cerning the manner of Chrift's prefence in the Lord's fup- per ; as appears by the firft of the three thefes, maintained by him about this time. Not content with Zanchius's conceffions, feve^l of the Strajburg bigots perfifted in raifing a controversial d'uft ; particularly John Marbach, native of Schawben\ or Swa- bia : A turbulent, unfteady theologift ; pedantic, and abu-* five ; a weak, but fier,y difputer, who delighted to live in the fmoke of contention and virulent debate. He was, among the reft of his good qualities, exceffively loqua-> cious ; which made Luther fay of him, on a very public occafion, Ori hujus Suevi nunquam aranea poterunt telas texere ; ' this talkative Swabian need not be afraid of fpi- 4 ders; for he keeps his lips in fuch conftant motion, that 4 no fpider will ever be able to weave a cobweb on his 4 mouth.' His opponents tendered accufations againft him, of errors in point of doctrine ; particularly for his fuppofed heterodoxy concerning the nature of the Lord's fupper ; his denial .of the ubiquity of Chrift's natural body, and his protefting againft the lawfulnefs of images, &c. Nay, they even went fo far, as to charge him with unfound opinions concerning predeftination and the per- feverance of the truly regenerate : So early did fome of Luther's pretended difciples, after the death of that glo rious Reformer (and he had not been dead at this time above fifteen years) begin to fall off from the doctrines he taught, though they ftill had the effrontery to call them felves by his name ! A grand occafion of this diffention, was a book con cerning the eucharift, and in defence of confubftantia- tion, written by one Hejhufius;- a fierce, invidious Preach er, who lavifhed the opprobrious names of heretic and atheift on all, without diftinction, whofe religious fyftem went an hair.Vbreadth above or below his own ftandard. In his preface, he grofly reflected on the elector palatine, (Frederic III.) Peter Martyr, Bullinger, Calvin, Zuinglius, Oecolampadius, and other great divines of that age. Zan chius, in mere refpedt to thefe venerable names, did, in con- ZANCHIUS. 267 concert with the learned Sturmius, prevail with the ma giftrates of Strajburg to prohibit the impreffion. Mr. Bayle is fo candid as to acknowledge, that 4 Zanchius 4 caufed this book to be fuppreffed, not on account of 4 its doctrine, which he left to the judgement of the * church ; but for the calumnies of the preface.' Zan chius was a zealous friend to religious liberty. He had too great a fhare of good fenfe and real religion, to pur- fue any meafures, which fimply tended either to reftrain men from declaring their principles with fafety, or to fhackle the human mind in its enquiries after truth. But he arderilpy wifhed to fee the contending parties, of every denomination, carry on their debates with Chriftian meek- nefs, modefty, and benevolence : And, where thefe ami able ingredients were wanting, he looked upon difputa- . tion as a malignant fever, endangering the health, peace, and fafety of the church. When candor is loft, truth is rarely found. Notwithftanding the precautions taken by the magif trates, Hejhufius's incendiary piece ftole through the prefs : And Zanchius's efforts, to ftifle its publication, were looked upon, by the author's party, as an injury never to be for given. They left no methods uneffayed, to remove him from his profefforfhip. Many compromizing expedients were propofed, by the moderate of both parties. The phapter of St. Thomas (of which Zanchius himfelf was a panon) met, to confider what courfe fhould be purfued. By them, it was referred to a feledt committee of thirteen. Zanchius offered to debate the agitated points, in a friendly and peaceable manner, with his opponents : Which offer not being accepted, he made feveral "journies to other churches and univerfities in different parts of Germany ;. and requefted their opinions : Which he brought with him in writing. Things, however, could not be fettled., till the fenate of Strajburg convened an affembly, from pther diftridts, confiftirig partly of divines, and partly of perfons learned in the laws. Thefe referees, after hear ing both fides, recurred to the old, fruitlefs expedient, of agreeing on certain articles, to which they advifed each party to fubfcribe. Zanchius^ defirous of laying thefe un- chriftian heats, and, at the fame time, no lefs de'termined to preferve integrity and a good confcience ; fubfcribed in thefe cautious terms : Hanc doclrinee formulam.ut piam agnofco, ita etiam recipio : " I acknowledge this fummary 44 of doctrine to be pious, and fo I admit it." This condefcenfion, ®n Zanchius's part, was not followed by M m 2 thofe 268 ZANCHIUS. .thofe peaceful effects, which were expected. The peace Was too loofely .patched up, to be of any long duration. His adverfaries began to worry him afrefh ; and, juft as rneafures were bringing on the carpet, for a new and more lifting compromife, our divine received an invitation to the church of Chiavenna, fifuate on the borders of Italyx and in the territory of the Grifons. Auguflin Mahard, paftor of that place, was lately dead ; and a mefffenger arrived, to let Zanchius know that he was chofen to fucceed him. Having veryflender profpe'ct Of peace at Strajburg, he obtained the confent of the fe nate to refign his canonry Of St. Thomas, and^rofeffor- Ihip of divinity. Whilft the above debates were depend ing, he had received feparate invitations t9 Zurich, Geneva, Leyden, Heidelberg, Marpurg, and Laufanne: But, till he had feen the refult of things at Strajburg, he did not judge i any of thefe calls fufficiently providential to determine his removal. • He left Strajburg in'November, 1563, and entered on his paftoral charge at Chiavenna, the ^beginning of January following. But he had not long been there, before the town was vifited by a difmal peftilence, which, within the fpace of feven months, carried off twelve hundred of the inhabitants. Zanchius-, however, continued to exercife his mirtiftry, as long as there was ah affembly to preach to. At length, the far greater part of the towns-men being fwept away, he retreated for a while, with his fa mily, to an adjoining mountain. His own account is this (torn. vii. part 1. col. 36, 37.) 4< Mainard, my pious 44 predeceffor, had often foretold the calamity, with which 4' the town of Chiavenna has been fince vifited. All the 44 inhabitants have been too well convinced, that that 44 holy man of GOD did not prophefy at random. — When 44 the plague actually began to make havock, I enforced 44 repentance and faith, while I had a place to preach in, 44 or any congregation to hear.— Many being dead, and 44 others having fled the town (like fhip-wrecked mari- 44 ners, who, to avoid inftant deftrudtion, make toward 44 what coaft they can) ; but very few remained : And, 44 of thefe remaining few, fome were almoft terrified to 44 death, others were folely employed in taking care of the 44 fick, and others in guarding the walls. — They con- 44 curred in advifing me to corifult my own fafety, by 44 withdrawing, for a time, till the indignation fhould 44 be overpaft. I betook myfelf, therefore, with all my 44 family, to an high mountain, not a vaft way from the 44 town* ZANCHIUS. 269 w town, yet remote from human conVerfe, and -peculiarly 44 formed for contemplation and unmolefted retirement. 44 Here we led a folitary life, for three months and an 44 half. I devoted my time, chiefly^ to meditation and 44 writing ; to prayer, and reading the fcriptures. I never 44 was happier in my own foul, nor enjoyed abetter fhare 44 of health." Afterwards, the plague beginning to abate, he quitted his retreat, and refumed the public exercife of his function. After four years continuance at Chiavenna, FredericIII, elector palatine, prevailed with him to accept a divinity profeffctffhip, in the univerfity of Heidelberg, upon the deceafe of the famous Zachary TIrfin. In the beginning of the year 1568, Zanchius entered on his new fituationj and, fhortly after, opened the chair, with an admirabfe oration, De eonfefvando in ecclejia puro'puto verba Dei. la the fame year, he received his doctor's degree : The elec tor palatine, and his fon, prince Caftmir, honoring the ceremony with their prefence. He had not been long fettled in the palatinate, wheA the elector (one of the moft amiable and religious princes of that age) ftrongly folicited him to confirm and eluci date the doctrine of the Trinity, by writing a profeffed treatife on that "'moft important fubjedt : Defiring hirn^ moreover, to be very particular and explicit, in canvaffing the arguments made ufe of by the Socinians ; who had then fixed their head-quarters in Poland and Tranfylvania, and were exhaufting every artifice, of fophiftry and fiib- terfuge, to degrade the Son and Spirit of GOD to the level of mere: creatures. Zanchius accordingly employed his leifure hours., in obeying this pious command. His mafterly and elalroftite treatife De Dei natura-; and that De tribus Elohim uno eodemque Jehovd ; were written on •this occafion : Treatifes, fraught with the moft folid learn ing and argument ; breathing, at the fame time, the amia ble fpirit of genuine candor and tranfparent piety. Among a variety of interefting particulars, •he does not omit to inform his Readers, that Lalius Socinus, and other favor ers of the Servetian hypothefis, had fpared neither pains, nor art, to pervert his judgement, and win him over to their party : But that, finding him inflexible, they had broke off all' intercourse with him ; and, from artful adu lators, commenced his determined enemies. An event this^ which he even looked upon as a bleffing, and for which he .conceived himfelf bound to render his beft thanks to the fupreme head of the church, Chrifl Jefus. - — He %jo ZANCHIUS, — He retained his profefforfhip at Heidelberg ten years j when the elector Frederic being dead, he removed to New-> Jladt, the refidence of prince John Cafimir, count pala tine. Here he chofe to fix his ftation for the prefent, in preference to two invitations he had juft received ; one from the univerfity of Leyden, then lately opened; the other from the Proteftant church at 4ntwerp. — The con duct of Divine Providence, refpedting Zanchius's frequent removals, is very obfervable. He was a lover of peace, and paffiqnately fond of retirement. But he was too bright a luminary to be always continued in one place. The fait of the earth muft be fprinkled here and there, in or der to be extenfively ufeful, and to feafon the church throughout. Hence GOD's faithful minifters, like the officers in a monarch's army, are quartered in various places ; ftationed and remanded hither and thither, as may moft conduce to their Matter's fervice, The church of Newfladt, enjoyed our Author upwards , of feven years. Being, by that time, far advanced in life, and the infirmities of age coming on him very faft, he found himfelf obliged toceafefrom that conftant feries of labor, and intenfenefs of application, which he had, fq long, and fp indefatigably, undergone. He was, at his own requeft, difmiffed, from public fervice, at Newfladt, by the elector Cafimir ; receiving, at .thefame time, verf fubftantial marks of refpedt: and favqr from that religious and generous prince* From Newfladt, he repaired, once more, to Heidelberg; chiefly with a view to fee fome of his old friends. This proved his laft removal on earth : For, fhortly after, his foul, now ripe for glory, dropt the body, and afcerided tq heaven, about fix in the morning of Qmiember 19, 159a, in the feventy-fifth year of his 3ge, His remains were interred at Heidelberg, in the college chapel of St. Peter ; where a fmall monumental ftone was fet up to his me* rnory, with this infcription : HIERONYMI hicfunt condita offa ZANCHII, Itali; exulantis, Christi amore, a patriot : §hti Theologus quant us fuerit et Philofophus, Teftantur hoc, Libri editi ab Eo plurimi ; Teflantur hoc, quos voce docuit in Scholis ; §>uique audiere Eum docentem eceleftas. Nunc ergo, quamvis hinc migrarit Spiritu, , G\aro tamen nobis remanftt nomine. Deceffit A. mdxc. Die 19. Novemb. Hen* ZANCHIUS. 2?i Here Zanchy refts, whom love of truth conftrain'd To quit his own and feek a foreign land. How good and great he was, how form'd tp fhine, How fraught with fcience human and divine ; Sufficient proof his nufn'rous writings give, And thofe who heard him teach and faw him live; Earth ftill enjoys him, tho' his foul is fled : His name is deathlefs, tho'- his duft be dead. He departed hence in the year 1590, and on the nine teenth day of November. One cannot help lamenting, that no more is to be col lected concerning this incomparable man, than a few out lines of his life ; comprizing little elfe but a dry detail of dates and removals. Some very old and fcarce prints, ftruck from engrav ings on wood, reprefent him as extremely-corpulent, even to Unwieldinefs : And yet, from the aftoniftiing extent, profoundnefs, and exquifite activity, of his learning, judgement, and genius, one might well nigh be induced to imagine, that he confifted entirely of foul, without any dead weight of body at all. By the favor of Dr. Gifford, of the5n'f//^Mufeum, we can prefent our Read ers with a fine print taken from an antient, and, We believe, original painting. But however, of his mind, his wri tings prefent us with the lovelieft image. He feems to have been poffeffed, and in a very fuperior degree, of thofe graces, virtues, and abilities, which ennoble and exalt human nature to the higheft elevation it is capable of be low. His clear ihfight into the truths of the gofpel, is wonderful; efpecially, confidering that the church of GOD was but j ufi^ emerging from the long and difmai night of popifh darknefs, and himfelf, previous to his converfion, as deeply plunged in the fhades as any. It is a bleffing, which but few are favored with, to ftep, al moft at once, out of midnight into meridian day. He was thoroughly experienced in the divine life of the foul ; and an happy fubjedt of that internal kingdom of G O D, which lies in righteoufnefs, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghoft. This enabled him to fuftain that Violence of op pofition, which he, almoft conftantly, met with. Few perfons have, ordinarily, borne a larger fhare of the crofs ; and, perhaps, none were enabled to fuftain it better. In him were happily centred all, the meek benevolence of charity, •and all the adamantine firmnefs of intrepidity : Qualities, alas ! not conftantly united in men of orthodoxy and , learning. I : He 2?2 'ANDREAS. He was intimately converfant with the writings of the fathers, and of the philofophers of that and the preceding times. His modefty and humility were lingular. No man was ever more ftudious to preferve peace in the church of Chrift, nor more highly relifhed the pleafures of learned and religious friendfhip. For fome time before his de ceafe, it pleafed G O D to deprive him of his eye-fight : For this feems tq be the meaning of the excellent-,.M tween combatants, — get blows from both fides, and be thanked by neither. His reward Was not from men, but from him, who hath a particular bleffing for the peace makers. By his excellent and affectionate wife, he had no lefs than eighteen children, nine of whom furvived him. :2-«"(2= THOMAS COOPER, BISHOP of WINCHESTER. Cf*Homas Cooper, a learned Englijh bifhop, was born at -*¦ Oxford, about the year 1517, and educated in gram,- mar learning in the fchool adjoining to St. Mary Mag dalen-college; of which, having made a great progrefs, and gained a high reputation, he was elected firft derr\i, then probationer in the year 1539, and perpetual /ellow the Nn 2 year a.fS>. COOPER. year after. He quitted his fellowship in the year 1546* being then married, as it is fuppofed ; and when Q. Mary. came to the crown, applied himfelf to the ftudy of phyfic, and taking a bachelor's degree, pradtifed in that faculty at Oxford. He did this, becaufe he was fecretly inclined to the Proteftant religion; and therefore, upon the death of that queen, returned to his former ftudy of divinity. Upon the eighteenth of March, 156^, he took a doe- tor of divinity's degree, and about that time was made dean of Chrifl-church in Oxford. 1^1569, he was made dean of Gloucefter, and the year after bifhop of Lincoln. Upon the twenty-feventh of July, 1572, he preached a fermqn at St. Paul's Crofs, jn vindication of the Church of Eng land, and its liturgy ; to which an anfwer was fent him by a difaffedted perfon, which anfwer Mr, Strype hath printed at length in his Annals of the Reformation, In the year 1577, the queen fent him a letter to put a flop to thofe public exercifes, called prophefyings, in his diocefe. Thefe prophefyings .were grounded upon 1 Car. xiv. 31. Ye may all prophefy one by one, that all may leann, and all may be comforted, ,, They were fet on foot in feve ral parts of the kingdom about the year 1571 ; and con- lifted of conferences among the clergy, for the better improving of themfelves, and one another,in the knowledge of fcripture and divinity; but in 1577 were generally faippreffed, on account of their -being thought feminaries of puritanifm. In the year 1584, he was tranflated tq the bifbopric of Winchefler ; which diocefe abounding greatly with Papifts, he petitioned the privy-council tq fupprefs them, and among other methods propofed, 4' that 44 an .hundred or two of obftinate recufants, lufty men^ 44 well able to labour, might by fome convenient com- 44 million be taken up, and be fent into Flanders as 44 pioneers and labourers, whereby the country fhould be 44 difburdened of accompany of dangerous people, and 44 the reft that remained be put in fome fear." This reverend and holy Bifhop, as Mr. Wood calls him, upon the difcovery of William Parry's treafon, put out anprder of prayer and thank fgivjng -for the preferva- tion of the queen's life and fafety, to be ufed in the dio cefe of Winchefler ; and on the feyenteenth of November, 1588, preached at St. Paul's Crofs, that being a day of public thankfgiving, as well for the queen's acceffion to the throne, as for -the victory obtained over the Spanijh ppmada. He died at Winchefler upon the twenty-ninth »f April, 1594, and was buried in the cathedral there, 1 Qve£ COOPER. 27/ Over his grave, which is on the fouth fide of the choir, was foon after lai home, that he fared no better than his predeceffor. Thefe controverfies foon rendered him the diftinguiftied foe of Rome, and one of the firft champions of the Reformed! religion in Chriftendom. And accordingly, his adverfa ries began to increafe upon him. At the fame time foe; carried on the controverfy with Dury, he maintained ano ther with a famous Papift of that time, one Nicholas Sam* ders, upon the perfon of anticbrift ; upon which Saunders? though more able and acute, came off no better than his brethren. To the publication of this controverfy, he annexed his own thefis for his doctor's degree, in the year 1582. His anfwer to Saunders's demonftrations pro cured him another adverfary ; one Reynolds-, an EngUJhmatt who had fled to Rheims, and who, with craft and malicey bad engaged fome of our. divines one againft another, in order to bring the truth into contempt. But Whitaker clearly WHITAKER. '283 tlearly perceiving his intentions, detected, and fully ex ploded his falfhood and calumnies. Thefe are the principal Writings he publifhed, be fore he attacked the great Bellarmine, the ftouteft cham- 'pion of the popifh caufe ; whom he met in the plain open ¦field, and began the combat relative to the whole contro verted points, and fairly overthrew his adverfary. Firft, he began the controverfies about the fcriptures, which, in fix queftions methodically propofed, and moft accu rately and fuccefsfully handled, he publifhed in the year 1588. Then proceeding in order, he entered upon the controverfy relating to the Church, and difcuffed it in fe ven queftions : Then, that concerning the Councils, in fix queftions ; — that, concerning the Pope, in eight ; — ihat, iabout Minifters and Prejbyters, in five ; — that of Departed Saints, infix; — that, of the Church Triumphant, in feven; —that, of the Sacraments in general, in eight ; — that, of Baptifm, in fix ; — and that, of the Eucharift, in five. It is to be wifhed he had revifed and publifhed them all at his leifure ; which was the earneft defire of his hearers, to whofe very great admiration and approbation he had ma naged the whole controverfy. But being carried on by a defire of anfwering Bellarmine in all the -controverfies, he kept thefe ftudied difputations by him, hoping for (what. did not afterwards happen) a more convenient opportu nity for publifhing them. For, while he was thus fight ing in the caufe of Chrift on earth, againft the minifters of antifihrift ; he was called to triumph with Chrifl in heayen. In managing all thefe controverfies, he ufed the greateft care and diligence ; reading, agreeable to the ftatutes, twice ot thrice every week all term-time, unlefs hindered by fome more important bufinefs, which very feldom hap pened, • and which he diligently guarded againft. He treated his adverfaries ingenuoufly, 'frankly, and as be came a gallant foldier ; always, without reluctance, granting what was proper to be yielded ; never fatyrjca'lly magnifying/' or craftily diffembling their ftrongeft argu ments ; but' having faithfully collected and recited them, he unravelled the knot, in which the whole force of the argument lay hid, and refelled it with the greateft dex terity and Kill. In fhort, he dealt peaceably, modeftly, and gently, without taunting, bantering, wrath, deceit, or infidious language ; fo that you might' eafily fee hirrf, to be no cunning and obftinate partifari,.but a moft ftu- ¦dious fearcber after divine truth. Neverthelefs', during O 0 2 the 2&j. WHITAKER. the filence of Bellarmine, with whom Whitaker chiefly1 engaged, Thomas Stapleton, profeffor of Louvain, when juft .dropping into the grave, ripped up as it were the whole dif putation of Whitaker, relating to the third queftion, of the firft controverfy, concerning the Scriptures, in a very vo luminous book, in his own profufe ftyle. This angry^ railing old man, left he fhould foolifhly think himfelf too Wife, Whitaker, contrary to cuftom, anfwered a little roughly ; in which he imitated the phyficians, who, as .Plutarch, out of Sophocles, fays, ' expel bitter choler by 4 bitter medicines.' There ftill remain feveral Tracts, which it is much tq be wifhed had been publifhed : Such are, " fome Dif- courfes before the clergy, delivered at the beginning of ever.y year, and attended by a great concourfe of the whole univerfity: — Some fhort, but judicious, Determi nations of the Theological Queftions in the public fchools, when the annual difputations are made, according to cuftom, for obtaining degrees ; which difputations were numerous, and all written with his own hand. Alfo a little book againft Stapleton, on original fin, fully written out and prepared for the prefs, in which the fophiftryand fuperftition of Stapleton were difplayed. This was the laft work he finifhed before he left the world." Dr. Whitaker was twice married ; for which Stapleton upbraids him, in his book publifhed in the year 1592, a? a matter of reproach ; not confidering the words of the Lord, Matt. xix. n. All cannot receive this faying ; and of the apoftle Paul, 1 Cor. ix. 5. Have we not all power tq lead about a fifter, a wife ? &c. and of his directing Timo thy as to the office of a bifhop, 1 Tim, iii. 2. A bijhop muft be the kujband of one wife. But, if, Papift-like, Stapleton held the 'councils and fathers tq be of fuperior authority to the fcriptures ; he might have remembered, whati upon the motion of Paphnutius who was a bachelor, the council of Nice decreed concerning the marriage of priefts; ftor have forgotten what St. Auguflin taught : ' Truly, fays he, 4 one who is married, that is faithful and qbedi-» 4 dient to God, is 'preferable to one that is continent, 4 but of lefs faith and obedience.' Whitaker {differed in no one inftance more widely from the Papifts in general, and Hoffaus in particular, than in the article orrqatri* imony, Hoffaus was an affiftant. at Rome, and a cqun-* fellor of the pope, apd is' reported to have faict, *¦ That a 4 prieft fins lefs by living in adultery, than by marrying 4 a wife,' ffhjfoker was nq advocate for urmaturaj JyiK WHITAKER. 285 jlor pradtifed thern, like great numbers among the Ro*. mifh priefts, jefuits, and cardinals. I might add, not even thofe holy fathers the popes are free either from the fufpicion or the crime of this filthinefs. But Whitaker Jived temperately, and pradtifed chaftity; not that kind which thefe Pharifees erroneoufly follow, and unchaftely' and bafely obtrude upon their oath-breaking votaries ; but that which GOD inftituted in Paradife, Gen. ii, 24. which Chrifl honored with his prefence in Cana of Gali-> lee, John ii. 2. which the apoftle called a remedy againft luft, 1 Cor. vii. 2, g. and in fine, which all found divines acknowledge to, be lawful for minifters of the gofpel? as well as for other men, Whitaker honored nuptial chaftity, by making, choice pf a young lady, that was mod eft, chafte, a true believer, full of good works, and efpecially of almfgiving to the poor, whom fhe cheerfully maintained and fupported ac* cording to her income, and almoft beyond it. Her pa rents were of honorable defcent and remarkable for true piety ; who comforted and encouraged the faithful under, the cruel perfecution of bloody Q. Mary, and fent yearly a. large fum, of money for the fupport of the pious exiles* This lady dying'' two years afterwards, he married the widow of the learned Dudley tenner, of Cambridge. ; By thefe two wives our Author had eight children, whom. he carefully brought up in the principles qf true religion, and virtue. , In the government pf his college he was eafy and gentle, agreeable to the mildnefs of his own difpofition and to tha liberality of a gentleman and a fcholar, He was remote from eyery fufpicion of covetoufnefs, a,s appears from th£ atteftation of all who lived under his inftrucUons, and the flender income with whieh he fupported himfelf and family. His firft concern was to enlarge the public in* tereft of his college, by all due' means1; and he really added nothing to his own eftate. Yet he performed excellent fer* vice forthc univerfity, and ajfo for the whole church of Eng-r land, the peace and unity of which in truth he above all things ftudied, and employed himfelf for compofing fome Controverfies, very lately fprung up relative to religion, the very laft week before he' died. He fet out for London with the ;dean of Ely, profeffor of '^ueeri 's-college, who treated of the controverted points with Whitgift, archbilhop of Canterbury, and feveral other bifhops and {earned divinesj ¦yimo Were all unanimous and agreed in their dqdtrine, ."^his W^s drawn up in the form of the " Nine Articles,'* g cqmmorjly i% W H I T A K E H. commonly called the 44 Lambeth Articles," becaufe Dr. Whitaker drew them up at the palace at Lambeth. They were approved by the archbifhops of both provinces, the bifhops of London and Bangor, and other bifhops and learned men of the church, and by them fent to Cambridge (where they were highly approved by the whole univer fity), to eompofe the differences which had arifen by two freewillers ; namely, Barret, and Peter Baro, a French man, lady Margaret's profeflbr in that univerfity. And, as they contain the undoubted fenfe of our moft orthodox church, refpedjting thofe important doctrines Of predefti nation, election, perfeverance, free-will, affurance, fav* ing faith, efficacious grace, &c. we have fubjoined them both in Latin and Englijh; prefuming that the perufal of them may be acceptable to the Reader *. Dr. Whitaher's journey to London- being in the middle of winter, but efpe cially " i. Deus ab good man came to be perfuaded by her, 4 that he had a,- 4 very tender conftitution ; and that it was beft for him 4 to have a wife, that might prove a mirfe to him,; fuch 4 a one as might both prolong his life, and make it more 1 4 com« HOOKER. 29s * comfortable ; and fuch a one fhe could and would pro- 4 vide for him, if he thought fit to marry.' Mr. Hooker not confidering, that the children of this world are wifer in their generation than the children of light, and fearing no guilt, becaufe he meant none, gave her a power to chufe a wife for him ; promifing, upon a fair fummons, to return to London, and accept of her choice, which he did in that or the year following. Now, fays Walton, the wife provided for him was her own daughter Joan, who brought him neither beauty' nor portion: And, for her conditions, they were too 'like that wife's, which Solomon compares to a -dripping hOufe ; that is, fays Anthony Wood, fhe was 4 a /clownifh filly woman, and withal a 4 mere Xantippe.' Mr. Hooker, now driven from his college, remained without preferment, and fupported himfelf as well as he could till the latter end of the year 1584, when he was prefented by John Cheny, Efq; to the rectory of Drayton Beauchamp, in Buckingham/hire, where he led an uncom fortable fort of life with his wife Joan. In this fituation, he received a vifit from his two friends and pupils Sandys and Cranmer, who found him with a Horace in his hand, tending his fmall allotment of fheep in a common field : Which he faid he was then forced to do, becaufe his fer- vant was gone home to dine, and affift his wife in fome of the houfhold bufinefs. When the fervant returned and releafed him, his two pupils attended him to his houfe, where their beft entertainment was his quiet company, which was prefently denied them ; for poor Hooker was called to rock the cradle, and the reft of their welcome was fo like this, that they ftayed but till the next morn ing, which was long enough to difcover and pity their tutor's condition. At their return to London, Mr. Sandys acquainted his father with Mr. Hooker's deplorable ftate; who thereupon entered fo heartily into his concerns, that he got him to be made mafter of the Temple, A. D. 1585. This, though a considerable preferment, was not fo fuitable to Mr. Hooker's temper, as the retirement of a living in the country, where he might be free from noife : Nor did he accept of it without fome reluctance. At the time when Mr. Hooker was chofen mafter of the Temple, one Mr. Walter Trovers was afternoon-lecturer there ; a man of learning and worth, but ordained by the prefbytery at Antwerp, and warmly attached to the Geneva government. Mr. Trovers had fome hopes of fetting up this govern ment in the Temple, and for that purpofe endeavored to be 296 H O O K E R. be mafter of it; but, notfucceeding, hedid not behave quite generoufly to Mr. Hooker, but oppofed him by his fermons, many of which were, perhaps unadvifedly confidering the time, about the difcipline and ceremonies of the church; infomuch that they conftantly withftood each other to the face : For as fomebody faid pleafantly, 4 The forenoon 4 fermon fpake Canterbury, and the afternoon Geneva.' The oppofition became fo vifible, and thcconfequences fo dangerous, efpecially in that place, that archbilhop Whitgift caufed Mr. Travers to be filenced by the high commiffion court. - Upon that, Mr. Travers prefented his fupplication to the privy-council, which being without effect, he made it public. This obliged Mr. Hooker to publifh an anfwer, which was infcribed to the archbilhop and procured him as much reverence and refpect from fome, as it did neglect and hatred from others. In order therefore to undeceive and win thefe, he entered upon his famous work " of the Laws of Ecclefiaftical Polity," and- laid the foundation and plan of it, while he was at the Temple. But he found the Temple no fit place to finifh what he had there defigned : And therefore intreated thearchbifhop to remove him to fome quieter fituation in the following letter. 44 My Lord, 44 When I loft the freedom of my cell, which was my 44 college, yet I found fome degree of it in my quiet 44 country parfonage. But I am weary of the noife and 44 oppofitions of this place ; and indeed God and nature 44 did not intend me for contentions, but for ftudy and 44 qufetnefs. And, my lord, my particular contefts here 44 with Mr. Travers have proved the more unplea- 44 fant to me, becaufe I believe him to be a good 44 man ; and that belief hath occafioned me to exa- 44 mine mine own confcience^ concerning his opinions. 44 And to fatisfy that, I have confulted the holy fcrip- 44 ture, and other laws both human and divine, whether 44 the confcience of him, and others of his judgement, 44 ought to be fo far complied with by us, as to alter our 44 frame of church government, our manner of God's 44 worfhip, our praifing and praying to him, and our 44 eftablifhed ceremonies, as often as their tender con- 44 fciences fhall require us. And, in this examination, I 44 have not only fatisfied myfelf, but have begun a trea- 44 tife, in which I intend the fatisfadtion of others, by a 44 demonftration of the reafonablenefs of our laws of ec- 44 clefiaftical polity. — But, my lord, I fhall never be able 44 to HOOKER. 297 *' to finifh what I have begun', unlefs I be removed into 44 fome quiet parfonage, where I may fee God's bleffings 44 fpring out of my mother earth, and eat my own bread 44 in peace and privacy : A place, where I may, without 44 difturbance, meditate my approaching mortality, and 44 that great account, which all flefh muft give at the 44 laft day to the God of all fpirits." Upon this application, he was prefented, A. D. 1591, to the redtory of Bofcomb, i n Wiltjhire ; and, on the 17th of July the fame year, to the prebend of Nether-haven, in the church of Sarum, of which he was alfo made fub- dean. At Bofcomb he finifhed four books, which were entered into the regifter book at Stationers' Hall, on the 9th of March, A. D. 1592, but not printed till the year 1594. In the year 1595, he quitted Bofcomb, and was prefented by Q. Elizabeth tO' the redtory of Bijhops-Bourne in Kent, where he fpent the remainder of his life. But it would not be doing proper juftice to the charac ter of this great man, were we to conclude his life in this fummary manner ; and therefore we fhall infert fome ex tracts from old Ifaac Walton's account of him, from which the foregoing ha's been chiefly taken. 4 This parfonage . of Bourne, is from Canterbury three 4 miles, and near to the common road that leads from 4 that city to Dover ; in which parfonage Mr. Hooker had 4 not been twelve- months, but his books, and the inno- 4 cency and fandtity of his life became fo remarkable, 4 that many turned out of the road, and others (fcholars^ 4 efpecially) went purpofely to fee the man, whofe life 4 and learning were fo much admired ; and alas, as our 4 Saviour faid of St. John Baptift, What went they out 4 to fee ! a man cloathed in purple and fine linen ? no, in- 4 deed ; but an obfcure harmlefs man ; a man , in 4 poor clothes, his loins ufually girt in a coarfe gown or 4 canonical coat ; of a mean ftature, and {looping, and 1 yet more lowly in the thoughts of his foul ; his body 4 worn out, not with age, but ftudy and holy mortifica- 4 tions ; his face full of heat-pimples, begot by his in- 4 activity and fedentary life. And to this true character 4 of his perfon, let me add this of his difpofition and be- 4 haviour; God and nature bleft him with fo great a * bafhfulnefs, that as, in his younger days, his pupils * might eafily look him out of countenance ; fo neither 4 then, nor in his age, did he ever willingly' look any 4 man in the face : And was of fo mild and humble a 4 nature, that his poor parifh clerk and he did did never Vol. II. Q.q 'talk «98 HOOKER. 4 talk but with both their hats on, or both off at the fam# 4 time ; and to this may be added, that- though he was 4 not purblind ; yet he was fhort or weak-fighted ; and 4 where he fixt his eyes at the beginning of his fermon} 4 there they continued till it was ended ; and the reader" 4 has a liberty to believe that his modefty and dim-fight 4 were fome of the reafons why he trufted Mrs. Churchman ' to choofe a wife for him. 4 Mr. Hooker here gave a holy valediction to all the! • allurements of earth ; poffeffing his foul in a virtuous ' quietnefs, which he maintained by conftant ftudy, 4 prayers and meditations : His ufe was to preach once * every Sunday, and he or his curate to catechife after the * fecond leftbn in the evening prayer : His. fermons were 4 neither long nor earneft, but uttered with a grave zeal, * and an humble voice : His eyes always fixt on one place, 4 to prevent his imagination from wandering ; infomuch, * that he feemed to ftudy as he fpake*; the defign of his 4 fermons (as indeed of all his difcourfesj was to fheW 4 reafons for what he fpake : And with thefe reafons fuch * a kind of rhetoric, as did rather convince and perfuade, 4 than frighten men. Studying not fo much for matter * (Which he never wanted) as for apt illuftfation, to'in- 4 form and teach his unlearned hearers by familiar exatn- 4 pies, and then make them better by convincing appli- 4 cations ; never labouring by hard words, and then by 4 needlefs diftinctions and fubdiftindtions to amufe his 4 hearers, and .get glory to himfelf: But glory only to' 4 God. Which intention he would often -fay, " was as 44 Jifcernable in a preacher, as an artificial from a na- 44 tural beauty." 4 He never failed on the Sunday before every Ember 4 week, to give notice of it to his parifhioners, perfuad- 4 ing them both to faft, and then to double their devoti- 4 ons, for a learned and pious clergy, but efpecially for 4 the laft ; faying often, '' That the life of a pious cler- 44 gyman was vifible rhetoric, and fo convincing, that 44 the moft godlefs men (though they would not deny 44 themfelves the enjoyment of their prefent lufts) did yet 44 fecretly wifh themfelves like thofe of the ftricteft lives." 4 And to what he perfuaded others, he added his' own ex - 4 ample of fafting and prayer ; and did ufually every Em- 4 ber week, take from the parifh clerck the key of the 4 church door ; into which place he retired everyday, 4 and locked himfelf upi for many hours ; and did the like 4 moft Fridays, and other-days of fafting. - • - i . ' And c HOOKER; 294 » c And as he was watchful and charitable to the fick, fo 4 he was as diligent to prevent law-fuits, ftill urging his 4 parifhioners and neighbours, to bear with each others 4 infirmities, and live in love, becaufe (as St, John fays) 4 He that lives in love, lives in God, for God is lave. And * to maintain this holy fire of love conftantly burningi, 4 his advice was to watch and pray, and always, keep 4 themfelves in a difpofition to receive the communion, 4 and then to receive it often ; for it was both a confirm* 4 ing, and a ftrengthening of their graces. This was his 4 advice ; and at his entrance or departure out of any 4 houfe, he would ufually fpeak to .the whole family, 4 and blefs them by name ; infomuch, that as he feemed ' in his youth to be taught of God, fo he feemed in this 4 place to teach his precepts, as Enoch did by walking 4 with him, in all holinefs and humility; making each 4 day a ftep towards a bleffed eternity. And though in 4 this weak and declining age of the world, fuch exam- *; pies are become barren, and almoft incredible ; yet let his memory be bleft with this true recordation, becaufe 4 he that praifes Richard Hooker, praifes God, who hath 4 given fuch gifts to men ; and let this humble and af- 4 fedtionate relation of him, become fuch a pattern as 4 may invite: pofterity to imitate his virtues.' , Mr. Walton goes on to inform us, that 4 In the year 4 1600, and the forty-fixth year of his age, he fell into a 4 long and.fharp ficknefs, occafioned by'a cold taken- irt 4 his paffage betwixt London and Gravefend, from the ma- 4 lignity of which, he never recovered ; for, till his 4 death, he was not free from thoughtful days, and reft- 4 lefs nights ; but a fubmiffion, to God's will, vvho' makes 4 the fick man's bed eafy, by giving reft' to his foul, made" 4 his very languifhment very comfortable.: And yet all 4 this time he was folicitous in his ftudy, and. faid ofteri 4 to Dr. Saravia, (who faw him daily, ;and was the chief 4 comfort of his life) 44 That he did not beg a long life 44 of God for any other reafon, but to live to finifh his 44 three remaining books of Polity ; and then, Lord, lei 44 thy fervani depart in peace;" which was his ufual ex- 1 preffiqn. And God heard his prayers, though he de- * nied the benefit of them as completed by himfelf; and * 'tis thought he haftened his own death, by haftening to 4 give Hfe to- his hooks. But this is certain, that the" * nearer he was to his death, the more he grew in hu- * mtfity, in holy thoughts and refolutions. Q. q 2 * About 3C0 H O O K E R: 4 About a month before his death, this gbod man, that never knew, or at leaft, never confidered the pleafures of the palate, became firft to lofe his appetite, and then to have an averfenefs to all food ; infomuch, that he feemed to live fome intermitted weeks by the fmell of meat only ; and yet ftill ftudied and writ. And now. everything about him feemed to tell him, that his years were paft away as a fhadow, bidding him prepare to fol low the generation of his fathers, for the day of his dif- folution drew near ; for which his foul appeared to. thirft. 4 In this time of his ficknefs, and not many days be fore his death, his houfe was robbed ; of which, he having notice, his queftion was, 44 Are my books and written papers fafe ?" and being anfwered, that they were. His reply was, 4' Then it matters not, for no other lofs can trouble me." 4 About one day before his death, Dr. Saravia, who, knew the very fecrets of his foul (for they were fuppofed to be confeffors to each other) came to him, and after a conference of the benefit, and fafety of the church's abfolution, it was refolved the doctor fhould give him both that and the facrament the day follow ing. To which end the doctor came, and, after a fhort retirement and privacy, they returned to the company ; and then the doctor gave him, and fome of thofe friends that were with him, the bleffed facrament of the body and blood of our Lord. Which being performed^ the doctor thought he faw a reverend gaity and joy in his face ; but it lafted not long ; for his bodily infirmi ties did return fuddenly, and became more vifible, in fomuch, that the doctor apprehended death ready to feize him : Yet, after fome amendment, left him at night, with a promife to return early the day following, which he did, and then found him better in appearance, deep in contemplation, and not inclinable to difcourfe; which gave the doctor occafion to require his prefent thoughts : To which he replied, '4 That he was medi- ; tating the number and nature of angels, and their • bleffed obedience and order, without which, peace : could not be in heaven ; and oh that it might be fo on ; earth !" after which words, he faid, 4' I have lived to ; fee, that this world is made up of perturbations, and I have been long preparing to leave it, and gathering comfort for the dreadful hour of making my account With Gpd, which I now apprehend to be near : And 4* though HOOKER. 301 ** though I have by his grace loved him in my youth, 44 and feared him in mine age, and laboured to have a 44 confcience void of x>ffence to him, and to all men ; ?4 yet, if thou, O Lord,, be extreme to mark what I have 44 done amifs, who can abide it ? And therefore, where f our Proteftant exiles that returned to England: And foon after obtained many and considerable preferment?. For, January 1, 1559-60, he was prefented to the arch deaconry of Middlefex, which he refigned the year follow ing : And, June 21, was made the firft canon of the fe- venth flail in the collegiate church of Wejlminjler. But this he quitted again, upon his being elected dean of St. Paul's cathedral in London, November 17, 15,60. The third of December enfuing, he was collated to the prebend of Wildland in the fame church : And December 28, 1562, to the rectory of Hadham in Hertfordjhire. Thus quietly • In that letter are thefe moderate and pacific expreffions. — ' For * .ceremonies to contende (where it Shall lye neither in your hands or ' oures to appoint what they Ihall be, hut in fuche mennes wifdomes as * fhall be appointed to the deviling off the fame, and whiche Shall be « receyved by cpm»on confent off the parliament) it Shal be to fmall * purpos. But we trufte that bpthe true religion (hall be reftored, and * that we fhall not be- burthened with unprofitable ceremonies. And ' therefore, as we purpos to fubmit oure felves .to fuch orders as fhall * be eftablifhed by aujthoritie, beinge not of themfelyes wicked, fo we * would wifhe yow willingly to do the fame. For, whereas all the ' Reformed churches differ amonge themfelves in divers ceremonies, * and yet agree in Xhe lujitie of doftrine : We fe no inconvenience if • we ufe fome ceremonies divera from them, fo that we agree in the * chief points of our religion. Notwjthllandinge, if anie fhal.be in- * truded, that fhal be offensive, we, upon jufte conference and delibe- ' ration upon the fame at oure^neeunge with yow in Englande (whiche « we tr,ufte by Go grace, will be Shortly) wil brotherly joipe with « yow to be fewters for the Reformation and aboliShinge of the fame. * In the meaiie feafon, Jet us with one haite and minde cat to the Al- ' migbtie God, that of his infinit mercie, he will SiniShe and eftablifhe ¦« that worke that he h,ath,e begon in oure countrie,'' Vof..lh Rx fettled 366 NOWELL. fettled again in his own country, he became a frequerift and painful preacher, and a zealous writer againft the Englijh catholics that had fled out of the kingdom ; as will appear in the fequel. For thirty years together he preached the firft and laft fermons in the time of Lent be fore the queen, wherein he dealt plainly and faithfully with her, without dislike ; only at one time fpeaking lefs reverently of the fign of the crofs, (he called aloud to him from her clofet window, commanding him to retire from that ungodly digreffion, and to return to his text, At the recommendation of archbifhop Parker, he was cho fen prolocutor of the lower houfe of convocation, in 1562, when the articles of religion were fettled. In 1564, when the debates ran high between the churchmen and puritans about the ufe of the garments, dean Nowell appears to have been moderate upon that fubjedt. For he was for the general ufing of them, but with a proteftation, that it were defirable, thefe differences of garments were taken away. In the year 1572, he founded a free- fchool at Middleton, in his native county of Lancajhire, for teach ing the then tud'e inhabitants the principles of learning and true religion. He was one of thofe learned divines, who had, in 1581, fome conferences with Edmund Cas pian in, the tower, which were publifhed in 1583. Augufl 20, 1588, he preached a thankfgiving fermqn at Paul's Crofs, for the deliverance from the Spanijh ar- , mada ; when he exhorted his audience, to give praife aqd thanks to GOD for that great mercy. Having foon after refigned his prebend of Wildland, he was collated, November 11, '1588, to that of Tatenhall, which he kept as long as he lived. About the beginning of the year 1589, he refigned the rectory of Hadham; and, April 28, 1594, was inftalled canon of Windfor. September 6, 1595, he was elected principal of Brazeh-nofe-college in Oxford,; and, Oclober ift following, actually created doctor in divi nity, with allowance of feniority over all the doctors then in the univerfity, not only in regard of his age, but qf his dignity in the church, ' He refigned his place of prin cipal £>ece&iber 14, 1595, After having arrived to the long and uncommon age of ninety, and enjoyed to the laft a perfedt ufe of his fenfes and faculties, he departed this life February 13, i6pi-2, arid Was buried in the chapel of the virgin Mary, within tjie cathedral of St. Paul. Soon after, a comely monument was eredted over his grave, with a Latin epitaph. 'He was fo fond of fifhing, that his pidture, kept in Brazen-nofe-(ellege% Oxford^ reprefents him NOWELL. ,307 him furrounded with hooks, lines, and other apparatus of that for,t. He gave an eftate of two hundred pounds a year to Brazen-nofe-college : And was alfo a benefactor to St. Paul's fchool. He was, in the time he lived, a very learned man; reckoned an excellent divine, and much efteemed by the heads of our church. His charity to the poor was great and exemplary, efpecially. if they had any thing of a fcho- lar in them ; and his comfort to the afflidted either in body or mind was very extenfive, His Works. His controverfies were entirely with the Papifts. The firft piece he publifhed, was againft Tho mas Dorman, B. D. fometime fellow qf New-college, Ox ford, who had written a book againft fome part of bifhop Jewel's challenge, and entitled it, A Proufe of certain Articles in Religion denied by Mr. Jewell; [viz. the fupremacy of the pope, tranfubftantiation, communion in one kind, and the mafs. J Antwerp, 1564, Mr. Now - ell's anfwer, therefore, was ,c A Reproof of a Book inti tuled, A Proufe of certain Artiqles in Religion, denied by Mafter Jewell,- fet forth by Thomas Dorman, B. D. London, 1565, 410. Dorman replying, in A Difproufe of Nowell's Reproufe. Mr. Nowell vindicated himfelf, in II. A Reproof of Mr. Dorman's Proof continued, with a Defence of the chief Authority of Princes, as well in caufes Ecclefiaftical as Civil, within their Dominions, by Mr. Dorman malicioufly impugned, Lond, 1566, 410, III. He publifhed A Confutation as wel of Mr. Dorman's laft Boke, intituled, A Difproufe, &c. as alfo of D, Sanders's Caufes ' of Tranfubftantiation, by Alexander Nowell. Whereby our Countrymen (efpecially the fimple and unlearned)' may underftande howe fhamefully they fire abufed by thofe and like Bokes, pretended to be writ ten for their Inftrudtion. Lond, 1567, 410. Befides fome controverfial pieces, he publifhed a catechifm, very much efteemed, which he was put upon compofing by fecretary Cecil, and other great men in the nation ; on fmrpofe to flop a clamor raifed amongft the Roman cathc- ics, that the Proteftants had no principles. When it was finifhed, the Dean fent it with a dedication to fecre tary Cecil. The convocation, that met in 1562, did it fo much honor, as diligently to review, and interline it in fome places ; and unanimoufly to approve and allow it as their own book, and their profeffed doctrine. After thofe corrections, the Dean caufed a fair copy of it to be taken, R r 2 which 3oS $f O W E L L; which he fent to fecretary Cecil ; not in his own name as"1 afore, but in the name of the clergy of tire convocation, as- their book : Arid, after it had lain in the fecretary's hand* above a year, he returned it to the Author with fome karned' man's notes, probably bifhop Ponet's. At length,.at the joint requeft of the two archbifhops, it was firft printed and publifhed in 1570, under this title,- IV. Chrifliana Pietatis prima Inflitutio ; ad ufitm Scholamm Latine fcripta. Land. 4to. reprinted very often fince, and tranflated into Englijh by Thomas Norton. Lond. 157 1, 410. and into Greek by" William Whitaker. Lond. 1575. Mr. Strype informs us,- that this catechifm feems to be nearly the fame with one fet forth a month or two before K.. Edward the Vlth's death, and licenfed, and recommended by that king's letter prefixed to it. We may conclude, that this firft catechifm was alfd compofed by Mr. Nowell; for it is not to be imagined, that a mah of his great reputation would have publifhed it as his own, after it had undergone fome corrections and alterations, unlefs it had been originally ©f his own compofition. Several years after, it was in* fo great efteem, that bifhop Cooper t in his Admonition t& the People of England, gives this high character of it; 4 For a catechifm, I refer them to that which was made* 4 by the learned and godly man, Mr. Nowell, dean or 4 Paul's^ received and allowed by the church of England1,, 4 and very fully grounded and eftablifhed on the word of *. God. There may you fee all the parts of true religion * received^ the difficulties expounded, the truth declared** * the corruptions of the church of Rome rejected.' V, Dean Nowell published alfo a lefler catechifm, Which he* entitled, Cateehifmus parviis, Pueris primuM, qui edifeatur^ ffoponendus in Scholis; in Latin and Greek. Lond. 1574* 8vo. Tranflated into Englijh. Lond. 1587, 8vo. and after- Wards into Hebrew. VI. A Letter of his is publifhed in» the Appendix to archbifliop Parker's life, by J. Strype. And he is faid, in the fame life, to have compofed a homily ©n account of the plague in 1564." FRANCIS JUNIUS. 30? "Sss FRANCIS JUNIUS. LEARNING to grace is a ufeful handmaid, and by no means to be contemned, particularly not by thofe, who becaufe they do not know* affect to defpife her : But learning, when indeed (he affumes the room of grace, makes but .a poor and proud miftrefs, and, inftead ©f leading the foul to GOD and happinefs, turns it into the world after low and fordid objects. The great utility of learning in proper fubfervience is fully exemplified by the life and conduct of Junius. Before he knew GOD in truth, his great knowledge Only led him to confider himfelf: But, after the gracious change had paffed upori him, he feemed to value all his attainments from the ufes alone to which they might be applied in the caufe of GOD and falvation. This extraordihary man was defcended of a noble fa mily in France, and was born at Bourges in the centre of that kingdom on the firft of Mays in the year 1545. His mother had a moft difficult labor; and her life, together With that of her moft valuable fon, was for fome time quite defpaired of. He was long afterwards fo infirm and weakly, that his friends never expected his continuance to manhood ; though, as it proved, he furvived moft" of his family. His cofiftitutional infirmity was increafed by an exCeffive and over-weening care in nurfing ; and, at length, the morbid matter, either the caufe of his incef- fant diforders, or the confequence of them, terminated in an ulcer of the leg, which, though healed, was ^alwayfe affected by any occurring ailments to the end of his days. Under a very kind and learned father, who gave him as much time as he could fpare, he received the rudiments of fiis education. His parents did not choofe to venture him at a public .fchool, on account of his weaknefs and infirmity. Yet, with all this weight of diforder, in his moft tender age he difcovered great wit and parts, and a certain hilarity of difpofition, which often created much amufement, as well as expectation to his- friends. He difcovered early a high finite of .honor and-love-of fame, 2 - a great 310 J. u N i v s. a great quicknefs of temper, and for his age a Very folid judgementin matters which came before him, infomuch that his mother ufed jeftingly to fay of him, 4 that he eer^ 4 tainly would be another Socrates.' He had likewife fuch an invincible modefty, that, throughout his life, he ap peared to common obfervers under a peculiar disadvantage, and could fcarce fpeak upon the moft common fubjedts with ftrangers without a fuffufion in his countenance. In this refpect h(e feems to have equalled our famous Mr. Addifon, who likewife was at once one of the greateft fcho- lars, as well as the moft abafhed and modeft man of his time. About the twelfth year of his age, Junius, quitted the, private education of a tender father for the public one of a fchool ; as a preparation for the ftudy of the civil law, for which he was defigned. His friends, indeed, wifhed for him to profecute his fortune at court ; but his love of learning and the bafhfulnefs of his temper foon diverted that defign. He had the unhappinefs of impetuous and tyrannical preceptors, who, if his love of letters had not been uncommonly ardent, were fufficient to have extin- guifhed it ; as hath been too often the cafe in many others. The leaft fault "or error, which Junius committed (and which the firft geniufes in the world cannot but commit) in attaining knowledge, was only to, be atoned for by ftripes ; and with fuqh ftupid and illiberal feverity was this conduct purfued, that one of the moft hopeful boys of the age was often flogged feven or eight times in a day, and often beat upon the ground too in the harlheft man ner. Such brutes of teachers are fit only to prefide over the galleys or to difcipline mifcreants in a prifon, inftead of training up .the tender mind to the love of fcience and truth ! Yet all, this did not abate, the ardor of Junius's mind for knowledge, nor tempt him once to difclofe his fevere and barbarous ufage to his friends. After fome time, he was removed to Lyons for his far ther improvement in knowledge. Here he had great leir fure, and as many books as he could defire, which he began to read with immenfe avidity ; not feledting his authors, but taking them indifcriminately as they fell in his way. The prefiden't of the college, Bartholomew Anu- lus, obferving this wild purfuit, took an opportunity of hinting to him its impropriety and wafte of time, alluring him, 4 that he would rather injure than inform his mind * by that mode of reading ; that, on the contrary, he * fhould have fome propofed end before his eyes in the 4 cqurfe J UN I U S. j",* f courfe of his ftudies, to which they fhould be princi pally directed ; and that neither the life of man, nor the 4 mind of man, would fuffice for. all kinds of learning at 4 once, but the attempt might fhorten the one while it * only confounded the other.' This caution he never for got, but found it of ufe to him ever afterwards. Lyons was then, as well as fince, a very diffolute city ; and the placing a raw youth there, without the authority pf parents or guardians, who could take care of his morals (as was the cafe With Junius), was expofing him to a, torrent of temptations. Two women, in particular, having conceived a regard for his perfon, haunted him with oblique teftimonies" of their affection, and, forgetting the modefty of their fex, purfued him with their felicita tions. Whether from averfion to their indecent conduct, or from the natural bafhfulnefs of his temper, GOD's providence however preferved him from fedudtion ; and he overcame this temptation. But he fell under a fad temp tation of another kind, till the mercy of GOD reftored him. This evil was neither more nor lefs than downright Atheifm, into the efpoufal of which he was drawn by the fophiftry of a bad companion, and his own indifcretioaor inexperience. Junius was reading Tally's books upon Laws, in which the vile propofition of Epicurus is cited, 4 That God is without all care both for his own affairs, * and for thofe pf other beings.'