Yale University Library

39002008659741

IF

ilBBB«flfil&ii

HHIiBHflHH

IBIilllM

i Wm ¦:¦./¦
filli MBS

,,-'-Ar'.;

¦ ALABAMA :
HER HISTORY, RESOURCES,

WAR RECORD, AND PUBLIC MEN.

FROM 1 5 4 O TO 18 7 2

BY W. BEBWEE.

"What constitutes a Stato?
Not higli raised battlements, or labored mound,
Thick wall, or moated gate ;
Not cities proud, with spires and turrets crown'd,
Nor bays, and broad-armed ports,
Where, laughing at the sturm, rich navies ride ;
Nor starred nor spangled courts,
Where low brow'd baseness wafts perfume to pride !
No ; men, high-minded men —
* * * * * * * ¥ ¦¦
Men, who their duties know,
But know their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain "
Sir William: Jones.

MONTGOMEEY, ALA.:
BARRETT & BROWN, STEAM PBINTEKS AND BOOK BINDERS.
1872.

Entered, according to act of Congress in the year 1872, by
W. BREWER,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C

TO
THE YOUNG MEN OF ALABAMA,
With the heartfelt hope that they may prove themselves worthy qf
the Rich Heritage qf Ripened Fame and Material Wealth, which
Imve been "bequeathed to them by the Founders and Defenders qf
a noble State, this Volume is Respectfully Dedicated by
The Author.
Hayneydlle, Lowndes County,
July 31, 1872.

PREFACE.

This volume is a collection of such facts in relation to the
present and past of Alabama as best deserve preservation.
Almost every State of the Federal Union has one or more
volumes devoted to a like purpose ; but the task has not here
tofore been attempted in this State in the enlarged scope here
presented. The result may be to familiarize the people with
many events and facts wliich should not escape the memory
of Alabamians.
The peaceful era through which the State has passed leaves
scant material for the annalist. It is with the glowing inci
dents of war and turbulence that the stately structure of his
tory is reared. From what has transpired of such events the
author has sifted the facts of most general interest. And the
more striking features of the civil administration have also
been winnowed from the mass with some care.
No book about Alabama would be tolerated which failed to
note her wondrous natural advantages, and this has been done
herein so far as general statements will convey ideas.
To swell out the volume with matter of interest, much mem
oranda is adduced relating to the public men of the State,
Analysis, or delineation of character and talents, is not
attempted, but the current and popular estimate of these per
sons is appended. There has been no invidious selection pf
individuals for remembrance in this, way, but. all .have been

6 preface.
included of any considerable prominence in the State, at any
time, in any vocation. Notoriety being the guide in the case,,
the more eminent personages could not be ignored even if such
a desire had existed. Of many of these, only a meagre record
could be obtained ; of others, very full sketches are at hand ;
but justice required that a procrustean bed should be made,
and something approximating to equal space has been devoted
to those 'of like prominence, with a due consideration of all
'the circumstances.
With considerable difficulty a record, of the achievements
of Alabamians in war has been gathered ; a feature of the
work which will be mentioned more at length in the latter part
of the volume.
The mere entertainment of the reader's idle hour was not
a consideration with the author. As a work of reference,
however, he has striven to make it indispensable to the intel
ligent Alabamian. Being a collection of facts, its merit de
pends upon the variety and accuracy of its statements, and
the taste with which they are arrayed. Errors have probably
crept mto such a large number of facts ; but, whatever else
may be alleged of the volume, every effort has been made to
perfect it that could reasonably be expected.
In his labors the author acknowledges with gratitude and
pleasure the assistance of many estimable gentlemen. Hon.
F. S. Lyon of Marengo, Hon. N. L. Whitfield of Tuskaloosa,
Mr. Powhattan Lockett of Perry, Hon. B. C. Yancey of Geor
gia, Hon. Beuben Chapman of Madison, Hon. John T. Heflin
of Talladega, Col. N. H. E. Dawson of Dallas, Col. Wm. C.
Oates of Henry, Hon. George S. Gaines of Mississippi, Hon.
A. A. Coleman of Hale, Hon. N. A. Agee of Monroe, Col. M. L.
Stansel of Pickens, Hon. T. B. Cooper of Cherokee, Capt. E.
T. Simpson of Lauderdale, Major W. T. WalthaU of Mobile,
Hon. P. G. Wood of Dallas, Capt. John M. McKleroy of Bar
bour, Hon. W- B. Modawell of Perry, Major S. J. Saffold of

preface. t
Dallas, Hon. E. M. Patton of Lauderdale, Mr. E. Michael of
Lowndes, and Mr. B. Eichards of Georgia, are among those
whom he can not omit to mention in this pubhc manner ; and
tlie favors of many others are held in enduring remembrance.
HayneviUe, July 31, 1872.

HISTORICAL OUTLINE.

CHAPTER I.
THE SPANISH INEOAD.
The history of Alabama begins with the invasion of the
country by the Spaniards under DeSoto in 1540, which was
forty-three years subsequent to the discovery of the northern
continent of America by John Cabot. Prior to the visit of
DeSoto nothing is known of this region. It had in all prob
ability been the home of the Indians, or other savage and
inferior race, from the remotest period.
Hernande DeSoto,* a cavalier of Spain, athirst for the
riches and renown which had crowned the valor and darino-
of Cortez and Pizarro, obtained the consent of Charles V. to
his project for the subjugation of Florida. By this name was
the continent of North America known to the Spaniards, and
DeSoto doubted not to find within its broad limits cities and
empires which would rival those of the tropics in opulence
and splendor. Commissioned governor of Cuba by his sov
ereign, and seconded in his scheme by all, he landed at
Tampa Bay, in May 1539, with about one thousand chosen
men. Marching northward, he wintered near the site of the
present town of Tallahassee. He then traversed Georgia to
the Savannah, thence as far northwest as the Conesauga.
Following that stream to its confluence with the Etowah, a
* DeSoto was a native of Xeres, Spain, and was of the middle class of the
society of that country. He was the companion and subaltern of Pizarro in
the conquest and plunder of the incas in Peru, where he signalized himself
by his valor. Having won wealth and reputation, he returned to his native
land, and asked permission of the court to conquer at his own expense the
vast territory known as Florida.

10 OUTLINE HISTORY.
short distance further west he came to the town of Chiaha,
supposed to have been situated where Eome, Ga., now stands.
Proceeding thence westward along the western bank of the
Coosa, the expedition entered what is now the State of Ala
bama and county of Cherokee in June 1540. The first town
they reached within our borders was called Acostee, and the
inhabitants of it were more turbulent than any they had
encountered since leaving south Georgia. While at Acostee,
two soldiers, who had been sent to explore the mountains for
precious stones and ores, returned with nothing of value but
the skin of a buffalo. Crossing to the east bank of the river,
the Spaniards came to a town called TaUa at the end of a
day's march. They were now ih the fruitful country called
Cosa or Coosa by its inhabitants, and now /embraced within
the counties of Calhoun, Talladega, Coosa, Clay, and Elmore.
The town of Coosa was now reached. It was the capital of
the kingdom, and was situated on the river between the
mouths of Talladega and Tallaseehatch.ee creeks, in the pres
ent county of Talladega. Here the invaders tarried twenty-
five days, then moved southward through the towns of Talla-
muchasee, Utawah, Ullibahalee, and Towassee, to a town
called Tallasee, on the Tallapoosa. Eemaining at this place
twenty days, DeSoto received from the king of the powerful
tribe to the southward an invitation to visit him. This he
proceeded to do, with his entire force. Crossing the river,
and pursuing a southwest direction, a march of two days
duration brought them face to face with the Indian king, a
giant, name Tuskaloosa. This haughty prince accompanied
his armed guests to a fortified town on the Alabama river,
called Piachee.* Crossing the river, the Spaniards proceeded
down the west bank to the capital of this formidable nation
* This town is thought by both Meek and Pickett to have been situated in
the present county of Wilcox ; the former locating it "neat Evans' Land
ing," (near Clifton), and the latter "in the upper part of the county of Wil
cox ;" but the distance traversed, some sixty miles from Tallasee, would
seem to indicate ». point nearer Selma. The impression of these authors
that the city of Mauvilla was in Clarke county (Pickett says at Choctaw
Bluff, ) is also partly confirmed by the fact, that after crossing the river at
Piachee, they passed through a populous country on the third day. As the
Indians nowhere resided on the alluvial lands, but always on ligbt soil, it is
, quite probable that Mauvilla was in Clarke, for much of western Dallas and
Wilcox is of the former character.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 11
i
of savages. Tuskaloosa, whose cunning and pride were only
equalled by his ferocity, had here congregated thousands of
his warriors, and they were concealed in large sheds or houses
within the wooden walls or palisades of the city. The battle
began the morning of the 18th of October, soon after DeSoto
and his advance guard were admitted within the enclosure.
Forced back and outside by overwhelming numbers, they
were soon reinforced by the main body, and now stormed the
city. The savages fought with stubborn and wild ferocity,
but the superior equipments of the Europeans made a great
carnage. The conflict raged all day, and its horrors were sup
plemented by the ravages of the devouring flames, for the
houses were fired. Night closed upon the city in rums, the
conflict having lasted nine hours, and resulted in the repulse
of the Indians. Eighteen Spaniards were killed, and 150
wounded, while 2,500 of the brave natives were left dead on
the field. Other accounts estimate the losses on both sides
at much higher figures.* Certainly no Indian battle fought
on the soil of the United States was more bloody. t The fate
of the king, Tuskaloosa, is not satisfactorily known ; one
account stating that he perished hi the battle ; another that
he retired from the city soon after it began.
DeSoto had determined to go to the sea at Ochus, now
called Pensacola, the capacious harbor there having been
discovered by a detachment of his command while he was
wintering in Florida. He had ordered vessels from Havana
to await him there, with supplies for the expedition ; and they
were then at that point. But he is thought to have feared a
disbandment of the command should his followers see so con
venient a means of escape from the privations of their fruitless
achievements. He therefore turned his face northward.
The country through which he now passed was called Pafal-
laya, and was not inhabited. Nmety miles from Mauvilla
* The account cf the expedition of DeSoto is accurately given by no le s
than three different authors. One of these was a Portuguese cavalier who
shari d in its perils ; a second was Biedma, the commissary of the expedi
tion ; and the third was Garciilasso de la Vega, who tcok down ils incidents
from tho lips of two of the surviving soldiers, and from journals kept by
others. f "I know not if a more bloody Indian fight ever occurred on the soil of
the United States.'' — Bancroft, vol. 1, -page 48.

12 OUTLINE HISTORY.
were Wo towns, Tallapatawa and Cabusto. The latter was
on the river, probably between where Eutaw and Carthage
now stand. The natives were implacably hostile, and the
passage of the Warrior had to be forced in the face of a large
body of them. The Spaniards then ascended the east bank
of the Tombikbee, and passed out of Alabama. Crossing the
latter river, they found the Chicacas (Chicasas), and fought
more than one bloody battle with them. Beaching the Yazoo,
they stormed a fortress belonging to the Alibamos, which was
defended with desperate valor. DeSoto then reached the
Chicagua river, now called the Mississippi, hi May 1541.*
Crossing it, he journeyed a year in the western wilds ; but his
search for gold was unsuccessful, and, baffled and despondent,
he returned to the great river. Beaching it at a point just
below the mouth of the Arkansas, he began to make prepara
tions to reach the Gulf by water, when he died of fever, in
May 1542. His body was consigned, at the dead of night, to
the waters of the great river of which he was the discoverer.
" The wanderer," says Bancroft, " had crossed a large part
" of the continent in search of gold, and found nothing so
" remarkable as his burial place." His successor, Moscoso,
attempted to reach Mexico by land, but returned after six
month's wandering to attempt the transit by water. They
sailed July 2, 1543, and the remnant of 320 souls — all that
remained of the 1000 who landed at Tampa, flushed with
hope, and fired by the desire for gold — left the inhospitable
shores of their weary pilgrimage. They were repeatedly
attacked on the voyage, but reached the Gulf within sixteen
days, and arrived at the town of Panuco, Mexico, Sept. 10.
Thence they went to the city of Mexico.
Thus ended an enterprise as fruitless in its achievements
as it was bold in its conception, and arduous in its execution.
It was an expenditure of treasure and blood with no useful

* DeSoto is generally considered the discoverer of the Mississippi.
Howbeit, in 1819, Garay, the Spanish Viceroy of Jamaica sent an expedition to
explore the coast of the Mexique Sea, west of Florida, for a passage to the
westward. Alvarez Alonzo de Pineda led this expedition, and on the charts
made by his pilots, the estuaries of the Mississippi are traced, and called
Eio Espiritu Santo. And, in 1528, Cabeza de Vaca, with part of Narvaez's
ill-starred expedition, while coasting westward, discovered one of its outlets

OUTLINE HISTORY. 13
result save that of throwing some light on the condition of
Alabama at an earlier period, and to a fuller extent, than was
accorded to any other region of the American Union for a
century afterwards. An European army traversed what is
now the State of Alabama, from one end to the other, eighty
years before the Puritans landed at Plymouth, and forty
years before the birth of Smith, the founder of Virginia.
But it was, as Meek calls it, " an isolated chapter in the
"annals of" the country. "The dark curtain that' had
"covered her territory was suddenly hfted; a brilliant but
" bloody panorama passed across the stage ; and then all was
" shrouded in primeval darkness."*

CHAPTEE II.
THE INDIAN TRIBES OF ALABAMA.
DeSoto found at least three of the four great Indian tribes
of Alabama occupying identically the territory held by them
nearly three centuries later. Three of these, the Muscogees,
Choctas, and Chicasas, known to writers on the subject of
the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas as Mobilians, are
supposed by Col. Pickett to have migrated from, northern
Mexico when Cortez was assailing the heart of that empire.
He bases this opinion upon the traditions of these tribes, but
offers nothing in evidence either tangible or authentic. He is
very certain that the Alibamos, encountered by the Spaniards
on the Yazoo, were the same who were subsequently known
by a similar name in this State, and that they, too, were from
the Aztec hive. He doubtless bestowed much more thought
upon the subject than any other who has touched the subject.
However, the fact that the Indians found in possession of the
country by DeSoto used the same names* as were found
"Hon A. B. Meek of Mobile.

14 OUTLINE HISTORY.
in vogue two or three centuries later, implies that the
same people were in possession. Secondly, the desperation
with which they defended, and the tenacity with which they
clung to, thefr native land, are facts that do not sustain the
assertion that they were nomads. Again ; from 1528 to 1536,
the date of these supposed migrations, Cabeza de Vaca and
his companions were among the Indians in Texas and New
Mexico, and would certainly have noted in their journals a
fact so remarkable as the exodus of thousands of people.
Even the belief that the Alibamos of the Yazoo were the
more modern Alabamas of our State pales hi the hght of
Meek's opinion that the word Alaba is only the name Hillaba
or Hilhbee, (doubtless the Ullibahallee of DeSoto), with gut
tural exclamation ma added. It is more than probable that the
Coosas of DeSoto were the nucleus of the Muscogee confed
eracy, augmented by their policy of absorbing the remnants
of tribes they subjugated, or such as fled to them for protection.
Of the first of these the Uchees are an illustration ; of the
second the Natches, Shawnees, Tuskegees, and Tookabachees
may be mentioned. The Pafalayas or Choctas were doubtless
so greatly reduced in numbers by their losses at Mauvilla,
where it may be mferred from thefr customs that every warrior
who acknowledged the tribal protection fought, that tlie
Muscogees found it an easy exploit to drive them beyond the
Tombikbee. The Chicasas and Cherokees do not appear to
have been disturbed hi thefr occupany of the headwaters of
the Tombikbee and Coosa respectively till they were removed
to the West.
The Cherokees, when first known to the whites, looked out
from, thefr mountain homes in east Tennessee and northeast
Alabama upon the tide-water region of Virginia, and the low
lands of the Carolinas and Kentucky. Gradually they were
driven into north Georgia and northeast Alabama. DeSoto
encountered them on the upper waters of the Coosa, and
feasted with them hi thefr capital, which they called Chiaha.
And Chiaha was the name given by the Cherokees to thefr

*DeSoto visited the towns of Talla, Tallasee, Ullibahallee, (Hillabee),and
the countries of Pafallaya aud Coosa, names employed by the more modern
savages of the same region.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 15
country to the hour they left it. They had no affinity with
the neighboring tribes, and spoke a more liquid language
than what Gallatin chooses to term " the Muscogee-Chocta."
Though less tractable than the Choctas, they were more hos
pitable than the Chicasas, less turbulent than the Muscogees,
and more civilized than either. They had numerous wars
with the Carolinians and white settlers of Tennessee, but were
usually at peace with other tribes. At the period of their
removal to the West, in 1836, they were under the leadership
of several chiefs, o'f whom John Eoss, Elias Boudinot, and
Major Eidge were the principal. Thejr were assigned lands
in the northern and eastern part of Indian Territory, and are
now the most civilized and useful of all the aboriginal tribes
of the western world. Before thefr removal to the West they
governed themselves by written laws, and now control their
domestic polity by the forms and usages of a popular govern
ment. They had a delegate in the congress of the Confed
erate States, and manifested a strong sympathy with the
South in that struggle. The Cherokees now number about
19,000 souls.
The Chicasas dwelt on the head waters of the Tombikbee
and Yazoo. Their territory included the greater portion of
the Tennessee Valley in this State, and the first tier of our
northwestern counties. The excursions of their war parties
extended from the Ohio to the bay of Mobile, and anon they
took a scalp on the Arkansas. Thefr courage exceeded that
of all the other aboriginees. Neighboring tribes found them
invincible ; they routed the army of Bienville, and slaughtered
that of D'Artaguette ; while the more numerous Choctas were
fain to implore the whites to succor and protect them from
thefr ravages. The incessant wars in which they engaged
depleted their numbers. A half-breed family, name Colbert,
obtained an ascendancy among the Chicasas early in this
century, and yet maintain it. George, Levi and James Col
bert were brothers, and Levi was the chief of the tribe* at the
time of their removal to the West. They were removed in
1834, and now constitute one of the four districts into which
the Choctas are divided. They dwell with that tribe on 'the
north side of the Canadian river, Indian Territory.

16 OUTLINE HISTORY.
The Choctas occupied the southwestern and western portion
of Alabama, and all of Mississippi south of latitude 33^ 30 A
They were the Maubilians with whom DeSoto came in collision
on the lower Alabama and the Tuscaloosa, and partly exter
minated. They were the friends of the French, and other
whites, and were not so aggressive as other savage tribes.
They more quickly adopted the industrial habits of the whites,
and tiUed the soil to a greater extent than any other tribe.
They hved apart, having but few villages. Polygamy was rare
among them, and thefr women were chaste. Their country
was divided into three districts. At the beginning of the cen
tury Homastubbee was medal chief or mingo of the northern
district, Puckshenubbee of the western district, and Pushma
taha of the south-eastern district. Homastubbee was suc
ceeded by his son Mushulatubbee ; Puckshenubbee was suc
ceeded by his nephew, a half-breed, Greenwood Laflore ; and
Pushmataha's nephew inherited his authority, but proving too
weak for the place, was superseded by Netuckigee.f They
* An account of the Colberts will be found under the head of ' ' The County
of Colbert."
f Pushmataha was born in east Mississippi in 1765, but his dominion
embraced our southwestern counties. The name Pushmataha means ' ' He
has won all the honors of his race." Ol all the Indians of pure blood who
have a place in American history, he blended more admirable traits in his
character than any other. He was intelligent, affable, sagacious, brave, elo
quent, witty, and comparatively temperate, and, like Logan, he was truly
' ' the friend of the white man.'' When told of the massacre at Fort Mimms,
he rode to Mobile, in company with Mr. Geo. S. Gaines, and offered his ser
vices and those of his tribe to Gen. Flournoy. And when they were accepted,
he led a body of his warriors with the expedition of Gen. Claiborne the
attack on Econochaca. While on his way to Washington, the last time, he
rode through Demopolis, and there askod Col. G. S. Gaines to furnish his
nephew with a keg of gunpowder, in the event of his death, so that suitable
honors might be paid to his memory as a chief and a warrior. He died in
Washington a few weeks later. Gen. Jackson visited him in his illness, and
he was Duried in the congressional cemetery with military honors. Tha
tablet on his monument bears this inscription : ' ' Pushmataha, a Chocta
' ' chief, lies here. This monument is erected by his brother chiefs, who were
"associated with him in a delegation from their nation, in the year 1824, to
" the general assembly of the United States. He died in Washington, Dec.
"24, 1824, of the croup, in the 60th year of his age. Pushmataha was a
"warrior of great distinction. He was wise in council, eloquent in an extra
ordinary degree, and, on all occasions, and undor all circumstances, the
" white man's friend. Among his last words were the following: ' When I
" am gone let ihe big guns "be fired over me.'" He said that his death would be
like the falling of a great tree in the forest when the winds were still.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 17
were the raring mingos at the time the tribe was removed
across the Mississippi. The Choctas were usually on terms of
amity with the surrounding tribes, but many years ago were
embroiled in a series of wars with the Chicasas and Muscogees.
In 1830 they were removed, though a remnant yet remain
around the graves of thefr ancestors in the pine barrens of
southern Mississippi. They now populate a fertile country
immediately west of southern Arkansas, and, with the Chic
asas, nuniber 30,000 souls. A written constitution and forms
of a repubfican government are administered by themselves.
They are divided into three districts, and the Chicasas consti
tute a fourth.
But by far the most formidable of the tribes that occupied
Alabama soil were the Muscogees. " Thefr political import-
"ance," says Bancroft, "made them esteemed as the most
" powerful nation north of the Gulf of Mexico." When first
known to the white colonists their domain stretched from the
Tombikbee to the Atlantic, but they were gradually driven
west of the Ocmulgee and Flint. Thefr principal towns were
on the Tallapoosa and Chattahoochee. Thefr war trail
extended to Mobile Bay, and the Florida everglades, and they
chased the bison in the beautiful valley of the Coosa.*
Each town had its rnicco, or king, which custom arose from
the somewhat heterogeneous organization of the nation ; com
posed as it was of various remnants of tribes ; but there was
usually a civil chief with general authority, such as McGillivray
and Big Warrior, t and a war chief, such as Milfort,J Weather-
* It is the common opinion that the buffalo did not frequent Alabama ; but
Chinnobee, an aged Hillabee chief, born about 1750, said that when a child
he stood on a knoll two miles north of Talladega, and saw the plain now
embraced in the plantation of Judge Heflin covered with a browsing herd.
t Bra Wakbiob, a man of much prudence and shrewdness, was a native of
Alabama, and a pure-blood Indian. He was peaceably disposed towards the
whites, and sided with them in the war of 1813. He died , in Washington in
1825, while in attendance there with a' delegation of his tribe.
% Lecleeo Mti/Foet was a Frenchman who lived from 1776 to 1796 among
the Muscogees. He married a sister of McGillivray, and often led the war
riors of the nation against the Georgians. Eetuming to France, he was
made a general of brigade by Napoleon, and wrote an account of his sojourn
in "la nation Creek."
2

18 OUTLINE HISTORY.
ford and Opotheleyoholo*. The Seminoles were the " wild
men " and refugees of the Muscogees, and really a portion
of the same tribe. The Hillabees, Autaugas, Cussetas, Cow-
etas, Eufaulas, Ocfuskees, Uchees, &c, were names which
attached to the Muscogees residing in those towns. They
differed from the Choctas in that they congregated them
selves in towns, the better, probably, to resist the numer
ous enemies whom their turbulence provoked. They were
frequently at war with the adjacent tribes. In 1813-14 they
waged the bloodiest war against the whites anywhere recorded
in the annals of the United States. And the combined power
of the whites, the Cherokees, Chicasas, and Choctas, assisted
by a large portion of thefr own people, was required to
subjugate them ; and only then when the superior weapons of
modern warfare had almost annihilated the fighting popula
tion. Eemoved to the Indian Territory in 1837, they now
occupy the central part of that country. They have instituted
a government repubfican in form, with written laws, and now
number about 25,000 souls.
The Tensas were a small tribe of Indians who resided on
the river of that name. They were thought to be an offshoot
of the Natches from the fact that they kept a perpetual and
sacred fire. The Choctas absorbed them.
* Opothleyoholo was born in Tookabatcb.ee, and was the son of the half-
breed Alexander Cornells, Weatherford's brother-in-law, by an Indian wo
man. A brave man and influential chief, he was always friendly to the whites.
He became wealthy, and removed with his people to the West, where he was
residing in 1861, when he sided with the North in the war between the States.

CHAPTEE III.
THE FRENCH COLONIZATION AND WARS, AND THE BRITISH AND
SPANISH OCCUPANCY.
One hundred and sixty-two years elapsed after the expedi
tion of DeSoto before the Europeans again appeared in
Alabama. The peace of Eyswick, in 1697, apportioned the
continent of North America among the contending powers in
a manner which had a material effect upon its colonization.
Under the name " Louisiana," France claimed all the valley
of the Mississippi, and as far east as the Perdido river.
LaSalle having explored the course of the great rives, and
the coast contiguous to its delta, the Sieur JJberville was
entrusted with authority to establish settlements on it. This
man was a native of Canada, and had distinguished himself
by a series of naval victories over the British during the then
recent war. He sailed from Eochelle in four small vessels,
and with two hundred colonists, and, in January 1699, was
in sight of the bay of Pensacola. One month before, three
hundred Spanish troops had taken possession of the site of
the present city, and they now claimed it as belonging to the
crown of Spain, and forbade the French to enter the harbor.
Iberville coasted further west, and cast anchor at Ship Island.
Shortly afterwards the colony was transferred to Biloxi, on the
mainland. Two brothers of Iberville, Messieurs Sauvolle and
Bienville, accompanied him, and in December the first was
commissioned governor, and the latter lieutenant governor.
Sauvolle died the following August, A. D. 1700, and Bienville*
succeeded to his authority.
*Jean Baptiste Lemoine, sieur de Bienville, the first white governor of
the settlements of the present State of Alabama, was born in Montreal, Feb.
• 23, 1780. He was the son of Charles Lemoine, a native of Normandy, andwas
a younger brother of Iberville. Besides the latter, he had several brothers
who were conspicuous as pioneers in the New World, viz : Sainte Helene,
Sauvolle, Chateaugue, and Serigny.

20 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Early in 1702, Bienville removed the settlement to the
mouth of Dog river, on the west side of the bay of Mobile,
for it was thus called by him because the savages who inhab
ited the adjacent country called themselves Mobilians. He
here erected a fortification which he designated as Fort
St. Louis de la Mobile. Bienville now toiled and planned to
engraft his offshoot of civilization on the desolate shore. His
renowned brother, roerville, his zealous coadjutor in the work,
died in Havana of yellow fever, in 1706, while en route to
attack Jamaica with a fleet. The following year the calumnies
of some malcontents in the colony caused the home govern
ment to send out one Demuys as governor, but he died on the
passage. Bienville was authorized to continue in control,
and was indefatigable in his labors. In consequence, of the
site of the village at the mouth of Dog river being subject to
overflow, he removed the colony, in March 1711, to the present
location of the city of Mobile. Here he erected Fort Conde.
The mother country nourished her colonial children, and
almost exclusively maintained them with supplies during these
long years. But, in the year 1712, a contract was made with
M. Antoine Crozat, a merchant of immense wealth, to relieve
her hands of an enterprise so expensive and profitless,
and control was granted to him over all the French pos
sessions from the mouth of the Ohio to Texas for the
period of fifteen years. Crozat dispatched M. Lamotte Cadilac
to supercede Bienville as governor in 1713. On his arrival
he found a colony of 324 souls, of whom 100 were soldiers.
He retained Bienville as a lieutenant, and the latter established
Fort Toulouse, four miles above the junction of the Coosa and
Tallapoosa, in 1714. Three years later, Cadillac was removed,
and M. L'Epinay was appointed to the governorship. His
administration lasted about sis months, when, Crozat having
surrendered his charter, the government replaced Bienville in
authority. The colony, now numbering over seven hundred persons,
was transferred to Law's celebrated Mississippi Company.
Negro slaves were introduced, more attention was bestowed
on agriculture, and the prospects of the colony began to
brighten. For the first few years of the settlement the colo-

OUTLINE HISTORY. 21
nists were scattered over the country and amongst the natives
much of the time in quest of peltries. Now, rice, tobacco,
and indigo received the principal attention, and the labors of
Bienville, and the cares of the mother country, seemed about
to be rewarded by the existence of a thrifty colony.
In 1720 the seat of government was transferred to New
Biloxi, on the Mississippi coast. The year after, Law's com
pany failed, and three commissioners were sent over to direct
the affairs of the colonists. Acting on the suggestion of
Bienville, they removed the seat of government to New
Orleans in 1723, a place that officer had founded five years
before. In 1724, Bienville, who had led frequent expeditions against
the Natches and the Spaniards at Pensacola, and had been
foremost in all the enterprises of the settlement, sailed for
France, to answer certain charges preferred against him ; but
justice was denied to him.
M. Perrier succeeded to the governorship. It was during
Iris administration that the Natches, who dwelt in the vicinity
of the present town of that name in Mississippi, were destroyed
—1730. The probabilities of a general Indian war caused the French
ministry to restore Bienville to authority, and he arrived in
1733. Two years later, he established a fortress on the Tom-
"bikbee.* Malting this his base of operations, he moved
against the Chicasas in 1736, and was defeated by them in a
Moody battle at a town called Ackia, near the present Cotton
Gin Port, in Mississippi.
In, 1735 the British, under the direction of the colony of
Savannah, Oglethorpe governor, established a stockade at
Ocfuskee, on the Tallapoosa, in the present county of Talla
poosa. It remained there several years. In 1739 Gen.
Oglethorpe visited the Muscogees, and made a treaty with
them at the town of Coweta, on the Chattahoochee, in the
present county of Eussell.
In 1743 Gov. Bienville asked the French gvernment to
relieve him. His manly letter confessed the failure of many
of his later plans. His request was granted, and he returned
•Near the present Jones' Bluff, Sumter county.

22 OUTLINE HISTORY.
to France* He is the founder of Mobile, and of New Orleans
and Louisiana. Possessed of all the qualities of a pioneer
and a discoverer, he planted colonies on the barren shores of
a distant land which have become prosperous, opulent and
powerful. He was more to Alabama and Louisiana than
Oglethorpe was to Georgia, Smith to Virginia, or Penn to
Pennsylvania. Patient, politic, sagacious, resolute, and hon
orable, he was found faithful and adequate to the "high
emprises " his country entrusted to him. The first half cen
tury of the history of Mobile is the life of Bienville.
The Marquis de Vaudreuil succeeded to the office of gov
ernor. An attempt to chastise the Chicasas in 1752, on the
same ground on which Bienville fought, and which met with
a hke disastrous result, was the only prominent incident of
his time. Gov. Kerlerec, Vaudreuil's successor, sturendered
the country to the British at the peace of 1763. Neither of
these governors appear to have commended himself to the
remembrance of posterity by the conception of any noteworthy
enterprise. By the treaty all the country east of the Mississippi and
north of Bayou Manchac was ceded to Great Brittain. Spain
ceded the Floridas at the same time to Britain, but acquired
Louisiana, or so much of it as hes south of Bayou Manchac
and west of the Mississippi. Britain at once divided these
new possessions into three districts ; viz : East Florida, West
Florida, and Illinois. The second Of these embraced the
country between the Mississippi and Chattahoochee as far
north as the line of 32°, 28'; which line crosses the Tombikbee
a short distance below Demopolis, passes barely north of
Selma and Montgomery, and crosses the Chattahoochee at
Columbus. That moiety of Alabama north of the line thus
traced was a part of the district of Illinois ; but while so
constituted there were no white settlers south of the Cumber
land, and no civil jurisdiction disturbed the repose of its wilds.
West Florida, as defined by the new partition, had Pensacola
for its capital. Capt. George Johnstone, a naval officer, was
'Bienville died in 1668, at the age of 88 years. He manifested a warm
interest in his colonies till the last moments of his life. Louisiana has named
a county in his honor.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 23
the first British governor, and James Macpherson, the author
of the poems of Ossian, &c, &c, was his secretary* Gov.
Johnstone's arbitrary conduct aroused a spfrit of discontent
in the colony, and he soon left it. Gov. Elliott, his successor,
died soon after his arrival, and Lieut. Gov. Montefort Brown
administered the affairs of the district till tlie arrival of Gov.
Peter Chester. Chester was an estimable person, and the
last British governor of any portion of the soil of Alabama.
The occupancy of the British was made memorable by the
cession to the whites (the British) of the first lands relinquished
by the savages within the limits of the present State of
Alabama. The exact place and date of the treaty is not at
command, but the district ceded is that which is embraced
between the Pascagoula and Chicasaha on the west, the coast
on the south, and the Tombikbee and Mobile and Mobile bay
on the east, and south of a line beginning " on the left bank
" of the Chicasaha river and running thence in an easterly
" direction to the right bank of the Tombikbee river, terminating
"on the same at a bluff well known as Hatchee-tikibee."
During the rebelHon of the American colonies, 1776-1783,
the white inhabitants of Alabama were loyal to the crown,
But the long struggle was not to pass away without a response
from the Gulf. When Spain espoused the cause of the
colonies, Galvez, the valiant goyerpor of Louisiana, invested
Mobile with two thousand men. The garrison of Fort. Char
lotte, consisting of eighty men, reinforced by the citizens,,
resisted for several days, but capitulated March 14, 1780.
Pensacola fell into the same hands a few days later.
At the peace in 1783, the territory east of the Mississippi,
and north of latitude 31°, as far east as the Chattahooc,1"^
thence down that stream to the confluence of the Flint, ' .
east to the source of the Saint Mary's, and from there t, J
was ceded to the victorious colonies by Great Britair ,.,
i p mil-- • i6 cniet care
is now "partly the southern boundary ot Missis| 0bKo.ej +
bama. But Spain claimed that the cession o^ ^ sa
Florida, made to her at the same time, inchr
south of the line 32° 28', and continued to h

Mr. Wm. Panton, in

* Macpherson had already produced "Ossian" v children, who died in
sacola. 3 tall and slender, with

24 OUTLINE HISTORY.
far north as Fort Tombikbee by a garrison at that post.
This was a matter of grave dispute between the two countries,
and was not adjusted till 1795, when the federal govern
ment dispatched Gen. Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina
to Madrid, and he induced the court of the Escurial to accept
the line of 31°. Even then the Spaniards held the country
till 1798.
Meantime, Georgia claimed, under her royal charter,- the
territory now embraced within the limits of Mississippi and
Alabama, and in 1785 created the county of Houstoun (so
named to honor Gov. John Houstoun of that State) out of that
portion of Alabama north of the Tennessee. Commissioners
were appointed to organize the county, and they proceeded
to the Muscle Shoals with eighty men to effect that purpose.
A land office was established, magistrates were appointed, &c,
but the fear of the Chicasas caused the party to leave in a
fortnight. Georgia had much trouble with the Muscogees
during this period, fomented by SenorMiro, who had succeeded
to the governorship of West Florida.
A treaty, concluded January 3, 1786, between the federal
government and the Choctas, confirmed the cession of the
district obtained by the British from that tribe. The treaty
was signed by Gen. Andrew Pickens, Col. Benjamin Hawkins,
and Mr. Joseph Martin, on one part, and by Yoekonahoma,
Toboko, Mingohopoyee, and seventeen other " medal and
gorget captains" of the Choctas on the other. Three or four
years later, a family of whites would occasionally filter through
the intermediate wilds and make thefr home in this rude region.
The controlhng mind in Alabama about this time was
grander McGillivray* the most distinguished native the
Coluin ^^ ^et Pr°d'uce(*> and who was at the head of the
traced W_„,K McGilliveat was born at Little Tallasee, four miles above
constitutedka now stands, in 1746. His mother, Sehoy, was the daughter .
land, and nqnd (a French officer killed by his mutinous men while in
WestFloridr'.OUlOU8eiul,722) and an Indian Princess. She married
. V, a Scotchman, one of the numerous white traders who
tor its capital. ested the Indian nations. Educated thoroughly in
———pen years of age the son returned to his native forests
* Bienville died mld tRipptfi ^tmw plaoed him at the head •
interest in his colomei
a county in his honor.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 25
Muscogee confederacy, more compact and formidable now
than at any known period of its history. During the colonial
rebellion, 1776-1783, McGillivray was in the interest of the
British, who gave him the rank and pay of a colonel. Averse
to military service himself, he incited his people to depreda
tions on the Georgia frontier. When the Spaniards became
possessed of Mobile and Pensacola they gave him the rank
and pay of a colonel. The difficulties between the Georgians
and Muscogees induced President Washington in 1790 to
send Col. Marinus Willett to induce McGillivray to visit New
York, then the federal seat of government, to negotiate a
new treaty. This was accomplished, and McGillivray was
bribed with the commission of a brigadier general, and a
stipend of $1200, to consent to fhe sale of an extensive region
to the Georgians for a trifling sum to be paid to the tribe.
This visit and treaty alarmed the Spaniards, who not only
coveted the trade of the Muscogees, but wished to use them
as allies in the event of a war. They increased McGillivray's
pay from $1500 to $3500, ahd so beset him as to thwart the
effectiveness of the treaty he had assented to in New York.
Harassed by the complications in wliich his duplicity had
involved him, McGillivray died in Pensacola, Feb. 17, 1793.*
He was accompHshed, well informed, and shrewd. His
cultivation and astuteness were of essential service to his
people, over whom he wielded an influence not felt since the
days of Tuskaloosa. He was a diplomatist and scholar among
a nation of savages.
White settlers from the States began about the year 1790
to make their homes on the lower 'Bikbee. They came very
slowly, however, and numbered only twelve hundred and fifty
souls ten years later. The trackless wilderness that lay
between was filled with obstacles and perils that none but the
boldest -dared to encounter. Cattle herds were the chief care
and property of these early settlers, who were obhged to
observe great caution in their intercourse with the savage
tribes by whom they were surrounded.
* Gen. McGillivray was interred in the garden of Mr. Wm. Panton, in
Pensacola. He left a large estate and two or three children, who died in
youth. He had two or three wives. In person he was tall and slender, with
a dignified bearing.

26 OUTLINE HISTORY.
In 1794-'5 the Georgia legislature authorized a sale of
21,500,000 acres of the State's land in Alabama and Missis
sippi for the sum of $500,000. The purchasers were four
companies of land speculators, and the measure was stigma
tized as " the Yazoo Fraud." The portion of Alabama thus
attempted to be disposed of comprised all that lying west and
north of the Alabama and Coosa rivers, or more than one-half
the area of the State. But the act was expunged from the
journals of the legislature at the succeeding annual session,
and the manuscript bill publicly burned at Louisville, then the
capital of Georgia.

CHAPTEE IV.

THE FIRST TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION, AND THE GREAT INDIAN
WAR.
In 1798, the congress of the United States created into a
Territory, called "Mississippi," the region between 31° and
32° 28' of north latitude, with the Mississippi river for the
western and the Chattahoochee for the eastern boundary. Of
this Territory President Adams appointed Winthrop Sargent
of Massachusetts the governor. Gov. Sargent repaired to the
seat of government, Natchez, on the Mississippi, and assumed
authority. In May 1799, a detachment of federal troops
relieved the Spanish garrison at Fort St. Stephens, which had
been constructed by them twelve or thirteen years before.
Below the junction of the Alabama and Tombikbee a defence
was erected in July, and christened Fort Stoddart. By proc
lamation, in June 1800, Gov. Sargent estabhshe d Washington
county, the limits of wliich comprised all of the territory east
of Pearl river as far as the Chattahoochee. The same year
congress provided for a legislature for the Territory.
The census of Washington county was taken the first time
in 1800, and found to consist of 733 whites, 494 negro slaves

OUTLINE HISTORY. 27
and 23 free negroes. The population of Mobile and Baldwin,
not then existing as counties, but under Spanish rule, was
probably as large.
The arbitrary conduct of Gov. Sargent caused the people
to send up a petition for his removal, and, in 1801, President
Jefferson commissioned William C. C. Claiborne of Tennessee
to succeed him. The new governor, a native of Virginia, pos
sessed much ability. He removed the capital of the Territory
to Washington, a village six miles east of Natchez.
In 1802, (April 24,) the State of Georgia ceded to the federal
government all the territory embraced within the limits of the
present States of Alabama and Mississippi, north of the par
allel 31°, for the sum of $1,250,000. The commissioners on
the part of the federal government who concluded this pur
chase were Messrs. James Madison of Virginia, Albert Gal
latin of Pennsylvania, and Levi Lincoln of Massachusetts ;
on the part of Georgia, Messrs. James Jackson, Abraham
Baldwin, and John Mfiledge of that State. Thus, after a vexa
tious controversy, the claim made by that State to this exten
sive realm was extinguished.
The boundaries of the Territory were now extended north
ward to the Tennessee line, whereby it was almost trebled in
size. Yet the Indian title remained to all of its capacious
area, save to a slip of country above and below Natchez, and
the one on the Tombikbee.
A second treaty was concluded October 17, 1802, between
the federal government and the Choctas, at Fort Confedera
tion, on the Tombikbee. It related principally to the cession
made to the British-, and was signed by Brig. Gen. James Wil
kinson of the federal army, on the part of the government, by
Okechummee and Tuskamayabee on the part of the northern
district, by Tuskana Hopoyo, Mingo Pooskoos, and Pushma
taha on the part of the south-eastern district, and by Mingo
Homastubbee, Tuskahoma, Latallahoma, and Mooklahoosa-
poyee on the part of the western district, of the tribe.*
•The following are the two principal articles of the four adopted at this
treaty :
Abt. I. That the President of the United States may, at his discretion,
by a commissioner or commissioners, to be appointed by him, by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, re-trace, connect,

28 OUTLINE HISTORY.
White population still came in slowly to the 'Bikbee settle
ment, for the hazards of penetrating the pathless wilderness
which lay between it and the States were augmented by the
presence of the inhospitable Indians. Immigration was also
retarded by the difficulty of getting the produce of the country
to market, there being export duties to be paid at Fort Stod-
dart to the United States, and a tariff at Mobile to be paid to
Spain. The character of the population was of the rudest
kind, and schools and churches were unknown.
In 1801, Spain ceded Louisiana to France, but retained the
Floridas, which extended as far west as the Mississippi, and
embraced the strip of country between the coast and the line
of 31" north latitude. The French, in 1803, sold Louisiana
to the United States.
Eobert Williams of North Carolina* succeeded Gov. Clai
borne in 1805 as governor of the Territory.
The same year (July 23) an important purchase was made
from the Chicasas. Besides a great body of land in Ten
nessee, a small district was deeded south of the line of that
State. It was in the shape of a triangle, caused by running
the line from the ridge "near the main source of Buffalo
" river in a direct fine to the great Tennessee river near the
and plainly re-mark the old line of limits established by and between his
Britanic majesty and the said Chocta nation, which begins on the left bank
of the Chicasaha river, and runs thence in an easterly direction to the right
bank of the Tombikbee river, terminating on the same at a bluff well known
by the name of Hatchee-tikibee. [The remainder refers to the appointment
of two Indians as joint commissioners.]
Aet. II. The said line, when thus" re-marked and re-established, shall
form the boundary between the United States and the said Chocta nation in
that quarter ; and the said Chocta nation, for and in consideration of
one dollar, to them in hand paid by the said United States, the receipt
whereof is hereby acknowledged, do hereby release to the said United States,
and quit claim forever, to all that tract of land which is included by the
before-named line on the north, by the Chicasa river on the West, by the
Tombikbee and the Mobile rivers on the east, and by the boundary of the
United States on the south.
Silas Dinsmore, federal agent to the Choctas ; Major John Pitchlynn, and
others, witnessed this agreement;
"Gov. Williams passed the earlier part of his life in Surry county, North
Carolina. He was a member of congress from his native Slate from 1797
to 1803.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 29
n Chicasa old fields or eastern point of the Chicasa claim on
" that river ; thence north[east]wardly to the great ridge
" dividing the waters running into the Tennessee from those
" running into the Cumberland, so as to include the waters
"running into Elk river," &o. This was the first foothold
secured in the beautiful valley of the Tennessee; The agree
ment was concluded " in the Chicasa country," and signed by
James Eobertson of Tennessee and Silas Dinsmore of New
Hampshire on the part of the Federal government, and by
George and Levi Colbert, Chinabee Mingo, Tishimastubbee,
Wm. McGillivray, and four other chiefs, on the part of the
Chicasas ; and was witnessed by Eeuben Chamberlain, John
McKee, John Pitchlynn, and others. The Cherokees, Jan. 7,
1806, deeded their claim and title to the same territory, and
to all the lands west of it and north of the Tennessee, except
two large tracts. This was done in Washmgton by Double-
Head, and sixteen other chiefs, Gen. Henry Dearborn, secre
tary of war, acting for the federal government.
At the treaty of Mount Dexter, Nov. 16, 1805, tlie Choctas
ceded a large district in southern Mississippi, and extending
across from the strip on the Mississippi already ceded to that
on the Tombikbee, and across that stream to a point near the
present postoffice " Chocta Corner," in the present county of
Clarke, Alabama, thence down the comb of the water shed
separating the affluents of the two rivers. This was quite an
important treaty to the present State of Mississippi. It was
signed by Messrs. James Eobertson and Silas Dinsmore, on
the part of the federal government, and Puckshenubbee,
Homastubbee, Pushmataha, great medal mingoes, and twenty
chiefs and warriors, on the part of the Choctas ; with John
McKee, Wm. Colbert, the Chicasa agent Samuel Mitchell,
John Pitchlynn, Louis Laflore, Charles Juzant, and others, as
witnesses. Out of the Chicasa cession, Gov. Williams created the
county of Madison by proclamation in 1808. Already the
smoke from the cabin of the white had begun to aspend from
the valley of the Tennessee, and the echo of his axe in those
solitudes heralded the onward tramp of civilization. Bald
win county was established on the west side of the Mobile

30 OUTLINE HISTORY.
and Alabama in 1809. The same year David Holmes of
Virginia succeeded Gov. Williams.* Mobile was yet in the
hands of the Spaniards, with whom the more restless settlers
maintained a predatory warfare about this time.
In 1810 the three counties lying within the present State of
Alabama — Madison, Washington, and Baldwin— contained a
white population of 6422, and a negro population of 2624. A
fraction over half of these were in Madison.
Immigration was assisted by a military road which the
Muscogees allowed the federal government to cut from the
Chattahoochee to Mimms' Ferry, on the Alabama.
The three counties sent delegates to the Territorial legis
lature at Washington, Mississippi.
In October, 1812, the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh,t came
among the Muscogees to incite them to hostilities against the
whites. He was the emissary of the British, with whom the
federal government was at war. The Spaniards at Pensacola
and Mobile had already bred ill-feeling among them against
the whites, and the fiery eloquence of Tecumseh precipitated
the conflict. It began by a series of outrages on immigrants
and settlers.
Spain "being the ally of Britain,- the United States were
apprehensive that the ports of that power on the Gulf would
be used by the British. Accordingly, Gen. Wilkerson moved
from New Orleans with a considerable force, and obliged the
Spanish garrison of Fort Charlotte, Mobile, to capitulate,
April 13, 1813. Thus was the soil of Alabama rescued from
European domination.
The first engagement in the war with the Creeks:): or Mus
cogees was on Burnt Corn creek, in the present county of
Conecuh. Col. Caller, with 180 armed settlers from the
*David Holmes, the fourth and last governor of Mississippi Territory, was
a Virginian. He held the office till Alabama and Mississippi were divided,
in 1817, and became the first governor of the latter State. He was a member
of the federal Senate from 1820 to 1825, and died soon after.
tThe parents of Tecumseh, Drake says, were born and bred at Souva-
nogee, on the Tallapoosa, but removed to northwestern Ohio, where he was
born in 1768. '
|The name given the Muscogees by the traders because of the numerous
streams within their territory, and applied by the whites generally.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 31
vicinity of St. Stephens, attacked double that number of the
enemy, who were returning from Pensacola with ammunition
and supplies. Though surprised in their bivouac, the savages
raUied and repulsed the whites, the mass of whom acted
discreditably. Apprehensive of attacks on thefr exposed homes, the settlers
abandoned them and sought safety in the stockades with which
the country now became dotted.
A month after the fight at Burnt Corn, Aug. 30, 1813, Fort
Mimms, a stockade defence near the east bank of the Alabama,
in the present county of Baldwin, was surprised at midday by
one thousand warriors, led by Weatherford, Peter McQueen,
and the prophet Francis. In the fort were 245 men under
arms, commanded by Major Daniel Beasley of the volunteers
from the Natchez country ; and 308 women and children,
negroes, and friendly Indians. A heroic defence was made,
but, unprepared and overpowered, the men were slain in fight,
and the non-combatants were butchered in a revolting manner.
Less than fifty escaped, and the fort was left a smoking ruin.
It exceeded in atrocity and barbarity any massacre that has
ever occurred within the limits of the United States.
Almost simultaneously the savages fell upon the settlers in
" the fork," and killed twelve persons near Fort Sinquefield.
These frightful deeds of blood filled the whole frontier
country with consternation, and thrilled the Southern States
with horror.
The intelligence reached Gov. Blount and Gen. Jackson in
Nashville, by a dispatch from Mr. George S. Gaines, near
St. Stephens. Such was the energy of these officers and the
patriotism of the people of Tennessee', that, within forty days
from the date of the disaster at Fort Mimms, Gen. Jackson
reached Huntsville with nearly two thousand volunteers.
Crossing the Tennessee, he established Fort Deposit on the
elbow of that river. Nov. 3, Gen. Coffee made a reconnois-
sance in force of the Indian town of Tallaseehatchee, in the
present county of Calhoun. The "conflict was brief but bloody,
and all the warriors were killed — 186 in number. " We have
" retaliated for Fort Mimms," wrote Jackson to Gov. Blount.

32 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Jackson moved southward to the Ten Islands, and, on the
north bank of the Coosa, constructed Fort Strother.
November 9, he surrounded the savages again at the town
of Talladegaj_^and routed them with much slaughter. The
Indians left two hundred and ninety-nine warriors dead on
the field, while the loss of the whites was fifteen killed and
eighty wounded.
Gen. White's brigade of East Tennesseans captured and
destroyed the town of Hillabee, November 18, killing sixty
Warriors. They made but httle resistance, as they were nego
tiating with Gen. Jackson, who lay on the other side of the
mountains. " We lost not a drop of blood," said White in
his report to Gen. Cocke, and Fort Mimms was again avenged.
Georgia was also aroused by the fearful character of the
pending struggle. A brigade of her sons, and a body of
friendly Creeks, were sent across the Chattahoochee, under
Gen. Floyd.* Erecting Fort Mitchell on the Chattahnochee,
he proceeded into the hostile territory. Attacking the town
of Autossee, in the present county of Macon, be routed the
savages with a loss to them of two hundred men. He then
fell back to Fort Mitchell for supplies. With an increased
force he again approached the arena of the war. At Calabee
creek, January 27, 1814, he was assailed by the savages, and
though he repulsed them with considerable loss, his army
suffered severely. He again retired to Fort Mitchell, and the
Georgians- took no further active part in the struggle.
The operations on the lower Alabama were, meantime, of
a predatory character. Col. McGrew had been worsted and
killed in a skirmish on Barshi creek, Oct. 4, and the far-famed
Canqe Fight occurred • Nov. 12. However, Gen. Claiborne
moved up from that quarter with about one thousand men,
and a body of Choctas, and, Dec. 23, 1813, assaulted the
town of Econochaca, which was situated on the Alabama, in
the present county of Lowndes. The savages were routed,
and their town destroyed, but the loss on each side was b>ht.
* John Floto was born in Beaufort district, S. C, in 1769. At the age of
sixteen years he was apprenticed to a carpenter. In 1791 he settled in
Camden county, Georgia, where he became a boatwright. He was brigadier
general of militia, and, as such, led the Georgians to Autossee and Calabee.
He was in congress in 1827, and died in 1834.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 33
The severity of the weather compelled Claiborne to fall back
to Fort Claiborne.
The devoted Muscogees were also assailed from the remain
ing point of the compass. Pushmataha, with a body of Choc
tas, and Col. McKee, with a band of Chicasas, marched to
attack the town of Tuskaloosa, on the Warrior. But they
found it deserted.
Gen. Jackson had been delayed by the expiration of the
term of service of his troops, and the want of supphes.
Again moving southward with nine hundred whites and two
•hundred Cherokees and Creeks, he was fiercely assailed, Jan.
22, 1814, near Emuckfau creek, now in Tallapoosa county, by
five hundred Indians. The fight lasted all day, both sides
suffering severely ; but the assailants were driven off. The
number of his wounded, and the scant condition of his com
missariat, determined Jackson to retreat to Fort Strother.
Beaching Enitachopco, a Hillabee village in the southern part
of what is now Clay county, January 24, he was suddenly
assailed with great vigor by the pursuing red men. After an
obstinate combat, they were repelled, though the invading
army was at one time in great peril. Jackson then retired
without further molestation.
Eeinforced by the 39th United States Infantry, and two
brigades of Tennessee militia, Jackson moved for the third
time into the enemy's country. March 21, he estabhshed
Fort Williams at the mouth of Cedar creek, on the Coosa.
March 27, he attacked the Creeks in their fortification on the
Horse-Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa, where their town Toho-
peka stood, in the present county of Tallapoosa. It was the
most sanguinary battle of the war. Having surrounded them,
and forced their works, the Indians were routed, and left 557
warriors dead on the field, besides others killed in the effort
to cross the river. The whites and thefr savage allies lost 54
killed', and 156 wounded. It was the finishing stroke to the
war. Proceeding thence to Hickory Ground, in the present
county of Elmore, Jackson built Fort Jackson on the ruins of
Bienville's old fort, Toulouse. Detachments of his army

34 OUTLINE HISTORY.
scoured the adjacent country, and burned several villages
which they found deserted.
A body of Georgia and South Carolina troops penetrated
the country, and in March erected Fort Decatur on the Talla
poosa, in the present county of Macon. Major Gen. Thomas
Pinckney, in command of the southern department, proceeded
from this point to Fort Jackson, April 20. He ordered the
militia to return to Tennessee, as thefr time was about to
expire, and the remnant of the savages were suing for peace.
They were scattered in the forests, without food or shelter,
and, pending the negotiations, many flocked to the different-
posts for a refuge from starvation.
In July, Gen. Jackson returned to Fort Jackson, with
authority to treat for peace. This was concluded, August 9,
1814, and signed by the leading chiefs and warriors. To
reimburse the federal government for the expenses incurred
in the war, all the country claimed by the Muscogees west
of the Coosa, and south of a line running southeast from
Wetumpka to a point on the Chattahoochee below the present
town of Eufaula, was ceded. It was a very important event
in the annals of Alabama, for it threw open to the whites half
the present area of the State.*
* This was the first cession the Muscogees made of their lands in what is
now Alabama, and is the most famous of all the Indian treaties that relate
to her present territory. The domain to which the title of the savages was
thus extinguished is described in an article of the treaty as ' ' beginning at
"a point on the eastern bank of Coosa river, where the south boundary line
' ' of the Cherokee nation crosses the same ; running from thence down the
" said Coosa river with its eastern bank according to its various meanders
"to a point one mile above the mouth of Cedar creek, at Fort Williams,
" thence ea»t two miles, thence south two miles, thence west to the eastern
' ' bank of the Coosa river, thence down the eastern bank thereof according
" to its various meanders to a point opposite the upper end of the great
"falls (called by the natives Weotumka), thence east from a true meridian
"line to a point due north of the mouth cf Okfuskee," thence south by a
"like meridian line to the mouth of Okfuskee, on the south side of tfie Tal-
"lapoosa river, thence up the same [the Okfuskee,] according to its various
" meanders, to a point where a direct course will cross the same at a dis-
" tance of ten miles from the mouth thereof, thence a direct line to the
"mouth of Summochico creek, which empties into the Chattahouchie river
' ' on the east side thereof below the Eufaulau town ; thence east,'' &c. &c.

y This was Okfuskee, or "Line " creek, aa it is now usually called.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 35
Though the treaty of Fort Jackson terminated the war on
the Tallapoosa, many of the Creeks fled to Pensacola. There
they were harbored and protected by the Spaniards, who
were incensed at the capture of Mobile. The contest between
Great Britain and the United States continued, and the for
mer power, the close ally of Spain in the war she was then
engaged in with France, was permitted, August 25, 1814, to
land three hundred men in Pensacola, and anchor an armed
fleet in the harbor. The British officers were then permitted
to equip and discipline the fugitive Indians, and to prepare
for an aggressive campaign against Mobile and New Orleans.
Apprised of these movements, Gen. Jackson, who had been
assigned to the command of the new military department of
the Southwest, left Fort Jackson, August 11, and floated
down the Alabama with a portion of his troops. Making his
headquarters in Mobile, he called for volunteers from Ten
nessee, and they were promptly furnished. He reconstructed
the defense at Mobile Point, called Fort Bowyer, which had
been dismantled by Gen. Flournoy.
Fort Bowyer was attacked, September 15, by a large naval
and land force from Pensacola, the latter consisting chiefly of
Indians. But Major Lawrence, with one hundred and thirty
men, beat off the assailants with a loss of one vessel and two
hundred and thirty-four men ; while his own loss was eight
men. In October, Brig. Gen. Coffee reached the vicinity of St.
Stephens with two thousand eight hundred mounted Tennes-
seeans. Dismounting one thousand of these, and uniting
them with his old command, Gen. Jackson marched across
the country, and captured Pensacola and its defenses Novem
ber 7. 
The humiliating terms of this treaty were reluctantly acceded to by the
Creeks. It was signed by "Andrew Jackson, major general commanding 7th
military district," on the one part; and by " Tustenuggee Thlucco, [Big
Warrior,] speaker of the Upper Creeks," " Tustenuggee Hoppoiee, speaker
of the Lower Creeks," " Timpooechee Bernard, captain of Uchees," " Nom-
atlee Emautla, or Captain Isaacs of Coosada," "Alexander Grayson of Hil-
labee,'' and thirty-one other miccos and headmen. " Done at Fort Jackson
"in presence of Charles Cassidy, acting secretary; Benj. Hawkins, agent
" for Indian affairs ; Beturn J. Meigs, A. 0. Nation [Cherokee agent] ; Bobert
" Butler, adjutant gen'eral United States Army," &c, &c.

36 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Major Uriah Blue, of the Thirty-ninth infantry, was then
detached with one thousand men, to scour the coast country,
Avhile the commander-in-chief repaired to the scene of his
glory at New Orleans. Major Blue accomplished the dan
gerous task assigned to him very effectually. The savages
were driven from thefr cover in the swamps of the Escambia
and Choctahatchee, and quite a number were killed.
Thus was ended a war so glorious to the brave Muscogees,
and yet so fatal! Their formidable strength was shorn
forever. West Florida, as far east as the Perdido, was ceded to the
United States, and thus the bay and town of Mobile came
j into the possession of the United States.
\ Important treaties were made with the Indian tribes in
'¦J181Q ; treaties wliich led to an immediate and steady flow of
immigration into the country.
At the Chicasa council-house, September 14, a treaty was
entered into between the federal government and the Chero
kees, which was ratified at Turkeytown the 4th of October
following. The tribe relinquished all claim to the country
south of the Tennessee river and west of a line near the
western boundary of the present county of Marshall, for the
sum of $65,000.* This treaty was signed by Gen. Jackson,
of Tennessee, Hon. Jesse Franklin of North Carolina, and
Gen. Merriweather of Georgia on the part of the federal
government; and by George Guess, Eichard Brown, and
twenty-two other chiefs, in behalf of the tribe.
At the Chicasa council-house, September 20, 1816, that
"The line is described in the writing as follows : The Cherokee nation
" acknowledge the following as their western boundary : South of the Ten-
" nessee river, commencing at Camp Coffee on the south side of the Tennes-
" nee river, which is opposite the Chicasa Island, running from thence a due
' ' south course to the top of the dividing ridge between the waters of the
' ' Tennessee and Tombikbee rivers, thence eastwardly along said ridge, leaving
"the head waters of the Black Warrior to the right hand, until opposed by
"the west branch of Will's creek ; down the east bank of said creek to the
" Coosa river, and down said river. The Cherokee nation relinquish to the
"United States all claim, and cede all title, to lands lying south and west of
' ' the line as described, &c ., &c. This treaty was witnessed by ' ' James Gads
den, secretary of the commissioners ;" " Arthur P. Hayne, inspector general,
division ofthe South ; John Rhea of Tennessee, Ketarn J. Meigs, and others.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 37
tribe sold all their lands " east of a line commencing at the
"mouth of Caney creek/' [now in the county of Colbert] "run-
" ning up said creek to its source, thence a due course to the
"ridge path, or commonly called Games' road, along said road
" south-westwardly to a pomt on the Tombikbee, well known
"as Cotton Gin Port, and down the western bank of the
" Tombikbee to the Chocta boundary," ,at the mouth of the
Oktibbeha river, for the sum of $124,500 * This treaty was
signed by Gen. Jackson, Mr. Franklin, and Gen. Merri-
weather, and by twenty-three chiefs and leaders of the tribe.
The small strip of territory in Alabama reserved by the Chic
asas in this treaty was ceded in 1832.
A third treaty of primary importance was concluded with
the Choctas, at the trading house near Jones' Bluff, on the
Tombikbee, whereby they ceded to the federal government
" all thefr title and claim to lands lying east of the following
"bouudary : beginning at the mouth of Oktibbeha, the Chicasa
" boundary, and running from thence down the Tombikbee
" river until it intersects the northern boundary of a cession
" made to the United States by the Choctas, at Mount Dexter,
"on the 16th of November, 1805." This was a deed to all
the first tier of counties lying east of the Tombikbee and
Tuskaloosa rivers, and north of the present boundary of
Pickens. The consideration was the sum of $130,000, in
installments, as usual. Gen. John Coffee, Hon. John Ehea,
and Col. John McKee were the federal commissioners ; and
Mushulatubbee, Puckshenubbee, Pushmataha, and ten other
chiefs on the part of the Indians, t
The red man had now been pushed across the Tombikbee and
to the Big Bear on the west, behind the elbow of the Tennes
see on the north-east, out of the Tennessee valley proper, be
yond the Coosa on the east, cut off from contact with the
*This amount does not include $150 each paid to " Chinnubby, King of
the Chicasas,'' Levi Colbert, and the eight other " Chicasa chiefs," and the
interpreter ; or the $100 each paid to " Colonel George Colbert," James Col
bert, " Major Wm. Glover," and ten other ' 'military leaders ; " nor to the life
annuity of S100 given to " Gen. William Colbert." The gold of the white
men could secure the lands of the brave Chicasas ; their steel could not.
f Thomas H. Williams, B. Chamberlain, Silas Dinsmore, John Pitchlynn,
Turner Brashear, and M. Mackey witnessed this treaty.

38 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Spaniard at Pensacola, and driven from his hunting grounds
on the lower Chattahoochee. Three-quarters of the present
magnificent domain of Alabama lay at the will of the Anglo-
American.

CHAPTEE V.

/

J.

ALABAMA AS A TERRITORY, AND A CURSORY REVIEW OP HER CONDI
TION IN 1820.
Assured of security from the savages, white settlers began
to flock into the country from the States.
By an act of congress, dated March 1, 1817, Mississippi
Territory was divided. Another act,, bearing the date March
3, thereafter, organized the western portion into a Territory,
to be known as " Alabama," and with the boundaries as they
now exist. This act further declared that the seat of govern
ment of the Territory should be St. Stephens until otherwise
provided ; and that the president should appoint a governor
with the authority to convene there such members of the
legislative council and house of representatives of Mississippi
Territory as fell by the division within the limits of the new
Territory.* William Wyatt Bibb of Georgia was appointed governor
by President Monroe, and entered on the discharge of his
duties in the spring of 1817. He possessed all the qualifica
tions for the important trust, and a considerable experience.
The first session of the Territorial legislature opened its
session at St. Stephens, January 19, 1818. The council con
sisted of one member, Mr. Titus of Madison, who was of
"This provision led to a singular incident. Mr. James Titus of Madison
was the only member of the legislative council whose residence fell within
the limits of Alabama. During the entire session of the first legislature of
the territory he occupied a separate chamber, and adopted or rejected the
various measures from the other house witb all the parliamentary formalities.

outline history. 39
course president ; the house consisted of about ten members,
with Mr. Gabriel Moore of Madison as chairman. The
counties of Baldwin, Clarke, Madison, Monroe, Mobile, Mont
gomery, and Washington were represented.
Some feeling was excited about this time among the people
of the new territory by the petition of the constitutional!
convention of Mississippi asking congress to extend the limits
of that Territory to Mobile Bay and the Tombikbee river.
During the year 1818, much alarm was created in the
southern portion of the Territory by sundry outrages and
murders perpetrated in the county of Conecuh, by roving-
bands of Muscogees; but they were soon driven out and
tranquillity restored.
The second and last Territorial legislature assembled in
St. Stephens in November 1818. This body established the
seat of government at the mouth of the river Cahaba, and
designated Huntsville as the temporary capital, till the town
of Cahaba could be laid out, and the pubhc buildings erected.
Another valuable cession was made by the Cherokees in
1819. Thefr lands north and west of the Tennessee river
were disposed of to the federal government by an instrument
signed in Washington, February 27, by John C. Calhoun,
secretary of war, on the one part, and by John Boss, Lewis
Boss, Charles Hicks, and nine other " chiefs and head-men "
of the tribe, on the other. That part of the district ceded
lying in Alabama is now embraced in the counties of Jackson,
Madison, and Marshall.
By an act approved March 2, 1819, congress authorized the
inhabitants of the Territory of Alabama to form a State con
stitution, " and that said Territory, when formed into a State,
" shall be admitted into the Union upon the same footing as
"the original States." This act donated to the State, in
prospective, the following, viz : the. sixteenth section of every
township of the pubhc lands for the maintenance of schools ;
all salt springs in the State, and lands necessary to thefr
development, not to exceed thirty-six acres ; five per centum of
the net proceeds of the sale of pubhc lands in the State, to be
applied to works of internal improvement, three-fifths of it
under the direction of the State legislature, and two-fifths

40 OUTLINE HISTORY.
under the direction of congress*; seventy-two sections of land
" for the use of a seminary of learning ;" and 1620 acres " to
" be reserved for a seat of government."t
* The •' Two per cent, fund " and " three per cent, fund " have thei»
origin in this provision. In 1841 congress relinquished to the State all right
to control the application of the " two per cent, fund.''
fThis very interesting document, in full, is as follows :
AN ACT
To enable the people of Alabama Territory to form a Constitution and State
government, and for the admission of such State into the Union, on an equal
footing with the original Slates.
[Passed March 2, 1819.]
§ 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and Souse of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the inhabitants of the territory
of Alabama be, and they are hereby authorized to form for themselves a
constitution and State government, and to assume such name as they may
deem proper ; and that the said territory, when formed into a State, shall be
admitted into the Union upon the same footing with the original States, in
all respects whatsoever.
§ 2. And be it further enacted, That the said State shall consist of all the
territory included within the following boundaries, to-wit : Beginning at
the point where the thirty-first degree of north latitude intersects the Per-
dido river ; thence east to the western boundary line of the State of Georgia ;
thence along said line to the southern boundary line of the State of Ten
nessee ; thence west along said boundary line to the Tennessee river ; thence
up the'same to the mouth of Bear creek ; thence, by a direct line, to the
northwest corner of Washington county ; thence, due south, to the Gulf of
Mexico ; thence, eastwardly, including all islands within six leagues of the
shore to the Perdido river ; and thence, up the same, to the beginning.
§ 3. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the surveyor
of the lands of the United States south of the State of Tennessee and the
surveyor of the public lands in the Alabama territory, to run and cut out
the line of demarkation between the State of Mississippi and the State to
be formed of the Alabama territory ; and if it should appear to said sur
veyors, that so much of said line designated in the preceding section,
running due south, from the northwest corner of Washington county to
the Gulf of Mexico, will encroach on the counties of Wayne, Greene, or Jack
son, in said State of Mississippi, then the same shall be so altered as to run
in a direct line from the northwest corner of Washington county to a point
on the Gulf of Mexico ten miles east of the river Pascagoula,
{§ jc. And be it further enacted, That all white male citizens of the United
^States, %who shall have arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and have
i-gsided ^ii ^aid territory three months previous to the day of election, and
8,11 perspns haying, in other respects, the legal qualifications to vote for
.¦representatives :iia (the General Assembly of the said territory be, and they
•tire hereby aut^oriz^d to choose representatives to form a oanstitution wha
jhaljl jbe appointed among the several counties as follows ;

OUTLINE HISTORY. 41
The convention to frame a constitution for the State t
assembled in Huntsville, July 5, 1819. Mr. John W. Walker
of Madison was president, and Mr. John Campbell secretary.
Twenty-two counties were represented, viz : Autauga, Bald
win, Blount, Cahaba, Clarke, Conecuh, Cataco, Dallas, Frank
lin, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limestone, Madison, Marengo,
Marion, Mobile, Montgomery, Monroe, St. Clair, Shelby,
Tuskaloosa, and Washington. The forty-four delegates are
named in this volume under the heading of the several
counties. From the county of Madison, eight representatives :
From the county of Monroe, four representatives :
From the county of Blount, three representatives :
From the county of Limestone, three representatives :
From the county of Shelby, three representatives :
From the county of Montgomery, two representatives .
From the county of Washington, two representatives :
From the county of Tuskaloosa, two representatives :
From the county 6f Lawrence, two representatives :
From the county of Franklin, two representatives :
From the county of Cotaco, two representatives :
From the county of Clarke, two representatives :
From the county of Baldwin one representative :
From the county of Cahawba, one representative :
From the county of Conecuh, one representative :
From the county of Dallas, one representative :
From the county of Marengo, one representative :
From the county of Marion, one representative :
From the county of Mobile, one representative :
From the county of Lauderdale, one representative :
From the county of St. Clair, one representative :
From the county of Autauga, one representative :
And the election for representatives aforesaid shall be holden on the first
Monday and Tuesday in May next, throughout the several counties in the
. said territory, and shall be conducted in the same manner, and under the
same regulations, as prescribed by the laws of said Territory, regulating
elections therein for the members of the house of representatives.
§ 5. And be it further enacted, That the members of the convention thus
duly elected be, and they are hereby authorized to meet at the town of
Huntsville on the first Monday in July next ; which convention, when met,
shall first determine, by a majority of the whole number elected, whether it
be or be not expedient, at that time, to form a constitution and State gov
ernment for the people within the said territory ; and if it be determined to
be expedient, the convention shall be, and hereby are, authorized to form a
constitution and State government : Provided, That the same, when formed,
shall be republican, and not repugnant to the principles of the ordinance of

42 OUTLINE HISTORY.
The constitution framed was in accord with the spirit of the
age, and in every way creditable to the able body which
devised it. The mass of its features have descended to the
instrument now in "force. The substance of Magna CJiarta,
adapted to republican principles and forms, was set forth in
the bill of rights. Negro slavery was recognized and protected.
Suffrage was accorded to all male whites of the age of twenty-
one years and upwards. The governor, general assembly and
county officers were made elective by the popular poll ; the
judicial officers by the general assembly. The governor's
term was Hmited to two years, with the privilege of one suc
cessive re-election ; judicial officers were to hold office for a
term of six years ; and the term of the senators was fixed at
three years, and of the representatives at one year. The
the thirteenth of July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven,
between the people and States of the territory northwest of the river, Ohio,
so far as the same has been extended to the said territory, by the articles of
agreement between the United States and the State of Georgia, or of the con
stitution of the United States.
§ 6. And be it further enacted, That the following propositions be, and the
same are hereby offered to the convention of the said Territory of Alabama,
when formed, for their free acceptance or rejection, which, if accepted bythe
convention, shall be obligatory upon the United States :
First. That the section numbered sixteen in every township, and when
such section has been sold, granted, or disposed of, other lands equivalent
thereto, and most contiguous to the same, shall be granted to the inhabi
tants for the use of schools.
Second. That all salt springs within the said territory, and the lands re
served for the use of the same, together with such other lands as may, by
the President of the United States, be deemed necessary and proper for
working the said salt springs, not exceeding in the whole the quantity con
tained in thirty-six entire sections, shall be granted to the said State, for the
use of the people of the said State, the same to be used under such terms,
conditions and regulations as the legislature of the said State shall direct :
Provided, The said legislature shall never sell nor lease the same for a longer
term than ten years at any one time.
Third. That five per cent, of the net proceeds of the lands lying within the
said Territory, and which shall be sold by congress, from and after the first
day of September, in the year one thousand eight hundred and nineteen,
after deducting all expenses incident to the same, shall be reserved for mak
ing public roads, canals, and improving the navigation of rivers, of- which
three-fifths shall be applied to those objects within tho said State under the
direction of the legislature thereof, and two-fifths to the making of a road or
roads leading to the said State, under the direction ot congress.
Fourth. That thirty-six sections, or one entire township, to be designated

OUTLINE HISTORY. 43
judges of the circuit court, collectively, were required to con
stitute the supreme court of appeals, and equity jurisdiction
was given them ; but provision was made for separate supreme
and chancery tribunals.
The convention concluded its labors August 2, and for
warded the constitution for the approval of congress. Pre
paratory to assuming the functions of sovereignty, an election
was held for the choice of a general assembly, a governor, a
representative in congress, &c. Gov. Bibb was chosen to the
chief magistracy over Marmaduke Williams of Tuskaloosa.
The first general assembly was convened at Huntsville,
October 25, 1819. There were forty-five representatives and
twenty-two senators. Gov. Bibb was inaugurated November
9, and the toga virilis of statehood was practically put on.
An adjournment was effected December 19, after a very
memorable session.