* His evil counfellor had adopted this maxim, and by every argument of a wicked wit inculcated it upon Junius. He had fo inculcated it, that his young friend became rooted in the principle, and •as complete an Atheift as himfelf, For more than a year, did our Atheift maintain his profeffion, and with fo much opennefs, "that it appears to have been known by all who knew him. A tumult that occurred at Lyons, firft daggered him in his new opi nion. He was wonderfully preferved in the commotion-; 3nd he began to fee, that there was plainly fomething more than mere chance in the cafe, and fomething that looked very much like an over-ruling providence. About the fame time, his father, having been informed of the alarming ftate of his, fori's mind, fent for him, and, with the utmoft tendernefs, learning, and piety, invited him to read over the New Teftament with attention, and Confer with him upon it. He obeyed his father's direc tion j and it pleafed GOD to open his eyes to a full f This paffage is cited by Marcus, in Cic, de legibus, fib., i. view 312 J U N I U S; view of the abominable notions, which he had adopted. The firft chapter of St. John's gofpel, which he began upon, was made the happy means of this revolution of mind. He was ftruck with the dignity of the expreffion, and the weightof the matter. He fays of himfelf, " I read *' part of the chapter, and was fo impreffed with what I *4 read., that I could not but perceive the divinity of the 44 fubje.dt and the authority and majefty of the fcriptures, 44 to furpafs greatly all human eloquence, I (huddered in " my body with horror at myfejf ; my foul was aftonifhed ; 44 and I was fo ftrongly affected all that day, that I fcarce *4 knew who, or what, or where I was. But thou, 0 44 Lord my God, didft remember me in thy wonderful 44 mercy, and didft receive a loft and wandering fheep into 44 thy flock ! From that time, when the Lord had granted 44 me fo great a portion of his holy Spirit, I began tp 44 read the bible, and treat other books with more cpld- *' nefs and indifference, and to reflect more upon and he 44 much more converfant with the things that relate to 44 falvation." From that time, the world and its purfuits appeared vain and infipid to Junius; and the things of GOD and of heaven engaged his whole concern. His father was , rejoiced enough at the happy change, but ftill intended him for the civil law and human affairs. The inclina tion of the fon foared -higher; and, by permiffion and confent of his father, he went to Geneva, with a view pf ftudying divinity and the languages, about the time of the firft breaking out of the civil war in France. He was difmiffed with a fupply of money, fufficient for his pre fent occafions ; and his father promifed to remit him in future, what might be neceffary, but was not able through the public commotions. Thus ill-provided with fubfift ence, he could only purchafe four books ; and thefe were, the Holy Bible, Calvin's Inftitutes, Beza's Confeffion, and Cevallerius's Hebrew Grammar; which engaged him for a year. Within this fpace, he was prevailed upon to accompany a party, who were making an excurfion into Switzerland, juft when his little ftock was almoft ex- haufted. In this tour, which lafted three weeks, Junius made an acquaintance with Mufculus, Haller, Peter Mar* tyr, Bullinger^ Farrel, tiff, who were all at that time in the cantons. When he returned to Geneva he had fcarce any money left, and for feyen or eight months afterwards he received none from his friends. His exceffive modefty forbad him to borrow, and therefore he formed a fcheme J U N I U 5. 313 qf living hard. He determined with himfelf to employ one day as a laborer in the fortifications, for his fubfift ence, the other to engage in his ftudies. What a fight ! to look upon a burgher of fordid views and attainments wallowing in the fullnefs of bread, contrafted with one of the moft learned, pious, and valuable of men, deftitute of neceffaries and working like a Have for this burgher's fecurity ! If the faith of Junius had not been fecured on the rock, the devil might probably have furjQifhed him with an argument from hence for his atheifm, by which he has puzzled thoufands. But if Providence tried Junius's faith upon this account, it did not leave him, long without a teftimony of its carat For a countryman of his was put in his way, whofe mo ther, being left a widow with a numerous offspring, had often been affifted in her neceflittes by Junius's pa rents ; and this man very gratefully embraced the op portunity of acknowledging his obligation. Here indeed • was bread fown ppon the waters, ai?d found, again after many days. He lodged, he boarded, and did for his benefactor's fon, all that was in his power to do. On the other hand, Junius, feeling for the burden and inconveniences which his grateful friend chearfully underwent upon his account, endeavored to make that burden as light as poffible;,and, out of a quick fenfe of delicacy, almofij wholly abftained from the food, procured by the laborious induftry of his hoft. He abode with him near feven months ; and, for four of the feven, conftantly took care to be from home at dinner-time, which he fpent in walk ing, meditation and prayer. In the evening, he eat a couple of eggs,, and drank a final! cup of the petit vin pr low wine, which is the gommon beverage of that country, as beer is with us ; and all this, that he might not be too chargeable'to his kind benefactor. His modeftyand extreme delicacy, however, coft him dear ; for by this overabfte- rnious kind of life, he contracted a decline, which almoft deftroyed his tender frame. Providence again interpofed in this emergency ; for, by the affiftance of his friends, and, at length, by the remittance of a fum of money from his father, he was enabled to adopt a better regimen and to ufe fuch means as wholly recovered him. Mr. Leigh, in his Treatife of Religion and Learning, quotes from Jttnius himfelf, that he receiyed a moft cour-r teous entertainment from a countryman (and perhaps the countryman above-mentioned) in the time, of his diftrefs, Sind adds another eircitmftance which is wholly omitted ,. V,or. II. S s * "if 3tV JUNIUS. by Melchior Adam and other biographers. He relates it -In Junius's own words : " Here (O the wonderful wifdom 44 of God!) my Mafter had prepared for me the beft fchool 44 of true religion I ever found in my life. For God fo 44 wrought upon my foul by the ardent and zealous piety 44 of this poor good man, that a portion of the fame di- 44 vine fervor was imparted through him to me ; while I, 44 in the comparifon, a very indifferent Chriftian,' was 44 made ufeful to him in the communication of other, 44 knowledge. Upon both of us, at one and the fame 44 time, the Lord beftowed an increafe of his mercy and 44 grace ; upon my fimple countryman, by enabling me 44 to enlighten his head ; and upon me, by enabling him 44 to kindle a flame of zeal in my heart." The trans parent piety, humility, and modefty of this acknowledge ment needs no comment. This man of learning had, through grace, followed the apoftle's rule, and became a fool in his own eyes, that he might be wife indeed, not for the puny concerns of time and the world, but to everlaft-. ing falvation. It being contrary to the plan of life, which Junius's father had intended, that he fhould ftudy divinity, he wrote for him to return home. He wifhed his fon might be religious ; but he did not wifh him to be a preacher, -This reduced Junius to a difagreeable dilemma, out of which he was much relieved by the interpofition of a pious and learned friend of his father, who explained tq 'him the neceffity of his fon's remaining longer at Geneva, for the fake of his ftudies. In the interim, an awful pro vidence determined the affair. At Iffoudan in Aquitain, a murdering banditti fet upon Junius's father, and barba- roufly bereaved him of his life*, * On Corpus. Chrifti day, the Roman Catholies of Lfoudon, regard- lef's of the treaty, of peace, that had been concluded juft before, com mitted a. thoufand outrages upon the Protellants ; upon which Denys, Junius (our 'Junius's father) received a commiffion, as'counfellor in the • laws, from the king, to enquire into the authors of the fedition and jmnifh them. Denys Junius went to lfoudon, accompanied only by three Sheriff's officers, potting the reft in various, places before he en tered the city. His precautions, however, were of no ufe. The common people guejTed the motive of his coming, and, feizing the gates, inveftec| the commiflioner's houfe, find entering by force, kil-: led D. Junius, threw hjs body out of the window, dragged it through the Sheets, flung it to the dogs, and public! y' forbad it burial. The king, out of indignation at fo horrid a murtler, ordered the walls of lfoudon to be demolished ; but the arret was changed, by the interelt of Some Lords, b'ecaufe the commifl)pn,er ljad been deeded a Lutheran, far twenty-fb^r years, JUNIUS. .3r5 , Upon -this fad news, Junius-had no heart to return to his country, but wrote a moft affecting and affectionate letter to his mother, condoling with her upon. their mu tual lofs, and at the fame time begging her to indulge no anxiety upon his account, becaufe he was refolved. to be no burden to her, but to truft in GOD's bleffing upon his own induftry for his future maintenance and fupport. In this generous and tender refolution, he took upon him to affift in a fchool, under a minifter of the gofpel at Ge neva ; where, in the day-time, he taught Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and, for great part of the night, purfued his own proper ftudies in divinity and philofophy. But his feeble conftitution could not endure a long continuance pf fuch unremitted labors, which at once emaciated his body, and tended to impair his mind. About this period, the head-mafter of the fchool at Geneva died, and the chaplain of the hofpital fucceeded to him. The chaplainfhip was offered' to Junius ; but he. declined it, partly left it fhould hinder his ftudies, and" partly becaufe he did not wifh to fix himfelf for the pre fent at Geneva. In the year 1565, however, he was made minifter of the Walloon church at Antwerp, which becamq a troublefome and dangerous fituation to him.- The Spa niards, who then poffeffed the Low Countries, were about to eftablifh the inquifition, to which the principal people, of Bruffels in particular, were very averfe, and had a meeting to confer upon the beft mode of preventing the execution of that diabolical tribunal. To this meeting our Junius was called, and readily gave his affiftance, both by his prayers and advice. His wifdom always in clined him to moderation ; and he opppfed not only the malicious attempts of the Papifts, but the unbridled zeal of his Proteftant friends, who were fometimes difpofed to go lengths, which neither religion nor reafon could-juftify, When he returned to Antiuerp he publifhed fome " Politi- 44 cal Admonitions," which gave great offence to thp Papifts, A reward was offered for the difcovery and ap- prehenfion of the author; though, it feems, in this very ' paper, he hqd blamed the intemperance and iridifcretion of the Reformed, as well as condemned the violent pro* ceedings of the Roman Catholics. By the ftyle and man-. ner, Junius was fufpedted to be the author, and very nar rowly efcaped from the defigns of his enemies. With all this love of moderation, and his earneft en~ deavors to inculcate peace among others, he could find none for himfelf. He was perfecute^ every where, and S f z ' ertCoun, 3*6 • f U' N I' U s. encountered difficulties and dangers, which way foever he!. turned.- But it pleafed GOD wonderfully to preferve him, for his own glory and the good of fouls. A rage of Reformation (as an affair of novelty) among the mob, not the fober zeal of true religion, over-ran the Low Countries' about this time,- and drave all before it. The outrageous multitudes brake into the churches, and fwept away all the images, and paintings, and every 4C rag of the Whore " of Babylon," before them. All this was done with the fury of madmen, inftead of the orderly fpirit of Chriftians. This conduct difpleafed Junius, who was concerned for the difgrace of the Proteftant caufe ; and he, by oppofing it, difpleafed many among the' Reformed, who joined 'witS the Papifts themfelves in perfecuting him. Wife and good counfels, oppofed to popular outrage and tumultj- are but as declamations to waves in a ftorrn^ which drown all other founds by their own noife, and dafh upon every thing indifcriminately which refills them. Mdn of peace and moderation (and truly religious men muft be fuch) may expect this treatment in all ages. If they will not efpoufe the caufe of a party with the rage of the party ; the furious pdrtizans will not thank them for a fober ad herence and advice, but perhaps will be the firft to con demn them. Thus the works of the flejh are mingled with the 'things of GOD, and are generally fo conducted by the devil, as to bring a difgrace upon them. When Junius afterwards returned to Antwerp, he found ftimfelf-excluded from the duties of his profeffion, by art ordinance of ftate, which enjoined, that, for the preven tion of fedition, only two minifters fhould be allowed to preach there, and thofe two to be natives of the country, who fhould take an oath of allegiance to the prince. Ju nius was an alien, and could not be naturalized if he would. From Antwerp he went to Limbourg, but found, like the great apoftle, that, wherever he went, perfecutions- attended him. He loft his library and all his goods by the removal. His labors here were attended with fuch fuccefs, that new and new dangers arofe upon" him On every fide. In the midft of which, he went on as long as he could with any degree of fafety ; but at laft was obliged to fly, to preferve his life. While he lived here, he was made an inftrument of gra> cious relief to a poor widow, who had been for thirteen years exercifed with fpiritual conflicts, almoft to defpera- "tion. The Papifts, imagining that fhe was "prjffeffeil, plied J U N 1 U SV $vf plied fier with exorcifms : Her friends, believing her madv laid on blows and bonds. She broke from her bonds, and took to the woods, avoiding the fight of man, left (he fliould undergo a repetition of this fort of difcipline. At length (he was caught and brought to Junius, who foort difcovered the caufe of her diforder, which arofe from the fear of perdition : And this fear fprang from the exceffive attention and care (he had been obliged to pay to her nine fatherlefs children, which had taken her off from all re ligious duties, and in particular from the mafs, whieh flie had once conftantly frequented. Our Divine, per ceiving the difeafe, recurred to the bible for a medicine, ifrom which he (hewed her the vain pageantry, idolatry, and corruption of the papiftical mafs, and at the fame time, after laying open the gofpel of falvation to her mind, (hewed to her, that her honeft induftry in behalf of her children was far more acceptable to G O D, being commanded of him, than ten thoufand idle maffes, which never were commanded. In fhort, he was enabled to quiet the woman's horrors, and to give that balm to her confcience, which foon difpelled all her melancholy, to the no fmall aftonifhment of thofe who had known her before. The Anabaptifts and Papifts united to defeat that great work, which GOD enabled Junius to carry on at Lim- 'hourg. With the former, by his mild deportment and gentle conferences, he prevailed fo much, as to thin their numbers, and recover many of them to the truth., He "had greater oppofition, both with refpect to numbers and malice, from the Papifts. Thefe raifed all manner of falfe reports upon his perfon and doctrine; and fome of them went fo far, in folly as well as falfhood, as to aver, that he was really cloven-footed, and a monfter rather than a man. With an effrontery, peculiar almoft to that •communion, They lent this lye the confidence of truth. But their malice was as fierce, as their charge wass falfe and foolifh ; and fo fierce, that it became neceffary for him to remove from Limbourg, which he did, by the ad vice of his friends, and retired to Heidelberg, where the ^elector palatine, Frederick the Third, received him very gracioufly. After fome time, he made a vifit to his mother and fa mily in France ; and from thence returning to Heidelberg, was appointed minifter of the church of Schaon. This was 3i8 j tl N I US. was but a frriall congregation ; and, in the following year, the plague appeared among the people and made it lefs. In the interim, he was fent by the elector to the prince of Orange's army, during the unfuccefsful campaign of 1568, and continued his chaplain till the elector's troops returned home, when he rcfumed his church, and conti nued in it till 1573. The elector feveral times wifhed him to return to his chaplainfliip in the army, but it was fo much againft Junius's inclination, that he conftantly excufed himfelf from that fervice. He continued-laboring, with the divine bleffing, in the palatinate till about the year 1592, and, for fome years before that period, had been engaged with the learned Tremellius, by the elector's command, in a new Trahflation of the Old Teftament into Latin— a work, which will do them honor, as fcholars and divines, to the end of time. About the year 1581, he had been appointed divinity profeffor of the univerfity at Heidelberg ; and he continued in that ftatioii, till he took the opportunity of revifiting France, his native country, under the patronage of the duke de Bouillon. He was introduced to Henry the Fourth, who fent him with a commiffion into Germany, when he took an opportunity of paying his grateful refpedts to the elector, and of refigning in form his profeffor's chair. In his return to France, he paifed through Holland, partly for the fake of his children, and partly for the con venience of the way and facility of correfpondence. When he arrived at Leyden, the univerfity and the magiftracy gave him a moft earneft invitation to fix himfelf among them, and offered him the divinity-chair; which, by the permiffion of the French king (who had been a Proteftant and was then believed to be one in difguife), he finally accepted in 1592. In this office he continued till his death, filling it with great reputation for ten years. It was a ftation of labor and eminence ; and he labored in it by teaching and writing moft inceffantly. At length, GOD was pleafed to remove this faithful fervant, after a life of trouble and difficulty, by the plague; which ra vaged through Holland, and had juft before carried off his wife. He died on the thirteenth of Oclober, in the year 1602, and was followed to the grave, with the tears of the univerfity and the concern of all good men. In his laft hours he had great compofure and confola- tlqn. He died, as he had lived, full of faith in the fal vation of Jefus. When the celebrated Francis Gomar, 2 his JUNIUS, 319 T*is friend and colleague, vifited him near the end, and propofed feveral fcriptures to him by way of comfort ; he anfwered, '' that he gave himfelf up entirely to GOD— 44 to that GOD who would gracioufly do what was beft 44 for him and for his own glory." When his diforder permitted, he fpent his remaining moments in hearing particular paffages of fcripture read to him, and in pour ing out his foul in ardent prayers. And when his friend Gomar called upon himon a fubfequent day, and exhorted him, 4 that, in his laft extremity, he would draw for 4 himfelf out of that treafury of comforts, out of which 4 he had fo happily drawn for others ; and that, in par- 4 ticular, he would remember, that God was his tender 4 father in heaven, ready to receive him;, that Chrifl was 4 his Saviour ; that heaven was his country and inherit- 4 ance ; that the holy Spirit in his heart was a pledge of 4 ail this ; that death was only the way to this heaven. 4 and life immortal ; and that by faith and hope he fhould 4 rejoice in what was before him ;' Junius very earneftly anfwered, *4 that he well remembered and obferved thofe 44 things, which he had taught to others ; that his only 4£ confidence and ftay was in the free grace of God $ 44 and that he was allured, God would perfect what re- 44 mained concerning his future falvation." Upon bejng afked, if he had any thing particular to fay about his affairs, he anfwefed, 44 that he could think but very little 44 of perifhing things at that time;" and, after faying that in his public duties he had aimed, as far as he could;, at the glory of GOD and the good of men, he added, 44 that with refpect to all other things he entirely comi 44 mitted them to the divine Providence." He was four times married, and furvived all his wives. He was deprived of the firft by the ignorance of a mid wife, who injured her fo much in labor, that (he lingered in conftant pain for feven years, when (he died. His fecond wife he loft.fuddenly by a fever. The third died pf a dropfy; and his fourth was taken from him, a little before his own death, by the plague. He had a fon and a daughter by his fecond wife, which daughter was mar ried to the learned John Gerard Vejftus ; and by his third wife he had another fon, named Francis Junius, a very amiable and learned man, who fpent moft of his days in England, efpecially at Oxford, his beloved refidence, he died in 1677, upon a vifit to his nephew Ifaac Vofftus atWind* for, and was buried in St. George's chapel within the caftle. Nothing hardly can fet Jmim's. Jiterary charadter in a higher 32® J U N I U 5. higher view, than the great panegyric which the famous Scaliger made upon him after his death. Scaliger had been highly piqued againft him upon fome occafion, and, was known to be always extremely fparing in his commenda* tions of any body. He obferves however of him, 4 that * Junius, who had fo lately dealt his excellent inftruc- 4 tions to crouded audiences, was unhappily fnatched 4 away by the plague; that his fcholars bewailed his 4 death; the widowed church lamented him as her parent, 4 and the whole world as its inftrudtor; that they did not 4 weep for him as the vulgar do, who are not fenfible of * the value of a thing, till they have loft it; but that ¦4 every one knew the great merits of Junius in his life- * time, and therefore they were not more fenfible of his 4 value by his death, but were the more grieved.' Tbu* anus had conceived an ill-founded prejudice againft him, from which he was defended by Voffius, his fon-in-law. Even Bayle could fay of him, 4 that he was a learned and 4 an honeft man, and fo far from running into extremes, ' that it was his opinion people might be faved in the * Romifh communion ; and that be was never more fen~ 4 fible of the' deficiency of his knowledge, than when he * knew moft ; which is an indication of a right under* 4 ftanding,' We will add no more concerning his worth, but the opinion of our excellent bifhop Hall, who (in his Epiftles, decad. i. ep. 7.) ftyles him, 4 the famous and 4 truly illuminate Dr. Francis Junius, the glory of Leyden, 4 the hope of the church, the oracle of textual and fchqolr 4 divinity; rich in languages, fubtle in diftinguifhingi * and in argument invincible.' His Works (in Latin) were publifhed in two volumes folio,, and confift of the following articles : " 1. Pralecliones. In tria prima capita Geneftos. 1. Confutatio argumentor, viginti duor. a ftmplicio in hiftoriam Mofts de creatione pro- pofita. 3. Libri Genefeos analyfis. 4, Libri Mofts qui Exo dus infer ibitur anajytica explicatio. 5. Levitici, Numeror. & Deuteronomici, analytic, explic. 6. Methodica Phlm.1 quarti enarratio, 7. Enar ratio Pfalmi eentef. primi, fe- cundi, £3? vigeftmi tertii. 8. Eirenicum. 9. Expojitio pra,-* phetarum Danielis cjf Ezekiel. 10. Le&iones in Jonam. .11. Sacrorum paralkhrum libri,. * 12. In epiftolapi Juda per breves nota. 13. Apocalypfis Johannis analyfi & natis ffluflrata. 14, De theologia vera. 15. De peccata primo Jidami. 16. De politia Mofts. 17. Ecclefiaftici, feu de na,- pura ecclefw Dei, libri tres, 18. Thefes theologica. 19. Ad thefes thmhgicai appendix. 20.. Tw defenfiones catjyolica ioclrim Junius. 321 "Uotlrina de fancla trinitate — adverfus Samofateni errores. 21. Examin. enunciationum — Gratiani Profperi. 22. Ca- tholica dodrina de natura fif gratia collatio. 23. Animadr verfiones ad R. Bellarmini controverfiam primam de verbo Dei, &c. 24. Ad fecundam de Chrifli capite totius ecclejia. 25. Ad terfidm de fdmmo pontific. 26. Ad tres libros de tranfia- tione imperii Romani a Gracis, tiff, ad Francos. 27. Ad controverfiam quartam de concilius Us tsf ecclefia militante. 28. De ecclefia liber,, fingularis, &c.< 29. Animadverfiojies ad libellum controverfia tertia propofitum. 30. Ad contro verfiam de ecclefia qua eft in purgatorio. 31 . Ad controver fiam feptimam de ecclefia triumphante, &c. 32. Specularius — adverfus Genebrardum. 33. Summa aliquot locorum com- munium f. theologia. 34. Evangelii fecund. Mathaum ana- lytica explicatio. .35* , Evangel, fee. Marcum analyt. expo jitio. 36. Refponfum ad fratres Sandwicenfes in Anglia. 37. Oratio de lingua Hebraa. 38. Grammatica Hebraa lin gua. 39. Qrationes dua Frankentalia habit is ad leclion. Vet. Tejl. 40. Acla apqftol. & epiftol. Pauli ad Corinthios- ex drabico tranfiata. 41. Apocryphi libri tranfiati cum notis, 42. In anathematifmum Greg. /Kill, adverfus Gibbard. Co-, Ion. epifc. 43. Orationes quatuor ad letliones Vet. Teft. , 44. Apologia catholica Latine facia, prafatio in indicem expurga- torium cenforum Belgii. 45. Lexicon Hebraicum. 46. Pra* fatio in indicem expurgatorius. 47. Liber cui titulus Acade- mia. 48. .Curopa^dtes Grace IS Latine cum notis. This book appeared under the name of Nadal Almonius, Hebrew for Junius. 49. Pratexta pull a in obi turn principis An- haltini. 50. Johannis Bodini Daimoniaca in linguam >La? tinam converfa. 51. Johannes Tilius de regibus & regno Gallorum, & epiftola dua, i$c. Latine facia. 52. Oratio de vita & obitu Zach. Urfini. 53. Mcinilius cum caftig. tsf notis. 54. Libit ina in obitum J. Cafimir i, &c, 55. Oratio Anton. Arnaldi contra jefuitas Latine faEta. 56., Emenda- tiones & nota in Ciceronisepiftolas ad Atticum & §>uintum fratrem. 57. Nota in Tertullian. 58. L'Ecclefiaftique, in Latin and French. In which laft language he alfo pubr lifhed, 59. Une oraifon du Roi d'Efpagne pour la defenfede Pais Bas. 60. Avertifement Cretien centre Jean Heron. 61. La confeffion du Roi de France. 62. Le paifible Cre tien, &c. 63. Methode de lieux communs de Teeritures Saintes. 64. Aimable confrontation de lafimple veritt de Dieu, £37." Vol. II. ft WILLI ( 322 ) WILLIAM PERKINS. AT Marflon, in Warwickjhire, was born the celebrated William Perkins, a great fcholar, a profound divine^ and a fuccefsful preacher in the univerfity of Cambridge. He received his academical education in Chrifl' s-college, in that univerfity, where, for fome time, he was Very wild, and ran great lengths in prodigality; probably permitted, that when he fhould become a preacher, he might more fully detect and lay open the workings of fin and vanity in others, fympathize with them in their fad condition, and be the better qualified to counfel and comfort them in their repentance towards God and faith in our Lord Jefus Chrifl. At the fame time, and while yet a graduate, he gave proofs of the great genius with which Providence had endowed him, by his deep refearches into nature, and the fecret operations of natural powers. But when the Lord was pleafed to convert him from the error of his ways, he ap plied himfelf, with uncommon diligence, to the ftudy of divinity, and, in a fhort time, made an almoft incredible proficiency. About the age of twenty-foiir, he was chofen fellow of Chrifl' s-college, and entered into holy orders ; when; ac cording to the precepts of the gofpel, having freely re ceived, he freely gave ; and after the pattern of his great Exemplar, went and preached deliverance to the captives. The jailor being prevailed upon to bring the prifoners into the county-houfe, near to the goal, he preached the gofpel to them every Sunday, with great power and fuc cefs. As foon as this pious labor was known, many from the neighboring parifhes reforted thither, to hear him $ and it pleafed GOD to make him the happy inftrument in bringing to the knowledge of falvation, and into the li berty of the children of God, not only thofe whofe bodies were in prifon,- but thofe alfo whofe fouls, like their's, were in captivity and bondage to fin and fatan. His fame, which was afterwards in all the churches, foon fpread through Cambridge ; and he was chofen to St. Andrew's ¦parifh in that town, where he remained an induftrious, faithful laborer, till he finally entered into the joy of his Lord. Being PERKINS. 323 Being fettled thus in a univerfity, his hearers confided of collegians, towns-people, and people from the coun- ' try, which required fuch a peculiar gift as Providence had beftowed on Mr. Perkins; for in all his difcourfes he was able to accommodate his ftyle and phrafes to the capa cities of the common people ; and at the fame time the pious fcholar could not but admire them. Luther ufed to fay, 4 That as thunder without rain did more harm than 4 good ; fo minifters that preach the terrors of the law, 4 but do not at the fame time drop in the dew of gofpel- 4 inftrudtion and confolation, are not wife mafter-build- 4 ers ; for they pull down, but build nothing up again.' But Mr. Perkins's fermons were faid to be 4 all law, and 4 all gofpel.' He was a rare inftance of thofe oppofite gifts meeting in fo eminent a degree in one and the fame preacher ¦ ; the vehemence and thunder of a Boanerges, to awaken finners tq a fenfe of their danger and to drive them from deftrudtion ; and the gentle perfuafives and comforts of a Barnabas, to pour in the wine and oil of gofpel-confola- tion into the wounded fpirit, which he pointed to Jefus Chrifl. And fuch was his-wifdom in adminiftering ad vice and comfort in all cafes of confcience, that it is faid ; 4 the afflicted in fpirit came far and near to him, and re- 4 ceived much comfort from him.' He had a furprifing talent in perufing books fo fpeech'ly, that one would think he read nothing ; yet fo accurately, that one muft think he had read all. Befides his frequent preaching, and other minifterial labors, he wrote many excellent books ; which, on account of their worth, were many of them tranflated into Latin and fent abroad, where they have been greatly admired and valued; and fome of them tranflated into French, High-Dutch, and Low-Dutch, and his '4 Reformed Catholic," into Spanijh; which, how ever, fo far as we know, was never anfwered. Voetius, and feveral of the foreign divines, have mentioned him with great honor: And our bifhop Hall faid of him, 4 That he excelled in a diftindt judgement, and a rare 4 dexterity in clearing the obfcure fubtleties of the fchools, 4 and eafy explication of the moft perplexed difcourfes.' He was much afflicted with the ftone, the frequent at tendant on a fedentary life, under which fevere complaint he was remarkably patient. In the laft fit, a little before his death, hearing a friend pray for a mitigation of his pains ; he cried out, 4C Hold ! hold ! do not pray fo ; but 44 pray the Lord to give me faith and patience, and then -*f- let him Jay on me juft what he pleafe." At length pa- T t 2 tience 324 PERKINS. tience had its perfect work, and he bade a final and ever? lading farewel to all pain of the body and affliction of the foul, and was crowned whh eternal reft and glory, A. D, 16.02, in the forty- fourth year of his age.. He was born in the firft, and died in the laft year of the reign of Q. Elizabeth. He died rich only in grace, and in the love of GOD and of good men : Yet, like the apoftle Paul, {%Cor. vi. 10.) however poor, he was enabled to make many rich. He was buried, with great folemnity, at the fole expence pf Chrifl' s-college ; the univerfity and the town ftriying which fhould fhew the moft gratitude for his faithful la bors among them, or pay the greateft refpect to his me mory. Doctor Montague preached his funeral fermon on the following words ; Mofts my fervant is dead. Jojhua i. 2. He was fo pious and exemplary in his life and con verfation, that malice itfelf could find no ground forfcan- dal or reproach. He was naturally chearful and pleafant; rather referved towards ftrangers, but when onqe ac quainted very familiar. He was of a middle ftature, ruddy complexion, bright hair, and inclined to corpulency, but lame of his right hand ; yet with his left hand he wrote two folio volumes, fo well, and to fo good purpofe, that he proved himfelf an able evangelical divine, and an in- . vincible champion in the Proteftant caufe. And fuch was his humanity and condefcenfion, that he not only preached to the prifoners, as we obferved before, but accompanied the condemned to the place of execution ; and what fuc cefs he had in this line of his labors, will appear from the following example.- — A ftout yOung man, going up the ladder, difcovered great dejection of fpirit, and when he came to the top, and turned round to fpeak to the people, he looked like one half dead, which Mr. Perkins obferv ing, endeavored to encourage him ; but' finding it to be without effect, faid, " Man, what is the matter with thee, 44 art thou afraid of death?" 4 Ah, no (faid the malefac- 4 tor, (baking his head) but of a worfe thing.' " Doft 44 thpu fo (replied Mr. Perkins) then come down again, 44 and thou fhajt fee what GOD's %race will do to 44 ftrengthen thee." When he came down, Mr. Perkins, took him by the hand, and, at the foot of the ladder, they both kneeled down, hand in hand, when Mr. Per kins prayed with fo much of the divine prefence and with fuch power, in confeffion of fin, with its aggravating circumftances, and the horrible and eternal punifhment due to the1 fame, according to GOD's juftice, that the poor.man burft out into a flood of tears, being broken arfd , contrite PERKINS. 325 (contrite in heart; which, when Mr. Perkins obferved, he proceeded to the fecond part of his prayer, in which he fet forth the Lord Jefus Chrifl, the Saviour of every be lieving penitent finner, as ftretching forth his arms of mercy and power to fave him iri his miferable diftreffed condition, and from all the powers of darknefs, and to give him heay-en and glory. This he was enabled to do in fo wonderful and fuccefsful a manner, that the poOr creature continued, indeed, tq (hed tears ; but they were now tears of love, gratitude and joy, flowing from a be lief that all his fins were cancelled by the merciful fhed- ding of his Saviour's blood. And when they rofe from prayer, he evidenced fo good and fatisfadtory a confeffion, that the fpedtators lifted up their hands and praifed GOD, for feeing fuch a glorious difplay of fovereign grace, in converting, at the eleventh hour, this dying malefactor, who went up the ladder again, with apparently great com- forf, and hafting as it were tp have the grace he had fo lately been made a partaker of, confummated in glory. His Works, which are ufually bound in twq volumes folio, are 4' 1. The Foundation of Chriftian Religion. 2. A Golden Chain ; or, the Defcription of Divinity. 3. An Expofition of the Apoftles' Creed. 4. An Expo fition of the Lord's Prayer. 5. A Declaration, whether a Man be in a State of Damnation; or a State of Grace. 6. A Cafe of Confcience. 7. A Direction for the Go vernment of the Tongue. 8. Two Treatifes ; one Dn Repentance, and the other on the Combat of the Flefh and Spirit. 9. ATreatife how to live well in allEftates and Times, efpecially when Helps and Comforts fajL 10. A Treatife on dying well. 11. A Difcourfe on the Nature of Confcience. 12. The Reformed Catholic. 13. The true Manner of knowing Chrifl crucified. 14. A Grain of Muftard-Seed. 15. Of true Wealth. 16. A Warping againft the Idolatry of the laft Times. 17. A Treatife of God's Free Grace, and Man's Free Will. 18. Of Man's Callings. 19. Of Predeftination, in Latin by the Author, but fince tranflated into Englijh. 20. His Bible Harmony. 21. A Dialogue of the World's Dif- folution. No. 7, 8, 13, 14, were tranflated into Latin by Thomas Drax : And No. 19, written in Latin, is tranfi; lated into Englijh." The following were publifhed after his death : 44 Vol. II. 1. Three Books of the Cafes of Confcience. 2. Com mentaries on the five firft Chapters of the Epiftle to the Galatians. 3. Of Chriftian Equity. 4. Of Man's Ima gination. 3*6. C A R T W R I G H T. gination. 5. Problems againft Cox, in Latin. 6. The, Key of Prophecy. 7. Commentaries on the fifth, fixth* and feventh Chapters of St. Matthew. 8. Commentaries on, the three firft Chapters of the Revelation. 9. Of the Temptation of Chrift., from Matthew iv. 1— ,12. 10. An Exhortation to Repentance. 11. Two excellent Treatifes of Minifters' Calling. 12. A Commentary on Jade's Epiftle. 13, A Treatife of Poifoning. 14. Againft Prognoftics. 15. Of Houfhold Difcipline, in Latin,, No. 1, written in Englijh, is tranflated into Latin: And No. 5, and 15, written in Latin, have been tranflated into Evglijh." =B-»«'»G= THOMAS CARTWRIGHT. THIS divine was born in Hertfardjhire, about the year 1535 ; and_being by his parents kept at fchool till he was fit for the univerfity, he went to Cambridge^ and was admitted into St. John' s-college, in 1550. There he followed his ftudies very hard ; and being a man. of excellent natural parts, he profited in learning more than ordinary; which he purfued with unremitting diligence to the end of his life. At the death of K. Edward VI. he left the univerfity, and betook himfelf to the fervice of a counfellor, yet followed his ftudies very hard, taking more pleafure therein th^n in the ftudy of the law : Thus he continued till the beginning of Q. Elizabeth's reign, at which time his mafter, meeting with doctor Pilkinton, mafter of St. John's* college in Cambridge, told him of his man's learning and ftijdious difpofition. The dodtor defired to fpeak with him, and perceiving his great abilities and hopefulnefs, with his mafter's confent, took him again to St. John's- college, where his proficiency in the arts and tongues was fo eminent, that in the year 1560 he was chofen fellow in that college. About three years after he was removed to a fellowfhip in Trinity-college, where for his great worth he was ere long made one of the eight fenior-fellows. In the year 1564, Q; Elizabeth coming to Cambridge, great preparation was made for her entertainment, and four of the moft; eminent men in the univerfity being cho fen. C A R T W R I G H T. 3a7 fen to keep a philofophy-adt hefore her, he was one of them, who performed it with extraordinary abilities, and to the great fatisfadtion both of the queen and other au ditors. In 1567, he commenced bachelor of divinity, and three years after he was chofen to be the lady Mar garet's divinity-reader. He read upon the firft and fecond chapters of the Ails of the apoftles, and performed it with fuch acutenefs of wit, and folidity of judgement, as caufed admiration in his hearers; and even at that time he was fo famous for his miniftry, that when his turn came to preach at St. Mary's, the fexton was obliged to take down the windows, by reafon of the multitudes that came to hear him. In his ledtures he ufed to difcover his judge ment about church-difciplinej which gave offence to the doctors and heads in the Univerfity, Mr. Cartwright's fen- timents being in faVor of the Geneva difcipline, and op- pofite in fome particulars to the eftablifhment of the church of England. At length, he was convened before the vice- chancellor and other doctors, and examined upon fundry articles or propofitions of doctrine delivered by him pub licly in his lectures, and elfewhere ; which they affirmed to be contrary to the form received and allowed by public authority in this realm, and thereupon they demanded whether he would ftand to, or revoke, the faid opinions and doctrines delivered by him*. Mr. Cartwright, upon deliberation, defired that he mfght have leave to fet down in writing what his judgement in thofe things was, and what he would ftand to ; Which being granted, he drew up in fix propofitions what his judgement was, and, letting his hand to it, delivered it to the vice-chancellor, who thereupon admonifhed him to revoke the fame ; and upon his refufal, punifhed him by the fufpenfion of his ftipend, and fo he continued in his lecture that year ; but the year after Dr. Whitgift being chofen vice-chancellor, he again convened him before him, requiring his abfolute anfwer whether he did mind to teach his auditors otherwife, revoking what he had before " It has been generally conceived, that Mr. CartvJrigbt was the firft great diflent'er from the eftabliShed church ; but improperly. Dr. Turner, dean of Wells, [about the year 1563] feems to have been the firft, or one of the firft, after the church of England was fettled, who oppofed both its epifcopacy and ceremonies, and made a disturbance about them. This Turner was a very intemperate and indifcreet man, as appears by an anecdote, recorded of him" even by Martin Mar- prelate, [an abufive writer] concerning his rude treatment of a bifhop whom he invited to dinner. See Strype'"* Life of Archbilhop Parker, p. iji. 1 taught, 32S C A R T W R I G H T. taught, or whether he woiild abide in the maintenance ct the fame ? To this Mr. Cartwright anfwered, " that for 44 the propofitions delivered, by him under his hand to 44 Dr. May, and now (hewed to him, they -were his own 44 hand writings fuch as he had openly taught, and ftill 44 continued fully determined to maintain and defend as 44 truths." Hereupon, after ' Mr,s Cartwright had awhile withdrawn,, and the vice-chancellor had conferred with the other doctors, Mr. Cartwright was again called for, and this definitive fentence was pronounced againft him by the vice-chancellor Dr. Whitgift: 4 That perceiving c that no admonition would help, but that he ftill per- 4 fifted in the fame mind, he did therefore pronounce him 4 the faid Mr. Cartwright to be removed from his faid 4 lecture, and by his final decree or fentence did then and 4 there remove him, and declare the faid lecture to be 4 void ; and that he minded, according to the foundation 4 thereof, to proceed to the election of a new reader. ' Arid further he did then and there, by virtue of his 4 office, inhibit the faid Mr. Cartwright from preaching 4 within the univerfity and the jurifdiction of the fame.' The articles, which Mr. Cartwright drew up, are as follow, traqflated from the original Latin. 44 i. The titles, as well as the offices and duty of arch bifhops and archdeacons, ought to be aboliflied. 44 2. The titles of the lawful minifters in the churchy fuch as thofe of bifhops and deacons:, being feparate from their functions as defcribed fimpl.y in the word of God, ought to be difaljowed, and brought back to the apoftolic inftitution ; fo that a bifhop fhould be exercifed in the word and in prayer, and a deacon in taking care of the poor. 44 3. The government of a church ought not to be in trufted with the chancellors of bifhops, or the officers belonging to archdeacons, but fhould be committed to a proper minifter, and one who is a prelbyter of the fame church. 44 4. It does not behove a minifter to be either without a charge, or exempt from attendance on his charge, but every fuch perfon fhould devote himfelf to the care of one particular flock. 44 5. None fhould folicit the miniftry as a candidate. 44 6. Minifters are not to be appointed and made merely by the authority and power of the bifhops ; much lefs in a ftudy or any other private place ; but the election ought to be made by the church. thefe « CARTWRIGHT. 329 44 Thefe reformations being effected, every one (hould labour in his calling (for I mean to fpeak of the calling) that the magistrate fhould act by his authority, the mini fter by the word, and all perfons by their prayers. 44 By me, Thomas Cartwright." Mr. Cartwright being thus expelled, and finding the; way for the exercife of his miniftry, in England oh&ni£tedt he went beyond the feas to vifit other Reformed churches, where he grew acquainted with the moft eminent men for piety and learning in Chriftendom, with whom he kept qorrefpondence all his life after. He Was alfo highly prized by them, infomuch that Beza, writing about that time into England to a friend of his, hath this expreffion ; Efl quidarn Anglus nobifcum, nomine Thomas Cartwright, fiV. Here is now with us your countryman Thomas Cart wright, than whom I think the fun doth not fee a more learned man, &c. He was alfo chofen preacher to the Englijh merchants at Antwerp, and afterwards at Middle* burgh, where he had great fuccefs in his miniftry ; and when he underftood that the merchants, by whom he was maintained, through their great loffes, decayed irt their eftates, he returned his falary to them again. Not long after he came over into England, being earneftly folicited by letters from Mr. Deering, Mr. Fulke, Mr. Wijburtie, Mr. Leaver, and Mr. Fox; about which time the non-conformifts having drawn up An Admonition to the Parliament for the Reforma tion of the church, Dr.' Whitgift, who was then preferred, to the archbifhopric of Canterbury, anfwered the fame in print; Whereupon the minifters who wrote the 4 Admoni- 4 tion,' confulting, but not agreeing upon the choice of to reply to Dr. Whitgift, Mr. Cartwright was at iaft chofen by lot to undertake it, and performed it fo well, that fome of his very adverfaries were heard to advance and commend him for it. Mr. Walton fays, in his life of Hooker, 4 that Mr, 4 Cartwright appearing to juftify himfelf and his party in 4 many reroonftrances, which he caufed to be printed, 4 the bifhop {Whitgift) made a firft anfwer, and CarU 4 wright replied upon him ; and then the bifhop having 4 rejoined to his reply, Mr. Cartwright either w**s or was 4 perfuaded to be fatisfied ; for he wrote no more,, but 4 left the reader to judge which had maintained their » caufe with moft charity and reafon.' p. 13. Vpj,. II. U u However,, 330 CARTWRIGHT, However, Mr. Cartwright, With others of the n6rt-> conformifts, Was brought into the high commiffion courts Where for refufal of the oath ex officio^ they were put in prifon, and afterwards proceeded againft in the ftar* chamber; but thofe very witneffes, who were brought to accufe them, did fo clear them, that they were dif- miffed, and fent home much more honored and beloved than they were before. Whilft Mr. Cartwright was prifoner in the Fleet, he had thirty pounds fent him from a noble friend, of which he took but ten (hillings, returning the reft with many thanks to the donor ; and when the earl of Leicefler offered him the provoftfhip of Eaton-college, faying, that it was a hundred pounds a year more than enough, befides the conveniency of the place, Mr. Cartwright anfwered) 44 that the hundred pounds more than enough was enough 44 for him." About the year 1586, his fame Was fo fpread ¦ through the Reformed churches, that K. James, then king of Scotland, fent for him, offering to make him profeffor in the Univerfity of St. Andrews, whereof twenty years afterj upon K. James's coming into England, Mr. Cartwright makes mention in his Epiftle before his Commentary upori Ecclefiaftes, which he dedicated to K. James, returning humble thanks for that royal favor. The archbifhop of Dublin alfo fent for him into Ireland, offering him pre* ferment in that kingdom. Mr. Walton fays, that " after fome filence (meaning 4 of the controverfy between archbifhop Whitgift and him) 4 Mr. Cartwright received from the archbifhop many per* 4 fonal favours, and retired himfelf to a more private liv- 4 ing; which was at Warwick^ where he was made mafter 4 of the hofpital, and lived quietly and grew rich [which 4 laft, when the profits are confidered, feems doubtful] ; * and where the bifhop gave him a licence to preach, upon 4 promife not to meddle with controverfies, but incline 4 his hearers to piety and moderation : And this promife * he kept during his life, which ended in 1&02 or 1603, 4 the bifhop furv.iving him but one year, [Strype fays^ * only two months], each ending his days in perfect cha- 4 rity with the other.' Who, reading this, cannot but with, that two fuch excellent men had never maintained a controverfy between them at all,; but that, as they could at laft, in the wifdom of grace, find out the way of cha rity and peace, they had never entered any other ? What difputes,. what, factions in -religion, to the difgrace of our CARTWRIGHT. 331 our common Chriftianity before the world, might have been avoided or healed ? Cartwright is faid to have ex preffed himfelf to this effect upOn his death-bed; and, doubtlefs, Whitgift thinks fo now. Mr. Cartwright was fent to from many eminent divines beyond fea, wherein they craved his advice for the direc tion of young men in the method of their ftudies, and in behalf of the churches in general, for his counfel in re gulating their proceedings in the weightieft affairs. It was the earl of Leicefler who preferred him to be mafter of the hofpital at Warwick, which place was worth to him about one hundred pounds per annum: His em ployment was, to pray with the poor men twice a day, to catechife twice a week, and to preach once on the Lord's day at the parifh church. His carriage and deportment was fuch, that there was not a nobleman or gentleman of quality in all the country that looked heaven-ward, or was of any account for reli gion and learning, but fought to enjoy his company, and found much pleafure and content therein ; for his conver fation was fuch, that fcarce a word came from his mouth that was not of fome good ufe and concernment. He was of a very laborious and indefatigable fpirit; it was his meat and drink to be doing the will of his heavenly Fa ther; fo that befides all his. pains in writing, and in the hofpital, he preached every fabbath-day in the morning .about feven o'clock in the lower parifh of Warwick, and* when he could be fuffered, in the upper parifh in the af ternoon ; befides which, he preached a lecture on Satur days in the afternoon in the upper church, in which he went oyer a great part of the Proverbs and Ecclefiaftesf with great judgement and profit ; and this he did of his own free will,- without demanding or receiving one penny for his pains. Prefently after his coming to Warwick, the Englijh fe- minary at Rheims publifhed their verfion of the New Tefta ment, and annotations upon it in Englijh; which coming over into England, it. was looked upon by all as a book of dangerous concernment, and therefore fit to be anfwered by the, ableft pen that could be found ; hereupon (as it is faid) Q. Elizabeth fent to Beza to requeft him to undertake the anfwer; but' he modeftly excufed it, and returned anfwer, that fhe had one in her own kingdom, far abler than himfelf to undertake fuch a tafk, and upon further enquiry declared, that it was Mr. Thomas Cart wright. Then Sir Francis Walfingham, a man of eminent U u 2 place 3p CARTWRIGHT. place and power, who in this, as in other affairs, was ac counted the mouth and hand of the queen and ftate, wrote to Mr. Cartwright, earneftly requefting him to undertake the Work, affuring him. alfo of fuch aid as fhould further him in the finifhing of it ; for which end he fent him one hundred pounds towards the charges of buying books, and procuring writers which were to be employed by him in the work; this was in the year 15831 The fame year alfo he was earneftly folicited by feme learned men of the univerfity of Cambridge, to undertake the Anfwer, in Which, amongft other paffages, they have thefe exprefiions : 4 With you we are earneft, moft reve- * rend Gartwright, that you would fet yourfelf againft * the unhallowed 'endeavours of- thefe mifchievous men, 4 either by refuting the whole bodk, or at leaft fome part 4 thereof. It is not for every man workmanlike to frame 4 God's tabernacle, but for Bazaleel and Aholiab ; neither 4 is every one rafhly to be thru-ft forth into the Lord's 4 battles ; but fuch captains are tobe chofen from amongft * David's worthies ; of which as we acknowledge you to 4 be, by the former battles undergone for the walls of our * city the church, we doubt not, if you will enter this 4 War, which truly you ought according to the zeal and 4 piety you bear to your country and religion, but that 4 you fighting for confcience ahd country (yea even for 4 the very inmoft holy place of the temple) will be able 4 to tread under foot the forces of the Jebufites,- which fet 4 themfelves to affault the tower of David. Moreover 4 (which may marVelloufly fharpen the edge of your cou- 4 rage) you are not now to fight with a brother or fellow f of the fame religion (which maketh the conflict more 4 faint) but with the moft inveterate enemies of Jefus 4 Chrifl, &c.' Then they thus conclude: 4 You fee to 4 what an honourable fight we invite you. Chrift's bufi* 4 nefs (hall be undertaken againft fatan's champions. * We ftir you up to fight the battles of our Lord ; where 4 the victory is certain, which the triumph and applaufe 4 of the angels Will enfue. Our prayers fhall never be 4 wanting unto you. Chrifl, without doubt, whofe caufe 4 is defended, will be prefent with you. The Lord' Jefus 4 much increafe-your courage and ftrength, and keep you 4 very long in fafety for his church's good ! Farewel/ This was fubfcribed by Roger Goad, William" Whitaker, Thomas Crook, John Ireton, William Fulke, John Field, Ni* tbolas Crane, Giles Seintler, Richard Gardener, William Charke, &ck But C A R T W R I G H T. 333 But befides thefe, the minifters of London and Suffolk did by their feveral letters earneftly exhort him to this work. Mr. Cartwright was at laft by thefe importunities drawn to undertake it; and neither diligence nor con- ftancy was wanting in him to have carried it on to per fection ; but he met with fuch great difcouragements and hinderances from potent adverfaries, that he was forced often to lay his pen afide. Whilft he Was at Warwick, he was requefted by the Lord Zouch) governor of Guernfey, to go with him into that ifland, with whom he continued fome time ; and in his abfence fubftituted One Mr. Lord, a godly minifter then living at Woolflone, in his room at the hofpital at Warwick, allowing him the greateft part Of the profits of the place during his abode there ; and the reft he caufed to be diftributed amongft the poor. - He was far from feeking after great. places or great things in the world ; and for riches, he fought them not ; yea he rejected many opportunities whereby he might have enriched himfelf, His ufual manner was, when he had good -funis of gold fent him, to take only one piece, left' he fhould feem to flight his friends kindnefs, and to fend back the reft with a thankful acknowledgement of their love, and his acceptance of it, profeffing that for that con dition wherein GOD had fet him, he. was as well fur- niffied as they for their high and great places. His manner was, not to keep any more money. in hi* purfe but What might ferve for charitable ufes, Hcwas very bountiful to poor feholars. He diftributed money every Sabbath-day amongft the poor of the town of War wick, befides what he gave, to the prifoners, and upon other occafions both at home and abroad. For his houfhold affairs, he never troubled himfelf with them,- but wholly, left them to be ordered and managed by the prudence of his wife, t He was very careful to regulate and order the bufinefs of the hofpital for the beft advantage of the poor brethren; He continued his diligence and affiduity in his ftudies even in his old age; and his manner was to rife at two, threes and four o'clock at the lateft, both fummer and winter, notwithftanding his bodily infirmities were fuch, that he" Was forced to ftudycontinually kneeling upon his knees. - He could not endure, fo much as in private, to hear his adverfaries reproached ; and if any in his prefence ufed dif- *jraceful fpeeches of them-, he would ftiarply reprove them for it, faying, 44 that it is a Chriftian's duty to pray for, 44 and 334 CARTWRIGHT. 4* and not to reproach his adverfaries ;" and when Martin Mar-Prelate's book came forth, he (hewed much diflike of the fatyrical and tart language ufed in it. He was ¦alfo very humble, not enduring to hear any thing fpoken in his own commendation, or any titles given him, which in the leaft meafure favored of ambition. He affected not popularity, but avoided it as much as poffibly he could. Indeed, all his ambition was, to advance the knowledge and caufe of our Lord Jefus Chrift, and to pro mote GOD's glory. It was the great joy and rejoicing of his heart to hear of the welfare and profperity of the churches at home and abroad ; for this he earneftly and daily prayed : And when he heard any ill tidings, with Nehemiah he fat down and mourned, and fafted, and prayed before the G O D of heaven ; fo that all that con verged with him might eafily difcern that nothing did affect him in any degree, like the good or ill tidings of the church's ftate. He was frequent in prayer every day ; and in his younger years rofe many times in thenight for that purpofe. And as his labors were very great in the work of the miniftry, fo it pleafed the Lord to make them very fuccefsful for the converfion and confirmation of many, and for terror and reftraint unto others. There was one" Mr. Chaplin, a woollen-draper in Warwick, who made a profeffion of religion, but many times broke out into fcandalous prac tices; Mr. Cartwright on a time walking with him in his garden, dealt plainly and faithfully with him, rebuking him for his mifcarriages, and (hewing him the dishonor that he brought toGOD and the gofpel thereby. This fo wrought upon Chaplin, that he prefently funk down, and being carried home, died within a few hours after. In his old age he was much troubled with the ftone and gout, which much impaired his ftrength, yet would he not intermit his labors, but continued preaching when many times he could fcarce creep up into the pulpit. The fabbath before his death, which was the laft fermon that he made, December the 25th, he preached upon Ecclef. xii. 7. Then Jhall the duft return to the earth, and the fpirit Jhall return to God who gave it. The morning before his death, which was the Tuefday following, he was two hours on his knees in private prayer ; in which, as he told his wife, he found wonderful and unutterable joy and comfort, GOD giving him a glimpfe of heaven before he came to it ; and within a few hours after he quietly refigned up "2 his 'fayiJn^Zyfr ^ZZusri/tiia y&n. ^f-eight years. Mr. Dodd preached his funeral fermon*. His Works. His Harmania Evangelica is a very learned and able performance* A Comment- upon the Proverbs and Ecclejiaftes, A Confutation of the RhemifTs Tranflation, Glofles, and- Annotations. Reply to Arch bifhop Whitgift. Cottime.ntaria pratlica in totam hiftoriarts evangelitam. And fome other Works* Sft-.j'-g— JOHN W H I T GIFT, ARCHBISHOP of; CANTERBURY. THIS great man might be called, the undaunted champion of the" rites, difcipline and revenues of the church of England. The greateft part of his life, which was a very adtive one, was employed in her fer vice: And her eftablifhment, under GOD, to this day may be in great meafure afcribed to his zeal and abilities. He had not the mildnefs and" deep erudition of an UJher1^ nor the fpirituality and afcetic turn of a Leighton, who held the fame rank in the church'; but he feemed to be an in- ftrument raifed up to preferve its ecclefiaftical ftate, which enters fo deeply into -our whole political conftitution, that (as it was proved under Charles I.) the one could not fubfift without the other." He was the fon of Henry Whitgift, merchant, of Great Grimjby, in Lincolnjhire, by Anne Dynewell, a young gen tlewoman of good birth and reputation in that town, where he was born in the year 1530. He was defcended of the antient family of the Whitgifts of Whitgift in the Weft Riding of Torkjhire, fome of whom had been confi- derable benefactors to the church. But his grandfather John- Whitgift, Gent, having a numerous family, and placing his fons out in different ways of life, one of them [Robert'] was bred to the church, and became abbot pf the monaftry of Wellow, near Grimjby. In this fituation, as he applied himfelf to inftrudt young gentlemen in the firft rudiments "of learning, he took his nephew (the fiib- jedtof our prefent artiele) under his care. Here our Au thor early imbibed an ill opinion, of the Romifh church from 336 W H I T G I F T; from this" uncle, who often declared in his hearing, 4 That 4 they and their religion could not long continue; be- 4 caufe he had read the whole fcripture over and over, 4 and could never find therein that it was founded by 4 God, which confequently (faid he,) .cannot ftgnd1, 4 fince thefe are our Saviour's words, Every plant that Wp 4 heavenly Father hath not planted Jhall be rooted up, Matth. 