by the Secretary ofthe Treasury, under the direction ofthe President of the
United States, together with the one heretofore reserved for that purpose,
shall be reserved for the use of a seminary of learning, and vested in the
legislature of the said State to be appropriated solely to the use of such
seminary by the said legislature. And the Secretary of the Treasury, under
the direction as aforesaid, may reserve the seventy-two sections, or two
townships, hereby set apart for the support of a seminary of learning, in
small tracts : Provided, That no tract shall consist of less than two sections :
And provided always, That the said convention shall provide, by an ordi
nance irrevocable without the consent of the United States, that the people
inhabiting the said territory, do agree and declare that they forever disclaim
all right and title to the waste or unappropriated lands lying within the said
territory; and that the same shall be and remain at the sole and entire dis
position of the United States ; and, moreover, that each and every tract of
land sold by the United States, after tbe first day of September, in the year
one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, shall be and remain exempt from
any tax laid by the order, or under the authority, of the State, whether for
State, county, township, parish, or any other purpose whatever, for the term
of five years from and after the respective days of the sales thereof ; and that
the lands belonging to the citizens ofthe United States, residing without the
said State, shall never be taxed higher than the lands belonging to persons
residing therein ; and that no tax shall be imposed on lands, the property
ofthe United States ; and that all navigable waters within the said State shall
forever remain public highways, free to the citizens of said State, and of the
United States, without any tax, duty, impost or toll therefor, imposed by the
said State.
§ 7. And be it further enacted, That in lieu of a section of land, provided
to be reserved for the seat Jof government of the said Territory, by an act

44 OUTLINE HISTORY.
/ The joint resolution of congress admitting Alabama into the
jUnion was approved by President Monroe, December 14,
1819. Alabama was now a recognized power of earth.
Immigration had flowed into the country since the re-estab
lishment of peace, and was now greatly stimulated by the in
viting aspect presented by the new and growing State. A
hardy and superior class of people penetrated the wilderness.
Settlements and towns sprang into existence on every hand.
The development of the agricultural resources of the State
was rapid, and to that noblest branch of human industry
alone were the exertions of the earlier settlers directed, and
ytiiey happily found the soil surprisingly fertile, even where it
was lightest. There had been, however, comparatively no
improvements of a pubhc character. Highways were uncut,
torrents not bridged, and the court-houses and jails were of
the rudest description.* The commonest necessities of life
alone abounded.
The population of the State in the year 1820 was a total of
127,901 souls, exclusive of the Indians. Of this number
85,451 were whites, and 42,450 were negroes.
Notwithstanding the rare natural advantages afforded by
entitled " An act respecting the surveying and sale of the public lands in
the Alabama Territory," there be granted to the said State, for the seat of
government thereof, a tract of land containing sixteen hundred and twenty
acres, and consisting of sundry fractions and a quarter section, in sections
thirty-one and thirty-two in township sixteen, and range ten, and in sections
five and six, in township fifteen, and range ten, and in sections twenty-nine
and thirty, in the same township and range, lying on both sides of the Ala
bama and Cahaba rivers, a'nd including the mouth of the river Cahaba,iand
which heretofore has been reserved from public sale by order of the Presi
dent of the United States.
§ 8. And be it further enacted, That, until the next general census, the said
State shall be entitled to one representative in the house of represe ntative
of the United States .
§ 9. And be it farther enacted, That in case the said convention shall form
a constitution and State government for the people of the Territory of Ala
bama, the said convention, as soon thereafter as may be, shall cause a true
and attested copy of such constitution to be transmitted to congress for its
approbation. "The first session of the circuit court in the county of Marengo was held
in a vacated blacksmith shop. The judge sat in a chair by the furnace, the
lawyers around the anvil, and the jurors were arraigned during a trial on
fallen trees that had been rolled up to the side of the building.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 45
her broad and navigable rivers, there was an absence of com
mercial facilities which greatly retarded individual and aggre
gate prosperity. As early as February, 1818, however, by an
act of the territorial legislature " The St. Stephens Steamboat ^
Company " was organized.* This was foUowed, November
20, 1820, by the incorporation of "The Steamboat Company
of Alabama,"t while a third company was incorporated a year
later, under the title of "The Mobile Steamboat Company.":]:
Steamboats of very unique shape and appearance began to
supercede the flat-boats on the rivers ; but it was thfrty years
or thereabouts before the stately " floating palaces " were
lowered from the stocks.§ The capacity for speed with these
early steamers was so limited that two or three weeks were
required to make a voyage from Mobile to Montgomery or
Demopolis. Barges and flat-boats conthiued for some years .
after 1820 to convey much of the produce of the interior to the
coast. ||
Educational advantages were also exceedingly deficient,
though the attention of the people was drawn to them at an
early day. In 1811 an act of the Mississippi Territorial legis
lature incorporated the trustees of an academy in St. Stephens^
One year later Green Academy, in Huntsville, was chartered.
The act to establish a State University was passed December
18, 1820, but it was eleven years before that institution was
opened. Even primary schools were rare, in consequence of
the sparseness of the population.
"James Pickens, B. S. Smoot, Silas Dinsmore, David Files, Henry Bright,
and D. P. Bipley were the directors of this company.
tThe corporators of " The Steamboat Company of Alabama'' were F. B.
Stockton, F. W. Armstrong, James L. Seabury, Nicholas Pope, and Jonathan
Woodward. |The corporators of " The Mobile Steamboat Company " were John B .
Hogan, Stephen Chandler, Lewis Hudson, Henry Gunnison, Wm. Baser,
and Benj. Vincent.
§The first steamboats, having no whistle valves, were provided with heavily
charged guns, which were discharged on approaching alanding to notify the
inhabitants. ||Some idea of the difficulties of transportation in these early times may
be gleaned from the fact that the flat-boat on which Hon. Henry Goldthwaite ¦
ascended the Alabama river from Mobile to Montgomery, in 1819, was three
months on the voyage.

J

46 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Newspapers were not numerous at that early day. One
Parham established a press in Huntsville in 1812, the first in
Alabama. Thomas Easton issued one in St. Stephens in
1814, and became the first pubhc printer of Alabama Territory.
One Cotton printed a newspaper in Mobile in 1816, and
Thomas Davenport issued one in Tuskaloosa in 1818. Several
existed elsewhere in 1820, viz : one in Florence, two in Cahaba,
one in Montgomery, and one in Claiborne.
Houses of worship were also few in number, though the
eccentric but gifted Lorenzo Dow had preached on the Tom
bikbee as early as 1803.*
Manufactories and mining were unknown in this State in
1820. The financial condition of the State at that time was good,
for, while the revenues were meagre, no debts of large extent
had been contracted. In order, however, to facilitate and
promote trade, banks were chartered, viz: one in Huntsville
in 1816, one in St. Stephens in 1818, and one in Mobile in
1819. The constitution authorized the State to establish one
principal and as many branch banks as might be deemed
expedient, provided the State held two-fifths of the stock.
Accordingly, a State bank was established in 1820, and located
in Cahaba.
At this period the country east and south-east of the Coosa,
and east of the Tennessee was occupied and owned by the
Muscogees and Cherokees. The Choctas owned the district
west of the Tombikbee almost as far south as St. Stephens.
The whites occupied and tilled the fighter lands, for they
found the river and creek bottoms a forest of cane, and a
mass of tangled undergrowth, while the prairie lands were
pronounced worthless, as they were comparatively destitute
of water.
The principal towns were Huntsville, Claiborne, Mobile,
Cahaba, St. Stephens, Florence and Montgomery, and not
one of these had a resident population of two thousand souls.
"Pickett, Vol. II, page 194.

CHAPTEB VI.
FROM THE YEAR 1820 TO THE YEAR 1840.
Cahaba became the seat of government in 1820, and the
second general assembly of the State held its session there.
The death of Gov. Bibb in July 1820, created a vacancy in
the executive chair.
Thomas Bibb of Limestone, president of the senate of the
State, succeeded his brother in office. Possessed of more
than average ability, he was a man of energy and integrity. .
During this term, the State cast her first electoral vote,
three in nuniber, for James Monroe of Virginia for president,
and Daniel D. Tompkins of New York for vice president, of
the United States. The electors were chosen by the general
assembly ih*1820.*
Israel Pickens of Greene was the third governor. He was
elected in 1821 over Henry Chambers of Madison. No issues,
even of a local character, entered into the contest. It was
the era of good feeling in the State, as well as Federal,
poHtical circles. Gov. Pickens was a man well fitted by
experience and practical ability to shape the course of the
young commonwealth. This he did for four years, for he was
re-elected in 1823 over his former competitor.
During this administration there was much dissatisfaction
and distress consequent upon the extravagant prices paid for
the pubhc lands at the sales in Huntsville and St. Stephens
in 1818 and 1819. Prices ranged as high as $60 and $70 an
acre for unimproved lands, one-fourth of which was required
tp be in cash,t the remainder in three annual installments.
*The electors in 1820 were John Scott of Montgomery, Henry Minor of
Madison, and George Phillips of Dallas.
tAt the sale in Huntsville Gen. Andrew Jackson attended, and, when he
bid for a valuable tract between Tuscumbia and Florence, no one would bid
against him, and he obtained it at the minimum government price of $2 an
acre.

48 OUTLINE HISTORY.

/T

welve -'millions of dollars were due to the United States
from these purchasers, which could not be paid. The general
assembly forwartled a memorial, and the federal government
gave the relief sought, and saved many from bankruptcy.
There was but little excitement at the presidential election
of 1824 in the State, and her five electoral votes were cast for
Andrew Jackson of Tennessee for president, and John C.
Calhoun of South Carolina for rice president.
The illustrious General LaFayette, of France, visited Ala
bama in 1824. He came through the Muscogee country to
Montgomery, then to Cahaba, where he was received by Gov.
Pickens as the guest of the State ; whence he proceeded to
New Orleans, by way of Claiborne and Mobile. He was
everywhere received with cordial demonstrations of joy and
affection. John Murphy of Monroe was chosen without opposition to
succeed Gov. Pickens, and entered on the executive duties in
November 1825. There were as yet no very distinctive
divisions of parties in the State, though in some localities
partisan feeling was manifest.
The seat of government was removed to Tuskaloosa in the
year 1826 by a vote of the general assembly.
Gov. Murphy was re-elected without opposition. He pos
sessed a most exemplary character, and exhibited abifities of
a solid order.
The disposition of the lands donated to the State by con
gress for the purpose of estabhshing a university and to open
a canal around Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee, was the
question which attracted the most attention in the State during
the administration of Gov. Murphy.
The five electoral votes of the State were cast for Messrs.
Jackson and Calhoun again in 1828.
Gabriel Moore of Madison, the fifth governor, began his
term in 1829. He was elected without opposition, but as an
avowed friend of Gen. Jackson.
The close of the first decade of her existence found Alabama
comparatively advanced in material prosperity. Twelve new
counties had been formed and added to the twenty-four
existing in 1820. The population had been considerably

outline history. 49
more than doubled since that time. It was now 309,527,
exclusive of the savages ; and of this number 190,406 were
whites, 117,549 were negro slaves, and 1572 were free negroes.
The improved social system of the people was very percep
tible. Education, moral teachings, and general intelligence
had almost kept pace with the material advancement of the
young State. Several works of internal improvement were
projected, and others were contemplated. The solitudes of
Alabama were fast awaking from the sleep of unnumbered
ages. The treaty of Dancing Eabbit Creek, concluded Sept. 27,
1830, relieved the State of another of the great tribes of
savages wliich had so long occupied her soil. The Choctas,
who had measured strength with DeSoto at Maubila, and
with the Muscogees on the Tuskaloosa ; who had followed
the lilies of France at Ackia, and who had fought under
Wayne on the Maumee, and Claiborne on the Alabama, now
abandoned the homes of their ancestors, and followed that
emblem of thefr own sad destiny, the setting sun. All then-
lands in Alabama and Mississippi were ceded to the federal
government for an equivalent area in the West. The treaty
was signed by Gen. Eaton, Secretary of War, and Gen. Coffee
of Tennessee, on the part' of the United States ; and by
Greenwood Laflore, Mushulatubbee, medal mingos, and 168
captains and headmen of the tri.be> The portion of the ceded
district that lay within the limits of Alabama is now embraced
in the counties of Suniter, Chocta, and Pickens.
Gov. Moore, a man of ready discernment and long expe
rience, filled the executive chair about fifteen months, then
resigned the position March 3, 1831, to accept that of federal
senator, to wliich he had been chosen.
Two very interesting public improvements were begun
during this term, to-wit : the construction of a canal at the
Muscle Shoals of the Tennessee, and the construction of a
railway from Tuscumbia to Decatur. The object of these
labors was to utilize the magnificent river which flows through
the northern marches of the State.
Samuel B. Moore of Jackson, president of the senate,
4

50 OUTLINE HISTORY.

became governor for the remainder of the term-- He was at
faithful public servant,, of quite moderate ability.
The opening: of the State University at Tuskaloosa, April
18,, 1881, was' the most notable event of this brief administra
tion. John Gayle of Greene succeeded to the executive chair by
virtue1 of his' election over Nicholas' Davis, of limestone and
Samuel B. Moore of Jackson. He represented the anti-nulli
fication sentiment of the people, though neither of.- his oppo
nents held contrary opinions on that question. Gov- Gayle
was a sagacious man, of very decided views, and a dignified
official. He was re-elected without opposition.
Several notable events took place during this administra
tion. The supreme court was constituted with separate offi
cers, as at present, and the judges of the circuits were-
restricted to the subordinate jurisdiction they now hold. The
penitentiary system was rejected by a popular poll. The
seven electoral votes of the State were east for Andrew Jack
son for president,, and Martin Van Buren of New Tork for
vice president, of the United States.
The first cotton factory ever erected in the State— the Bell
Factory, in Madison— was incorporated by the general assem
bly of 1832.
The completion cf the first railroad constructed in the State
was also an important event in the annals of Gov. Gayle' s-
chief magistracy. It was from Tuscumbia to Decatur, by
way of Courtland, a distance of forty-four miles.
But by far the most interesting item in the memorabilia of
this period was the treaty of Cusseta,* hi 1832. " The Creek
" tribe of Indians cede to the United States all their land
" east of the Mississippi river," is the first article of the
treaty. The fierce and sanguinary Muscogee was finally to
give up the cradle of his tribe. The district east of the
Coosa, and southeast of the great bend of the Tallapoosa,
was at last to fall to the inheritance of the white man. The

* The preliminary negotiations were made at Cusseta, in the present
county of Chambers, but the treaty was formally signed at Washington,
March 24, 1832, in the presence of William B. King, Samuel W. Mardis,
C. C. Clay, John H. Brodnax, John Tipton, William Wilkins, Samuel Bell,
J. Speight, John Crowell, and others.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 51
treaty was signed by Lewis Cass, secretary of war, on the
part of the federal government ; and by Opothleyoholo, Tuck-
abatchee-hadjo, Tomack-micco, Tuckabatchee-micco, Eflie-
matla, William McGillivray, and Benjamin Marshall, on the
part of the tribe. The sum of $210,000 was to be paid the
Indians in annuities for this cession.
Out of this treaty at once grew a very grave controversy
between the federal and State governments. The stipulations
were that the Indians were not to leave the country except
voluntarily, but were to go or stay, as they chose ; and the
whites were to be kept out of the ceded country (and even
those in it were to be removed after their crops were gath
ered,) " until the country is surveyed." This was a blunder,
for the whites not only refused to remove, but at once began
to flock into the newly-acquired territory. The general
assembly promptly divided the country mto the counties of
Coosa, Benton, (now Calhoun,) Talladega, Tallapoosa, Bussell,
Bandolph, Chambers, Macon, and Barbour, and extended the
jurisdiction of the civil code of the State over it. The deputy
marshal of the United States at Fort Mitchell used force to
restrain the occupation of the land, and threatened to expel
settlers.* In this he was sustained by the authorities in
Washington, and by the stipulations of the treaty. Gov.
Gayle remonstrated warmly, disputing the alleged encroach
ment of the settlers, and claiming that the sovereignty of a
State implied the control of all the peoj:>le within her borders.
Mr. Cass replied from the war office in Washington that the
stipulations of the Cusseta treaty would be faithfully observed
by the federal government. A collision appeared to be una
voidable. Gov. Gayle laid the facts and correspondence
before the general assembly at its meeting in November 1833.
At that time, however, a federal commissioner arrived at
Tuskaloosa to effect an adjustment of the question. This
was Mr. Francis Scott Key of Maryland. The basis of the
agreement abated in a measure the pretensions of both sides.
Those settlers only who had occupied lands reserved for the
* A collision occurred between some federal soldiers and Hardeman Owen,
a commissioner of roads and revenue in Bussell county, about this matter,
and Owen was killed.

52 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Indians were to be removed; the others to remain undis
turbed. This compromise closed the controversy.
Clement C. Clay of Madison, the successor of Gov. Gayle,
was inaugurated November 21, 1835. He was chosen as a
friend of Gen. Jackson's administration, over Gen. Parsons of
Monroe, who was supported by the adherents of Judge H. L.
White. Gov. Clay possessed very fair abifities and a delicate
sense of honor.
The beginning of this administration was signalized by the
cession of all their lands in the State by the Cherokees, at
the treaty of New Echota, December 29, 1835. The last of
the four great tribes that had occupied her soil for many cen
turies, were now to seek a home in the land of the bison.
But, like mountaineers in all countries, they clung to their
rugged fastnesses and silvery streams tenaciously, and the
feud engendered between the faction that wished to stay, and
the one that ehose to go,* is not wholly extinguished to this
day. They sullenly agreed to remove within two years in
consideration of $5,000,000, and 7,000,000 acres of land in
the West. This treaty was signed by Gen. Wm. Carroll and
Mr. S. F. Schermerhorn on the part of the United States, and
by Major Eidge, Ehas Boudinot, Stand Watie, John Eidge,
Andrew Eoss, and nineteen other chiefs, on the part of the
tribe. The general assembly at once created the counties of
DeKalb and Cherokee, out of that part of the ceded district
which lay in Alabama.
In 1836 the seven electoral votes of the State were cast for
Martin Van Buren of New York and E. M. Johnson of Ken
tucky for president and vice president of the United States.
The same year is memorable for the troubles with the Mus
cogees. On the eve of being removed to the West, they began
to menace and depredate upon the frontier. Indeed, they
massacred some of the inhabitants of the hamlet of Eoanoke,
Georgia, and murdered several immigrants. Major Gen. Pat
terson of Madison, was ordered by the Governor to Tuskegee,
where volunteers and the militia began to gather. Major
Gen. Jesup, of the federal army, arrived at Tuskegee and
•One was led by John Boss, the other by Ridge and Boudinot. Several
assassinations were the consequence.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 53
assumed control. Gov. Clay proceeded to Montgomery and
held a conference with Opothleyoholo. The result was that
this chief tendered the services of a large body of friendly
Creeks to quell the disturbances, and they were accepted.
About the same time, Gen. Wellborn of Barbour, with two
hundred men, attacked a considerable party of the hostile
Indians on the Pea river, Pike county, where they had
camped, after committing sundry depredations near Midway,
and killed a number of them ; while Capt. Justice of Dale,
with a squadron, pursued and killed several of the same band,
and drove them into Florida. The Georgians also had several
bloody fights with them. The hostile party now submitted
or fled to the Seminoles ; and, later in the year, the tribe was
removed across the Mississippi.
The financial convulsion of 1837 was another notable event
during Gov. Clay's term. Banks and bank issues had accu
mulated to such an extent that every species of property rose
far above its intrinsic value. The appearances of prosperity
were so flattering as to beguile the tradesmen into an exten
sion of purchases and credits, and the planters into extrava
gant investments in land and slaves. These delusive antici
pations were not realized, and the people became deeply
involved. Business became stagnant, confidence in bank
issues was destroyed, and a " run " was made on the banks.
Every one of these suspended specie payments between the
12th and 27th of May. Many persons were reduced to
poverty by the depreciation of property. The governor con
voked the general assembly in extraordinary session to ame
liorate the general distress. Measures looking to that end
were adopted, and the disaster was checked.
Gov. Clay resigned, in July 1837, to accept a seat in the
federal senate, to which he had been chosen.
Hugh McVay of Lauderdale, president of the senate,
became governor and filled out the remaining four months of
the term. His natural capacity was limited, but his expe
rience was large.
Arthur P. Bagby, the tenth governor, was chosen as a
Democrat over Samuel W. Oliver of Conecuh, a Whig, and
was inaugurated November 21, 1837. He possessed com-

54 OUTLINE HISTORY.
manding talents, but more of the ornate than the useful kind.
He was re-elected at the expiration of his term, with merely a
nominal opposition.
Among the memorabilia of Ms time, the removal of the
Cherokees in 1838 may be mentioned. A force of 1500 vol
unteers, under Major Generals Patterson of Madison, and
Philpot of Morgan, of the State militia, was stationed on the
frontier to anticipate and repress the outbreak thre atened by
the party among them opposed to removal. Happily this
precaution was sufficient, and the last of the four great
aboriginal tribes of Alabama passed from her soil forever ;
" And we have built our homes on fields
Where their generations sleep."
Eoving bands of Indians from Florida committed some
lawless deeds in Dale county about this time ; but Col.
Pouncey, with a regiment of mounted citizens, speedily drove
them out.
The establishment of separate courts of equity and chan
cery was effected in 1839.*
The penitentiary system was adopted the same year, and
buildings ordered to be erected at Wetumpka, but they were
not ready for use until 1841.
The vexed question of the boundary line between this State
and the State of Georgia was adjusted in 1839 by a commis
sion composed of Messrs. Wm. B. Martin of Benton, Alex
ander Bowie of Talladega, and John M. Moore of Barbour.
Another decade of the chronology of the State had now
passed. During that period she had made remarkable strides
towards development and wealth. The population had been
almost doubled, and now presented a total of 590,756 souls.
Of these, 335,185 were whites ; 253,532 were negro slaves ;
and 2039 were free colored. Thirteen new counties had been
created, making the whole number forty-nine. The removal
of the Indians had freed the State from a very formidable
obstacle to her growth and tranquillity, and relieved every
'Under the original statute, the State was divided into two divisions and
six chancery districts. Each district was composed of several counties, and
the State was equally divided between two divisions. Two was the original
number of chancellors. Within a year or two the districts were increased
almost to the present number, and another chancellor was chosen.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 55
portion of her domain from the frontier status incidental to
the proximity of a foe whose normal condition was one of
turbulence and war. The decay of the militia system of the
State dates from their removal ; nor was the excitement
attendant upon the war with Mexico adequate to its resuscita
tion. Improvements of a general character had been warmly
discussed, and taken some hold on the popular mind ; but as
yet were in thefr infancy. Education had received substantial
encouragement at the hands of the people, and two or three
colleges had been opened. The pubhc revenues had been
carefully and faithfully managed, and for several years past
the State bank and its four branches had defrayed the entire
expenditures, while the people were wholly relieved from the
payment of taxes.* But the banking system which had been
fostered by the State, and which had engrossed a major share
of the attention of the general assembly since it was instituted
in 1823, was fast concentrating upon itself the distrust and
ill-will of the masses in consequence of the abuses and blun
ders which signalized its management.
*The act abolishing the collection of taxes from the people was pas=ed
January 9, 1836, and remained in force six or seven years. The taxes were
so light at that time that the people expressed no ardent desire to have them
abolished, nor did they murmur when they were again imposed.

CHAPTEE VII.
FROM THE YEAR 1840 TO THE YEAR 1860.
The seven electoral votes of the State in 1840 were again
cast for Messrs. Van Buren and Johnson for president and
vice-president of the Federal Union.
The " general ticket system," by which the whole number
of representatives in congress to which the State is entitled
are voted for throughout the State, was adopted by the gen
eral assembly of 1840, amid great excitement,* but was
repealed a year later.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Autauga succeeded to the execu
tive chair in the year 1841. He was chosen as a Democrat,
over James W. McClung of Madison, who received the Whig
vote. He brought to the discharge of his responsible duties
qualifications of a very superior order.
Among the memorable events of this administration, was
the act of the general assembly of 1842, wliich placed the
branch banks in Mobile, Montgomery, Huntsville and Decatur
in hquidation. This important measure was supplemented a
year later by the same disposition of the mother bank in
Tuskaloosa. Thus, the method by which the State had sup
plied its citizens with currency for twenty years was aban
doned almost without dissent. Owning the stock in the bank,
the State issued bonds to provide means for the redemption
of the currency issued. This was the corner-stone of the
*When the bill was under final consideration in the lower house of the
general assembly, December 30, 1840, at the call ofthe "previous question,"
the Whigs left the chamber, and the house was without a quorum. The
Democrats, who were the majority party, and the advocates of the bill, sent
out and secured the attendance of two sick members, and thus proceeded
with the business. The bill passed by a vote of fifty to twenty-three, some
of the Whigs having returned. The scene was one of wild confusion and
uproar when the result was announced.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 57
present debt of Alabama. To this was added the outstanding
obligations of the banks, which, by reason of the reckless
endorsement of the worthless paper of individuals, were largely
in excess of thefr assets. Messrs. F. S. Lyon of Marengo, C.
C. Clay, sr., of Madison, and William Cooper of Franklin,
were constituted a commission to adjust the affairs of the
banks ; and, at the end of the first year thereafter, the former
alone was assigned to the important trust. The State was on
the brink of financial ruin, for she was morally and legally
liable for the issues of the banks. Eepudiation of this large
indebtedness was openly bruited, but favored only by a small
number. The nine electoral votes of the State were cast in 1844 for
James K. Polk of Tennessee, and George M. Dallas of Penn
sylvania, for President and Vice President of the United
States. The questions of removing the capital of the State, and of
instituting biennial in lieu of annual sessions of the general
assembly, were submitted to the popular vote in 1845, and
adopted. After a warm contest over the future location of
the former, wherein Tuskaloosa, Wetumpka, and Montgomery
were the leading contestants, the general assembly selected the
latter town as the future capital ; and the archives and offices
were transferred to that point in 1846 and 1847.
Joshua L. Martin of Tuskaloosa succeeded to the execu
tive dignity in November 1845. He was elected over Nathaniel
Terry of Limestone. They were both Democrats, but the
bolder position assumed by Mr. Martin on the question of the
State's habilityfor the bank indebtedness gave the contest
somewhat the aspect of a local issue. The talents and expe
rience of Governor Martin were very considerable.
During this term the war with Mexico engrossed pubhc at
tention. Quite a number of Alabamians participated in the
struggle in the regiments of other States, but only one regi
ment as such was received into the federal service ; and that
did not have the honor to take part fully in either of the two
brilliant campaigns of the war.
The thirteenth governor was Eeuben Chapman of Madison.
He was elected as a Democrat over Nicholas Davis of Lime-

58 . outline history.
stone, a Whig. His experience and practical knowledge well
fitted him for the trust. Like his predecessor, he entered
earnestly into the work of relieving the State of her burthen
of debt, and had the satisfaction of witnessing the huge incu
bus largely diminished during his term.
In 1848 the nine electoral votes of the State were cast for
Lewis Cass of Michigan for president, and William O. Butler
of Kentucky for vice president, of the United States.
In 1849 an amendment to the constitution was adopted by
the popular votes whereby the choice of judges of the circuit
and county (then changed to probate) courts was transferred
from the general assembly to. the people.
The capitol in Montgomery was accidentally destroyed by
fire December 14, 1849, but the archives were saved.
The changes wrought in the condition of the State within
the preceding ten years were of the most gratifying character.
They related exclusively to the augmentation of her power,
wealth, enlightenment, and influence. Steadily and surely
Alabama had moved forward in the path of human civiliza
tion. The population now numbered 771,623 souls ; of whom
426,514 were whites, 334,844 were negro slaves, and 2265 were
free negroes. Three additional counties had been laid off,
malting the whole number fifty-one. The productions were
largely increased. Various works of internal improvement
were either begun, or were boldly advocated. Institutions of
learning were increasing, and tasteful church edifices and
dwellings were superceding the rough-hewn structures of the
early settlement. The ruder aspects of the country were be
ginning to disappear with the stalwart pioneers whose enter
prise had carved an empire out of the wilderness. Few States
have so rapidly gathered strength, and none promised a more
enduring prosperity.
Henry W. Collier, who was chosen to succeed to the
gubernatorial honors, was a learned jurist and a conscientious
man. He was elected over an opposition merely nominal,
and was so re-elected. • He held extreme views upon no
question, but coincided in his political opinions with the dom
inant party in the State.
During this administration, the drifting of federal politics

outline history. 59
toward sectional issues developed a dis-union party in the
South, respectable both in numbers and talents, and the polit
ical agitation was great within the State.
The nine electoral votes were cast in 1852 for Franklin
Pierce of New Hampshire for president, and William E. King
of Alabama for rice president, of the United States. '
This period was also marked by the number and importance
of the schemes of general improvement that were projected
or put into operation.*
John A. Winston of Sumter succeeded Gov. Collier in the
chief magistracy. He was elected as a Democrat over an
opposition merely nominal, and was re-elected over George
D. Shortridge of Shelby, the candidate of the American party.
He brought to the discharge of his official duties a sound
judgment, great firmness, and a rigid adherence to the interests
of the masses.
The awakening of the popular mind to a sense of the value
of internal improvements had given such an impetus in that
direction that the propriety of extending the pecuniary assist
ance of the State to such enterprises, by lending to them her
credit, was gravely discussed. A number of companies whose
capital was invested in this manner, sought the channels of
legislation for relief and aid. The general assemblies, con
trolled, in many instances, by constituencies clamorous for
the promotion of thefr local interests, freely subsidized these
projects. Entrenching himself behind the lofty principle that
such subsidies are alien to the true objects of government,
Gov. Winston repeatedly vetoed these measures ;f but in
most instances without ayail.
•Among these ma^r be mentioned the Mobile & Ohio Eailroad, the Mem
phis & Charleston Railroad, the Selma & Borne Railroad, the Alabama & Mis
sissippi Rivers Railroad (from Selma westward), the Montgomery & Pensacola
Eailroad, the Mobile & Girard Eailroad, the Alabama & Chattanooga Eailroad,
and the Columbus branch of the Montgomery & West Point Eailroad; some
of which were not entirely completed till years later.
f " Experience teaches us that any departure from the legitimate and sim
ple purposes of government brings, as inevitably as a departure from
physical and moral law, a speedy punishment, and admonishes those who
have fixed ideas of public policy of the danger of any abandonment of prin
ciple in legislation and matters of government. The experience of Alabama
is fruitful of the bitter Consequences of making expediency paramount to

60 outline history.
The nine electoral votes of the State were cast in 1856 for
James Buchanan of Pennsylvania for president, and John C.
Breckinridge of Kentucky for vice president, of the United
States. The State Insane Asylum was built at Tuskaloosa during
this administration, but not opened till 1861.
Andrew B. Moore was inaugurated as governor in December
1857. Elected as a Democrat, without opposition, he was
re-elected over William F. Samford of Macon, of the same
party. Gov. Moore was an experienced and exemplary chief
magistrate. The asylum for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind was put in
operation in 1860 at Talladega.
Forty years had now elapsed since Alabama donned the
habiliments of statehood. An unbroken career of prosperity
had been hers ; and this was more especially true of the pre
ceding ten years. A generous soil, and a human slave code,
had conspired to produce an exemption from the extremes of
poverty and wealth wholly unprecedented in human annals.
Plenty was the rule ; want was a stranger to the humblest.
Life was prolonged by the feeblest exertion. Every branch
of business yielded a maintenance if pursued with the most
ordinary energy. Indeed, in the richer agricultural regions
wealth was redundant, and already revealed this symptom in
the inertness and degeneracy of the rising generation. There
was no incentive to enterprise. The climate contributed its
dreaminess and salubrity to mellow the picture of a land
" flowing with milk and honey." Her citizens were hospitable,
her officials were faithful, her slaves contented and happy ;
and Alabama looked the future in the face with an over
weening consciousness of strength, and proudly self-reliant.
Had the veil of that future been lifted, the awful apparition
of war and rapine, like a gorgon-head, had changed her heart
to stone !
The population in 1860 was 964,201 ; of which number
526,271 were whites, 435,080 were negro slaves, and 2690
were free colored.

principle." — Excerpt from Gov. Winston's message vetoing the bill to make a
loan to the Memphis Sp Charleston Eailroad, January 9, 1856.

outline history. 61
At the session of the general assembly in 1859, resolutions
were adopted (February 24, I860,) requiring the governor, in
the event of the election of a Black Eepublican* to the pres
idency of the United States, at the election in the November
, following, to order elections to be held for delegates to a
constitutional convention of the State.
The nine electoral votes were cast, in 1860, for John C.
Breckenridge of Kentucky for president, and Joseph Lane
of Oregon for vice president, of the United States.

CHAPTEE VIII.
FROM THE YEAR 1860 TO THE YEAR 1872.
The contingency contemplated by the resolutions of Feb
ruary 24 having occurred, Gov. Moore had writs of election
issued in the several counties immediately after the meeting
of the electoral college. Pending the meeting of the conven
tion, and after the secession of South Carolina, Forts Morgan
and Gaines, at the entrance to Mobile Bay, and Mount Vernon
arsenal, on Mobile Eiver, were seized by the troops of the
State to prevent their reinforcement by the northern States.
Commissioners were also sent by the governor to the other
southern States to consult and advise with thefr authorities
" as to what was best to be done to protect thefr interest and
"honor in the impending crisis." Judge Hopkins of Mobile,
and Mr. F. M. Gilmer of Montgomery were the commissioners
to Virginia ; Hon. John A. Elmore the commissioner to South
Carolina ; Mr. J. W. Garrott of Perry, and Hon. E. H. Smith
of Mobile, to North Carolina; Hon. J. L. M. Curry of Talladega
to Maryland ; Hon. David Clopton of Macon to Delaware ;
Judge L. P. Walker of Madison to Tennessee ; Mr. S. F.
*This was the nomenclature given to the political party which favored the
abolition of negro slavery in the United States.

62 outline history.
Hale of Greene to Kentucky ; Mr. Wm. Cooper of Franklin
to Missouri ; Judge J. G. Shorter of Barbour to Georgia ;
Judge Pettus of Dallas to Mississippi ; Hon. E. C. Bullock of
Barbour to Florida ; Hon. John A. Winston of Sumter to
Louisiana ; Judge Calhoun of Dallas to Texas ; Hon. David
Hubbard of Lawrence to Arkansas. Commissioners were
also duly accredited and officially received by Alabama from
three States : South Carohna, represented by Hon. Andrew
P. Calhoun ; Mississippi, represented by ex-Governor J. W.
Mathews ; Georgia, represented by Gen. John W. A. Sanford.
The convention began its session in Montgomery, January
7, 18$1. Four days later an ordinance was passed, by a vote
of sixty-one to thirty-nine, " to dissolve the union between the
'" State of Alabama and other States under the compact styled
" The Constitution of the United States of America."* Del-
* An Ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of Alabama and other
States united under the compact styled " The Constitution of the United States
of America,"
Wheeeas, the election of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin to the
offices of president and vice president of the United States of America, by a
sectional party, avowedly hostile to the domestic institutions and to the peace
and security of the people of the State of Alabama, preceded by many and
dangerous infractions of the Ccnstitutiou of the United States by many of
the States and people of the northern section, is a political wrong of so in
sulting and menacing a character as to justify the people of the State of Ala
bama in the adoption of prompt and decided measures for their future peace
and security; therefore,
Be itdeclared and ordained by the people of the State of Alabama, in Conven
tion assembled, That the State of Alabama now withdraws, and is hereby
withdrawn, from the union known as "the United States of America,'' and
henceforth ceases to be one of said United States, and is, and of right ought
to be, a Sovereign and Independent Slate.
Sec. 2. Be itfurther declared and ordained by thepeopleof the Slate of Ala
bama, in Convention assembled, That all the powers over the territory of said
State, and of the people thereof, heretofore delegated to the Government of
the United States of America be, and they are hereby, withdrawn from said
Government, and are hereby resumed and vested in the people of Alabama.
And, as it is the desire and purpose of the people of Alabama to meet the
slavehoidiug States of the South who may approve such purpose, in order to
frame a provisional as well as permanent Government upon the principles
of the Constitution of the United States,
Be it resolved by the people of Alabama, in Convention assembled, That the
people of the States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas , Tennes
see, Kentucky and Missouri, be, and are hereby, invited to meet the people of

OUTLINE HISTORY.

63

egates were then chosen by the convention to represent the
State in a provisional congress of the seceded States, which
the same ordinance invited to meet in Montgomery.
the State of Alabama, by their delegates, in Convention assembled, on the 4th
day of February, A. D., 1851, at the city of Montgomery, in the State of
Alabama, for the purpose of consulting with each other as to the most
effectual mode of securing concerted and harmonious action in whatever
measures may be deemed most desirable for our common peace and security.
And be it further resolved, That the President of this Convention be, and
is hereby, instructed to transmit forthwith a copy of the foregoing Preamble,
Ordinance and Eesolutions to the Governors of the several States named in
said resolutions.
Done, by the people ofthe State of Alabama, in Convention assembled, at
Montgomery, on this the eleventh day of January, A. D., 1861.
William M. Beooks, President of the Convention,

A. J. Cuetis,
W. H. Davis,
John W. L. Daniel,
E. S. Daegan,
H. G. Humpheies,
O. R. Blue,
Fbanklin K. Beck,
Samuel J. Bolling,
A. P. Love,
B. H. Bakes, of Russell,
Thomas Hill Watts,
A. A. Coleman,
Thomas H. Heendon,
David P. Lewis,
Lyman Gibbons,
Wm. H. Barnes,
Geoege Rives, sr.,
Akghibald Rhea Babclay,
Daniel F. Byan,
Sam'l Hendebson of Macon,
John R Coffey,
Albeet Ceumplee,
Geoege Tayloe,
James S. Williamson,
Johs Tylei: Morgan,
Gappa T. Yelveeton,
Thomas Tipton Smith,
Nich. Davis,
W. E. Claeke of Marengo,
Geoege Foeeestee,
John W. Inzee,
M. G. Slaughtbe,
Joseph Silver,
Julius C. B. Mitchell,*
David B. Ceeech,
Bichaed J. Wood,
John Geeen, sr.,
William A. Hood,

Alpheus Bakee,
John Cochean,
Lewis M. Stone,
John Beagg,
Geo. A. Ketchum,
James L. Sheffield,
James Feeguson Dowdell,
John McPheeson,
J. A. Hendeeson,
Geo. D. Shoeieidge, .
W. L. Yancey,
J. D. Webb,
S. E. Catteklin,
James S. Claek,
James W. Ceawfoed,
Wm. S. Phillips,
James G. Gilchrist,
G. C. Wh atley,
John M. Ceook.
O. S. Jewett,
Eli W. Staeke,
Jehe. Clemens,
John B . Lennard,
J. M. McClannahan,
James G. Hawkins,
J. P. Timbeelake of Jackson.
James McKinne,
John P. Ralls, M. D.,
Ralph O. Howaed,
Heney M. Gay,
H. E. Owens,
N. D. Johnson,
James F. Bailey,
Wm. S. Eaenest,-
DeWitt Clinton Davis,
Jeffeeson Bufoed,*
R. Jemison, jr ,
Aethue Campbell Beaed.*

*Julius C. B. Mitchell and Jefferson Buford were not members of ihe convention
till towards the close of its session. The former succeeded Mr. Yancey of Mont
gomery, the latter succeeded Mr. Baker of Barbour, who had both resigned.

64 OUTLINE HISTORY.
This provisional congress, representing, at the time of its
meeting, seven States, assembled in Montgomery, February
4, 1861.
The members of the congress of the United States from
Alabama withdrew in a body the day after the adoption of
the ordinance of secession.*
The constitutional convention, after a brief recess and short
continuance of the session, adjourned sine die March 21, after
ratifying the constitution of the Confederate States of Amer
ica, establishing annual instead of biennial sessions of the
general assembly, and malting other changes in the funda
mental laws of minor consequence.
The general assembly met in extraordinary session in
March, to prepare more fully for the changed condition of
affairs ; and a second called session was held in October.
War was formally declared by the proclamation of Mr.
Lincoln, president of the Northern States, April 15. In
response to the call of their country, the brave sons of Ala
bama flocked to the military camps. Eegiment after regiment
took the field with an ardor and devotion such as patriotism
¦only can arouse. By the 7th of October, 1861, the State had
furnished "fully twenty-seven thousand of her men " t —
twenty-three regiments, two battalions, ten detached compa
nies of horse, and as many of foot ; and five other regiments
were forming. By the 10th of November, 1862, " over sixty
thousand " $ of her citizens had enhsted in the military ser
vice of the Confederacy. Pubhc opinion, which had been
nearly equally divided on the question of secession, was
almost unanimous on that of resistance to the war of invasion
with which the South was menaced.
*The ordinance of secession was carefully prepared on parchment , and the mem
bers signed their nameB to it during the session. Twenty-four members did not
sign it, to-wit : John S. Brashear and W. H. Edwards of Blount ; Henry C. San
ford, W. L. Whitlock, and John Potter, all of Cherokee ; Wm. 0. Winston and J.
H. Franklin of DeKalb ; B. W. Wilson and E. P. Jones of Fayette ; John A. Steele
and R. S. Watkins of Franklin ; S. C. Posey and H. C. Jones of Lauderdale ; J. P.
Cowan and T. J. McClellan of Limestone ; Lang C. Allen and WinBton Steadham
of Marion ; Jonathan Ford of Morgan ; A. Kimball, M. J. Bulger, and T. J. Bus-
sell, all of Tallapoosa ; Wm. R. Smith of Tuskaloosa ; Robert Guttery of Walker ;
and C. C. Sheets of Winston.

fMessage of Gov. Moore. JMessage of Gov. Shorter.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 65
In the northern part of the State the attachment for the
Union was very warm, and, in the short interval between the
adoption of the ordinance of secession and the proclamation
of April 15, the proposition to detach the northern counties
and erect them into a new State was openly discussed in the
Tennessee valley. The name of "Mckajack"* was decided
upon for the projected State ; but the rapidly coursing stream
of events quickly dispelled the idea, and probably saved Ala
bama from the fate of Virginia.
The eleven electoral votes were cast for Jefferson Davis of
Mississippi for president, and A. H. Stephens of Georgia for
vice president, of the Confederate States in 1861.
John Gill Shorter of Barbour, the seventeenth governor,
was elected over Thomas H. Watts of Montgomery, but there
was no political significance in the choice. The new execu
tive was an able, conscientious, and patriotic official. It was
his fate, as well as that of his successor, to fill the executive
chair during a period of great peril to the country.
The enemy proceeded to occupy the northern portion of
the State in April 1862, and, though harassed by a predatory
warfare, the Tennessee valley was in their possession and lay
at their mercy the greater part of the time during the war.
In August 1862 they were driven out by the movement of
Gen. Bragg's army into Kentucky, but returned about a year
later, when the Confederate army withdrew to the line of
Chattanooga. The wanton devastation and brutal atrocities
committed by several of the subaltern commanders of the
Northern forces while occupying this lovely region were such
as even the harshest definition of war cannot extenuate.
May 3, 1863, Col. A. D. Straight, with 1700 northern troops,
was captured in the eastern part of ' the county of Cherokee,
by the Confederate forces (among whom were many Alabam
ians) under Gen. N. B. Forrest. They had set out to capture
Eome, Georgia, and left Tuscumbia a few days before. For
rest pursued, and thefr track through Morgan, Blount, St.
Clair, DeKalb and Cherokee was stained with blood.
The popular 'discontent, growing out of the adverse results
*Nickajack was an Indian town on the Tennessee river, in the present
county of Marion, Tennessee.
5

66 OUTLINE HISTORY.
of the struggle, added to the great personal popularity of his
opponent, defeated the re-election of Gov. Shorter.
Thomas H. Waits of Montgomery, who succeeded to the
responsible position, December 1863, brought to the discharge
of his duties talents of a high order. He was inducted into
office at a time when the attrition of the federal myriads upon
the numerical inferiority of the South had begun to disclose
to the observant the inevitable and fearful result of the stu
pendous struggle.
In July 1864, with a force of about 1300 federal cavalry, Gen.
Eosseau crossed the mountains, and swept through the eastern
tier of counties, tapping the Montgomery and West Point
raihoad at Loachapoka, July 18, and destroying much prop
erty, before he passed into Georgia.
August 3, of the same year, 1500 federal infantry landed on
Dauphin Island, and moved on Fort Gaines. On the, 5th,
eighteen war steamers, carrying two hundred and two guns
and 2700 , men, and commanded by Admiral Farragut*
attempted to pass into Mobile Bay. The guns of Forts
Morgan and Gaines opened upon them, and a torpedo sunk
one of the iron-clads, with her entire crew of 120 men. The
others succeeded in thefr purpose. But they had no sooner
got into the bay than they encountered the Confederate fleet.
This consisted of a ram and three gun-boats, carrying twenty-
two guns and 470 men. One of the fiercest naval combats on
record now took place. It ended in the capture of the ram
and one gunboat, and the retreat of another, while the third
sought refuge under the walls of Fort Morgan. Closely in
vested by land and water, Fort Gaines capitulated on the 8th.
Throwing their land force, now augmented to 3500 men, on
the mainland, in the rear of Fort Morgan, regular besieging
approaches, assisted by a terrific bombardment by the fleet,
forced the garrison, under Gen. E. L. Page, to capitulate to
Admiral Farragut.
A month later, September 24, Gen. Forrest captured 1900
*David Glascoe Farragut, who commanded in these naval operations on
the coast of Alabama, was born in Knoxville, Tenn., in 1801. At the age of
eleven years he entered the federal navy as a midshipman, and continued
there till his death in 1870, when he had attained to the rank of admiral, and
was the senior officer in that arm of the service.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 67
federal infantry, at Athens, Limestone county, after a short
engagement. In March 1865, a federal army of 32,200 men, under Gen.
Canby,* marched from Fort Morgan to attack the Confederate
defences on the eastern shore of Mobile Bay. A second
column of 13,200, under Gen. Steele, advanced from Pensa
cola towards Montgomery ; hut, after severe skirmishing, and
after he had reached Pohard, Steele turned to the left and
reinforced the main column, then investing Spanish Fort and
Blakely. Spanish Fort was defended by about 2800 men,
besides the Batteries Huger and Tracy, which protected the
water approaches in its rear. The siege began March 27, and
ended the night of April 8, when the garrison evacuated
it and escaped to Mobile. Huger and Tracy were evacuated
with safety three days after. Blakely was defended by about
3700 men. The siege began April 2, and terminated on the
9th, when the works were stormed, and the garrison captured.
Mobile was at once evacuated by the Confederates, and
occupied by the federal troops April 12. The loss of the fed
erals in the operations on the eastern shore was 1500 killed
and wounded ;t that of the Confederates one-third less, but
thefr loss in prisoners was nearly 5000.
Simultaneously with this movement on the southern con
fines of the State, was one from the opposite point of the
compass. Gen. Wilson, with 13,500 picked troops, over 12,000
of whom were mounted, advanced from Chicasa, Franklin
county, March 22. Penetrating the country by way of Bus-
sellville and Jasper, the column reached Elyton on the 29th.
After some severe skirmishing with Forrest's command,
Wilson pushed it back, and stormed Selma, April 2. It was
defended by Gen. Forrest,^ with about 3000 men, a third of
*Edward Rich Sprigg Canby, whose military skill was d splayed in the
reduction of the Confederate defences in the southern part of Alabama, was
born in Kentucky about the year 1817, and was graduated at West Point in
the year 1839. He was twice promoted for gallantry in Mexico, and at the
outset of the war served in Arizona. Transferred to the camp of instruction
at Pittsburgh, Penn., he was afterwards assigned to the command ofthe mili
tary department of the southeast ; and it was while acting in that capacity
that he planned and executed the operations against Mobile. He is still in
the Federal army.
fMajor Gen. C. C. Andrews, U. S. Volunteers.
JNathaniel Bedford Forrest was born in Bedford county, Tennessee, in .

68 OUTLINE HISTORY.
whom were raw troops. After a short and sanguinary struggle,
the federals captured the city and over 2500 of the garrison.
Thefr loss was nearly 500 in killed and wounded. They
moved on Montgomery, and peaceably occupied it, April 12.
A brigade, under Gen. Croxton, was detached from Wilson's
column at Elyton. Moving southwestwardly, after some
severe skfrmishing, this command reached Tuskaloosa, April
3, and burned the University buildings. Attempting a diver
sion westward, Croxton was beaten in a skirmish at Pleasant
Hill. The surrender of the military department of which Alabama
was part, by Gen. Eichard Taylor to Gen. Canby, May 4,
1865, caused a cessation of active operations in the State.
The Washington government did not recognize the civil
administration of the State, and for a short interval there was
no authority save that of the sword.
Alabama emerged from the mighty conflict of the sections
with the imperishable renown which attends heroic courage
and endeavor. Her banners had floated proudly over every
battle-field from Pennsylvania to Missouri. Manassas,
Drainesville, Fort Donelson, Williamsburg, Shiloh, Seven
Pines, Island Ten, Gaines' Mill, Frazier's Farm, Malvern
Hill, Boonsboro, Sharpsburg, Perryville, Iuka, Corinth,
Hatchee, Murfreesboro, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,
Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Port Hudson, Jackson, Chicamauga,
Mission Eidge, Binggold Gap, Knoxville, Beane's Station,
Eesaca, New Hope, Kennesaw, the Wilderness, Spottsyl-
vania, Tishomingo, Harrisburg, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Drury's
Bluff, Cold Harbor, Fort Morgan, Deep Bottom, Winchester,
Cedar Creek, Columbia, Franklin, Nashville, Five Forks,
Selma, Spanish Fort, Blakeley, Appomattox, Kinston, and
Bentonville told the same story; that of the unsurpassed
valor of her sons. Of these, about one hundred and twenty-
1821. He became a planter and a slave-merchant, and made Memphis his
home. At the beginning of the war between the States, he raised a cavalry
regiment. " His military career was thick with incident, his path of victory
traversed many important fields, and his career occupied the whole space
and action of the war in the West." The defense of Selma, the capture of
Athens, and the victory over Streight, make the name of Forrest imperish
able in Alabama.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 69
two thousand* had enlisted in the armies of the Confederacy,
and at least one-fourth of them filled the soldier's grave.
Her fields were desolate ; her people impoverished ; her cap
ital occupied by the foe ; while the blackened chimneys of
her villas were monuments of the ruthless invasion of her soil.
Foiled by numbers in the cherished purpose of instituting a
government of her choice, and smitten sorely by the mailed
hand of War, she sorrowingly, but resolutely, acquiesced in
the decree of " Force, arbiter of the disputes of men."
June 21, 1865, the president of the United States pro
claimed that the "rebellion," in "its revolutionary progress,"
had deprived the State of Alabama of all civil government, and
he proceeded to appoint Lewis E. Parsons of Talladega
provisional governor. This officer was intrusted with
authority to assemble a convention of delegates, to be chosen
by such persons as would evince thefr " loyalty " to the gov
ernment of the United States by taking an oath of allegiance
to it ; and this convention was empowered to alter and amend
the constitution so as to present such a repubfican form of
government as would suffice to restore the State to her consti
tutional relations to the federal government. Gov. Parsons
took control of affairs in July, and proceeded to fill the various
civil offices with persons of his selection. The convention
met in Montgomery, September 12. Three ordinances of
primary importance were adopted, viz : one to abohsh slavery,
another to annul the ordinance of secession, a third to annul
all ordinances of the convention of 1861 in conflict with
the constitution of the United States. The effect of
these ordinances was to legahze facts accomphshed by the
results of the war. The slaves were made free "as a necessary
war measure" t by the federal troops wherever they penetrated
the country, during the last two years of the struggle. The
convention adjourned sine die September 30, having provided
for the election of a governor and general assembly in
November. Bobert M. Patton of Lauderdale, who was chosen to the
*Proclamation of Provisional Governor Parsons.
t Proclamation of President Lincoln, January 1, 1863.

70 OUTLINE HISTORY.
executive chair, over William E. Smith of Tuskaloosa, and
Michael J. Bulger of Tallapoosa, reheved the provisional
governor, December 20, 1865. The, choice was one of per
sonal and not of partisan merit. Gov. Patton was experienced
in the service of the State, and possessed practical knowledge.
The ordeal through which he was called to pass was exceed
ingly severe.
The general assembly and governor, thus elected, entered
earnestly upon their duties. The congress of the Northern
States, however, refused to admit to seats the representatives
and senators chosen to the federal congress by the people of
Alabama, and foreshadowed by their action the proscriptive
features of their subsequently-pursued poficy. March 2,
1867, a bill was passed over President Johnson's veto, by
which Alabama, among other southern States, after two years
of peace, was remanded to the condition of a conquered pro
vince. An officer, "not beneath _the. grade of _brigadier-gen-
"eral" of the regular army, was placed in charge of the
district of which Alabama was a part, with most ample
powers. He was authorized to supercede the civil and judi
cial tribunals by military courts of his own creation, by virtue
of which he might inflict any customary punishment on the
inhabitants save that of death. The State authorities were
forbidden to interfere with the conduct of this officer, who, by
a supplemental act — that of July 13 — was expressly empow
ered to displace any official of the State, and appoint a suc
cessor. The act further provided for a time when this military
status should cease. It was to be when a convention of the
people of the State should frame a constitution recognizing
negro suffrage, and otherwise acceptable to the federal con
gress ; and when the proposed XJAVth Amendment* to the
constitution of the United States should be ratified by the
legislature. This constitution was to be framed by delegates
*The so-called XlVth Amendment confers the privileges of citizenship on
the blacks ; repudiates the war debt of the Southern States ; disfranchises
those who held~State or federal offices, and afterwards espoused the cause of
the Confederate States; and abridges the representation in conoress of the
States in proportion as their laws deprive their citizens of the voting privi
lege. The general assernbly had refused to ratify this proposed amend
ment, December 7, 1866.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 71
to be chosen by the votes of all male citizens of legal age,
save the numerous classes it was proposed to disfranchise by
the so-called XlVth Amendment, and was to. be ratified by an
affirmative vote of a majority of the voters registered under
the supervision of the military commander and his subalterns.
The convention was accordingly chosen, the blacks constitu
ting an overwhelming proportion of the voters. A constitution
was framed by it — the one now in operation — in the fall of
1867, in full harmony with the requirements of the congress.
An election was held for five days, in February 1868, to ratify
it, and the party in accord with the views of congress, voted
for State and county officers at the same time. But the other
party — composed of an overwhelming preponderance of the
white population — held aloof from the election, and defeated
the ratification of the instrument by that provision of the law
of congress which required a majority of the registered voters
to vote for or against it. Nevertheless, the congress decreed
the adoption of the constitution, rejected in the manner it had
prescribed, and declared that the officers voted for in Feb
ruary, by the party in accord with its views, should be
inducted into the places they sought. This act was carried
into effect in the summer of 1868, and Gov. Patton, nominally
in office up to that time, was displaced.
William H. Smith of Bandolph, thus selected to fill the
office of governor, entered on his duties July 13, 1868. He
convened the general assembly immediately, and a second'
called session was held invOctober. A majority of the mem
bers were men of doubtful character, and wholly devoid of
experience in public affairs. It was the most incapable and
incongruous assemblage ever clothed with such powers, out
side of bodies similarly constituted in other of the conquered
States. Beset by greedy railroad monopolists, they voted
subsidies from a State treasury they had never contributed to
maintain, and prodigally pledged a credit they had not aided
to establish. Exercising powers delegated for partisan aims,
thefr legislation was inspfred by a hke ignoble purpose. As
they were not elected by the people of the State, they failed
to feel that accountability which attaches to the functions of a
representative.

72 outline history.
Alabama passed into the sixth decade of her existence with
the cloud of this misrule obscuring her future. The events of
a century seem to have crowded into the ten years just past.
The wonchous changes that had been wrought were scarcely
conceivable ; and yet, to a great extent, were realized by the
masses of the people. Inured by this time to the strokes of
adversity, with the characteristic energy of the Anglo-Saxon
race, they proceeded to grapple the material interests wliich
remained to them. The blacks, too, now endowed with the
privileges of citizenship, and left to thefr own resources for
existence, found ample scope for the exercise of all the inge
nuity in thefr nature. Under the peculiar cfrcumstances of
thefr liberation from a guarded and systematized condition of
chattel slavery, and almost immediate advancement to the
first grade of social rights and responsibilities ; with all their
sensibilities and race prejudices adroitly manipulated by the
evil disposed in order to widen the abyss of caste between their
former owners and themselves ; their general conduct was
such as to excite the favorable comment and consideration of
the intelligent. With the ignorance of the present generation,
which was unhappily incidental to thefr enslavement, will
doubtless pass away, in a great measure, the credulity which
now often makes them the dupes or prey of the designing and
unscrupulous. And with their improvidence and thriftless-
ness, so manifestly the result of a comparatively mild and
patriarchal slave system, will of course disappear, to some
extent, the general poverty which limits the domain of their
usefulness. With naught in the past to mar the amity and
accord of the two races, in Alabama they were now side by
side in the path of progress, equal in privileges, if not in
advantages, and the problem of thefr destinies was to be solved
in the near future by the strides they should make towards
the goal of human aspiration and perfection.
The population of the State in 1870 was 996,992. Of these
521,384 were white, and 475,510 were colored ; and of the
former 9962 were foreign born.
At the election in 1870 the incumbent of the office of gov
ernor was defeated by Mr, Bobert B. Lindsay of Colbert.
But Gov. Smith refused to vacate the executive chambers

outline history. 73
and procured the issuance of a writ restraining the president
of the senate from counting the returns of the election, alleg
ing that they were fraudulently made. There had been no
election for senators, and that body was composed of the
persons whom congress had ordained to act in that capacity.
Their presiding officer was one B. N. Barr of Ohio, who pro
ceeded, in the presence of the two houses, to count the votes
for the officers of the State government, except those for
governor and treasurer. When he had finished, he directed
the senate to retire to its apartment, and himself replaced the
returns in the office of the secretary of state. But the house
of representatives, just elected, was composed of a large
majority of the representatives of the people, and viewedthe
conduct of Gov. Smith as a bold attempt at usurpation.
With two senators who returned, they constituted a majority
of the general assembly, and at once proceeded to qualify
the lieutenant-governor elect, Edward H. Moren of Bibb.
This officer immediately continued, in his official capacity,
to count the returns, obtained by his order from the depart
ment of State ; and he declared the election of Mr. Lindsay,
and the candidate on his ticket for treasurer. Whereupon,
Gov. Lindsay was inaugurated, and assumed the functions of
the chief magistracy. But the old incumbent refused to
vacate the capitol, and obtained a platoon of soldiery from the
federal garrison in Montgomery, which was placed in the
building for his protection. Two or three weeks were passed
in this manner, one house recognizing Gov. Lindsay, the other
Mr. Smith, as the executive. There was much excitement
throughout the State. A writ from the circuit court, however,
ousted the ex-governor on the 8th of December.
Bobert B. Lindsay of Colbert, the present executive, who
came into office despite this startling attempt to defeat the will of
the people, is a gentleman of unsulhed character and scholarly
attainments. The wretched condition into which the finances
of the State had fallen under the aggravated calamities and
afflictions of the few preceding years, left to Gov. Lindsay a
task encumbered by extraordinary difficulties. The lavish
endorsement given to several railroad companies during the
administration of Gov. Smith, have brought very grave finan-

74 outline history.
cial embarrassments and complications, which are yet to be
dealt with.

Thus has been traced, hastily, the outline history of Ala
bama. It begins with a wilderness, inhabited by savage
tribes, and ends with a State in the early morning of her pros
perity and power. And the sun of civilization does not stand
still. Alabama is truly
' ' The heir of all the ages ; in the foremost files of time.''
What has been accomplished is only an earnest of what is
to be done. The future of the State is bright with the halo
of promise. The wondrous natural treasure locked within her
bosom, her very superior geographical location, combined
with the energies and virtues of her people, will surely give
her a proud pre-eminence among her sister Staters. The Past
is secure ; it is only the Future that can give concern. And
if left to themselves, and entrusted with the privilege of solv
ing the problem of thefr own destiny, the happiest results may
even now be pre-pictured. Emulous of the achievements of a
noble ancestry, endowed with the rich legacy of modern
knowledge, and imbued with the spirit, of contemporary
progress, her people may well hope to compass the loftiest
aims of mortal aspiration.

A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE MATERIAL AS
PECTS OF ALABAMA.

CHAPTEE IX.
THE RIVERS, RAILWAYS, CLIMATE AND SOIL, MINERALS, PRODUC
TIONS, GOVERNMENT, DEBT, TAXATION, EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM, &C.
The State derives its name from the large river which
drains its centre. The word Alabama is the European form
of an Indian term, probably of generic apphcation, and
without a known meaning.* The name " Alibamon " was
given to the river by the French, because a Muscogee tribe
calling themselves by that name dwelt upon its banks, and
who may have been the " Allibahallees " met in that section
by DeSoto, or the " Alibamos " whom he encountered on the
Tazoo. Alabama hes between the latitudes 30° 10' and 35° north,
and the longitudes 7" 51' and 10° 38' west of Washington.
The general length of the State is two hundred and seventy
eight miles, or three hundred and thirty-six if measured to the
sea. The breadth varies from one hundred and fifty to two
*There is a pretty legend that a tribe of Indians, exiled by fate from their
native wilds, reached a noble river in their flight, and that a chief, when
they had crossed it, struck his weapon into the earth, and exclaimed
"Alabama I "—that is to say, ' ' Here we rest ! " Where this fanciful story
originated we cannot say, but only notice it because it has been engrafted on
the coat of arms of the State. Louisiana had previously adopted a legend
of the ancients about the pelican, and the precedent is improved upon by
sanctioning a fiction that relates to the wondrous people whose generations
for ages are interred in our soil.
"Soft is thy name, Alabama ; and sweet is thy flower-laden gale."

76

OUTLINE HISTORY.

hundred miles. The area is 50,722 square miles, or about
32,462,080 acres. The northern half is broken and mountain
ous, embracing as it does the southern terminus of the Alle
ghany chain. South of this the surface first subsides into
declivities, then expands into plains, diversified by ridges, as
it approaches the sea.
There is but httle sea coast — some fifty miles — but this is
broken by an arm of the Gulf of Mexico, called Mobile Bay,
thirty miles long, and from four to eighteen broad ; navigable
to ah but the largest vessels.
The rivers are numerous, and of very considerable length
and volume. The Mobile is the largest, and receives into its
channel nearly five-sixths of the natural drainage of the State.
It is formed by the confluence of the Alabama and Tombikbee
rivers, and is navigable its entire length, forty-four miles.
The Tensa* runs parallel with the Mobile river, from wliich it
is separated by low islands, and receives a share of its waters.
The Alabama is formed by the junction of the Coosa and the
Tallapoosa. It flows majestically and sinuously through the
heart of the State, and is over three hundred and fourteen miles
in length. It is navigable for steamboats of ordinary tonnage
during the greater portion of the year. The TaUapoosa is a
small river, not navigable, having its sources in west Georgia,
and draining the eastern part of Alabama. The Coosa is
formed in northwest Georgia by the confluence of the Ooste-
naula and Etowa, and is a broad but shallow stream, three
hundred and thfrty miles long. It is navigable for one
hundred and sixty miles, from Eome, Georgia, to Greensport.
The utility of the lower half is destroyed by shoals. The
Cahaba is a tributary of the Alabama, and has its sources in
the north centre of the State. It is not navigable by steamers.
The Tombikbee,t the west affluent of the Mobile, has its rise
*The Tensa receives its name from a small tribe of Indians who dwelt on
its east bank,
fThe Tombikbee derives its name from that of a creek which has its
mouth at Jones' Bluff, in Sumter county; so named by the Indians because
a coffin-maker lived on its banks. The words etomba (a box) and ilcibee
(maker) form the name. The French called the river Tombikbee two hun
dred years ago, but the Indians called it Hatehee till shortly before they left
the country. Pushmataha told Col. G. S. Gaines that the spot on that
oreek he had selected for the Chocta factorage was well chosen. - " The box-

OUTLINE HISTORY. 77
in northeast Mississippi, and is navigable for steamboats the
major portion of the year as far up as Aberdeen, Miss., a dis
tance of three hundred and eighty miles. It has several tribu
taries of large size, besides tlie Tuskaloosa, viz : the Noxubee,
Sipsee, Buttahatchee, and Sookan'atchee, but none of them
are yet made useful. The Tuskaloosa, or Black Warrior,
(formerly called the Chocta), drains the north centre of the
State, and is navigable the greater part of the year from its
mouth at Demopolis to Tuskaloosa. The Cherokee, or Ten
nessee,* is a broad and majestic river, formed in east Ten
nessee by a junction of the Holstein and Clinch. It waters
the northern portion of the State for a distance of two hundred
and fifty miles, but navigation is impeded by the shoals be
tween Decatur and Florence. From the former point to
Knoxville, and from Florence to its mouth the Tennessee is
navigable.t The Elk (or Chewallee), the Paint Eock, the
Flint, and Bear, are small rivers, tributary to the Tennessee,
the former having been used to a limited extent for trans
porting purposes by small steamers. The Chattahoochee^: is
the eastern boundary line of the State for more than one hun
dred miles. It is navigable to Girard, where rapids obstruct
the ascent. The Escambia, or Conecuh river, drains much of
the south centre of Alabama, and has the Patsaliga and
Sepulga for tributaries, but is not open to steam navigation.
The Choctahatchee is a small river, navigable as far up as
Geneva. The Pea, Perdido, and YeUow rivers, as well as the
others in southeast Alabama, are used for floating timber to
the coast. Scarcely any country lying so far inland has such
superior advantages in the important item of water facilities.
" maker has long been dead." said he, "but the creek he dwelt near bears
"his name, and everybody knows the way to Etomba-ikibee .'' It is to be
regretted that so noble a stream should bear a name acquired from a fact so
insignificant. It should have been called Chicasa, to honor the unconquer
able natives whose homes were on its sources.
* Tennessee is said to be the Indian word for "great bend."
fSome one has said that the Tennessee appears as if its purpose had been
to force its way to the Gulf, but after feebly lashing itself against the rocky
barriers of north Alabama, it ran away, like a frightened horse, and plunged
into the Ohio.
{Chattahoochee means redstone : from the Muscogee words charta, a stone;
uchee red. So called for the bright-colored stones which pave its bed.

78 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Little or no effort has been made to improve this splendid
feature of the State's topography, but the day is not distant
when the Tennessee, the Coosa, and perhaps other streams
now practically valueless, will become thronged avenues of
commerce. Besides these natural channels, about fifteen hundred and
sixty miles of railway have been constructed in the State,
besides seventy miles of side track, and the work 'is still going
forward. The Alabama and Chattanooga Eailroad has its
termini at Meridian, Miss., and Chattanooga, Tenn., and two
hundred and forty-four and one-fourth miles of it he in Ala
bama. The Mobile and Montgomery Eailroad, which con
nects the important points mentioned in its name, is about
one hundred and eighty miles in length. The portion of the
Memphis and Charleston Eailroad in the State extends from
Stevenson, Jackson county, to her western boundary, and is
one hundred and fifty-five and one-fifth miles in length ; and
the portion between Decatur and Tuscumbia was the first
railway laid in Alabama; — 1832-33.* The Selma, Eome and
Dalton connects the cities named, and one hundred and
seventy-two miles of its track he within the limits of the
State. The Western Eailroad extends from Selma, by way of
Montgomery, to the eastern boundary of the State at West
Point, and is one hundred and sixty and one-half miles long ;
and was the second railroad built hi Alabama — 1836-1851.t
The Mobile and Girard Eailroad is completed from Girard to
Troy, eighty-two and one-half miles. The Mobile and Ohio
connects Mobile with the northwestern States ; has seventy-
four and two-thirds miles of its track within the State ; and
was the third fine put into operation. £ The Nashville and
Chattanooga railroad passes through the northeastern corner
of Alabama for a distance of twenty-six and one-half miles,
*The name of Mr. Benjamin Sherrod of Lawrence is blended with the
inception and completion of this great public improvement, at a time when
popular faith in such enterprises was at a low ebb.
tTo the untiring energy of Mr. Abner McGehee of Montgomery, almost
alone, are the public indebted for the early construction of that part of this
road lying between Montgomery and West Point.
{Marshall D. J. Baldwin of Mobile, the humble projector and untiring
advocate of this great enterprise, has his name preserved in that of an obscure
station on its line in Tishomingo county, Mississippi.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 79
including the Jasper branch. Twenty-seven miles of the
Nashville and Decatur Eailroad he between the Tennessee
river and the northern boundary of the State. The North
and South Alabama Eailroad is projected from Montgomery
to Decatur, and more than one hundred miles of its track are
being used. The Savannah and Memphis railroad is meant
to connect Opelika with the northwestern portion of the State,
and about thirty miles of it are in operation. The East 'Ala
bama and Cincinnati Eailroad is a proposed line from Opelika
to Guntersville, and about thfrty miles of it are constructed.
The Selma and Gulf Eailroad is intended to connect Selma
and Pensacola, and thfrty miles of it are in use. The Selma,
Marion and Memphis Eailroad extends from Marion Junction
to the Tuskaloosa river, near Eutaw, about forty-five miles.
The Alabama Central Eailroad connects Selma and York,
Sumter county, and is eighty-one miles in length. The Selma
and New Orleans road is intended to connect those cities, and
about thfrty miles of the route are in operation. The Mont
gomery and Eufaula railroad has its termini in the cities for
which it is named, and is eighty-five miles in length. The
Vicksburg and Brunswick railroad is projected across the
south centre of the State, and is operating from ' Eufaula to
Clayton. The Mobile and New Orleans Eailroad connects
those cities, and about twenty-five miles of itstrack he within
the State. The Mobile and Grand Trunk Eailroad is surveyed
from Mobile to Elyton, and about thfrty miles of it are in op
eration. Eufaula is a terminus of .the Southwestern railroad
of Georgia, of which three quarters of a mile he west of the
Chattahoochee. The soil, climate and productions of Alabama are varied
and attractive. Perhaps no region of like dimensions on the
globe, can boast .of superiority to her in these important
respects. The geological formations embrace the accretions
of the remotest and most recent cycles of time. From the
metamorphic beds of the hills to the moist alluvium of the low
country, and in all the intermediate stratification between
granite and moidd, the surface of the State presents attrac
tions at once unstinted and unsurpassed. The agriculturist
and the miner may find within this favored region those nat-

80 OUTLINE HISTORY.
ural advantages which conspire to crown thefr labors with the
fullest fruition. The productions embrace a long list of the
most valued staples, cereals and esculents. The orange and
cane of the coast compare favorably with those of the tropics ;
the wheat and apple of less genial latitudes is found in the
mountain valleys and coves ih perfection ; the texture of the
cotton is inferior to none ; the fruit is as abundant and lusj
cious" as elsewhere on the earth ; while all the crops are
measurably exempt from the visitations which render those of
other countries unreliable and precarious. The climate is
without extremes, and varies perceptibly within short ranges.
The thermometer seldom exceeds 90° Fahrenheit, and falls to
the freezing point only in midwinter. The voluptuous breezes
of the Mexican Sea penetrate the southern half, and even
" Winter, sleeping in the sunshine, wears on his face a dream
" of Spring." On the other hand, the northern portion of
the State, from its mountainous configuration, is subject,
throughout the year, to a more bracing and salubrious tem
perature. The hygiene, except in certain localities of the
State, is equal to any ; while the general freedom from pul
monary diseases more than counterbalances the limited mala
rial mortality incidental to the development of all new coun
tries. The mineral resources of Alabama are prodigious, and of
incalculable value.* The beds of iron ore and fields of coal
are literally inexhaustible. And they are not only almost
untouched by the miner, but, to a great extent, unexplored by
the geologist and surveyor. Alluding to the natural convul
sions which have adapted the earth's surface to man's wants,
Prof. Tuomey says : " Had the underlying rocks remained
"in their original horizontal position, the whole country
"between the Coosa and Tombikbee would have been one
" monotonous sandstone plain. The coal would have been
" completely hidden, and no one could have even conjectured
* After a careful survey of the Cahaba valley, made in 1862, by the writer,
at his own expense, the following results were obtained: Amount of coal
above the Cahaba valley and tributaries, seventy billions of tons; amount of
red hematite (iron ore) in Bed Mountain, from the lower terminus to the
Georgia gap, five hundred billions of tons; brown hematite in Cahaba hills
and valleys, two hundred billions of tons. — E. G. Barney.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 81
" the existence of beds of iron ore below the surface. But
" the simple pushing up of the silurian rocks has revealed all
" these, while it has intersected the region with valleys of
" great fertility." To the quantity of coal, Mr. J. L. Tait, the
present commissioner of industrial resources of the State,
bears witness. He reports to the governor that the area of
coal lands in Alabama is, in round numbers, five thousand
five hundred square miles, or more than one tenth of the. area
of the State ; that his observation leads him to beheve that
there is an aggregate of nineteen millions of tons to every
square mile ; and that if the State were to attain to a mining
capacity equal to that of Pennsylvania, it would require two
thousand years to exhaust the supply, if this estimate be
supposed to tell the whole story. The coal is in measures
of unusual thickness,' and is very near the surface, rendering
the labor of the miner easy. Sir Charles Lyell, who visited
Alabama in 1846, demonstrated by analysis that the coal is of
very superior quality for the usual purposes of fuel and steam
creating. It is similar to that of Pittsburgh ; being remark
ably free from sulphur and iron pyrites, two qualities essen
tial for steam navigation, and also perfectly suitable for use in
iron furnaces, gas making, &c. The coal fields extend across
the north centre of the State, embracing within their broad
hmits the iron beds, and he almost side by side, and are of
almost equal extent with the rich alluvial belt.
The iron beds are mainly within the rugged region between
Tuskaloosa and DeKalb. In the mountains of that section —
" Rock-ribbed, and ancient as the sun" —
repose blocks and masses of ore of the aggregate quantity of
which no reasonable estimate may now be indulged. Mr.
John T. Magufre, a British pubHcist, who visited America in
1866, pointed to "the ridge of iron extending over one hun-
"ulred miles through the heart of the " State as one of the
elements of natural wealth out of which " the brave-hearted
" men of Alabama would fashion a glorious future of success
ful industry for thefr country." The varieties chiefly known
are the brown hematite, fibrous brown hematite, red or len
ticular ore, &c. The metahc iron in the ore will average
nearly as high as sixty per centum, and frequently more. " It
6