4 xv. 30.' In the mean time, obferving the promifing genius of his nephew, he advifed his father to fend him to St. Anthony's fchool at London. For this purpofe he was lodged in St. Paul's Church-yard at his aunt's, who had married one of the vergers of that church. While he was here, his aunt often importuned him to go to mafs, and procured alfo fome of the canons ofiSt. Paul's to perfuade him to it ; but having already fome relifh of the dodtrine of the Reformation, he conftantly withftood all their en deavors. By this his conduct (he grew at length fo much exafperated, as to turn him out of doors, imputing all her loffes and domeftic misfortunes to her harboring of fuch an heretic (as (he called him) under her roof; and at parting told him, that 4 (he thought at firft (he had re- 4 ceived a faint into her houfe, but now (he perceived he * was a devil.' Thus rudely treated by his aunt, he repaired home to his father in Lincolnjhire, where his uncle the abbot, finding upon examination that he had made a good pro grefs in grammar learning, advifed the fending of him to the univerfity. Accordingly he was fent to Cambridge in the year 1548 or 1549, and placed firft in Queen's- ¦college; but not liking the difpofition of fome there, he was removed foon after to Pembroke-hall, and put under the tuition of the celebrated John Bradford, the martyr, -who was then lately chofen fellow of that fociety. He had not been long here before he was recommended by his tutor and Mr. Grindall, then fellow, (afterwards arch bifhop of Canterbury) to the mafter, Nicholas Ridley; by which means he was made fcholar of that houfe, and chofen bible-clerk. Thefe advantages were the more ac ceptable to him, as his circumftances were then but in different, by reafon of his father's great loffes at fea. Mr. Bradford leaving Cambridge in the year 1550, our Author fell under the care of Mr. Gregory Garth, who continued his tutor while he (laid at Pembroke-hall, from whence he went out -bachelor of arts in J553-4. But in 1555, be ing unanimously elected fellow of Peter-houfe, he was ad mitted there in that quality by Thirlby, bifliop of Ely-, the WHITGIFT. 337 the thirty-firft of May the fame year. He commenced mafter of arts in 1557. About "this time he had a fevere fit of ficknefs; and foon after his recovery happened the remarkable vifitation of this univerfity by the authority of cardinal Pole, in torder to purge out the heretics^ To avoid the ftorm, 'our Author's firft refolution was to go to Strajburg, Frank fort, or fomewhere in Switzerland; but Dr. Perne, the maf ter of his college, though at that time a profeffed Papift, yet having a great efteem for him, undertook to fkreen him from the commiffioners; which prevailed on, him not to leave the Univerfity. The matter's promife : was -.faith fully performed j and notwithftanding the feverity of .that vifitation', he efcaped without any inquiry, by the con nivance of his friend', who being then vice-chancellor, 'and (hewing himfelf active in the prefent Itranfadtions, was the lefs fufpedted to favor any but thorough devotees of Rome. . . . -,-','¦ ; - In 1560, our Author entered into holy orders, and foon after preached his firft fermon at St. Mary's befqre the Univerfity; upon Rom. i. 16. I am not ajhamed of the gofpel of Chrifl, &c. with general and great approbation. The fame year he was appointed chaplain to Dr. Richard Cox, bifhop of Ely, who gave him the rectory of Teverjham, in Cambridgejhire. In 1563, he proceeded bachelor of divi nity ; and Matthew Hittton, then fellow of Trinity-college, being appointed Regius profeffor of divinity, the fame year, our Author fucceeded him in the Margaret profef- forfhip. Soon after this he joined with his brother pro feffor and feveral heads of colleges, in a petition to Sir William Cecil, their chancellor, for an order to regulate the eledtion of public officers, the want of which created great difturbance in the univerfity at that time. Two years after, this he diftinguifhed himfelf fo eminently in the pulpit, that Sir Nicholas Bacon, then, lord keeper, fent for him to court to preach before the queen, who heard hinvwith great fatisfadtton, and gave orders/ pre fently to have him fworn her chaplain. The fame year, -1565; being informed that fome ftatutes were preparing above to enjoin an uniformity of habits, particularly to order the wearing of furplices in the univerfity, he .pro moted the writing of a joint letter privately to Cecil, ear neftly defiring him to ftop (if poffible) the fending down any fuch orders, which it was perceived would be very unacceptable to the univerfity : But this addrefs was taken fo ill at court, that our Author was obliged afterwards to Vol. II. X x make 338 W H 1 T G I "F t. make an apology for his conduct in it. Hpwevier, he grew into fo great efteem at Cambridge, as well under the ' Character of a preacher as the reftorer of order and. dif cipline there,, that the next year, June the tenth, tht univerfity granted him a licence under their common feal* to preach throughout the realm ; and on the fifth of July following, the falary of his profefforfbip was raifed, out of refpedt to him, by that body, from twenty marks, to twenty pounds. He had the year before been a considerable benefactor to his college; where the next year, 1567, he held the prefident's place, but was called thence, April the twenty- firft, to Pembroke-hall, being chofen mafter there; and not long after he was likewife appointed Regius profeffor of divinity. In both thefe preferments he fucceeded a fecond time his old friend Dr. Hutton (now made dean of TCork), and to the firft had the fame recommendation which had been given to his predeceffor, viz. that of Dn Edmund Grindal, then hiifhop of London1. But his conti nuance here was very (hort ; for in lefs than three months, upon the death of Dr. Beauchamp, her majefty promoted him to the roafterfhip of Trinity-college. This place was procured for him chiefly by the intereft of Sir W. CecU^ Who, notwithftanding fome objections had been made to his age, got him fworn into it the fourth of July. The fame year the univerfity admitted him inceptor for the degree of doctor in divinity ; and being appointed likewife to keep the commencement adt, he. chofe for his thefis upon that occafion, Papa eft ille antichriflus ; the .pope is the antichrift. In 1570, having firft applied to Cecil for the purpofe, he compiled a new body of ftatutes for the univerfity, which were of great fervice to that learned community. This work he finiflied in Augufl, and the fame month he was the 'principal agent in procuring an order from the vice-chancellor and heads to prohibit Cartwright, who was now Margaret profeffor, from reading anymore lec-r tures without fome fatisfaction. given to them of his prin ciples and opinions. Our Author informed the chan cellor of this ftep, and at the fame time {acquainted him with Cartwright's principles, and the confequeflces of them, upon which he received the chancellor's approba tion of what had been done. Upon which Cartwright, being convened, and refufing to renounce his principles, Was deprived of hisprdfefforfhip-; and as he gave out that his affertions were rather fuppreffed by authority, than - - - refuted WHITGIFT. 339 refuted by reafon, our Author took an effectual method to obviate that calumny. In the mean time, at the chan-* cejlor's requeft, he likewife wrote a confutation of fome of the chief of thofe principles, and fent them to arch bifhop Parker, in a letter dated December 29, with an in^ tention to publifh them, but was prevented, In 1671, he ferved the office of vice-chancellor. The fame year an order was made by the archbifhop and bifhops, that all thofe who had obtained faculties to preach, fhould furrender them before the third of Augufl ; and that upon their fubfcription to the thirty-nine articles, and other conftitutions and ordinances agreed upon, new licences fhould be granted. This being fignified to the univer fity, and an order fent, requiring them to call in all the faculties granted before, our Author in purfuance thereof furrendered his former licence, obtained in 1566, and had another granted him September 17, 1571, wherein he was likewife conftituted one of the univerfity-preachers. June the nineteenth, in confequence of the queen's nomina tion, he was elected dean of Lincoln, into which dignity he was inftalled Augufl the fecond following. Oclober the thirty-firft he obtained a difpenfation from the archbifhop, impowering him, together with this deanery, his prebend of Ely, and redtory of Teverjham (befides the mafterfhip of Trinity-college) to hold any other benefice whatfoever- Towards the end of the fame year he preached the Latin fermon at the meeting of the convocation, being then proctor for the clergy and chapter of Ely. May the four teenth, the next year, he was prefented to, the lower houfe for their prolocutor and chofen. In Augufl the fame year, he refigned the redtory of Teverjham. He was now, by particular appointment from the arch* bifhop of Canterbury, writing his anfwer to the Admonj-*- tion, which requiring more eafe of mind and leifure hours than the execution of his office as mafter of Trinity*- college (where he met with much trouble and oppofition) feemed to allow of, he even defired to leave the univerfity, How ever, the heads applied to the chancellor in a letter dated September the twenty-eighth, to prevent it. He had a little before, in the fame month this year, expelled Cart wright from his fellowfhip, for not taking orders in due time, according to the ftatute of the colleges. November the fecond, by the appointment pf the bifhop of London, he preached at Paul's Crofs ; and before the expiration of the year came out his anfwer to the 4 Admonition.' X x 2 A 340 W H I T G I F T. As archbifhop Parker was the chief perfon _that fet Whitgift about this work, fo he gave him confiderabfe affiftance therein ; and the feveral parts of the copy as it was finifhedwere fent to him torevife; and Cooper, bifhop of Lincoln, another of the mdft learned bifhops of that time, together with other bifhops and learned men, were confulted with. For, in September 1572, the doctor havT ing made an end of his confutation, as foon as he had written out fair the firft part of it, he fent it to the bifhop of Ely^(Dr. Cox), Dr. Perne (dean of Ely), and fome other learned men, for them to perufe ; and then after wards, for the laft perufal of it, it was by him fent to, the archbifhop of Cantirbury, accompanied with a letter, dated from Trinity-coUege', September the twenty-firft ; and fhortly after having' tranfcribed the fecond part, which the bifhop of Lincoln had read over, he fent that alfo to the archbifhop, with a letter, bearing date Oclober the twenty- firft, from Ely, defiring his grace to perufe it, and tq correct it as fhould feem good to him; he. likewife defired to be directed by the archbifhop to whom he (hould dedi cate it, whether to the quepn or parliament, as Cartwright had done, or any other ; and laftly he prayed his grace, that the printer might be charged not to give a copy of it, or a fheei of it, till all were printed. In this letter he acquainted the archbifhop, that he had an Epiftle of Mr. Gualter (the learned divine of Zurich) written of late to. the bifhop of Ely (a copy of which he fent him inclofed), which would be, he faid, a very fit anfwer for the Epiftle of the fame eminent foreigner fet at the end of the Admo nition by the compilers of it, as favoring their caufe. He did not know the bifhop of Ely's pleafure, whether he would have it printed ; but he told his lordfhip the arch bifhop, -that he would refort unto his lordfhip of Ely for the fame. It appears that he had that bifhop's leave, this letter being publifhed in Latin and Englijh at the end of his book, with this preface: And forafmuch as the au thors of the Admonition, for their better credit", had fet down in print the Epiftles of Mr. Beza and Mr. Gualter, fo he thought good to fet down an Epiftle of Mr. Gualter, revoking the fame upon better information ; as alfo ano ther of Mr. Bullinger, chief minifter of Zurich, concern-. ing the fame fubjedt. So that (as Mr; Strype obferves), in this book, taking in his defence printed a year or two ifter, may be feen all the arguments and policy ufed in thofe times for laying epifcopacy and the liturgy afide, and all the exceptions to them drawn up to the beft ad vantage ; WHITGIFT. 341 ^antege ; and herein alfo are fubjoined a full and parti-: pular anfwer and refutation of the one, ^nd vindication pf the other; together with the favorable fenfe of the learned men abroad, as Peter Martyr, Bucer, Zuinglius, Bullinger, Calvm, Quaker, expreffed in thejr letters, or pther writings of their's, and their approbation of this church's frame and difcipline, and the government of it by bifhops. Mr. Strype, was of opinion, that this book may be juftly efteemed and applied to as one of the public jsooks of the church qf England concerning her profeffiom and principles, and as being of the like authority in re-r fpedt to its worfhip and government, in oppofition to the difciplinarians, as bifhop Jewel's Apology and Defence in refpect of the Reformation and doctrine of it, in oppo-r fition to the Papifts. It was firft printed in 4to, and re printed the year following, with this title: An Anfwer to a certain Libel, int^tled, An Admonition to the Par liament, by John Whitgift, D. of Divinity, newlie aug mented by the Authour, as by Conference (hall appear. Imprinted at London by Henrie Bynnemari, for Humfrey Toy, Anno 1573. To this a reply being publiflied by Mr. Cartwright the next year, 1573, our Author wrote his de fence, the fame year. In, if 75 a Rejoinder being publifhed by Cartwright to our Author's Defence, he confulted his friends upon it, who advifing him to let it pafs as not worthy his notice, he yielded . tq that opinion. Amongft others who diffuaded him, the learned Dr. Whitaker, (though himfelf much inclined to favor Puritanifin) was one; who, in a letter to Dr. Whitgift upon this occafion, has thefe wqrds : $>uem Cartwrightus nuper emifit libellum ejus magnam partem perlegi : Ne vivam, fi quid unquam viderim diffolutius acpene puerilius. VerLorum fatis ille qui dem lautgm novamque fupelleililem habet, rerum omnino nul lum, quantum ego judicare pojfum. Deinde non modo perverfe de principis in rebus facris & ecclefiaflicis authoritate fentit, fed in Papiflarum etiam caflra tr'ansfugit, a quibus tamen videri vult odio capital! dijfidere. Verum nee in hac caufa prendus, fed aliis etiam in partibus tela a Papiflis mutuatur. Denique, ut de Ambrofia dixit Hieronymus,-r-verbis ludit, fen- tentiis dormitat, & plane indignus efl, qui a quoquam doclo rjfutetur. Thus tranflated by Dr. Bancroft ; 4 I have 4. read a. great; part of that book which Mr. Cartwright 4 hath lately publifhed. I pray God I live not, if ever 4 I faw any thing more loqfely written, and almoft more 4 childifhly. It is true, for words he hath a great (tore, 1 4 an^ 34* W H I ¦ T G I F T. 4 and thofe both fine and new ; but for matter, as far as 4 I can judge, he is altogether barren. Moreover, he * doth not only think perverfely of the authority of princes 4 in matters ecclefiaftical, but alfo flyeth unto the Par « pifts holds, from whom he would be thought to diffent 1 with a mortal hatred. But in this point he is not to be * endured, and in other pPints alfo he borroweth his argu- * ments from the Papifts. To conclude, as Jerom faid * of Ambrofe, he playeth with words, and is lame in his * fentiments, and is altogether unworthy to be confuted * by any man of learning.' At the fame time Whitgift appeared, with that warmth that was natural to his temper, againft a defign, then on foot, of abolifhing pluralities, and taking away the im propriations, and tythes, from bifhops, and fpiritual (not including temporal) perfons, for the better provifioh of the poorer clergy. March the 24th, the laft day of the year 1576, he was nominated to the bifhopric of Wor- cefler, to which being confirmed, April 16, he was con fecrated April the 21ft, 1577 ; and as this bifliopricr brought him into the council for the marches of Wales, he was prefently after appointed vice-prefident of thofe marches in the abfence of Sir Henry Sydney, lord prefi-f dent, made lord lieutenant of Ireland. He did not refign his mafterfhip of Trinity-college till June; and in the in terim procured a letter from the chancellor, in order to prevent the practice (then in life) of taking money for the refignation of fellqwfhips. The queen had it in her eye tq raife him to the higheft dignity in the church befqre her intentions took place, and (hewed an inclination, as was faid, to put him into archbilhop Grindal's room before that prelate's death. So much is certain,- that Grindal, in the condition he then was, had been defirous to refign, and as defirous of Whit gift for his fucceffor; but Whitgift could not be perr fuaded upon to comply with it ; and in the queen's pre fence begged her pardon for not accepting thereof upon any condition whatfoever, during the life of the other, But upon Grindal's death, which happened the fixth of. July, 1583, the queen nominated Whitgift to fucceed him, Augufl the fourteenth following j and accordingly he was elected the twenty-third of the fame month, and con firmed the twenty-third of September. On the fevehteenth of November, the queen's acceffion happening on a Saw-' iafi he preached at Paul's Crofs upon this text, Put them in W H I T G I F T". 34£ in mind io be fubjetl to principalities, &c. Titus iii. At his firft entrance upon this charge he found the arch- bifhopric over-rated, and procured an order for the abate ment of one hundred pounds to him and his fucceffors, on the payment of firft-fruits. He (hortly after recovered from the queen, as part of, the poffeffions of the arch- bifhopric, Long-Beach Wood in Kent, which had been many years detained from his predeceffor by Sir James Croft, comptroller of her majefty's houfhoid. But that which moft concerned him was to fee the eftablifhed uniformity of the church in fo great diforder as it was from the non- complying Puritans, who, taking advantage of his prede- ceffor's eafinefs in that refpect, were poflefied of a great many ecclefiaftical benefices and preferments, in which they were fupported by fome of the principal men at court. He therefore fet himfelf with extraordinary •zeai and vigor to reform thefe infringements of the conftitu tion, for which he had the queen's exprefs orders. With this view, on the fifth of December this year, he moved for an ecclefiaftical commiffion, which was foon after iffued to him with . the hifhop of London, and feveral others. To the fame prarpafein 1584, he drew up a form of examination, containing twenty-four articles, which he fent to the bifhops of his province, enjoining them to fummon all fuch clergy as in their refpedti*e diocefes were fufpedted of nonconformity,, and to require them to anfwer thofe articles feverally upon oath ex officio mer-ti, likewife to fubfcribe to the>queen's fupremacy, the Book of Common Prayer, and the thirty-nine articles of ^re ligion. At the fame time he held conferences with feveral- of the Puritans, and by that means brought fome to a com^ pliance ; and when, others appealed from the ecclefiaftical commiffion to the council, he refolutely afferted his jurif-*. diction, and vindicated his proceedings at the peril of his life, and even in fome cafes agaiuft the opinion of lord Burleigh, who washis chief friend there. -He waited this year alfo, about thefe matters, upon the queen, who bad been folicited in favor of fome of the, innovators agairift the liturgy, and foon after fent her highnefs his -aflfwei to all their moft plaufible objections that were commonly urged by them, and gave her feveral reafons why-the difcipline was rather to be fuppreffed, than- by writing confuted. In the mean time he prevailed to have fome of the fees filled, that had been vacant ever fince, the ejedtion of the popifh bifhops; and obtained a promife ¦ '.:' from 344 WHITGIFT; from Burleigh to complete the whole bench. Nbr did BIS zeal for the eftablifhed ecclefiaftical polity difplay itfelf with lefs warmth in oppofing the election this year of Mr. Walter Travers to the mafterfhip of the temple, and in advifing a reftraint to be laid upon the prefs at Cam* bridge. Several petitions being offered to this parliament in favor of the Puritans, for receiving their new platform and book of public prayer, as alfo againft pluralities and the court of faculties, the archbifhop anfwered them, and prefented his anfwer to the queen in perfon. He fent notes alfo upon them to lord Burleigh, December 26. How ever, being made fenfible of the juftnefs of a-^omplaint againft the exceffive fees taken in fpiritual courts, he. fet about drawing up a new ftate of thofe feesj according to antient cuftom, and at the fame time prevailed with the queen not to give her affent to fome bills that had paffed both houfes, which affedled the prefent good eftate of the clergy ; namely, one giving liberty to marry at all times; another for the trial of minifters' fufficiency by twelve laymen, and fuch like. This laft was a precedent for a like act pad and rigidly executed againft the Royalifts during the rebellion and ufurpation of Cromwell. In the fame parliament he procured an act for the better foundation and relief of the poor of the hofpital of Eaft- bridge in Canterbury ; and, before the year was expiredj he found means to put a ftop to a commiffion that was £hen upon the anvil for a melius inquirendum. In 1585* by fpecial order from the queen, he drew up rules for regulating the prefs ; which were confirmed and fet forth by the authority of the ftar-chamber, June 23d. In all his tranfadtions for uniformity, he had conftantly both the permiffion and countenance of the queen, as well as the general concurrence of Burleigh, Leicefler, and Wal fingham. Yet in his proceedings with the Nonconformifts his grace had received fometimes, even from thefe his friends, very hard words. Upon which account, about this time, he joined himfelf in a more ciofe friendfhip with Sir Chriftopher Hatton, then vice-chamberlain to the queen; to .whom he now (July 16) opened his mind; and com plained of the other's ufage of him. The earl of Leicefler particularly, not content with having made Cartwright mafter of his hofpital newly built at Warwick, attempted by a moft artful addrefs to procure a licence for him to preach without the fubfcription ; but the archbifhop pe remptorily refufed to comply. Prefently after this, the fame earl applied to him. to declare his judgement about the WHITGIFT, 345 the queen's aiding the Low Countries, to which he gave a very wary anfwer. This was in the end of July ; and before the end of Augufl he prevented the iffuing of a commiffion for farming out the firft fruits and tenths, With a view of enhancing thofe payments, to the detri ment of the clergy* This year ne fileriped Mr. Travers 'from preaching at the Temple ; notwithftanding, aboujt the fame time being called upon for his judgement in' the difpute betwixt him and Hooker, he gave his opinion lefts in favor of the Papifts than Hooker had done. On Candlemas-day he Was fworn into the .privy council, and the next month framed the ftatutes of cathedral churches* fo as to make them comport with the Refor mation. And the year was not expired, when he fent a prohibition to Cartwright, forbidding him to publiftf his anfwer to the Rhemijh Bihle. In 1586, his name appears among thofe counfeHors who condemned fecretary Davi- fon for procuring the execution of Mary queen of Scots, without the confent of his fovereign ; and upon the dif- covery of Babington's defign to marry the faid queen,, the archbifhop put forth fome prayers under the title of A Form of Prayer,, for thefe dangerous Times. This year; likewife he granted a licence to an Italian merchant-book- feller to import feveral popifh books. The reafon of this may be feen. in the licence itfelf, of which the following is a copy : 44 Whereas fundry books are from time to time fet forth in the parts beyond feas by fuch as are addicted to the/ errors of Popery, yet in many refpe.dts expedient to be had by fome of the learned in this realm, contayninge aljbe oftentimes matter in them againft the ftate of this 44 land, and flaunderous unto it, and therefore not fit 44 books to pafs through every man's hand freely ; in 44 confideration wherecf I have tolerated Afcfinio de Re- 44 nialmei, merchant-book feller, to bring into this realme^ 44 from the parts beyond feas, fome few copies of every *4 fuch fort of books, upon this condition Onlie, that any *4 of them be not had or difperfed abroad, but firft 44 brought to, me, or fome other of her majefty's privy- council, fo that they may be delivered, or directed to be delivered furth unto fuch perfons onlie, as by us or fome of us (hall be thought moft meet men, upon good confiderations and purpofes, to have the reading and perufal of them. 44 Given at Lambeth, the day of Otlobqr, 1586. 44 Anno RegniRegina Eliz. 280." Vot. II. Y y The tc k< S4o WHITGIFT. The lord chancellor's place becoming vacant by the death of Sir Thomas Bromley, Aptil it, 1587, the queert made the archbifhop. an offer of that poft, which he" de clined ; but recommertdea Sir Ghriflepher Hattan, who on the twenty-ninth of April was made lord chancellbr in his Grace's palace at Croydon. The following year, 1588^ he joined with ford Burleigh in reftoring to his fel- ldwfliip at St. John' s-college, at Cambridge, Mr. Evtrard Digby, who had been expelled by Dr. Whitake'r the maf ter, and fome of the fellows, upoh fufpicion of Popery; and about the fame time gave an anfwer to a captious fyllogifm, in which he Was concluded, by practice Of po pifh tyranny, to endanger her majefty's fafety. Upon the alarm of the Spanijh invafion this year, he procured an order of the council to preveht the clergy from being c'effed by the lord lieutenants for furrtifhing arms, and wrote circular letters to the bifhops, to" take tare that their clergy fhould be ready with a voluntary •appointment of arms, &c. This year came out a Viru lent pamphlet, entitled, Martyn Marprektte, in which the archbifhop Was feverely handled in very coarfe language. The univerfity of Oxford lofing their chancellor, the earl of Leicefler, this year, feveral of the heads and others fig nified to the archbifhop their intention to choofe him into that poft. This offer, being a ¦Cambridge' man, he de clined for himfelf, but made ufe of it to recommend hfe friend Sir Chriflopher Hattan, who was elected : By which means the archbifliop came into a great (hare of the go vernment of that univerfity. In 1590, Cartwright being cited before the ecclefiaftical commiffion for feveral mil- demeanors, and refufing to take the oath ex officii was fent to the Fleet prifon ; and the archbifhop drew up a paper containing feveral articles, more explicitly againft the Difciphnarians than the former, to be fubfcribed by all licenfed Preachers. The next year, 1591, Cartwright was brought before the ftar-chamber, and upon giving bail for his quiet behavior, was difcharged at the motion of the archbifhop, who this year was appointed, by com mon confent, to be arbitrator between two men of emi nent learning in a remarkable point of fcripture chrono logy. Thefe were Hugh Broughton, of Chrift' s-college in Cambridge, the greateft fcholar in Hebrew and Jewijh learning in thofe times, afid'Dr; Reyftolds, of Corpus Chrifti in Oxford, divinity profeffor there. The point in difoute 'was, 4 Whether the chronology of the times from Adam ' to Chrifl could be afeertained by the holy fcriptures r" The WHITGIFT. 34?. The firft held the affirmative, which was denied by the latter. The fame year in the vacancy of the, fee of Sa- rum by the tranflation of Dr. Piers to the archbifhopric of fork, our archbifliop prefented and inftituted Mr. Hooker into the living of Bofcomb, in Wiltjhire, and to the prebend of Nether-haven, ,in the church of Sarwn. In 159a, he vifited All-Jouls-eollege, and the following year Dr. Bancroft publifhed his Survey of Difcipline, wherein he cenfured Beza's conduct in. intermeddling with the Englijh affairs in refpedt of churqh-government, upon which that minifter complained pf this ufage in a letter to the archbifhop, who returned a Jong anfwer, in which he not only (hewed the juftice of Dr. Bancroft's complaint, but further alfo vindicated Saravia and Sutcliffe, two" learned men of the Englijh church, who had .written in behalf of the order of epifcopacy againft Beza's doctrine of the equality of minifters of the gofpel, and a ryling prefbytery. In 1594, frefh complaints being made in par liament of. the corruption of the ecclefiaftical courts, the archbifhop made a general furvey of thofe cpurt;s and their officers ; and the fame year he put a ftqp to the paf- fing of fome new grants of concealed lands belonging to tho cathedrals. This year he likewife procured of the queen for.Mr. Hooker the gqqd rectory pf Bifhops-bourne, near Canterbury. The fame year he fummoned the famous Hugh Brevghton to give an account of fome of his doc trines concerning the article of Chrifl's defcent into hell. In 1595, when the tumults of the Difeiplinarians ap peared to be in a good meafure appeafed, there fprung up the Prsedeftinarian controverfy, which occ^fioned the drawing up of the ' Lambeth Articles,' wherein the arch bifhop had the direction, and fent a copy of them to Cam bridge, with a letter and private directions to teach the doctrine contained in them in that univerfity; and pray ing that nothing (hquld be publicly taught there againft them, notwithftanding he was fenfible at the fame time* that this ftep was not agreeable to the queen. See page iS6. Note. • This year he obtained letters patent frpm her majefty, and began the foundation of his hofpital at Croydon. The fame year he protected the hofpital of Harbledown, in Kent, againft an invafion of their rights and property s And, the queen having made a grant to him of all the revenues belonging to the hofpital of Eaftbridge, in Can terbury, he found out and recovered the next year fome lands wrongfully withheld from it, In, 159.7, the fore-, Y y 2 gat« &S WHITGIFT. gate of his hofpital at Croydon was finifhed, and in 1599, the whole building being completed, it was confecrated by Dr. Bancroft, then bifhop- of London, The founding of this hofpital (the largeft then in the kingdom) having given rife to an invidious report of the , arch bi (hop's im- menfe wealth and large revenues, he drew up a particular account of all his purchafes fince he had been bifhop, with the fums given for the fame, and the yearly value of the lands, and to what and whofe ufes, together with , the yearly value of the archbifhopfic. The mayor of Canterbury having this year fummoned the choir of that church to mufter with the militia, he oppofed it with great warmth. ' Mr. Hooker dying in November before he had pub lifhed hjs three laft books of his Ecclefiaftical Polity, the archbilhop made the moft diligent fearch after the copy, and not being able to find any thing but fome rough draughts of them, thefe, as it is faid, he put into the hands of a particular intimate friend of the Author, who at the archbifhop's requeft finiflled the defign, This year,i 600, he fufpended a clergyman for three years, for executing a clandeftine marriage between Edward earl of Hertford and Francis Pranel.- Thomas Cartwright dying this year, the archbifliop had the fatisfadtion of finding the opinion, he had not long before given of his good in clinations towards the eftablifhed conftitution of the church, confirmed, After Cartwright was admitted to bail at the archbifhop's motion, he always acknowledged the obligation, as appears by feveral letters of his to the, archbifhop, In one, dated March 24, 1601, he acknow ledges l- his bond of moft humble duty fo much the 4 ftridter, becaufe his Grace's favour proceeded from a 4 frank difpofition, without any defert of his own;' and the archbifliop, fays Sir George Paul, hath been heard to fay, 4 that if Mafter Cartwright had not fo far engaged 4 himfelf as he did in the beginning, he thought verily 4 in his latter tirpe he would have been drawn to confor- 4 mity ; for when he was freed from his troubles, he often 4 repaired to the archbifhop, who ufed him kindly, and 4 was contented to tolerate his preaching in Warwick 4 divers years, upon his promife not to impugn the eccle- 4 fiaftical eftablifhment, but perfuade and procure as much 4 as in him lay the eftimation thereof, which he per- 4 formed ; but when her majefty came to know of the 4 archbifhop's connivancy, (he was difpleafed with it.' §ir Henry Telv.ertofi allures us? that his .laft words on his 1 death-. WHITGIFT. 349 dteath-bed were, 4 that he forely lamented the 'tihneceffary * troubles he had caufed in the church by the fchifm he '.had been the. great fomenter of; and wifhed he was to *¦ begin his life again, that he might teftify to the world the 4 diflike, he had of his-former ways; and in this opinion 4 he died.' The' next year Whitgift conftantly attended the queen in her laft illnefs, and compofed a prayer upon that occafion ; he was principal mourner at her funeral, received the offeringj^and had the banners prefented to him. K. James being proclaimed March 24, 1602, the archbifhop fent Dr. Nevil, dean of Canterbury, into Scot land to his majefty, in the name of the bifhops and clergy of England, to tender their allegiance, and to underftand his majefty's pleafure in regard to the government of the church, and though the dean brought a gracious meffage to him from the king, alluring him that he would main tain the fettlement as his predeceflbr had left it, yet the archbifhop paffed this fummer of the year 1603 in fome pain about ita prefervation. . The Puritans hadv immediately upon the death of queen Elizabeth, conceived frefh hopes of fome countenance, if not eftablifhment of their new difcipline, and began to talk loudly of challenging forthwith all exemption from the cenfure of, and fubjection to, the ecclefiaftical autho rity. A book had been printed the year before by that party, entitled; The Plea of the Innocents, and this year in April there came out The humble Petition of the thou fand Minifters for redreffing Offences in'the Church, at the end of which they required a conference ; and in Oclober a proclamation was iffued touching a meeting for the hearing and determining things' pretended to be amifs in the church. The archbifhop's diligence' in this affair is feen in a letter which he wrote to the earl of Shrewjbury foon after, by which it appears alfo, that he was then. fviz. in December) fo much indifpofed with the jaundice (a diforder incident to his. conftitution) as not to be able to wait upon the king and court abroad that fummer. Before the < conference he: fent fome queries to his old friend Dr. Hutton, then archbifhop of York, of matters that mould be concerted at this conference, for his judge ment. The conference was held at Hampton- court, and Jailed three days,< June 14, 16, and 18. Anaccount of it was afterwards written by Dr. Barlow, then dean of Chefler, at the particular requeft of the archbifhop: One principal defign pf which was thereby to wipe off an afperfiofl 35."3= THEODORE BEZA. THIS great minifter of Geneva was one of the chief pil-* larsof the Reformed church. He was bom the twenty-" fourth of June, 1519,' at Vezelay^ a city of Burgundy in France? where his family was in great efteem, and he was nobly defcended by both parents. His father was called Peter de Beza, and was bailiff of the town. His mother's name was Mary de Bourdelot.. Beza tells us this him-t felf; as alfo; that he was not the. offspring of monks; and that, his family, if it could recover what it had fuper* ftitioufly beftowed on monks for ,two hundred years, would be very wealthy^ He was fent to Paris very young", where he was tenderly educated under the care of his un* cle Nicholas Beza) counfellor of the parliament^ till 1528, when he was fent to Orleans j to ftudy under Melchior Wol- ¦mar, a German, and profeffor of the Greek language at ¦Bourges; but he left that employment^ and returned to Germany in 1535. Bezcf then began to ftudy the law at Orleans; but he fpent the beft part of his time in com- pofing verfes, and reading the dailies* , He diftinguifhed himfelf in a very particular manner by his poetry, which made him carefied by the moft learned men .of the uni verfity, and highly extolled by the beft poets of that time. His uncle the counfellor, who defigned him for the church, died in 1532 : But another uncle, ahbot of Froick? mont, had the fame kindnefs for this nephew, and in tended to refign his abbey to him, which was worth fif teen, thoufand livres a year. Beza took his licentiate's de gree in 1539, when he was in his twenty-firft year, arfd then went to Paris, where fome good preferments were provided for him, which he might well expect from the wintered: of his friends, his great talents, and uncommon reputation. The allurements- of pleafure, the fweets of fame tjfrvm,/TL6' z % poems 356 B . £ Z A. , poems of hi* youth, he anfwered ; " That man vexetfa 44 himfelf, becaufe Chrift hath vouchfafed me his graced' Mezera'i treats Beza very ill : He adopts the ftory for truth, which had been fpread, of an accufation of fodomy -entered againft that minifter before the parliament of . Paris 3 and another ftory of his running away with Can dida, his taylor's wife. This appears unworthy of a ju dicious hiftorian ; for he warrants the thing, and .can , bring no proof. He charges Beza with fimpny and adul- ,tery, which is moft fhameful in fo famous and illuftrious an hiftorian, who has greatly injured himfelf with perfons of judgement, for leaving fuch danders, unfupported by authentic acts. Maitnbourg only paraphrafed Mezerai when he drew an horrible picture of Beza ; except that he • quotes Bolfec, Spondanus, Florimond de Remand, and Clau~ dius de Xaintes. Beza has publicly maintained, that thofe (lories were enormous calumnies ; that he had lived an unblameable life at Paris ; that he left it neither out of fear, nor for debt, but for his religion ; and tha.t he had never attempted his neighbor's wife any more than the Indies. If the fadt in queftion be of fuch a nature that it may be proved authentically ; and if the accufers want neither good-will, nor induftry; it muft be concluded, if they do not prove.it, they are calumniators; and this ¦ is fufficient to convict Beza's accufers of calumny. The honor which Beza afterwards acquired in zealoufly maintaining the Reformation, caufed his poems to be re- '.marked, without which they had never been exclaimed againft. Cardinal Richelieu has charged Beza with imi-. taring the lewdnefs of'Ovid and Catullus in his poems: Butthis proceeded from his negligence in tranfcribing fome of the rhapfodies, which were thrown out againft Beza by his inveterate enemies. We can never fuffici- ently deplore the malice or ignorance of men, when we remember that Beza was aceufed of an abominable crime, on. fo frivolous a ground as his epigram, De fua in Candi- dam et Audebertum benevolentia, Maimbourg renewed this accufation in his hiftory of Calvinifm : But he is very fully refuted by an examination of the piece itfelf, with out ftrengthening the apology from the great merit of Aude-r bert, who was a worthy man, a goqd Latin poet, and pre-. Adept ih the court of affeflc-rs of fubfidies in Orleans. Aude-t bert juftified Beza, who made ufe pf the fame argument,, and fays to one of his enemies ; 4 What, when you are tranf? 4 ported to fuch a pitch, as even to conftrue my moft inti-. * mate friejjidfhip amd familiarity, with a man ^f the higbeft. 4 honour, BEZA. 357 •' -honour, into fo wicked and abominable a crime as I 4 cannot fo much as mention without horror ; though it 4 ferves you< in your cells for jeft and fport, muft you 4 not be detefted by all good men ?' Audebert died in 1599; and his epitaph, in the church of the Holy Crofs at Orleans, fays, that he was ennobled, with all his poste rity, and knighted by Henry III. for his virtue only. 4 Such an authentic piece alone (fays a learned minifter), 4 feems to me capable of putting an end to the abominable * calumny which has hitherto been charged on the me- * mory of that excellent and religious man.' He meant Bezel, of whom he wrote a fmall Latin apology. Beza was of opinion, that the equality of paftors is of divine right, and that the ecclefiaftical hierarchy is a fun damental corruption ; meaning undoubtedly the perverted fyftem of the church of Rome ; for it appears (fays Mr. ¦Strype) • that afterwards Beza and Sadeel, in the name of 4 the church pf Geneva, profeffed, in a letter written to 4 our ar«hbifhop Whitgift, their refpect, honour, and ap- 4 probation of the church of England, by way of contra* i* diction to fome perfons* who, under fandtion of the Ge- 4 neva form, attempted to overthrow its ponftitutiont' He fled to Geneva with his intended bride, and arrived there the twenty-fourth of October, 1548. He was ac companied by John Grifp'in, a particular friend. But Beza went to fee Melchior Wolmar, at Tubingen ; and the following year, he accepted the profefforfliip of the Greek tongue at Laufanne, a city in the canton of Bern: He •then married Claudia Denoffa, with whom he lived forty years lovingly and honorably : For (he was a lady of great merit, diligent, frugal, and particularly careful of her hufband.' Beza foon became very famous for his Latin compofi tions and particularly for his excellent . Tranflation of the Pfalms of David in verfe. And he wrote a Treatife pf the Rights that Magiftrates have to punifh Heretics. The laft was upon the occafion of Michael Servetus, whom the fenate of Geneva had ordered to be burnt. He publifhed feveral other books at Laufarme, particu larly, 44 A Short Explanation of Chriftianity ; an Anfwer to Joachim Weflphalus concerning the Lord's Supper; Two Dialogues on the fame fubjedt againft Hejhuftus$ and an Anfwer to Caflalio concerning the Doctrine of Predeftination." Beza, at this time, had not tempered his fire, and moderated his gay difpofition, which made him let fall m,any railleries in his works ; It is true, he called them 35S B E Z A. them pious railleries ; but they expofed him to the cen» fure of his adverfaries. Beza went frequently to Geneva, to vifit Calvin, during the vacations, Calvin was delighted with his poetry ; but exhorted him to dedicate his talents to the fervice of the church ; and particularly advifed him to finifh what Marat had begun.- Beza followed this advice, and tran-. dated into French verfe, the hundred Pfalms, which re-r mained undone by Marat. The tranflation of the re* mainder of David's Pfalms (hews what Beza could do \ though he has not fo happily.fucceeded as Clement Marol in his fifty. This Tranflation was made into French. During the nine years that Beza continued at Laufanne*, he would not confine himfelf to Greek lectures. He read fome alfo in French on the New Teftament, which were for the instruction and confolation of feveral refugees of both fexes, who lived at Laufanne - But they have been confidered as the feeds of his Latin tranflation of the New Teftament with notes, which he firft publifhed in 1556 s A fecond edition Was publifhed ten years after, and dedi cated to Elizabeth queen of England: The fifth edition came out in 1528, which he dedicated again to the fame queen by a pew epiftle, and fuppreffed the firft wherein he had largely explained his method and defign. He re* vifed this work feveral times, and made many corrections in it, for which he has been cruelly reproached, It was faid, that many at Cambridge difregafded religion ; being induced by Beza to believe that the New Teftament was corrupt 5 as they had been^ by Edward Livilejusi that the Old one was very much fo. But no man, who is fen? fible of the difficulty of fuch a work, will think it-ftrange, tihatBeza fhould make fome alterations in each edition. Calvin had a thorough knowledge of- men, and intended Beza for his fucceffor. He often commiffioned him ta confer with the Lutherans; and at laft invited him to Geneva. Before Beza quitted the profefforfhip which he exercifed at Laufanne, he made a journey into Germany, in the character of a deputy, and had the pleafure of conferring with Melantlhon as he paffed through Frankfort in 1557, when he went with Farel and John Budaus to die courts Of the elector palatine, the landgrave of Heffe, and the duke of Wirtemberg, to defire the interceffion of thofe princes for the vallies of Piedmont, which were then in poffeffion of the French king. Beza taught Greek about ten years at Laufanne^ .and re turned and fettled at Geneva in 1559, His enemies. gau« out B E Z Av 25^ 6Ht that he was expelled the former city ; and Reboul^ that fatyrical writer, who was beheaded at Rome for his Pafqui.nades, fays it was becaufe Beza got his maid with child. This is falfe : If it had been true, it would have been known at Geneva as well as at Laufanne; and hq would riot have gone a>vay honorably, as he tells his preceptor Wolmar. He would not have come every year, as he did, to Laufanne, and have been fo well received : They (hewed him fo much refpedt, that they ufed to 0 out arid meet him, as their public memoirs teftify. Beza himfelf fays, '4 that he returned from Laufanne to Geneva, 44 that he might dedicate himfelf wholly to divinity." Viret), and other learned men, alfo went to Geneva for certain reafohs which it was not thought proper to de-r clare; but we may conjecture, that it was owing, fqlely to confiftorial or academic fadtions. » Beza ftrongly attached himfelf to Calvin at Geneva, where he foon became his colleague, in the church, and univerfity. He fucceeded Claudius Pontanus as minifter; and compofed his Confeffion of Faith in Latin, which he had formerly wrote in French, to juftify himfelf to his father, and with a view of converting the old man. He publifhed this Latin confeffion in 1560, dedicated to Wolmar. The Guifes had invaded the royal authority under the reign of Francis II. to the prejudice of the princes of the blood. Beza was fent to Nerac, at the instigation of fome great perfons of the kingdom, to convert Anthony of Bourbon, king of Navarre, and to confer with him about: matters of confequence, That king fignified, both by letters and deputies to the fenate of Geneva, that he der fired Beza fhould aflrft at the conference of Poijft, tp which the fenate readily confented. No better choice could, have been made for the good of the caufe ; a/jit Beza went to the conference that was held there in. 1561. The king of Navarre had been engaged in behalf of the Proteftants by Jane d'Albret's wife. She had received the chief fectaries of Luther, who were come into. France, in hatred of Julius II. which furnifhed Ferdinand of Ar- ragon with a pretence to feize upon Navarre. Q^ Ca tharine of Medicis fometimes cruelly perfecuted the Prq- teftants, and fometimes favored them ; for (he made all things fubfervient to her paffion for dominion. There were then at the French court feveral ambaffadors from the German princes, who came to congratulate Charles IX. upon his acceffion. The king of Navarre began t,a < take 3&> BEZA; take meafures with them to engage the Proteftant princes- to defend and promote the pure doctrine of the Reformation, The ambaffadors reprefented to him, on the part of theif matters, that he ought to eftablifh, and caufe to be re ceived, the dodtrine, which was according to the con feffion of Augjburg, compofed in part of that of Luther, and not of Calvin, which was according to the confeffion of the Sivitzers. The prince replied, 4 that, this latter 4 being already eftablifhed in France, it muft be fuffered * to continue in the ftate it was in : That it was of fmall * import, whether the dodtrine of Luther or Calvin was 4 followed, fince they were both equally oppofite to the * pope in all things, and differed from each other but in 1 very few points : And that the two confeffions ought to *- be confidered as containing the fame dodtrine, fince * they were equally contrary to the common enemy, the * pope.' The continual difputes, fubfifting among the French fub jects about religion, at laft determined the bifhops to ap* point a conference between the French fubjects and the Pro* teftant minifters. It was held at-Poiffi, where the princes, the cardinals, and the greateft lords of the kingdom affifted', and the king himfelf prefided. It was opened on the ninth of September, 1561. The. chancellor De I'Hofpital declared, that the king's intention in affembling them was, to difcover, from their feritiments, a remedy for the diforders which arofe in his kingdom on the fubjedt of religion ; that they fhould therefore endeavor to cor rect fuch things as required it; and that they ifhould not feparate, till they had put an end to all differences by a fincere reconciliation. The chancellor, in his harangue, made no fcruple to give the title of National Council to this conference ; and compared it to the provincial fynOds of Orleans, Aries, and Aix, which the emperor Charle magne had caufed to be held. This conference continued near two months : Great difputes arofe upon the contefted points : And a fecretary was always prefent to take down minutes of every thing that was faid or done. The Proteftant doctors, and par ticularly Beza, fpoke with great freedom. He had a ready Wit, and much learning: He knew the world, and fpoke 'Well. His fpeech was heard with great attention, till he touched upon the real prefence, when an expreffion which he made ufe of caufed a murmuring, The expreffion was this : 44 We fay, that the body of Jefus Chrifl is as fir *4 from the bread and wine, as the higheft heaven is-re- 2 « rnote & FT Z A. 36i .** mote From the earth;" It is furprizing, that fuch a grave hiftorian as Mezerai durft fay, that this propofi- tion of Beza was paffionate and offenfive ; that Beza was afhamed of it himfelf; that it ftrange-ly offended the ear's of the Catholics ; arid that the prelates trembled with horfor .at it. Mezerai might think thefe tremblings rea- fonable ; but he made himfelf ridiculous by it ; for it is the fame-thing to fay, 4 the body of Jefus Chrifl is not 4 prefent in the holy facrament ;' and to fay, 4 it is at ' a very great diftance from it.' Bayle obferves, that ' this * (ingle expreffion, though many others as contrary and * repugnant to the dodtrine of the church of Rome had 4 been faid by him, was the caufe that the prelates began 4 to ftir, and to murmur. Some cried Out, blafphemavit ; * others arofe to be gone, not being able to do any thing 4 worfe, becaufe of the king's prefence. The cardinal 4 De Tpufnon, dean of the cardinals, who was feated in * the chief place, required of the king and the queen, 4 that filence might be impofed on Beza; or that he, and * his whole company, might be permitted-to retire. Nei- 4 ther the king, nor any of the princes, ftirred ; an8 4 audience was given to proceed. Silence being made, 4 Beza faid ; " I defire you, firs, to hear the conclufion, 44 which will fatisfy you :" And then he returned to his 4 difcourfe, which he continued to the end.' Nothing will better difcover the weaknefs of the human mind. An old cardinal, and many bifhops, are fcandalized, are going away, and cry out blafphemy : For what ? Becaufe they heard a minifter fay, that Jefus Chrifl is not cor poreally prefent in the fymbols of the bread ' and wine of the eucharift. Can there be a Worfe grounded, or more childifti, caufe of offence ? When people-teach, that the body of Jefus Chrifl, is prefent but in one place at one time, and that it is always feated rn Paradife at $tte right- hand of GOD, they plainly maintain, that it' is as re mote from the facrament of the eucharift, as Paradife is from the earth. Now the prelates of the conference at Poifft could not be ignorant, that the Proteftants taught, that the humanity of Jefus Chrifl is always in heaven, at the right hand of G O D ; and that it can be prefent but in one place at one time ; arid they could not expect that Beza would pegledt tq explain the dodtrine Of his perfua- fion : Therefore, they fhould not have been offended with this expreffion ; or elfe they went to the affembly with this opinion, that the Proteftant minifters would betray their caufe, and only endeavor to deceive the king. Gatha- VoL. II. 3 A ritie 362 B E Z A; rine de Medicis faid, in her letter to M. de Rlnnes^ arrf* baffador of France at the emperor's court, that 4 Beza, 4 (peaking of the facrament, forgot himfelf, in a com* 4 parifon, fo abfurd and offenfive to the ears of all the 4 affiftants, that (he was near filencing him, and fending 4 all the minifters away, without fuffering them to proceed 4 any farther.' In the remaining part of this conference, Beza behaved like a man of great capacity, and never fuffered himfelf to be furprized by the artifices of the cardinal of Lorrain. But they at laft feparated, without coming to any con- clufion ; the catholics not being difpofed to make con- ceffions in any one article. In the courfe of one of the debates, a doctor of the Sorbonne, irritated at the ftrength of his adverfary's argu ments, pointed With his finger to Beza, and (aid in a threatening manner, 4 If we could but once catch thee 4 within the walls of the Sorbonne, thou (houldeft not get 4 out again.'— A lively argument truly ! Beza did not return to Geneva when the conference was ended ; for, being a Frenchman, Catharine de Medicis would have him ftay in his own country. He preached frequently before the queen of Navarre, the pfince of Conde, and in the fuburbs of Paris. The king of Navarre, though of the religion of the Proteftants, declared himfelf againft them, to preferve the title of viceroy : But the prince of Conde, the Coligny's, and feveral others, .being difcontented at the abfolute government of the triumvirate, and in cenfed by the ill treatment of the Proteftants, whofe doc trine they had embraced, retired from court, and began to make the Proteftants take up arms in their own defence. The pope; the emperor, the king of Spain, and the ca tholic Swift cantons, entered into a league againft the prince of Conde, and undertook to prevent the Proteftant princes from raifing troops to fuccor his party. This league made very ftrong impreffions upon the minds of the people in France, Germany, and all the northern na tions, where they were fo highly difpofed in favor of the Proteftants, that they furnifhed them with one hundred thoufand crowns to carry on the war ; and the prince of Conde obtained leave to raife troops among all the Prote ftant princes. The prince took Orleans, Roan, Lyons, and feveral other places, in 1562, without effufion of blood, except Tours, which was taken by affault. The victorious foldiers Woke open the churches, and pulled down the images and BEZA, 363 and ftatues of the faints : But the veffels pf gold and (ilver, and the facred ornaments, which were very nu-, merous, were faved. The king of Navarre took Roan, but was mortally wounded at the fiege, and died when he was no more than twenty-five years of age. Some hours before his death he received the facrament, accord ing to the antient cuftom of the church ; but he declared, that if GOD was pleafed to reftore him to his health, he would publicly embrace the confeffion of Augjburg. Beza attended the prince of Conde during this civil war, and was at the battle of Dreux, in 1562, as a mi nifter. The fortune of this engagement was very un common ; for the generals of both parties were taken pri- foners. The conftable Montmorency was carried to Or leans ; and the prince of Condeto the jcamp of the king's troops : After which, the duke of Guife commanded the Royalifts, and Coligny commanded the Proteftants. Clau dius de Xaintes reproached Beza for being in arms : But Beza anfwered him, that he was prefent at the battle in the habit of his order, not armed ; nor could he be juftly charged with the (laughter of one man, or with flight. During the imprifonment of the prince of Conde, Beza always kept with admiral Coligny, and did not return to Geneva, till after the peace of 156,3. The duke of Guife was piftoled before Orleans by Poltrot, a Proteftant gen tleman, who was taken, and brought before the queen. He was interrogated in her prefence, and anfwered like a madman ; fometimes declaring that he had committed this action at the felicitation of Coligny, Soubize, and Beza j at other times denying this ; and again faying things con tradictory to both thefe. The duke of Guife was efteemed one of the greateft men of his time ; and his party ac eufed Beza of having a hand in the murder. The great and univerfally acknowledged probity of admiral Coligny did not fuffer the public to believe he had any concern in fo deteftable an action, nor even that he had the leaft knowledge of it : But the princes of the houfe of Guife were of another opinion ; and looked upon him as the author of the murder. Poltrot was condemned to be torn in pieces by four horfes. Before the execution he was put to the rack, and denied that Coligny, Spubize, and Beza were privy to his crime. The conftable Montmorency, and the prince of Conde, were afterwards both killed in battle. — Coligny was'affaffinated, and the Proteftants were rpaffacred throughout all France. - ¦ 3 A 2 When, 364 B- E-' Z A. When Beza returned to Geneva, he fucceeded Calvitt* He wrote an apology for his Latin, tranflation of the New Teftament, which had beencenfured by Sebaflian Caflalio^ •whom Beza charges with openly endeavoring, in a pre face on the perverfion of the facred books, to deftroy the fufficiently evident authority of the divine word. Sainte A'ldegOnde wrote to Beza, that ,4 there was a new' kind of 4 enthufiafts, who from the German theology, tranflated 4 into Latin by Caflalio, from Taulerus a crazy monk, and 4' from the ravings of other heretics both antient and 4 modern, patch together thofe rhapfodies which are fo 4 very agreeable,, not only to the fuperftitious and ig- 4 norant vulgar, but to men of moderate learning and no 4 contemptible piety, that they all prefs to the books of 4 thefe men, as to fome hidden treafure. It would be 4 tedious to reckon up all their , wild notions ; nor can 4 you be ignorant of moft of them, who have often been 4 obliged to encounter thefe rrtonfters, among whom I 4 reckon Caflalio noj: the leaft considerable.' Beza was perfuaded, that Caflalio had tranflated that book into Latin; yet. he would not affirm it in a public work, before he, had informed himfelf whether it could be poffible to pro duce good proofs of it, if Cajlalio fhould deny it. A wife precaution ; for Caflalio, denied, before the minifters of Bafil, that he had any (hare in that book. Nicholas Beza, who was bailiff of Vezelai, Red to Ge neva, on account of his religion, in 1568, and died there foon after of the plague, at the houfe of Theodore Beza, his brother, by the father's fide. Theodore took a journey to Vezelai, to fettle the affairs of the family of the de* ceafed. He endeavored to perfuade; a fifter which he .had in a nunnery, to forfake the church of Rome : But fhe was an old nun, very obftinate in her -religion, and would not liften to his remonftrances. On Beza's return to Geneva from Vezelai, he attacked Brentius^ and' James Andreas, upon their doctrine of ubi quity. He alfo attacked the errors of Flaccius Illyricus;. and wrote his book De Divortiis & Repudiis, againft Ochinus, who had' written in favor of polygamy. He an fwered Selneeerus and Pappus. He turned the Pfalms of David into all forts of Latin- verfes ; and tranflated the Canticles jnto lyric verfe. He publifhed a treatife of the facrament ; and fome fermons on the paffion of Chrifl. The religious war in France deftroyed many thoufands, on both fides, and Beza returned again to that kingdom. in B E Z A. 365, 1st 1571, to affift at the national fynod of Rochelle, ol which he was eledted moderator. The Papifts broke the peace of 1568, by the maffacre of Paris in 1571, which was called the maffacre of St. Bartholomew. Above thirty thoufand .Proteftants were murdered; and the king of Navarre, with the young prince of Conde, the only two perfons fayed, Were compelled to abjure the Reformed religion. This horrid bufinefs, commonly called the, wedding of Paris, has been fcandaloufly repr.efepted by Gabriel Naude as a mafter-piece in policy. But all the Europeans looked upon this action with the utmoft ab horrence; faying, that, in the accounts of the moft bar-* barous nations, there was not an example of fuch horrid cruelty. The Hugonots recommenced the war- with great ani-i mofity ; and Beza, in 1572, affifted at the fynod of Nifmes, where he oppofed the faction of John Morel, who defigned tp introduce a new difcipline. The royal army befieged JLochelle, which was fo gallantly defended by the Pro-. teftants, that peace was granted them in 1573. . The fifth civil war began the next year, when Charles IX. died, and was fucceeded by his brother, Henry III. The prince of Conde at that time fent for Beza to Strajburg, that he might carry on a negotiation with prince John. Cafimir, adminiftrator of the palatinate; which (hews, it was well, known, that Beza underftood other things be fides ledtiires and books. He fucceeded fo well, that Ca fimir brought an army from Germany to affiPc the Hugonots,. who obtained a peace upon more advantageous terms than any of the former. Beza, returned to Geneva, where James Arminius was fent in 1582, to perfect his ftudies, at the expence of "the magiftrates of Amfterdam. , He chiefly followed the lectures of Beza, who at that time expounded the epiftle to the Romans. Arminius was afterwards profeffor of di vinity at Leyden; and formed a feparate feet, which was condemned in, a national fynod ; for he oppofed Beza as a SupraJapfarian ; aad acknowledged no other election, but that which was grounded on the obedience of finners tQ the call of GOD by Jefus, Chrifl, or, in other words, that there is .really , no. fuch thing. as election at all, in which he agreed with the Papifts, Pelagians, and others heretics. < Beza wrote his De.ceena Domini, againft Harchius; and afterwards continued quietly at Geneva till 1586, in which time there had been three pther Qivil wars in France about religion, 366 B E- Z A. religion. The duke of Guife, and his brother the carw dinal, were affaffinated by order of the king, who, in 1589, was (tabbed in his turn by James Clement, a monk, and died of the wound. The line of Valois ended in this prince, who Was fucceeded by Henry IV. a Proteftant of the Bpttrbon branch, and king of Navarre. Some gentlemen had left France for religion, and fled to Montbelliard, in the Franche-Comte. The count of that country, in compliance with the defire of thefe refugees, defired the canton of Bern to name deputies, to confer with the divines of Wirtemberg; and he alfo defired the republic of Geneva to fend Beza to the conference. Beza, and Anthony la Faye, came as deputies from Geneva ; Muf culus, and Huberus, were the Swifs deputies ; and James Andreas, and Luke Ofiander, were the chief deputies of Wirtemberg. The difpute was left to Beza and Andreas, The former would have the difpute managed' fyllogifti- cally ; but he was obliged to yield to the defires of his adverfary, who would not be confined to fuch rules. An dreas ufed a long and declamatory way of fpeaking, which • obliged Beza to do the fame; and the difpute was not cleared up, though it lafted many days. Each party beaded to have gained the victory, and publifhed an ac count accordingly. This conference was held more for political than theological reafons. The count of Mont-, belliard had been an Ubiquitarian, till he heard Beza's fermons and lectures, when he altered his opinion, apd gave protection to the refugees : But his aim in holding this conference was to clear himfelf from the fufpicion of Calvinifm, that the emperor might favor his fucceffion to the duchy of Wirtemberg, Beza loft his wife ip 1588 ; but this domeftic affliction did not prevent him from going to the fynod at Bern, where the dodtrine of Samuel Huberus, concerning our juftification, which, he faid, confifted in an inherent quality, was condemned, Beza grieved for his wife, who has been praifed for feveral good qualities, and chiefly for her conjugal affection; he was now near feventy ; yet, the fame year, he was married again to a widow, who furvived him. The name of this fecond wife was Catha rine de la Plane, who alfo took care of him as long as he lived. The, inconveniences of old age began to come upon him in 1597, an^ obliged him to fpeak but feldom in . public. In that year a report was fpread throughout fyoly, Germany, and Holland, that Beza had renounced BEZA, 36? his' religion before the fenate, and had exhorted the magi ftrates to reconcile themfelves to the church of Rome\ and that, by a fpecial order from the pope, the bifhop had abfolved him before his death. They who invented and* fpread this ftory were little acquainted with the true in- terefts of their church. The falfehood was eafily con futed by the minifters of Geneva, who publifhed two pieces, one in Latin and the other in French, attended with all the authenticity neceffary to refute this foolifh lie. Beza confuted it in a letter to William Stuckius ; and the jefuit Clement du Puy, who was looked upon as the inventor of this fable, had a (hower of fatyrical verfes on himfelf in particular, and on his own order in general, which Beza's mufes, old as they were, made very for midable. The laft time that Beza preached was on the day that peace was proclaimed in 1598, when he expounded the eighty-fifth Pfalm, Thou haft made peace, Lord, with thy people. The laft verfes which he compofed were a Votivd ' Gratulatio, to Henry IV. after he had been kindly re ceived by that monarch near Geneva, in the month of December, 1600. The king had been obliged to embrace the Romifh religion in 1593: But, in 1598, he publiflied an edict at Nantz, to quiet the minds of the Proteftants, by fecuring to them the free exercife of their religion. He concluded a peace with Spain at Vervins, and then at tacked the duke of Savoy, whofe dominions he had almoft conquered, and lay encamped at St. Catharine' s-f ort, about two leagues diftant from Geneva, when he received the deputies at Luyfel, a quarter of a league from the fort. Dr. Span reports the fpeech which Beza made to that prince, and the king's anfwer. Beza praifed the piety of Henry, in refcuing the churches of GOD from oppref- fion ; and contented himfelf in 44 faying and applying to 44 human things, what Simeon faid of divine, Now, Lord, 44 let thy fervant depart in peace, according to thy word\ 44 feeing that mine eyes have feen, before I die, not only 44 the deliverer of us, but of all France, and of the faithr 44 ful in general." The king anfwered, 4 Father, thefe 4 few words, which fignify much, are worthy the re-* 4 putation you have acquired.' He then granted the de puties what they defired, which was the demolition of St. Catharine' s-f ort : And Thuanus fays, that the king made Beza a prefent of five hundred crowns : But Collier fays -five hundred piftoles, for the good fervices he had done his father and mother. Beza 368 ft E z a. Beza preferved his fenfes to the laft day of his life. His memory was very good as to things which he had learnt, during the vigor of his mind ; for he could repeat 'all the Pfalms in Hebrew, and all St. Paul's epiftles in Greek, by heart: But it was very bad as to things pre fent; for he foon forgot many things, of which he had been fpeaking. He continued in this condition almoft two years, if we may believe Thuanus : And Cafaubon affirms, that, in point of erudition, Beza (hewed himfelf, in the latter yeajrs of his life, fuch as* he had appeared twenty years before. ' He difeourfed fo clearly upon an tient hiftory, that it feemed as if he had juft been reading Plutarch^ and the like authors : Bu*, after having amply difeourfed on the fubjedt of the new king of England1,' he would often afk, in the fame converfation, whether it was true that Q. Elizabeth was dead. His laft fermon was preached in January, 1600, when he was eighty-one years of age, on thefe words ; Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. In his laft illnefs he was afflicted with tedious watchings, lying awake all the nights ; but he fweetened the time by holy meditations : And fpeaking to his friends of it, he ufed the words of the Pfalmift : My reins alfo inflrutl mi in the night f&a fan. I have fet the Lard always before me . In his favor is life. My foul is fatisfied eis with marrow and fatnefs, when I remember thee upon my bed, and meditate on thee in the night watches. He often •ufed the words of the apoftle ; We are his wprkmanjhip, ¦created in Chrift Jefus to good works. Likewife thofe of St. Augufline; ' I have lived long, I have finned long : Blef- 4 fed be the name of the Lord.' He often repeated the following prayer ; 4' Cover, Lord, what has been : Go vern what (hall be. O perfect that which thou haft begun, that I fuffer not (hipwreck in the haven." Likewife from Bernard': 4 Lord, we follow thee, through 4 thee, unto thee : We follow thee, beeaufe thou art the * truth ; through thee, becaufe thou art the way ; and to * thee, becaufe thou art the life.' — On the Lord's day in the morning, Oclober 13, he rofe and prayed with his fa mily ; and then defiring to go to bed again, he fat down ¦on the fide of the bed and afked ; '4 if all things were ¦" quiet in the city?" — He was anfwered, 4 They were.' And being perceived to be near his end, a minifter was fent for and immediately came ; and while he was praying with him, Bezfi, without the leaft pain or noife, yielded I up 4( C B fi Z A. 369 up his fpirit to GOD, in the year 1605, aged eighty-fix years, three months, and nineteen days *. He was a robuft man, and of a ftrong conftitution ; and, what is very unufual among hard ftudents, never felt the head-ach. In his laft Will he expreffed his thankfulnefs, " That 44 GOD had called him to the knowledge of the truth at 44 fixteen years of age ; though he walked not anfwerably to 44 it, till the Lord in mercy brought him home and carried 44 him to Geneva, where under that great man Calvin, he 44 learned Chrifl more fully: Thathaving returned toGeneva, 44 after many dangers, he was there chofen paftor, while 44 he deferved not to be one of the fheep : That not long 44 after, he was made colleague with that excellent man, "John Calvin, in reading divinity; and that God had 44 preferved him in manifold dangers." He never had ahy children ; and he left Catharine de la Plane, his wife, who fupported his old age, and placed all her glory in taking the greatest care of him for feventeen years, fole heirefs--of his eftate at Geneva. He was inter red in St. Peter's cloifter, and not in the burying-place of the Plein-palaix ; becaufe the Savoyards gave out, that they would take up his corps, and fend it to Rome. * Beza in his younger years, after the Lord had touched his heart by the word, was one day in the church of Charenton, where he pro videntially heard the ninety-firft Pfalm expounded. It was followed with fuch power to him, that he not only found it fweet at prefent, but was enabled to believe that the Lord would fulfil to him all the pro mises of that Pfalm. At his death, he declared to his Christian friends, that he had found it fo indeed ! That as he had been enabled to ciofe with the fecond verfe, in taking the Lord for his GOD, and got a fure claim- that he fhould, be his refuge and fortrefs ; fo he had found remarkably in the after changes of his life, that the Lord had delivered him from the fnare of the fonuler ; for he had been in frequent hazard by the lying in wait of many to enfnare him : And from the noi- fome pef'ilence ; for he was fometimes in great hazard from the pefti- lence, in thofe peaces where he was called to refide. And amidft the civil wars which were then fo hot in frame, he had moft convincing deliverances, from many imminent hazards, when he was called to be prefent fometimes with the Proteftant princes upon the field, where thoufand' did fall about him. And thus, when near his end, he found that Pfalm fo obfervably verified, on which he was caufed to hope, that he went through all thefe promifes, declaring the comfortable accom plishment of 'them. How he had found the Lord ginSing his angels charge otier him, often anfwering him nxihen he called upon him ; how he had been ivitb him in trouble, had delivered him, and had fatisfied him •with Jang life. " And now (fays he), I have no more to wait " for, b\it the fulfilling of thefe laft words of the Pfalm, I will flew •* him my falvation ; which with confidence I long for." Vol. II. 3 B Beza 370 B E Z A. Beza was a man of extraordinary merit, and very in* ftrumental in conducting the Reformation. He was looked upon as the chief of the Proteftants of France and Switzer land. The Romanifts Commonly called him the Hugonot^ pope : And pope Sixtus V. caufed two conferences to be held, at which himfelf was prefent, todeliberate about the means of depriving the Proteftant party of the great fup port they had in the perfon of Beza. They would have affaffinated, or poifoned him, if it had been poffible that any enterprize againft bis perfon could fucceed. What could be faid more to the honor of this minifter, than the reprefenting him as a man who made the pope and cardi nals uneafy, as to affairs of ftate ; for there was no con troverfy in the cafe ? His Works. He wrote a great number of books, be fides thofe already mentioned, particularly the 4t hones of illuftrious perfons, who affifted in the Reformatio© ; and the Ecclefiaftical Hiftory of the Reformed Churches." This laft work is very curious, and extends from 1521, to the thirteenth of March, 1563. His Annotations upon the New Teftament have ever been much efteemed. Our archbifliop Grindal, to whom Beza prefented a copy, gave them very particular commendations ; and indeed, for their learning and piety, they are invaluable. Henry IV. furvived Beza but a few years ; for he was (tabbed in his coach by Francis Ravillac in 1610. Thus this hero, after having furmounted innumerable difficul ties in his way to the crown, and (tided above fifty con- fpiracies, moft of them- formed by churchmen, againft his life, died by the hands of a villain. ' Hoftilities were re commenced againft the Hugonots in 1625, when their ftrength was entirely broke, and an end was put to the Wars which had fo long ravaged France on a religious ac count. Hiftorians fay, that tfeefe wars coft above a million of lives, in which two kings were murdered, and above one hundred and fifty millions of livres, or feven millions and a half of pounds fterling, were fpent : And that nine cities, four hundred villages, twenty thoufand churches, two thoufand monaftries, and ten thoufand houfes were burnt, or otherwife deftroyed-, during their continuance. Lewis XIV- revoked the edict of 'Nantz in 1685, whereby the Proteftants were prohibited the exercife of their reli gion, and their churches demolifhed. The confequence was, that France loft above five hundred thoufand inhabi tants ; a prodigious quantity of fpecie; and,, above all, the arts with which her enemies enriched themfelves. JOHN RAINOLDS. 371 8..»„g- JOHN RAINOLDS, D. D. c fry HIS fingular man of infinite reading, this trea- 4 _t ^ury °f a^ learning, hoth divine and human, 4 (fays Dr. Featby) John Rainolds,' was born at Pinto in Devonjhire, in 1549, and fent to Merton-college, in Ox ford, in 1562. He removed to Corpus Chrifti-college, of which he became firft fcholar, and then fellow. He took both the degrees in arts and divinity. In 1598, he was made dean of, Lincoln ; but, being unwilling to quit an academical life, "he exchanged his deanry the year follow ing, for the prefidentfhip of Corpus Chrifti-college. Q. Eli zabeth offered him a bifhopric ; but he mod'eftly refufed it, and faid (what is not very ufual), nolo epifcopari in real earneft. The learned have beftowed moft uncommon praifes upon this divine. Bifhop Hall, a very competent judges obferves, that 4 he alone was a well-furnifhed li- 4 brary, full of all faculties, of all ftudies, of all learn- 4 ing. The memory, the reading of that man, were to a 4- miracle.' Dr. Crakenthorp fays, that 4 for virtue, pro- 4 bity, integrity, and piety, be was fo eminent, that as 4 Nazianzen fpeaks of Athanafius, to name him is to com- 4 mend virtue itfelf.' He had a hand in tranllating part of the Old Teftament, by command of K. James I. He was inclined to Puritanifm,, but with fuch moderation, that he confinued a conformift to the Church pf England. He was thought to fborten his life, by too fevere applica tion to his ftudies ; but when his friends urged him to defift, he ufed to reply, that he would 4< not lofe the very " end of living for the fake of life : Non propter vitam « vivendi perdere caufas." He was a moft able adverfary, as well as his friend Dr, Whitaker, againft Bellarmine and Rome<. He departed this life with great comfort and' teftimony of faith, mujch lamented by all learned and good men, on the twenty-firft of May, 1607, in the fifty-eighth year of his Age. His Works. Thofe that have been printed are : i. 44 Two Orations, printed in the year 1576. 2. Six Thefes, in 15-79. 3* ^'s conference with Heart, in 3B 2 i$$Si 372 H O L L A N D. 1-585 ; and afterwards tranflated into Latin by Henry Paryi bifhop of Gloucefler, and printed by command of archbi fhop Bancroft, in 161 o. 4. De Romana Ecclefia Idololatria^ in 1596. 5. An Apology for his Thefis, in 1602. 6. Since his death, certain Epiftles between him, Dr. Gager and Albericus Gentius, concerning Stage Plays. 7. A Treatife of Divorce, and marrying again in cafe of Adultery. 8. A Cenfure of the Apocrypha irt two tomes, containing two hundred and fifty of his Lectures in the divinity Schools . 9. Epiftles and Orations, in Latin, publifhed by H. Jack- Jon. 10. His Lectures upon Obadiah, with a Thankf- giying Seymon for the Queen's deliverance from a danger ous Treafon, publifhed by Hinde. Thofe in manufcript are : 1. A Commentary upon Ariflotle's Three Books of Rhetoric, in Latin. %. The materials and firft draught of fix books, De Idololatria Romana Ecclefia. 3. Sermons upon Haggai, preached in Oxford. 4. His learned Anfwer to Sanders De Schifmate Anglicano, in defence of the Reformation, the Regal Su-' premacy, and the book of Ordination of Bifhops, Priefts and Deacons. 5. A Defence of the Englijh Liturgy againft Robert Browne, the Separatift. 6. A Treatife of the Be ginning and Progrefs of Popifh Errors, (hewing, that for the firft three hundred years after Chrift, bifhops ruled their own diocefes without fubjection to the pope. 7. A Treatife of Daniel's Weeks, againft Hugh Broughton, de dicated to archbifhop Whitgift." =8-»»S= , ¦' ==8i THOMAS HOLLAND, D. D. LEARNING, with grace, is a happy advantage both to the church and to the fouls of the poffeffors : But learning, without grace, becomes too often the inftrument of error and mifchief, and, inftead of leading men to GOD, only involves them, under the (hew of ingenuity, in the deeper deftruction. Human knowledge, at the beft, is but a fpccious kind of ignorance ; and, while it pretends to ex tend the mental capacity, too often fwells it with a windy pride, which not Only leaves no room for better things, but commonly raifes a thoufand prejudices againft them.- Qn the contrary, the knowledge which cometh from GOD, HOLLAND. 373 GOD, at once exalts the foul and humbles it ; enables it to fet a due value upon all earthly attainments, and puts it upon the keeneft purfuit after thofe which are divine. The truth of thefe reflections was exemplified in the life of this excellent man. He thought all knowledge pro- pqrtionably eftimable, as it led him to GOD, and might be employed for him. This is the true end of our be ing : And nothing can deferve the name of wifdom, which does not l£ad us to it. He washorn in Shropjhire, in the year 1539, and received his academical tuition'at Exeter-college, Oxford, in which univerfity he took his degrees with much applaufe.- In procefs of time, he commenced , doctor in divinity, was chofen mafter of Exeter-college, and, upon account of his excellent learning, was appointed Regius profeffor, or doctor of the chair, in Yuceeffion to the learned Dr. Hum- freys. In this ftation, he diftinguifhed himfelf fo much by every kind of defirable attainment, divine or human, that he was efteemed and admired not only in our femina- ries of learning at home, but alfo by the univerfities abroad. Like the eloquent Apollos, he was mighty in the fcriptures"; and like the learned apoftle, faithful in ex plaining them. His example followed his doctrines ; and he Jived himfelf what he preached to others. He was a zealous advocate for the Reformed religion, and was fo poffefled with averfion in himfelf, and with fear for others, concerning the fuperftition and idolatry, from which the nation had lately emerged, that, whenever he fet out up on a journey from his college, he conftantly called the fo ciety together, and commended them to the love of GOD, and to the abhorrence of popery. This was the more needful ; as the Papifts had many fecret favorers, at that time, in both our univerfities. He continued in this refpedtable office for twenty years, with, great reputation and ufefulnefs. And as he ap proached nearer and nearer to his journey's end, he fpent more and more time in meditation and prayer. In his' declining years, ficknefs and infirmities increafed upon him : And thefe ferved to increafe his ardor for his hea venly habitation. He loved and he longed for GOD, for the prefence of GO D, and for the full enjoyment of him. His foul was framed for heaven, and could find no reft till it came there. All the comforts he found on earth, refulted from heaven, or related to it. His end (as might be expected) was peace. When he found his 1 diffolu- 374 F IE L ' D. diffolution approaching, and his departure at hand; he often fighed and prayed——44 Come; O come, Lord 44 Jefus, thou morning ftar ! Come, Lord Jefus ; I defire 44 to be diffolved, and to be with thee !" His requeft was granted ; and he departed to his Mafter in the year 1612, after having fojourned here feventy-three years. =8*»*8= RICHARD FIELD. THIS eminent divine, of the church of England, was horn of a reputable family at Hempftead, in Hert- fordjhire, on the fifteenth of Oclober, 1561 ; and at fixteen years of age, admitted of Magdalen- college in the univer fity of Oxford: But after taking his firft degree removed' to Magdalen-hall. He continued feven years in this fitu- ation, diftinguifhed as a great divine, a great preacher, and an acute difputant : And-then in 1594, being bache lor of divinity, was chofen reader in that faculty to the " honorable fociety of Lincoln' s-inn in London. He gavp fo much fatisfaction here, that one of the members of the houfe became his patron, and gave him the living of Bur- rotvclere, in Hampjhire. Soon afterwards he had the offer of St. Andrews in Holborn, London, a living of greater value, and more in the way to preferment; but he chofe to continue where he was, liking a referved life, where he might, fays Mr. Wood, ferve GOD and follow his ftudies. In 1598, being then doctor of divinity, he was made chaplain to Q^ Elizabeth ; and about that time com menced a friendfhip with the famous Mr. Richard Hooker, whom be much refembled in his grea* learning and humi lity. Uppn the acceffion of K. James, he was made chaplain in ordinary, to him ; and, by his majefty's own appointment, was fent for to Hampton-court. In the year 1604, he became canon of Windfor; and the feme year, when the king was to be entertained at Oxford with all forts of fcholaftic exercifes, he was fent for out of the country to bear a part in the divinity-act. In the year 1*609, he became dean of Gloucefter ; and the1 year after publiflied a fecsnd edition, augmented with a fifth book and an appendix,, of his Four Books of the Church. F I E L D. 375 .Church. This famous work is dedicated to Sir George Villiers, afterwards duke of Buckingham; and confirmed all men in the high notions they had conceived of his great parts and deep learning. He was efteemed a perfect oracle in his way ; and divines of even the firft order fcarce ever went to him, without loading themfelves with queftions. When K. James heard him preach the firft time, he faid, 4 This is a Field for God to dwell in:" An expreffion like that of Thomas Fuller, who citing fome* thing out of his books upon the church ftyleth him, 4 that 4 learned divine, whofe memory Tmelleth like a Field 4 which the Lord hath bleffed.' The Reader will re member, that this was the age of punning. Even books and fermons were too often loaded with witticifms and quibbles of this kind. The king had once an intention to fend him into Germany^ with a view of compofing the differences between the Lutherans and Calvinifts ; but fomething put him off. His majefty however retained the fame good opinion of him to the laft, and defigned him for a bifhopric. &** liflury was firft fixed on, but the folicitation of great per- fonages carrying that elfewhere, the king was refolved to beftoW Oxford upon him't and Sir George Villiers, in a letter dated July n, 1616, told him, that if he was minded to take thatfee upon him, he fhould repair to the court, kifs the king's hand, and hold his benefices in commenddm with it. GOD, however, was pleafed, fays Mr. Wood, to prefer him to a better place ; for on the twenty-firft of November following he died, aged fifty-five years.. He was efteemed, fays the fame author, 4 a principal 4 maintainer of Proteftancy, a powerful preacher, a pro- 4 found fchoolman, an exact difputant, and fo admirably 4 well-knowing in the controverfies between the Proteft- 4 ants and Papifts, that few, or none, went beyond him. 4 He had a great memory ; and any book he read he was 4 able to carry away the fubftance of. He was one that 4 much labored to heal the breaches of Chriftendom, and 4 was ready to embrace truth, wherefoever he found it. 4 His defire, his prayers, his endeavours Were for peace, 4 to make up the breaches of the church, not to widen 4 differences, but to compofe them. He was a good and 4 faithful paftor, and his care reached unto all churches. 4 He was a loving hufband, a tender father, a good mafter 4 and neighbour, and willing to do good to all, &c.' A Kery, great and amiable character ! His 376 R. A B B O T. His Works. His Books upon the Church were r£» printed at Oxford in 1628, folio. Befides thefe, he publifhed a Sermon preached before the king at Whitehall^ upon Jude ver. 3. in 1604; and a little before his death he had almoft compofed a book entitled, A View of the Controverfies in Religion, which in thefe laft Times have caufed the lamentable Divifions of the Chriftian World. But this book, not being finifhed, was never publifhed, though a preface was written to it by its Au thor. Perhaps,, he would have been thanked by few, if he had lived to publifh it. There are not too many^ Chriftians, who live above the rage and the caufe of a party ; which laft has fometimes appeared of more confe- quence to fome profeffors of religion, than the caufe of religion itfelf. The profane world, glad of the occafion, throw the fcandal upon piety ; not perceiving, that the want of piety is the real fource of all the evil. ROBERT ABBOT, BISHOP of SALISBURY. ROBERT ABBOT was elder brother to the ex cellent archbifliop George Abbot (whofe life will fol low in courfe), and born at Guildford, in Surry, in the year 1560. He was brought up with his brother under the fame fchoolmafter ; till being fufficiently qualified for the univerfity, he was fent to Baliol-college, in Oxford, in 1575. He took his mafter of arts degree in 1582 ; be came a noted preacher there, alfo a conftant lecturer at St. Martin's church, in the Quadrivium, and fometimes at Abingdon, in Berkjhire. His preferment was remark ably owing to his merit, particularly in preaching ; not- withftanding the diftindtion which fome have affected to make, between the talents and tempers of thefe two bro thers ; that George was the more plaufible preacher, Robert the greater fcholar ; George the abler ftatefman, Robert the deeper divine : Gravity did frown in George, and fmile in Robert; fuch the qualities of this Robert evidently were; that upon the firft fermon he preached at Worcefter, he was made lecturer in that city, and foon after rector of All-Saints R. A B "B O T. 377 ^ll-Sa'ints there ; and upon a fermon he preached at Paul's Crofs, he was prefented to the rich benefice of Bingham, in Nottinghamjhire, by one of his auditors, John Stanhope, Efq; as Dr. Featley has obferved in his life. In 1594, be became no lefs eminent for fome of his writings ; parti cularly, againft a certain Papift, on the facrament. He then took his degrees in divinity; that *f doctor being completed in 1597. In the beginning of the reign of K. James I. he was made chaplain in ordinary to him ; and this king fo highly efteemed for his writings, that, with the fecond edition; pf Dr. Abbot's book, De Antichrifto, in 1608, his majefty ordered his own commentary upon part of the Apocalypfe to be printed : An honor, which that king did, to no other of the great clerks in this kingdom, And, in truth, the doctor's pen had now brought him alfo into general efteem, for what he had hitherto published in defence of William Perhins's Reformed Catholic, againft Dr, William Bijhop, now a fecular prieft, but afterwards, in the pope's ftyle, a titular bifhop, of the aerial diocefe of Chalcedon, It is my author's affertion, that Dr. Abbot has herein given that William Bijhop as great an overthrow, as Jewel to Harding, Bilfon to Allen, or Reynolds to Hart.., At' the end of this excellent work is added a particular treatife, he foon after wrote, entitled, The true ancient Roman Catholic, which he dedicated to prince Henry; f;p whom }t was fo acceptable, that he returned him many thanks in a letter written with his own hand, and promifed his affiftance, upon the next vacancy, to advance him higher in the church. And though by that prince's untimely death the doctor loft fome hopes, yet, in courfe of time, his deferts found other friends to do him that juftice. In 1609, he was unanimously elected mafter of Baliol-, (allege. Here (fays Dr. Featley), he was careful and fkil- ful, to fet in this nurfery the beft plants ; and then took fuch care to water and prune them, that in no plat, or knot, throughout the univerfity of Oxford, there ap peared more beautiful flowers, or grew fweeter fruit, than in Balipl-college, while he was mafter, IJis diligent read ing to his fcholars, and his continual prefence at public exercifes, both countenanced the readers, and encouraged the hearers. Thefe regulations and improvements he fur ther wrought, by eftablifhing piety, which had been much neglected; reftoring peace, which had been long wanted ; and making temperance more familiar among Jhem4 which .had beep too great a ftranger in that fqciety, Vol, II, 3 C In 378 R. ABBOT. In May, 1610, we find him nominated by the kuTg> among the firft fellows of his majefty's royal college a(? Chelfea, then newly founded, and defigned as a kind of fortrefs for controverfiaf divinity ; being thus,- as it were,- engarrifoned, with the moft able and feledt champions for' the Proteftant caufe, againft all affau-lts "of popery. In November the fame year,, he was made prebendary of Nor- manton, in the church of Southwell. Upon his preaching a fermon before the king, during his month of waiting at court, in 1612, when the news of Dr. Thomas Holland's/ death was brought from Oxford, his majefty named him fucceffor in the theological chair, ufu-ally called the king's profeffor of divinity ; but he modeftly refufed the fame, till his brother procured a mandate from the king for him to hold it. Some notable circumftances we meet with of him in this ftation * ; and herein, he has had the'cha-* racter given him of a profound divine ; moft admirably well read in the fathers, councils, and fchoplmen ; and a more moderate Calvinian, than either of his two prede- eeffors in the divinity chair, Holland and Humfrey, were; which he expreffed by countenancing the fublapfarian • Among the reft, while he was profeffor in the chair at Oxford, was, his preaching a fermon before the univerfity i in which, he fo dgnificantly laid open the oblique methods then ufed by thofe who fecretly favored' popery, to undermine the Reformation ; and Dr. Laud, then prefent, was fo notoriously fufpected to be one whcufed thofe methods, as to have the laid reflections applied by the whole aaditory to him ; that in great vexation he wrote to his patron, Dr. Neal, then biShop of Lincoln (therefore about the year 1614), to know ¦whether he Should not make a direct reply to it. The paSTage Laud objected to, was, that Abbot Should fay, ' There were men, who, < under pretence of truth, and preaching agamft the Puritans, ftruck, « at the heart androot of that faith and religion now eftabliShed among. ' us ; which was the very practice of Parfons' and Campian'a counfel, * when they came hither to Seduce young ftudents ; Who, afraid to be * expelled, if they fhould openly profefs their converfion, were di- « refted to fpeak freely againft the Puritans, as what would fuffices €. So thefe do not expect to be accounted Papifts, becau-fe they fpeak ' pnly againft Puritans ; but becaufe they are indeed Papifts, they ' fpeak- nothing againft them : Or if they do, they beat about the bufh, ' and that foftly too, for fear of difquieting the birds that are in it." Hereupon, Laud, in his letter to the faid bifhop of Lincoln, complains, ' That he was fain to fit patiently at the rehearlal of this Sermon, « though abufed ahrolt an' hour together, being pointed at as he fat; ' yet would have taken no notice of it, but that the whole univerfity 1 applied it to him ; and his friends told him, he fhould (ink in his ' credit, if he anfwered not Dr. Abbot in his own : Neveithelefs, he ' would be patient ; and defired his lordfhip to vouchsafe him fome « direction.' But, as we hear not that Laud did anfwer it, the biShop might perhaps vouchsafe hiin rather directions to be quiet, way R. ABBOT. 3^9 wary of predeftination. Laftly, upon the king's perufal of his Antilogia, againft the Apology for Garnet, and the fame of his incomparable lectures in the univerfity, upon the king's fupreme power, againft Bellarmine and Suarez {printed after his death), his majefty, when the fee of Salijbury fell void, fent his Conge d'Elire for him to the dean and chapter. Thus, as he fet forward, one foot in the temple of virtue, his other, (till advanced in the temple of honor, though indeed, but leifurely ; which is imputed to his own hu mility, the obftruttion of his foes, who traduced him for a Puritan (though cordial to the doctrine of the church of England), and the unwillingnefs of fome friends to adorn the church with the fpoil of the univerfity, and mar a profeffor to make a bifhop. He was confecrated by his own brother the archbifhop, on December 3, 1615, in his chapel at Lambeth. Herein equalizing the felicity of Seffridus, fome time bifhop of Chichefter, who being a bifhop himfelf, alfo faw his brother, at the fame time arch- hifhop of Canterbury. Other bifhoprics were voiced upon him ; but the bufinefs of the nullity (before-mentioned, in his brother's life), made a nullity for a time, fays my author, in his Grace's good intentions ; infomuch, that K. James, when the doctor, newly confecrated bifhop of Sarum, came to do his homage, faid pleafantly to him, * Abbot, I have had very much to do to make thee a bi* ' (hop ; but I know no reafon for it, unlefs it were, be- ' caufe thou haft written againft one;' alluding to the name of the popifh prieft before-mentioned. In his way to Sarum, he made a farewel oration at the univerfity, with great applaufe. We have fome frag ments of it preferved, in the original Latin by two au thors ; and a tranflation of it, or epitome in Englijh, by a third. His brethren, the heads of houfes, and other Oxford friend's, parted with him on the edge of his diocefe with tears for grief; and the gentry of Sarum received him with thofe of joy. He foon obferved the beautiful old' cathedral to be much decayed, through negligence, and the covetoufnefs of thofe who filled their purfes, with that which fhould have (topped the chinks. Therefore he ufed fuch means with the prebendaries, as drew from them five hundred pounds, which he applied to the repa ration of this church ; and then labored to repair the congregation, both by dodtrine and difcipline ; vifiting his whole diocefe in perfon, and preaching every Sabbath- 3 C 2 day, %k &. • A:b-bio t. day, whilft his health would permit, which was not long J for that fedentary courfe, to which he had accuftomed himfelf, by his ciofe application to ftudy, brought upon him the gravel and (tone. But in all the bodily tortures of his laft fit, his foul was at eafe ; and his heavenly hopes difpofed him contentedly to refign all earthly enjoyments. He was fo far from needing the advice of patience, to make the remainder of life fupportable, that he gave it bthers. Even to the judges; who in their circuit came to vifit him on his death-bed, he fpared not his Chriftian admonitions ; and befides his precepts; gave them his example* of the comforts that flowed from- a clear con* fcience. And for the inhabitants ; he mourned lefs to leave the world, than they to part with him ; who had fo much endeared himfelf to them, by diligence in his paftor ralchargei, by his hofpitality, and bounty to the poor; and humble carriage to all. Having fummoned his domeftics; with defire to declare his faith; he was perfuaded to refrain, it being manifeft in his writings; Thus; with exhortations, benediction^ and the pains of his difeafe, quite worn out, he lay a while (lumbering; and at length, with eyes and hands Uplifted for fome fpace, gave up the ghoft; on March %\ 1617, (and not, as fome have miftaken; the year after) in the fifty-eighth year of his age, and before he had tompletely. filled this fee two years and three months; be-- ing onepf the five bifhops which Salijbury faw in fix years'. His laft words were, " Come, Lord Jefus, come quickly: " Finifh in me the Work which thou haft begun ! Into " thy hands, O Lord, I commend my fpirit ; for thou *' haft redeemed me, thou G'od of truth. Save thy fer* " vantj who hopeth and trufteth in thee alone. Let thy *( mercy be (hewed upon me. In thee have I hoped j let *' me not be confounded for ever "!" He Was buried over-againft the bifhop's feat in the ca thedral ; Having been twice married ; the laft time, with fpmedifpleafure to the archbifhop, about half a year after his promotion to the faid fee, . He left one {cm-, or more, and alfo one daughter, named Martha, who was married to Sir Nathaniel Brent) warden of Merton- college in Ox* fford; and their daughter Margaret, married Dr. Edward. Corbet, rector of Hajeley in O xfordjhir e ; who gave fomte of the bifhop's MSS. to the Bodhkn library*. Hk • Thefe was \nbn\tr Robert Abhdt, a minister, and author a*lfo Wf feveral devout pieces j whg thfeggJi Ke was fcarcely a, writer hefore bifoiPF R. A B B o r. 381 His Works. Thofe in print are, " The Mirroi* of popifli Subtilties : Difcovering the Shifts which a cavel*- lirig Papift, in behalf of Paul Spence, a Prieft; hath ga thered out of Saunders and Bellarmine, &c. concerning the Sacraments, &c. Dedicated to archbifhop Whitgift^ London, 4to. 1594. 2. The Exaltation of the Kingdom and Priefthood of Chrift* Sermon on the hundred and tenth Pfalm. Dedicated to bifhop Babington, 410. London, 1.60 1. 3. Antkhrift'i Demttnftratio ; contra fabulas Pontic ficias, & ineptiam Beilarmini, &Ci Dedicated to K. James, London, 41.0. 1603, and in 8vb» 1608. This is much commended by Scaliger> 4. Defence of the Reformed Catholic of Mr. W. Perkins, againft the Baftard Counter- Catholic of Dr. William Bijhop, Seminary Prieft. Dedir- cated to K. James : The firft part, 4to. 1606, the fecond part^ 4to, 1607, .third part; 41.0. 1609. A moft elaborate work, as one calls it ; and another wifhes, that W. Bijhop had anfwered all the faid Reformed Catholic ; then we -flaould have had, in Abbot's encounter, a whole fyftem o'f controverfies exactly difcuffed ; and the truth of the Re formed Religion, in all points folidly confirmed, by fcrip ture, fathers; and reafon. From a fmall typographical error in one author, there is another alfo, who has made a great blunder about this book: For the former, men tioning ' Dr. Abbot's two volumes againft Bifhop's,' (next to another book; which was written by his brother, the archbifliop) has, by not obliterating the laft letter of the laft word>, and by neglecting to diftinguifh it as a proper name, in Italics, given a foreigner occafion to make his (aid brother the archbifhop, author of a Treatife againft ¦hijbops ; which* as hath been truly obferved, would be fomewhat extraordinary in a Metropolitan. 5. The old Way 5 a Sermon, at St. Mary's, Oxford. 4x0*. London,. l6io-. Dedicated to archbifhop Bancroft, and branflated into Latin by Thomas Drax. -6. The true antient Roman Catholic : Being an Apology againft Dr. Bifhop's Reproof -Bf the Defence of the Reformed Catholic. 4to. 161 1. Dedicated to prince Henry, as was before observed. 7. An- tilogia : Adverfus Apologiam, Andrea Eudamon-Johannis, Jefuita,* pro Henrico Garnetto Jefuitd proditore. London, •Ibifhop iAbbot died, is yet here mentioned, that fome Readers may not confound him witl} jljis, biShop. pf Saliftury, as others. have divided him into three diftinct perfons ; "becaufe fo many different livings are nnSfitlcrrrfed 'to his name in his bo6ks: Never considering that one man might, "by removal, or fucceffively, enjoy them all, as was the -ca'fe jiere : That- Robert: Abbot being firli beneficed in Kent, afterwards in Hwffire} and lastly in London, > 4t0> 3*82 R. ABB O T. 4to. 1613. Dedicated to K. James. The faid apology was printed three years before, with the true name of its Jefuitical author, as may be feen in the life of Sir Walter Raleigh, before the laft edition of his hiftory. 8. Dt gratia & perfevetantia SanHorum, Exercita-tiones habita in Academia Oxenienfi. Lond. \to. 16* 8, & Franc. 8vo. 1619. "Dedicated to prince Charles. 9. In Ricardi Thomfoni, Angli- Belgici, Diatribam, de amijftone & intercejfiene Juftificationk i$ Gratia, ammadwrfia brevis : Alfo printed after his deaths London, 410. i6i£ : For he finifhed this book the laft day of his life ; and then, his brother the archbifhop, directed Dr. Featley, the bifhop's domeftic chaplain,- to draw up; from his Grace's notes, the atteftation which is affixed to it. 10. De fupremd Poteftate Regid, exercitationes habita iii Academia Oxonienfi,co.ntm Rob. Bellarmine £sf Franc. Suarez. Lond. 4to. 1 61 9. ¦ Dedicated by his fo,n, -to George, arclw. bifhop of Canterbury-." He alfo left behind many compofitions in manufcript, as his Sermon at St. Mary's in Vindication of the Geneva Bible from Judaifm and Arianifrn ; which Dr. Howfon opppfed, till K. James turned his -edge from Geneva to Rome; and then, he as fiercely declared againft the pope; •* That he'd loofen him from his chair, though he were * faftned thereto with a.tenpenny naiL' Our Author alfo left other Sermons,, which he had preached at Paul's Crojs, and at Worcefter ; and fome in Latin, at Oxford, &- ** gether." In his laft ficknefs, he gave himfelf up wholly to prayer, experiencing many fweet foretaftes of the joys of heaven, and wishing much to be diffolved, and to be with Chrifl. His wifties were at length gratified, and the Lord took him to himfelf on the thirtieth of Augufl, in the year 1617, aged feventy-feven, after having been a Preacher at Bafil twenty years. He ufed to be up at his ftudy, winter and fiimmer, before fun-rifing ; and to fpend the day in prayer, writing, reading, and vifiting the fick. A little before his departure, he declared to doctor Meier, that he died in the fame faith which he had taught to others ; that he had earneftly befought GOD to provide his people with an able and faithful paftor, &c, concluding, (almoft in the words of Tully) " O happy " day, when I (hall depart out of this troublefome and " finful world, to go to heaven, to thofe bleffed fouls 11 already departed !"' He was ever a moft affectionate friend and relation tQ his family and all good men, and of the ftridteft tempe rance with refpect to himfelf. His great learning and worth was well underftood by his contemporaries ; and travellers from all parts, who had any concern for reli gion and fcience, conftantly vifited him. He had great wit, tempered with an amiable gravity. This rendered his company not lefs pleafant than profitable, He was F-ema,rkabIy patient under, .wrongs, which he revenged only. by € O W P E- R, 3*83 Ijy-Chriftian filence, and regarded not the reproaches of men, if his Mafter could by any means be glorified in his fermons and writings. His Works, i. A Summary of the Old Teftament. 2. 'Zxtaypaipia. Thedhgia, or, An Outline of Divinity. 3. The -.Character of Chriftians. 4. An Explication of ¦certain Pfalms, and fome of the Minor Prophets. 5. An Expofition of the ten firft Chapters of St. Matthew. 6, An Illuftration of the Epiftles to the Romans, Colojftans9 Hebrews, and of the firft and fecond of St. John. 7. The ological. Propofitions and, Difficulties, in three parts. &. The Demonftrations afforded by the Evangelifts, that Jefus is the Chrifl, and that Believers have Life in his Name. 9. Theological Thefes and Difputations held at Bafil. 10. A Commentary upon Irenaus. 11. An Eccle fiaftical Hiftory. 12. Chronology of the Gofpel-Hiftory. 13. An Apology upon the Lord's Supper. 14. His Let-! ters to his Friends, which Melchior Adam extols very highly. :S-o»-3= WILLIAM COWPER BISHOP of GALLOWAY. j WE cannot better gratify our Readers, refpecting an account of this excellent perfon, than by giving them a memoir of his life, written by his ow'p hand, in January, 1616, about three years before his death, and found among the papers in his ftudy. " My life hath not beep fuch, that I am afliamed to live longer, if my gracious God have any further fervice •to employ me withal in his church : Neither am I ,fo deT firous to live ; but yet I am willing, and heartily content to remove out of this body, that I may be with my Lord, freed from thefe reftlefs temptations, which on every fide •have fore preffed, but, through his grace, never oppreffed me. " In my younger years I was trained up with the wreft^ lings of God ; from my youth I have borne his yoke, ex ercifed with his terrors; yetfo, that many a time his iweet confolations , have re/refhed , my foul. In my old [ ypju. II.' ' "'3D" days 386 C O W P E R. days men have rifen againft me, but without a caufe: Betwixt thefe two my days are fpent : My witnefs is in heaven ; he knoweth that in every ftate of life my heart was ever toward the Lord ; it was my joy to ferve him, and my grief when I finned againft him. " Being of the age of eight years, about Martinmas I was carried by my father from Edinburgh to Dunbar fchool ; I could not write, nor read any Latin then. I tarried there till my twelfth year ; even then did the Lord begin to acquaint my heart to feek him : We went two and two to the church ; he put then this prayer in my heart every day in the way, " Lord, bow mine eat, " that I may hear thy word." In the fchool many a time have I turned on my face, feeking from God knowledge and underftanding. In the fpace of four years and lefs, I learned the whole courfe of grammar, wherein God made me to profper, not inferior to others in the company with me. " From thence I was called by my parents to Edin burgh, and, in the entry of my thirteenth year, fent over to St. Andrews, and paffed in courfe of philofophy there in the fixteenth year : There made I not fuch progrefs in knowledge, as I had done before in my other ftudies, ei ther mine age not being capable of it, or my wife and merciful Father not thinking it expedient for me; yet even there was the feed of grace ftill working in me, in clining me to a careful hearing and penning of fermons, and theological leffons, as I could have occafion to hear them. And here fatan, working in corrupt nature, fought many a time to trap me in his fnares, intending in my young years to give me that wound, that might have been a mark of fhame to me in my old age, when the Lord fhould call me to do his work : But as on the one part I felt my weaknefs compared with the ftrength of corrupt nature ; fo, though then I could not difcern it, afterward I had proof it was the Lord's preventing mercy that kept me from being an offence unto his Church.' It is his mercy that he pardoned the vanities and ignorances of my youth, and his mercy alfo that he preferved me in all my life from any that could make me a fhame to his faints, or a fcorn and reproach to his enemies. " Having paffed my courfe in St. Andrews, at the age of fixteen years, I returned to my parents in Edinburgh: I was preffed by them to enter into' fundry forts of life I liked not ; for my heart ftill inclined to the ftudy of the holy fcriptures : Whereupon I refolved to go into England^ where C O W P E. R. 387 where, I evidently perceived the Lord going before me, and providing for me at Hodfdan, within eighteen miles of London, my mean portion which I had being all fpent (I fpeak it to his glory that cared for me) in that fame place : That fame day was I defired by our kind country man Mr. Guthrie, to help him in the teaching of a fchool ; with whom I remained fome three quarters of a year, but after did the Lord lead me further : For having occafion to go to London, without my knowledge, or any fuit of mine, I was called to the fervice of a learned divine, Mr. Broughton, unto the which with the good will of Mr. Guthrie I entered, and there remained about a year and a half, daily exercifed under him in the ftudy of theology, To him under God, and fome other learned divines of that city, do I acknowledge myfelf bound for thefe begin nings of knowledge I then received. " In the nineteenth year of my life I returned again to Edinburgh, where having the commodious occafion to be with my elder brother, then one of the minifters of Edinburgh, I ftill continued in the fame ftudy, and at length was required to give a proof of my gift privately, which I did in the new church in prefence of Mr. Ro bert Pont, and Mr. Robert Rollock, with fundry others of. the miniftry : Then, after that, I was required to tpach publicly in the new church on a Sabbath in the afternoon. And the. next week I was commanded to teach publicly in the great church, in time of a faft, on. a Thurfday in the afternoon. Thus did the Lord train me up, and thefe were the beginnings of my miniftry, which I recount to the praife of his grace, who counted me faithful, and put me into his fervice. " A little after that, in the beginning of my twentieth year, there enfued a general affembly of the church at Edinburgh, and by their authority was I fent out, and ap pointed paftor of Bothkenner, in Stirlingjhire ; for that church had been defolate ever fince the Reformation, and the people had given in their fupplication to the affembly for a paftor. This calling of God and his church I embraced, and went unto them, where I found the defe ction fo great, that except the walls, which were ruinous alfo, neither door, nor window, nor feat, nor pulpit, nor any part of a roof was there at all ; yet it pleafed God to give fuch- a bleffing to the miniftry of his word, that their hearts thereby were ftirred up cheerfully to build the Lord's hpufe, which moft willingly they fully refolved wjthin half a year, not, content to build their own part of 3 D 2 the 388 d O W P E R; the houfe, but the choir alfo, which of due fhould hare' been done by the parfon : There needed here no letters of horning, nor other .compulfkories ; neither content to have built it only,* they adorned it within and without;. not inferior to any other church of fuch quality round about it. This was my firft external feal, and confir mation of my calling to the miniftry. "' In this fervice I remained feven or eight years, fubjedl t© great bodily infirmities, by reafon of the weaknefs [or marfhinefs] of the foil in winter, and the unwholefomC waters thereof. And here did the Lord firft begin to ac quaint me with his terrors, and the inward exercifes of fun dry forts of temptations ; fo that between thefe two, my life was almoft wafted with heavinefs ;, yet I blefs the Lord for k, it was unto line like the wildernefs of Midian to Mdfes, a fchool of temptation, whereby I learned daily more arid more to know Chrifl Jefus, gathering fome (lore of know ledge thereby, inward exercifes, and outward ftudies, which the Lord afterward called me to give out in more public places in his-church, for the neceffity of increaf- ing, difeafe forcing me to bethink of a tranfportation, the purpofe of my mind was to another church unplanted in the fouth, about eight miles from Edinburgh, but the Lord (till continued his calling, and drew me another*way northward : For at the fame time there intervened a gene ral affembly of the church at Perth : There was I nomi nated, and with confent of the affembly and people was I Written for to that' miniftry, as the letters of both, fent to me out of Perth, with my dear brother, Mr. Patrick Simfon, yet extant do bear. Thus did the Lord clear my way before me, and lead me there, Where I thought never to have gone ; yet two or three days before did the Lord give me fome fignification of it, but I underftood it not, till the event did teach me; For in my thoughts in the night there feemed a man to lead me by the hand to a little pleafant city, in a plain valley on a river's fide, hav ing fome banks lying at the (h'6re thereof, (as indeed it had the firft time, that after this I was brought to it, fuch a 'fight got I of it, in that vifion, as afterward! faw With my eyes) he led me a long time up and down the ftreets of that town from one to another, at length carried me over the water to an hill, and led me up unto it, by many turnings and windings from one earth to another, very near unto the top thereof. Then did I awake, my face look- 'ing to the fouth-weft. This made fuch an impreffion in my mind, as- after that I could never -forget it, L'erno man COW? £' Ri «nan here impute to me the fuperftitiori of Papifts : I know, there is no revelation now of doctrine, or new ar ticle of faith, to be fought out in dreams. The Lord hath fpoken once for all now unto us by his Son in the Word; but that the living Lord, who fleeps not, can give warnings to the foul's of his fervants, when their bodies are deeping, no man acquainted with his working, I truft, will deny. "After this three or four days, as I, faid, returned; Mr. Patrick Simfon, from the general affembly at Perth, to Sterling, and delivered me letters from the affembly, and the town, containing my calling to that miniftry. The town (hortly after fent their commiffioners, to tranfport m'yfelf and" my family. There, I continued doing the work of God, for the full fpace of nineteen years. How i did carry myfelf in my open converfafipn, living among them, not as one feparate from them, but mixed myfelT in all their fellowfhips,- as a comfort to the beft, and a wound to the worft inclined fort, this age will not wafit loving witnefs to record it. My diligence in like manner in the miniftry, not only on the ordinary days,' but oh others, which I voluntarily chofe thrice a week in jhe evening; to Wit, Wednefday, Friday,' and Saturday, for a preparation to the Sabbath, (for thefe days they had no preaching in the morning) it would have done a Chriftian heart good, to have feen thofe glorious and joyful affem- blies, to have heard the zealous cryings to God among that people with fighings and tears, melting hearts and mourning eyes. I fpeak the truth in modefty, and not all the truth. It is not vain-glorying, I abhor- that ; not I, but. his grace in me. W"hy (hall it offerid any man, that I eat the fruit of my labour, arid that my con-. fcience this day enjoys the comfort of my former painful- nefs and fidelity ? my withefs is in heaven, that the love of Jefus and his people, made continual preaching my pleafure, and I had no fuch joy, as ifi doing his work. Some Witneffes alfo I want hot to remain : For albeit my charge was to teach five times in the week, yet this was more, that I penned- thereafter, whatfoever I preached Whereof fome are -already extant ; others, by God's grace, if the Lord fpare rtiy days, (hall cOme in their time% And in outward things, What care I had to fee the houfe of God there honoured, the welfare of that people every Way, there are mOntifrients ftanding to' witnefs for me, when I am dead. ' - ' ' "AM 399 C O W P E R. " All this time, except fome little intermiflions andi breathing-times, did the Lord ftill exercife me with in-r ward temptations. O what a viciflitude ofeftates ! O what a variety of combats ! It were tedious here to fet them. down all, as they were done and fought : But this I muft fay, the end of all and every one of them were unfpeak- able joy. And once for all, in greateft extremity of hor ror, and anguifh of fpirit, when I had utterly given over, and looked for nothing but confufion, fuddenly did there Ihine (in the very twinkling of an eye) the bright and lightfome countenance of God proclaiming peace, and confirming peace with invincible reafons. O what a change was there in a moment : The filly foul that was even now at the brink of the pit, looking for nothing, but to be fwallowed up, was inftantly raifed up to heaven, to have joyful fellowfhip with God in Chrifl Jefus ; and from this day forth my foul was never troubled with fuch extremi ty of terrors. This confirmation was given me on a Sa turday in the morning ; there found I the power of relU gion, the certainty of the word : There was I touched with fuch a lively fenfe of a divinity, and power of the Godhead, in mercy reconciled with man, and with me in Chriji, as I truft, my foul fhall never forget : Glory, glory, glory be to the joyful deliverer of my foul out of all. adverfities for ever ! " In the midft of thefe wreftlings with God,1 all this time wanted I not combats with wicked men, like thofe beads at Ephefus, with whom St. Paul did fight. All the time of my refidence-years continued this battle ; as one left off, another ftill renewing the battle : But the great- nefs of my inward conflicts made me regard lightly all their outward, contradictions, and I efteemed them but like the bitings of a flea. I refolved with myfelf, It was no marvel to fee fatan ftir up his wicked inftruments to difquiet me, fince I profeffed myfelf a difquieter of him, and his kingdom : Yea, my comfort was, that I had ne ver a controverfy with any of them but for their fins. God knows I loved their perfons and eftates ; therefore did the Lord affift me, the power of his word hammering down their pride, they were all of them by courfe brought to the acknowledgment of their fins. " But at length, as God turned the heart of Pharaoh and his people from the Ifraelites, when the time came that he would have them to remove out of Egypt : So by little and little did the zeal and love of the moft of this people, at leaft, in my fenfe, fall away ; fo that at laft my 2 battle C O W P E R. 39* tattle was not with fuch as were like the publicans and finners, (for thefe now were turned my favourers and com forters), but with fuch as feemed before jufticiars, I mean, unrebukable men for outward offences :- Thefe men found I fluffed with fuch pride, felf-conceit, difdain, and in- tollerable contempt, as carried them further from their duty, then any of the former : Yea, fuch as above others fhould have been my comforters, were my croffers : That I had caufe to fay with Micah, The befl of, them are briers, but I truft it repents them ere now : And therefore I pray God not to lay it to their charge. I will have none of my words extended to that handful there, which truly fear the Lord. " Now about this time God had opened to me a door, and called me to the charge of the churches in Galloway, in the fouth-weft part of this kingdom : For being named with others, by the general affembly of fuch as they thought meet to be preferred to the epifcopal dignity ( where of I ever acknowledged myfelf not worthy), and recom mended by the fathers of our church ; it was his majefty's pleafure to prefent me to that benefice, due to the office whereunto the church had called me. God knows this was done without my knowledge, or feeking, directly or indirectly : For I could have been contented all my days with a private life, refolved to give honour and obedience in God to fuch as were called to thefe places ; after that it was once eftablifhed by order in our church, and I had confidered the lawfulnefs, antiquity, and neceflity of it among us. " Here was I neither guilty of ambition, nor of any precipitate embracing of it ; for between the date of his majefty's prefentation, and my acceptation, there inter* vened eighteen weeks. " Yet as the calling to this work was greater, than any other whereto I had been led before, fo greateft oppo fition was there made unto me by men, whofe lying libels and carnal contradictions forced me to fpend more time unprofitably, then I had done before fince my entry to the miniftry. The Lord forgive them, and me alfo, where in the manner of my anfwering, I have been (harper than be came Chriftian meeknefs. For as to the matter itfelf, unfainedly I followed my light, I efteem it a lawful, an cient, and neceffary government ; I fee not, nor have not read of any church that wanted it before our time ; Only the abufes of it by pride, tyranny, and idlenefs, have brought it in mifliking. Frpm thefe evils> I pray the 392 COW P E R. the Lord preferve his fervants, that now are, or hereafter; ihall be called to thofe places ; but there is no reafon why. a thing good in itfelf, (bould be condemned or rejected for the evil of abufe : For fo no good thing at all fhould be retained in the church. And in this calling how I have walked, and what my care was to advance the gof pel there, I truft I fhall not, nor yet do want witneffes. " In this eftate do I now live; my foul alway in mine hand, ready to be offered to my God ; where, or what kind of death, God hath prepared for me L,know not : But fure I am, there can be no evil death to him that Jiveth in Chrift, nor fudden death to a Chriftian pilgrim, who, as Job fays, every day waits for his change, yea, many a day have I fought it with tears, not^out of im patience, diftruft, or perturbation, but being weary of fin, and fearful to fall into it. Concerning thofe who have been my enemies without caufe, and charged me with many wrongful imputations, from which my con fcience clears me, exctifing me of thefe things, love of gain and glory, or fuch like, whereof they aceufed me; The Lord lay it not to their charge- I go to my Father, and wifh his bleffing to them, to rectify their judgements, and moderate their affections, with true piety, from faith and love." Amongft the fame papers Were found three meditations, with which he comforted himfelf, whilft he found. his death approaching, written alfo with his own hand, and bearing date the feventh day of December!, in the year i6i8> " Now my foul be glad : At all parts of this prifon* the Lord hath fet to his pioneers to l'oofe thee, head', feet, milt and liver are faft failing ; yea, the middle ftrength of the whole body, the ftomach, is weakened long ago, Arife, make ready, fhake off thy fe.tters, mount up from the' body, and go thy way. ') " Let me tell you that which I know, yea foreknow* yet I, after others, have foretaitcd before you. Death is fomewhat dreary, and the,ftreams of that, Jordan between «s and our Canaan run furiously ; but they ftand ftilLwhew the ark cometh. Let your anchor be cafir. within, the veil, and fattened on the rock Jefus : Let the end of the threet /old cordibe buckled to the heart, fo (hall ye go through what threads the cord is made of; I cannot now tarry tp tell you^; who knows ? But if ye afk, God will teach you> * " I faw not my children when they were in the wombs Hhere the Lord,fed them without my knowledge : I (hali C O W P E R. 393 not fee them when I go out of the body; yet (hall they not want a father." We will fubjoin an account of this good man's death, written by the editor of his Works,1 which is the whole. that we can gather of him. The bifhop appears to have been a man of a calm and a catholic fpirit, not at all fitted for the contentious times he Jived in, or for the ac tive and turbulent dignity he was called to fupport. This is the frame of the moft excellent fpirits, who indeed mak© leaft noife in the world, but are thofe fecret ones of the Lord, who pafs, unobferved by man, from the lpweft earthly,. humiliation to the moft exalted ftate. of glory. The kingdom of Gad cometh not with obfervation : And the greateft faints defire human obfervation the leaft of any, Worldly ofteptation is no proper object of their purfuit j nor worldly riches, nor worldly views. They are pil-. grims and ftrangers upon earth, pafling through it, as an unpleafant wildernefs, to a better country and a heavenly kingdom. And the more they poffefs of this pilgrim, fpirit, and the more they are abftracted in their affections from the world and all its lying vanities ; the more happy they are in their own hearts, and the tweeter enjoymenj; do they find in every one of GOD's bleffings and mer» cies. To return, * This faithful fervant of God (fays his Editor), who from the time of his entry into the miniftry had always (hewed himfelf diligent and painful in his calling; not* withftanding his ficknefs grew daily upon him, was no way deficient in his duties of ordinary preaching, Be-* fides his labour and ftudies, the grief he received for the backwardnefs of unruly fpirits, in giving obedience to the articles concluded in the affembly, and ratified by autho rity, to the great difturbance of the peace of fhe-church, which he laboured carefully through all his life to pro-* cure, did haften hjm not a little to his end, In the be ginning of January, 1619, his infirmity increafing, he was compelled to keep at home ; yet as his weaknefs per-r mitted, he gave himfelf to revife his writings, and difpofq of his worldly affairs, that he might be ready for his paf fage, which every day he expected. And fome ten days before his departure, having his mind freed of all earthly bufinefs ; to thofe that vifited him, he manifefted a great contentment he had in his approaching death, The Wednefday before, which was the tenth of February, the bifhops and fome other brethren being affembled at Edin* Qurgb for certain affairs of the church, took Q?cafion to Vol, II. 3 -B H>ee| §$4 -C O W P E R\ meet at his houfe becaufe of his ficknefs, which he took moft kindly, and continued with them that whole afters noon, giving very wholefome advice in matters pro pounded, and (hewing himfelf as pleafant in" converfation as ever before. Neverthelefs, even then he fignified to them that his death was drawing near, and declared his mind; with great compofure, concerning his fircceflbr. The days following, he kept with all that came to vifit him in moft holy and divine conferences, expreffing a great willi-ngnefs of exchanging this life for a better. And tipon Monday, the fifteenth day of February, 1619, at one o'clock in the afternoon, feeling his ftrength and fpirits to decay, after he had uttered a moft heavenly prayer, in the Company of thofe that Were by him, he defired to be laid in bed (for the days before he arofe always, and either walked or fat in his charnber), which being done, after lie had again commended himfelf moft devoutly to Al mighty God, he took fome quiet reft : After which he fpake not many words, but thofe that he uttered, (hew his memory and other fenfes to have Been perfect, his tongue only failing him ; and in this manner, about fevett o'clock at night, he rendered his foul to God -in a moft quiet and peaceable manner. On the feventeersth of Fe bruary his body was interred, according to his own direc* tion, in the church-yard, called the Black-fryars, at Edin burgh, on the fouth fide of the new church, and was con veyed to the place by the earl of Dumfermeline, chancel lor, and the reft of the honourable lords of council, with the magiftrates of the cfty, and many others. The funeral fermon being preached by the archbifhop of St. Andrews.' The following is a lift of his Writings-, publifhed together in one folio volume : " 1. Heaven Opened, in three Parts, from the whole of the eighth chapter to the Romans. 