82 OUTLINE HISTORY.
" is now past refutation that steel can be made from Alabama
" ore as cheap as iron, and that manufacturers in this State
" can reduce the price of steel two hundred per cent, or more ;
" and that no State in the Union can compete with Alabama
"in manufacturing steel by the pneumatic process. Mr.
" Mellen, president of the Cahaba Company, forwarded to
" the Paris exposition a specimen of Alabama steel, manufac-
" tured by the pneumatic process, which is pronounced supe-
" rior to any yet obtained in America." * These sumptuous
endowments of nature in " Heaven-blessed Alabama " t con
stitute a vis inertice in her commercial wealth which will, when
the process of development is fuhy entered upon, insure her
prosperity in that far distant yet possible future when every
other resource shaU be exhausted.
Besides coal and iron, there are other valuable minerals and
substances. Of these, Marble, Marl, Greensand, Limestone
and Millstone Grit are abundant ; while Gold, Copper, Lith
ographic Stone, Plumbago, &c, exist. There are marble
quarries and hme furnaces in operation, but no effort has
been made to utilize the excellent fertilizers named.
A large proportion of the lands of the State are richly
adapted to Agriculture, and ordinary skill and experience suf
fice to make almost any portion yield a maintenance to the
laborer. The magnificent calcareous zone which stretches
across the center of the State, in irregular dimensions, from
east to west, possesses a fertility unsurpassed by that of any
district of equal size east of its longitude. The " bottom "
lands of the creeks and rivers in all portions of the State
yield bounteously. The variety of the productions is only
exceeded by the fecundity of the soil. Alabama has estab
lished a world-wide fame as an agricultural region, yet not
one-sixth of the area of her soil has at any time been in cul
tivation. Indeed, over 6,500,000 acres, or about one-fifth of
the lands of the State are yet owned by the federal govern
ment, and are subject to entry at a nominal figure. . The fed
eral census of 1870, only reliable in a general way, shows that
*"The Alabama Manual and Statistical Register ; " by Col. Hodgson of
Montgomery. t Hon. Henry Wilson of Massachusetts.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 83
there are 14,961,178 acres embraced in farms, of which 5,062,-
204 acres are in cultivation, and the residue, more than one-
half, are " wild lands." Cotton is the great staple product,
but sugar and indigo can be grown remuneratively. The fol- •
lowing, taken from the federal censuses, will exhibit the princi
pal farm crops: 187Q. 1860. 1850.
Indian Corn, bushels  16,977,948 33,226,282 28,754,048
Wheat, bushels  294,044 1,218,444 1,055,068
Eye, bushels ......:.... 18,977 72,457 17,261
Oats, bushels  770,866 682,179 2,965,696
Hay. toils  10,613 62,211 32,685
Eice, pounds  222,945 493,465 2,312,252
Tobacco, pounds  152,742 232,914 164,990
Wool, pounds  381,253 775,117 657,118
Peas and Beans, bushels.. 156,574 1,482,036 892,701
Potatoes, bushels.  2,033,872 5,931,563 5,721,205
Sugar, hogsheads  31 175 8,242
Molasses, gallons  433,281 140,768 83,428
Butter, pounds  3,213,753 6,028,478 4,008,811
Cheese, pounds  2,732 15,923 31,412
Wine, gallons  5,156 18,267 220
Honey, pounds  320,674 47,233 
The general decrease of wealth, as shown by the last
censuses, is the result of. the uncertain and transition state
resulting from the sudden abolition of negro slavery^ The
careless treatment of the soil, and a too rigid devotion to the
interests of the cotton crop, have injured, and to some extent
prematurely exhausted, the fertility of some lands. A more
skillful tillage, and a rotation of crops, will restore the ele
ments of productiveness.
Stock-raising is pursued in some sections, and the lately
estabhshed fact that the clovers ahd some valuable grasses
thrive in almost any part of the State, will stimulate the
interest. Cattle find excellent pasturage in the pine bar
rens of the southern counties, and stock farms are not
uncommon. The following exhibit of the hve stock of the
State is from the federal census :

84 OUTLINE HISTORY.
1870. 1860. 1850.
Horses  80,770 127,063 128,001
Mules  76,675 111,687 59,895
Hogs  719,757 1,748,321 1,904,540
Milch Cows  170,640 230,537 227,791
Work Oxen  59,176 88,316 66,961
Other Cattle  257,347 454,543 433,262
Sheep  241,934 370,156 371,880
 i — 
Value of ah  $26,690,095 $43,411,711 $21,690,102
The value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter in
the State hi 1860 was $10,237,131, a considerable excess over
the great pork-producing States of Indiana and Missouri, and
more than two-fifths of the same item in Ohio or Illinois ; but
this product had fallen to $4,670,146 in the year 1870.
Fruit and vegetables are abundant and of wide variety.
The peach, apple, pear, melon, fig, plum, strawberry, pome
granate, &c, grow to marvelous perfection ; the orange yields
to the care of the pomologist of the sea-coast ; and there are
many healthful and toothsome berries scattered in profusion
through the wildwoods. The products of the orchard and
garden in 1850 sold for $386,374 ; in 1870, $177,227 ; and
it is a well known fact that the fewest number of people have
bestowed attention on the culture and exportation of these
articles. Less than a century hence they will be an important
item of private revenue to thousands in the States by reason
of the increased demand of a thickly populated continent,
and the ease with which they can be supplied by the soil and
chmate. Indeed, the ^peaceful and frugal labors of the farm and
plantation in Alabama are measurably sure of an ample
return, and it is gratifying to believe, upon rational presump
tions, that her future in this important respect is not to be
excelled even by the brilliant past.
The features and character of the State government are
set forth in a written constitution, or code of fundamental
laws and principles. The one now (1872) in force was adopted
by a political convention, called by the federal officer in com
mand of the district of which the State was part, in 1867,

OUTLINE HISTORY. 85
and legislated into effect by an act of congress in June 1868.
Every male citizen of the State, of the age of twenty-one
years and upwards, of sound mind, and not under conviction
of crime, who has resided therein for six months, may have a
voice in pubhc affairs through the instrumentality of the bal-
, lot or elective franchise. The freedom of rehgious conscience,
of speech, and of person ; the right of trial *by jury when
charged with crime ; the right to bear arms ; the privileges of
the writ of habeas corpus ; exemption from unreasonable
seizure or search of his person, papers, or possessions, and
from imprisonment for debt, all, are among the more impor
tant guarantees of the constitution to the citizen.
There are three branche_s of the State government, to name :
the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. The legisla
tive or law-making branch consists of a senate of not more
than thirty-three, and a house of representatives of not more
than one hundred members ; and, when assembled in their
official capacity, these bodies are termed " the general assem
bly." Both houses are apportioned with a sole regard to
population, though no county can have more than one senator
or less than one representative. They are chosen by the
popular poll, the representatives for two, and the senators
for four years. The general assembly meets annually at the
capital to make laws ; and their highest power is that whereby
they may impeach arid remove from office any member of the
co-ordinate departments. The judicial branch consists of a
" supreme court of three justices, chosen by the people for
"terms of six years each." They are entrusted wifh authority
to supervise the decisions of inferior courts, and confirm or
remand them for neto trial; but the greatest stretch of its
power, and that which renders the supreme court a co-ordi
nate branch of the government, is that whereby it is permitted
to annul a statute of the general assembly if it falls within the
inhibition of the constitution. The executive authority is
confided to an officer , called " governor," who is chosen by
the people for a term of two years. He is charged with the
enforcement of the laws, and the general superintendence of
the interests and welfare of the State. The extreme limit of
his prerogatives is that whereby he may forbid any act passed

86 OUTLINE HISTORY.
by the general assembly, nor can it then become a law with
out the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of each
house. Besides these branches of the pubhc administration,
there are boards of commissioners in each county, to which
are entrusted its local interests. " Circuit courts," courts of
equity or chancery, courts of probate, &c, complete the sys*
tern of jurisprudence. There is a sheriff in each county,
and h eads of bureaux at the capital, to assist in the minis
tration and execution of the laws.
The debt and financial condition of the State is not so
favorable as it has been in the past. The direct habflities in
1871 were as follows :
Bonded debt, bearing an annual interest of $321,106  $5,442,300
Educational fund, held in trust, and bearing an annual interest
of $223,679  •  2,795,995
Floating debt, consisting of outstanding warrants, State certifi
cates, &c  523,672
Aggregate  8,761,967
The contingent liabilities of the State are confined to an
indorsement of the bonds of certain railroad companies, and
to an issue of bonds, by way of a loan, to two of them,
secured by mortgages on their corporate assets. September
1, 1871, the contingent liabilities were as foUows :
Indorsed bonds for railways, (including $580,000 issued but pro
nounced fraudulent)  •  $13,120,000
State bonds secured by mortgages on railroad property  2,300,000
Aggregate  15,420,000
This character of indebtedness is hable to a large increase,
as the State is pledged to an endorsement of the bonds of cer
tain railroads to the amount of $16,000 a mile, and several of
them are in an unfinished condition.
Taxation has never exceeded one and a half per centum to
the State and county, and is much less than that at this time.
The value of property is as f oUows :
Value of real estate in 1871, estimated on town property and
19,739,532 acres of land  $81,377,967
Value of personalty  56.049,750
Aggregate  $137,426,717
As property is assessed at a rate at least one-third less than
its actual value, the aggregate valuation of property in the

OUTLINE HISTORY. 87
State may very safely be put down at $200,000,000. The
receipts for taxes for the fiscal- year ending the 30th of Sep
tember, 1871, were as follows :
General Tax (including on insurance and polls).  $1,095,260
Income Tax  105.885
Eailroad Tax  .. 93,689
Other sources  13,848

Total Receipts   $l,'308,68a
The disbursements for the same period were, viz :
Current expenses of State government  $459, 366
Interest on bonded debt, and expenses of payment  334,920
Educational fund  681,988
Interest on University fund  28,299
Freedman's hospital at Talladega  .  69,200
Special appropriations  .-  15,933
Total disbursements  $1,589,606
The enormous expenditure exhibited in the disbursements
of the State at the present time arise from temporary causes,
which may be remedied in a great measure at an early day.
The educational system of the State is based upon liberal
appropriations by the State and federal government. It is
under the control of a general superintendent at the capital,
with a subaltern in each county ; and a board of education,
composed of two members from each congressional district,
. meets annually in the capitol to legislate in the interest of
pubhc instruction. The federal congress gave the State the
proceeds of the sale of the sixteenth section of each township
of the pubhc lands for the use of pubhc schools. In 1836
the surplus revenue in the federal treasury was divided among
the States, and Alabama gave the interest on the part that
fell to her to the educational fund. Congress also granted
certain lands to the State in lieu of the valueless sixteenth
sections. The fund arising from these donations is held in
trust by the State, and interest at eight per cent, per annum
is paid to the educational fund, the said interest aggregating
the sum of $199,679 in 1871. In addition, the State devotes
one-fifth of her entire revenues, and a poll tax of $1.50 on
every adult 'male citizen, to the cause of education. The
total expense of the educational system from October 1870 to
October 1871 was $681,988. This amount is apphed to the
instruction of children without discrimination as to color.

OUTLINE HISTORY.

In proportion to means, no country or State does more for
the cause of popular education. There are twenty-five insti
tutions of knowledge in the State which profess to give a col
legiate curriculum. Of these, twenty- three are for whites,
and two are for blacks ; and all but three are dependent upon
private endowment and patronage. The majority .of them
are not in a very flourishing condition, but a general improve
ment in this respect is at present thought to be perceptible.
The public institutions are the insane asylum in Tuskaloosa,
the deaf and dumb and blind asylum in Talladega, the university
in Tuskaloosa, the agricultural college in Lee, and the peni
tentiary in Elmore, A more particular account of them is
given in the chapter devoted to those counties.
A strong feehng of rehgious devotion has ever character
ized the conduct of the people of Alabama. It is widely dif
fused, and its influence felt throughout the limits of the State;
tending greatly to the elevation of morals, and the purifica
tion of society. The laws afford every guarantee for. the
protection of religious opinions, and extend privileges to
none. The five principal denominations among the whites
are the Baptists, Cathohcs, Episcopalians, Methodists and
Presbyterians, and the Zion (or Northern Methodist) Church
among the blacks. The Baptists number 579 ministers, 1095
churches, three or four coUeges, and 61,725 communicants;
besides several thousand anti-mission members and one or
two colored associations. The Cathohcs have a firm footing,
and control three or four colleges, but thefr membership is
not so large as in many other States. The Episcopalians
have thirty priests and deacons, twenty lay readers, forty-five
parishes and missions, several high schools, and about 3500
communicants. The Methodists have about 600 ministers,
about 650 churches, four or five colleges, and over 46,000
communicants. The Presbyterians have forty-five ministers,
106 churches, two or three coUeges, and 5897 communicants.
The Zion Church has on its rolls the mass of the colored
people of the State. The Christians and Universalists have
some strength.
Of the secret societies, for benevolent purposes, in the
State, the orders of Odd-Fellows and Free-Masons are the
most noteworthy. The former is very respectable in point

OUTLINE HISTORY.

89

of numbers, but is confined chiefly to the cities and towns.
The Masons are much more numerous, having organized a
grand lodge* in the State at Cahaba, June 11, 1821, which
"The following were the officers of the grand .lodge from its organization
to the present time :

IEAB. GKAND MASTEB.
1821 Thomas W. Farrar.
1822 Thomas W. Farrar.
1823 William B. Patton.
1824 Thomas W. Farrar.
1825 Nimrod E. Benson.
1826 Nimrod E. Benson.
1627 Nimrod E. Benson.
1828 Thomas B. Creagh.
1829 Thomas B. Creagh.
1830 Thomas B. Creagh.
1831 William J. Mason.
1833 WiUiam Leigh.
1834 William Leigh.
1836 John C. Hicks.
1837. John C. Hicks.
1838 John C. Hicks.
1839 Edward Herndon.
1840 Edward Herndon.
1841 Edward Herndon.
1842 N. W. Fletcher.
1843 James Penn.
1844 James Penn.
1845 Felix G.Norman.
1846 Felix G. Norman.
1847 Rufus Greene. .
1648 Rufus Greene.
1849 Rufus Greene.
1850 William Hendrix.
1851 David Clopton.
1852 David Clopton.
1853 David Clopton.
1854 S. A. M. Wood.
1855 S. A. M. Wood.
1856 J. MeCaleb Wiley.
1857 J. MeCaleb Wiley.
185.8 Bobert H. Ervin.
1859 Robert H. Ervin.
I860 Stephen F. Hale.

DEP. GEAND MASTER.
Horatio G. Perry.*
Horatio G. Perry.
Horatio G. Perry.
Horatio G.Perry.
John B. Hogan.
John B. Hogan.
Robert E. B. Baylor.
William J. Mason.
William J. Mason.
William J. Mason.
Ptolemy Harris.
John G. Aiken.
John Hildreth.
J. L. F. Cottrell.
J. L. F. Cottrell.
J. L. F. Cottrell.
Armistead D. Bowen.
John A. Whetstone.
N. W. Fletcher.
Felix G. Norman.
Felix G. Norman.
Sidney S. Perry.
William Hendrix.
William Hendrix.
J. MeCaleb Wiley.
J. MeCaleb Wiley.
William Hendrix.
David Clopton.
Price Williams.
Sidney Smith.
Sidney Smith.
J. MeCaleb Wiley.
J. MeCaleb Wiley.
Bobert H. Ervin,
Robert H. Ervin.
Stephen F. Hale.
Stephen F. Hale.
William H. Norris.

GEAND SENIOR WARDEN.
John Murphy.
Anderson Hutchinson.
Anderson Hutchinson.
Anderson Hutchinson.
Anderson Hutchinson.
Thomas Wooldridge.
William D. Stone.
Ptolemy Harris.
William Leigh.
William Leigh.
William W. Payne.
Isaac Lane.
James B. Tart.
DoricS. Ball.
John A. Whetstone.
John A. Whetstone.
Blake Little.
Blake Little.
Felix G. Norman.
Price Williams.
Gerard W. Creagh.
W. P. Dejarnette.
John R. Clarke.
JohnR. Clarke.
John R. Clarke.
William C. Penick.
William C. Penick.
William C. Penick.
Samuel H. Dixon.
Samuel H. Dixon.
Samuel H. Dixon.
Humphrey S. Shelton.
Humphrey S. Shelton,
Humphrey S. Shelton'.
Stephen F. Hale.
H. S. Shelton.
Lewis B. Thornton.
Lewis B. Thornton.

*There were till 1827 three deputy grand masters : In 1821, Frederick Weedon
and John ElUott ; in 1822, David Moore and William B. Patton ; in 1823, David
Moore and Thomas Owen ; in 1824, Thomas Wooldridge and Gordon Robinson- in
1825, Thomas Wooldridge and James Dellett ; in 1826, Anderson Hutchinson and
E. S. Greening.

90

OUTLINE HISTORY.

became extinct in consequence of the anti-Masonic excitement

EAE. GEAND MASTEll.
1861 William H. Norris.
1862 William H. Norris.
1863 John A. Lodor.
1864 William C. Penick.
1865 Wilson Williams.
1866 Wilson Williams.
1867 George D. Norris.
1868 George D. Norris.
1869 George D. Norris.
1870 William P, Chilton.
1871 William P. Chilton.
1872 Joseph H. Johnson.
GRAND JUN. WARDEN.
1821 Thomas Owen.
1822 Thomas Owen.
1823 John B. Norris.
1824 John B. Hogan.
1825 Eldridge S. Greening.
1826 William D. Stone.
1827 Thomas B. Creagh.
1828 William Leigh.
1829 Lawrence S. Banks.
1830 Ptolemy Harris.
1831 Doric S. Ball.
1833 Richard B. Walthall.
1834 Jacob Wizer.
1836 Robert B. Waller.
1837 Felix G.Norman.
1838 Felix G. Norman.
1839 Robert H. Dalton.
1840 Denton H. Valliant,
1841 Denton H. Valliant.
1842 Denton H. Valliant.
1843 William Hendrix.
1844 Stephen F. Hale.
1845 Stephen F. Hale.
1846 Sterling A. Wood.
1847 John M. Strong.
1848 Thomas M. Bragg.
1849 Thomas M. Bragg.
1850 Thomas M. Bragg.
1851 George W. Gaines.
1852 George W. Gaines.
1853 S. A.M. Wood.
1854 Joshua H. Danforth.

DEP. GRAND MASTER.
James L. Price.
James L. Price.
William C. Penick.
Wilson Williams.
David B. Smedley. •
David B. Smedley.
Sam Thompson.
Sam Thompson, j
Sam Thompson.
Joseph H. Johnson.
Joseph H. Johnson.
G. Frank Smith.

GEAND TREASURER.
Daniel McGord.
Daniel McCord.
Daniel McCord.
Daniel McCord.
Daniel McCord.
Daniel M. Riggs.
Daniel M. Riggs.
Daniel M. Riggs.
Daniel M. Riggs.
Benjamin B. Fontaine.
Benjamin B . Fontaine.
Benjamin B. Fontaine.
Benjamin B. Fontaine.
James Guild.
Horace Green.
Luther S. Skinner.
Luther S. Skinner.
Luther S. Skinner.
Luther S. Skinner.
William Garrett.
William Garrett.
Edward Herndon.
Edward Herndon.
Edward Herndon.
Nimrod E. Benson.
Nimrod E. Benson.
Nimrod E. Benson.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.

GRAND SENIOR WARDEN.
Lewis B. Thornton.
John A. Lodor .
David B. Smedley.
David B. Smedley.
Sam Thompson.
Sam Thompson.
Joseph H. Johnson.
Joseph H. Johnson.
Joseph H. Johnson.
G. Frank Smith.
G. Frank Smith.
Isaiah A. Wilson.
GRAND SECRETARY.
Thomas A Rogers.
George M. Rives.
William B. Allen.
Daniel M . Riggs.
Daniel M. Riggs. .
John G. Aiken.
John G. Aiken.
John G. Aiken.
John G. Aiken.
John H. Vincent
John H. Vincent.
JohnH. Vincent.
John H. Vincent.
Thomas H.^Vincent.
Doric S. Ball.
DoricS. Ball.
AmandP. Pfister.
Amand P. Pfister.
AmandP. Pfister.
Amand P. Pfister.
AmandP. Pfister.
Amand P. Pfister.
Amand P. Pfister .
Amand P. Pfister.
AmandP. Pfister.
AmandP. Pfister..
Amand P. Pfister.
Amand P. Pfister.
Amand P. Pfister .
Amand P. Pfister.
AmandP. Pfister.
Amand P. Phister.

OUTLINE HISTORY.

91

in 1835 ; but which now claims jurisdiction over the 271
lodges and 10,822 members in the State.

TEAR. GRAND JUN. WARDEN.
1855 Joshua H. Danforth.
1856 Joshua H. Danforth.
1857 James A. Whitaker.
1858 James A. Whitaker.
1859 Stephen D. Moorer.
1860 Richard J.Dudley.
1861 Richard J.Dudley.
1862 James M. Brundidge
1863 James M. Brundidge
1864 Sam Thompson.
1865 Richard J.Dudley.
1866 Richard J.Dudley.
1867 G. Frank Smith.
1868 G. Frank Smith.
1869 G. Frank Smith.
1870 Isaiah A. Wilson.
1871 Isaiah A. Wilson.
1872 Palmer J. Pillans.

GRAND TREASURER.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Thomas Welsh.
Hugh P. Watson.
Hugh P. Watson.
Hugh P. Watson.
Edmund M. Hastings.
Edmund M. Hastings.
Edmund M. Hastings.
Edmund M. Hastings.
Edmund M. Hastings.
William H. Dingley.
William H. Dingley.

GRAND SECRETARY.
Amand P. Pfister .
Amand P. Pfister.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.
Daniel Sayre.

CHAPTEB XI.
A hst of the more prominent officials, and the date of their
service, will enable the reader to fix dates with greater, accur
acy. GOVERNORS.
The governor holds his office for a term of two years, and is
ehgible to one consecutive term ; and this has been the law
since the State government was instituted. In case of the
death or resignation of the incumbent, the president of the
senate becomes his successor. The foUowing citizens have
held the office of governor since Alabama was organized as a
distinct jurisdiction :
GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY.*
William Wyatt Bibb of Georgia, March 1817 to Nov. 1819.
GOVERNORS OF THE STATE.
William Wyatt Bibb of Autauga, Nov. 1819 to July 1820.
Thomas Bibb of Limestone, July 1820 to Nov. 1821.
Israel Pickens of Greene, Nov. 1821 to Nov. 1825.
John Murphy of Monroe, Nov. 1825 to Nov. 1829.
Gabriel Moore of Madison, Nov. 1829 to March 1831.
Samuel B. Moore of Jackson, March 1831 to Nov. 1831.
John Gayle of Greene, Nov. 1831 to Nov. 1835.
Clement Comer Clay of Madison, Nov. 1835 to July 1837.
Hugh McVay of Lauderdale, July 1837 to Nov. 1837.
Arthur Pendleton Bagby of Monroe, Nov. 1837 to Nov. 1841.
•Governors oe Mississippi Territory. — The following were governors of
Mississippi Territory, of which Alabama formed part :
Winthrop Sargeant of New England, 1799 to 1801.
William Charles Cole Claiborne of Virginia, 1801 to 1805.
Robert Williams of North Carolina, 1805 to 1809.
David Holmes of Virginia, 1809 to 1817.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 93
Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Autauga, Nov. 1841 to Nov. 1845.
Joshua Lanier Martin of Tuskaloosa, Nov. 1845 to Nov. 1847.
Beuben Chapman of Madison, Nov. 1847 to Nov. 1849.
Henry Watkins Collier of Tuskaloosa, Nov. 1849 to Nov. 1853
John Anthony Winston pf Sumter, Nov. 1853 to Nov. 1857.
Andrew Barry Moore of Perry, Nov. 1857 to Nov. 1861.
John GUI Shorter of Barbour, Nov. 1861 to Nov. 1863.
Thomas HiU Watts of Montgomery, Nov. 1863 to April 1865.
Interregnum of two months, when Lewis E. Parsons of Tal
ladega became governor by appointment of the President of
the United States, and exercised, its powers from June 1865
to December 1865.
Bobert MUler Patton of Lauderdale, Dec. 1865 to July 1868.
[Gov. Patton held for seven months longer than his term
by permission of the mUitary commander of the district.]
WiUiam H. Smith of Bandolph was appointed governor by
an act of congress, and held from July 1868 to Nov. 1870.
Bobert Burns Lindsay of Colbert, Nov. 1870.
JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT.
This is the highest legal tribunal in the State. TiU 1832
the supreme court was composed of the judges of the circuit
court sitting coUectively. From that year tiU 1852 the su
preme court consisted of three justices ; was then increased to
five ; but the law was repealed two years later, and three is
the present number.
Clement Comer Clay of Madison ; chief justice, Dec. 16,
1819, to Dec. 18, 1823.
Abner Smith Lipscomb of Washington ; justice, Dec. 16,
1819, to Dec. 18, 1823 ; and chief, justice, Dec. 18, 1823, to
Jan. 1835.
Henry T. Wefjb of Greene ; justice, Dec. 16, 1819, to Sep
tember 1823.
Bichard Ellis of Franklin ; justice, Dec. 16, 1819, to Dec.
27, 1825.
Beuben Saffold of Dallas ; justice, Dec. 16, 1819, to Janu
ary 1835. Chief justice, Jan. 1835, to — , 1836.
Henry Minor of Madison ; justice, Sept. 1823, to Dec. 27,
1825. John Gayle of Monroe ; justice, Dec. 16, 1823, to 1828.

'94 OUTLINE HISTORY.
John White of Lawrence ; justice, Dec. 27, 1825, to Janu
ary 14, 1832.
John M. Taylor of Madison ; justice, Dec. 27, 1825, to — ,
1833. Sion L. Perry of Tuskaloosa ; justice, Jan. 9, 1828, to Jan
uary 14, 1832.
Eh Shortridge of Tuskaloosa; justice,  , 1828, to
 , 1828.
Henry Watkins Collier of Tuskaloosa ; justice,  , 1828
to Jan. 14, 1832.
Harry Innes Thornton of Madison; justice,  , 1833,
to Jan. 9, 1836.
Henry Hitchcock of MobUe ; justice, Jan. 1835, to  ,
1836; chief justice,  , 1836, to  , 1836.
Arthur Francis Hopkins of Madison ; justice, Jan. 9, 1836,
to  , 1836 ; chief justice,  , 1836, to June 7, 1837.
Henry Watkins Collier of Tuskaloosa; justice,  , 1836,
to June 7, 1837 ; chief justice, June 7, 1837, to July 1, 1849.
Henry Goldthwaite of Mobile; justice,  , 1836, to
June 5, 1843.
John J. Ormond of Tuskaloosa ; justice, June 14, 1837, to
Dec. 31, 1847.
Clement Comer Clay of Madison ; justice, June 13, 1843,
to December 1843.
Henry Goldthwaite of MobUe ; justice, Dec. 1843 to Oct. 19,
1847. Edmund Spann Dargan of MobUe ; Dec. 16, 1847, to July 1,
1849 ; chief justice, July 1, 1849, to Dec. 6, 1852.
Wnliam Parish ChUton of Macon ; justice, Dec. 31, 1847,
to Dec. 6, 1852 ; chief justice, Dec. 6, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1856.
SUas Parsons of Madison ; justice, July 1849, to June 7,
1851. Daniel Coleman of Limestone; justice, June 7, 1851, to
December 11, 1851.
David G. Ligon of Lawrence ; justice, Dec. 11, 1851, to
Jan. 1, 1855.
George Goldthwaite of Montgomery ; justice, Jan. 7, 1852,
to Jan. 2, 1856 ; chief justice, Jan. 2, 1856, to Jan. 15, 1856.
John Dennis Phelan of Perry ; justice, Jan. 7, 1852, to
Feb. 1, 1854.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 95
Lyman Gibbons of MobUe ; justice, Dec. 6, 1852, to Jan. 5,
1854. Samuel Farrow Bice of Montgomery ; justice, Jan." 1, 1855,
to Jan. 15, 1856 ; chief justice, Jan. 15, 1856, to Jan. 25, 1859.
Abram Joseph Walker of Talladega ; justice, Jan. 15, 1856,
to Jan. 25, 1859 ; chief justice, Jan. 25,. 1859, to July 13, 1868.
George W. Stone of Lowndes ; justice, Jan. 15, 1856, to
December, 1865.
Bichard WUde Walker of Lauderdale ; justice, Jan. 25, 1859,
to  , 1864.
John Dennis Phelan of Montgomery ; justice,  , 1864,
to  ,1865.
William McKendree Byrd, sr., of Dallas ; justice, Jan. 1,
1866, to July 13, 1868.
Thomas James Judge of Montgomery ; justice, Jan. 1, 1856,
• to July 13, 1868. "
In 1868, Justices Walker, Byrd and Judge were evicted
from office to give place to Elisha Wo'olsey Peck of Tuska
loosa, Thomas M. Peters of Lawrence and Benjamin F. Saf
fold of DaUas, who had been chosen by act of congress to the
supreme bench of the State, and who now fiU the responsible
position. JUDGES OF THE CIRCUIT COURT.
The separate supreme and circuit courts were established
February 14, 1832, and the seven judicial districts have been
gradually increased to eleven at present. The judges were
elected by the general assembly tUl 1850, when the power was
transferred to the populace. They hold office for six years.
Ptolemy T. Harris of Washington ; 1832^1.
Horatio Gates Perry of DaUas ; 1832-34.
Henry Watkins Collier of Tuskaloosa ; 1832-36.
Samuel Chapman of Sumter ; 1832-50. ,
Sion L. Perry of Tuskaloosa ; 1832-34.
Anderson Crenshaw of Butler ; 1832-39.
WiUiam I. Adair of Madison ; 1832-35.
John W. Paul of DaUas ; 1833-34, (new circuit).
John Starke Hunter of DaUas ; vice H. G. Perry, 1834-35.
Joshua Lanier Martin of Limestone ; vice Sion L. Perry,
1834-35.

96 OUTLINE HISTORY.
WUham Dixon Pickett of Montgomery ; vice John W. Paul,
1834-37. George W. Lane of Madison ; vice J. L. Martin, 1835-35.
Daniel Coleman of Limestone ; vice Geo. W. Lane, 1835^7.
George W. Lane of Madison ; vice Wm. I. Adair, 1835-47.
Ezekiel Pickens of DaUas ; vice John S. Hunter, 1835-48.
Peter Martin of Tuskaloosa ; vice H. W. Collier, 1836-43.
Eli Shortridge of TaUadega ; 1836-43. (New circuit).
Abraham Martin of Montgomery ; vice Wm. D. Pickett,
1837-43. John P. Booth of Barbour ; vice A. Crenshaw, 1839^=3. —
(Circuit abohshed).
Benjamin FaneuU Porter of Tuskaloosa ; 1839-40. (New
circuit). WUham Hale of MobUe ; vice B. F. Porter ; 1840^40.
Edni. S. Dargan of Montgomery ; vice Wm. Hale, 1840-42.
John Dennis Phelan of Tuskaloosa ; vice P. Harris, 1841-52.
John Bragg of MobUe ; vice E. S. Dargan, 1842-51.
Walker K. Baylor of Jefferson ; vice Peter Martin, 1843—15.
George W. Stone of TaUadega ; vice Eh Shortridge, 1843^9.
George Goldthwaite of Montgomery; vice Abraham Mar
tin, 1843-52.
Lincoln Clark of Tuskaloosa; vice W. KA Baylor; 1845-45.
George David Shortridge of Shelby ; vice Lincoln Clark,
1845-56. Thomas Avington Walker of Calhoun ; vice Geo. W. Lane,
1847-56. NathaU Cook of Lowndes ; vice Ezekiel Pickens, 1847-50.
Sidney Cherry Posey of Lauderdale ; vice Daniel Coleman,
1847-50. John Jefferson Woodward of TaUadega ; vice George W.
Stone, 1849-50.
WUliam BusseU Smith of Tuskaloosa; vice S. Chapman
1850-51. Leroy Pope Walker of Lauderdale; vice S. C Posey
1850-51. Bobert Dougherty of Macon ; vice J. J. Woodward, 1850-68.
Ezekiel Pickens of DaUas ; vice Nat. Cook, 1850-52.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 97
Turner Beavis of Sumter ; vice Wm. B. Smith, 1851-52.
John Edmund Moore of Lauderdale ; vice L. P. Walker,
1851-63. Lyman Gibbons of MobUe ; vice John Bragg, 1851-52.
Andrew B. Moore of Perry ; vice John D. Phelan, 1852-57.
Nathan Cook of Lowndes ; vice Ezekiel Pickens, 1852-65.
Backus W. Hiurtington of Sumter ; vice T. Beavis, 1852-53.
John GUI Sh»rter of Barbour ; vice George Goldthwaite,
1852-61. John A. Cuthbert of MobUe ; vice L. Gibbons, 1852-53.
Charles WiUiam Bapier of MobUe ; vice John A. Cuthbert,
1853-68. Turner Beavis of Sumter ; vice B. W. Huntington, 1853-54.
Edmund Winston Pettus of Pickens ; vice T. Beavis, 1854-58.
WiUiam S. Mudd of Jefferson ; vice G. D. Shortridge, 1855 —
Smith D. Hale of Madison; vice T. A. Walker, 1856-62.
Sydenham Moore of Greene ; vice A. B. Moore, 1857-57.
WUham McLin Brooks of Perry ; vice Syd. Moore, 1857-58.
Aug. A. Coleman of Sumter ; vice E. W. Pettus, 1858-65.
Porter King of Perry ; vice Wm. M. Brooks, 1858-65.
James Benson Martin of TaUadega ; 1860-61. (New circuit).
John K. Henry of Butler ; 1860-68. (New circuit.)
John Cochran of Barbour ; vice John G. Shorter, 1861-65.
John Thomas Heflin of Bandolph ; vice James B. Martin,
1862-65. WUham J. Haralson of DeKalb ; vice S. D. Hale, 1862—
David P. Lewis of Lawrence ; vice John E. Moore, 1863-63.
John D. Bather of Morgan ; vice D. P. Lewis, 1863-64.
. WiUiam BasU Wood of Lauderdale ; vice J. D. Bather,
1864-65. Sidney Cherry Posey of Lauderdale ; vice Wm. B. Wood,
1865-66. WiUiam H. Smith of Bandolph; vice J. T. Heflin, 1865-66.
Francis Bugbe,e of Montgomery ; vice Nat. Cook, 1865-66.
J. MeCaleb WUey of Pike ; vice John Cochran, 1865-66.
James Cobbs of Sumter ; vice A. A. Coleman, 1865-68.
Benjamin F. Saffold of DaUas; vice Porter King, 1865-66.
John Moore of Perry; vice B. F. Saffold, 1866-68.
John Henderson of TaUadega ; vice Wm. H. Smith, 1866-68.
7

98 OUTLINE HISTORY.
WUham BasU Wood of Lauderdale; vice S. C. Posey,
1866-68. George Goldthwaite of Montgomery; vice F. Bugbee,
1866-68. [The incumbents of the bench in the several circuits of the
State at the present time were voted for at the election held
in February 1868, and were instaUed in the positions they
hold by an act of congress. Their names are, MUton J. Saf
fold,* James Q^ Smith, WiUiam S. Mudd, James S. Clark,
Wm. J. Haralson, John EUiott, Luther B. Smith, J. MeCaleb
WUey, Littleberry Strange, Charles Pelham, Wm. L. Whit
lock, PhUemon 0. Harper, t]
CHANCELLORS.
The judges of the circuit court had jurisdiction in equity
cases till 1839, when separate courts of chancery were estab
lished. The original number of chanceUors was two, but it
was soon increased to three, and is now five.
Anderson Crenshaw of Butler. . 1839-1847.
SUas Parsons of Madison. 1839 — Declined.
Ehsha Wolsey Peck of Tuskaloosa; vice S. Parsons. 1839-
1839. Alexander Bowie of TaUadega ; vice E. W. Peck. 1839-
1845. Joshua Lanier Martin of Tuskaloosa. 1841-1845. (New
division.) James B. Clark of Greene ; vice J. L. Martin. 1845-1845.
Wylie W. Mason of Coosa; vice J. B. Clark. 1845-1851.
David Greenhill Ligon of Lawrence ; vice A. Bowie 1845-
1851. J. W. Lesesne of MobUe ; vice A. Crenshaw. 1847-1853.
Eggleston D. Townes of Madison ; vice D. G. Ligon 1851-
1853. James B. Clark of Greene ; vice W. W. Mason. 1851-1863.
Abram Joseph Walker of Calhoun ; vice E D Townes
1853-1856. Wade Keyes of Montgomery ; vice J. W. Lesesne. 1853-
1859.