2. The Triumph of a Chriftian, or Jacob's wreftling with GOD ; Gen. xxxii. 24. ' 3. A Conduitof Comfort; Rom. viii. 28. 4. A Preparative to the Lord's Supper; 1 Cor. xi. 28. 5. The Anatomy of a Chriftian; 2 Cor. v. 19. 6. A holy Alphabet for Zion's Scholars, or, a Commentary on the hundred and nineteenth Pfaltk. 7. A Mirror of Mercy, or the Prodigal's Converfion'; Luke xv. 11, &c. 8. A Defiance to Death ; 2 Car. v. i. 9. The Genealogy of Chrifl; Matt. i. 23. 10. The Baptifm of Chrifl; Luke iii. 2. 11. The Combat of Chrift with Satan; Matt. iv. 1, &c. 12. Meditations for Inftruction and Confolation, 13. Seven Days Con ference between a Catholic-Chriftian,' and Catholic-Ro man. WILLET. &$ man. 14. A Treatife of the heavenly Manfions; John xiv. 1, 2, 3. 15. The Praife of Patience; Luke xxi. tq. lb. Good News from Canaan, or, an Expofition of the fifty-firft Pfalm. 17. A Comfortable and Chriftian Dia logue between the Lord and the Soul. 18. Two Sermons, preached before the King, in Scotland. One from Pfalm .cxxi. 8. and the other frpm Pfalm lxxx. 17. 19. 'A Ser mon preached the fixth of Augufl, in the year 1615, at |be Tranflation of the Archbifhop of St. Andrews to that See, from Titus ii. 7, 8. 20. PATHMO S : Or, a Com mentary on the Revelation of St, John, divided into three Prophecies." =-'»"j.: 'ANDREW WILLET, D, D, DR. ANDREW WILLET, a laborious and learned divine, was born at Ely, in Cambridgejhire, of. pious parents, who to a religious education added their own good example. His father, Thomas Willet, was in the younger. part of his life.fubalmpner to K. Edward VI, and when Q. Elizabeth came to the throne was made rector of Barley, in. Her tf or djhire. His mother was rich in good works, abounding in acts of charity ; who, when, her children were gone from her, and fettled in life, ufed to feed her poor neighbors in her own houfe, and fay, * Now * again haye I my children about me.' Andrew had his inftrm5t.io.ns in the rudiments of grammar in the collegiate fchool of Ely; where, fays our Biographer, I have heard his fehool-mafter fay, that he was the mpft induftrious of all his- fcholars ; his eye and countenance had the cha* radters of ingenuity, and in quicknefs of apprehenfion, ftrength of memory, and fol id judgement, he outftript his fellows, and fo became the delight of his teacher. His parents were under a neceffity of inventing different kinds of recreation in order to draw him from too clpfe an ap* plication to bis books, which endangered his health, , At about fourteen years of age, his father fent him to the uniyerfity, under the care of Dr. Andrew Perm, then mafter of P eter-houfe,. Cambridge, and his god-father : He afterward removed to Chrifl-college, where meeting with Dc-wnbam,. Perkins,, jyid others of his own, ftanding, a 3 E 2 laudable 30 W i L L E T. laudable emulation took place amongft them, and young Willet's extraordinary application and proficiency in his ftudies (bon appeared in a performance, publifhed at the age of twenty-two, entitled, De anima natura & viribm. Among other anecdotes related of him while at Cambridge, tending to (hew the promifing greatnefs of his abilities', is the following i The proctor of the college, being pre vented, by fome unforefeen accident, executing his office at the commencement, juft at hand, none could be founsj to ftand in his place but Willet, who acquitted himfelf fb well, that his orations gained the approbation and ap plaufe, both of the univerfity and ftrangefs, and the en tire admiration of all thofe, who knew how (hort a time he had to prepare for it. After he had fpent thirteen years ill the univerfity, his father, now grown old, refigned his prebend in the church of Ely, and his rectory of Barley, which by favor of CL Elizabeth (fede vacante) were conferred upon the fon : Upon which he married a wife, a relation pf Dr. Goad, provoft of King' s-college, by whom he had a numerous iffue. He never fought after other preferments, which he rather ftudied to deferve than to obtain, obferving that Commonly fome enjoy promotions, while others merit them, and that a Work of the divine fhould be reckoned as a part of his wages, it being no fmall honor to be em ployed for GOD. He engaged himfelf moft feduloufly in digefting the fathers, councils, ecclefiaftical hiftories, the civil and canon law, and other authors. In (hort, he read fo much, and underftood what he had read fo well, that he (as well as his contemporary Rainolds), was called very juftly s/ja^ux®1 j3i£moSw», a living library ; for his learning was, like ready cafhi, always at hand. Our Author Was not only diligent in his ftudy, but very laborious in his proper work of the miniftry. Ha conftantly preached three times in the week in his church at Barley,, and paid great attention to catechizing the children an excellent practice,- now, like many other excellent' things, too much difufed. But how it became thus difufed, and how thofe, who have great or double cures attend only to the profits of them, may hereafter be demanded of fome, by that Great Bishop of Souls, (i Peter ii. 25.) who never yet granted a difpenfation to any Paftor for ceafing to feed his flock. His manner of teaching was plain and (imple, accom modated to the capacities of his people. Thofe he efteemed f \3 & different iariguageSi Wange in the German tongue fignineS a cheek, as wapia does alfo in the Greek ; fo that his name" in Englijh was David Cheeky or Cheke, no uncommon ' name in that country. He was chriftened Da-tiid^ becaufe he was born on Sti, David's day} which is the thirtieth of December, fo that this muft be a different faint from the Welch faint Pf that name; whofe feaft is kept on March the firft. His father was (heriff or alderman of Francolftein, his native place, arid was the fon of a rich peafant, who lived above an hundred years, and faw himfelf a father of twenty children all living* Young Pare, for fo we rnuft how Call him; foon be* fcame a great boy with his mafter; by his excelleht parts and indiiftriotis application ; and his ftep-mother's iii hu mour was prefently appeafed by his fuccefs. He had not lived above three months at his father's expence, when he provided for his own fupport, partly by means of a tutors (hip in the family of an honeft citizen, whofe name was James SchiUer, and partly by the bounty of Albertus Kind\ ter> one of the principal men Of the place, and lord df Zackenftein. Pare lodged in this gentleman s houfe, arid Wrote an Epicedium upon the death of his eldeft fon; Which fo highly pleafed the father; that he hot only gave him a gratuity for it, but encouraged him to cultivate his genius, fetting him proper fubjects, and rewarding him handfomely for every poem which he prefented to him. In the mean time; his fchool-mafter, not content with rnaking him chahge his firname; made him alfo change his religious creed; with regard to the doctrine of the real prefence, turning him from a Lutheran to a Sacramenta- rian, as he alfo did the reft of his fcholars. This affair brought both mafter arid feholar into a great deal of trou ble. The firft was driven from his fchool at the inftance pf the rninifter of the place; and the latter was near being difinherited by his father ; arid it was not without the greateft difficulty that he obtained his confent to go info the Palatinate, notwithstanding he made ufe'of an argu ment which is generally very prevailing, that he would finish his ftudies there without anyexpehce to his family. As foon as he Was at liberty he followed his mafter, who had been invited by the elector Frederic III. to be princi7 pal of his new college at Amber g. The allowance which Fare's. father gave him for his journey was fo (hort, that he was obliged to beg on the road. He arrived at Am- berg in 1566, and was fent (hortly after with ten of his fchpol-fellows to Heidelberg, where Zachary Vrftn was ' 2 prefeflof PAROUS, 493 profeffor of divinity, and rector of the college of Wifdom^ who, upon perufing the recommendation of their mafter, admitted them into his college. , The univerfity was at that time in a moft flourifhing condition, with regard tq every one of the faculties ; fo that Pare had here all the advantages that could be defired, for making the moft confiderabfe proficiency both in the jearned languages. and in philofophy and divinity. He was received a minifter in 157 1, and in May thai: year fent to exercife his function in a village called Schlet-> fenbaeh. This was a difficult cure, on account of the qon- tefts between the Proteftants and Papifts at that time, The elector Palatine his patron had afferted his claim by mairf foree againft the bifhop of Spire, who maintained that the right of nomination to the livings in the corporation of AU fefted was yelled in his chapter. The elector allowed it, biif with this referye, that, fince he had the right of patron^ £ge, the nominators were obliged by the peace of Paffau] to prefent fuch paftors to him whofe religion he approved, By virtue of this right he eftablifhed the Reformed reli-r gion in that corporation, and fent Pare into the parifh of/ Bchlettenbach. The Papifts (hut the doors againft him 5 but they were broke open, and the images and altars pul? |ed down; yet, after all, he could get nobody tq c}ea)< away the ru'bbifh. However, he was going to be married there before winter, when he was called back to teach the third form at Heidelberg. He acquitted himfelf fo well in £hat charge, that in two years time he was promqte4 %o the fecond clafs 5 but he did not hold this above fisj; rnonths, being made firft paftor of Hemjbach in the dir pcefe of Worms. Here he met with a much more tracta ble congregation than that of Schlettenbach. For when the elector Palatine, as patron of the parifh, refolved to re form it *, and caufed the church door s t° \>s bro^e open^ * The incident which brought on this reformation is remarkable. The curate or popifh prielt, who had been drinking all the night before JEa/ier, \yas fleeping himfelf fober at the time of divine fervice. Being •waked at lalt by the fexton, he goes to church, and after finging gets into his pulpit, delivers his preamble, and, according to culiom, kneels down to fay the A've-Mary, and falls aileep. The people imagine, that his being fo long \ipon his knees was owing to 39 extraordinary pa) ; Jjut as it continued £00 long, jthe fexton pulps his gowji, jfe gets ug )ialf aSleep, and cries put, fch' ken begmfacranfent night ptedigen, ' b,y t the faqraraent (a common oath in Germany), I cannot preach.' The bifhop of fPorms being informed of this Scandalous conduct, fends thi Sure to prjfoji, but puts another in hjj fteaqV who ftad feyep bj$anU» 464. P A R M U S. Pare took care to have all the images taken down* and; had them burnt with the people's confent. Thus hap-: pily fituated, he foon refolved to be a lodger ia a public houfe no longer ; and in order to obtain a more agreeable; home, he engaged in the matrimonial ftate four months af ter his arrival, with the fifter of John Stihelins, minifter of Heppenheim, and the nuptials were folemnized on the fifth of January, 1574, publicly in the church of Hemfbach, a fight which had never before been beheld in that parifh : As for concubines and baftards of the priefts, more than enough. It was not a fight, which, like the other, had fomething wonderfal in it. However, the people were eafily reconciled to the new practice, when they came to know what St. Paul teaches concerning the marriage of a bifhop, 1 Tim. iii. 2. and Titus i. 17. , Yet fuch was the unhappy ftate of this country, rent by the continual contefts about religion, that no fooner was popery, the common enemy, rooted out, than new dif* turbances arofe, through the contefts and animofities be tween the Lutherans and Calvinifts, who ought to have been friends. After the death of the elector Frederic III. his fon Lewis, who was a very zealous Lutheran, eftab lifhed every where in his dominions thofe minifters, in the. room of the Sacramentarians. By this means, Pare loft his living at Hemjbach in the year 1577. On this occa fion he retired into the territories of prince John Cafimir, the elector's brother, and was minifter at Ogerjheim, near Frankentalc, three years, and then removed to Wiirengen, near Neufladt ; at which laft place prince Cafimir in 1578, had founded a fchool, and fettled there all the profeffors that had been drove from Heidelberg. This rendered Witzingen fo much more agreeable, as well as more advantageous ; and upon the death of the elector Lewis in 1583, the guardi anship of his fon, together with the adminiftration of the , Palatinate; devolved upon prince Cafimir, who reftored the Calvinift minifters, and Par e^ohtained the fecond chair in the college of Wifdom at Heidelberg in September, 1584. He commenced author two years afterwards, by print ing hi? Method of the Ubiquitarian Controverfy. He alfo printed the Cerman bible with notes, at Neufladt, in 1589. In January, 159 1, he was made firft profeffor in his college, and counfellor to the ecclefiaftical fenate in No vember the following year, and in 1593 was admitted doctor of divinity in the moft folemn manner. He had- already held feveral difputes againft; the writers pf the Augjburg PAROUS.. 405 Augjburg Confeffion, but that of 1^96 was the moft con fiderabfe. Among other things, he produced a Defence of Calvin againft the imputation of his favoring Judaifm, in his commentaries upon feveral parts of fcripture. Two years after this he was promoted to the chair of divinity profeffor for the Old Teftament in his univerfity, by which he was eafed of the great fatigue which he bad un dergone for fourteen years, in governing the youth who were educated at the college of Wifdom ; an employment fo toilfome, that Zachary Urfinus declared he was happy in being banifhed by the Lutherans, as it delivered him from the dreadful charge of ruling thefe untradtable and head- flrong youth. Daniel Toffanus, profeffor of divinity for the New Teftament, dying in 1602, Dr. Pari fucceeded to that chair, and a few years after he bought a houfe in the fuburbs of Heidelberg. Herein, in 1607, he built in the garden an apartment for his library, which he called his Pareanum. He took great delight in it, and the whole houfe went afterwards by that name. The elector ho nored it with feveral privileges and immunities, and the doctor had two inferiptions, one in German, and the other in Latin, put upon the frontifpiece. At the fame time his reputation, fpreading itfelf every where, brought young ftudents to him from the remoteft parts of Hungary and Poland. In 1617, there was kept an" evangelical jubilee, in me mory of the church's deliverance from popery an hundred years before. The folemnity held three days, during which there were continual orations, difputations, poems, and fermons, on the occafion. Our doctor alfo publifhed fome pieces upon the fubject, which drew upon him the refentment of the jefuits of Mentz, who wrote a (harp cenfure of his work, and the doctor publifhed a fuitable anfwer to it. Thefollowing year, 1618, at the inftance, of the Stales General, he was preffed to go to the fynod of Dort; but he excufed himfelf, on account of his age and infirmities, which he faid would not permit him to un dertake fo long a journey, nor bear the inconveniences of fuch an alteration of diet as muft unavoidably attend it. Otherwife he was a proper perfon for that affembly, being a great enemy to all innovations in points of doc trine. He would not fuffer any man to deviate a tittle from the catechifm of his mafter Urfinus, as had been done by fome divines, who added no lefs than three forts of im putation to thofe which that profeffor had laid down con cerning juftification, namely, the imputation of Chrift's death, *o6 P ' A R M U S. death, that of his righteoufnefs, and of habitual holinefs. In the fame fpirit, when there arofe fome controverfies in 1604, about the feventy-fixth queftion of the fame ca techifm of Heidelberg, which treats of the efficacy of the eucharift. Pare, like a brave champion for the eftablifhed doctrine, would not fuffer the leaft .alteration to be made therein, Thefe innovations, he alleged were a removal of the boundaries of truth, which ought to be facred and immoveable, He even maintained that the humor of in novating foreboded an approaching ruin to the church. In the year 1614 he wrote, it is true, to the Lutherans, exhorting them to peace, and to acknowledge that they agreed with the Calvinifts or Sacramentarians, in the fun damental and effential points of the Chriftian faith ; and 3s to the reft, there ought to be a mutqal toleration on each fide : Yet four years after, at the time of the fynod of Dort, he abfolutely condemned the Rempnftrants, or Arminians, and faid their do$xine ought to be banilhed both from the churches and the fchools, He wrote" to the fynod, and recommended his letter with a memoir, in which he gave an account of his own fentiments upon the fubject of the articles pf the Rempnftrants, which was, j-ead in that fynod. After this time he enjoyed but little tranquillity. The apprehenfiops which he had of the ruin, which his patron the elector palatine would bring upon himfelf, by accept-r ing the crown of Bohemia, put him upon changing his habitation. When he faw the workmeri employed in'im-r proving the fortifications of Heidelberg, be faid' it was fo much labor loft ; and confidering the books which he had wrote againft the pope and Bellarmine, he looked upon it as the moft dreadful calamity that could happen to him, to fall into the hands of the monks, and for that reafon gladly complied with the advice that was given him, tq provide in time for his own fafety. Accordirigly he ehofe For his fanctuary the town of Anweil, in the duchy of Deux Pants, near Landau, and arriyed there in Oclober, 1621. However, he left that place fome months after, and went to Neuftadt; nor did he (lay long here, for he, determined to return to Heidelberg, in the refolution tq fetch his Jaft breath at his beloved Pareanum, and fo to be buried near the profeffors of the univerfity, Accord'ngly his with was fulfilled. He died at Pareanum in June, J622, and was interred with all the funeral honors, which the uniyerfities in Germany are ufed to beftow on their- mpn&eriSf Te P A R Jrt tl t. \tf To conclude, it cannot be denied, that in regard to religion, our Author was none of thofe untradtable di vines who. will not yield the leaft thing for the fake of peace *. The Irenicum he publifhed proves the contrary $ yet his extreme watchfulnefs againft the moft trifling in novations, will not allow us to fay that he had any |reat (lock of toleration f. His Works. Our Author's exegetical works have been publifhed by his fon at Frankfort in 1647, *n three volumes, folio. Among thefe are his " Commentary on St. Paul's Epiftle td the Romans, in 1617," which gave fuch offence to K. James I. of England, as containing fome anti-monarchical principles, that he caufed it to be burnt. by the common hangman ; and the univerfity of Ox* ford condemned it in the moft difgraceful manner §* * He ufed to fay with Luther of fuch turbulent Reformers, A dot' tore gloriofo, £f paftore contentiofo, & inufilibus qudftiOnibus, liberet ec* defiam fuam Dominus'. "From a vain -glorious doftor, a litigious " paftor, and ufelefs queftions, deliver thy church, good Lord !" f He extended this fpirit againft innovations to all the new wajrs of fpeaking and teaching, and could not bear Peter Ramus, becaufe'he had dared to remove the boundaries of our ancestors ; upon which oc cafion he wrote an epigram againft him, as follows; Sjia mutas perdis, dixit Democritus, * Et quafervas in phyftcis ftint, Epicure, mea. Nonne idem Ariftofelis in Ranium maftiga dicat 5 &uar* kirk, in Kyle), "was heard to fay, ' that it was almoft im- f poflible for any one to hear him and , tp forbear weep- * ing ; he was fo fervent in fpirit, fo perfuafive, and fo * moving in his manner.'. Luther ufed to fay, ' Three f things made a preacher, prayer, meditation, and temp- * fttipn •/ according to which, Mr. Welch was well qua- 3 G 2 'jifiedj 412 W E- L C H. lined ; for he fpent one-third of his time in prayer and meditation. And fuch were his temptations, that frequently, before he went out to preach, lie would fend for his elders and tell them, that he was fo grievoufly tempted, and feem- ingly fo entirely deferted, that he was afraid to go up into the pulpit ; nor could he be prevailed upon till one or more of them had prayed for him : Then venturing into the pulpit, it was obferved ; thefe humbling feyere exer cifes were generally attended with an extraordinary degree of the prefence and power of GOD ; fo near neighbors many times are contrary difppfitions and frames, fore temptations and great manifeftations of the divine pre- fenCe. He ufed often to retire to the church of Air, which was at fome diftance from the town, and there to fpend the whole night in prayer ; becaufe, probably, it afforded him an opportunity -to give his affections full fcope, and to cry unto the Lord with a loud voice. It is prefumed, that his being at forpe fuch time overheard', was what gave rife to the ignorant and malicious (lander of his being a wizard. Mr. Welch married Elizabeth Knox, daughter to the fa mous Mr. John Knox, minifter of Edinburgh, commonly called the Apoftle of Scotland, who lived with him from his youth till his death ; and by whom he had three fons. The firft was a doctor of phyfic, unhappily killed, through an innocent miftake, in the Low Countries. Another was loft at fea, who, when the (hip funk, fwam to a rock, but perifhed for want of food ; he was found fometime after in a praying pofture, upon his knees, with his hands lifted up to heaven. The third, was Mr. Jofias Welch, minifter at Temple-patrick, in the north of Ireland; a man highly favored of GOD, both as to grace and gifts ; and commonly called the cock of the conscience, becaufe of his extraordinary talent in awakening and roufing the confeiences of finners. He was one of that bleffed fociety of minifters, inftrumental in that extraordinary work of GOD in the north of Ireland, about the year 1639 ; but was himfelf exceedingly troubled with doubts and fears about his own falvation, and Would often fay, ' That * minifter was much to be pitied, who was called to * comfort weak faints, and had no comfort himfelf." He died a young man, and left for his fucceffor Mr. John Welch, minifter at Iron-gray, in Galloway, the place of his grandfather's nativity:. Where he [Mr. John Welch], in fome of the moft- dreadful times of perfecution, that Scotland ever knew, tu^-iined his dangerous poft of • - preaching W E L e H. 413 preaching the gofpel upon the mountains of Scotland, norT withftafiding the threatenings againft him, and the price fet upon his head, with all' the fierce induftry of his ene, mies. It is well known, that one Claverhoufe, a bitter perfecutar, upon fecret information from his fpies, that Mr. Welch was to be found in fome lurking place, though at forty miles diftance, made that long journey in a winr ter's night, that he might take him ; but, through .the interpofition of'divine providence, he always milted his prey. There was fcarce ever a man that endured more toil, went through greater dangers, and efcaped more- fnares than Mr. John Welch. When his friends ufed to advife him to be more cautious, and not to endanger him felf fo much ; he would anfwer, " That he firmly be-\ *' lieved dangerous undertakings would be his fecurity; *' and that, whenever he fhould give oyer that courfe, " and retire himfelf, his miniftry would come to ap "end:" Which accordingly came to pafs; for when, after the great (laughter made at B-othwell-bridge, he re tired to London, the L°rd called him by death, and he, was honorably buried, in Weftminfter. Notwithftanding, he walked with GOD, like Enoch of old, he forgot not to conduct himfelf with propriety tor wards map; for he frequently dined abroad with fuch friends as he thought might maintain the communion of faints : And, once a year, invited a great number of his friends in the town to dine with him, whom he treated as became a minifter and a Chriftian, Mr. Welch continued in his miniftry with great fuccefs, till the troubles arofe in Scotland^ about the year 1602, upon the attempt to eftablifh epifcopacy by K. James I. We will npt trouble our Readers'with the difgufting re- cital of thofe broils which then were kindled upon out ward church government, and which, in almoft all ages, have miferably rent and diftracted the Chriftian world. Nor will we prefume to juftify many of the public mea fures then taken, nor yet the bitternefs and bigotry of fpirit with which they were often oppofed. Suffice it for us to relate, according tq truth, that Mr. Welch was ope of thofe, who thought himfelf bound in confcience to oppofe the epifcopal fyftem, and that he did it with all his might, He was therefore taken up and tried for diffemipating fedition, and afterwards condemned to be banifhed. This was in the year 1605. While he was under confinement at Blacknefs, he v/rote bis letter to the countefs of Wigtown, which, as it hath been 414 W t L C H. heen much celebrated and admired by the religious people in Scotland, we prefume will not be unacceptable to our Readers. " The confalation of the Holy Ghoft be multiplied unto you by Jefus Chrift. V " /""VFTEN and many times, Chriftian and elect fc \J lady, I have defired the opportunity to be com-! " forted with that cofifolation wherewith it hath pleafed " God, of his free grace and mercy, to fill and furnifli *' you. Your remembrance is very fweet and comfort* *' able to my very foul : Since the time I knew you in " Chrifl Jefus, I have ever been mindful of you unto the " Lord, and now; not being able to refrain any longer, " I could not omit this occafion ; not knowing how, long *' it may pleafe the Lord to continue my being in this " tabernacle, or giye me further occafion of writing " to any. " Although I have" not great matter at this time, yet, in *e remembrance of your labour of love, hope, and pa- " tience, I- muft needs falute.your ladyfhip, knowing " affuredly, you are the chofen of God, fet apart before " ever the worid was, to that glprious and eternal mlie* fi ritance. Being thus corpforted in your faith and hope, fC I am fully affured, though we neyer have the occafion '*' of meeting here, yet we (hall reign together in the *' world to come, '« -.,,,, " My defire to remain here is not great, knowing, that *' fo long as I am in this boufe of play, I am ab fent from *f God ; and if it were diffolved, J look for a building, " not made with hand*, eternal in the heavens. In this ~" I groan, defiringy to be clothed upon, with my houfe *c which is in heayen : If fo that being clothed, I (hall *' not be found naked. For I that am within this taber- *' nacle do often groap and figh within myfelf; being *' oftentimes burdened : Not that I would be unclothed, *' but clothed upon; that mortality might be fwallowed *' up of life, I long to eat of that tree which is planted '* in the midft of the paradife of God, and to dripk pf the *' pure river, clear as cryftal, that runs through the *' ftreets of the New Jerusalem. I know that my Redeemer " liveth, and that he Jhall fland at the, lafl day upon the " earth. And though after my Jkin warms deflroy my body, " yet in my fie fh Jhall I fee God; Whom I Jhall fee for myfelf, " and npt another for^mil QnA mine ey^ Jhall behold him, ' h (hough WELCH. 4*5 " though wy. reins be confumed within me. I long to be re- u frefhed with the fouls' of them that are under the altar, u who were (Iain for the word of God, and the teftimony " they held, and to have thefe long white robes given " me, that I may walk in white raiment, with thofe glo- "' rious faints who haveWafhed their garments, and have " made them white in the blood of the Lamb. Why " fhould I think it a ftrange thing fo be removed from " this place to that; wherpin my hope; iriy joy, my '' crown, my elder brother, my head, my Father, my " Comforter, and all the glorious faints are ; and where " the fong of Mofes and the Lamb are fUrtg joyfully ; " where we (hall not be compelled to fit by the rivers of *' Babylon, anrl to hang our harps upon the willow-trees ; " but (hall take them up and fingthe hallelujah, blefling, " honour, glory, and power, to him that fits upon the " throne, and to'the Lamb for ever and ever? What is " there under the old vault of the heavens, and in this " old worn earth, which is under the bondage of cor* "' ruption, groaning and travelling in pain, and (hoot- " ing out the head, looking, waiting, and longing, for *' the redemption of the fons of God ? What is there, I ** fay, that fhould make me defire to remain here ? I ex- *' pect that new heavens, and that new earth, .wherein " righteoufnefs dwelleth, wherein I fhall reft for ever- '' more. I look to get entry into the New Jerufalem, at '< one of thofe twelve gates, whereupon are written the- *' names of the twelve tribes of the children of Ifrael. ** I know that Chrifl Jefus hath prepared them for me; il Why may I not then, with boldnefs in his blood, ftep rt apples, for I am fick, and my foul is wounded with'' " love. Behold thou art fair, my love ; behold thou art" (f fair, thou haft doves eyes : Behold thou art fair, my' " beloved ; yea pleafant : Alfo our bed is green ; the " beams of our houfe are cedars, and our rafters ,are of ' " fir : Hpw fair and how pleafapt art thou, O full of all " delights! my heart is ravifhed with thee: Q when *f fhall I fee thy face!: how long wilt thou delay to be " with me as a roe, or a youpg hart, leaping upon the (f mountains, and (kipping upon the hills : As 'a bundle1 '-'' of myrrh be thou to me, and lye all night betwixt my " breafts : Becaufe of the favour of thy good ointments : « Thy name is as ointment poured forth : Therefore defire " I. to go out of this defart, and to come to tho place- ** where thou fitteft at thy repaft, and where thou makefl* " thy flocks to reft at noon. When; fhall I be filled with " his love ? Surely, if a man knew how precious it werej (f he would. count all things drpfs and dung to gain it :' '¦' Truly I would long for that fcaffold, or that ax, or* " that cord, that might be to me that laft ftep of this my "wearifome journey, to go to thee, my Lord, Thout *' who knoweft the meaning of the fpirit, give anfwer to *s the fpeaking, fighing, and groaning of the fpirit: Thour '.' who haft enflamed my heart to fpeak unto thee in this" " filent, yet lovely, language of ardent and fervent defires, '•' fpeak again unto my. heart, and anfwer my defires, *,f which thou haft made me fpeak to thee, i Cor. xv. 55. ** O death, where is thy fling ? Q grave, where is thy vic- " tary? the fling of death is fin ; the flrength of Jin is the " law. But thanks be to God, who giveth to me the vicJorf " through Jefus Chrift, ' > ".What can be troublefome unto me, fince my Lord " looks upon me with fo loving and amiable a coun-^ ** tenance?'And how greatly dp I lopg for thefe em- " bracements of my Lord ? 0 that he would iifs me' *' with the kiffes of his mouth, Cant. i. 2. for his love ** is better than wine ! O that my foul were the throne1 " wherein he might dwell eternally! O that my heart " were the temple wherein he might be magnified, and *'* dwell for ever ? All glory be unto my God ; angels ?' and faints, praife ye him ; O thou earth, yea hills '.' and mountains, be glad; you (hall not be wearied any *f more with the burden of corruption, whereunto you V have been fubject through the wickednefs of mankind, *' Lift up your heads and be glad, for a fire fhall make *< you clean from all your corruption and vanity, where-' * ' with for many years you have beep infected. Let the VpLf'IJ, V 3H *• hrid* 4*8 W E L C ft. '* bride rejoice, let all the faints rejoice, for the day of' " the marriage with the bridegroom (even the Lamb of " God) is at hand, and bis fair white robes fhall' be gi-- " ven her; (he. fhall be arrayed with the golden veftry " >and needle*work of his manifold graces, that (hall be ", put opon her : He, who is her life, fhall quickly ap- " pear, and (lie. (hall quickly appear with him in the " glory and happinefs of a.confummate marriage. But- " I muft remember myfelf, I know I have been greatly " ftrengthened and fuftained by your prayers, (honour-' _ " ahle lady, and dearly beloved in our Lord Jefus) con- '? tinue, I pray you, as you .have begun, in wratHing" « with the Lord for me, that Chrifl may be magnified in " my mortal body, whether living or dead, that my foul *' may be lifted up to the third heavens, that I may tafte '.' of thefe joys that are at the right-hand of my heavenly *' Father,- and that with gladnefs I: may let my fpirit go " thither where my body (hall (hortly follow. Who am *' I, that he flioald firft have called me, and then confti- *< tute me a minifter of the glad tidings of the gofpel of *' falvation thefe years already, and now, laft of all, to be' <' a fufferer for his caufe and kingdom ? Now let it be fo, " that I have fought my fight and run my race, and now " from henceforth- is laid up for me that crown of righte-' " oufnefs; whkh- the Lord, that righteous God, will ',' give, and not to me only, but to all that love his ap- *.' pearance ; and chuife to witnefs this, that Jefus Chrift is •* the king of faints, and that his church is a mod free *' kingdom, yea; as free as any kingdom under heaven, *' Pot only to convocate, hold anid keep her meetings, and *' conventions and affemblies, but alfo to judge of all her *.' affairs^ in all her meetings and conventions amongft *' her members and fubjects. " Thefe two points, firft, That Chrift is the head " of his church ; fecondly, That (he is free in her " government-from all other jurifdiction except Chrift's : " Thefe two points, I fay, are the fpecial caufes of our " impiifonment, being now convicted as traitors for " maintaining thereof : We have been ever waiting *' with joyfulnefs to give the laft teftimony of our " blood in confirmation thereof, if it fhould pleafe our " God to be fo. favourable as to honour us with.this dig- " nity : Yea, I do afErm, that thefe two points above « " fore thy judgement (hall be greater : But the fanctuary f muft be begun at, and the meafure is not fulfilled, till ic the blPodof the faints be (hed; then the Cries will be *' great; and will not ftay, till they bring the Lord down *' from heaven his throne, to fee if the fins of Scotland be *' according to the cry thereof; neither (hall there be any " fubject in the land from the greateft to the meaneft '.' guiltjefs. The guilt of our blood (hall not only lye *' upon our prince, but alfo upon our own brethren, bi* *' (hops; councellors, and commiflioners ; it is they; .*' even they that have ftirred up our prince againft us s " We muft therefore lay the blame, and burden of our " blood upon them efpecially, however the reft above- *' written be partakers of their fins, with them : And as to " the reft of our brethren, who either by filence approve^ " or by crying peace, peace, ftrengthen the arm of the 4' wicked, that they canhot return; in the mean time " make the hearts of the righteous fad ; they (hall all in " like manner be guilty of high-treafon againft the King *' of kings4 the Lord -Jefus Cbr {ft) his crown and king* t{ dom. " Next UhtO themj all our commiflioners, chancellory *' prefident, comptroller, advocate ; and next unto them, " all that firft or laft fatin the council, and did not bear *' plain teftimony for Jefus Chrifl and his kingdom, for V which we do fuffer : And next unto them; all thofe ." who fhould have at prefent, and who fhould at fuch "times have come, and made open teftimony of Chrift *' faithfully, although it had been contrary to plain lawj "and with the hazard of their lives^ When the poor " Jews were in fuch danger, that nothing was expected " but utter deftrudtion; Qj Eflher, after three days faft* *' ing, concluded thus with herfelf, / will, faid (he< gi " into the king, though it be hot according to law ; and if I u perijh, I perijh, Either iyi 16. With this refolution^ u fuch as are born councellors fhould have faid, Chrift's " kingdom is now at hand, and I am' bound alfo, and *' fworn, by a fpecial covenant; to maintain the doctrine " and difcipline thereof, according to my vocation and 5' power, all the days of my life; under all the pains ." contained in the book of God, and danger of body and *' foul, in the day of God's fearful judgement ; And there- I' fore* w E L c tf; 42* **fore, though I (hou'ld perifh in the caufe, yet will I " fpeak for it, and to my power defend it, according to *' my vocation. Finally, All thofe that counfel, com* " mand, confent, and allow, are guilty in the fight of " our God : But the mourners for thefe evils, and the " faithful of the land, and thofe who are unfeignedly " grieved in heart for all thefe abominations, thofe (hall " be marked as not guilty, Ezeh. ix. " I know not, whether I (hall have occafion to write " again -, and therefore, by this letter, as my latter will " and teftament, I give teftimony, warning, and know* " ledge of thefe things to all nien, according to the Lord's " direction to the prophet, Son of man, I have made thee ** a watchman^ Ezek. xxxiii. 7, &c. Therefore I give " warning to all jnen hereby, that no man's blood be re* " quired at my hands. Thus defiring the help of your " prayers, With my humble commendations, and fervice " in Ghrifl, to my lord, your hufband, and all the faints " there-: ThemeffePger of peace be with you all for ever- -*' more. Amen. " Yours, to my full power, for '.- Blachnefs, " the time Chrift's prifoner, January 6^, 1606.. "JOHN WELCH." Several very extraordinary circumftances are related of Mr. Welch by his biographer; which, becaufe they are ex* traordinary and muft depend upon the veracity of the re- later, we Will tranfcribe and leave to the judgement of our Readers. ¦• Mr. Welch was fometime prifoner in the caftle of Edin-* burgh before his banifhment, where, one night, fitting at fupper with Lord Ochiltree, Mrsi Welch's uncle; he enter-, tained the company with his ufual religious and edifying converfation, which was well received by all the company except one debauched, popifh, young gentleman, who fometimes laughed, and fometimes mocked and made faces : Upon which Mr. Welch demanded filence of the company, and that they would obferve the work of the Lord upon that prophane mocker, which they fhould pre fently behold ; Immediately the poor wicked wretch fell down under the table, and died, to the great aftonifhment of all prefent. , About the fame time, another remarkable circumftance happened. Lord Ochiltree, the captain of the caftle, and fon to the above-mentioned good lord Ochiltree^ was very Civil to Mr. Welch ; but had not been able for feme time, through 414 WELCH, through a multitude of affairs, to vifit Mr. Welch in" h% chambers ; yet walking in the court one day, he faw hint look out of his window, and afked him kindly, ' How he * did, and if in any thing he could ferve him ?' Mr. Welch anfwered, and faid, " My lord, as you are foon to go to " court, I earneftly entreat you to petition the kingj " [K. James] in my name, that I may have liberty to *' preach the gofpel :" This his lordfhip promifed to do. Mr. Welch added, " My Lord, both becaufe you are my *' kinfman, and for other reafons, I would earneftly eh- " treat and defire you not to promife, except you faith* ^' fully perform." His lordfhip replied, ' He would * faithfully perform his promife :' And foon fet out for- London. At his firft arrival, he fully purpofed to prefent the petition ; but finding theking in a rage at the godly minifters, hedurftnot then prefent it; thinking he fhould meet With a fairer opportunity bye and bye; but at length} he forgot it entirely. The firft time Mr. Welch faw him ' after his return home, he afked him, " What he had done" *' with his petition ?" His lordfhip anfwered, ' He had * prefented it to the king ; but that he was in fo great a rage againft the minifters at that- time, he believed it * had been forgot ; for he had received no anfwer.'— " Nay, (faid Mr. Welch), My lord, you fhould not lie " to God and to rne ; for I know you never delivered •' it, though I warned you to take heed, and not to ufi* " der'take it, except you would perform it ; but becaufe *.' you have dealt fo unfaithfully ; remember God fhall " take from you both eftate and honours, and give them to *' your neighbour in your own time :" Which truly came' to pafs, for, in his own time, both his eftate and honori were tranflated upon James Stuart. • While he was (till a prifoner in Edinburgh, his wife who lived with him,' had a great defire to fee her family in Air, to which, with fome difficulty he conferrtedy but when (he entered upon her journey, he ftrictry charged her, when fhe came to Air, not to take the-ordi* nary way to her houfe, nor to pafs by the bridge through the town ; but to crofs the river above the bridge, in her Way home, and not to come into the town at all: Forr (faid he), " Before you come thither, you (hall find the " plague has broken out in Air." Which was indeed the cafe, as fhe found when fhe came there. The plague being among his people grieved him much, being feparated from them. But when Tome of them came to him frora, Air, to bemoan themfelves j he anfweredt ¦¦¦ them,, < W EL C Hv 42$ them, " Hugh Kennedy (a godly man in Air), fhould pray " for them ; and God would hear him." This counfel they accepted ; and that- gentleman, convening feveral' proper people of the place, prayed fervently for the town (-for he was a fecond Welch in wreftling mightily with Q.OD in prayer) and accordingly after that, the plague decreafed . The time now being come that Mr. Welch (hould leave Scotland, never to fee it again ; he, with many more, un der the fame condemnation, went on board a fhip at Leith, on the feventh day of November, in the year- 1606 j and although as early as two o'clock in the morning, there were great numbers of people, waiting with their afflicted families, to bid tbem farewel. After prayer, they feng.the twenty-third Pfalm; and then, to the great grief of a multitude of fpedtators, they fet fail for the fouth of France, and landed in the river of Bourdeaux. ¦ In about the fpace of fourteen weeks after his -arrival, the Lord fo fuGceeded his diligence and application, that he was able to preach in French ; and was in a (hort time called to the miniftry, firft in one village, then in ano ther ; one of which was Nerac. Afterward he was fettled in St.. Jean d'Angely, a corifiderable walled town, where1 he abode during his ftay in France; which was about fix teen. years. When he began firft to preach, it was ob* ferved, by fome of his hearers, that while he continued in .the doctrinal part of his fermon, he fpoke French very accurately; hut when he came to this application, and began to grow warm in his affections, his fervor made him fometimes neglect the accuracy of the French -con-i ftrudtion : But being admonifhed of this by fome pious young men, which he took in good part, he propofed tbs following remedy in future ; that two of" them 'fhould fit' ©ppofite the pulpit, and when they perceived him begin ning to decline, -they (hould ftand- up-, as a watch-word to him. By which means he acquired a wonderful exact* nefs • throughout his- whole fermon..- So defirous was -be- tp.deliver good matter in a graceful manner. There were many times perfons of great quality in his auditory, before whom he was juft as bold as ever he bad been in a Scots village; which moved Mr. Boyd of Troch- rig, once to afk him (after he had preached before the, univerfity of Saumur, with fuGh boldnefs and authority as if he had been before the meaneft congregation) how he. could, be fo confident among ftrangers, and perfons of fuch quality ? To which he anfwered, that he was -fo filled 42* W E L C H. filled with the dread of GOD, he had no apprehenfrori' from men at all : And * this anfwer (faid Mr. Boyd), did' * not remove my admiration, but rather increafed it.' He had feveral young gentlemen boarded in the houfe with him, for the fake of his edifying company and con verfation, among whom was the heir of lord Ochiltree, Captain of the caftle of Edinburgh. This young noble*, man, after he had gained much'upori Mr. Welch's affec tions, fell fick, and after wafting away for a long time,', clofed his eyes, and, to the apprehenfion of all . prefent,» expired ; Accordingly, he was taken out of his bed and,. laid upon a pallet, agreeable to the cuftom of the place,. This was matter of great grief to Mr. Welch, who flayed full three hours ip the room, lamenting over him with great tendernefs. After twelve hours, according to cuftom, they brought a coffin to put him in ; but Mr. Welch de*» fired, that, for the fatisfaction of his affections, they. would forbear for a time; with which they complied, and returned not again till twelve hours after, when, in*: deed, they earneftly importuned him, that the corps might be buried, becaufe of the extreme heat of the wea-i fher: But he again requefted they would indulge him pnce more; which they did firft till fhe corps had laid thirty-fix hours pn the pallet ; and again, till they fup* pofed he had been dead forty-eight hours. They then perceived, that Mr. Welch did not, believe the youngj man really dead, but in fome kind of fit; and advifed to fend for phyficians and furgeons, and fatisfy himfelf by fome experiment. He agreed to what they propofed ; and the gentlemen of the faculty firft pinched the flelhy parts of his body with pincers, but without fuccefs ; then they twifted a firing about his head with great force, but no figns of life .appearing they pronounced him entirely dead. Mr, Welch begged of them once more, that they would but ftep into the next room for an hour or two* and leave him with the dead youth ; and this they granted. Then Mn Welch fell down before the pallet, and cried unto the Lord with all his might for the laft time, and fometimes looking upon the dead body, continuing in wreftling with the Lord, till at length the, dead youth opened his eyes, and cried out to Mr, Welch, whom he diftinctly knew, •' O fir, I am all whole but my head and f .legs :' And thefe were the places they had fore hurt with their pinching. ¦ When Mr. Welch perceived this, he called upon his friends, and (hewed the dead young man reftoredta life Z "again, WELCH. {«§ iSgain, to their great aftonifhment. And this young noble man, though his father, loft the eftate of Ochiltree, lived to acquire a great eftate in Ireland, and was lord Caflle- fteuart, and a man of fuch excellent parts, that he was courted by the earl of Strafford, to be a counfellor in Ire* land, which he refufed to be, until the godly filenced Scotpjb minifters, who fuffered under the bifhops- in the porth of Ireland, were reftored to the exercife of their miniftry ; and then he engaged, and fo continued for all his life, not only in honor and power, but in the pro^ feflion and practice of godlinefs, to the great comfort of the country where he' lived. " This ftory the nobleman " communicated to his friends in Ireland, and from them " I had it." While Mr. Welch was minifter in one of thefe French villages; one evening, a pbpifh friar, travelling through the country, becaufe he could "find no lodging in the whole village, addreffed himfelf to Mr, Welch's houfe, begging the favor of a lodging for that night. The fer* vants informed Mr. Welch, who readily confented ; but as he had fupped, and family worship was over, he did not fee the friar, but retired to his room. After the friar had fupped, the fervant fhewed him to his chamber, be tween which and Mr. Welch's there was but a thin deal partition. After the friar's firft deep, he was furprifed with hearing a conftant whifpering kind of noife, at which he was exceedingly frightened. The next morning, as he walked in the fields, a coun* tryman met him ; and, becaufe of his habit, faluted him, dicing him, ' where he had lodged that night?' The friar anfwered, with the Hugonot minifter. The countryman afked him what entertainment he met with? The friar anfwered, * Very bad ; for (faid he), I always imagined * there were devils haunting thefe minifters houfesi and * I am perfuaded there was one with me this -n i ght ;"• for ' I heard a continual whifper all the night, ..which I'be- -' lieve was nothing elfe but the minifter and the devil * conversing together.' The countryman told hirnj. he was- much miftake n, and that ii was only the minifter at his night-prayers, " ' Oh, faid the. friar, doe's the mini- ¦* fter pray any ?•' ' Yes," faid -the countryman, more than * any man in France; and if you will ftay another night * witH him, you may be- fatisfied.' The friar returned to Mr. Welch's houfe, and feigning - indifpofitipn, begged another night's lodo-lrig, which was granted him, - -5 Vol II? 3 I ' -Aftejr 4*& WELCH. After a while Mr. Welch came down, and a'ffernbled the family, and, according to cuftom, firft fang apfaim, then read a portion of fcripture, which he briefly expounded, and then prayed in his ufual fervent manner: To all which the friar was an aftonifhed witnefs. At dinner the friar was very civilly entertained ; Mr. Welch thinking it beft to forbear all queftions and difputes for the prefent. In the evening, Mr. Welch had family-worfhip, as in the morning, which occafioned ftill more wonder in the friar. After fupper, they all retired ; the friar longing to know What the night-whifper was. He laid awake till Mr. Welch's ufual time of night for rifing to pray ;• when, hear ing the fame whifpering noife, he creeped. foftly to Mr. Welch's door, and there heard not only the found, but the words diftinetly, and fuch communications between GOD and man as he knew not had been in the world. Upon this the friar waited for Mr. Welch to come out of his chamber; when he told him, he had lived indarknefs and ignorance till this time, but was now refolved to give himfelf up entirely to Mr. Welch's teaching ; and declared himfelf a Proteftant. Mr. Welch congratulated him upon his better underftanding, and exceedingly encouraged him : And it is faid, he lived and died a true Proteftant. * This account I had (fays his biographer), from a very * pious minifter, who was bred in Mr. Welch's houfe in * France. , Lewis XIII. of France made war with the Proteftants, on the foore of religion, arid at the head of his army be- fieged the city of St. Jean d'Angely ; which, after a con fiderabfe fiege, capitulated upon very advantageous terms. While' the king remained in this town, after the capitu lation, Mr. Welch continued to preach as ufual ; but the king hearing of it was much offended, and one day fent the duke d'Efpernon to order him out of the pulpit, and to hring him before him, The duke went with his guardj and as foon as he entered the church where Mr. Welch was preaching; Mr. Welch defired the people to make way, and to fet a feat, that the duke rpight hear the word of the. Lord. The duke, inftead of interrupting him, fat down, and heard him with great1 attention till he had finifhed -his difcourfe; and theri told him, he muft go with hiiri to the king; .which Mr, Welch readily, did. When the duke came to the king, the king afked h>m, ' Why r he brought not the minifter, and why he did riot inter- ' rtipthim?' The duke anfwered, ' Never man fpake like *;this man; but that he had brought him with him.' Whereupa^ W\ E L C H. 427 Whereupon Mr. Welch was called into the king's pre fence; and upon his admiffion filently prayed to GOD for wifdom and affiftance. The king afked him, ' How * he durft preach where he was, fince it was againft the ' taw of France, for arty man to preach within the verge * of his court?' Mr. Welch anfwered, " Sir, if you did " right, you would come and hear me preach, and make " all France hear me likewife; for (faid he), I preach *' not as thofe men whom you hear ; my preaching differs " from their's in thefe two points. Firft, I preach that " you muft be faved. by the merits and death of Jefus " Chrifl, and not by any merits or works of your own. " Next, I preach, that as you are king of France, you " are under the authority and command of no man on *' earth : Thofe men (added he), whom you hear, fub- " jedt you to the pope of Rome, which I will never ,dQ." The king replied no more, but, Et bien vous etiez mon miniflre: ' Well, well, you (hall be my minifter.' Ac cordingly, he was favorably difmiffed, and the king left the town in peace. In a (hort time after, the war was renewed ; and Mr. Welch then told the inhabitants of the city, that now theiij cup was full, and they (hould no more efcape ; which ac cordingly came to pafs. The king ordered Vitry, cap tain of his guard, to preferve his minifter from all dan ger; and to provide him with horfes, and waggons, and all other conveniences neceffary to convey him and his family to Rochelle. This ftory lord Kenmure, who was bred at Mr. Welch's houfe, told Mr. Livingfloun, minifter of Ancrum, and from him (fays the biographer), I had it. Soon after this, Mr. Welch obtained liberty. to come to England; and his friends petitioned the king, that he might be permitted to return to Scotland; the phyficians giving it as their opinion, that nothihg could preferve his life, but his native air. But the king gave them an ab solute denial ; fo he lariguifhed in London a confiderabfe time. His difeafe was thought by. fome to be. of the le- profy kind ; but the phyficians faid, he had been poifoned. When, in the rime of his weaknefs, he was defired to remit fomewhat of his exceffive labor and ftudy ; his an fwer was, " He had his life of God, and that it. fhould " be fpent for him." It is faid, that by frequent and long praying, the flelh of bis knees was hard and callous like horn. His friends again importuned the king, that if he was not permitted to go to Scotland, he might at leaft have 3 I 2 liberty 428 W E ' L C If: liberty to preach' in London; but neither would the kirtg grarit this requeft, till he heard all hopes of life were Saft ; then, not fearing his activity, he allowed him. Ir. Welch no foorier heard that he had liberty to' preach, than he readily embraced it ; and havirig accefs to a lec turer's pulpit, he preached both rong and fervently. This was the laft performance of his life; for, after he had ended his fermon, he returned to hrs chamber,- and within two hours, quietly and without pai% he refigned his fpirit into his Maker's hands; and was buried near Mr* Deering, the famous Englijh divine, in the year 1623, irt the fifty-third year of his age. He was of a ftrong* robiuft conftitution, and underwent a deal of fatigue. Among his Papers were found Saurez's Metaphyfics abridged ; and a great number of Selsgfjons; fome of which were printed in Glafgow fome years ago. He printed his Difpute with, Abbot Brown th« Papift, iii which his learning appears to be nothing behind his Other excellencies. Another Piece,, called Dr. Welch's Arma geddon, he printed in France, in which are given, his Meditations on the Enemies of the Church : But this performance is very rarely to be met with. - We will conclude this article with the extract of a letter, lent, by Mr. Welch to the lady Mar while he was an exile in France^ which has-been preferved by the excellent Mr. Fleming. -. " I thank my God, (fays he) in Chrifl, for all the ** gracious confolatiOn it pleafeth him to vouchfafe on me " in the days of my affliction, whereby I perceive; ; the l.* good pleafure of his will to minifter unto me comfort, *' that, not only with patience, but with joy, I may bear ": his crofs; and I dare not but give teftimony, that the *' Lord has been faithful inhis prorpifes, and hasremem- " bered his mercy and covenant towards me, has made *' his yoke eajy and his burden light, and has caufed his " confolations to abound, far beyond all that ever I yet "fuffered. /Tis true, it cannot but, be fometimes griev- ?' ous to remember the glory that I have feen botbdn pub* M lie and private in the communion of faints, from which " I am now exiled ; yet it pleafeth my Lord to minifter " fuch tranquillity of mind unto me, thatT cannot, but " wonder at it, and at thofe exceeding and incredible joys, " wherewith I now fee by experience it pleafes him to " accompany his own crofs. O how fweet a thing is.it " to fuffer for. Chrifl! How glorious and rich treafures " are there, that lye hid under that vile arid ignominious " veil P I j S jC A T O R. 429 *f veil of the crofs ! The world, yea, the princes and *' wife of this world know not the glorious and unfpeak- V: -able, joys that are jai«d with -the crofs : ..Yea, who " knows it, but he that hath experience of it? — Surely' " affliction is a teftimony and fealpf the love of God !" =s~»-s= I OHN P1SCATOR. \t JOHN PISCATOR, a learned and laborious divine, Was born at Strajburg in the year 1546. He was from a youth a lover of. ftudy, and made an early proficiency in learning ; and? in, his ftudy pf logic, reconciled and ¦united Ariflatle and his commentator Peter Ramus. Hav ing made great progrefs in divinity, he was invited to Herborn to accept- of the profeffpr's chair, which-he filled ¦with fuch general fatisfaction and fo very agreeably to the ftudents, that many flocked thither from Germany, France, Poland, and other northern countries^ He was very di ligent and laborious j fcarce allowing himfelf fufficient time for-fleep. , ¦ He wrote many things ; and tranflated the whole bible Aipath great induftry and faithfulnefs into the German lan guage ; befides his analyfis logical and. theological of the greateft part of it. He died at Herborn in 1625, and in the eightieth year of his age. Our ;Dr. Twiffe fays of him, that he was an excellent fcripture-diyririe, but no fchool-divine, and that therefore it is not to be wondered at, if he did not ufe the accuracy of fcholaftic expreffions. ¦But. if what Luther-, fays be right (as we are inclined to .believe), Bonus textuarius efl theologus bonus ; i. e, ' A good -' textuary is a good divine;' it is poflible tp pardon him, efpecially as no man living can find- out, what Benefit ever occurred to the world from the fcholaftic divinity ;. unlefs the filling the pope's coffers can be thought to have been -an advantage to it. LANCELOT t 43 chefler, ' Well, my lord, what fay you ?' •' Sir, (replied ?' the Bifhop) I have no (kill to judge pf parliamentary *c cafes.'' The king anfwered, 'No put-offs, my lord y * anfwer me prefently.' " Then, fir, (faid he) I think f ' it lawful for you tq take my brother Neale's money, for ?' he offers it." This great prelate was in pp lefs reputation and efteem with K. Charles I. than he had been Withfiis predeceffors. At length he departed this life, at Winchefler-houfe irs Sauthwark, September 25, 1626, in the feventy-firft year of his age ; and was buried in the parifh-church of St. Saviour's Sauthwark ; where his executors erected to him a very fair monument of marble and alabafter, on which is an elegant, Latin infcription, written by one of his chaplains. His bones, not many years fince, were difr placed, and upon taking them away (as it feems) tomake room for other occupants, the hair of his heard, and his filken cap, were found undecayed in the remains of his coffin. His Works. Befides the Tortura Torti, bifhop An drews wrote A Manual of private Devotions and Medi tations for eyery Day in the Week*, and A Manual of >2 * This excellent Piece was written in Greek and Latin. The words are generally taken from the fcriptures, or made as nearly as. poflible to them in a precative form. They are, ,of courfe, full of pathos and fervent aSteftion. A very proper book for Serious young perfons, who are acquiring the learned languages, Direct ANDREW S. 433 Pirections for the Vifitation of the Sick ; befides Sermons, and feveral Tracts- ip Englijh and Latin publifhed after his death. He had a (hare in the tranflation of the Pentateuch, and the biftorical books from Jojhua to the firft book of Chronicles exclufively. '. The character- of bifhop Andrews, both public and pri vate, was in every refpect great and fingular. The au thor of his life, fo often referred to, celebrates in parti cular his great zeal and piety, his charity and compaflion, his fidelity and integrity, hisgratitude and thankfulnefs, his munificence and bounty, "his hofpitality, his huma-n nity and affability, his modefty, his diligent application to ftudy, and his talents as a preacher and a writer. He generally hated all forts of vices, but more efpecially three, which were, ufury, fimony, and facrilege. K. James had fo great an awe and veneration for him, that, in his pre fence, he refrained from that mirth and levity, in which he indulged himfelf at other times. What opinion my lord Clarendon had of him, appears from hence, that, in mentioning the death of Dr. Bancroft, archbifhop of Can terbury, he remarks, that ' if he had been fucceeded by ' bifhop Andrews, or any man who underftood-and loved c the church, that infection would eafily have been kept *¦ out, which could not afterwards be fo eafily expelled.' Our great poet Milton thought him worthy of his pen, and wrote a Latin elegy on his death. His ftyle and man ner of writing, however admired in that age, are very exceptionable in the opinion of the beft critics of the pre fent. We will fum up the character of this truly Reverend Man in the words of the bifhop of Ely, which he deli vered in his fermon upon the occafion. of his death. * His admirable knowledge in the learned tongues, La- ' tin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, befides ' other modern tongues to the number of fifteen (as I am ' informed), was fuch and fo rare, that he may well be * ranked in the firft place, to be one of the rareft linguifts ' in Chriflendom ; in which he was'fo perfect and abfo- * lute, both for grammar and profound knowledge there- '¦ in, that he was fo perfect in the grammar and criticifms « of them, as -if he had utterly neglected the matter it- ' felf ; and yet was fo exquifite and fourid in the matter *. and learning of thefe tongues, as if he had never re- * garded the grammar. -Of this Reverend Prelate, I ' may fay, his life was a life of prayer: A great part of * five hours every day, he fpent in prayer and devotion to Vol. II. 3 K « God, 434 A N. D, R. E W S. * God. After the death of his brother Thomas Andrews, ' whom he loved dearly, he began to reckon of his own, ' which he faid would be in the end of fummer or the be- '. ginning of. winter,. And when his brother Nicholas; « Andrews died, he took that as a certain warning of his c own death ; and from that time till the hour of his dif- ' folptipn, he fpent all his time in prayer. And in his * laft ficknefs continued, when awake, to pray audibly, * , till his ftrength failed, and then by lifting up his eyes ' and hands, (hewed that he ftill prayed ; and then when '#both voice, and eyes, and hands, failed in their office, * his countenance (hewed that he ftill prayed and praifeq * God in his heart, till it pleafed God to receive his, *. bleffed foul to himfelf, whichwas ahout four o'clock in, c the morning of Monday the twenty-fifth of September, « 1626.' 4 His Works, befides thofe above-mentioned. "i.'Re- fponfio ad Apologiam Cardiualis Beilarmini, quam nuper edi- dit contra Prafationem Monitoriam ferenijftmi ac potentiffimi principis Jacobi, &c. omnibus Chriflianis' Monarchis, Print cipibus, atque Ordinibus infcriptam, i. e. An Apfwier to the Apology of Cardinal Bellarmin, which he lately publifhed againft the Monitory Preface of the moft ferene apd po tent Prince King James, &c. addreffed to all Chriftian Monarchs, Princes, and States. 2. Tortura Torti. 3. Con- (ia ad Clerum pro Gradu Docloris. i. e. A Sermon to the. Clergy for the Degree of Doctor in Divinity. 4. Concio, ad Clerum in Synodo Provincial! Cantuarienfis , Provincia aa Divi Pauli. i. e. A Sermon to the Clergy in the Provin cial Synod of the Province of Canterbury, at St. Paul's. 5. Concio Latine habita coram regia Maj eftate quinto Auguflt' M DC VI, in Aula Grenvici, quo tempore venerai in An- gliam, Regem noflrum invifurus, fereniffimus potentiffimufque princeps Cjiriftianus ^uartus Dania & Narvegia Rex. i. e. A Latin Sermon, preached before the King in the Hall at Greenwich, Augufl 5, 1606., at the time when the moft ferene and powerful Prince Chrifliern IV. King of Den mark and Norway, was come into England .to vifit our King. 6. Concio Latine habita coram regia Majeflate decimo, tertia Aprilis M DC XIII, in Aula Grenvici, quo tempore, cum leclijfima fua conjuge, difceffurus erat Gcner Regis, fere niffimus potentifftmufque princeps Fridericus Comes Palatinus ad Rhenum. i. e. A Latin Sermon, preached before the King in the Hall atGreenwich, April 13, 1613, whep the King's Son-in-law, the moft ferene and patent Prince Frederic Count Palatine of the Rhine, was about to depart 2. with ANDREWS. 435 with his deareft Confort. 7. g)ueflianis nunquid per jus di- vinum magiflratui liceat a reo jusjurandum exigere F y id quatenus (if quaufque liceat F Theologica Determination habita in publica Schpla Theologica Cantahrigia menfe Juiii, AMo 1591. i.e. A Theological Determination of the queftion, Whether the Civil Magiftrate has a Right by the Law of GOD, to require an oath of an aceufed Perfon, and how far it may be lawful ; held in the public Divinity School of Cambridge, in the month of July, 1591. 8. De Ufuris Theologica Determinat'io, habita in publico Schola Theologica Cantahrigia. i.e. A Theological Determination concern*- ing Ufury, held in the public Divinity School of Cam bridge.. 9. De Decimis Theologica Determinat'io, habita in publica Schola Theohgica Cantahrigia, i.e. A Theological Determination concerning Tythes, held in the public Divinity School of Gambridge. 16. Refponfiones ad Pe tri Molinai Epiflolas. 1. e. Anfwers to three of Du Meulinh Letters* With Du Moulin' s Letters. 11. Stric- lura : Qr, A Brief Anfwer to the Eighteenth Chapter of the firft Book of Cardinal Perron's Reply, written in French, tP K. James his Anfwer, written by Mr. Cafate- bon in Latin. 12. An Anfwer to the twentieth Chapter of Cardinal Perron's Reply, cjfY. 13. A Speech delivered in the Star-Chamber, concerning Vows, in the Countefs of Shrewjbury's Cafe. Thefe pieces were printed at Lon don, after the Author's death, by Felix Kyngflon, in 4to, 4629, and dedicated to K. Charles I. by the Bifhops of London and Ely. There are extant, befides, 15. The Moral Law expounded : Or, Lectures on the Ten Com mandments ; whereunto is annexed nineteen Sermons upon Prayer iri general, and upon the Lord's Prayer in parti cular; publifhed by John Jackfon, and dedicated to the Parliament, London, 1642, fol. 16. Attoo-itaa-tMxria Sacra : Or, A Collection of Pofthumous and Orphan Lectures, delivered at St. Paul's and St. Giles's Crifplegate church London. 1657, ^* K2 PHILIP ( 436 ) =8".»»8= PHILIP DE MORNAY, LORD of PLESSIS MARLY. PHILIP DE MORNAY, lord of Pleffis Marly,' an illuftrious French Proteftant, privy counfellor of Henry IV. and governor of Saumur, was born at Buhi in Vexin, upon the 5th of November, 1549. He was de fcended from a very antient and noble family, which had in courfe of time divided itfelf into feveral branches, and produced many great and eminent men. His father, James de Mornay, had done great fervices to the royal family in the wars ; but in the tirrie of peace led a very retired life, and was greatly attached to the religion of his country. He defigned Philip for the church, as he was a younger fon, with a view of fucceeding his uncle Bertin de Mornay, who was dean of Beauvaisj and abbe of Saumur, and who had promifed to refign thofe preferments to him ; but thefe views were broken by the death of the uncle. In the mean time, his mother, who was the daughter of Charles du Bee Crefpin, vice-admiral of France, and cham berlain to Francis II. was fecretly an Hugonot; and had taken care to irifpire her fon infenfibly with her own prin ciples. His father died about two years after his uncle, when Philip was not more than ten years of age ; and two years after, viz. in 1561, in reading the New Teftament, . it pleafed the Lord fo tO enlighten him by that means, as to enable him to difcover and abandon the errors and fu perftitions of the church of Rome : And, in the fame year, his mother, making open profeflion of the Proteftant re ligion, fet up a lecture in her own houfe, which perfectly confirmed Philip in it. His literary education was all the while carrying on, with the utmoft care and circumfpec- tion : He had matters provided in all languages and fci- ences; and the-progrefs he made in all, was what might be expected from his very uncommon parts and applica- In MORNAY. 43.7 In the year 1567, Morpay was obliged to retire from Paris, where he was purfuing his ftudies, on account of the commotions which were breaking out again ; and foon after he took up arms, and ferved a campaign or two. But having the misfortune to break one of his arms, he quitted the profeflion of a foldier, and began, to entertain thoughts of travelling into foreign countries, not only to be out of the way, till the civil wars (hould be at an, end, but for the fake of fome baths, which he ' hoped would reftore to him the free ufe of his arm. He arrived at Geneva in the latter end of Augufl, 1568, not without the greateft danger and peril to himfelf ; for all places were fo full of foldiers, and the paffages fo guarded, that it was difficult for one of his religion to pafs with fafety. He made but a (hort ftay at Geneva, on account of the plague, which was there ; but, taking his way through Switzerland, he went to Heidelberg, in Germany. Here he became acquainted with Emmanuel Tremellius, and other learned men, and entered upon the ftudy of the civil law. In September 1569, he went to Francfort, where he was affectionately received by the celebrated Languet, who gave him inftructions for his future travels, and recom mendatory letters to feveral great men. He (laid fome time afterwards at Padua, for the fake of perfecting him felf farther in the knowledge of the civil law, and then proceeded to Venice. He had a great defire to make the tour of the Eaft ; but, as the Venetians and Turks were then at war about the Ifle of Cyprus, it was impoiTible for him to pafs the coafts of Iflria and Dalmatia, with any degree of fafety. From Venice, in the year 1571, he went to Rome, where he came into perils about his religion. He had experienced fomething of this fort at Venice, where an officer of the in- quifition had been very bufy about him ; but he had the happinefs to efcape in both places, and from Rome he re turned to Venice, from Venice to Vienna ; and from thence, after taking a round through Hungary, Bohemia, Mifnia, SaxOny, Heflfe, Franconia, to Francfort, where he arrived in September, 1571. Though he was very young when he fet out upon his travels, yet he ever conducted him felf like a Chriftian and a philofopher ; and made that profitable ufe of them, which a wife man will always make. He examined every thing, that was curious in every place; and that nothing might efcape him, he at tentively perufed not only the general hiftory of the counT tries, but alfo the hiftories of each particular town and province, 43S» MORNAY. province, through which he paffed. Nor was he only at tentive to their antiquities ; but remarked alfo whatever was worth notice in the manners, cuftonrs, policy, and conftitution of each; In the fpring of the year. 1^72, he went into Flandirs to furvey the fituation, the ftrength, the fortifications, and garrifons of that country, and afterwards paffed over tb England, where he was gracioufly received by Q^ Eliza beth ; for his parts, his knowledge, his uncommon capa'-i city for the management of great affairs, had fpread his name far and wide, and made him courted, efpecially by the great. In 1575, he married, and publifhed the fame year a Treatife concerning Life and Death ; for though Mor nay was often employed in civil affairs, and oftner fo- licited to engage in them ; yet as he was ever a lover of hooks and retirement, he fpent a great deal of his time in reading and writing. In the year 1576, he was wounded and made a prifoner ; but gaining his liberty, he went to the court of the king of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France, who received him very gracioufly, gave him one ef the firft places in his council, and upon all occafions paid great deference to his judgement. Mornay, on his part, did the king great fervices. He went into England to folicit the afliftance of Qj Elizabeth for him in 1577, into Flanders in 1578, and to the diet of dugjburgin 1579. He was fent twice, by the king of Navarre, as his am baffador to Q; Elizabeth ; to whom he was fo acceptable, that (he writ a letter to him, upon his return, with her own hand ; in which, among other things, (he told him, * that never any gentleman had treated with her, in whom * the took fo much pleafure as in himfelf.' In 1578, he publifhed a Treatife concerning the Church, in which he explained his motives for leaving the Popifh, and embracing the Proteftant religion; and in 1579, he began his juftly celebrated book " Upon the TrUfU of the Chriftian Religion." But before he had made any progrefs in this, he was feized with an illnefs, which was thought to be the effects of fome poifon that had been given him at Anvers the year before, with a view of de* ftroying him. He recovered, though dangeroufly ill, and continued to do fervice to the king of Navarre and the Proteftant religion. From the year 1585, when the league commenced, he was more intimately connected with the affairs of the king; and, in 1590, was made his counfel lor MORNAY. 439 lor of ftate, after having been invefted with the govern-. ment of Saumur the year before. In the year 1592, the king pitched upon him to confer with monfieur de Vilhroy upon the fubject of the king's religion ; but the extravagant demands of de Vilkroy. ren dered their conference of no effect. Mornay, however,- oppofed the king's perverfion to popery, as long as he: could; and, when he could prevent it no longer, with drew hirrifelf gradually from court, and gave himfelf up to reading and writing, In the year 1596, he publifhed a piece entitled, the Juft Procedures of thofe of the Reformed Religion ; in which he removes the imputation of the prefent troubles and diffentiops from the Proteftants, and throws the blame op thofe who injurioufly denied them that liberty, which their great fervices had deferved. In the year 1598, he publifhed his Treatife upon the Eucharift? which occa- fioned the conference at Fontainebleau, in the year iSqdj' between Mr. du Perron, then bifhop of Evereux, after wards cardinal, and our Author ; and he raifed his repu tation and credit, among tne Proteftants to fo prodigipus an height, that he was called by many ' the Proteftants" > ' pope.' , In the year 1607, he publifhed a work entitled, the Myltery of Iniquity, or the Hiftory of the Papacy, which was written, as moft of his other works were, firft in French, and then, like them, tranflated into Latin. Here he (hews, by what gradual progreflions the popes have rifento that ecclefiaftical tyranny, which was foretold by" the apoftles; and what oppofitions, from time to time,' all nations have given them. This feems to have been a, work of prodigious labor ; yet it is faid, that he was not. above nine months in compofing it. The author of the hiftory of Lewis XIII. fays, con-' cerning The Myftery of Iniquity, or Hiftory of the Parr' pacy, That ' the defign of the author was to fhew, againft the cardinals Baronius and Bellarmine, by what degrees the monarchy of the pope was formed, and the feveral oppo-" fitions, which honeft men made to the eftablifhing a power' fo contrary to the fpirit of the gofpel. The cut or print,' in the front of the book, gave greater offence to the Pa-! pifts than all the reft. Paul the Vth was reprefented in it, with the flattery and impious infcriptions made for1 h»m by fome good folks in Italy, who applied to him, what the Holy Ghoft fays of Jefus Chrifl himfelf, gave, him the title of the mofl Invincible Monarch of the. Chriftian 44©> M O R • N A Y. Chriflian Commonwealth, the moft ardent Defender of the Papal Omnipotence; in (hort, Vice-God *. This' was a word newly invented to his honor. — Mornay du Pleffts made him ridiculous by a pleafant remark. By ad ding -the value of the numerical letters of the Latin words, which fignify PaulV. Vice-God,' he found the number' 666, which is the myfterious number of the bead in St. John's Revelation.' Hift. of Lewis XIII. book 2. This book was condemned by the faculty of Paris in a very poor way, which only promoted its difperfion and credit. About this time alfo he publifhed, an- Exhortation to. the Jews concerning the Mefliah, in which he applies a great deal of Hebrew learning very judicioufly; and for this he was complimented by the elder Buxtdrf, There are feveral other little things of his writing ; but his capital' work, and for which he has been molt diftinguifhed, is his book " Upon the Truth of theChrif- " tian- Religion," in which he employs the weapons of reafon and learning, with great force and (kill, againft Atheifts, Epicureans, Heathens, Jews, Mahometans, and other infidels, as he tells us in his title. This book was dedicated to Henry IV. while he was king of Navarre only, in the year 1582, and the year after tranflated by, * The Writer of a late Ironical Ne =D -o— RALPH HOSPINIAN. RALPH HOSPINIAN, a learned Swift writer, Who has done eminent fervice to the Pro teftant caufe; was bom at Altorf, near Zurich, -where his father was minifter, on the feventh of November, J547- .... He was fent at feven years of age to begin his ftudies at Zurich, under the direction of John Wolphius, his uncle by his mother's fide ; and made a vaft progrefs. Lofirig his father in 1563, he fourld art affectionate patron, in his godfather Rodolphus Gualterus. He left Zurich in March, 1565, in order to vifit the other univerfities; and he fpent fome time in Marpurg and Heidelberg. He was afterwards recalled and received into the miniftry in 1568, and the year after married a wife, by whom he had fourteen children : Neverthelefs, when (he died in 1612, he married a fecond. He had more fuccefs in this refpe£t thaii falls to the (hare of moft men; for they were both good women, and made him very happy. ' The fame year alfo, 1569, he obtained the freedom of the city; and was made provifor of the Abbey-fchool in 1571. Though his fchool and his cure engfoffed fo much of his time, he had yet the courage to undertake a noble work of vaft extent: And that was an " Hiftory of the " Errors of Popery." He confidered, that the Papifts, when defeated by the holy fcriptures, had recourfe to tra dition ; were for ever boafting of their antiquity, and de- fpifed the Proteftants for being modern. To deprive them of this plea, -Hofpinian was determined to fearch into the rife and progrefs of the popifh' rites and ceremonies ; and to examine by what gradations the truth, which had been taught by Chrifl and his apoftles, had given way to inno vations. The circumftance, which firft fuggefted this thought was, his falling accidentally into converfation in a country ale-houfe with a landlord, who was fo filly as to imagine, that the monaftic life- came immediately from paradife. He 444 H O S P I N I JA N. He could not complete his work, agreeably to the plan he had drawn out; but he publifhed "fome confiderable parts of it, as, I. De Templis: Hoc eft, de origine, pro greffu, ufu, et abiifti Templorum, ac omnino rerum omnium adTempla pertinentium, 1587, in folio. 2. De Monachis: Seu de origine & progreffu manachatus et ordinum monaflico- , rtim, t&%, in folio. 3. De Beflis Judairumet ittkl&o- rum : * Hoc eft, de origine, progreffu, ceremoniis, et ritibus feflorum dierum Jwiaorum, Gracorum, Romanorum, Tur- carum,- et Indianorum; 1502, in folio.; 4. Fefta Ghriftiem- rum, ilfc. ,1593, in folio. 5. Hifloria Sacramentaria : Hoc eft,, libri quinque de Coena Dominica prima inflitutione ej uf que vero uftt et flbufu in prirnava eccleftar necnqn de origine, progreffu, ceremoniis, et ritibus Miffa, Tranfubflantiationis, *t aliorum pene infinitarum errorum, quibus Gcejae prima in- flitutio hprribiliter in papatu polluta £2" profatiaLa\eft, 1598, in folio. 6» Pars altera: De origine et progreffu contra- perfia facmmentaria de Caena Domini inter Luther ants, Ubiquiftas, et' Or,thodaxosf quos Zuinglianas feu Catuiniftas meant, ex^rta ab anno 15.17 ufque cid 1602 deduclp ; 1602, in folio. ,,;; , Thefe are all of them, parts of his great work, which he enlarged in fucceeding editions, and added confuta tions of the arguments of Beljarmin, Baronius, and Gretfer. What he publifhed on the Eucharift, and another wo«k» entitled Concordia, D Hj cor s, &c. printed in 1607,- exafpe- rated:|he. Lutherans in a high degree; and^they wrote againft him very abufively. He did not piiblifh any an fwer, though he had almoft finished one, but turned- his arms againft the jefuits ; and publifhed Hifloria Jefuitica : Hoc ffl, de origine, . regu}is, cpnftitutionibus, privilegiis, in crements, progreffu, & propagatione ordinis Jefuitarum. Item, de eorum dolis, fraudibus, impofluris,. nefariis, facinar.ibusi, cruentis.confiliis,' falfa quoque, feditiofa, et f&lguinolenta doe-' trina, -1-6.19, ln ft"'0- . Thefe. are his Works ; and they juftly gained him. high, reputation, as they did alfo good preferment. He wa6 .appointed, archdeacon of Caroline-church ih 1588; and in 1594, minifter of the Abbey-church. He was de prived of his fight for near a year by a cataract, yet con tinued, to preach as ufual, and was happily couched in September, 1 61 3. In 1623, being feventy-fix years of age, he grew childifh ; and fo continued till his death, which happened on the eleventh of March, in the year 1626. The. pubbcentertained foji'gh an. opinion of his learning irom his writings, that he was exhorted from all quarters to -S T O C K. 44s to refute Baronius's Annals ; and no one was thought to have greater abilities for the talk. A new edition of his works was publifhed at Geneva in 1681, in feven thinvo-, lumes in folio. ;d-»"<5 RICHARD STOCK, M. A. THIS laborious and fuccefsful diyine was born at York, where he received his fchool education till ¦about eighteen years of age, when he was admitted of St, •John' s-college, in Cambridge, and in a little time after. ehafen feholar of that college. His ingefi'uity; induftry, and proficiency in his fiftidies, fooh recommended hirh to the notice of. Dr. William Whitaker, then mafter of St. John' s-college, who gave him every proper encourage ment. He ftudied with great applaufe, and took his bachelor and mafter of arts degree ; when, refufing the propofal of afellowfliip in Sidney-college, he left the univerfity ; but not before he had given evident figns -of great ability, in being a mafter-builder in GOD's work, and of much wifdom- in winning fouls to GOD. After fome little time fpent at Sir Edmund Cope's iri Northamptonjhire, and at lady Lane's, at Burton on the Water in Glouceflerjhire, being chaplain to the latter, he came to London, where he was chofen lecturer of St. Auflin' s in Watling-flreet : He was alfo employed to preach twice every Lord's day at St. Mildred's Bread-flreet, during the life of an elderly cler gyman who had the charge of it. He then removed a little higher to All-hallows, as an affiftant to Mr. Ed mund's who was aged and infirm, and continued to preach there with fuch acceptance and fuccefs, that, at Mr. Ed munds's deceafe, the benefice was conferred on him, which he held to the end of his days. Being fettled, he married and had three daughters; Mr. Gataker, fpeaking of Mr. Stock, fays, « he was a grave and reverend father in the Englijh church, a faith ful minifter and fervant of Jefui Chrifl, arm a vigilant paftor over his congregation. His life and converfa tion, and conftant labour in the work of the Lord were well known through the whole city of London'; ' where 44y STOCK. * where he conftantly continued the work of his miniftrf * by the fpace of about thirty years.' His conftant cufr- torn was to preach twice every Lord's day ; and he took treat pains in catechifing the younger people, on the week ay, and was indeed moft indefatigable in the difcharge of every part of his paftoral office both public and private* And, in point of fuccefs, as the apoftle Paul faid of the Corinthians, You are the feal of my apofllejhip, and my letters teftimonial; fo might Mr. Stock, with the utmoft truth and propriety, fay of many of the people in Londpn ; more people profefling themfelves to have been effectually called and. converted under him, than almoft any other minifter of ,his day; and great numbers acknowledging thefhfelve"s to have been edified, built up, and made better by him ; who are all the feals of his calling*, and of Chrifl fpeak*. ing in him and by him, not merely with a verbal or ex ternal call, but with letters of divine efficacy, and with the power of divine grace to their fouls* One faith, ' That the apoftles were like fifhermenjthefuc-s. ceeding minifters like huntfmen. The apoftles like fifher- men that caught many at one draught : The fucceeding minifters like huntfmen, that with much toil and clamor, running up and down all day, fcarce take one deer or hare e're night. An,d fuch is the hard conditionof many of GOD's fervants, that notwithftanding the faithful and painful difcharge of their duty, yet are enforced to com plain with the prophet, Who hath believed our report ! and, I have laboured in vain. Scarce able to -produce, or in- (tance in any one, of whom they can with fome good ground of affurance prefume, that they have gajned at leaft him unto GOD. But well might this happy Ser vant of Chrifl, through GOD's bleffing upon his labors.; ftand out and fay, not of one or two, but of troops, an the words of the fame prophet, Behold I, and the children that God hath given me. And with the apoftle, Thefe have I begotten unto God by the gofpel of Jefus Chriji.' ' Yea more than that, (continues Mr.. Clarke) many fa-' mous lights in GOD's church, and faithful minifters of his word do profefs to have lighted their candles at his lamp; yea fome of them to have received their firft begin nings, not of light pnly, but of fpiritual life and grace (without which all light, be it never fo great, is no light,' but mere darknefs) from his miniftry. It is no fmall honor for a man to win, if it were but any one foul ; for to win a foul, is to win more than the whole world befides is worth : But, what an honor then is it to be, not a winner of afoul; but S" T O c k. Xvi tut a winner of fuch as prove winners of fouls ; and fo by winning of fome one immediately, to be a mediate winner of many others by him? They fhall (hine (faith he) as the heavens, that inftru£t; and they that convert others as the (tars. And how glorioufly then (fuppofe we) doth this bleffed Man of GOD (hine now in the kingdom. of GOD, that was an inftrudtor of thofe that are in- ftruttorsof others, that was a converter of thofe that are converters of others themfelves ! , * Many then did this worthy man (as the Holy Ghoft faith of John the Baptifl) win unto GOD. Many he won, though all he could not, that was more than the apoftle Pdul was able- to do. The Jews oppofed them felves againft his miniftry, and blafphemed, Acls xviii. 6. and iTbef. iii. 2. All men (faith he) have not faith; but yet many he won, and his defire and endeavor (with the fame apoftle) -was to win all, his own flock efpecially, of* whom he ufed to proteft, " that it was more comfort to <' him to win one of them than twenty others." But fome refractory fpirits he met withal, (as what minifter doth not?) that would not be reclaimed ; that by their crofs- grained carriage and behavior, were as thorns in his eyes, and as goads in his fides, and proved a vexation of heart to him continually. But againft fuch perfons, not only the duft of the minifter's feet, but the Sweat of his brow, and the tears of his eyes, and his ftrength wafted amongft them, and his fpirits fpent upon them, (hall one day rife up in judgement agaiffft them, if it be npt pre vented by divine mercy. Though it is feldom feen, that much good is done by a minifter whofe heart and tongue' do not correfpond, and whofe lip and life do not agree ; yet as a man may be the means to fave the fouls of others, but not his own ; orj * may be (as St. Auflin fays) like a ftone gutter or a leaden f pipe, that conveyeth water into a garden, yet receiveth f no benefit thereby itfelf;' may preach 'to others, and not to himfelf; may convert others, but himfelf prove a caftaway ; fo we can affirm, from the utmoft degree of human certainty, that this was not the cafe of this truly .pious laborer in GOD's vineyard. He was not one of thofe that fay and do not ; but as he taught, fo he" performed ; his doctrine and practice went hand in hand. His actions, though filent, were neverthelefs the counterpart of the fermons he preached from the pulpit. This fweet har-i piony of heart and life had a furprifing influence for good on 448 s> n o e K, > on l|fany» who, at leaft (as the world at large ever -aim^ to do) could find little to find fault with or condemn. -4 Two things (fays a certain perfon) are neceffary to make a complete man, integrity. and judgement ; and though they meet but in few, yet there was a happy conjun of them both in this, great Man. This appears from thai frequent application that many made to him, to be an pverfeer of their laft wills, and. to advife them in the dif-* pofal of their eftates : And alfo, that his brethren ths e'lergy, as well as others, from all parts of the realm, bad recourfe. to him by letter or otherwife, as one more than ordinarily able to give them fatisfaction in the Solu tion of their doubts and difficulties. Thefe two then made him a complete man ; but there .is fomething more required to make a complete minifter, viz. That he be able to fpeak his mind fitly* (for what Kfe can there be of a mute meffenger ? ) and that he dare do it freely, (for of .whom is courage and freedom of fpeech more required than of GOD's meffengers) ? Nor was Mr. Stock defec tive in either. -, As for the former, he was well able, not only to ex-, prefs, but to urge and prefs it alfo ; not. to confirm alone, but to commend alfo what he had delivered with clear method, found proof, fit phrafes, and variety of good literature ; that both the moft learned might receive fatis- .faction from him, and the very ignorant. and dull might alfo reap benefit by him> leaving fuch a deep impreffion ip their hearts and minds, that they, could not remain igno-> rant, who heard him for any fpace of time. In a word, in this kind, he was fuch a perfon, as many ftrove to imitate, but few attained to equal him. His prudence alfo appeared in his order of catechifing the young perfons of his parifh, by examipjngthem apart; the young men on one day, and the maids on another* Thofe that made the greateft progrefs, firft, in the prefence of the more ignorapt and dujl.; and t-he latter apart by themfelves, when the -former were departed » that fo they might reap what fruit they could by hearing the others* and yet might receive no difcouragement by being heard of them. ... Neither was his pious, diligence and care lefs feen in the religious iftftruction and education of thofe that were under his private charge, as children and fervants, „ for whpm his care was greater to provide for their fouls than their bodies, for their fpiritual than for their temporal eftate (though he neglected not the latter) by bringing them i up S TV O C K. ' 445 ftp' in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. In a word, it would require a volume, tp write of all the gifts, graces and praife-worthy qualities of this eminent fervant of Chrifl. In his public miniftry, his Ufual manner was, occa- fionally, to quote the fayings of many of the fathers ; which fome taking exceptions at, he thus apologized for himfelf, <* If any (faid he) take exceptions at, my *' alledging of fathers (as fome have taken offence at my f ' ufing of reafons to confirm the doctrine, but with very " little reafon as I fuppofe), I muft pray them, J:o give *' me leave to ufe them, till I can fee that unlawfulnefs *•' which they affirm to be in the practice, and to cenfure *' me ip charity for the ufe pf them, as I do them for not *' ufing them. I will look as well to my heart in the " ufe of them, as God (hall enable me ; and when I fhall *' fee the hurt of them, I will endeavour as much to " avoid them. In the mean time I will make as much. *' ufe as I can of them, to edify the church of God." In his younger days being called to preach at St. Paul'f Crofs, he dealt pretty plainly and freely in taxing fome abufes in the city in unequal ratings, by which the meaner fort were overburdened, whilft the rich and great ones efcaped with more eafe. This gave great offence to «iany of them, who checked him as over rafh for dealing in fuch matters, calling him a green-head: But in his latter days being called to preach at the lord-mayor's election, he fejl again upon the fame fubject, and told them a gray-head fpake now what a green-head had done before. In thefe and fuch like employments, public and private, he fpent his time : He fpent his (trength like 3 torch or -taper, wafti-Pg and confuming himfelf for the •profit and benefit of others ; haying his work with GOD then, and his reward for it from GOD afterwards. And it was for the fake of thefe employments principally, that he defired recovery of health and ftrength : In the per formance of which, through great earneftnefs, he often ¦fia-ained himfelf, even in themidftof his infirmity and weak nefs, to the evident increafe of both. What is the fign (faith Hezekiah, when he was promifed recovery) that I Jhall go up to the houfe of tbe'Lord? as defiring continuance of life, and "recovery of health, for no one end more than that. And it was from, the fame motive, that this good man was defirous of -recovery, that he likewife might again repair to the houfe of GOD, and that he might return to GOD's work again. Voz.. II, 3 M To 459 ROTHWEL. To which purpofe, the very laft Lord's day before*' his deceafe, havin&r, after many relapfes recovered a little ftfength,- he made fhift to get out to a neighboring congregation, there to join with GOD's people in public performance of fuch folemn fervice of GOD* as that day is ufually fpent and employed in. Anil having held out with them to the end, in both parts of the day, he rejoiced exceedingly, that he was able fo to do ; the rather, becaufe he thereby conceived fome good hope^ that he (hould be (trong -enough, 'ere long; to return to his wonted work and employment again.- But the Lord, faw it better (for his will appears" by his work) to put an end to his inceffant labors here, and to tranflate him to the place of his endlefs reft, upon the twentieth day of April, 1626, having been preacher at Allhallows, Breadftreet, during the fpace of thirty-two ,years ; where he was an example to his people in word, in converfation, in charity, in fpirit, in faith, in purity: But, as one faith, ' An exact face is feldom drawn but 4 with much difadvantage; foneither is his character ;.there- * fore we may well conclude,' as one doth of Bafil^ There * wanted but his own tongue to fpeak of his worth,' B8-*.-Gs RICHARD ROTHWEL. "OICHARD ROTHWEL was born in Landajhire], |\_ at or near Bolton in the Mous, ab.out the year 1563. His education Was in the fchools, and afterwards in Cam' bridge ; ip the one he attained to an exact knowledge of the tongues (efpecially Greek, and Hebrew, wherein he was a critic) and in the other of the arts ; fo that he became a (kilful lihguift, fubtile difputant, copious orator, and of a deep infight into all kinds of knowledge, human or divine. * In this firft courfe of his ftudies (fays Mr. Clark, or rather Gower, after his manner, from whom we take moft of this article) appeared prefently to his obfervers the buds and bloffoms of that fame which after- he at tained, for he had a prompt wit, a quick apprehenfion, a clear understanding, a found judgement, a ready fpeech, and a ftrong memory ; all thefe feldom meet in one. man, ¦ but R- O T H W E L; 451 1»Ht did in him very eminently, and were improved by diligent ftudy, which (out of a defire of learning and know ledge) he continued to the laft without chafing. His conftitution of body, and moral endowments of mind, were great props and fupporters to his intelle<3uaj habits. Virtue becomes more acceptable from a handfome perfon : This is not the ordinary lot of fcholars ; he was tall, well fet, of great .ftrength of body and activity, of a item countenance, of invincible courage, - of approved valour, and of a very goodly and majeftie prefence : Grief nor any mifery could ever break him, but joy would prefently melt him into tears. He was of a generous fpirit and deportment, yet withal very humble .and, courteous; his language was fententious and proverbial. I have heard many others fay, what I muft needs fay myfelf, I never came to him, but I went the more learned from him. He had a great dexterity in communicating his mind to ano ther, and fpeaking to his underftanding. GOD gave him a great inlet into the hearts of men. He fpent many years in the univerfity before he en tered into the miniftry; he was ordained prefbyter by Dr, Whitgift, then archbifhop of Canterbury', who forbade him meddling with theinterpretation of Mofes's types, the books of Canticles, Daniel, and the Revelation ; which as he then thought himfelf, as the bifhop did, were not fo ufe ful for him to ftudy as fome other fcriptures. But, alas ! all thefe natural difpofitions, intellectual habits, perfonal deportments, were but as fo many wea pons in the hands of a madman: Judge how able by thefe he Was to refill the truth ; for he remained fome years without any change of heart, or fenfible work of grace upon his foul, but preached learnedly, as they called it, and lived yainly ; abhorring debauchery, and debauched compani-r nions, through the height of his fpirit, but gave himfelf to hunting, bowling, (hooting, more than became a mi nifter of the gofpel ; and fometimes he would fwear faith and troth, and in his paflion, greater blafphemies. , I have heard him tell, that there were two knights in Lancajbire falling out, and great feud betwixt them ; that the one had a very good park with (lore of deer ; that the pther had excellent good filh-ponds and (lore of fifli : He robbed the park of the one, and prefented what he got tp the other : And the fifh-ponds o'f the other, apd prefented the fifh to his adverfary. Thus he pleafed. himfelf in the days of his vanity, with fuch kind of follies; in doing •this one night, the keeper met with him, his dog haying •• "" 3M2 killed ¦4|i ft' & ? H w £ l: killed a buck : At the fall of the buck the keeper came* iii With his faulchion and ftaff, and met Mr. Rothwel) who had aftaff alfo ; they fell from words to blows ; he got the keeper down; bound him by the thumbs, and drew him Up to his full height, that he could but touch the ground with his toes, and fo left him tied to a tree till next morn ing, when others found him and loafed him. At length it pleafed GOD, who feparated him from his mother's womb; as he did St. Paul, and called him by his grace, to reveal his Son in him. Which becaufe' it was famous, and he himfelf afterwards proved the eonverfiori • of fo many; I (hall fet it down as I remember I have heard him fpeak it. He Was playing at bowls amongft feme Papifts, and vain gentlemen upon Saturday, fomewhere about Rochdale in Lancajhire ; there comes into the green to him one Mr. Midgley, a, grave and godly minifter of Rochdale, whofe praife is great in the gofpek, though far inferior to Mr. Rothwel in parts and learning; he took him afide and fell into a large commendation of him; at length told him, what pity it was that fuch a man as he (hould be a Companion for Papifts, and that upon a Sa turday, when he fhould be preparing for the Lord's-day. Mr. Rothwel flighted his words, and checked him for his meddling. This good old man left him, went home, and prayed privately for him ; Mr. Rothwel, when he was re tired from that company, could not reft, Mr. Midgley's words had ftruck fo deep in his thoughts. The next day he went to Rochdale church to hear Mr. Midgley, where it pleafed GOD fo to blefs that ordinance) that Mr. Rothwel was by the fermon brought home to Chrifl. He came after fermon to Mr. Midgley-, thanked him for his reproof, and befought his direction and pray ers, for he was in a miferable Condition of "nature ; arid under the fpirit of bondage he lay for a time^ till after wards, and by Mr. Midgiey's hands alfo, he received the fpirit of adoption, wherewith he was fo fealed; that he never loft his affurance to his dying day. ¦"¦ Though he was a man fubjedt to many temptations, the devil affauking him very much, yet GOD was mightily with him, that out of his own experience he was able to comfort many. He efteemed and counted Mr. Midgley ever afterwards for his fpiritual father. This makes me think upon Augufline's fpeech to GOD when he came 'to hear Ambrofe preach, ' I did not come hither as a doctor, ' or teacher, but upon another account, I was brought by ' thee as an ignorant perfon to hinij that I might be led by « him K O T H W E fc 453 cWrtl to thee as one endued with knowledge/ So did the Lord, by Mr. Midgley's plain kind of teaching, put forth the evidence of his Spirit upon this mighty and learned Rabbi. Confequent upon this change, he difpofed 6f his temporal eftate amongft his friends, and lived of the gof pel, i Cor. ix. ii, 14. He was made chaplain to a regiment under the earl of Effex lh Ireland, in which capacity he was exceedingly ufeful. His preaching run evidently in another' manner than formerly, Opening the depths of Satan, and deceitful- nefs of the heart, fo that he was called the rough-hewer. He had the power of God went with his miniftry, when he preached the law to make men tremble, yea fometimes to cry out in the church : And when he preached the gof pel, he was another Barnabas, and had great (kill in com forting afflicted confidences. He ftudied now the controverfies between the conform- Hls and the non-confprmifts : And had fuch an appre- henfion of perfecution, that he would neither marry nor receive a benefice, though he had the offer of feveral ; but contented himfelf in being lecturer at a chapel in , Lancajhire, and domeftic chaplain to the earl of Devon- Jhire. A very common expreffion of his was, *' Perfecu- *' tion is a pledge of future happinefs." At length he came to fpend moft part of his time in ,the bifhopric of Durham, by means of an honorable lady, the lady Bowes, afterwards the lady Darcy in the North. She gave about one hundred pounds per annum. to maintain preachers where there were none, nor any means for them. She would ray out all her intereft to get them, and then (he would difpofe of them where there needed, in the North, or in the Peak in Derbyjhire, or other places, and allow them penfions. Sir William Bowes her hufband dying, his funerals were kept at Barnard' s-caflle, where he had fome eftate : Mr. Dike (father of the writers of that name) Was then her houfhold chaplain, and went into the North to that funeral ; at his return he reprefented the ftate of the people deftitute of a minifter to this lady, who would have fent him thither j but he told her he durft not venture on fo furly a people, but commended Mr. Rothwel to her. She fent to him, then at the earl of Devonjhire's houfe, and proffered him this employment ; his anfwer was, " He ** would go thither, and if the people called him, he would " then accept of her motion." r At 4& R O T H W E L> At his firft day's labor they all defired htm.' He f*v turned to the lady, and told her, he would go; fhe replied, though for their fakes (he was glad, yet (he was afraid to fend him. Underftanding that they were of a fierce dif pofition, and having never heard the gofpel, they might deal unkindly with him ; he anfwered, " Madam, if I ** thought I (hould never meet the devil there, I would " never go : He and I have been at odds in other places j " and I hope we (hall not agree there." The lady allowed him forty pounds per annum; and fuch as GOD wrought upon by his miniftry, contributed to him j but he would not have a penny from any other. There was once collected in his abfence^ thirty pounds by Sir Talbot Bowes, who lived there, from the people j but when he returned and knew it, he caufed ittobe re ftored to the parties that gave it, and told them, " he fought " them, not theirs." At his firft entrance he had great oppofitions, and fome times was way-laid to take away his life,, but he overcame all with fuch patience and courage, that his greateft ene mies were afraid of him ; and he preached few fermons, but it Was believed he gained fome fouls. His manner was to fpend the forenoon at his ftudies, and the afternoon in going through his parifh, and conferring with his people ; in which lie excelled, and thereby gained' much upon them ; and within four years he had fo many judicious and experimental Chriftians, that people came from London, York, Richmond, Newcaflle, and many other places, to fee the order of his congregation. He after wards went to Mansfield in Nottinghamjhire, where he con tinued to his death. About a day or two before his death, he had fome light-: ening of his diforder, and he fat up in his chair, and dif eourfed freely, chearfullyand heavenly, all that and the next day. Some fent to enquire how he did ; he anfwered, " I am " well, and (hall be well (hortly ;" and whifpering to a friend, he faid, " Do you know my meaning — I (hall be ** with Chrifl 'ere long ; but do not tell them fo." He He caufed that friend to repeat a fermon juft preached in his parifh church ; after which, with tears, in his eyes, he laid his hands on that perfon's head, ,and lifted up his eyes to heaven, and with a (hort prayer bleffed him. The next day, the pangs of death came on. Many of his frjends were affembled ; and one was praying for .him. * After prayer (fays Mr. Stanley Gower) I fpoke to him : ' He C A R L E TO N; 455. f He turned about his head, took me by the hand, and * bade me pray, pray. I defired a reverend minifter to * go to prayer again.' Mr. Rothwel faid, " Pray you, " pray you." « I did fo. After that he fmiled :' " Now *' (fays he)» I am well : Happy is he that hath not bowed *« a knee to Baal," ,* He bade us fing Pfalm cxx. He fung * awhile, but, in the finging of, the Pfalm, his foul took * its flight above, to fing the Redeemer's praife more per- ' fectly in the manfions of blifs, which happened in the ' year 1627, and in the fixty-fourth year of" his age.' Thus departed this honeft Puritan ; We know of no Writings left behind him ; and indeed he feems to have confined himfelf entirely to the office of preaching, and to the fervice of his.own day and generation. =8-*~S= GEORGE CARLETON, D. D. BISHOP of CHICHESTER. THIS very learned bifhop, fon of Guy, fecond fori of Thomas Carlton, of Carlton-hall in Cumberland, was born at Norham in Northumberland, in the year 1559 ; his father being then governor of that important caftle. By the care of Bernard Gilpin, ftyled ' the Northern Apof- ' tie,' he was educated in grammar learning; and, when , fit for the univerfity, fent by the fame excellent patron to Edmund-hall, in Oxford, in the beginning of the year 1576, and by his liberal hand. encouraged and chiefly maintained in his ftudies. On the twelfth of February, 1580, he took his degree of bachelor of arts ; upon which occafion," he exceeded all that performed their exercifes, at that time. The fame year, namely 1580, he was elected probationer fellow of Merton-college, and remained in that fociety about five years before he proceeded in his faculty, not taking the degree of mafter of arts, till June 14, 1585. While he remained in that college, he was efteemed a great ora tor and poet ; and, in procefs of time, became a better difputant in divinity, than' he had before been in philofo- 2 phy 45S C A R L E» T O N? phy. What preferments he had, is not mentioned anjj! where ; nor doth it appear that he was poffefled of any dig-i nity in the church, till he became a bifhop. After having continued many years in the univerfity J and taken the degree of bachelor in divinity, May 16J 1594, and that of doctor, December j, 1613, he was ad vanced to the bifhopric of Landaff; to which he was elect ed, December 23, l6T7> confirmed, July n, 1618, and confecrated at Lambeth, the next day. The fame year he was fent, by'K. James I. with three other Englijh divines', {viz. J. Hall, afterwards bifhop of Exeter, and then of Norwith ; J. Davenant, afterwards bifliop of Sarum ; and S-. Ward, mafter of Sidney-college, Cambridge,) and from Scotland, to the fynod of Dorti * ; where lie flood up in fa*- vor of epifcopacy : For it was afferted in that fynod, * That theminifters of the word of God, in what place c foever fettled, have the fame advantage of character, the * fame jurifdiction and authority, in regard they are all * equally minifters of Chrifl, the only univerfal bifhop,' * and head of the church ;' in oppofition to this, bifliop Carleton made the following proteftation. " That J* whereas, in the Confefllop [/. e. the Belgtc ConfeiliQn at " Dort\ there was inferted a ftrange conceit of the parity " of minifters to be ipftituted by Chrifl, I declare our «* diffenf utterly in that point. I (hewed, fhait "by Chrift *' a parity was never instituted in the church : That he *' ordained twelve apoftles, ' as alfo feverity disciples?: " That the authority of the twelve was above the other ; " That the church preferved this order, left by our Sa- *' viour : And therefore, when the extraordinary power " of the apoftles ceafed, yet this ordinary authority con- '* tinued in bifhops, who fucceeded them, Who were by ** apoftles left in the government of the church, to or- " dain minifters, and to fee, that they, who were fo or. '*' dained, (hould preach no other doctrine : That in an * The members of this Synod (fays a late writer) formed a conftej. lation of the beft and moft learned Theologian?, that had ever met ui council Since the difperfion of the apoftles ; unlefs we except the impe rial convocation at Nice, in the fourth century. Read but the name* of Heinfius, Lydius, Hommius, ' Voetius, Eifierftetd, Triglandius, Bojer- tnannus, Sibelius, Gomarus, Pojyander, Thyjius, ffiaUus, Scultetus, Al-\ tingius, Deodatus, Carleton, Davenant, Hall; exclusively of the many other firft-rate worthies,- who constituted and adorned this commemp- rable aSTembly ; and doubt, if you can, whether the fun could Shine on a living co}leijti«n of more exalted piety and Stupendous erudition. -« inferior C*A< R %' E T O NV 457 *£ inferior degree the minifters, who were governed by bi~. '•' (hops, fucceeded the feventy difci pies ; That this order M hath been maintained in the church from the times of " the apoftles. And herein. I appealed to the judgment «« of antiquity,' and tb the judgment of any learned men «' now living ; and craved him herein to be fatisfied,. if « any man of learning could fpeak to the contrary. (My " Lord of Salijbury [Davenant] is my witnefs ; and fo " are all the reft of our company, who fpake alfo, in the " fame caufe. To -this there Was no anfwer -made by " any. Whereupon, we conceived that they yielded, to *' the truth of the proteftation, — And fomewhat I can fay ** of my own knowledge; for I had conference with di- " vers of the beft learned in that fynod. I told them, *' that the caufe of all their troubles [viz. of all the dif- " fentions occafioned and fomented at that time in the *<• Dutch church by the Arminians] was this, that they had " not bifhops among them-;- who, by their authority, *' might redrefs turbulent fpirits that broached novelties, * venile Exercifes.' His Writings are as follow : " I. Heroic! characlerest ad illuftriff. equitem Henricum Nevillum ; i.e. Heroic Cha racters, addreffed to Sir Henry Nevil. Oxon. 1603, 4to. Several, of his Latin Verfes are alfo in the Univerfity- book of Verfes made on the Death of Sir Philip Sidney, in Bodleiomnema, and in other Books. II. Tithes examined, and proved to be due to the Clergy by a Divine Right* Lond. 1606, and 161 1, 410. III. Jurifdiction Regal, Epifcopal, Papal : Therein is declared how the Pope hath intruded upon the Jurifdiction of temporal Princes, and of the Church, &c. Land. 1610, 4to. IV. Confenfus Ecclefia Catholica contra Tridentinos, de Scripturis, Ecclefia^ Fide, t5f Gratia, is 'c. i. e. The Confent of the Univerfal Church againft the Council of Trent, on the Scriptures, the Church,, Faith, Grace, &c. Lond. 1613, 8vo. de dicated to the Members of Merton- college. V. A thank ful Remembrance of God's Mercy : In an hiftorical Col lection of the great and merciful Deliverances of the Church and State of England, fince the Gofpel began here to flourifh, frorn the beginning of Q. Elizabeth. Lond. 1614. The third Edition came out in 1627 ; and the fourth, in 1630. It contains, a thankful Enumera tion of the feveral Deliverances of this Church and State, from the cruel Plots of the Papifts ; from the beginning of Q. Elizabeth's reign to the Powder Treafon, in 1605. The hiftorical Part is chiefly extracted from Camden's An nals of Q. Elizabeth: And the Book is adorned, at the beginning C A R L" E T O N. 459 beginning of each Chapter, with Figures engraved in Copper, reprefenting the moft material. Things contained in the enfuing Defcription. VI. Short Direction to know the true Church. Lond. 1615, &c. i2mo. VII. Oration made at the Hague before the Prince of Orange, and the Affembly* of the High and Mighty Lords, the States General. Lond. 1619, in one fheet and a half, 4to. VIII. Aftrologimania : The Madnefs of Aftrologers, or, An Examination of Sir Chriftapber Heydon's Book, en titled, A Defence of judiciary Aftrology. Written about the year 1604, and publifhed at London, 1624, 4to. By Thomas Vicars, B. D. who had married the Author's daughter. It was reprinted at London, 1651. IX. Exa mination of thofe Things, wherein the Author of the late Appeal [Montague] holdeth the Doctrine of Pelagians and Arminians, to be the Doctrines of the Church of Eng land. Lond. 1626, and 1636, 4to. X. A joint Attefta- tion avowing that the Difcipline of the Church of Eng land was not impeached by the Synod of D ort. ' Lond. 1626, 4to. XI. Vita Bernard! Gitpini, viri fanftiff. fa-. maque apud Anglos aquilonares celeberrimi. Lond. 1628, 4to. inferted in Dt. W. Bates's Collection of Lives. Lond, • 1681, 4to. It was alfo publifhed in Englijh, under this title, The Life of Bernard Gilpin, a man moft holy and renowned among the Northern Englijh. ' Lond. 1629, 4to, and 1636, 8vo. XII. Teftimony concerning the Frefby-. terian Difcipline in the Low Countries and Epifcopal Go vernment in England. Printed feveraltimes in 4to. and 8vo. and at London in particular, in 1642, in one fheet. XIII. Latin Letter to Mr. Camden, containing fome Notes and Obfervations on his Britannia. Printed by Dr. T. Smith, amongft Camdeni Epiflola. No. 80. Several Sermons. XIV. He had alfo a hand in the Dutch Annotations, and the New Tranflation of the Bible, undertaken by order of the fynod of Dart, but not Completed and publifhed rill 1637." JOHN { 4»a 5 sn*-*a= JOHN PRESTON, D. D, TH|i> learned and excellent divirie, defcended of the antient family of the Preflons, of Prefton, in LaiU tajhire, was born at Hey ford, in Northamptonjhire, in the year 1587. He received the firft rudiments of his educa-r tion at the free-fchpol in Northampton ; but, in order ta be better inftructed in Greek, he was afterwards fent to a. fchool in Bedfordjbire> At the, age of feventeen, he was admitted of King' s-college^ Cambridge ; where, according to the complexion of that college at that time, he learnt mufic: But he foon removed to 9$ueen' s-college,, under the care of Oliver Bowles, who was a pious and learned man, and reputed a Very able tutor.: Under his tuition he be came a hard ftudent in philofophy arid polite literature, He ftudied almoft every thing, and even judicial aftro- l.ogy, and the planetary nature and power of herbs and plants; ahd attained to fuch a knowledge in fimples, and compounding of medicines, that it ufed to be faid, If he had failed in divinity, he might have been another Butler^ who was an eminent phyfician of that age. He enter tained great hopes of raifing. himfelf in the ftate ; looking lipon the ftudy of divinity, as a kind of honeft, but filly unmeaning ftudy in itfelf, and much below the cpnfidera- tion of a great mind : But the Lord fruftrated all his, attempts to get into the line of promotion- in the ftate^ and at length providentially brought him to hear a fer mon preached by Mr> Cotton, fellow of EmmanUel-collegeil His reflections on this difcourfe, made impreflions on him. fo happy and abiding, as to cure his third after court* preferment, apd bring him into, the miniftry of the gofpel : a profeffion which h'e had before not a little defpifed. In 1609; that is, five years after his firft admiflioninto the univerfity, and the twenty-fecond of his age ; on account of his extraordinary learning and partsi, he was patronized by the bifhop of Ely, and admitted fellow of his own col lege. He was a good logician apd able difputant, and had a principal part allotted him in the difputations at the commencement before K. James I. The king was fo well pleafed, and particularly with Preflan^ that he re- ¦.' "¦- '¦*-:' ' " 'ftM PRESTON. 