•Appointed by Gov. Smith, vice B. L. Whelan, deceased.
fAppointed by Gov. Smith, vice B. F. Porter, deceased. '

OUTLINE HISTORY. 99
John Foster of Calhoun ; vice A. J. Walker. 1856-1865.
Milton Jefferson Saffold of DaUas; vice Wade Keyes.
1859-1861. N. W. Cocke of Macon ; vice M. J. Saffold. 1861-1868.
WUham McKendree Byrd of DaUas; vice J. B. Clark.
1863-1864. J. B. John of Perry; vice Wm. M. Byrd. 1864-1865.
W. H. FeUows of DaUas ; vice J. B. John. 1865-1865.
J. Q. Loomis of Coosa; vice W. H. FeUows. 1865-1868.
Samuel K. McSpadden ; vice John Foster. 1865-1868.
The chanceUors now in office were voted for at the election
held in February 1868, and instaUed by an act of congress ;
or were subsequently appointed by the governor chosen in
the same manner. Thefr names are WUham Skinner, Charles
Turner,* Adam C. Felder, Anthony W. DUlard, B. B. McCraw.'
ATTORNEY-GENERALS.
From 1819 to 1865 the attorney general was solicitor for
the judicial district in which the capital was situated. Since
then the two offices have been separate. TiU 1868 they were
chosen by the general assembly.
Henry Hitchcock of Washhigton. December 16, 1819, to
December 16, 1823.
Thomas White of  . December 16, 1823, to De
cember 16, 1825.
Constantine Perkins of Tuskaloosa. December 23, 1825,
to 1832.
Peter Martin of Franklin. From 1832 to December 1836.
Alexander B. Meek of Tuskaloosa. From 1836 to Decem
ber 1836.
John Dennis Phelan of Madison. December 1836 to De
cember 1838.
Lincoln Clark of Tuskaloosa. December 1838 to December
1839. Mathew W. Lindsay of Morgan. December 1839 to De
cember 1843.
Thomas D. Clarke of Talladega. December 184-3 to Decem
ber 1847. 
"Appointed ih room of W. B. Woods, resigned.

100 OUTLINE HISTORY.
WiUiam H. Martin of Tuskaloosa. August 25, 1847, to
December 1847.
Marion Augustus Baldwin of Montgomery. December
1847 to August 16, 1865.
John W. A. Sanford of Montgomery. From 1865 to July
13, 1868.
[Joshua Morse of Chocta was voted for, and declared
elected by an act of congress, in 1868.] 1868-1870.
John W. A. Sanford of Montgomery. November 1870—
REPORTERS OF THE SUPREME COURT.
The reporters are appointed by the justices of the court.
Henry Minor of Madison. From 1819 to 1823.
George Noble Stewart of Tuskaloosa. From 1823 to 1834.
Benj. F. Porter of Monroe. From 1834 to 1839.
[The justices acted as reporters from 1839 to 1847.]
John J. Ormond of Tuskaloosa. From 1847 to 1849.
N. W, Cocke of Macon. From 1849 to 1851.
John W. Shepherd of Montgomery. From 1851 to 1868.
John L. C. Danner of Montgomery. From 1868 to 1870.
Thomas G. Jones of Montgomery. From 1870 —
MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL CONGRESS.
Senators.
Class 2.— WUliam Bufus King of DaUas ; October 28, 1819,
to March 4, 1823. Elected by the Legislature.
WUham B. King ; March 4, 1823, to March 4, 1829. Elected
by the Legislature.
WUham B.King; March 4, 1829, to March 4, 1835. Elected
by the Legislature.
WiUiam B. King ; March 4, 1835, to March 4, 1841. Elected
by the Legislature.
WiUiam B. King ; March 4, 1841, to AprU 22, 1844. Elected
by the Legislature.
Dixon Hall Lewis of Lowndes ; April 22, 1844, to Dec. 10,
1844. Appointed by Gov. Fitzpatrick.
Dixon H. Lewis ; Dec. 10, 1844, to March 4, 1847. Elected
by the Legislature.
Dixon H. Lewis ; March 4, 1847, to Nov. 25, 1848. Elected
by the Legislature.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 101
Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Autauga ; Nov. 25, 1848, to Nov.
30, 1849. Appointed by Gov. Chapman.
Jeremiah Clemens of Madison ; Nov. 30, 1849, to March 4,
1853. Elected by the Legislature.
Clement Claiborne Clay of Madison ; March 4, 1853, to
March 4, 1859. Elected by the Legislature.
Clement Claiborne Clay ; March 4, 1859, to January 11,
1861. Elected by the Legislature.
[There was no one to claim this seat till December 1865.]
Lewis E. Parsons of TaUadega ; elected for six years from
March 4, 1865, but not admitted.
[WUlard Warner was elected by the ' so-caUed Legislature
of 1868-9 to this seat, and held it tiU March 4, 1871.]
George Goldthwaite of Montgomery; March 4, 1871 —
Class 3.— JohnWUhams Walker of Madison; Oct. 28, 1819,
to Dec. 12, 1822. Elected by the Legislature.
WiUiam KeUy of Madison ; Dec. 12, 1822, to March 4, 1825.
Elected by the Legislature.
Henry Chambers of Madison ; March 4, 1825, to Feb. 27,
1826. Elected by the Legislature.
Israel Pickens of Greene; Feb. 27, 1826, to Nov. 27, 1826.
Appointed by Gov. Murphy.
John McKinley of Lauderdale ; Nov. 27, 1826, to March
4, 1831. Elected by the Legislature.
Gabriel Moore of Madison ; March 4, 1831, to March 4,
1837. Elected by the Legislature.
John McKinley of Lauderdale ; elected by the Legislature
for six years ; but declined.
Clement Comer Clay of Madison ; March 4, 1837, to Nov.
24, 1841. Elected by the Legislature.
Arthur P. Bagby of Monroe ; Nov. 4, 1841, to March 4,
1843. Elected by the Legislature.
Arthur P. Bagby ; March 4, 1843, to July 1, 1848. Elected
by the Legislature.
WiUiam B. King of DaUas; July 1, 1848, to March 4,1849.
Appointed by Gov. Chapman.
WUham B. King ; March 4, 1849, to January 14, 1853.
Elected by the Legislature.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Autauga; January 14, 1853, to
March 4, lb55.

102 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick; March 4, 1355, to January 11, 1861.
[There was no one to claim this seat tiU December 1865.]
George Smith Houston of Limestone; elected for six years
from March 4, 1861 ; but not admitted.
John Anthony Winston of Sumter; elected for six years
from March 4, 1867, but not admitted.
[George E. Spencer was elected by the so-caUed legislature
of 1868-9 to this seat for the term to expire March 4, 1873.]
Representatives.
Abercrombie, James, of BusseU ; 1851-55.
Alston, WUham J., of Marengo ; 1849-51.
Battle, CuUen A., of Macon;* 1865-67.
Baylor, Bobert E. B., of Tuskaloosa ; 1829-31.
Belser, James E., of Montgomery ; 1843-15.
Bowdon, Franklin W., of TaUadega; 1846-51.
Bragg, John, of MobUe; 1851-53.
Buck, A. E., of MobUe ; 1869-71.
Buckley, Charles W., of Montgomery ; 1869 —
Chapman, Beuben, of Madison; 1835-47.
Clay, Clement Comer, of Madison ; 1829-35.
Clopton, David, of Macon; 1859-61.
Cobb, WUliamson E. W., of Jackson; 1847-61.
Cottrell, J. Lafayette, of Lowndes ; 1846—17.
Crabb, George W., of Tuskaloosa ; 1838^11.
CroweU, John, of Washington ; 1819-21.
Curry, Jabez L. M., of TaUadega; 1857-61.
Dargan, Edmund S., of MobUe ; 1845-47.
Dellett, James, of Monroe ; 1839-45.
DowdeU, James F., of Chambers; 1853-59.
Dox, Peter M., of Madison, 1869—
Foster, Thomas J., of Lawrence ;* 1865-67.
Freeman, George O, of Lowndes ;* 1865-66.
Gayle, John, of MobUe; 1847-49.
Handley, WUliam A., of Bandolph ; 1871 —
Harris, Sampson W., of Coosa; 1847-57.
Hays, Charles, of Greene ; 1869 —
Heflin, Bobert S. of Bandolph; 1869-71.
HUhard, Henry W., of Montgomery ; 1845-51.
*Not admitted to a seat,

OUTLINE HISTORY..

103

Houston, George S., of Limestone ; -j i qki «i
Hubbard, David, of Lawrence ; \ -itMOK-i"
Inge, Samuel W., of Sumter; 1847-51,
KeUy, WUham, of Madison; 1821-22.
Langdon, Charles C, of MobUe;* 1865-67.
Lawler, Joab, of TaUadega ; 1835-38.
Lewis, Dixon H, of Lowndes ; 1829—44.
Lyon, Francis S., of Marengo ; 1835-39.
Mardis, Samuel W., of Shelby; 1831-35.
Martin, Joshua L., of Limestone ; 1835-39.
McConneU, Felix G, of TaUadega; 1843-46.
McKee, John, of Tuskaloosa; 1823-29.
McKinley, John, of Lauderdale ; 1833-35.
Moore, Gabriel, of Madison; 1822-29.
Moore, Sydenham, of Greene; 1857-61.
Murphy, John, of Monroe ; 1833-35.
Owen, George W., of MobUe; 1823-29.
Payne, WiUiam W., of Sumter; 1843^7.
Phillips, Philip, of MobUe ; 1853-55.
Pope, Burwett T., of St. Clair;* 1865-67.
Pugh, James L., of Barbour; 1859-61.
Sherrod, WUham C, of Lawrence ; 1869-71.
Shields, Benjamin G., of Marengo ; 1841-43.
Shorter, Eh Sims, of Barbour ; 1855-59.
Sloss, Joseph H., of Colbert; 1871—
Smith, WiUiam E., of Tuskaloosa; 1851-57.
StaUworth, James A., of Conecuh ; 1857-61.
Taylor, Joseph W., of Greene ; 1865-67.
Turner, Benjamin S., of DaUas ;t 1871 —
Walker, Percy, of MobUe; 1855-57.
White, Alexander, of TaUadega ; 1851-53.
WUey, J. MeCaleb, of Pike;* 1866-67.
Yancey, WiUiam L., of Coosa ; 1844-46.
MEMBERS OF THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS.
Senators.
WiUiam L- Yancey of Montgomery ; February 22, 1861, to
July 26, 1863. Elected by the Legislature.
?Not fvdmittpd to a: seat. tCqlqred.

104 OUTLINE HISTORY.
Clement Claiborne Clay of Madison ; Feb. 22, 1862, to Feb.
22, 1864. Elected by the Legislature.
Bobert Jemison of Tuskaloosa; July 26, 1863, to March
1865. Elected by the Legislature.
Bichard W. Walker, of Lauderdale ; February 22, 1864, to
March lb 65. Elected by the Legislature.
Representatives.
Chilton, WUham P., of Montgomery;* 1861-65.
Clopton, David, of Macon ; 1862-65.
Cobb, WUhamson E. W., of Jackson; 1864-64.
Cooper, Thomas B., of Cherokee; 1864-65.
Cruikshank, Marcus H, of TaUadega ; 1864-65.
Curry, Jabez L. M., of Talladega;* 1861-64.
Davis, Nicholas, of Madison;* 1861-62.
Dargan, Edmund S., of MobUe; 1862-64.
Dickerson, James S., of Clarke ; 1864-65.
Fearn, Thomas, of Madison;* 1861-1861.
Foster, Thomas J., of Lawrence ; 1862-65.
Hale, Stephen F., of Greene ;* 1861-62.
Jones, Henry Cox, of Lauderdale ;* 1661-62.
Lewis, David P., of Lawrence ;* 1861-61.
Lyon, Francis S., of Marengo ; 1862-65.
McEae, Colin J., of MobUe;* 1-61-62.
Pugh, James L., of Barbour ; 1862-65.
Eobinson, Cornelius, of Lowndes;* 1861-62.
Balls, John P., of Cherokee; 1862-64.
Shorter, John GUI, of Barbour; 1861-62.
Smith, Bobert H, of MobUe ;t 1861-62.
Smith, WUham E, of Tuskaloosa; 1862-65.
Walker, Eichard W., of Lauderdale ;t 1861-62.
•Member of the Provisional Congress.
tDelegate at large to the Provisional Congress.

SECBETABIES OF STATE.

The general assembly filled by election the office of secre
tary of state tiU 1868. The term is for two years. Henry
Hitchcock of Washington was the first territorial secretary.
Thomas A. Bodgers of Shelby ; 1819-22.
James Jay Pleasants of Madison ; 1822-24.
James Innes Thornton of Madison ; 1824-34.
Edmund A. Webster of Jackson ; 1834-36.
Thomas B. TunstaU of Madison ; 1836^0.
WUliam Garrett of Calhoun ; 1840-52.
Vincent M. Benham of Lauderdale ; 1852-56.
James H. Weaver of Coosa ; 1856-60.
[ In 1865, the acting governor, Lewis E. Parsons, appointed
WiUiam Garrett of Coosa secretary of state, who shortly re
signed, and Albert Elmore of Montgomery was appointed by
Mr. Parsons.]
D. L. Dalton of Lauderdale ; 1865-67.
Micah Taul of TaUadega ; 1867-68.
[ Charles A. MUler of the State of Maine was secretary of
state by act of congress, 1868-70.]
Jabez J. Parker of Monroe ; 1870.
State Treasurers.
This office was filled in the same manner as that of secre
tary of State, and the term was and is the same.
Jack FerreU Eoss of Washington ; 1819-22.
John C. Perry of DaUas; 1822-29.
Hardin Perkins of Tuskaloosa ; 1829-34.
WiUiam H awn of Tuskaloosa; 1834-40.
Samuel Gordon Frierson of Tuskaloosa ; 1840-46.
WUliam Graham of Montgomery ; 1846-60.
Duncan B. Graham of Montgomery ; 1860-65.
L. P. Saxon of Coosa ; 1865-68.
[ Arthur Bingham of Talladega became treasurer in 1868
by the act of congress ; 1868-70].
James F. Grant of Calhoun ; 1870.

OUTLINE HISTORY.
State Comptrollers (or Auditors).
The length of term and mode of election was the same as
that of the two preceding offices tiU 1868, when the term was
extended to four years. Samuel Pickens of Washington was
the territorial comptroUer.
Samuel Pickens of Washington ; 1819-29.
George W. Crabb of Tuskaloosa ; 1829-36.
Jefferson C. VanDyke of DaUas ; 1836-48.
Joel Biggs of Tuskaloosa ; 1848-55.
WiUiam J. Greene of Jackson ; 1855-65.
M. A. Chisholm of Montgomery ; 1865-68.
[By authority of an act of congress of 1868, E. M. Eey-
nolds became auditor] ; 1868.
Superintendents of Public Instruction.
This office was created in 1854, and the term of two years
was filled by election by the general assembly tiU 1868.
William F. Perry of Macon ; 1854-58.
Gabriel B. duVal of Montgomery ; 1858-64.
W. C. Allen of Montgomery ; 1864-65.
John B. Taylor of Montgomery; 1865-66.
John B. Eyan of Jackson ; 1866-68.
[By act of congress of 1868, N. B. Cloud became superin-
intendent, and filled the office tiU 1870].
Joseph Hodgson of Montgomery; 1870.

THE COUNTIES OF ALABAMA.

CHAPTEE X.
There are sixty-five counties, which are noticed herein in
the alphabetic order. One, Decatur, has been permanently
abohshed — an account of which is given in the chapter on
Jackson ;• — and one, Baldwin, has been entirely rooted out of
its original position.
The foUowing is a hst of the counties, with the date of their
organization, &c. : OKGA-
NAME3. SEAT OP JUSTICE. NIZED. FSOM WHAT TAKEN.
Antauga  Prattville  1818. .From Montgomery.
Baker  Clanton  1868. .From Autauga, Bibb, Perry and Shelby.
Baldwin  Blakeley  1809. .Washington (and Mobile).
Barbour  Clayton  1832. .Pike and the Creek cession.
Bibb  Ccnterville  1818. .Montgomery.
Blount  Blountsville  1818. .From the Cherokee cession.
Bullock  Union Springs  1866 . . Macon, Pike, Montgomery and Barbour.
Butler  Greenville  1819. .Conecuh and Monroe.
Calhoun  Jacksonville  1832. From the Creek and Cherokee cession.
Chambers  Lafaybtte . .*  1832. • From the Creek cession.
Cherokee  Center  1836. .From the Cherokee cession.
Chocta  Butler  1847.. Washington and Scmter.
Clarke  Grove Hill  1812. .Washington.
Clay  Ashland  1866. .TaUadega and Randolph.
Cleburne  Edwardsville  1866 Caihoun, Randolph and Talladega .
Colbert  Tuscumbia  1867 . . Franklin .
Coffee  Elba.  1841. .Dale and Covington.
Conecuh  Evergreen  1818. . Monroe.
Coosa  Rockford  1832.. From the Creek cession,
CoviDgton  Andalusia  1821. .Henry.
Crenshaw  Rutledge  1865 . . Butler, Pike,Lowndes,Montg'ry,Coffee .
Dale  Ozark  1824. .Covington and Henry. >
Dallas  Selma  1818. .Montgomery.
DeKalb  Lebanon  1836. .From the Cherokee cession .
Elmore  Wetumpka  1866. .Coosa, Autauga, Montg'ry, Tallapoosa.
Escambia  Pollard  1868. . Conecuh and Baldwin .
Etowa (or Bairie) Gadsden  '  1866. .Cherokee, Calhoun, Marshall, DeKalb.

106 THE COUNTIES OF ALABAMA.
ORGAN-
NAMES. SEAT OF JUSTICE. IZED. FROM WHAT TAKEN.
Fayette  Fayette C. H  1824 . . Marion, Pickens and Tuskaloosa .
Franklin  Frankfort  1818 . . From the Chicasa cession.
Geneva  '.Geneva  1868. .Dale, Coffee and Henry.
Greene  Eutaw  1819. .Marengo.
Hale  Greenesboro  1867 . . Greene, Perry, Marengo, Tuskaloosa .
Henry  Abbeville  1819, Conecuh.
Jackson  Scottsboro  1819 . From the Cherokee cession
Jefferson  Elyton  1829. Blount. «
Lauderdale  Florence  1818. .From the Chicasa cession.
Lawrence  Moulton  1818. .From Chicasa and Cherokee cession.
Les  Opelika  1866 . . Macon , Tallapoosa, Russell, Chambers .
Limestone  Athens  1818. .From the Chicasa cession.
Lowndes  Hayneville  1830. .Montgomery, Dallas and Butler.
Macon  Tuskegee  1832 . . From the Creek cession.
Madison  Huntsville  1808. .From Ihe Cherokee cession.
Marengo  Linden  .  1818.. From the Chocta cession.
Marion  Pikeville  1818 .. Tuskaloosa.
Marshall  Guntersville  1836. .Jackson and the Cherokee cession.
Monroe  Monroe ville  1815. : Washington and the Creek cession.
Montgomery  Montgomery  1816.. Monroe. *
Morgan  Somerville  1818. .From the Cherokee cession.
Perry  Marion  1819. .Marengo and Montgomery.
Pickens  Carrolton  1820.. Tuskaloosa.
Pike  Troy  1821. .Conecuh.
Randolph  Wedowee  1832 . . From the Creek cession-
Russell  Seale  1832. .From the Creek cession.
Sanford (or Jones)Vernon  1867. .Marion and Fayette.
Shelby  Columbiana  1818. .Montgomery.
St. Clair  Ashville  1818. . Shelby.
Sumter  Livingston  1832.. From the Chocta cession.
Talladega  Talladega  1832. .From the Creek cession.
TallapooBa  Dadeville  1832. .From the Creek cession.
Tuska.oosa  Tuskaloosa  1818. .From the Chicasa and Chocta cession.
Walker  Jasper  1824.. Tuskaloosa and Blount.
Washington  St. Stephens  1800. .From the Chocta cession.
Wilcox  Camden  1819. .Monroe'and Dallas.
Winston  Houston  1850. .Walker.

CHAPTEE XI.
THE COUNTY OF AUTAUGA.
Autauga was established by an act of the territorial legisla
ture, passed November 21, 1818, and hes in the centre of the
State. The territory was taken from Montgomery county.
Its name is derived from the large creek which flows through
its center, and is said to' signify "land of plenty" in the Indian
tongue. It is bounded on the north by Baker, east by Elmore, south
by Lowndes, and west by Dallas. It has an area of about
660 square mUes.
The wealth of the county is assessed at $1,867,040, as fol
lows : real estate $1,403,300 ; personal property $463,740.
The improved farm lands in 1870 amounted to 92,012 acres,
the unimproved to 146,686 acres; thefr cash value was
$1,122,059, and the estimated value of the farm productions
for 1869 was $995,114.
The hve stock were valued at $369,056, and consisted of
897 horses, 1,174 mules, 6,491 neat cattle, 1,677 sheep, and
7,185 hogs.
The productions were 191,158 bushels of Indian com, 909
bushels of wheat, 5,568 bushels of oats, 38,814 bushels of pota
toes, 1,060 pounds pf rice, 25,542 pounds of butter, 7,965 bales'
of cotton, 2,060 pounds of wool ; whUe the value of animals
slaughtered was $32,531.
The population of Autauga since it was formed has been as
foUows — the large decrease since 1860 being attributable to
the loss of territory set apart to Elmore and Baker :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870

*

Whites  2203 5867 6217 6274 7105 4329
Blacks  1650 6007 8125 8749 9634 7292
The commercial facilities are the Alabama river, whose sin
uous course waters its southern boundary, and is navigable
the greater portion of the year ; seven miles of the railway
from Selma to Eome, and thfrteen mUes of the railway from
"The census estimate is for a 400 lb. bale.

108 AUTAUGA COUNTY.
Montgomery to Decatur. A branch raUway is in process of
construction to connect PrattvUle with the latter road.
The lands of the county are generaUy light, with a clay sub
soil, and capable of the highest degree of fertilization ; but
there are bottom and creek lands of great natural fertility.
Prattvtlle, the seat of justice since 1868, is fourteen mUes
northwest of Montgomery. It was named for its founder,
Hon. Daniel Pratt, and is a growing town of 1346 inhabitants,
according to the census of 1870. It has two cotton factories,
a gin manufactory, a flouring. miU, &c.
Washington, the first seat of justice, was situated at the
mouth of Autauga creek, where stood the old Indian town of
Autauga ; and it went to decay when the courthouse was re
moved. Kingston, to which place the courthouse was taken, is now
a'small viUage.
AutaugavUle has about 500 inhabitants, and a cotton fac
tory. The pine forests of the county are valuable for lumber, and
a number of miUs are in operation.
Iron ore is abundant, and gold and plumbago have been
found. The water power is very superior.
The cotton factory in PrattvUle owned by Mr. Pratt has
5,000 spindles and 125 looms, and works up 125 bales of cot
ton per month into sheeting, shirting, and osnaburgs. The
Indian HUl factory, a mile distant, has 3,800 spindles and 70
looms, aud works up 50 bales of cotton per month into sheet
ing and shirting. The establishment at AutaugavUle has 2,088
spindles and 64 looms, and makes sheeting and shirting.
Autauga has but little eventful history. It was settled
earlier than any of the counties around it. The commission
ers appointed to select a site for the courthouse in 1819 were
Bobert Gaston, Zacheus PoweU, Zachariah Pope, Alsey Pol
lard and Alexander E. Hutchinson. In 1866 a valuable por
tion of it was set apart to Elmore, and in 1868 another large
portion was set apart to form Baker.
The only governor of Alabama Territory, and the first
governor of the State, lived and died in this county. Wil
liam Wyatt Bibb was born hi Amelia county, Virginia,
October 2, 1781. His father, Captain WiUiam Bibb, was a
colonial officer in '76, and subsequently served in the Vir
ginia legislature. His mother was a Miss Wyatt of New
Kent county. The famUy settled in Elbert county, Georgia,
where the father died in 1796, leaving a widow and eight
young chUdren, of whom WUham was the eldest. Educated
at WUliam and Mary CoUege, he located as a physician in
Petersburg, Georgia. At the age of 21 years he was chosen
to the legislature and served four years, when he was elected

AUTAUGA COUNTY. 109
to congress though barely ehgible in age. He served in the
representative branch from 1806 to 1813, when he was trans
ferred to the senate. At one time he lacked but few votes of
being elected speaker whUe serving in the lower house. In
November 1816 he was defeated for re-election to the federab
senate by Hon. George M. Troup, which so mortified Dr. Bibb
,jthat he at once resigned, though his term did not expire tUl
March foUowing. But he was caUed from retirement a few
months later by President Monroe, who appointed him gov
ernor of the newly-formed Territory of Alabama. Bepafring
at once (April 1817) to St. Stephens, he entered on his new
duties. It may be presumed that the people were pleased
with his administration, in the absence of any thing to the
contrary, and from the fact that, anticipating admission as a
State into the Union, they elected him the first governor in
1819. His competitor was Hon. Marmaduke Williams of
Tuskaloosa, and the vote stood, Bibb 8342, Williams 7140.
November 9, 1819, he was inaugurated governor in Huntsville.
But he survived the honor only a few months, his death occur
ring at his home near Coosada, in this county, July 1820, in
his 39th year. The name and fame of Gov. Bibb — thus cut
off in the flower of his manhood — are preserved in the name
of a county in Georgia and one in this State. He was of
medium size, spare figure, inteUectual cast of features, and
dignified but easy bearing. By his uniform courtesy and
kindness he won the respect of aU classes. Early in life he
married a daughter of Col. Holman Freeman of Wilkes coun
ty, Georgia, and left a son and daughter ; the latter the wife
of Hon. Alfred V. Scott of Montgomery. Five of his brothers
became citizens of the State, one of whom succeeded him as
governor, and another is Hon. B. S. Bibb of Montgomery.
John Archer Elmore was also an early settler of this
county. He was a native of Virginia, and a soldier in the
colonial struggle of 1776. After a residence of many ye9rs in
Laurens District, South Carolina, during which he was often
a member of the legislature, he became a citizen of Autauga
in 1819. He represented the county once in the house of
representatives, and died in 1834. His character for candor,
good sense and sociability are yet remembered in the county.
He left a large number of descendants. By his first wife, a
Miss Saxon, he had two sons : Hon. Franklin H, who remained
in South Carolina, and succeeded Mr. Calhoun in the federal
senate ; and Benjamin F., who became treasurer of South Car
olina. By his second wife, a sister of Hon. Abram Martin
of Montgomery, he had five sons, viz : John A., of Montgom
ery; William A., an eminent lawyer of New Orleans ; -Bush,
long a practicing attorney in Montgomery ; Henry, at one time

110 AUTAUGA COUNTY.
judge of the probate court of Macon county, now in Texas ;
and Albert, of Montgomery, secretary 'of state in 1865, and
coUector of customs at MobUe under President Johnson. A
daughter by this second marriage wedded Hon. Benj. Fitz
patrick ; another married Hon. Dixon H. Lewis of Lowndes.
The hfe and services of Benjamin Fitzpatrick Were blended
with the annals of Autauga, but an account of him wUl be
found under the head of Elmore, as he resided in the portion
of Autauga set apart to that county. So with Seth P. Storrs.
Bobert Broadnax, another early settler, came from Han
cock county, Georgia. He was quite popular, and of a prac
tical mind. He frequently served the county in the lower
house, and in 1834 defeated Hon. Wm. B. Pickett for a seat
in the senate. He removed soon after to the southern part
of the State, and represented Clarke, Monroe aud Baldwin
in the senate in 1863-4. The misfortunes of his State caused
him to remove to BrazU in 1867, and he was in destitute cir
cumstances there at last accounts.
William Baiford Pickett, came to this county as early as
1818. He was a native of North Carolina, and was honored
by his native county of Anson with several official trusts. He
became a merchant and planter in this countj^, and served it
in both branches of the general assembly. Thrice he was on
the presidential electoral ticket of his party. He died in 1850,
aged 73 years, leaving an enviable reputation for honor, ben
evolence, inteUigence and sociability. He had a daughter
who married Gen. Moseley Baker of Montgomery, who died
in Texas about the year 1855. Hon. Wm. D. Pickett and
Col. A. J. Pickett of Montgomery' were his sons.
Dixon Hall was a prominent citizen of Autauga for some
years, representing it m both houses of the general assembly.
He was a native of Georgia, and his famUy were among the
first settlers of tlie county. His father also represented the .
county in the legislature. He was a cousin of Hon. Dixon H.
Lewis, and was of commanding figure and fair abUities. He
removed to Texas about the year 1843, and died there some
twelve years later.
Crawford M. Jackson was a native, and for many years a
leading citizen and planter of the county. He was the son
of Hon. James Jackson, who came from WUkes county, Ga.,
to Autauga in 1818, and represented it in the convention that
framed the constitution of the State, and in the senate. Gen.
Jackson was an officer of the militia, and several times a mem
ber of the house of representatives, serving as speaker of the

AUTAUGA COUNTY.

Ill

body in 1857. He died February 27, 1860, aged about forty
years. He was a popular and cultivated gentleman.
Daniel Pratt is another distinguished citizen bf the county.
He was born in Temple,vNew Hampshire, July 20, 1799. His
father was a farmer, of limited means, and he faUed to obtain
an education that might be caUed such. At the age of 16
years he was apprenticed to the trade of a carpenter, and
served out the indenture of five years. His time being out,
he came to the South, and labored at his trade for fourteen
years in Georgia, mainly in Savannah, MUledgevUle, and Ma
con. In 1827 he married Miss Esther Ticknor of Jones coun
ty, Georgia. He came to this State in 1833, with the inten
tion of putting up a factory for making gins in Montgomery,
at which business he had labored in Georgia to some extent.
Disappointed, however, in getting lumber to put up buUdings
he came into this county, and constructed a number of gins
on Gen. Elmore's plantation. He then settled on Autauga
creek, leased the water power atMcNeU's mUl for $125 a year,
and engaged extensively in the business of making gins. In
1840 he removed two mUes further up the creek, and laid the
foundation of PrattvUle. He rebuilt here his cotton factory
and gin factory, and in 1860 the latter had reached the capa
city for making, and that year did make, .1500 gins. He ad
ded a flour mill, a wool factory, an iron foundry, a sash and
blind factory, a lumber miU, &c, &c. These labors did not
escape the eye of the pubhc, and in 1847 the State University
conferred on him the degree of Master of Mechanical and
Useful Arts as "a token of respect and honor felt by the trus-
"tees, in common with reflecting men in every station, for that
"high degree of intelligence, benevolence, uprightness, and
"success which youjiave exercised and displayed,' as the letter
of President Manly expressed it. Though ever attaching due
importance to pubhc measures, Mr. Pratt has had httle leisure
to take an active part in politics ; yet he was the candidate
of his party for the state senate from Montgomery and Autauga
in 1855, and was defeated. From 1861 to 1865 he represented
the county in the lower house of the legislature. In personal
appearance he is above ordinary heighth and size, straight and
weU buUt, with a roman nose and blue eyes. The State has
fostered the genius of many, but Mr. Pratt has nourished the
resources of the State. As a practical utilitarian, he has had
no rival in Alabama, and but few anywhere. "He has at-
"tained, in an eminent degree, that which is the end of aU let-
"ters and aU study : the art of making men around him wiser,
"better and happier. He has shown in a substantial manner
"that he values,, and knows how to promote, the industrial and
"economical virtues among men, rendering his own inteUigence

112

AUTAUGA COUNTY.

"and honesty a blessing to aU that come within the sphere of
"his influence."* It may be added that Mr. Pratt is almost as
weU known fqr his piety, integrity, and hospitahty, as for his
energy and enterprise.
The late Henly Brown came to Autauga in 1819. He was
judge of the county and probate courts from 1833 to 1862, a
period of twenty-nine years, and it is to the credit of the peo
ple of Autauga that when they found that they had in Judge
Brown a faithful official — capable and honest—they knew his
value, and how and where to keep him. He died in 1869 in
this county.
James Jackson represented the county in the constitutional
convention of 1819 ; George Bives, sr., in that of 1861 ; and
Benjamin Fitzpatrick in that of 1865, over which he presided.
The foUowing is a hst of the members of the general assem
bly from tlie county :

Senators.

1819-1822-1825- 1828-1831-
1834-1837-1840-
1843-

1819- 1820- 1821-
182-i-18231824-1825-1826- 1827-1828
1829-1830-1831-1832- 18331834-
1835-1836-1837-

-Howell Bose.
-Dunklin Sullivan .
-James Jackson.
-William E. Pickett.
-William B. Pickett.
-Bobert Broadnax.
-Samuel S. Simmons.
-Dixon Hall.
-William L. Yancey.

1844 — Sampson W. Harris.
1847— Seth P. Storrs.
1849— Seth P. Storrs.
1853— Thomas H. Watts.
1855 -Adam C. Felder.
1857— Adam C. Eelder.
1861— Samuel F. Bice.
1865— Adam C. Felder.
[No election in 1867 or since.]

Representatives.

-P. Fitzpatrick, C. A. Dennis.
-Phillips Fitzpatrick, J. Jackson.
-W. B. Pickett, Jno. A.Elmore.
-Phillips Fitzpatrick.
-William R. Pickett.
-William E. Pickett.
-Bobert Broadnax,John McNeil.
-Bobert Broadnax, Eli Terry.
-Robert Broadnax, Eli Terry.
-Bobert Broadnax,  Bogers.
-Bobert Broadnax, Wm. Hester.
-B. Broadnax, Dixon Hall, sr.
-Robert Broadnax, Dixon Hall.
-E. Broadnax, S. S. Simmons.
-Dixon Hall, jr. , S. S. Simmons.
-W. Burt, S.S.Simmons, J. B.
Eobinson.
-Dixon Hall, jr., S. S.Simmons,
Bejamin Davis.
-John P. Dejarnette, S. S. Sim
mons, Benjamin Davis,
-John P. Dejarnette, Wm.Burt,
T. W. Brevard.

1838— Dixon Hall, jr., J. W. Withers,
Thomas Hogg.
1839— Dixon Hall, John Withers.
1840 — Benj. Davis, Absolom Doster.
1841— John Steele, Wm. L. Morgan.
1 842— John%litchell, Wm, L. Morgan.
1 843 — J . Steele, Crawford M. Jackson.
1844 — John Steele, C. M. Jackson.
1845 — John Steele, C. M. Jackson.
1847— John Wood, C. M. Jackson.
1849— John Wood, Boiling Hall.
1851— C. C. Howard, Boiling Hall.
1853— Boiling Hall.
1855 — Crawford M. Jackson .
1857 — Crawford M. Jackson.
1859— A. C. Taylor.
1860— Daniel Pratt, (to fill vacancy.)
1861— Daniel Pratt.
1863— L. Howard.
1865— Charles S. G. Doster.
1867— [No election.]
1870— Charles S. G. Doster.

*Bev. Basil Manly, D. D., of Tuskaloosa.