461 felved foon to pay Cambridge a fecond vifit, which proved an opening at court for Prefton, if he had now been wilT ling ; and many great people put him in mind of it, and promifed him their affiftance, Sir Fulke Greville, after wards lord Brook, was fo much pleafed with him, that, after other demonftrations of regard, he fettled fifty pounds a year upoh him, and was his friend while he lived, Preflon's conduct, in not eagerly improving this op portunity of the royal favor, became matter of fpecula- rion. He was naturally referved, fo that few knew what a change Mr. Cotton's fermon had wrought, refpecting his views in life: Some attributed it to his modefty, feme to. adegree of melancholy, and others to the attention and deljght he took in his pupils, who now began to come froth all parts; but certain politicians were 'perfuaded-, that it was frpm fome inclination to Puritanifm (a name not favorahle to the views of Court-intereft) ; for ' it could ? not be (faid they) that he fhould let fo fair an oppor-t * tunity flipj if he had not fomething elfe in view.' Mr, Prefton had mdeed the King of kings in view, and his glory; and having found the treafure in the field of the gofpel, he wifely fold all things that ftoodt in competition With its purchafe* He preferred fpiritual, heavenly, and eternal riches and honor, to all that the world calls great and good. This act of crucifixion to the world was in terpreted much in his favor by gopd men ; and he was further confirmed in .their good opinion, from a circum- ftance, that happened upon, the king's fecond vifit to Cambridge, It was propofed to entertain his majefty with a comedy ; and one of Mr. Prefton s pupils was nominated to fupport a- female character, being a fair modeft young gentleman ; and leave Was requefted of Mr. Preflori for that purpofe. But he anfwered, " I do pot like the motion ; I cannot Sc believe his friends intended he (hould be a player, and 11 therefore I beg to be excufed." This inftance of care and fidelity to his pupil, raifed his reputation to fuch a pitch, that he was thought the fitted tutor in the univer fity; and many great men had an eye to him for their f«»is arid relations. There is an obfervation, which was true in Mr. Prefton, that there is ufually no moderation in men of great parts. Mr. Preflon in his youth would not deep, but; laid the bed-clothes upon-him in fuch a manner that they fhould' fall off, that the cold might wake him ; but now, through the many labors public .and private, the many hours ak •¦:• ¦•-'¦¦ r r lotted -*& PRESTO N. lotted for ftudy, and the great attention he paid to the youth committed to his care, he could not deep; but, about midnight, he ftill awoke and flept no more. He applied to Dr. Butler, of Clare-hall, the oracle in phyfic, who, after afking him fome queftions, advifed him to /moke tobacco. Mr. Preflon, fuppofing him in jeft, took no notice of his prefcription ; till his want of reft, which continued, incapacitated him for ftudy and labor; he then Waited on the doctor again, who ftill urged the fmoking of tobacco. Mr. Prejhn, perceiving the doctor to be ferious in his advice, immediately began to' fmoke, and -foon found, that the hot fume of the tobacqo drew away thofe crudities from the mouth of the ftomach, that hin dered concovctipn of his meat ; The rernoyal of thefe ob- ' ftructions occafioped deep, and fo reftored him to reft and itrength. Mr. Preflon, having taken orders, and become a celei brated preacher, came in courfe to be dean and catechilt, which he refolved to improve by going-through a body of divinity, with the view of being a guide to the fcholars in their ftudy of that fcience. He was unwilling they (hould ftudy, as he had done, the fchoolmen firlt, and then the moderh writers; but firft, that they (hould read fyftems in divinity, and fettle their opinions and judge-. ments, and then read the fathers, fchoolmen, and the like, He had not proceeded far in his lectures, before feme townfpeople, palling by, ftepped in, and, reporting . the nature and manner of his lecturing, many of the townf people attended, and alfo feveral fcholars from other col* leges; fo that the outward chapel would be often full, before the fellows came. There had indeed beep other deans and catechifts before Mr. Preflon, but no fuch, crowding : Therefore fome, moved with envy, com-; plained to the vice-chancellor, that at this unufual kind of catechifing not only fcholars and townfmen mingled, but other colleges alfo intruded ; fo that the fellows could- not .get through the crowd, into the chapel to their places; — that it was not fafe for any, man to be thus adored,, unlefs they had a mind to cry up Puritanifm, which would foon pull them down ; — and that the crofier-ftafft would not fupport them, if ftich affemblies were encou raged. In confequence of this complaint, an order was agreed on in the confiftory, and fent to, the college, that the fcholars and townfmen (hould be confined to their own preachers, and not be fuffered, on any pretence whatever, to attend thefe lectures, that were proper only to the mem-^ 2 , bers. P R E S t:;0 N.- 4&i bers of the college. The like complaint has been urged- at other times, whenever the gofpel of the ki ngdom has been faithfully and experimentally preached, not for hire, or for the emoluments refulting fsom^he.pockets of the peo ple, but for their fpiritual edification and falvation. About this time the lecture of Trinity-church, and the fermons at St. Andrews were put down, and the fcholars confined to St. Mary's, which put Mr. Preflon. upon lec turing to his pupils on the Lord's day evening; but the fcholars of other colleges, and thofe townfmen that had heard his other lectures, folicited him to preach in a place where they alfo could attend. St. Batolph's church be longs to Sfueen' s-college, and is ufually fupplied by one of that houfe ; and as Mr. Preflon had lately been inftrumen tal in ,the, election of Dr. Davenant, afterwards bifhop, of Salijbury, to the headship pf Slueen's, Mr. Preflon was al-' lowed to lecture in that church. But there lived in that parifh a Dr. Newcomb, a civilian, who had enticed to his' houfe, with a view to marry his daughter, a pupil of Mr. Preflon, Sir Capel Bedel, a young gentleman of large eftate in Huntingdonjhire. Sir Capel fiedel's parents were dead, and old Sir Arthur Capei was his guardian, and had placed him, as he had done his own fons before, under the care and tutorage of Mr. Preflon ; who ever watched the conduct of his pupils very narrowly, and no fooner difco vered what was going on between Sir Gapel apd Newcomb's daughter, than he acquainted Sir Arthur with it, and con trived to get Sir Capel to his grandfather's houfe atAudley- end. Sir Arthur thanked Mr. Preflon for his fidelity, and told young Sir Capel, that he was now come to a proper age to travel, which was abfolutely neceffary before he fe"led. Dr. Newcomb, thps difappointed, was glad to find an opportunity to be revenged on Mr. Preflon; and this he fpund not only as a parifhioner, but alfo as being com- miffary to the chancellor. of Ely. He therefore went to church and ordered that prayers only (hould ,be read, .but no fermon ; the minifter intreated for that time that Mr." Prefton might be allowed to preach, as 'did the earl of Lin-. coin and feveral others in the church;- but the chancellor was refolute ; and, becaufe*"*ie would not be further im portuned, he went home with his family, and left them to determine at their peri] what they (hould do., Mr, Preflon was advifed to preach, which he did from 2 Pet. Hi. 17, 18. But fo much time had been fpent in fending meffages to the commiffary,, before he left the congregation, 'that 464 PRESTON, that Mr. Prefton was obliged to omit reading prayersbefoW fermon, that the fcholars might get home to their college prayers. This Dr. Newcomb made matter of further com plaint ; and as the court was at Newmarket, he went thither the next- day, and complained to the bifliop of Ely and fe veral of the clergy; affurirtg them, that Mr. Prefton was in heart, and would foon be in practice a Non-conformifti and was fo followed and adored in the univerfity, that,' unlefs fome fpeedy courfe be taken with him, they might caft their caps at all conformity, and fee their power trod under foot ; and added, that gentlenefs was not the way, for he was cunning, and would recover all, if he Were not feriou-fly and thoroughly dealt with. There was nO advocate for Mr. Prefton ; but the doctor,' being firft in his own caufe, feemed juft. The Puritan? began to be confiderabfe, and from Newcomb's complaint^ they were afraid Mr. Preflon might become their leader; The king being then at ¦Newmarketi the commiffary told his tale to his majefty, who, upon inquiry; finding that the bifhop and chancellor's jurifdiction extended to the members of 'colleges, ordered that Mr. Preflon (hould be proceeded againft by them. Accordingly, a IetterwaS lent to Drw Scot the vice-chancellor; to fummOn Mr, Preflon before himfelf arid the heads of hbufes, to anfwer for his notorious di-fobedience to the commiffary. Mr.' Preflon made his defence with great meeknefs and modefty,; faying, he was not guilty, and wifhed to refer them to his' auditory to prove, that, becaufe fo much time had been taken up in treating with the commiffary, he had' omitted reading prayers purpofely, that he might difrmfs the con gregation in time for the fcholars to be prefent at their own college prayers, and npt out of any difrepett to the fer vice, which he ufually attended at other times. They told him, they were engaged to fupport, by all juft means, the bifhop's jurifdiction, that the king had honored him in leaving that affront to be examined by his proper Judges, and that except he could take off the court, they rrifeft and would proceed to a very round and ferious cenfure. Mr. Preflon was not altogether a ftranger at the court i however, now there was no remedy. When he came to Newmarket, he found that bifhop Andrews^then bifliop of Ely, was chief, and that his jurifdiction in the com miffary, was it, that was pretended to be affronted, and therefore applied himfelf to him, and told him that hedid pot purpofe tp offend, but being engaged to preach at that time, PRESTO N. 46$, rime* could hot with ' honor difappoint the auditory; if he fufpected him for any thing, he defired he would ex amine him, and fatisfy himfelfi The bifhop told him, the king was informed he "was ap enemy to forms of prayer, and held no prayer lawful but conceived ; and therefore being popular, his judgement and opinion might do hurt. Mr. Prefton anfwered that it was a (lander ; for he thought fet forms lawful, and refufed not On all occafions to be prefent at the college prayers; and, when it was his turni to read them. The bifliop anfwered; that he was glad, and would inform the king, and do him all the good he could, and bade him wait awhile, and then repair again to him for fatisfaction in it ; and fo time paffed on, and there was nothing done. At length, however, an order Was drawn, and fent to the vice-chancellor; that Mr. Prefton (hould in Bofolph's-churcb declare his judgement* concerning forms of prayer, on fuch a Sunday, or elfe they (hould immediately proceed againft him, according to their firft inftrudtions. Mr. Prefton was glad there was a way out; though fenfible of the hard hand that had been carried towards him ; but now there was no remedy, and it was in vain to ftrive againft the dream; but before he could come home, the news was all about the town, that Mr. Prefton was. to preach a recantation fermon at Botolph's-church on fuch a day. This was good fport to fome, who came crowding as faft as any, to hear; and it was no fin novAfor any body to be from prayers ; and indeed there was a very great af fembly, though he did all he could to have concealed it. So he went on^ipon his former text, and preached a very profitable fermon, concerning growing in grace, and di-^- rected prayer, as a fpecial means to make men grow in grace. Now that, he faid, was of two forts, either that which was fudden, extemporary, and conceived ; or fet, enjoined, and prefcribed before, not only for the fenfe and fcope, but alfo for words and phrafes. And whereas fome thought this was to (tint the Spirit, he faid, there was a liberty to ufe conceived prayer at other tithes^ wherein the Spirit might expatiate, and enlarge itfelf; and alfo the intention of the mind, though not in exten- fion and variety -of -language*. Thofe that came to laugh, had no great caufe to do it, for this paffage was at the * The excellent archbilhop Leighton has fome valuable remarks upon this Subject in his Expofition of the Lord's Prayer, to 'which we wouW. refer our Readers. ''¦-"« , Vol. II. 3 O very 466 PRESTON. very ciofe ; and the fermon all along before, was (harp" and fearching ; both fides were filent and went home, not without feme prints of good upon their fpirits : Optimus orator cenfendus, non qui meruit auditorum judicium, fed qui abftulitt ' He makes the beft fpeech that binds his hearers, * rather to think what was faid, than who faid it.' The good fellows were nothing fo merry at the end, as at the beginning of the fermonv Indifferent hearers praifed all, and were confirmed in a good opinion of the preacher. Good men were glad he came fo well off, and Was at li berty to preach again, where they might hear him : Him* felf was troubled, left any thing he faid, fhould be mif- taken or mifinterpreted, as he was apt to be. Some. time after this, he preached before the king, who feemed to approve his fermon, and efpecially his obferva tion in it upon the Arminians, " That they put God u into the fame extremity, that Darius was put into, *' (Dan. vi.) when he would have faved Daniel, but could " not :" And the marquis of Hamilton fpoke feveral hand fome things in his favor, which, however, the king did not chufe to underftand. This fermon. was received with great eclat ; and he was much folicited to give copies 'of it: But this, he faid,, he could not do, as he never wrote his fermons per ex- tenfum, or word for word; and what he djd. write was in a very bad hand. However, he was appointed chaplain to the prince of Wales, who was then about forming his court. Preflon had a great lofs in the removal of Dr. Dave- nant, his ciofe friend, from the univerfity to the fee of Salijbury. He had a very great regard for the famous Mr. Dod, and frequently confulted with him. He admired his plain familiar. way of preaching, and faw it attended with in finitely more benefit to' people's fouls than ftudied ha rangues, which were moftly calculated to (hew the Preach er's abilities. Not being a very ready Latinift, he travelled info fo reign countries, on a vifit to their univerfities, very much to make the Latin tongue more familiar to him, through converfation, that he might not appear the lefs qualified for fome offices 'in the univerfity, which werepropofed to him. After his return, he was appointed Preacher at Lincoln' s- 'inn, where .his miniftry was much attended . and bleft ; but ftill his great Hefire was to be ufeful in the univerfity, , where P R E *S TON. 467. where he might generate patres, be inftrumental in con verting thofe, whofe profeffion it would be to convert others. After fome time, upon the refignatipn of Dr. Chadderton, he was appointed mafter of Etnmanuel-coiiege, through the'unanimous confent of the fellows, and efpe cially by means of the duke of Buckingham. Here he employed himfelf with uncommon- diligence, and was of the' moft eminent fervice to that foundation. ' Upon an intention of fending Sir Arthur Chichefter (the anceftor of- the earls of Donegal) embaffador into Germany, it was refolved that Mr. Prefton (hould attend him as his chaplain ; and, upon this occafion, for the more honor, was admitted doctor in divinity. But this embaffy did not take place ; and fo the doctor remained at home. Soon, after this he was chofen lecturer of Trinity-church jn Cambridge, after much oppofition, and againft the will of the court, excepting the duke of Buckingham, who took all -opportunities to oblige the Puritans, ' whofe' ' *' power (fa-ys Clarke) in parliament was now grown very ¦ * formidable.* This was the laft preferment Dr. Prefton had; and this he held till his death. , - Our Author had a remarkable controverfy with Dr. Mountague, the famous Arminian of that day, with an accountof which we will prefent our Readers in, the words of Mr. Clarke, '(or rather Mr. Ball) who hath written both it and his life, though not with the greateft precifiop and accuracy. ' Dr. Prefton's friends would not be fatisfied, but urged * a conference, whereunto they were encouraged by fome * ©rthpdpx and very learned bifhops, and at laft it was * concluded by two religious noblemen, that a conference * there (hould be, the bifhop of Rochefter and Dr. White, < then dean of Carlifie, on the one fide, and the bifhop of *- Coventry and Litchfield, and Dr. Prefton on the other. * A'day was fet, a Saturday in Hillary term, at four of * the- clock in the afternoon ; the place ' was York^boufe, 1 and Dr. Prefton fent to in the morning for to attend ' it. The noblemen came unto the bifhop's lodgings, f about two of the clock, and fent for Dr. Preflon to ' them, who gave many reafons why he could not go, 'but they were refolute, and taking the bifhop with them * went without him ; but the doctor confidering, and '- fearing his abfence might betray the caufe, and give en- f couragement unto the other fide, went afterward him- * felf unto the place, and fat by as an hearer filent until ,1 all was done; but talking afterwards occafionally of 362 ' falling 468 P.> R E S T O N. * falling from grace, the bifhop (hewed that agodly man ' might go far, and yet "return, by the inftance of the, * prodigal, Luke xv. but Dr, White exclaimed, againft any « that mould think_the prodigal, in acts of drunkennefs * and Whoredom rtot to be fallen from grace, and urged « that of the apoftle, Rom. i. 3a. that thofe that do fuch ' things are worthy of death ; that is, faid he, in a e ftate of everlafting death, ajid. therefore fallen from * grace; fo 1 Cor. vi, 9, 10. (hall not inherit the king- * dom of God; that is, are not fons, for if fons then * heirs, Rom. viii. 17. ' But Dr. Preflon anfwered, that thefe fins made in- * deed a forfeiture of all their intereft into the hands of ' God, and he might make the feifure.if he pleafed, but ' did not unto thofe which were his children, and iri.co- ' veriant with him ; as, two tenants, by not paying of ' their rent, or keeping covenants, forfeited their leafes, * yet the lord mightHeize the one, and pot the other; as * he pleafed. But the bifhop and the dean both cried out, * this was the way to all licentioufnefs and loofenefs. Tq * which the doctor anfwered, that the feed pf God, as c the apoftle calls it, 1 John iii,. 9. remained in the fin-, * ning faint, or fon, and would repair him ; as in water, * there remains a principle of cold, even whep it boileth, f Over, that will undoubtedly reduce it, when the heat; * and fire is removed, as in Peter, . Dai/id:, Samft^^and ' others, was apparent; fo that they could not runout ' into all licentioufnefs, for the'Spirit lulled againft the; * flelh, that they canfiot do the things they would, Ga/. 1 v. 17. and though he did not difinherit them, and blot- ' their names out of the book of life, Phil., iv. 3. yet ho ' might, and would withdraw his favour, imbitter aU ' their comforts, Matt. xxvi. 75. raife. trouble to them * from their deareft interefts, 2 Sam. xii. 11. fill them * with anguifh, Pfalm xxxviii. 3,4. which in reafon will < keep them from running out, feeing the evil is corn - * menfurable upto that good of pleafure or profit their fin ' afforded ; and if need be, he can add unto it eternal * apprehepfions, and make them feel the fiercepefs of .his ' anger, Pfalm. lxxxviii. 6, 7. without any hope of being ' eafed ; and after this cap reftraip and withhold, them, as ' he did Abimelech, Gen. xx. 6, Fpr if one ceafe. to be a * fon, becaufe he commits a fin that doth deferve eternal * death, then every fin a child of God commite, rends his * relation or fonfhip off; for every fin deferves eternal * deathj Rom. yi. 23, and because in many things we of- ' fend P R E S T O NI 469 * fend all, James iii. 2. we fhduld Be always out of fon- * (hip, and have neither certainty nor comfort in our '* eftate, unlefs he could give fome ground out of fcrip- ' ture, to affure what fins put us out, and what did not. * When the time came for the fecond conference, the ' doctor readily appeared ; and the firft thing, he charged ' Mr. Mountague withal, was about his doctrine of tradi- * tions, which he affirmed he had delivered as grofly and ' erroneoufly as any papift, Gag. p. 38, 39; 40. For he * juftifted that place in Bafil, where he fays, The doc- * trine retained in the church, was delivered, partly by * written inftrudtions, partly by unwritten traditions, * having both a like force unto piety ; which was fo un- *- like to Bafil, and the 'opinions of thofe times, that it * was generally believed to be put in by the Papifts of * later times. Mr. Mo-ant'&gut confeffed, it was fufpedted *. by fome of the precifer cut"; but Dt. Prefton told him, * bifhop Bilfon was none of them, yet he did judge it *; fuppdfitious ; and it muft be fo, or Mafil acknowledged '¦ to be erroneous. For he inftanceth in praying towards c the eaft, and ufe of chrifm or oil ia baptifm ; both * which being rejected by the church of England, argues * they held that place of Bafil not canonical. • ' Mr.. Mountague anfwered, that doy/ia there ufed by St. *¦ Bafil, might fignify a- thing that feemed fo, and fo the * fenfe might be, that fome things that feemed true, of ' lefs efteem and confequence, might be delivered by tra- ' dition, as long as matters more fubftantdal were taken * from the fcriptures. But Dr, Preflon fhewed.that dor/ue * fignified oftentimes dodtrine, and was ufed here by. Bafil * for thofe heads of doctrine that were more principal, *- and lefs expofed, comparing them unto thofe places in ' the temple, whereunto the people had not accefs. ' Mr. Mountague anfwered farther,, that his affertion * was hypothetical, that if a doctrine came from the fame * author, it was no great matter, whether it were by writ- * ing pr word of mouth, for either had the fame authority, * But Dr, Preflon told him, Bafil was pofitive, and fpake * directly, and h'imxhejuftified, and therefore/could not be ' hypothetical, as he pretended, * It is a great flep unto victory fometimes to divide. Paul 1 fets the Ph&rifees againft the Sadduces, Ails xxiii. 6, 7, * 8. that he might fave himfelf." The jefuits are fo good * at it, that though they have but ohe to be their adver- ' fary, they will endeavour to divide him from himfelf, by * moving paifiop, or coritpaflion^or fome affection of his ' own 470 PRESTON. '- own againft him. Dr. White had openly in the com. ' mencement houfe, maintained that election is not ex ' pravifts operibus, and therefore Dr. Prefton refolved to * pinch Mr. Mountague in that particular, that he might 8 bereave him of his animating champion, Dr. White. ' There were four feveral places that Dr. Prefton had obferved to make good this charge, the firft which he produced, was Gag. p. 179. Some Proteftants hold, that Peter was faved, becaufe God would have it fo, without refpect unto his faith and obedience ; and Judas damned; becaufe God would have it fo, without refpect unto his fin. And added, this is not the doctrine of the Proteftants, this is not the doctrine of the church, the church of England hath not taught it, doth not be-' lieve it,;hath oppofed it. ' Now Dr. White was very fierce and eager to engage, told him it was nd^doctrine of \ the church of England^ but a private fancy of fome, that Judas was condemned without refpect unto his fin ; For the wages of fin is death, Rom, vi. 23. The foul that finneth Jhall die, Ezek, xviii. 4. But Dr: Prefton anfwered, he did not charge that upon 'Mr. Mountague, but the former part of the affertion, that Peter was not faved, without refpedt 'unto his believing and obedience, and fo election fhould hot be abfolute, but grounded upon faith and works forefeen. Then faith Dr. White, I have nothing againft that, but leave Mr. Mountague Jo anfwer for himfelf. *¦ Dr. Prefton was glad that he was eafed of Dr. White, and yet refolved to make. advantage of it, apd therefore told'Dr, White; if he thought election was not* ex fide pravifa, he defired to khow whether faving grace were an effect, and fruit of eledtiop, or no ? DT- White ac knowledged readily it was ; then faid Dr. Prefton, whofoeyer hath faying grace is elected. Now you'know that an elect perfon can never finally mifearry, or fall away ; therefore whoever hath true grace, can never fall away. The old man faw the fnare, • and would have avoided it, by.denying the confequence. But the doctor urged, that wherefoever the' effect is, there muft be the caufe, but faving grace is an effect of election. This Dr. White would have denied, but the hearers mur mured that the effect could not be without the caufe, as the day is riot without the prefence of the fun. Then Dr. White anfwered, that faving grace was an effect in deed, but a common effect. But Dr. Prefton urged, that it was not more common than election ; for all the '¦ ek<$ PRESTON. 47* * elect had faying grace, and none but they ; and there- * fore they could never fall away. But this (faid he) is ' by the way, I will now apply my felf to Mr. Moun- * tague. ' But when Mr. Mountague perceived that his great Go- c liah, Dr. White, forfook him, he was greatly troubled, * and cavilled at the words a while, but the book adjudg- ' ing it for Dr. Prefton, he faid, the church of England c had not declared any thing againft it. Dr. Prefton al- * ledged the feventeenth article, but told mafter Mounta- 1 gue, that he had affirmed the church of England did oppofe * it, and he defired to know where ? ' But after one of the lords had whifpered with Mr. * Mountague, he confeffed, that for Arminius, he had never * read him, and that he had written fome things negli- ' gently in that book, which he never thought (hould * thus be fcanned among friends, and. therefore promifed * to write another book' in butter arid honey, and therein * more exactly to acquit himfelf. ' Some of the good lords propofed that, in (lead of this 1 book which Mr. Mountague had promifed to write, the * fynod of Dort might be received and eftablifhed as the V ^dodtrjne of the church of England, feeing there was no- tjfifoii&ig there determined but what our delegates ap- "\prpyed. But Dr. White oppofed this mainly ; for (faid * he) the church of England in her catechifm teacheth to \ believe in God the Son, who redeemed me and all man- l,kind, which that fynod did deny. ^' Dr. Prefton anfwered that, by redemption, there was T^QJilsmeant the freeing of mankind from that. inevitable 4 lawn the fin of Adam had involved them in, and making ' of them faveable upon conditions of another covenant, 1 John iii. 16, 17. fo as now falvation was not impoffible, ' as it was before the death of Chrift, but might be of- * fered unto any man, according to the tenor of that com- ' million, Mark xvi. 15, 16. Which could not be unto 'the devils, for they were left in that forlorn condition, ' whereunto their fin and difobedience put them, Heb. ii. 4 jb. 2 Peter ii. 4. that the jailor was a boifterous bloody 4 fellow, Ails xvi. 24, 2.7. yet Paul makes no doubt * to tell him, ver. 31. That if he believed, on the Lord Je- * fus, be fhould be faved with his houfe. . ' But Dr. White in no fort received this, but affirmed ' earneftly, that Chrift died for all alike in God's inten- * tion and decree ; for Cain as well as Abel, for Saul as * much as David, for Judas as much as Peter, . for the re- ' probate 4?4 P R E S T O ti. * probate and damned in hell, as well as for the elect and1 * faints in heaven. 4 But Dr. Prefton anfwered, that there was a fpecial * falvation afforded to believers, i Tipi. iv. 10. that Chrift was indeed a ranforri for all, i Tim. ii. 6, but the faviour only of his body, Eph. v. 23. that he redeemed all, but called, and juftified, and glorified whom he knew before, and had predeftinated to be conforrped to the image of his Son, Rom. viii. 29, 30. that to whom in this fenfe Chrifl was given, to them were given alfo all things appertaining unto life and godlinefs, 2 Peter i. 3. as faith, 2 Peter i. 1. Phil.i. 29. Eph. ii. 8. re pentance, Ails xi. 18. 2T"im. ii. 25. a new heart, Ezekf xxxvi. 26. his Spirit, Gal. iv. 5, 6. So that nothing can be charged on them, but Jefus Chrifl hath under taken, and is engaged to difcharge them, Rom. yiii. 31, 32, 33, 34. So that they can never perifli, nor be taken out of ChriJP~s hand, John x. 28, 29, 30. but as they are begotten again unto a lively hope, 1 Peter i. 3. fo they are kept by the power of God through faith unto falvation, ver. 5. whereas Judas was loft, John xyii. 12. and is gone to his own place, Ails i. 25. and there are many nations and people of the world, that have no outward offer made unto them in the gofpel, Pfalm cxlvii. ig, 20. Ails xvi. 6, 7. and thofe that have it, have not hearts given them to underftand it and, be lieve it, Deut. xxix. 2, 3, 4. Efaiah vi. 9, 10. Matt. xiii. 13, 14, 15. and therefore they are loft, 2 Cor. iv. 3, 4. and are damned, 2 Tbef. ii. 10, 11, 12. For he (hewed that in Adam all men were loft, Rom. v. it. and none recpvered but by Chrift ; therefore fuch as had not G&rz/?'sinterceffion could not recover; but Chrifl prayed not for fome, John xvii. 9. and therefore fuch could not be faved, Heb. vii. 25. ' Dr. White acknowledged there was a difference ; for though all had fo much as by good improvement might ferve their turn, yet the elect had more, for God abounded towards them, Eph.i. 8, 9. Rom. v. 15, 17, 20. As all the troop have horfes, but the officers have better. Both travellers have (laves to leap over the ditch, but the ope a better and ftrOnger than the other. The worft had grace enough to keep corruption, and the renitency of their natures down ; but the elect, fuch as would do it eafily ; for Chriji had tafted death for every man, Heb. ii. 9. and died for thofe which yet might perifli, 1 Cor. viii. 11. and bought thofe, that yet brought 1 * upon PRESTO -N; 473^ Upon themfelves fwift damnation, 2 Peter ii. 1. becaufe they did not hufband and improve the favour offered to them . * Dr. Preflon anfwered, that Chrift Was in himfelf fuf ficient to fave all, and might be faid to be provided for that end and ufe, as a medicine is to cure, infected per fons, though it cure none actually, but thofe that drink it, as Profper. Habet in fe quod omnibus profit, fed ft nan bibitur nan medetur. As 1 Johnv. 11, 12. butmanydid not thus apply Chrifl, becaufe they had him not fo of fered and exhibited as others had, Matt. xi. 21. Luke x. 13. for God gave fome faith apd repentance as we have (hewed ; as the ferpent Mofts was commanded for to make, was in it felf fufficient to cure thofe that were bitten, Numb. xxi. 8, 9. yet cured none, but only thofe that looked on it. So as Mofes lift up the ferpent in the wildernefs, fhall the fon of man be lift up, that whofo ever believeth in him (hould not perifh, but have life everlafting, John iii. 14, 15. 4 But Dr. White urged that place Ifaiah v. 4. that God had done all he could, but they neglected and rejected the counfel of God againft themfelves, Luke vii. 30. 4 Dr. Prefton anfwered, that God had done all they could challenge of him, for he had given them in Adam power, Eccl. vii. 29. and propofed another way of mercy in a mediator, and therefore he appeals to any one that was indifferent, Ifaiah v. 3. but this was unto Ifrael; he dealt not fo with other nations, Pfalm cxlix. 20. Be- fide, he had done what he could, without reverfing and re'fciTiding his decree, John xii. 38, 39, 40. for other- wife he could have given them the fame fpirit of faith, 2 Cor. iv. 13. the like gift that he did unto others who believed on the Lord Jefus, Ails xi. 17. could have wrought in them both to will and to do according to his good pleafure, Phil. ii. 13. could have healed them as he promifed, Ifaiah Ivii. 18. and as he did perfecuting Saul, 1 Tim. i. 6. but God had other ends, Rom.ix. 17. and attributes, Rom. ix. 22. which he was willing to difcover, Prov. xvi. 4. * But Dr. White afked, how then he could require faith and repentance, Mark i. 15. Ails xvii. 30. which was all one, as if he (hould require one to give his judge ment and opinion of a colour that had his eyes (hut, and then (hut his eyes as faft as he could. 4 Dr. Prefton anfwered, that he might do it to fhew and difcover our impotency, as we bid our little chil- V01..II. 3P ' dree- 474 PRESTO N. dren rife, that by their Own fault fell, that we may let them know their, inability, and be the more beholding unto us to help them up, as Mark ix. 23, 24. arid be caufe the call and command of Chrifl is the vehicuhtm and conduit-pipe of ftrength and power, Ails xiv. 10. John v. 8, 9. as Lazarus, John xi. 43, 44. Thus God by bidding and commanding men to take grace, doth thereby fit them and enable them to do it, as that crip ple, Ails iii. 6, 7, 8. was by the command inabled ; fo Saul, Ails xxii. 13. beipg commanded to receive his fight, was enabled the fame moment to look upon him; and fo ver. 16. being commanded to wafh away his fins, had the blood of Chrifl provided ready for to do it. So thefe commands are not like thofe the apoftle fpeaks of, James ii. 16. for here is fomething given; 'when God bids, he doth not, verba dare, fed rem. 4 But it was further urged by the doctor, that God had no pleafure in the death of wicked men, £z^. xxxiii. 11. but that he would rather they (hould repent and leave their fins, Ezek. xviii. 23. and ver. 32. if therefore God were not ready to the utmoft of his power to give them grace, he could not be excufed from diffembling and double-dealing. ' But Dr. Preflon anfwered, that fuperiors may com mand unable perfons for many reafons, but cannot be faid for to diffemble, unlefs they refufe to give when the required condition is performed. As if I bid one come unto me, and I will give him fix-pence, if I refufe when he is come, I did diffemble ; but if he comes not, he cannot charge me; for their pot coming may* be for want of will, John v. 40. as well as for want of power, John vi. 44. Now if I know a cripple will not come, though he could, I may punifh him for it. It is true, God delights in nothing but himfelf, his joy and com fort is terminated only in himfelf, not in the creature, but as fome way ferved and reprefented by it; for God made all things for himfelf, Prov. xvi. 4. yea for his pleafure, Rev. iv. n. that is, the exercife and illuftra- tion of fome one of his attributes ; as his power, Exod. ix, 16. Rom. ix. 17. his wrath, Rom. ix. 22. Never did man glory of his ftrepgth, more than God doth of his fovereignty and omnipotency, Job xl. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Now if it fall out, that, in the illuftration and exercife of thefe his glorious attributes and excellencies, fome creatures fmart, yet he delights not in their fmart and fufferings, but in the demooftration of bis own om- 4 . oipotency. PRESTON. 475 tilpotericy. Ahaftuerus makes a feaft to all the ftates and orders of his kingdom, and the honour of his excellent majefty, Efther i. 3, 4. This was not done without the fmart and fuffering of many of the creatures, yet he de lights not in their fufferings, but in his own magnifi cence and bounty. When Chrift was at the feaft, John ii. I, 2. he doth not condole the death of all thofe inno cents that went to make it up ; 0$ui fruitur poena, ferus ift: But rejoiced in the good cheer and good Will of the frieftid that bade him. 4 There were few prefent of doctor Prefton's friends, and accordingly this conference was reprefented and re ported with all the difadvantage that could be to him ; infomuch that many parliament men, that were his friends, were much offended at it ; which occafioned him, as foon as he came to Cambridge, to write the feve ral paffages, and fend them to thofe friends that were unfatisfied. 4 When a man is forced to be where he would not, as St. Peter was foretold he fhould be, John xxi. 18,. yet he may in defpite of them retire into himfelf. St. Paul made it his bufinefs to have his confcience always void of offence, Ails xxiv. 16. and fo did Dr." Prefton; for though his actings, being many of them above the com mon fiae, were not always underftood, and very often mifinterpreted, yet he was innocent and upright always in them. An undeniabLe argument whereof was, that he never fued for the leaft preferment, as we have faid, but ftudied, and often confulted how, without break ing; he might avoid them. And though he lived like himfelf, and gave relief to others, yet it was ever of his own, as very many yet alive can witnefs. And indeed he was a man of very much communion and fweet fo ciety with God ; prayed much in private, and by him felf; befides as tutor with his pupils, and after, as maf ter ip his family. Whatever weaknefs he was in, or bufinefs did occur, he kept many private days of fafting by himfelf, efpecially before the facraments and fabbath- days; and accordingly enjoyed a conftant clearnefs and affurance of his juftification, and intereft in the blood of Chrift; even then, when frailties and infirmities did moft of all afflict and wound him. He never (that I know) was troubled or perplexed about adoption, though very often about the imperfection of his graces, and the unconftancy of fanctification ; fo as he ftudied mod exactly that " Treatife of the Saints Infirmities," and 3 P 2 ' there 4,76 PRESTON. 4 there is nothing in all his works that may more properly 4 be called his.' Thus far Mr. Clarke. Dr. Prefton's preaching and labors were exceeding great-; yet he never could be prevailed upon to fpare himfelf; giving it as his opinion, that our life, like iron, would confume with ruft, as much without as by employment-; that every one could not be faid to have lived long that was old, for that feven years in the life of fome men were as much as feventy in others ; and therefore the quedion is not fo much, " How long I have lived, as how I have " lived ?" GOD allows a proper time for his fervants to do their work in. Mofes lived a hundred and twenty years, Deut. xxxiv. 7. David died in a good old age and full of days, 1 Chron. xxix. 28. and the great apoftle of the Gentiles is called Paul the aged, Phil. xi. 9. But it was nodifcouragement to good Jofitah, that he died young, nor to Dr. Pre/ton that he died about his age. Our Britijh Joftah, K. Edward, fcarce out-lived his minority; yet he out-ftripped moft of his longeft lived predeceffors in doing good. So the Lord, who hath appointed the time for all men upon earth, Job vii. 1. allotted the doctor buta (hort time; but enabled him to do a great deal of work in it, and, in point of fervice to his day and generation, to die an old man at the age of forty-one. In his laft ficknefs, being worn out with fatigue, or rather (as he would often fay) with care and trouble for the church's fafety and welfare ; he was obliged to abate a little of his great labor. Histoid complaint returned, the want of reft; apd tobacco now failed to help him, as be fore ; he therefore fent for Dr. Defpotine of Bury, and propofed to him the opening of a vein ; but the doctor told him, that, though it might allay his heats and procure deep ; yet, if it were within the verge of a confumption, it would prove fatal: However, • through the defire of prefent eafe, he was \e% blood, but pever lived to repair that lofs. His diforders increafing upon him, he went to London-, to confult the moft eminent phyficians there, who or dered him to Newington, and then to Hertfordjhire, as be ing a thinner air ; for they all agreed that the malady was in his lungs ; from thence he went to Prefton, within four miles of Heyford, with a defire to give up his breath, where he firft drew it. From hence he paid a vifit to Ox ford; and Dr. AJhworth, whom he had formerly confult ed, returned with him to Preflon; and, fuppofing his dis order to be the fcurvy, gave him great plenty of antifepr- I butic PRESTON. 477 butic medicines, which did him no good, but reduced him to a very weak and low date. Dr. Ajhworth, finding he had midaken his cafe, returned to Oxford ; and .Dr. Prefton, laying afide all phyfical helps, gave himfelf up to GOD in a patient waiting for his diffolution, when he Jhould be for ever with the Lord. He had a fervant, who had long been to him more than a fervant, and whom he had often ufed as a friend ; to him he unbofomed himfelf, not only* reflecting the vanity and emptinefs of all things here below, but his expectation of a fpeedy change; " Not (faid he) of my company ; for I *' (hall dill converfe with GOD and faints ; but of my 44 place, and way of doing it." He revifed his will, and fettled all his worldly affairs, and then prayed for a pro per fupply for the places he poffeffed ; for the'College, that it might continue a flourifhing nurfery of religion and learning; for Lincoln' s-inn, that GOD would from .time to time furnifh it with able preachers ; and that he would alfo provide for his lecture at Cambridge, which had cod him fomuch trouble to obtain. A few hours before his death,, afking what day it was, and being told it was the Lord's day; " A fit day (faid 44 he) to be facrificed on ! I have accompanied faints on *' earth ; and now I (hall accompany angels in heaven : 44 My diffolution is at hand ; let me go to my home, and 44 to Jefus Chrifl, who hath bought me with his precious 44 blood." Soon after, he fell into a cold and clammy fweat, which, he told them, was the meffenger of death. Not long after, he faid, 44 I feel death coming to my 44 heart; my pain (hall now be quickly turned into joy." Juft before he died, a minifter prayed with him : When the prayer was ended, he looked on thofe who affifted ; and then turned away his head, and gave up the ghoft, in the forty-firft year of his age. He was interred in Faufiey- church, in the county of Northampton ; and-Mr. Dod, the minifter of that place, preached his funeral fermon : On which occafion a very great number of people flocked to gether from all the neighboring parts. This fermon Was preached on the twentieth of July, in the year 1628. Befides the Writings above hinted at, we have feen a poflhumous work of Dr. Preflon's, entitled 44 Life eternal, pra Treatife of the Knowledge of the Divine Effence and Attributes : Delivered in xviii Sermons, Printed at London, in 41.0. 1631. To this is prefixed a Dedication to Lord Vifcount Say and Sele, from Dr. Thomas Goodwin and Mr. Thomas Ball^ the latter of whom either wrote, or furnifhed 4?8 MATTHEW. furnifhed materials for Clarke to write, the account of his life. — This is a very excellent Publication, and was of fered to the world With infinitely more decency, than a late paflhumous colletlion of Common Places; &c. compiled by a deceafed writer; who was eminent in the religious world. Dr. Preflon's executor; mdft likely, had no de fire to make any other gain of his memory, than to pro-i mote the welfare of fouls and GOD's glory : Ahd the Doctor himfelf it is probable; had too much regard both for "his own credit and the feelings of his friends, to leave manufcripts in the hands of meannefs and ignorance; which Could only value them, or any thing elfe, by what the^ might produce in the market,*' =2..*>.»gT TOBIE MATTHEW, D.D, ARCHBISHOP of YORK. THIS truly good man, an honor to his age, was de fcended from an antient family of the Williams's of Flint, in the principality of North-Wales, being the four teenth in a lineal defcent from Roger Williams, Efq. of which family Jb-hh Williams, Efq. receiver of FUntJhire ib E. IV. marrying the daughter and heir of Edmund: Matthew-, Efq. his fon George affufned the name of Mat thew, and by * the daughter of Sir John Ardin, Knt. had iffue Richard Matthew, of Flint, tne father of John Matthew of Briftol, merchant, where this his fan Tobie was born, in the year 1546, upon that part of the bridge which is in Somerfetjhire. In his childhood, an extraordinary circumftance befel hirh. By a fall,- he broke his foot, ancle, and fmall of his leg, almoft to pieces ; yet he obtained afpeedy and ef fectual cure. Frorri the fchool at Wells, he was fent to Oxford, at thirteen years of age. Univerfity-college and Chrifl-church, do both challenge him ; it was as membet of the latter he took the degree of bachelor of arts; Febru ary 11, 1563; and three years after, (the twerity-fifth tif June) that of mafter, and entered into holy Orders ; at' which time he was much refpected for his great learning, eloquence* MATTHEW. 479, eloquence^ fweet converfation, friendly difpofition, and the fharpnefs pf his wit. The third year after this, he was unanimoufly elected the public orator of the univerfity, which office he exe cuted with great applaufe to himfelf, and honor to the public, when he was but, twenty-three. He took his de grees fo ripe in learning, and young in years, as was half a miracle, faith Sir John Harrington, who is fejdorp toq liberal in his commendation of bifhops. He was a moft celebrated preacher, even when Oxford feems to havg < been well flocked with fuch. Afterwards preferments came thick upon him- In 1570, he was made. canon of Chrift-church, and archdeacon of Bath. In 1572, prebendary of Sarum, and prefidept of St. John' s-college; when being famous for his admirable preaching, he was made the queen's chaplain, and dean pf Chrifl' s-church in 1576. Two years after, he was vice-chancellor of Ox ford, and afterwards chantor in the church of Salijhury ; the one a place of the greateft honor the univerfity could give ; the other a preferment of copfiderable profit. In Augufl, 1583, he was inftalled dean of Durham. \% may be wondered, why he (hould leave the univerfity, where he had fo many ingenious friends and great admi rers ; rejinquifh preferments that feem as confiderabfe as this fingle deanery, if not more fo ; and go northward farther from court, the fountain of preferment. 4 But 4 to me (fays Mr. Thorejby) it feems evident, there was 4 fome chriftian act of felf-denial in the cafe ;' and hi$ diligence in preaching afterwards in places that, for the moft part, wanted inftrudtion (whereas Oxford had now fome excellent preachers, as Dr. Rainolds, and"others) and his apoftolic travelling from town to town to preach the gofpel, (hews that he aimed at the glory of GOD and the good pf mankind, in going to that northern region, He kept a diary or journal of the feveral rimes and places, when, and where he preached; to fet down which, would be to tranfcribe the Villare of the County- Palatine ; fcarce any town but had him ip their pulpit, and fome places IKery often. He frequently mentions the text, and fome-r times the occafion, as before the lord-prefident, at the court, at the aflizes, ,&c. His firft fermon was before the council, from thefe, words, Seek ye firft the kingdom of God; a fubjedt that befits all to begin with. He held his deanery eleven years and a half, and ac- cpunjts for feven hundred and twenty-ope fermons preached in that time, in feme years fixty, in others feventy pr eighty; 480 MATTHEW. eighty ; we fometimes find him preaching twice a day^ efpecially when he found no preaching minifter there ; but he , rarely omitted every Sunday and holiday, except when ficknefs, or fome inevitable caufe hindered. Thus when any of the prebendaries took their courfes , in the cathedral, he rode abroad to carry the meffage of his great Mafter to the country towns and villages. At Chriflmas he ufually preached on the Nativity, St. Stephen, St. John, Innocents, &c. He would often reflect upon his performances, and obferve with what fervor and fpirit he had difcharged his duty, fometimes giving GOD thanks, at other times blaming himfelf; his words were, "frigide, " 'eheu !" or, 4C Deo gratias." He was elected bifhop of Durham, March 29th, 159^, and not 1594, as Gadivin miftakes in his Catalogue of Bi- Jhops ; for himfelf notes, that he preached before QC Eli zabeth the fourth Sunday in Lent, 1595, and adds, 44 the 44 Saturday before this, I was elected bifhop, when I was 44 forty years of age." He preached at court again May nth, which was the fir A fermon after he was made bii (hop. As foon as the confecration was over, he haftened to his own cathedral, and, as his cuftom was, perfumed almoft every confiderabfe town in his way, with the fweet Odour of the gofpel; as, May 14th, at Northampton, the fifteenth at Leicefler, the Sunday after at Doncafler, the nineteenth at Holden, the twenty-firft at Allerton, and the Sunday following at his own cathedral at Durham; where he continued fo faithful and afliduous a Preacher, that the moft fevere animadverters upon bifhops, had not one word to fay againft him ;'not fo much as his name occurs in Prynne againft Prelates. 'Tis eafy to trace his journies, by the churches he preached at, and that not in the neigh borhood only, but in his journey or embaffy to Scotland', in 1596, when he preached every Lord's day in Berwick, except one in Holy-Ifiand. He feldom omitted preaching once a week, when at London, in times of parliament; one (hort feffion from Ostober 19th, to December 19th, we find him nine times at (what he called) his beloved work*; this was in the year 1601. He had then, as at all other times, one turn at the court. He mentions in his diary, a long dif courfe her majefty, Q. Elizabeth, had with him, which, * He feems to have adopted the late biShop Burnefs advice in con tending with oppofite parties — Out-preach ; out-pray ; oui-lvve, them. This is a Sort -of contell, which none but good men will engage in, and in which they will always rejoice to be overcome. a* M A T T n E f f 481 as it was the laft time he faw her, he calls it 4C his laft 44 farewel." In April, 1663', he preached before K. James at Berwick, and again at Newcaftle ; from whence he waited upon his rhajefty to his own feat at Durham, where he entertained him ; after this Stow adds^ 4 The king took leave, gave 4 him thanks, and highly commended him for humanity, ' 4 learning, and gravity, promifing to reftore diyers things 4. taken from the bifhopric' Having preached before the king at Greenwith, he halted back to meet the queenj prince, princefs Elizabeth (afterwards queen of Bohemia^ and grandmother to K. George!.) before Whom he preached at York on Whitfunday, at Worfop on Trinity -funday; on, Midfummer-day at Leicefler, at Althorpe (ftill attending oh the queen into the Sduth) on the firft Sunday after Trinity, upon the fecond at Sherfield, upon the third and fourth at Hampflead, the fifth at Paddington^ the fixth at Wilfdon, Augufl the 5th at Hampton-court ^ the feventh at Wars, in his return home : Where he found an additional work on the faft-days, obferved weekly for the peftilertcei thep ragirig in England. He was not content to hear one fermon ; but himfelf would preach a fecond, and fome times, when two preceded, a third ; as at Darton, Sep tember 28th,' " Mr. Tomlinfoft; Mrs tonflall^ and I ;" and foon Oclober 12, '* Mr. Craddocki Dr. Barnes, and my* 44 felf." About the latter end of this year; he was fummoned to fhe Hampton-court conference, of which he gives an ac count in a remarkable letter to archbifhop Hu'tton, which letter maybe feen in Mr. Strype's life of archbifhop Whit gift. By the king's fpecial appointment, he preached be fore his majefty at Hampton-court, at the end of the con* ference, as alfo at Weftminfter, at the opening of the parliament; and as he concluded this, fo he begart the fucceeding year with a ferirron before the king; and not long after before prince Henry, from the words of the" Pfalmift, Wherewithal fhall a young man, &c. and that day- fortnight before the king, queen, prince; the council; bifhops, &c. in Whitehall gallery; becaufe, the king's leg being hurt, he could ftot go to the chapel. Shortly after, he returned tcr- bis diocefe, where he preached at Bijhop-Aukland before prince Charles, then the king's fe^ cond fon. . When his great gueft was gone, he vifited his diocefe, and at Darttetoti eafrieftly preffed the renewal of the Exer- YoL.ll. ZQ- fif" 48a ' "St A T T H E W. cifes (of which we, have given a relation in the life of archbifhop Grindal) which he countenanced with his pre fence and affiftance, fetting them up in fome places, and reftoring them in others. 'Tis furprifing, to find what. an indifference to hear even fo able a Preacher fometimes. prevailed ; as at Acliffe, where defigning to preach, he found not three men, or one woman, though it was the Lord's day, and he had, by his fervant, given notice two days before ; but when he preached there the Sunday after, he found a.full congregation, for which he praifed GOD. He was difappointed thus at Acham, when he was arch bifhop, 4' where (faith he) to my forrow, I found neither 44 prieft nor people, although they had warning over 44 night." No wonder, then, that- he was fo particu larly zealous, when he found fo much ignorance and re- miffnefs. That this proceded not from, a fudden pang of devo tion during the plague, but was his mature judgement, is evident from matter of fact ; for when he was fome years paft his grand climacteric, we find him preaching^ at the Exercifes, at Mansfield, Nottingham, and Retford,,, befides other occafional fermons, eight in lefs than five, weeks. And this was fo far from being a differvice.to the church of England (as fome have intimated) that it did really advance it moft effectually ; 44 I appeal (fays- 44 our Author) to the original book of the minifter's fub-, 44 fcriptions in the regifter's office at York, that, not 44 to take 'the advantage of that noted time, when forty-. 44 five were ordained at one time, there are communibus 44 annis as many in one year at the latter, end, as in three 44 at the beginning." So attractive was .this grand ex emplar of a preaching bifhop. The next time we meet with bifhop Matthew, at court, is in preaching at Whitehall, before the king, and the commiflioners of England and Scotland, upon the defigned union of the two kingdoms ; a project K. James purfued to the utmoft, but the completion of it was referved to the next century, for the honor of Q^ Anne. The, Epi phany after, he preached before the king at the creation of prince Charles, duke of York. The next time he preached before the king, was upon a .fignal occafion, being the Lord's day after the deliverance from the gun powder treafon, which was difcovered on the Tuefday be fore, viz. November .5th, 1605., The year after, he (hut lip his diary, as bifhop of Durham, with this memoran- MATTHEW. 