CHAPTEE XIX
THE COUNTY OF BAKER.
Baker was created from portions of Autauga, Shelby,
Bibb, and Perry, by an act approved December 30, 1868. It
was named for Mr. Alfred Baker, a resident of the portion
taken from Autauga.
It hes in the centre of the State, and is west of Coosa,
north of Autauga, south of Shelby, and east of Bibb and Perry.
It has an area of about 700 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate is $312,023 ; of personalty
$76,121; total $388,124.
The improved farm lands in 1870 embraced 31,852 acres,
the unimproved 117,136 acres ; and the cash value was $284,-
378 ; whUe the estimated value of the productions of the farms
in 1869 was $349,587.
The hve stock in the county was valued at $237,442, and
consisted of 1008 horses, 295 pmles, 7348 neat cattle, 4767
sheep, and 9171 hogs.
The productions of the county in 1869 were 131,311 bushels
of Indian corn, 11,728 bushels of wheat, 6238 bushels of oats,
29,996 bushels of potatoes, 709 pounds of rice, 46,293 pounds
of butter, 1360 bales of cotton, 7634 pounds of wool, and
3256 pounds of tobacco ; and the value of the slaughtered
animals was $53,483.
The population of the county in 1870 was 5057 whites and
1137 blacks.
There are forty-four and a half miles of railroad in the
county ; thirty-two mUes of the road from Montgomery to
Decatur, and twelve and a half mUes of the Selma & Eome
Eailroad. The Coosa river is the eastern boundary line, but
is not yet made navigable.
Clanton, the seat of justice, is a village on the raUroad
which has. sprung up within the past two years, and now has
about 200 inhabitants. It is named to honor the late Gen.
James H. ClantOn of Montgomery. There are no towns in
Baker. The extensive pine forests of the county are a source of
8

114 BALDWIN COUNTY.
wealth, for there are numerous lumber mills, and the trade is
usuaUy active. The yeUow-heart pine of this region is noted
for strength of texture, and imperviousness to moisture.
Iron ore is found in considerable quantity, and a gold mine
on Blue creek was worked at one time.
Marble, copper, and plumbago also exist.
The profile of the county is undulating, and the soU gen-
eraUv light.
Baker has no history, and as yet is not entitled to separate
representation in the general assembly.

CHAPTEE XIII.
THE COUNTY OF BALDWIN.

Baldwin was originaUy carved out of Washington by an
act of the Mississippi Territorial legislature, dated December
21, 1809. As then organized, it lay west of the Tombikbee
(except a portion of the lower part of the "fork") ; south of
the 5th township line, north of the paraUel 31°, and east of
the boundary line of Mississippi ; and the courthouse was at
Mcintosh's Bluff. By an act of the first legislature of the
State all the country south of Little river, as far east as the
line between ranges seven and eight, and north of the paraUel
31° was added. By an act of December 14, 1820, the portion
of the country lying west of the Tombikbee, MobUe, and Ala
bama rivers was divided between the counties of Washington,
MobUe, and Monroe; whUe aU that part of MobUe county
east of the bay was added to Baldwin. And this has since
been its area, except the portion set apart to Escambia in
1869. It was named to honor Abraham Baldwin,* the Georgia
statesman. Its area is over 1600 square miles, which makes it larger
than the State of Bhode Island, and the largest county in the
State.

*Abbaham Baldwin was born in Connecticut in 1754. He came to Georgia
at the age of 28 years, and represented the State in the convention that
framed the federal constitution. From 1789 to 1807, when he died, he served
in the federal congress, and is buried in Washington, He was tie founder
of the University of Georgia.

BALDWIN COUNTY. 115
In 1870 Baldwin had 4919 acres of improved, and 78,232
acres of unimproved farm lands; having a cash value of
$140,550 ; and an estimated value of the farm productions in
1869 of $81,210.
The hve stock of the county was valued at $124,137 in
1870, and consisted of 374 horses and mules, 8091 neat cattle,
3724 sheep, and 2745 hogs.
The productions in 1869 were 31,025 bushels of Indian
corn, 19,428 bushels of potatoes, 2500 pounds of rice, 2906
gaUons of molasses, 4870 pounds of butter, 87 bales of cotton,
9864 pounds of wool.
The population is thus exhibited :
1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870'
Whites  667 651 965 1161 2100 3585 3159
Blacks  760 1062 1359 1790 2308 3854 2845
The commercial facUities of the county are exceUent. The
MobUe, Perdido, Alabama, and Tensa Bivers and MobUe Bay
afford an extensive water front ; and the Mobile & Mont
gomery Eailroad traverses it obliquely from east to west.
Blakeley, the seat of justice, is a smaU village, laid out in
1814, incorporated in 1820, when the courthouse was erected
here, and named for its founder, Josiah Blakeley. It was
made a port of entry in 1820, and for several years threatened
to echpse Mobile in trade and growth. During the war
between the States it was fortified by the Confederates, and
sustained a memorable siege in AprU 1865, an account of
which is given below.
Stockton and Montgomery HiU are smaU villages.
The shore of the bay is dotted with cottages ahd hotels,
used by many as a summer resort.
The county is a vast pine forest, with numerous lumber
mUls. It exports more lumber than any other county in the
State. The surface is undulating or flat, and the soU hght ; sus
ceptible, however, of being fertilized. There is much over
flowed and swamp land, which could be utilized at no great
cost. Baldwin has an eventful history. The armies of BienvUle,
Galves, Packenham, Jackson, Weatherford, and Canby have
bivouacked on her soU.
In the northern part of the county, a mUe east of the Ala
bama river, two miles below the "cut off, " as Nannahubbee
river is generally caUed, and near the present viUage of Mont
gomery HUl, occurred the most shockmg massacre ever com
mitted by the Indians within the limits of the United States.
The savages, highly incensed at the attack made on them at

116 BALDWIN COUNTY.
¦ Burnt Corn, July 27, 1813, resolved to avenge themselves on
the Tensa and Tombikbee settlers. About 1000 warriors
assembled froni the different towns on the Coosa and TaUa-
poosa, and took a southwestward path, led by Peter McQueen,
Josiah Francis, and WUliam Weatherford. The settlers east
of the Alabama, many of whom were half-breeds, had built
a stockade around the dweUing of David Mims, and, in view
of the war which had begun, had crowded into it with their
families, slaves, and personal effects. When Gen. Claiborne
reached Mount Vernon, he sent 190 Mississippi volunteers to
the place, with orders to thefr commander, Major Daniel
Beasley, to strengthen it. This was done, and the stockade
was made to enclose about an acre of ground ; but the gar
rison was greatly weakened by detachments sent off to man
two or three neighboring defences. The settlers within Fort
Mims, however, organized themselves mto a company of about
70 men, under Captain Dixon BaUey, a half-breed native of
Autossee, who had be*n educated in 'PhUadelphia. The dis
tance to the Indian towns, and the repetition of false alarms,
luUed the inmates of the stockade into a dream of security.
A negro who had been captured by the advancing foe on the
plantation of Mr. Zachariah McGnth, just below the present
town of Claiborne, escaped, and brought the news of their
approach ; but within a day or two the story was discredited,
for the scouts brought no such information. August 29, two
young negro men, who were herding cattle near the fort,
rusfied into it, and told a breathless tale of twenty-four painted
warriors whom they had counted. A detachment of mounted
men were at once sent to the spot, with the negroes as guides ;
but no signs of the stealthy enemy were visible. One of the
negroes was flogged for spreading a false alarm; but the
owner of the other, a Mr. Fletcher, refused to permit his slave
to be so served, because he believed his report ; whereupon
Major Beasley ordered him to leave the stockade with his
famUy and effects by the next morning at ten o'clock. The
other negro that had been flogged was sent out again the next
morning to attend the stock, and again saw a body of Indians ;
but, being afraid to carry the report to the fort, fled to Fort
Pierce, two miles distant. "In the meantime, Fletcher's
"negro, by the reluctant consent of his master, was tied up,
" and the lash about to be apphed to his back ; the officers
"were preparing to dine; the soldiers were reposing on the
" ground ; some of the settlers were playing cards ; the girls
"and young men were dancing; whUe a hundred thoughtless
"and happy chUdren sported from door to door and from tent
" to tent. At that awful moment, 1000 Creek warriors,
"extended flat upon the ground, in a thick ravine, 400 yards

BALDWIN COUNTY. 117
"from the eastern gate, thirsted for American blood. No
" eyes saw them but those of the chirping and innocent birds
" above them. The mid-day sun sometimes flashed through
" the thick fohage, and gleamed upon thefr yeUow skins, but
" quickly withdrew, as U' afraid to longer contemplate the mur-
" derous horde. There lay the prophets, covered with feathers,
" with black faces, resembling those monsters which partake
" of both beast and bird. Beside them lay curious medicine-
" bags and rods of magic. The whole ravine was covered
"with painted and naked savages, completely armed. The
"hour of 12 o'clock arrived, and the drum beat the officers
" and soldiers of the garrison to dinner. Then, by one simul-
" taneous bound, the ravine was relieved of its savage burden,
"and soon the field resounded with the rapid tread. of the
bloody warriors."* Not a soldier was at his post, and the
sudden approach of the dreaded enemy created the completest
disorder. Major Beasley rushed to the half-open eastern
gate, sword in hand, to close it; but; the savages met him
there, struck him down, and poured into that portion of the
fort which was divided from the main portion by an interior
line of stockade. 'Other bodies of them took possession of
the portholes on other sides of the fort before the soldiers got
to them, and began a destructive fire upon the inmates. But
Captains BaUey, Middleton, and Jack, Lieutenant Bandon,
and James and Daniel BaUey, soon got thefr men behind the
pickets or in the bastions and buUdings, and opened a spirited
fire. The conflict now raged with great intensity, and the
fiercest passions of the combatants were at their deadly work.
The women and boys within the fort exerted themselves, the
former in bringing water and ammunition, and the latter in
fighting courageously. But the clearing was covered with
the savages, whose ear-piercing yeUs and exultant shouts
added terror to the scene.
' ' Such a din was there,
As if men fought on earth below
And fiends in upper air."
Capt. BaUey cheered the defenders with his voice, and by his
heroic conduct. He tried to induce some one to rush through
the hnes to get succor from Fort Pierce, but none would go ;
and, when he was about to start, the people prevented him.
The prophets cheered their people by frantic gesticulations,
and wUd songs and dances. Several of them were killed,
which discouraged the warriors, who were taught that the
balls of the whites would strike harmlessly upon them. The
outer work on the eastern side was now in undisputed pos-
*This extract is from Col. Pickett's account of the massacre, obtained
from eye witn^es, and from which we glean the principal part of this infor-
ja^tion.

118 BALDWIN COUNTY.
session of the savages, and about 3 o'clock they began to
plunder it, and carry off the movables to a house in the clear
ing. This movement, and consequent decrease in the fury of
the assault, was perceived quickly by Weatherford, who,
mounted on a splendid black steed, overtook the Indians, and
urged them to renewed exertions. The whites continued to
fight desperately, and many feats of valor were achieved.
Some ascended to the garret of Mims' dwelling, in the centre
of the enclosure, knocked off the shingles, and opened a deadly
fire from it. The assailants had now killed or driven the
whites out of the guard-house, and .from the eastern, northern
andVestern sides of the stockade. They then penetrated the
enclosure, and set fire to Mims' house, and other buddings,
amid the shrieks of the surviving women and children, some
of whom were caught and tomahawked while they were fly
ing for shelter to the only remaming defense. This was the
"bastion" on the south side, which BaUey and his brave
band had defended with such superhuman valor. This spot
became crowded with the wounded and dying, with men,
women, and chUdren, and offered an unerring mark for the
bullets of the foeman.
' ' The wild confusion and the crimson glow
Of flames on high, and death-moans from below ;
The shriek of terror, and the mingling yell,
Flung o'er that spot of Earth the air of Hell."
The flames at length reached the bastion, and the brave Dixon
Bailey caUed out that aU was lost, and besought those who
could to save themselves by flight. But few could do this,
for the savages now burst iu upon the survivors, and butchered
them regardless of age or sex. Women, chUdren, the wounded,
and sick, either perished in the flames, or under the tomahawk ;
and their warm and dripping scalps were thrust into the belts
of, the mercUess Creek. Women great with chUd were ripped
open while yet living, and children were taken by the feet and
their brains dashed out against the pickets. None but a few
haK-breeds were spared. Of 553 souls who slept the night
before in conscious security, not fifty were ahve when the sun
went down, and vefied in darkness the smoking ruins.* Five
hundred ghastly human bodies, besides 200 of the murderous
assailants, lay around the smouldering fires,. as the result of
the bloody day. Wyoming, so famed in song and story, pre-
*Of the survivors, who broke through and escaped, Dr. Thomas G. Holmes
and Mr. Jesse Steadham of Baldwin, Peter Bandon, who removed to Louis
iana, W. R. Chambliss and Joseph Perry of Mississippi; Martin Rigdon,
Josiah Fletcher,  Jones, Sergeant Mathews, John Hoven, Samuel Smith,
 Mourrice, Edward Steadham, a negro woman name Hester, an Indian
name Socca, are said to be all. The half-breed family of Zachariah MoGirth
was saved by a friend among the assailants,

BALDWIN COUNTY. 119
sented not a scene half so bloody* But the rough sands of
Baldwin drank the blood of the slain, there by the httle lake
of Tensa, and neither homeric strain nor sculptured marble
teUs of the most thrilling and atrocious episode in American
pioneer history.
September 15, 1814, a force of 730 British and Indians, and
four men-of-war, under Col. Nichols, from Pensacola, invested
Fort Bowyer, on the extreme southern point of the county.
It was defended by 130 men under Major Lawrence. A fierce
cannonade from the ships and a land battery was replied to
with spirit by the garrison, and within two hours the enemy
were driven off with the destruction of his flag-ship, the
Hermes, which, being disabled by the fire of the fort, was
burned by her crew. The loss of the British was 232 men
killed and wounded ; that of the garrison was four kUled and
four wounded. Early in February, foUowing, the British
army and fleet of the ill-fated Packenham, returning from the
bloody repulse on the plain of New Orleans, invested Fort
Bowyer. Thirty-eight war vessels were drawn up in line of
"battle, and 5000 men were landed on the shore. Seeing these
preparations for the reduction of the fort, Major Lawrence
surrendered it, with 360 men, February 12. Peace had been
already declared, and the enemy held the place only a few
weeks. The same locahty became stUl more historic during the
war between the States. Fort Morgan, occupying the site of
Fort Bowyer, was taken possession of by the troops of the
State a few days before the ordinance of secession was passed,
and was garrisoned by about 550 men, and 60 guns, Brigadier-
General Paget commanding. On the point of Dauphin Island,
four mUes distant, stands Fort Gaines, also with a Confederate
garrison at that time. August 5, 1864, a force of fourteen
ships of war stood in to pass the forts and get into the bay.
Both forts opened upon them, and they replied with vigor.
The Tecumseh, being in the lead, was sunk by a torpedo, and
her crew of 120 souls were entombed with her. The other
vessels passed in safety. Fort Gaines surrendered on the
8th. The day after, 3000 federal troops, under General
Granger, disembarked on the shore in rear of Fort Morgan.
Begular approaches were made by this force, and a siege-
train of forty-one pieces placed in position. " At daylight on
" the 22d, a gun from a monitor gave the signal for a general
" bombardment. At 9 A. M., the whole fleet was in line of
*About 250 men were killed at Wyoming, and no women and children ;
for the savages there killed but one man beside those captured in the fight.
fThis brave officer was a Virginian,. who had been educated in the naval
academy at Annapolis.

120 BALDWIN COUNTY.
" battle, and the firing continued with unabated fury. From
" 7 to 9 P. M., it was slow and irregular ; but at half-past 9,
"P. M., a ffre was discovered breaking out in the fort,
"and the firing was then intensely renewed to prevent
" extinguishment. Six or eight shells could be counted in
" the air at once ; -and every shot appeared to take effect.
" Nor in the midst of this destructive shower was the garrison
"moved by any weak fears. When the fire broke out they
" exposed themselves to extinguish it, and threw 90,000 pounds
" of powder into the cisterns. Between forty and fifty had
" been killed or wounded. One man had been blown eighty
"feet into the air by the explosion of a sheU. The interior of
" the fort had become a mass of smouldering ruins ; there
" was not a space five feet square which had not been defaced
" by sheUs. Many of the guns had been shattered into pieces
" by sohd shot and sheUs. The garrison did not reply to the
" fleet during the bombardment. They attempted, however,
" to use some of their guns on the land batteries, but were pre
sented by sharpshooters. Thefr own sharpshooters were
" somewhat troublesome to the beseigers ; but the latter
" during the operations had only five men wounded. The
" firing continued at intervals all night, and at six, A. M., a
"white flag appeared on the parapet of the fort, and the gar-
" rison was formaUy surrendered at half-past two, P. M."*
There was no attempt to gain a further foothold on the
coast tUl the March (1865) foUowing. Then, Maj. Gen. Canby
landed at Fort Morgan with 32,200 effective troops. March
17, this formidable force moved up the eastern shore of the
bay to attack the confederate defences opposite MobUe. On
the 27th, after sltirmishing with the confederate cavalry on
the route, they formaUy invested Spanish Fort. This was the
name given to the work on Conway river, an arm of the Tensa,
in this county, seven mUes due east of MobUe city. Around
the two forts, Old Spanish and McDermott, was a semi-circular
line of earthworks, nearly two mUes in length, resting on the
water, or rather on the morass, at either end. The garrison
at the beginning of the siege, and for five days thereafter,
consisted of about 3,400 men, comprising Gibson's brigade of
Louisianians, Ector's brigade (two regiments) of North Caro
linians and Texans, and Thomas' brigade of Alabama reserves.
The latter were reheved, AprU 1, by Holtzclaw's brigade of
Alabamians, who came by water from Blakeley ; and the gar
rison, thus constituted, numbered 2,321 infantry and 506 artil
lery ;f the whole under Brig. Gen. BandaU L. Gibson. Span-
*" Campaign of Mobile: " Major-General Andrews, U. S. Volunteers.
fThis was the strength the 7th of April : Gibson's brigade 674 ; Ector's
659 ; Holtzclaw's 988 ; artillery 506. Total 2,827. Numbor of small arms,
2,047.

BALDWIN COUNTY. 121
ish Fort had been constructed to protect batteries Huger and
Tracy, respectively, one and a half and two mUes in the rear,
on the low islands. They had been placed there to obstruct
the ascent of the river. The day after the investment by
land, a number of iron-clad steamers moved up the river in
rear of the defences, but their operations were chiefly confined
to shelling Huger and Tracy. During the siege three of them
were sunk by torpedoes — the Milwaukee, the Osage, and the
Rodolph. TiU the evening of the last day, the operations on
shore were confined to artUlery firing and sharp-shooting, en
livened by several petty dashes in the nature of a sortie.
The two former were almost incessant, and taxed the courage
and endurance of the garrison to the full limit. AprU 4, a
terrific bombardment, from seventy pieces of artillery, lasted
for two hours, and the earth seemed to reel under the sound ;
but the garrison did not reply. By the last day of the siege
the assaUants had ninety guns trained on the devoted fort— -
fifty-three of which were siege guns and thirty-seven were
field pieces. Throughout the night the huge missUes of death
traversed the air with fiery wings, poised a moment over the
sUent defences, then swooped upon their human quarry with
angry and stunning roar. Day by day, too, the besiegers
crept closer to thefr prey, as paraUel after paraUel was opened,
and the sharp crack of the smaU arms grew nearer and dead
lier. At sunset, on the evening of the 8th, an assault was
made on the left of the confederate line, and, after a fierce
grapple with Ector's veterans, overpowered them, and effected
a lodgment within the works. They were too strong to be
driven out, though the attempt was made. The confederates
evacuated the works the same night, by passing over a plank
foot-bridge, two feet in width, and about two miles in length,
which had been laid over the marshes from the fort to the
river opposite battery Tracy. Here they found transportation
deficient, and at midnight about J 000 took up the line of march
over the morass to Blakeley. The distance was five miles,
and the men were often waist-deep in mud and water ; but
they arrived safely at thefr point of destination, and the whole
garrison that left the fort reached MobUe in safety. A num
ber were captured in the assault, and others were left by acci
dent. Such, in brief, is the story of Spanish Fort, and its
heroic defence for thirteen days. •
WhUe the main body was thus engaged, a column of i 3,200
men, under Major General F. Steele, moved out of Pensacola,
March 20, and took the road to Pollard. After some skirm
ishing, and especiaUy a spirited affair with two regiments of
Alabama cavalry at Bluff Springs, the advance guard reached
PoUard on the 26th. After burning the pubhc property and

122 BALDWIN COUNTY.
tearing up the raUway track for 1000 yards, Steele turned the
head of his column towards Blakeley. The fortifications of
this place were an irregular line of works, stretching along
the river for three miles, and with the ends resting on the
morass near the river. Nine weU-buUt lunettes added much
strength, and two or three lines of abatis were some distance
in front. The garrison consisted of two skeleton brigades of
Missourians and Mississippiaus under Gates and Barry, both
commanded by Gen. CockreU, and a brigade of Alabama re
serves under Gen. Thomas ; making a total of about 3500 men ;
the whole under Brig. Gen. St. John B. LideU. The column
of Gen. Steele arrived before the place AprU 1 , and the in
vestment was complete the foUowing day. Beinforced by
two, divisions of Canby's immediate force before Spanish Fort,
the assaUants now numbered about 25,000 effective men — one
division of whom were negroes. But their supply of artillery
was limited tUl towards the close of the operations. An active
and unremittent musketry fire, however, replied to the fierce
cannonading of the garrison, and of the three gunboats — the
Nashville, Huntsville, and Morgan — lying in the river. The
besiegers exhibited striking activity in advancing thefr trenches
and the labors of every night invariably brought them within
shorter range for the duties of the succeeding day. The gar
rison were equaUy spirited, and two or three gallant sorties
were made; while their incessant voUeys were unusuaUy
effectual. The operations progressed more rapidly than those
at Spanish Fort, and, on the evening of the 9th, the whole
federal force swept forward in one dense but extended mass
to the assault of the works. FuUy 1 6,000 men, in line of
battle, three mUes in length, moved hke a blue bUlow over
the level ground, and dashed resistlessly over the fraU defen
ces. They were met by a leaden had from men whose hearts
quaUed not even in an hour so fearful. But further resistance
was futUe, and the heroic garrison was captured, as thefr com
rades at Appomatox had been a few hours before, by over
whelming numbers.
Batteries Huger and Tracy were evacuated AprU 11, and
the purple tide of war ebbed from the shores of Baldwin.
The loss of the federal forces in the reduction of these de
fences was fifteen hundred men kUled and wounded. The loss
of the confederates was aUbut four hundred kUled and wound
ed, and about four thousand prisoners.
Thomas B. Tunstall died in this county, Aug. 13, 1842, at
the age of 54 years. He was a native of Pittsylvania county,
Virginia, but resided for many years in this county and in
Madison. He was often clerk of one branch or the other of
the general assembly of the State, and was secretary of State

BALDWIN COUNTY.

123

from 1836 to 1840. He was clerk of the house of representa
tives in 1840 and '41. He has many relatives yet living in
this and adjoining counties.
John G. Aiken who died a few years ago, after a long resi
dence in this county, was the author of the first digest of the
laws of the State — if we consider Judge Toulmin' s volume as
a compUation, which it reaUy is. Mr. Aiken was residing in
Tuskaloosa in 1832 when selected by the general assembly to
prepare the digest, and afterwards practiced law in MobUe
for some years.
Harry Toulmin represented Baldwin in the constitutional
convention of 1819 ; Joseph SUver in that of 1861 ; and J. H.
Hastie in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a hst of members of the general assembly
from the county : Senators.

1819— Bobert R. Harwell.
1821 — Julius Haines.
1822 — Francis W. Armstrong.
1824 — James Taggert.
1825 — William Crawford.
1826— Willoughby Barton.
1828— Jack F. Boss.
1831— John B. Hogan.
1835 — James F. Roberts.
1838— Theophilus L. Toulmin.
1839— Girard W. Creagh.
1842— Girard W. Creagh.

1845— B. L. Turner.
1847— Girard W. Creagh.
1849— Cade M. Godbold.
1851 — Lorenzo James.
1853— James S. Dickinson.
1855 — James S. Jenkins.
1857— Noah A. Age#.
1859 — Stephen B. Cleveland,
1861 — Origin S. Jewett.
1862 — Robert Broadnax.
1865— John Y. Kilpatrick. .
[No election in 1867 or since.]

1819 — Thomas Carson.
1820 — Joseph Mimms.
1821 — Elijah Montgomery.
1822— Lud Harris.
1823 — Samuel Haines.
1824 — Silas Dinsmore.
1825— Edward J. Lambert.
1826— James F. Roberts.
1827— Origin Sibley.
1828— David Mimms.
1829— David Mimms.
1830— James F. Roberts.
1831— Joseph HaU.
1832— Joseph Hall.
1833— Joseph Hall.
1834 — James L. Seaberry.
1835— Joseph Hall.
1836 — Lee Slaughter.
1837— Cade M. Godbold.
1838— Cade M. Godbold.

Representatives. 1839— David Mimms.
1840— Gerald B. Hall.
1841 — Richard Singleton Moore.
1842— William H. Gasque.
1843 — Richard Singleton Moore.
1844— Gerald B. Hall.
1845— J. H. Hastie.
1847— Reuben McDonald.
1849— Beuben McDonald.
1851— William Booth.
1853— William Wilkins.
1855— P. C. Byrne.
1857 — Joseph Nelson.
1859— T. C. Barlow.
1861— Reuben McDonald.
1863— R. B. Bryers.
1865— G. W. Robinson.
1867— [No election.]
1870— O. S. Holmes.

CHAPTEE XIV.
THE COUNTY OF BABBOUB.
Barbour was formed from a portion of Pike and a part of
the Creek cession of 1832, by an act approved December 18,
1832, and has retained its present shape, except portions set
apart to Bullock and EusseU.
It was named to honor Gov. Barbour* of Virginia.
It is in the southeast quarter of the State, and bounded
north by EusseU, east by the State of Georgia, south by Henry
and Dale, and west by Pike and Bullock.
Its area is about 850 square mUes.
Barbour hes partly in the agricultural and partly in the tim
ber region. The surface of the country is rolling and undulat
ing. The soils are alhrvial lowland, gray hammock, and sandy.
The cash value of the farm lands in the county in 1870 was
$2,374,493 ; of which 185,727 acres were improved, and 214,-
623 acres unimproved ; and the estimated value of the farm
productions for 1869 was $3,186,725.
The hve stock in 1870 was valued at $669,972, and consisted
of 1442 horses, 2430 mules, 9408 neat cattle, 2436 sheep, and
15,707 hogs.
The productions in 1869 were 364,304 bushels of Indian
corn, 3648 bushels of oats, 42,749 bushels of potatoes, 25,738
gaUons of molasses, 17,011 bales of cotton, and 1266 pounds
of wool.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $4,574,427 :
real estate $3,369,838 ; personalty $1,204,589.
The decennial movement of population has beenasfoUows:
1840 1850 I860 1870
Whites  6469 12,842 14,629 12,143
Blacks  5555 10,790 16,183 17,165
The Chattahoochee is the eastern boundary, the Pea the
western, and the former is navigable for steamers of large
•James Baebotjb was born in Orange county, Virginia, in 1776, and died in
1842. He was governor of Virginia in 1812-14, a federal senator from 1815
to 1825, minister of war in 1825-28, and minister to Great Britain in 1828-30.
He was an eloquent orator and an honorable man .

BABB0UE COUNTY. 125
size. The Montgomery & Eufaula Eailroad traverses the
county for about 22 mUes ; another raUway connects Eufaula
and Clayton ; and EufaiUa is- the terminus of a Georgia raU
way. The seat of justice is Clayton, a very interesting interior
town of about 750 inhabitants. A female coUege is located
here. The town was named for Judge Clayton* of Georgia.
Eufaulaf is a smaU but growing city, with a population in
1870 of 3185 ; of whom 1545 were whites and 1340 blacks.
It was first settled about the year 1833, and was incorporated
in 1837 as " Irwinton," to honor Gen. WUham Irwin of Henry
county ; but in 1843 the name was changed to its present one.
The bluff on which the city stands is 160 feet above the river
level at its ordinary stage. There is a female college here,
and other evidences of material and social progress.
Louisville, the old seat of justice of PUie county, has now
about 200 inhabitants.
Barbour is one of- the younger counties, and has no his
toric prominence. The hst of distinguished citizens of the
county, however, is lengthy. Of these
William Wellboen was one of the original settlers of the
town of Eufaula, and owned a portion of its site. He was a
native of Georgia, and had served Houston county in the
legislature of that State. He was in command of the whites
in the affair on Pea river, in Pike, and deported himself with
courage and foresight. In 1837—40 he represented Barbour
and EusseU in the State senate, defeating Hon. James Aber-
crombie the only time that popular citizen was ever beaten.
General WeUborn was also major-general of militia in this
State. Ln 1836 he removed to Fort Bend county, Texas,
where he was a prosperous planter for twenty years. In
1867 he died in Houston, Texas, at the age of 75 years. Two
of his daughters married Judge Cochran of Eufaula, and a
nuniber of his relatives are in this county. He possessed
much force of character, and judgment, and practical sense.
John P. Booth was also a noteworthy citizen of Barbour.
He was born in Elbert county, Georgia, in 1806, and was the
son of Col. David Booth and Ehzabeth Posey. His father
served under Gen. Jackson, and died in Eufaula many years
ago. The son was graduated at Franklin CoUege, and licensed
as an attorney in 1826. A year later he located at Wood viUe,
Henry county, this State, and there began the practice of the
* Augustine S. Clayton was a jurist and scholar. Besides his service on
the bench, he represented Georgia in congress from 1831 to 1835.
fin the Muscogee tongue eufaula is said to mean " high bluff."

126 BABBOUB COUNTY.
law ; but spent the winters hi Apalachicola. In 1832 he
located in Apalachicola, and the year after was a member of
the territorial councU, and president thereof. In 1835 he
settled in Conecuh county, this State, as a farmer and lawyer,
The year after, while he was escorting his famUy to Georgia,
he was warned not to pass through the Creek nation, for they
were hostUe. He stopped in Pike county, recruited 150 men,
and led them to Columbus, Georgia, in which vicinity he was
slightly wounded in a skirmish. November 22, 1836, he was
elected solicitor of this judicial district, and a few months
later made Irwinton (Eufaula) his home. In AprU 1837 he
was elected major-general of mUitia. Having resigned the
solicitorship, he was elected to the legislature from this
county, and by that body, January 31, 1839, elected judge of
the cfrcuit court, defeating Messrs. Nathan Cook of Lowndes
and H. W. Hilliard of Montgomery. In 1843 he resigned
and left the bench. He appeared no more in pubhc life, but
practiced law. His death occurred in Eufaula, May 23, 1851.
He was twice married, first to Miss Dewitt of Georgia, then
to Miss Hodges of Florida, and the latter, as weU as several
of his descendants, reside in this county. One of his sons
was graduated at West Point in 1848, and died in North Car
olina in 1863, whUe serving as an officer in the Confederate
army. Gen. Booth was hberaUy endowed by nature. His
mental processes were wonderfully quick and prococious, and
his memory exceedingly retentive. His temperament was
ardent, his perceptions intuitive. He was learned in the law
and eloquent in speech.
The late John Gill Shobtee was a distinguished citizen of
Barbour. He was the son of Gen. Beuben C. Shorter, a
physician and planter, who was born in Virginia, and came to
Georgia in early youth ; was there a member of both houses
of the legislature, a major-general of militia ; and whence he
came to this county in 1833, and here died in 1854. His wife
was Miss GiU of Georgia. The son was born in Monticelio,
Georgia, April 23, 1818, and was graduated at Franklin Col
lege, Athens. He came to this State the same year, and in
1838 was admitted to the bar. Establishing himself in
Eufaula, he gave his whole attention to his profession. In
1845 he entered the legislature as a senator from this county,
his majority being 87 in a county which gave the other party
a majority of 250 the year before. Declining further service
at the end of two years, he was again caUed to serve the
county in the representative chamber in 1851. A few months
later he was appointed by Governor CoUier to the bench of
the cfrcuit court in the room of Judge Goldthwaite, who had
resigned. Ln May 1852 he was elected to the office for a term

BABBOUE COUNTY.

12V

of six years over F. S. Jackson, esq., and he was re-elected
without opposition in 1858. He was thus serving when Gov.
Moore appointed him commissioner to Georgia, and he
urged the legislature of that State to co-operate in the move
ment for separation. WhUe absent on this mission he was'
elected to represent his district in the provisional congress ;
and it was whUe he was in Bichmond attending the sitting of
the latter body, that he was elected governor of the State by
a vote of 37,849 to 28,127 for Hon. T. H. Watts of Mont
gomery. During his term, believing that the future rights
and interests of Alabama hung on the success of the confed
erate cause, by no act or word of his was any obstacle thrown
into the scale adverse to it. Coupled with his patriotism
were his unremitting efforts to provide for the f amUies of sol
diers, and to construct defences at MobUe for the safety of
the country. But the morbid desire of the masses for a
change defeated his re-election in 1863. He was not after
wards in pubhc life, but resumed the practice of law at the
peace. He died May 29, 1872.
Governor Shorter was of ordinary height, with a delicate
figure, and an inteUectual cast of features. He was without
arrogance or ostentation, and had the most unaffected mUd-
ness and simplicity of manners. He served the State ably
and faithfrdly ; appearing to have no other purpose in office
but to " execute justice and maintain truth," and therefore
was patient in hearing argument, laborious in investigation,
and firm in decision. To this he added the purity of life
which so weU becomes one conspicuous to the pubhc eye.
He married a sister of Gen. C. A. Battle of Macon.
Eli Sims Shorteb, brother of the foregoing, also resides in
Barbour. He was born in MonticeUo, Georgia, in 1853, and
came with his parents to this county in 1836. He is a grad
uate of Yale CoUege, and his law studies were pursued in the
office of his brother, John G. Ln 1845 he was admitted to
the bar, and established himself in Eufaula as the associate
of his brother. His first appearance in pubhc life was when
he became the nominee of his party for congress in 1855, and
was elected over Hon. Julius C. Alford of Pike. He was
re-elected in 1857 over Hon. Batt Peterson of this county, car
rying every county in the district. While in congress he
acted with the Southern Bights' wing of the Democratic
party. At the close of his second term he voluntarily retired,
to give his attention to his private affairs. He was an
elector forBreckenridge, and the foUowing year was appointed
colonel of the 18th Alabama infantry. He served with this
command till the spring of 1862, when he resigned. He has
since devoted himself to his profession, to planting, and to his

128 babboue county.
duties as president of the Vicksburg & Brunswick Eailroad.
During the presidential campaign of 1868 he canvassed the
northwestern States in behalf of the Seymour ticket, and his
interest in aU pubhc matters is unabated.
Col. Shorter is of ordinary stature and light frame. His
polished exterior is in accord with a refined mind, endowed
liberaUy by nature. As an orator he is fluent and graceful,
and his glowing imagination often rises to flights of thrilling
eloquence. He is cautious and observant, and has been suc
cessful in business. He married Miss Fannin of Troup
county, Georgia. Major H. E. Shorter of this county is a
brother; the late Capt. Geo. H. Shorter of Montgomery,
State printer at one time, was a cousin.
James Laweence Pugh, of this county, is a native of Butts
county, Georgia, where he was born December 12, 1819. His
father was a farmer, born hi North Carolina ; the maiden
name of his mother was Tillman. His parents came to Pike
county when he was about four years old, and at the age of
eleven years he was an orphan. Cast upon the world, in a
frontier country, he resorted to divers commendable shifts to
make his way. At one time he rode the maU route from
LouisvUle to Franklin, Henry county, Saturdays and Sun
days, to get the means to pay his tuition the other portion of
the week. For four years he was a salesman in a dry-goods
shop in Eufaula, but abandoned that to attend a school, pre
paratory to a course of law studies. He completed the latter
in the office of Hon. John G. Shorter in Eufaula, by the pecu
niary assistance of his brother-in-law, Mr. W. L. Cowan.
EnroUed as an attorney in 1841, he formed a partnership
with Hon. Jefferson Buford which existed for twelve years,
aud was thereafter associated with Hon. E. C. Bullock. He
was on the Taylor electoral ticket, and the year after was
defeated for congress by Hon. H. W. HUliard of Montgomery.
In 1856 he was an elector on the Buchanan ticket, Avhich was
his first official trust. Elected to the congress of the United
States in 1859 without opposition, he withdrew with his col
leagues when his State seceded from the Union. He shortly
after volunteered as a private in the 1st Alabama Infantry,
and served a year at Pensacola. The same year he was
chosen to the 1st Confederate congress without opposition,
and was re-elected in 1863 over Messrs. J. McC. WUey and
A. W. Starke of Pike, and Dr. Jones of this county. Having
served till the overthrow of the Confederacy, he has not since
taken an active interest in pubhc affafrs. He married a
daughter of Gen. John L. Hunter, a wealthy planter of this
county. Mr. Pugh is large of frame, and compactly buUt, with an

BARBOUR COUNTY. 129
abrupt but cordial address. He is an orator of much force
and power ; figuratively speaking, " a great bronze battering
ram."* He harbors the most practical of ideas, and his
expressions are strUdngly pointed and original. " He has one
" of the most capacious and tenacious legal minds in the
" State. * * He is naturaUy extravagant ; there is no half-way
" house for him in anything. * * He is the most emphatic
"man I ever knew. * * Highly sociable, no man surpasses
"him in hospitahty."* He is an interesting companion,
instructive, witty, and jovial, and is very generally popular.
He is certainly one of the " self-made men" of the State.
John Cochran also resides in Barbour. He was born in
Cocke county, Tennessee, and was the son of a farmer.
Graduating at Greenville CoUege, he read law, and in 1835
came to Jacksonville, in this State, to practice. He first
entered pubhc life as a representative from Calhoun in 1839,
and was thrice chosen to that position while residing in that
county. In 1843 he came to Barbour, and established him
self in Eufaula. Two years later he was the candidate of his
party for congress, but was beaten by Mr. HUliard of Mont
gomery. In 1848 he was on the Cass electoral ticket, and in
1851 was again defeated as the candidate of his party for
congress, after a warm canvass with Hon. James Abercrombie
of EusseU. From 1853 to 1857 he represented Barbour in
the general assembly, and in 1861 in the constitutional con
vention. In the latter year he was appointed to the circuit
court bench to fill the vacancy made by Gov. Shorter's resig
nation ; and, being subsequently elected by the people, he
held the position tUl 1865, when he was displaced by the
result of the war. In 1861 he volunteered mto the service
of his country, and served a year at Pensacola. Since the
war he has given attention to his profession, in which he
ranks among the foremost in the State. He has an exceed-
inglv active as weU as capacious mind, unsurpassed for nice
and accurate discrimination, and powerfully analytical.
" There is more to convince one in the mere statement of the
" question by Judge Cochran than there is in any common
" man's argument. Combined with this happy faculty, he
" also reasons well and iUustrates clearly. He is witty, aud
" cherishes a lively sense of the ridiculous ; which makes him
" an exceedingly interesting speaker, and a most entertaining
" conversationalist. * * He is an easy, fluent, speaker ;„
" quite logical and persuasive, but never boisterous, fiery, or
" combative in delivery."-)- Indeed, Judge Cochran's prodigal
*Col. Wm. C Oates of Henry. fluid.