483 dum, cc That in the fpace of fomewhat lefs than twelve 44 years, I have preached five hundred and fifty fermons ;" often excufing himfelf, that he preached no more, becaufe his houfe was infected, &c. On Monday, Augufl 1 8, 1606, he was tranflated to the archbifhopric of York, and September ii, enthroned by proxy ; here he fate with great honor and reputation, to the time of his death, and had the uncommon happinefs, though then above fixty years of age, to continue therein twenty-one years and a half; but notwithftanding his age, and the care and government of a whole province," he did not look upon himfelf as difcharged from preach ing, but was as diligent as ever ; whence that challenge of Alexander Cooke, vicar of Leeds ; 4 That Table Mat- 4 thew, the archbifhop of York, though almoft eighty years 4 of age, preacheth more fermons in a year, than you 4 [the popifh party] can prove, has been preached by all 4 your popes, from Gregory the Great's days.' Cooke's Popifh Brags abated. Yet, for all his pains in preaching, he neglected not his proper epifcopal acts of vifitation, confirmation, ordination, &c. he confirmed fometimes five hundred, fometimes one thoufand at a time, yea, fo many, that • he has been forced to betake himfelf to his bed for re- frefhment. At Hartlepool he was forced to confirm in the church-yard. At fuch times he often preached to inftrudt them more fully in the doctrines of Chriftianity, which they were now more folemnly obliged to. know and obferve. He preached alfo fometimes at marriages, baptizings, funerals, affizes, and other meetings of the gentlemen Of the country, about public affairs, as at Ripon, Augufl 1 6, 1607, at the laying the foundation of that church. 'Tjs much to be lamented, that thofe fermons, that were fo paffionately defired by perfons of the greateft qua lity, fo acceptable to the judicious, and fo crouded after by perfons of all ranks, (hould not have been publifhed ; filch efpecially, as were upon extraordinary occafions, and made fuch impreffions upon himfelf, as to give thanks for divine affiftance. 4 He died yearly in report, (fays Fuller) and I doubt * not, but that, in the Apoftle's fenfe, he died daily in 4 his mortifying meditations :' He died at laft, at Cawood- caflle, March 29, 1628, and was buried in our lady's chapel at the eaft-end of the cathedral at York, in the eighty-fecond year of his age ; leaving behind hira Frances 3 Q_2 nis 454 MATTHEW. his wife*, by whom he had feveral children, but only two (fo far as we can learn) that furvived him, namely Samuel, his mother's favorite, who died at Peter-houfe, in Cambridge; and Sir Tobfe Matthew, knt. 4 Who (fays * Fuller) had all his father's name, and many of pis natu- * ral parts, but had few of his moral virtues, and fewer of 4 his fpiritual graces, as heing an inveterate enemy to the * Proteftant religion.' We will conclude his life, with chara£ters given him by two different authors. 4 He was certainly (fays our * firft author) one of the moft eminent divines of this na- 4 tion, confidered either in the fchools, the pulpit, or the 4 epifcopal chair, even Campian himfelf, his Romijh anta^ 4 gonift, confeffing that 4 he rules in the affemblies' (to 4 which Sir Thomas Widdrington adds) 4 who alone was 1 wont to prefide there,' adding, 4 whom we love, for * knowledge and virtue.' "The learned Camden's charac ter is more comprehertfive, * a moft excellent divine, in 4 whom piety and learning, art with nature drove.' But mod of all, that of the excellent bifhop Fell, who fays of him, 4 that he was a man of infinite reading, info- 4 much, that fcarce any book, which either the fame of 4 its author, or the worth of its fubjedt, recommended, f had efcaped him ; and withal, fo happy a memory, that 4 few things he read, but were fo in his power, as to be ¦ ' readily quoted, when occafion required.' To this we will fubjoin Fuller's Account of him in his Church Hiftory. 4 He was one of a proper perfon (fuch 4 people, cateris paribus, and -fometimes cateris imparl-,. '¦'bus, were preferred by the queen) and an excellent 4 preacher, Campian himfelf confeffing, that he did domi- * Frances Matthew was firft married to Matthew Parker, fon to Matthew Parker arclibj(h,op of Canterbury, afterwards to our archbi fhop. She was a woman of exemplary wisdom, gravity, piety, beauty, and indeed, in all other virtues, not only above her fex, but the times. One examplary aus Csf Conjetlaris, manufcr 1 Thefe three Mr; Wood fays he faw in the Lambeth Library, tinder D. 42^ j; but whether printed, fays he; I know not, perhaps the En-,- thiridion is, Dt. James likewife tranflated; from French into Englijh;, the moral Pbilofophy of the Stoicksj Lond. 1598, 8vo; and publifhed two mart treatifes againft th^f order of begging friars, written by Wickliffe ; and a book entitled, Fifcus Papalis .- five CaiahgUs Indiilgentiarum, &a Land. 1617, 4to. but fome were of opinion this book was publifhed by William CraJbavO, already mentioned. Se veral letters of our Author are publifhed in the Appendix to Parr's Life of archbifhop Ujher t Vol, It. 3* SEBASTIAN ( +9© ) ;8-<»"(l= SEBASTIAN BENEFIELD, SEBASTIAN BENEFIELD, an eminent divine, of the feventeenth century, was born, Augufl 12, 1559, at Preflonbury in Gloucefterfbire. He was educated at fix- ford, being admitted, atfeventeen years of age, a fchplar of Carpus-Chr'iftft-college, Augufl 30, 1586; and proba,- tioper-fellow of the fame houfe, April 16, 1590. \After he had taken the degree of rpafter of arts, he went into holy orders; and diftinguifhed himfelf as a preacher. In 1599, he was appointed rhetorick-reader of his col lege, and;the year following was admitted to the reading of the fehfences. In 1608, he took the degree of doctor in divinity, and nye years after was chofen margaret-pro^ feffor in that univerfity. He filled the divinityTchair with great reputation, and after fourteen years refigned it. He had been prefented, feveral years before, to the rectory of Meyfey- Hampton, near Fairfard in.. Glouceflerjhire, upon the ejection of his predeceflbr for Simony; and now he re tired to that benefice, and fpent there the (hort rernainder "of his life (about four years) in a pious and devout, retreat from the world. Dr. Benefield was fo eminent a feholar, difputant, and divine, and particularly fo well verfed in the fathers and fchoolmen, that he had not his equal in the univerfity. He was ftrongly attached to the doctrinal opinions of Colvinr efpecially that of predeftination ; infomuch that Humphrey Leach calls him a downright and dodrinal Calvinifl. He has been branded likewife with the character of a Schif- matic : But Dr. Ravis, bifhop of London, acquitted him of this imputation, and declared him to be free from fchifm and much abounding in fcience. He Was remarkable for ftridtnefs of life and fincerity ; of a retired and fedentary difpofition, and confequently lefs eafyand affable in con verfation. This worthy divine died in the parfonage hoiife of Mey- fey-Hampton, Auguft 24, 1630, and was buried in the chancel of his parifh-church, the twenty ninth of the fame month. His BENEFIELD. 491 His Works are : *4 1. Doclrina Cbrifliana fex Capita toiidem Praleilionibus in Schola Theologica Oxonienjt,p%o forma habitis difeuffa et difceptata ; i. e. Six Points of Chriftian TJodtrine difcufled and examined in as many Lectures read in the divinity-fehool pf Oxford. Oxon. 1610, 41.0. 2. Appendix ad Caput fecundum de Confiliis Evangeljcis,j&c. ad verfus Humphredum Leach; i. e. An Appendix to the fe cond Point concerning the Counfels of the Gofpel, &c. in anfwer to Humphrey Leach. This is printed with the foregoing treatife. 3. Eight Sermons publicly preached in the univerfity of Oxford, the fecorid at St. Peter's ipt the Eaft, the reft at St. Marfs-church. Began Dec. 14^ 1595. Oxf. 1614, 4to. 4. The Sin againft the Holy Ghoft difcovered, and other Chriftian Doctrines delivered in twelve Sermons upon part of the tenth Chapter of the Epiftle to the Hebrews,- Oxf. 1615, 4to. 5. A Com mentary or Expofition "upon the firft Chapter of Amos, de livered ' in twenty-one Sermons in the parifh-church of • Mefey-Hampton in the diocefe of Glocefler. Oxf. 1613, 410. This work was tranflated into Latin by Henry Jackfon of Gorpus-Chrifli-college, and printed at Oppenheim, in 1615, 8vo. 6. Several Sermons, as the Chriftian Liberty, &c. on the 1 Cor. ix. 19. Oxf. 1613, 8vo. This fermon was preached at Wooion Underedge, before the clergy at an epif copal vifitation, and was printed with his Commentary on Amos. A Serrrion at St. Mary's in Oxford, on Pfalm xxi. 6. preached March 24, 1610, being King James's inau guration-day. Oxf 1611, 4to. The Haven of the Af flicted, preached at the cathedral church of Gloucefter, Au gufl 10, 1613, on Amos iii. 6. Lond. 1620, 4to. 7. A Commentary, or Expofition upon the fecond Chapter of Amos, delivered in twenty-one Sermons, in the parifh- church of Meyfey-Hampton, &c. Lond. 1620, 4to. 8. Praleiliones de Perfeverantia Sanclorum; i. e. Lectures on the Perfeverance of the Saints, Francfort, 1618, 8vo. 9. A Commentary, or Expofition, on the third Chapter of Amos, Sec. Lond. 1629,410. 10. There is extant like- wife a Latin Sermon of Dr. Benefield's on Revelation y. 10. Printed in 1616, 4to, 3R2 JOHN -( 49* %r' JOHN DONNE, D. D, DEAN of St, P A U L ' s. / DR. JOHN DONNE, was born in London, ofgooc{ and virtuous parents, in the year 1573 ; his father vras lineally defcended from a1 very antient family in Wales, where many of his name now live, of great reputation in that country. By his mother he was defcended from the family of the famous Sir Thomas More, lord chancellor of England; and alfo from the worthy and laborious judge Raftall, who abridged the ftatutes of this kingdom. . He had his firft breeding in his father's houfe, where a private tutpr had the care of him, till he was eleven years of age ; he was then fent to the Univerfity of Oxford, haying at that time a command of the French and Latin tongues; when others can fcarce fpeak their own. There he remained in Hart-hall, (having, for 'the advancement of his ftudies, tutors in feveral fciences to inftruct him) till time and his learning declared him fit to receive his! firft degree! in the fchoofs y which however he forbore by advice1 from his friends, who being of theRomifh perfua-! fiprt, Were extremely ayerfe to fome parts of the oath, al ways tendered and taken at thofe times. Here it was ob ferved of him, as it had formerly been of the famous Pi- cus Mirandula, that ' he was rather born wife than -made «"fo by dudy !' fo early did he difcover his acutenefs and, capacity ! ' About the fourteenth year of his age, he was tranf* planted from Oxford to Cambridge, where he! (laid till his feventeenth year. All which time he was a mpft laborious (Indent, often changing his ftudies, but endeavoring tb t;ke no degree for the reafons before mentioned, About his feventeenth year he was removed to London, and en-r tered into Lincoln' s-inn, with an intent to ftudy the law, where he gave great teftimqniesof wit, learning, and im provement' in that profeffion, which never ferved him for any ufe, but only for ornament. His father died before his admiffion into that fociety, and (being a merchant) left him his portion in money, which was three thoufand ' ' •' • ¦¦ pounds',' ppunds, His mother, and thofe to whofe care he was, committed, were watchful to improve his knowledge, and f:o that end appointed him there alfo tutors in feveral fai ences, as in the mathematics and others, to attend and in- itrupt him. But with thefe arts they were advifed to infiil the particular principles of the Romifh church, of which thofe tutors (though fecretly) profelTed themfelves : to be members. They had almoft wop him to their faith, having for their adyantage, befides their opportunity, the example of his moft dear parents, which was a powerful perfuafion, and did work much upon him, as he profeifed- in the preface to his 44 Pfeudo-Martyr." . He now entered into the nineteenth year of his age, 'and being unrefolyed in his religion, he thought it necef fary to fettle' all fcruples which. concerned that important point : And therefore waving the law, and attaching him felf to no art or profeffion, he began to furvey the body of •divinity, controverted between the Reformed and Roman. churches. Arid as GQD's bleffed Spirit did thenawakea, him to the fearch, and in that induftry did never forfake him (thefe are his own words), fo he calls the fame Spirit- to witnefs to his proteftation, that in that fearch and di£~ quifition he proceeded with humility and diffidence in, jiimfelf, by the fafeft way of frequent prayers,, and indif ferent affection to both parties.. And indeed, {he truth had too much light about her, to be hid from fo (harp an in quirer ; and he had too much ingenuity, not to, ackpow-* ledge he had feen her. 44 I had a, larger work (fayshe)< ft- to. do in this inquiry, than many other men; for I was *4 to blot out certain impreffions of the Roman religion* 44 and to wreftle both againft the, examples and againft f4 the reafons by which fome hold, was taken, and fome 44 anticipations early laid upon my confcience, both by *4 perfons who by nature had a power and fuperiority oyef 44 my will, and others who, by their learning and good fc life, feemed to me juftly to claim an intereft for the *4 guiding and rectifying of mine underftandipg in.thele " matters." ,. Being to undertake this fearch, he believed the learned cardinal Bellarmine to be the beft defehder of the Romatt Caufe ; and therefore undertook the examination of his reafons. The caufe was weighty, and wilful delays bad- been inexcufeable towards GOD and his own confcience; he therefore proceeded with all moderate hafte : And be fore he entered into the twentieth year of his age, (hewed the dean pf Gloucefter a{l the cardinal's works marked with :i-< • rpany 494 D O N N Ei many weighty obfervations under his own hand, which works were bequeathed by him at his death as a legacy to a moft dear friend. The refult of his inquiry was a tho rough converfion to Proteftantifm ; to which, fays he, 4* I " was not tranfported by any fudden and violent deter- 44 mination, till I had; to the meafure of my poor wit *4 and judgement, furveyed and digefted the whole body* 44 of divinity, controverted between our's and the Rontijo, 44 church." About the twenty-firft year of his age, he refolved to travel ; and, in the years 1596 and 1597, accompanied the earl of Effex in his expedition againft Cadiz and the Azores Ifiands. But he returned not into England till he had (laid a convenient time, firft in Italy and then in Spain, where he made many ufeful obfervations of thofe coun tries, their laws, and government, and returned into Eng-* land perfect in their languages. He alfo intended to go to the Holy Land, but was prevented by the difappointment of company and a fafe convoy. - Not long after his return, that exemplary pattern of gravity and wifdom, the lord Elfmore, lord keeper of the- great feal, and afterwards chancellor of England, taking notice of his learning, languages, and other abilities, and' much affecting both his perfon and condition, received' him to be his chief fecretary, fuppofing it might be an in troduction tofome more weighty employment in the (late, for which his lordfhip often protefted he thought him very well qualified. Nor did his lordfhip account him fo/' much to be his fervant, as to forget he had been his friend j and to teftify it, he ufed him always-with much courtefy, appointing him a place at his' own table, tp which he efteemed his Company and difcourfe a great ornament. He continued that employment with much love and approba tion, being daily ufeful (and not mercenary) to his friends, for the fpace of five years ; in which time, he fell in love with a young lady who lived in that family, niece to the lady Elfmore, and daughter to Sir G ear ge More, chancel^- lor of the garter, and lieutenant of the tower. Sir George had fome intimation of their love, and, the better to prevent it, removed his daughter to his own houfe, but too late, by reafon of fome promifes inter- , changeably pad, and inviolably to be kept between them. Their love (a p^ffion, which of all other mapkind.is leaft able to command, and in which moft errors are commit ted) was in them fo powerful, that they refolyed, and, in the year-1602, did marry without the approbation of thofV 1 friends, DONNE. 495 friends, who might juftly claim an intereft in the advif- ing and difpofing of them. Being married, the news was (in favor to Mr. Donne, and with his allowance) by the right honorable Henry then earl of Northumberland, fecretly and certainly intimated to Sir George More, to whom it was fo immeafurably unwelcome, that (as though his paf- fion of anger and inconfideration (hould exceed their's of love and error) he engaged his fifter, the lady Elfmore, to join with him to procure her lord to difcharge Mr. Donne from the place he held under his lordfhip. And although Sir George was reminded that errors might be over- punifhed, and therefore was defired to forbear, till fecond confiderations had cleared fome fcruples ; yet he was reft- lefs till his fuit was granted, and the punifhment exe cuted; the lord chancellor, at Mr. Donne's difmiffion, protefting he thought him a fecretary fitter for a king than a fubjedt. But this phyfic of Mr. Donne's was not ftrong enough to purge opt all Sir George's choler, who was not fatisfied till Mr. Donne and his com-pupil in Cambridge that married him, Mr. Samuel Brooke, who was after D.D. and mafter of Trinity-college in that univerfity, and his brother, Mr. Chriftopher Brooke of Lincoln 's-inn, who gave* Mr. Donne his wife, and witneffed the marriage, were all committed to feveral prifons. Mr. Donne was firft enlarged, who neither gave reft to his body, his brain, nor any friend, in whom he might hope to have ariy; intereft, till he had procured the en-. largement of his two imprifoned friends. He was now at liberty, but his wife, to her extreme forrow, was detained from him. And though with Jacob, he endured not a hard fervice for her, yet he loft a good one, and was forced to get poiTeffion of her by along fuit inlaw, which proved very chargeable and more troublefome. It was not long e'er time, and Mr. Donne's behavior, which, when it would entice, had a ftrange kind of irre- fiftible art, had fo difpaffioned his father-in-law, that, as the world had approved his daughter's choice, fo he alfo could not choofe but fee a more than ordinary merit in his new fon, which melted him into fo much remorfe, that he fecretly labored his fon's reftoration into his place, ufing his own and his filler's power, but with no fuccefs ; the lord chancellor replying that, although he was unfeign- Cdly forry for what he had done, yet it flood not with his Credit to difcharge and re-admit fervants, at the requeft* of paffionate petitioners. In a (hort time, Sir George ap peared to be fo far reconciled as to wi(h their happinefs, (or 4$& b' 6 ft # f» -(or fay fo ;) and being afked for his paternal Meffirig; did1 toot deny it ;' but refufed to contribute apy means," that might conduce to their fupport. ' Mr. Donnas portion was; for the moft part, fpent iti *tiany and chatgjeable travels; and the reft difburfed in .fome few books, and dear bought experience ; he out of all em ployment that might yield a fuppofrfor himfelf aftd wife. Who had been genteelly educated ; his nature generous^ and he accuftomed to confer, not to receive favors. Thefe and Other eonfiderations, but chiefly that his dear wife was to bear a part in his fufferings, furrouiided him with many and fad thoughts; and forte apparent apprehenfions of want. ButhisforrowWas lelTened, and his wants pre4 Vented, by the feafonable friendfhip of their noble kinf- Bian, Sir Francis Wolley, of Pitford in Surrey^ who in- treated them to a co-habitation with him 5 where they re-i |»ained with very much freedom tp themfelves; and equal content te him, for many years : And as their charge iii- fcreafed (for (be had yearly a child) fo did his love and bounty* With him they continued till his death ; a little before Which time, Sir Francis was fo happy as to make a' perfect reconciliation betwixt Sir George; Mare and His forfaken fon and daughter; Sir George then giving bond tp pay'MH Domie eight hundred' pounds at a certain day as a portion, with his wife-j-'and to pay him for their maintenance twenty pound quarterly; as the intereft of it; until' the faid portion were paid. Moft ofthofc years' that he lived wrthSir Pr'dhdt; he ft-udied the civil and canoft laws; in Which he acquired' foch a perfection as was judged to hold (oflie proportion with martyr who had made that ftudy the employment'ofctherr whole life. ' About this time; he waS folicited by Dr. Morton; afterwards bifhop of Durham, to go iftfc© orders, and to accept of a benefice, which the/doc tor would hairt refigned to- him. Byt he declined this offer for many reafons, but chiefly " becaufe fome former •* irregularities of his life had been too'.notofrous; Pot to- ** expofe h'rm to the fcerrfirre of,1 the world, and perhaps1 «4 bring difhoiw' to the facred function^ Befides, being *4 dstermined by thebeft cafuifts, that God's glory fhoula «4 bo the firft end, and a maintenance the fecorid motive^ " to embrace that calling, his prefent condition was Arch., **' that he- feared he could not reconcile his confcience to <* that ru-k." - Sir Francis being dead, and that happy family diflolved^ Mr. Donne toeka houfe at Mitcham, near Croydon in Sur^- rey, D O N N Ej 497 rey, where his wife and. family remained; and for.hiinfelf, having. ocCafion to be'often in London, he took lodgings near White-hall, where he was frequently vifited by men of the greateft learning in this kingdom ; his company be ing loved, and much defired by many of the nobility of this nation, who ufed him in their couhfels. of greateft considerations. Nor did our own nobility only favor him, but his acquaintance and friendlhip Was ufually fought for by moft ambaffadors of foreign nations, and by many, other ftrangers, .whofe learning or employment 6c-< cafioned their ftay in this kingdom. He was much importuned by friends to make his refi- dence in London,, which he could not do, having fettled his dear wife and children at Mitcham, whither he often retired himfelf, and then ftudied inceffantly fome points of controverfy, But at laft the perfuafion of , friends was fo powerful, as to caufe the removal of himfelf and family to, London; where Sir Robert Drury affigned him a very Convenient houfe rent-free, next his own in Drury-lane± and was alfo a daily cherifher of his ftudies, and fuch a friend as fympathized with him and his in their joy and forrow. Several of the nobility were Watchful and felicitous tq the king for fome preferment for him. His majefty had formerly both known, and much valued him, and had given him fome hopes of a ftate-employmept, being much pleafed that Mr. Donne attended him, efpecially at his meals, where there were ufually many deep" difcourfes of learning, and often friendly difputes of religion betwixt the king and thofe divines, whofe places required their at tendance on his majefty"; particularly, bifhop Mountague^ then dean of the chapel, who was the publifher of • the King's works, and the moft learned Dr. Andrews, then his majefty's almoner, and at his death bifhop of Win chefler. In.April, 1610, he was incorporated matter of arts in the univerfity of , Oxford, having before taken the fame de gree in Cambridge. About two years afterwards he ac companied Sir Robert Drury to Paris; where he is faid to have had a moft extraordinary vifion. Mr. Walton in forms Us, that, when Sir Robert requefted him to go, Mrs., Donne, who was then with child, and under an .HI .habit of body, expreffed an unwillingnefs, faying, 4 that * her divining foul boded fome ill in his abfence :' But, upon Sir Robert's being importunate, (he at laft cori- fented. Two days after their arrival, Mr. Donne was Vot. IL % S left 49$ DON N E. left alone in a room, where himfelf,- Sir Robert, arid fottit friends had dined together: To which Sir Robert return ing in an hour, as he left, fo be found Mr. Donne alone, but in fuch an extacy, and fo altered in' his countenance,' that Sir Robert could not look upon him without amaze ment. He afked him, in God's name, What had befallen him in the (hort time of his abfence : Mr. Donne was not able to anfwer directly, but, after a long and perplexed paufe, at laft faid, 44 I have feen a dreadful vifidh fince I faw you : I 44 have feen my dear wife pafs twice by me through this " room, with tier hair harigirtg about her (houlders, and 44 a dead child in her arms. This I have feen fince I 44 faw you." To which Sir Robert anfwered : 4 Sure; 4 fir, you have flept fince I went out j and this is the ' refult of feme melancholy dream', which I defire you * to forget, for you are now awake.' Mr. Donne ah- fwered; 44 I cannot be furer that I now live, than that I 44 have not flept fince I faw you ; and am as fure, that *4 at her fecorid appearing (he (lopped, looked me in the 44 face, and vamifhed." A fervant was immediately difpatched to Drury-hoiife, fo know, whether Mrs. Donne was living, and, if alive, In what condition; Who brought word, that he found and left her very fad and fick in bed, and that, after a long and dangerous labor, fhe had been delivered of a dead child. And; upon examination, the abortion proved to be on the fame day, and about the farile hdur, that Mr." Donne affirmed he faw her pafs by hifn in the room. Mr. Walton obferves, that, though he had not this doty from Mr. Donne himfelf, yet he' had it from a perfon of hondr, and the ftfitteft intimacy with Mr. Donne, wh6 affirmed the truth of it with the rnoft folerhn affevferatibris1. Before this journey into France, dtirirrg his ftay there, and after his return, many of the nobility and others folicited the king to confer fome fecular eniployrfierif on him : But his rhajefty, confidering him better qualified For the fervice of the Churfrb,- did riot lifteri to their ap plication. For, the difputes concerning the daths of al legiance and fupremacy having lately been agitated, dur Author, by K. James's fpecial command; had written a treatife on that fubject; which was pririted at L&ndtfn in the year 1610, in 4to. The king hirhfelf had en gaged in this controverfy, as appears by his works ftiij extant : But, difcourfing with Mr. Donne upon the fub ject, he Was fo1 pleafed with his clearnefs in ftating the tbjedtions I DONNE. 490 objections made to the taking thofe oaths, and with Jhis anfwers to them, that he commanded him to draw them up iri form, and bring them to him" This Mr. Donne performed in the compafis of fix weeks ; and they were published under the title of 4t Pfeudo-martyr; wherein 44 out of certain propofitions and gradations this conl 44 clufion is evicted, that thofe, who are of the Rp'nian 44 religion in this kingdom, may and ought to take the 44 oath of allegiance." It is dedicated to: the king, with a preface addrefled to the priefts and jefuits, and to their difeiples in this kingdom. His majefty was now very preffing to have him enter into holy orders. Mr. Donne himfelf has informed us, that " he almoft defcended to a perfuafion, almoft to a 44 folicitation of him to do it." Defireous hpwever to qualify himfelf for the facred function by a clofer ap plication to divinity and the learned languages, he deferred %\s compliance with the king's felicitations, till about three years after. He was then ordained by Dr. John King, biftiop of London, who was his good friend, and ,had been chaplain to the lord -keeper Egerton, at the fame time that Mr. Donne was his fecretary. ' He was . prefently after made one "of the chaplains in ordinary to his majefty ; and, about the fame time, at tending the king to-Cambridge, he was there created doc tor in divinity at his majefty's recopimendation. Im mediately upon his return from Cambridge', his wife died on the feyerith day after the birth of her twelfth child. This calamity, which happened upon the fifteenth of Augufl,' ibi"], overwhelmed him with grief. 4 She left, 4 (fays Mr. Walton) a man of a narrow unfettled eftate, 4 and (havirig buried five) the careful father of feven 4 children then Hying; to whom he gave a voluntary 4 affurance never to bring them under the fubjection of 'a 4 ftep-mother : Which promife he kept moft faithfully, 4 burying with his tears all his earthly joys in his moft 4 dear and deferving wife's grave; and betook himfelf to 4 a .folitary and' retired life. — His firft motion "from his 4 houfe was to preach, where his beloved wife lay buried, 4 in St. Clement' s-church, near Temple-bar, London ; apd 4 his text was part of the prophet Jeremiah'/ /.««?*»- f tqtipns : Lo, I AM THE MAN THAT ,Hav,e seen af fliction I Fo'rwardnefs and inconfideration (fays his biographer) CQujd not in him (as in many others) argue an in- fufliciency ; for he confidered long, and had many •*' 3S 2 * ftrifes 500 D O N N E. * ftrifes within himfelf concerning the ftrictnefs of life, ' and competency of learning required in fuch as enter c into facred orders : And, doubtlefs (confidering his owp * demerits) did with meek Mofes humbly afk God, Who 1 am IP And if he had confulted with flefh and blood, 4 he had not put his hand to that holy plough : But; 4 God, who is able to prevail, wreftled.with him, as the * angel did with Jacob, and marked him for his own, 4 marked him with a bleffing, a bleffing of obedience to 4 the motions of his bleffed Spirit : And then as he had 4 formerly afked God humbly with Mofes, Who am I? 4 fo now (being infpired with the apprehenfion of God's 4 mercies) he did afk K. David's thankful queftion, Lord, 4 who am I, that thou art fo mindful of me? So mindful 4 of me, as to lead me for more than forty years through t a wildernefs pf the many temptations and various turn- 4 ings of a dangerous life ? So mindful, as to move the * learnedeft of kings to defcend to move me to ferve at 4 thine altar ? So merciful to me, as to move my heart to *, embrace this holy motion ? Thy motions I will embrace, ' take the cup of falvation, call upon thy name, and * preach thy gofpel.' Now all his ftudies (which were occafionally diffufed) were concentred in divinity ; now he had a new calling, new thoughts, new employment for his wit and elo quence. Now all his earthly affections were changed into divine love, and all the faculties pf his foul were en gaged in the converfion of others, in- preaching glad tidings, remiffion to repenting finners, and peace to each troubled foul : To this he applied himfelf with all care and diligence; and fuch a change was wrought in him, that he rejoiced more to be a door-keeper in the houfe of God,, than to enjoy any temporal employment. And though his long familiarity with perfpns of the greateft quality was fuch, as would have given fome mep boldnefs enough to have preached to any auditory ; yet his modefty was fo great, that he could not be perfuaded to it, but went ufually to preach in fome private churches, iri villages near London, till the king appointed him a day to preach to him. And though the king and others ex pected much from him, yet he was fo happy (which few are) as to fatisfy and exceed their expectations : Preach ing the word fo, as (hewed he was ppffeft with thofe joys that he labored to inftil into others,: A Preacher in earneft, weeping fometimes for his auditory, fometimes with them, always preaching to himfelf, like an angel from a cloud, though DONNE. 501 though in none ; exciting the affections of others, and feeling the moft lively motions of his own. Within the firft year of his taking orders, he had no fewer than fourteen advowfons of benefices offered him ; but, being unwilling to leave London, he refufed them all, they laying in the country. In the latter end of the year 1617, he was chofen Preacher of the fociety of Lin coln' s-inri. Here he received every mark of love and.'re- fpectj he conftantly and .faithfully preaching, and they liberally and amply requiting him. In this fituation he remained near three years ; about the end of which time, the emperor of Germany dying, and the troubles in Bo hemia hreaking out, K. James appointed lord Doncafler his ambaffador to the new emperor, and exprefly com manded Dr. Donne to attend him. This was very much to lord Doncajhr's fatisfadtion, and to the wifhes of his other friends, who feared that his inceffant ftudies, and forrow for the lofs of his beloved wife^ would (horten his days. At his going, he left his friends of Lincoln' s -inn, and they him with much reluctance ; for though he could not fay, as St. Paul to the Ephefians, Behold, you to wbcm.I have preached the kingdom of God, Jhall henceforth fee my face no more; yet he (being in a confumption) queftioned it, and they feared it, confidering his troubled mind, which, With the help of his unintermitted ftudies, haftened the decays of his weak body. But GOD turned it to the beft ; for this employment did not only divert him from thofe ftudies and fad thoughts, but gave him a new and true occafion of joy, to be an eye-witnefs of the health of his honored miftrefs, the queen of Bohemia, in a fo reign land, (who having formerly known him a courtier) was moft glad to fee him in a canonical habit, and more glad to be an ear-witnefs pf his moft excellent and power ful preaching. Within fourteen months he returned to his friends of Lincoln' s-inn, with his forrows much moderated, and his health improved. About a year after his return froth Germany, Dr. Cary was made bifhop of Exeter, and, by his removal, the .deanery of St. Paul's being vacant, the king appointed Dr. Donne to wait on him at dinner the next day; and his majefty (being fet down) before he ate any meat, faid (after his pleafant manner) 4 Dr. Donne, I have invited * you to dinner, and' though you fit not down with me, 4 yet I will carve to you of a difh that I know you love ; * you $©3 D- O N N E. * you l,ove London well : I do, therefore, make you de,an of ' Paul's ; take your meat home to your ftudy, fay grace, 4 and .muphgppd may it do you.' Immediately after he came to his deanery, he employed workmen to repair the chapel belonging to his houfe,' The .next quarter following, when hi? father-in-law, Sir George More, who now admired apd dearly loved him, came to pay him the conditioned fum of twenty pounds, he denied to receive it, and faid to his father, (as good Jacob faid when he heard Jofeph his fon lived) 4' It is 44 enough, you have been kind to me, and careful of 14 mine ; I am, I thank my God, provided for, and will 44 receive this money no lopger :" And not long after he freely gave up bis bond of eight hundred pounds. Sopp after he was fettled in his deanery, the vicarage of St, Dttnflan's in the Weft fell to him by the death of Dr. fVhite, the advowfon being formerly given to him by the earl of Dorfet a -little hefore his death, and confirmed to him by his brother and fucceffor. By thefe and another *cclefiaftical endowment (which fell to him about the fame time) fie was enabled to be charitable to the poor,, apd to make a fuitable provifion for his children. The next parliament following, in 1623-4, he was chofen prolocutor to the .convocation, and about that time, by the appointment of his majefty, preached mapy pccafional fermons : AH which he performed not only with the, approbation, but to the admiration of the re- prefentatiye body of the clergy of this kingdom ; par ticularly his Latin. fpeech, on his inauguration, which is ftill extjapt in the collection of his poems. « He was opce (and hut once) clouded with the king's difpleafure. It was, about this time, occafioned by fome malicious whifperer, who affured the king, [that Dr. Donne had preached a fermpn that implied a ^li^Iilce of his go vernment, particularly of his late directions that the. eyening lectures on Sundays (hould • be turned into cate chising, expounding t,he.cpmmapdmepts, belief, and Lord's prayer. His majefty was the more inclinable to believe this, for that, abput .the ferne time, a perfon of nobility of great note ip the kingdom, and favor with the' king (whom his majefty knew doctor Donne loved very much) was difcarded the court, and prefently after committed to prifon, which begot many rumours , in the multitude. TheJring fuffered notthefun.tp.fet,.tillhehad.fearched out the truth of this report, but fent prefently for doc tor ;Donae3 and required his anfvyer to the accufation; which Son n e. $oj -which was f<3 fatisfadtory, that theltirig faid He Was glad he refted not under that fufpicion. \DoctoT Donne pro- tefted his anfwer was faithful and freefrorri all collufion ; and therefore begged of his majefty that he might- not rife, being then kneeling,- before he had (as in like cafes he air ways had from GOD) fome affurance that he ftood clear and fair in his majefty's opinion. The king with his owri hand did, or offered to faife him from his knees, and pro- tefted he, was truly fatisfied that he was an honeft man* arid loved him. Preferrtly his majefty called fome lord's of his council into his charnber, and faid with much earneft nefs, 4 My doctor is an honeft man ; and; i»y lords,- I * was never more joyed in any thing that I have done, * than in making him a-divine.-' He was made dean in the fiftieth year pf his age; and in the fifty-fourth year a dangerous (kkriefs feized Kim, which turned to a fpotted fever, and ended in a cough, that irMined him to a confu-mption. But GOD, as Job thankfully atknowledgeth, preferved his fpirit, keeping his intellects clear and perfect. And as: his health in- creafed, fo did his tharik-fulnefs,- teftified in his book of Devotions ; a book that may not unfitly be called, a Com- pofition of holy Extaftes, occaiioned by and applicable to the emergencies • of that ficknefs, which book (being medita tions intiis- ficknefs) he wrote on his fick bed; herein imi tating the holy patriarchs, who were wont in that place to build their altars, where they had received their bleffing. This ficknefs brought him to the gates pf death ; and he faw the grave fo ready to deyour him; that he calls his recovery fupernatural. But GOD reftored his health, and continued if until the fifty-ninth year of his life : And then* in Auguft, 1630, being with his eldeft daughter, Mrs. Harvey, at Abery-Hdtth in Effex, he- fell- into a fe ver, which, with the help of his Conftant infirmity, va pours from the fpleen, haftened him into fo vifible a con- ftwBpTtien, that his beholders *migRt fay, as St. Paul of himfelf, he dies daily ; and he might fay with Job^ fny wel fare paffith away as a cloud; the days of affliBion have taken hold of me j and weary nights dre appointed for fne. This ficknefs continued long, riof only weakening, but- wearing him out. But before we give an account of his death, it may neither be irnpertirieht nor unprofitable jto look baek updri forne of thetrarifaetions of his life, arid to make a reflecTSdri or two upon them. The feereaiionsof His youth were poetry, in which he Was very happy, and difcovered the melt poignant and excellent 504 D O Nf N E. excellent wit. Even in thpfe pieces which were carelefsly written in his younger days, there are abundant proofs of the (Irength and fublimity of his genius. It" is a truth, that in his riper years, viewing fome of thofe pieces loofely feattered in his youth, he wifhed they had never been i But» though he was no friend to them, he was not fo fallen out with heavenly poetry as to forfake it; no not in his declining age; witnefs his many divine fonnets, and other holy and harmonious compofures ; even on his fick bed, he wrote this; heavenly hymn, ex-* preffing the, great joy he had in the affurance of, GOD's mercy to him. . A Hymn to GOD the Father., 14 WILT thou forgive that fin where I begun* 44 Which iwas my fin,, though it were done before? " Wilt thou forgive that fin through which I run, 44 And doe run ftill, though frill I doe implore? 44 When thou haft done, thou haft not done ; 44 For I have more. 44 Wilt thou forgive that fin which I have:won 44 Others to fin, and mademy fin their dorel " " Wilt thou forgive that fin which I did (hun 44 A yeare or two, but wallowed in, a foore? ' ' 44 When thou haft done; thou haft not done j ' 44 For I have more. " I have a fin of feare, that when I have fpun 44 My laft thread, I (hall perifh on the more; *4 But fweare by thy felfe, that at my death thy Sonne), 44 Shall (hine as he fhines now, and heretofore jr -, 44 And, haying done that, thou haft done j . 44 1 feare no more." - And on his death-bed he wrote another hymn, which bears this title, 44 A Hymneto God, my Godj in my fickneffe." : The jjatter part pf his ilife was a continued ftudy, Satur days only excepted, which he ufually fpent in vifiting .friends, and refting himfelf under the weary burthen of ,his week's meditations ; and he gave himfelf this reft, that thereby he might be refrefhed and enabled to do the. work of the day following, not negligently, but with courage and chearfulncfs. " • 'He DONNE. 505 He prepared to leave the world before life left him, making his will while in perfect health, and with mature deliberation, expreffing himfelf an impartial father, by making his children's portions equal ; a conftant lover of his friends, by particular legacies, difcreetly chofen, and fitly bequeathed them ; and full of charity to the poor, and many others, who by his long continued bounty might entitle themfelves, his alms-people. For all thefe he made provifipn, fo largely, as, having fix children, might to fome appear more than proportionable to his eftate. The •Reader will think the particulars not impertinent, if we prefent him with the beginning and conclufion of his laft will. 44 IN the name of the bleffed and glorious Trinity, 4 Amen. I John Donne, by the mercy of Chrifl Jefus, 4 and" the calling of the church of England, prieft, being 4 at this time in good and perfect underftanding, (praifed 4 be God therefore) do hereby make my laft will and 4 teftament in manner and form following. 44 Firft, I give my gracious God an intire facrifice of 4 body and foul, with, my moft humble thanks for that 4 affurance which his bleffed Spirit imprints in me now 4 of the falvation of the one, and of the refurrection of 4 the other; and for that conftant and chearful refolution 4 /which the fame Spirit eftablifhed in me, to live and die 4 in the religion now profeffed in the church of England: 4 In expectation of that refurredtiOn, I defire my, body may 4 be buried (in the moft private manner that maybe) in 4 that place of St. Pdul's-church, London, that the now 4 refidentiaries have at my requeft affigned for that pur- 4 pofe, &c. 44 And this my laft will and teftament made in the fear 4 of God, (whofe mercy I humbly beg, and conftantly 4 rely upon in Jefus Chrifl) and in perfect love arid cha- 4 rity with all the world, whofe pardon I afk, from the 4 lowed of my fervants to the higheft of my fuperiors. 4 Written all with mine own hand, and my name fub- 4 fcribed to every page, being five in number." Nor was his charity expreffed only at his death, but in his life, by a chearful and frequent vifitation of friends, whofe minds were dejected, or fortunes neceffitous. And he redeemed many out of prifon that lay for fmall debts, pr for their fees. He was a continual giver to poor fcho lars, both of this, and foreign nations. Befides what he gave with his own hand, he ufually fent a fervant to all Vol. II. 3 T" the So6 DON N E. the prifons in London, to diftribute his charity, at all fe'f- tival times in the year. He gave one hundred pounds at one time to a gentleman that he had formerly known live plentifully, and was then decayed in his eftate. He was a happy reconciler of differences in many families of his friends and kindred, who had fuch faith in his judgement and impartiality, that he fcarce ever ^dvifed them to any thing in vain. He was (even to her death) a moft dutiful fon to his mother, careful to provide for her fupport, of which fhe had been deftitute, but that GOD raifed him up to prevent her neceffities ; who having fucked in the religion of the Roman church with her mother's milk, (or prefently after it) fpent her eftate in foreign countries, to enjoy a liberty in her religion, and died in. hjs houfe but three months before him. And, to the end it may appear. how juft a fteward he was of his Lord and Matter's revenue; it maybe neceffary to inform our Readers, that after his entrance into his deaiw|§f, as he numbered his years, and (at the foot of a priva|p account, to which GOD and angels only were witneffes with him) computed firft his revenue, then his expences, then what was given to the poor and pious ufes, and laftly, what remained for him and his ; he blqft each year's poor remainder with a thankful prayer ; which as they difcover a more than common devotion,, the Read,er fhall partake fome of them in his own words. 1624. S° all is that remains 1625. of thefe two years } Deo opt. max. benigno largitori, a me, & ab lis quibus hac a me refervantur, gloria, & gratia in aternum. Amen. , 1626. So that this year Ged hath bleffed ) me and mine with J Multiplicata funi fuper nos mifiricordia tua, D amine. Da Domine, ut qua ex immenfa bonitate tua nobis elargiri dignatus fts, in quorumcunqjte manus devenerint, in tuam fern- per cedant gloriam. Amen. 1628. In fine horumfex annorum manet 1629. Shiid habeo, quod nan accepi a Domino ? Largiatur etiam, ut qua largitus eft, fua iterum fiant bono eorum ufu, ut quem- admodum, nee officiis hujus mundi, nee loci, in quo me pofuit, dignitati, necfervis, nee egenis, in toto hujus anni curricula, mihi confeius fum, ne defuiffe, ita ut liberi, quibus qua fu- ' perfunt, DONNE. 507 perfunt, fuperfunt, grata animo ea accipiant, & beheficum Authorem recognofcant. Amen. But to return from our digreflion. We left our Author fick in Effex, where he was forced to fpend moft of that winter, by reafon of his difability to remove from thence. And having never, during almoft twenty years, omitted his perfonal attendance on his ma,- jefty, in his monthly fervice; nor being ever left out of the number of Lent preachers ; and in January follow ing, there being a general report that he was dead ; that report occafioned thisjetter to a familiar friend. 44 Sir, 44 T H I S advantage you and my other friends have by 44 my frequent feavers, that I am fo much the oftner at 44 the gates of heaven ; and this advantage by the folitude 44 and ciofe imprifonment that they reduce me to after^ 44 that I am fo much the oftner at my prayers, in which I 44 (hall never leave out your happinefs: And I doubt not 44 but amongft his other bleffings, God will add fome one 44 to you for my prayers. 44 A man would be almoft content to die (if there were 44 po other benefit in death), to hear of fo much forrow, 44 and fomuch good teftimony from good men, as I (God 44 be bleffed for it) did upon the report of my death : 44 Yet I perceive it went not through all ; for one writ to 44 me, that fome (and he faid of my friends) conceived I 44 was not fo ill as I pretended, but withdrew myfelf to 44 live at eafe, difcharged of preaching. It is an un- 44 friendly, and (God knows) an ungrounded interpreta- 44 tion ; for I have always been forrier when I could not 44 preach, than any could be they could not hear me. It 44 hath been my defire (and God may be pleafed to grant 44 it) that I might die in the pulpit ; if not that, yet 44 that I might take my death in the pulpit, that is, die 44 the fooner by occafion of thofe labours. Sir, I hope 44 to fee- you prefently after Candlemas, about which time 44 will fall my Lent fermon at court, except my lord *4 chamberlain believe me to be dead, and leave me out : 44 For as long as I live, and am not fpeechlefs, I would 44 not willingly decline that fervice. I have better leifure 44 to write, than you to read, yet I would not willingly " opprefs you with too much letter : God bleffe you and *' your fon, as I wifh 44 Your poor friend and fervant 44 in Chrift Jefus, Jan. 7, 1630. " John Donne." 3 T 2 Before 508 DONNE. Before that month ended, he was appointed to preach upon his old conftant day, the firft Friday in Lent, and he had notice of it ; and having in his ficknefs prepared for the employment, as he had long thirfted for it ; fo refolving his weaknefs fhould not hinder his journey, he came to Lon don fome few days before his day appointed. Being come, many of his friends (who with forrow faw how his ficknefs had wafted him) doubted his ftrength to perform that talk; and therefore earneftly intreated him not to under take it, affuring him however, it was like to fhorten his days : But he firmly denied their requefts, faying, He would not doubt, that GOD, who in many weakneffes had affifted him with an unexpe.tted ftrength, would now withdraw it in his laft employment, profeffing a holy am bition to perform that facred work. And when (to the amazement of fome beholders } he appeared in the pulpit, many thought he prefented himfelf, not to preach mortifi cation by a living voice, but mortality by a decayed body, and dying face. And doubtlefs many did fecretly afk that queftion in Ezekiel, Do thefe bones live P Yet after fome faint paufes in his zealous prayer, his ftrong defires en abled his weak body to difcharge his memory of his medi tations which were upon the fubject of dying; the text being, To God the Lord belong the iffues from death. Many that faw his tears, and heard his hollow voice, profeffing they thought the text prophetically chofen, and that Dr. Donne had preached his own funeral sermon., Being full of joy, that GOD had enabled him to per form this defired duty, he haftened to his houfe, out of which he never moved, till, like St. Stephen, he was car ried by devout men to his grave : And the next day after his fermon, his fpirits being much fpent, and he indif- pofed to difcourfe, a friend afked him, Why are you fad ? To whom he replied after this manner, 44 I am not fad ; 44 I am in a ferious contemplation of the mercies of my 44 God to me ; and now I plainly fee, it was his hand that 44 prevented me from all temporal employment. And I 44 fee it was his will, that I fhould never fettle nor thrive 44 until I entered into the miniftry, in which I have now 44 lived almoft twenty years, (I hope to his glory) and 41 by which (I moft humbly thank him) I have been en- •' abled to requite moft of thofe friends, that (hewed me 44 kindnefs when my fortunes were low. And (as it hath *4 occafioned the expreffion of my gratitude) I thank God, ,4 moft of them have flood in need of my requital. 44 I have DONNE. 509 " I have been ufeful and comfortable to my good father- 44 in-law, Sir George More, whofe patience God hath been 44 pleafed to exercife by many temporal croffes. I have 44 maintained my own mother, whom it hath pleafed God 44 after a plentiful fortune in her former times, to bring 44 to a great decay in her very old age. I have quieted 44 the confciences of many that groaned under the burden. 44 of a wounded fpirit, whofe prayers I hope are available 44 for me. I cannot plead innocency of life, (efpecially 44 of my youth) but I. am to be judged by a merciful God, 44 who hath given me (even at this time) fome teftimo- 44 nies by his holy Spirit, that I am of the number of his 44 elect. I am full of joy, and fhall die in peace." Upon Monday following, he took his laft leave of his beloved ftudy, and being hourly fenfible of his decay, re tired himfelf to his bed-chamber : And that week fent (at feveral times) for many of his moft confiderabfe friends, of whom he took a folemn and deliberate fafewel, com mending to their confiderations fome fentences particu larly ufeful for the regulation of their lives, anddifmiffed them with a fpiritual benediction. The Sunday following, he appointed his fervants, that if there were any worldly bufinefs undone, that concerned them orhimfelf, it (hould be prepared againft Saturday next ; for, after that day, he would not mix his thoughts with any thing that con cerned the world. Nor ever did. Now he had nothing to do but to die ; to do which, he flood in need of no more time, for he had long ftudied it. He lay fifteen days earneftlyiexpetting his hourly change ; and in the laft hour of his laft day, (as his body melted away), his foul having fome revelation of the beatific vi- fion, he faid, 44 I were miferable, if I might not die:" And after thofe words, clofed many periods of his faint breath with thefe words, Thy kingdom come, thy will be done. His fpeech remained with him almoft to his laft minute ; and then forfook him. Being fpeechlefs, he (like Stephen) looked ftedfaftly towards heaven, and clofed his own eyes, and then difpofed his hands and body into fuch a pofture, as required no alteration by thofe that came to fhroud him. Thus variable, thus holy, was the life ; thus memo rable, thus exemplary, was the death, of this moft excel lent man. He was in his forty-fecond year when he took orders; and he died on the thirty-firft of March, 1631, aged fifty-eight j after being dean of St. Paul's for ten years. He 510 D 0 N N E. He was buried in St. Paul's church, in the place which he had appointed for that ufe fome years before his death, and by which he paffed daily to his devotions. But not buried privately, though he defired it; for, befides a vaft number of others, many perfons of nobility and eminence, who loved and honored him in his life, (hewed it at his fu neral, by a voluntary and very folemn attendance of his body to the grave. He was of ftature moderately tall; of a ftnaig-ht and equally proportioned body, to which all his word's and ac tions gave an inexpreffible addition of grace and decorum. His afpect was chearful, and fuch as gave a filent teftimony of a clear enlightened mind, and of a confcience at peace ; with itfelf. His melting eye (hewed he had a foft heart, full of noble pity of too brave a fpirit to offer injuries^ and too much a Chriftian, not to, pardon them in others. His fancy was rich and copious, equalled by his great wit ; both being made ufeful by an excellent judgement. His mind was liberal, and unwearied in the fearch of knowledge : And he wifhed to communicate what he knew to others. This appears by his numerous Writings^ fome account of which we will prefent to our Readers. Befides the Pfeudo-Martyr, and Book of Devotion al ready mentioned, there are extant the following Work9 of doctor Donne. 44 i. Poems; confiding of Songs and Sonnets, Epigrams, Elegies, Epithalamiums, Satires^ Letters, Funeral Elegies, Holy Sonnets, &c. publifhed at different times. They were printed together in one volume, i2mo. at London, 1719, with the Addition of Elegies upon the Author, by feveral Perfons. Mr. Dry- den has very juftly given Dr. Donne the character of 4 the *• greateft wit, though not the greateft poet^ of our na- ' tion :' And, in his Dedication of Juvenal to the earl of Dorfet, he fays, 4 Donne alone, of all our countrymen,- 4 had your talent ; but was not happy enough to arrive at- * your verification. And, were he tranflated into num- * bers and Englijh, he would yet be wanting, in the dig-; ' nity of expreffion. — You equal Donne in the variety,' 4 multiplicity, and choice of thoughts: You excel him-' 4 in the manner and the words. I read you both with the 4 fame admiration, but pot with the fame delight. He 4 affects the metaphyfics, not only in his fatires, but in 4 hisamorous verfes, where nature only (hould reign; and 4 perplexes the minds of the fair fex with nice fpecula- ' 4 tions of philofophy, when he (houldengage their hearts; ' and entertain them witlrthe foftnefs of love.' A little ; farther B~ O N N ET 51X farther Drpden afks, 4 Would npt Donne's Satires, which " 4 abound with fo much wit, appear more charming, 4 if he had takeh care of his words and of his numbers ?" Whether Pope took the hint from this queftion, or not, is uncertain: But be has (hewed the world, that ' when tranflated. into numbers and Englijh, as Dryden ,;'; expreffes it, they are not inferior to any thing in that kind of poetry. 2. 44 Paradoxes, Problems, Effays, Characters, &c. to which is added a Book of Epigrams, written in Latin, by the fame author; tranflated into Englijh by J. Maine, D. D. And alfo Ignatius's Conclave, a Satire, tranflated put of the 'Original Copy written in Latin, by the fame author; found lately amongft his own papers, ' London, 1653, ,i2mo. Part of this Collection5 was publifhed at different times before. 3. Three voj-umes of Sermons, in folio; the firft printed in 1640, the fecond in 1649, tne third in 1660. Lord Falkland ftiles Dr. Donne 4 one of *; the moft witty and moft eloquent of out modern diviries.' 4. Effays in Divinity, &c. being feveral Difquifitions in terwoven with Meditations and Prayers, before he went into holy orders, London, 165 1, i2mo. publifhed by his fon. 5. Letters to feveral Perfons pf Honour, London, 1654, 4to. publifhed by his fon. There are feveral of Dr. Donne's letters, and others to him; from the queen of Bo hemia, the earl of Carlijle, archbifliop Abbot, and Ben Johnfon, printed in a hook, entitled, a Collection of Let ters made by Sir Table Matthew, Knt. 8vo. 1660. 6. The ancient Hiftory of the Septuagint ; tranflated from the Greek of Arifteas, London, 1633, i2mo. This tranflation was revifed arid corrected by another hand, and publifhed jn 1685, in8vo. 7. " BIA©ANATOS: or, a Declaration pf that Para-' dox or Thefi-s, that Self-Homicide is not fo naturally a fin, that it may not beotherwife, London, 1644, 1648, &c. 410. Mr. Wood tells us, that he had feen the original un der the author's own hand, in the Bodleian library, dedi cated to Edward lord Herbert, of Cherbury. Among Dr. Donne's letters is one to lord Herbert, fent to him with the BiathanaTos ; and another to Sir Robert Carre, after wards earl Of Ancram, fent with the- fame book uport the, doctor's going into Germany. In this letter he obfefves^ that the book was written by him many years before; 44 and becaufe (fays he) it is upon a ipifinterpre table fub- 44 ject, I ha've'alvvays gorie fo near fuppreffing it, as ^pt 44 it is only not burnt. No hand hath paffed upon it to 5ia D , O N N E. *4 copy it, nor many eyes to read it; only to fbrne parti- " cular friends in both univerfities then, when I writ it, 44 I did communicate it ; and I remember I had this an-J 44 fwer, that certainly there was a falfe thread in it, but 44 pot eafily found. Keep it, I pray, with the fame jea- *' loufy: Let any, that your difcretion admits to the 44 fight of it, know the date of it, and that it is a booki 44 written by Jatk Dinne, not Dr. Donne : Referve'it for- 44 me, if I live ; and if I die, I only forbid it the prefs 44 and the fire. Publilhit not, yet burn it not; but be- 44 tween thofe do what.you will with it." However, his worthlefs fon difobeyed this injunction, and publifhed it. If he had committed it to the flames, he had (hewn a better .regard to his father's memory. Dr. Donne was, naturally of a melancholy difpofition, ¦and wrote this tract before he was truly ferious, when un-> der the impreffions of that diiofder. It is 'lamentable, to ¦ confider, how the greateft learning and the brigh.teft parts may be eafily overcome by any and by every temptation ; 'but at the fame time, it is comfortable to reflect, that the; , weakeft„heliever, under. the protection of divine grace, is a conqueror, and more than a conqueror,, over all trials and diftreffes. * , ... > Thefe are all the Works of Donne that we know pf for, certain to be his. Mr. Wood propofes a qusere, whether' he was the author, of a piece entitled, 44 A Scourge for Paper-Perfecutors," printed in the reign of K. James I,' the running title of which,, at the top of every page, is 44 Paper's Complaint." Befides an hundred and .twenty fermons, the publication of which we have already men tioned, he left, adds pur Biographer, 4 the refultance p$ 4 one thoufand four hundred authors, mod of them. ' abridged and analyfed with his own hand. All the bufi- * nets likewife that paffed of any public confequence, ei- 4 ther in. this or any of our neighbouring nations, he ab- 4 breviated either in Latin, or in the language of thatpa- 4 tion, and kept them: by him for ufeful memorials. So * he did the copies of divers letters and cafes of con* * fcience, that had concerned his friends, with his ob* * fervations and folutions of them, and divers other mat- ff ters of importance, all particularly and methodically * digeftedbyfiim.'. i- End of the Secsnd Volume; 3 9002 00858 0590