130 baebour county.
endowment of mind is in excess of his physical energy ; or, to
use one of his own expressions, " He has an immense engine
if he only had steam enough to run it." His high sense of
honor and integrity, added to a marked amiability of dispo
sition, combine to render him a useful and popular citizen, as
weU as a gifted man. He married a daughter of Gen. WU
ham WeUborn of this county, and afterwards her cousin.
His present wife is a daughter of Mr. W. Toney, a planter of
the county. His son is a member of the bar of Eufaula.
Barbour cherishes the memory of " the beloved and match-
"less Bullock. (What a splendid future was forbidden to be
" realized by Fate's harsh mandate in his untimely faU ! ")*
Edwaed Courtenay Bullock was born in Charleston, S. 0.,
December 1825. His father, a native of Bhode Island, was
a merchant of moderate means in Charleston. His mother
was the sister of Mr. Edward Courtenay of that city. The
son was graduated at Harvard CoUege in 1843,, and the same
year came to this State and county. Here he taught a school
two years, and read law meantime. Licensed to practice in
1846, he established himself in Eufaula. For several years
he was the law partner of Hon. J. L. Pugh, and edited a
weekly newspaper in Eufaula at the same time. In 1857 he
was chosen to represent the county in the State senate, aud
for four years filled that position. He was among the first to
volunteer into the mUitary service of his country, and served
some months at Pensacola. In the summer of 1861 the
Eighteenth Alabama Infantry was organized, and he was
chosen colonel. He accepted the trust, and it was whUe he
was discharging his duties at MobUe that he contracted the
typhoid fever which proved fatal to him. This event occurred
at Montgomery, in December 1861, when he was 36 years old.
The appearance of Col. BuUock was very prepossessing.
He was weU made, with full features, broad forehead, and
large mouth. But " his noble features in repose were only
" the princely castle at dusk before the lamps are lighted, and
"give no idea of the magic transformation which in an instant
"the splendid Ulumination of his mirthfulness and genius
" could effect."t " He was the best organized man I ever
"knew. His temper and taste were perfect. His whole
" nature was genial, refined, and gentle. * * His mind was
" remarkable for its activity and brilliancy. His personal in-
" tegrity, and devotion to principle, duty, and truth were very
" striking. He was a fine lawyer, and an able advocate ; and
" his high personal character, honorable nature, and irresistible

'Gen. Alpheus Baker of Eufaula. *Ibid.

BARBOUR COUNTY. 131
" wit* and elegance made him a lawyer and statesman of as
"high promise as any man who ever lived in Alabama."t
Col. Bullock married a Miss Snipe of South Carolina, and
his son and two of his daughters reside in this county. The
State honored his memory by bestowing his name on one of
her fairest counties.
The- late Lewis L. Cato came to this county in 1837. He
was a native of Hancock county, Georgia, and was a promi
nent citizen of Barbour during his hfe. He devoted himself
assiduously to the law, and became an able attorney, of very
sound opinions. From 1861 to 1865 he represented the
county in the senate with credit to his constituents and7 to
himself. He died December 4, 1868. His brother, Sterling
G. CatO, also resided here for some years, and acquired con
siderable reputation as an attorney. He removed to Kansas
during the slavery agitation there, and succeeded Hon. Bush
Elmore as territorial judge. He subsequently practiced in
St. Louis, Missouri, and there died about the year 1867.
Another strongly marked character in this county was
Jefferson Buford. He was born in Chester district, South
Carolina, in 1805 or '6. His father was a Virginian, who
came to South Carolina after attaining the estate of manhood.
The son read law in the office of his maternal uncle, Mr. Na
thaniel E. Eaves, and was enroUed as an attorney in 1828.
In 1832 he came to this State, and settled hi Pike county.
He practiced law there six years, then came to this county,
and established himself in Eufaula. Ln 1840 he was elected
to the State senate from EusseU and Barbour, and served
seven years in that body. He was associated in the practice
of law with Messrs. Pugh and Bullock for some years. Dur
ing the memorable Kansas troubles of 1855, he saw that the
struggle for dominancy between the North and South had
begun, and he urged that it was far better to solve the fearful
problem by votes in Kansas than by bayonets on the Potomac.
Hence, at the head of a large party of emigrants he sought a
home in that territory, and labored, there and here, with pen
and tongue, to arouse the people of the South to the real
nature of the collision. His prophetic voice was not fuUy
"There was no effort at wit on the part of Col. Bullock. It seemed to bub
ble up irresistibly. An instance of it will illustrate the facility with which
he emitted flashes of this happy faculty It was during what Mr. Pugh
calls " the Honeymoon of the War'' at Pensacola. He and Bullock slept
together one cold night. Early in the morning Bullock loudly complained
of his bedfellow. " You pulled off all the blanket on yourself, and appro
priated the entire mattrass." "I did n't know of it,'' said Pugh, "why
did n't you speak ? " '¦ 'eGad," said Bullock, "ifi did n't speak it was n't
because I did n't have the floor ! "
fHon. James L. Pugh of Eufaula,

132 BARBOUR COUNTY.
heeded, Kansas was lost, and the remainder of the story is
written in the blood of a mUlion of combatants. He returned
to this county after the question wan decided, and in 1861 was
elected to the constitutional convention^ He died suddenly
of heart disease, in Clayton, Aug. 28, 1862.
Though not a popular favorite, few men were more highly
esteemed than Major Buford. "He was a man of pure private
"character, a first-rate lawyer, a cultivated gentleman, and one
"who was true to his convictions. He was soinewh at eccentric,
"but was a public spirited, energetic, reliable, useful, and suc
cessful man."* He married first a daughter of Major John H.
White of this county, and his second wife w as Mrs. McNeil.
His widow and children reside here. J. M. Buford, esq., of
the Eufaula bar, is a half-brother.
Barbour is also the home of Alpheus Baker. He was born
at Clover HULf Abbeville district, S. C, May 28, 1828. His
father, a native of Massachusetts, was eminent as a teacher
and a scholar. His mother, a Miss Courtney, was a native
of Ireland. Possessed of nothing but the education his father
gave him, the son began to teach school before he was sixteen
years old. He taught with success in AbbeviUe, S. C, inLump-
kin, Ga., and in GlennviUe, this county, to which he came in
1848. Having read law meantime, he was enroUed as an
attorney in 1849, and opened an office in Eufaula. His ad
vancement was so rapid that at the spring term of 1855 he
returned 105 cases to the cfrcuit court of Barbour. In 1856
he accompanied Major Buford to Kansas, and returned to
canvass the country to arouse the people to the importance
of making Kansas a slave state. He believed with the noble
Buford that the acquisition of Kansas would restore the equi
librium of the slave and anti-slave states, and prevent the "in
evitable conflict" between the two sections. In 1861 he rep
resented the county in the constitutional convention, but re
signed his seat to enter the army. This he did as captain of
the "Eufaula Bines,"! which he led to Pensacola. There he
remained till November, when he was elected colonel of a
regiment of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama troops at
Fort PiUow, above Memphis. This regiment participated in
the siege of New Madrid, and was captured at Island Ten,
"Hon. James L. Pugh of Eufaula.
tClover Hill was ai one time the home of the father of Hon. William L.
Yancey. {This company had on its rolls at Pensacola the names of 5(1 persons who
subsequently became officers. Among the members were Messrs. John Coch
rane, J. L. Pugh, E. C. Bullock and S. H. Dent, all of Barbour, T. J. Judge
ot Montgomery, D. W. Baine of Lowndes, Prof. Parker of Tuskaloosa, and
Prof. Thornton of Perry.

BARBOUR COUNTY. 133
AprU 10, 1862. Exchanged with his regiment hi September,
the four Tennessee companies in it gave place to four Alabama
companies, and the regiment took the title of "54th Alabama."
It fought at Fort Pemberton, on the Yazoo, and at Baker's
Creek, where Col. Baker was severely wounded in the foot.
Promoted to brigadier general,' March 1864, he was assigned
to the command of the 37th, 40th, 42d, and 54th Alabama
regiments. He led them from Dalton to Atlanta. At Eesaca
¦ his horse was kUled under him, and at Atlanta (July 28) he
was slightly wounded. The brigade lay near Mobile tiU Jan
uary 1865, when it proceeded to the Carolmas. At Benton-
riUe, though it numbered only 350 muskets, it captured 204
of the enemy. Since surrendering this brave brigade in North
Carolina, Gen. Baker has given his time to his profession.
Gen. Baker is fuU of genius, 'and possesses a rich diversity
of talents. He is a scholar and critic, a painter, a musician,
with superior vocal powers, and one of the most companion
able of men. As an orator he is perfectly captivating. He
intersperses his speeches with sparkling witticisms, and laugh
able anecdotes, not unfrequently illustrated b}r his inimitable
mimicry. He stirs up the feelings and passions of men ; alter
nately convulsing them with laughter, melting them to tears,
or arousing thefr indignation. " He is unquestionably the
" finest orator in Alabama, but he doesn't know it, and hence
" doesn't appreciate it."*
Henry DeLamar Clayton also resides in this county. He
was bom in Pulaski county, Georgia, March 7,1827, and is the
son of the late Mr. Nelson Clayton of Lee county. He was
graduated at the Emory and Henry CoUege, Virginia, and read
law under Messrs. John G. and Eli S. Shorter in Eufaula. In
1849 he was licensed as an attorney, and opened an office in
Clayton. Assiduous attention to his business kept him out
of pubhc affairs tiU 1857, when he was chosen to represent
the county in the legislature, and served in the popular branch
till 1861. At the first mutterings of the war-storm he urged
Gov. Moore to accept the volunteer regiment of train bands
of which he had been colonel, and in February got two com
panies accepted, in one of which fie was mustered in as a pri
vate. But he was at once ordered to Pensacola to take com
mand of aU the Alabama troops as they should arrive. March
28, 1851, the 1st Alabama infantry regiment was organized
with him as colonel, and he remained in that capacity a year
at Pensacola. He then organized the 39th Alabama, which
he commanded in the Kentucky campaign. At Murfreesboro
he was severely wounded, and immediately afterwards promo
ted to brigadier. The 18th, 36th, 38th, 32d, and 58th Ala-
*OoI, Wm. C. Oates of Henry.

134 BAEBOUR COUNTY.
bama regiments were placed under him. The services of this
brigade were too varied and arduous to be recounted here.
The battles of Chicamauga, Eocky Face, and New Hope be
long to history, and the conduct of Clayton's brigade consti
tutes an important part of each. The part Gen. C." took in
the latter battle were such as to secure his promotion to the
rank of major general, and he took command of what had
been Gen. Stewart's division — Gibson's, StovaU's, Strahl's,
and (his old now) Holtzclaw's brigades. With these troops
Gen. Clayton participated in all the subsequent battles and
campaigns of the army of Tennessee, up to the surrender in
North Carolina. After the battle of NashvUle, with his divi
sion, and Gen. Pettus's brigade, he covered the retreat of the
army till Gen. Stevenson reheved him the next day. How
weU he performed this difficult task may be learned from the
fact that he repulsed, with scarcely the loss of a man, every
assault of the enemy, never failing to damage him severely,
and capturing at different times four stands of colors and more
than 100 prisoners. At the close of active hostilities he gave
his attention to planting till elected judge of the cfrcuit court
in May 1866. This position he held tUl removed by congress
in 1868, since when he has practiced law in Clayton, and
planted. Gen. Clayton is six feet in highth, and proportionately stout.
His deportment is quiet and somewhat reserved ; but he is
very approachable. He was one of the fighting generals of
the western army, ever prompt and ever present. He is active,
laborious, and practical in the affafrs of life ; and his phUoso-
phic temperament and steady energy are such as to give
weight to his counsel. He is also pious and moral, andpos-
sessed of, much public spfrit. He married a daughter of
Gen. John L. Hunter of this county. Capt. Joseph C. Clay
ton of the 39th Alabama, kUled at Chicamauga, was a brother.
John Cochran, Alpheus Baker,* and J. W. L. Daniel were
the delegates from Barbour to the constitutional convention
of 1861 ; and Greene Beauchamp, M. M. Glenn, and B. B.
McKenzie were the delegates to the constitutional convention
of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of the members of the general assem
bly from the county : Senators.
1 834— Lawson J. Keener. 1851— E. B. Flewellin.
1837— WiUiam Wellborn. 1853— Batt Peterson.
1840— Jefferson Buford. 1857— Edward C< Bullock.
1843— Eob't S. Hardaway of Bussell. 1861— Lewis L. Cato.
1845— John Gill Shorter. 1865— Aug. 0. Mitchell.
1847— Jefferson Buford. [No election in 1867 or since.]
?Alpheus Baker resigned, and Jefferson Buford was elected to fill the va
cancy.

BH3B COUNTY.

135

Representatives.

1834 — Osborne J. Williams. 1853-
183c> — Osborne J. Williams.
1836— Greene Beauchamp. 1855-
1837 — Greene Beauchamp.
1838— John P. Booth. 1857-
1839— J. W. Mann, J. W. A. Petit.
1840— J. W. Mann, Wm. T. Shanks. 1859-
1841— J. L. Hunter, H. N. Crawford.
1842— John Jackson, J. W. A. Petit. 1861—
1843— John Jackson.
1844— P. H. Mitchell, B. F. Treadwell. 1863-
1845— Adolphus M. Sanford, Wm. T.
Shanks 1865-
1847— Hugh N. Crawford , K. S . Smith.
1849— Benj. Gardner, Paul McCall . 1 867-
1851— John G. Shorter, John W. W. 1870-
Jackson.

-John Cochran, Paul McCall,
J. F. Comer.
-John Cochran, M. A. Browder,
W. J. Grubbs.
-Henry D. Clayton, M. A. Brow
der, Joseph C. MeBae.
Henry D. Clayton, Wm. H.
Chambers, W. B. Bowen.
E. S. Ott, C. A. Parker, Edward
N. Herron.
Wm. H. Chambers, C. A. Par
ker, C. W. Jones.
¦Henry Faulk, H. Pipkin, G.
H. Davis.
[No election-]
Jacob Black, Thos.H.Diggs,(c)
Thomas J. Clark.

CHAPTEE XV.

THE COUNTY OF BIBB.
By the name of " Cahaba" this county was established by
an act passed Feb. 12, 1818, out of territory originaUy taken
from Monroe. The name was changed by an act passed Dec.
4, 1820, thereby to honor Dr. Wm. W. Bibb, the first gov
ernor, an account of whom is given in the chapter on Autauga.
Bibb as at first formed included the greater part of Baker and
about half of the present Shelby, but it was soon changed.
Bibb lies near the centre of the State, south of Tuskaloosa
and Shelby, west of Baker and Shelby, north of Perry, and
east of Hale and Tuskaloosa.
Its area is about 640 square mUes.
The improved farm lands in 1870 embraced 24,575 acres,
the unimproved 91,824 acres, and the cash value of aU was
$295,110. The live stock in 1870 was valued at $147,466, and con
sisted of 519 horses, 383 mules, 3467 neat cattle, 2981 sheep,
and 3460 hogs.
The productions of the county in 1869 were 82,920 bushels,
of Indian corn, 6826 bushels of wheat, 13,645 bushels of oats,
14,906 bushels of potatoes, 7395 pounds of butter, 3973 bales
of OQtton, and 3934 pounds of wool ; whUe the value of ani^

136 BIBB COUNTY.
mals slaughtered was $30,598 ; and that of aU farm produc
tions was $273,777.
The population is thus given by the federal census :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites,  2930 5113 6256 7097 8027 5061
Blacks  746 1193 2028 2872 3867 2408
The formation of Baker caused the decrease betrween the
last named years.
The Cahaba river, for which it was first named, bisects the
county, but is not navigable. The Selma and Borne raUroad
passes through the eastern portion for fourteen mUes ; the
Alabama and Chattanooga raUroad skirts the northwest bor
der, and the projected raUway from MobUe to Elyton is sur
veyed through it.
Bon ore is abundant, and the Briarfield Iron Works were
of great service during the late war.
Inexhaustible beds of coal exist, the measures being in fre
quent instances exposed on the surface of the earth. Blue
lime and marble are also plentiful.
Indeed, few counties of the State may boast of equal mate
rial resources.
There was a flourishing cotton factory at Scottsviile, but it
was burned by Gen. McCook's raid in 1865.
Centre ville, the seat of justice, has about 300 inhabitants ;
Bandolph has about 200.
It was during the closing days of the late war that the
clank of sabres disturbed tlie solitudes of north Bibb. It
was Croxton ou his mission of destruction to the coUeges and
factories of Tuskaloosa. He encamped near the edge of the
county, eight or nine miles north of ScottsvUle, the night of
March 31, 1865. He had encountered the videttes of Jack
son's division of Forrest's cavalry that evening, and, at day
light the next morning, he began to move out of camp and
push rapidly northward, with the intention of flanking his
adversary, who he thought would move on to Selma. Just
as he was breaking camp, a spirited charge of Jackson's
troops on his rear hastened the movement. Croxton lost
several kUled, about thirty prisoners, several stands of colors,
150 horses, and his papers. The affair was greatly magnified
at the time by the hopeful people of Alabama, yet it delayed
but a day the devastation on the banks of the Tuskaloosa.
Edward Hawthorn Moren, a leading citizen of this county,
was born in Dinwiddie county, Virginia, in 1825. His father,
a merchant and farmer, was several times a member of the
senate of Virginia. _ His mother was a Miss Crawford of
Maryland. Graduating at a medical college in New York, he

BIBB COUNTY.

137

entered the United States army as an assistant surgeon. He
served in that capacity during the Mexican war, but resigned
in 1848. In 1853 he settled in Bibb, and for ten years devo
ted himself to his profession. Ln 1861 he was chosen to rep
resent Perry and Bibb in the upper house of the general
assembly, and was re-elected in 1865, both times without
opposition. In 1861 he went into the army as surgeon of
-the 29th Alabama, and was subsequently in charge of a hos
pital in Greenville. In 1870 he was elected lieutenant gov
ernor, and now holds the position. Dr. Moren is portly and
impressive in figure, with a grave but kind manner. His tal
ents are substantial and not showy, and he possesses nerve,
energy, moral worth, and practical sense. He married a
daughter of Hon. Sam'l W. Davidson, of this county.
Li 1821 the general assembly selected Henry W. Stephens,
Agrippa Atkinson, and Ansel Sawyer to choose a site for a
courthouse. Littlepage Sims was a delegate from Bibb to the constitu
tional convention of 1819 ; James W. Crawford to that of
1861, and Jackson Gardner to that of 1865.
The foUowing is a hst of members of the general assembly
from the county : Sencdors.

1819 — Littlepage Sims.
.1821 — Charles A Dennis.
1822— Jack Shackelford.
1825— D. Sullivan.
1828— Thomas Crawford.
1831 — Joab Lawler.
T 832— Alexander Hill.
1834— David E Boyd.
1835— James Hill.
1837— James Hill.

1819 — Jonathan Jones.
1820 — Gabriel Benson.
1821 — Jonathan Jones.
1822— Jonathan Jones, Jno. Wallace.
1823— Charles A. Dennis, Alex. Hill.
1824 — Jonathan Jones, Alex. Hill.
1825 — Jonathan Jones.
1826— Jonathan Jones.
lrt-27— James B. Clark.
1828— James B. Clark, Alex. Hill.
1829 — Jas. B. Clark, Jonathan Jones.
1830—, Jas B. Clark, David R. Boyd.
1831— D. R. Boyd, Julius Goodwin.
1832 —James W. Davis, John E, Sum
mers.
1833 — James W. Davis, John E Sum
mers.
1834 — David E. Davis. Hopkins Pratt.
1835— David E. Davis, Robt. Parker.
1836 — John Williams. Wm. Christian.
1837— James W. Davis, Bobt. Parker.

1840— Daniel E. Watrous.
1843— Daniel E. Watrous.
1847 — James M. Nabors.
1849— Daniel E. Watrous.
1853— Jack F. Cocke.
1857— Jack F. Cocke.
1861— Edward H Moren.
1805— Edward H. Moren.
[No election in 1867 or since.]
Representatives. 1838 — John E Summers. L.Kennedy.
1839— John Williams, Fred'k James.
1 840— David E. Davis, S.W. Davidson.
1841— Dav. E.Davis, Ezekiel Henry.
1812— Pleasant Hill, — Morrison.
1843— Pleasant Hill, David E. Davis,
1844 — B. Morrison, B. L. Dufreese.
J 845— Bobert Hill.
1847— James W. Davis.
1849—0. S. Quinn.
1851 -James W. Davis.
1 853- -las. W. Davis, Chas. P . Findley.
1855— E,H. Bernhard, J.W.Crawford.
1857 — Robert Parker.
1859— S. W. Davidson, jr.
1861— Henry D. Calhoun.
1883— J. W.' Davis.
1865 — James W. Davis.
1867— [No election.]
1870— T. J. Smitherman.

CHAPTEE XVI.
THE COUNTY OF BLOUNT.
Blount was estabhshed by an act passed Feb. 7, 1818, and
originaUy embraced the present county of Jefferson, and that
part of Walker east of the Sipsey Fork of the Tuskaloosa
river. It was soon after cut down to its present limits.
It lies in the north centre of the State, south of MarshaU
and Morgan, west of Marshall and St. Clair, north of St. Clair
and Jefferson, and east of Winston and Walker.
It was named to honor Gov. Blount* of Tennessee, for
whose timely aid in 1813 in sending troops against the Creeks
the people of Alabama owe such a debt of gratitude.
Its area is about 990 square mUes.
The assessed value of property is $757,893; of which
$614,552 is real estate, and $143,341 is personal property.
The population is exhibited as foUows :
1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870

Whites  2415 4233 5570 7367 10,865 9945
Blacks  176 351 345 426 672 682
The farm lands in 1870—56,349 acres improved, and 186,927
acres unimproved — were valued at $649,291.
The value of Hve stock — 1651 horses, 633 mules, 9558 neat
cattle, 9507 sheep, 15,983 hogs— was $435,315.
Iri 1869 the productions were 266,553 bushels of Indian
corn, 47,275 bushels of wheat, 12,779 bushels of oats, 36,347
bushels of potatoes, 83,055 pounds of butter, 5682 pounds of
tobacco, 950 bales of cotton, 14,088 pounds of wool; the
value of animals slaughtered was $109,300 ; and the value of
farm productions was $572,045.
The profile of the county is rugged and mountainous, with
beautiful valleys, where —

 -"Freshness breathes from each silver spring,
Whose scattered streams from granite basins burst,
Leap into life, and sparkling woo your thirst."

* Willie G. Blount succeeded Gov. Sevier as chief magistrate of Tennessee
in 1809. He was among the earlier citizens of that State, and represented
it in congress from 1815 to 1819.

BLOUNT COUNTY. 139
These vaUeys are aUurial and very productive, but the larger
portion of the county has a hght soU, often comparatively
sterile. The Tuskaloosa flows through the county, but is not navi
gable, and there has been no raUways. Now, however, the
railroad that connects Decatur and Montgomery traverses
the western portion of the county, and the development of
the magnificent mineral resources and advantages of Blount
wUl begin.
The coal and iron of this county make it one of the richest
in the State. Coal measures cover a very considerable por
tion of the surface, and iron ore is wondrously abundant.
And yet these indispensable and valuable minerals he undis
turbed in the womb of Nature. They afford to the people of
the county, however, a mine of wealth that insures the pros
perity of the county for aU time to come.
SUver has been successfully sought in Brown's VaUey, and
lumber wUl eventuaUy be produced in large quantities.
The greatest variety of mineral waters is found in Blount.
At Blount Springs, in the southwestern part, sixteen springs,
differing in a greater or less degree, rise through the rock
within a circle a few hundred feet in diameter. Black, red,
white, and sweet sulphur, limestone, and chalybeate waters,
are aU to be found at the place.
Blount is famous for its apples, and many are exp6rted.
They have no superior as fruit.
Blountsville, the seat of justice since the county was
formed, has about 350 inhabitants. There are no other vU-
lages of importance, though Blount Springs is being laid out
as a town.
There are numerous caverns in the county, some of which
contain saltpetre. " One belongs to that class caUed blowing
" caves, in which the air takes an opposite course at different
"seasons of the year; blowing outward in summer, and
"inward in winter. * * Some of these caves were used by the
"aborigines as burial places, and thefr remains are yet found
"in them, with fragments of lead, nuts, sheUs, and trinkets."*
There are many other picturesque scenes and curiosities in
• Blount. In 1819, John GUbraith, WiUiam Bino, Stephen Box, Moses
Burleson, and Henry McPherson were appointed to fix the
seat of justice ; and, a year later, John GUbraith, John Fowler,
Eichard Yeelding, Lewis Johnson, and Joseph H. Mead were
appointed to superintend the erection of pubhc buddings.
The mountain waU on her northern boundary gave a feeling
¦of security to the people of Blount during the progress of the
••"Report on the.Geology of Alabama"" - M. Tuomey.

140 BLOUNT COUNTY.
late war. But the closing day of April 1863, was signahzed
by "the clash of resounding arms" in the direction of Moul
ton. At dusk on that day Forrest overtook Straight in the
passes of Sand Mountain, and the fight lasted for three hours.
The enemy were at length driven back, and came hurriedly
down the vaUey into Blount. "The scene of this prolonged
" and desperate conflict on the barren mountain heights of
"north Alabama is remembered by participants who have
" mingled in the great battles of the war, as one of peculiar,
"weird grandeur, impossible to paint with words. With the
"thunder of artillery, the continuous peal of the musketry,
" and thefr infinitely multiplied reverberations from mountain
"to valley, were mingled the sharp clangor of words of coni-
"niancl, the cheery shouts of the men, and the uproar and
"cries of affrighted and wounded animals, added to which
"there was a splendor in the lurid volcanic flashes of the
"rapidly served artiUery, and the fiery blaze of musketry,
"which excited admiration, attracting notice, even in that
"moment of fiercest passions, when the air was thick and
"perilous with deadly missives."* Some fifty of the enemy
Avere left behind, dead or wounded, as weU as the piece of
artillery they captured from the Confederates iu Morgan,
and about thirty wagons. The Confederates lost several
kUled and wounded, and Forrest had a horse killed under
him. The pursuit was renewed, and for mUes the path of the fly
ing enemy in the direction of Blountsville was strewn with
every conceivable portable. They were evidently frightened,
and the confederates, like sleuth-hounds, kept at their heels.
At 11 o'clock the raiders stood, at bay, but a voUey of artillery
and musketry broke thefr line, and hurried them on. On they
moved, pursuer and pursued, by the hght of the stars, and
the earth was strewn with the castaway booty and baggage,
broken-down beasts, &c, whUe the woods swarmed with the
negroes who had collected to join the men in blue, but who
were dismounted in the exigency to provide for the safety of
better men. At one o'clock another stand was made, but '
easUy broken by a well directed voUey, which sent them hur
riedly on. From two o'clock tiU daylight Forrest bivouacked ;
and with the light of the May morning rushed after his prey.
At BlountsvUle, Streight transferred his baggage to pack ani
mals, set fire to the wagons, and took the Gadsden road.
Forrest reached the spot at eleven o'clock, saved much of the
abandoned stores, replenished the haversack from them, and
pushed on. Eight mUes further, a running fight occurred, and
the federals threw themselves across the rocky ford of the
* " Campaigns of General Forrest."

BLOUNT COUNTY. 141
Tuskaloosa, at the cost of several men kiUcd, and a number
of pack-mules drowned, to avoid the collision. The confed
erates rested three or four hours on the bank of the stream,
then leaped into the saddle and moved on into the valleys of
Etowa. "Just before reaching the Warrior river, two young country
"girls, seventeen or eighteen years of age, appeared, leading
"three accoutred horses, and driving before them as many
"federal soldiers, whose guns they carried on their young
"shoulders. Asking for the commanding officer, they related
"with much simplicity how they, had captured these men,
"and wished to deliver them. Their captives, in extenuation of
"their situation, aUeged that they had no stomach for further
"fighting. These brave girls were poor, dressed hi homespun,
"and barefooted, though clean and neat. They said they would
"be willing to go on with the troops, bat hardly thought their
"services were necessary. The general gave each a horse, and
"they went off smUing and proud."*
Brave maidens of Blount ! The fit brides of heroes ! Like
Bed Earl GUbert's daughter —
"They can a warrior's feelings know
'•And weep a warrior's shame ;
"Can buckle the spurs upon thy heel,
"And belt thee with thy brand of steel,
"And send thee forth to fame !"
Of the more prominent citizens of Blount, William H. Mus
grove deserves remembrance. He was born in Georgia, Jan
uary 15, 1796 ; but his parents removed to South Carolina the
year after, and to Cocke county, Tennessee, in 1807. In 1818
he came to Alabama, and taught school near Elyton a year,
then continued that vocation in this county for several years.
In 1828 he represented the county in the lower house of the
legislature, and was five times re-elected ; serving also three
years in the senate. He was also elected judge of the county
court by the legislature, but declined the honor. In 1856 he
was ordained a minister of the gospel, at Mount Tabor church.
He led a company to the Creek frontier in 1836, and in 1861
was chosen captain of a company, which he led to Pensacola.
WhUe in the service there he died, March 6, 1862, and his
remains are interred hi Mount Tabor church-yard. Colonel
Musgrove — as he was caUed from a militia title — was a plain
man, of great moral worth. He led a holy hfe as a minister
of God, and his conduct towards his feUow-man was exemplary
hi the highest degree. He married a daughter of Eev. John
Fowler, and has numerous relatives in Blount. Bev. P. M.
Musgrove, of this county, who received a very complimentary
vote for congress in 1861, is his nephew.
""'Campaigns of General Forrest."

142 BLOUNT COUNTY.
Mace T. P. Bbindley was also a prominent citizen and
planter of Blount for many years. He often served in the
State senate, and was a very useful member of society. He
died two or three years ago, leaving many relatives, among
whom is Lieut. G. B. Brindley, a brave officer of the Fifty-
fourth Alabama regiment. Major Brindley was a man of en
larged views, and steady adherence to principle. His absti
nence and upright habits enabled him to live to years border
ing on fourscore.
Enoch Aldridge is doubtless the oldest resident of the
county. He was born in Bledsoe county, Tennessee, in 1807,
and came with his parents to Blount in December 1816. He
grew to manhood here, and in 1836 was a private in Capt.
Musgrove's company during the Creek troubles. He was
elected to the general assembly the same year, and served the
county in one house or the other for eighteen years between
1836 and 1863. In 1862 he raised a company, and at the
organization of the Forty-eighth Alabama Infantry was
elected major of it. He commanded the regiment at Cedar
Bun, and was there seriously wounded. He resigned soon
after.. He has since resided on his farm near BrooksviUe.
Col. Aldridge has ever been a faithful pubhc servant, and
deserves much credit as a self-made man. He is a close
observer of men, and possesses much sagacity and energy.
Of his seven sons who were in the Confederate service, one
was kUled at the second Manassas, one died in prison at Fort
Donelson, and one was crippled permanently. Lieutenant-
Colonel Jesse J. Aldridge and Captain Andrew J. Aldridge,
both of the Forty-eighth Alabama Infantry, are also his sons.
Isaac Brown, John Brown, and Gabriel Hanby served
Blount in the constitutional convention of 1819 ; John S.
Brashear and WUham H. Edwards in that of 1861; and
WiUiam H. Edwards and J. C. Gillespie in the "reconstruc
tion " convention of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of the members of the general
assembly from Blount. Senators.
1 8 1 9— Gabriel Hanby. 1 844— William M. Griffin.
1822— D. Conner. 1847— Mace T. P. Brindley.
1825— John Ash. 1851— Enoch Aldridge.
1828— D. Conner. 1853— Mace T. P .' Brindley .
1832— John Ash. ] 857— Williara Thaxton .
1834— Samuel Johnson. ]859— F. W. Staton.
1835— William H. Musgrove. 1861— W. N. Crump.
1838— Emory Lloyd. 1863— C. G. Beeson.
1841— Mace T. B. Brindley. 1865— W. H. Edwards.

BULLOCK COUNTY.

143

Representatives.
1819— John Browne, Isaac Brown,
Benjamin Matterson.
1820 — John Browne, Isaac Brown,
Col. John Brown.
1821 — John Browne, Moses Ayres,
Washington Allen.
1822— Marston Mead.
1823 — Marston Mead.
1824— Marston Mead.
1825— Marston Mead.
1826— Marston Mead.
1827—1828 — William H. Musgrove, David
Murphree.
1829— Marston Mead, David Mur
phree.
1830 — William H. Musgrove, David
Murphree.
1831— William H. Musgrove, Thomas
Shearer.
1832 — William H. Musgrove, Samuel
Johnson.
1833— William H. Musgrove, Samuel
Johnson.
1834 — David Murphree, Emory Lloyd.
1835— Emory Lloyd, Middleton T.
Johnson.
1836— Middleton T. Johnson, Enoch
Aldridge.

1837— Enoch Aldridge, Joseph Tiffin.
1838— Marston Mead, G. H. Harri-

1839-Mace T. T. Brindley, Ira E.
McMillion.
1840— Ira E. Mc Million, Godfrey
Fowler.
1841— Ira E. McMillion, William H.
Musgrove.
1842 — Godfrey Fowler,  Wharton.
1843— Ira E. McMillion, Enoch Ald
ridge .
1844— Enoch Aldridge. Aquilla Jones
1845 — Enoch Aldridge.
1847— Enoch Aldridge.
1849— Enoch Aldridge.
1851— Thomas W. Staton.
1853— Enoch Aldridge, William P.
St. John .
1855 — Thomas Staton, Reuben Ellis.
1857— Thomas H. Staton, W. H. Ed
wards .
1859— Enoch Aldridge, A. M. Gibson.
1861- Enoch Aldridge, Reuben Ellis.
1863— Reuben Ellis, A. M. Gibson.
1865— Solomon Palmer, A M. Gib
son.
1867— [No election.]
1870— A. P. Payne.

CHAPTEE XVII.

THE COUNTY OF BULLOCK.

Bullock was created from portions of Macon, Pike, Mont
gomery, and Barbour by an act approved Dec. 5, 1866.
It is in the eastern part of the State, and lies east of Mont
gomery, west of EusseU and Barbour, south of Macon, north
of Pike and Barbour.
It was named to honor Col. E. C. BuUoek of Barbour ; a
sketch of whom wUl be found under the head of that county.
The area of the county is about 600 square miles.
The census shows that in 1870 there were 115,310 acres of
improved land, 117,423 acres of unimproved ; the whole
valued at $2,468,172.
The five stock was valued at $715,225, and consisted of

144 BULLOCK COUNTY.
1277 horses, 2381 mules, 9333 neat cattle, 2732 sheep, and
11,045 hogs.
In 1869 the county produced 389,791 bushels of Indian
corn, 13,632 bushels of oats, 33,281 bushels of potatoes, 1758
tons of hay, 12,364 gaUons of molasses, 17,972 bales of cot
ton, and 748 gaUons of wine ; and the value of farm produc
tions was $2,008,451.
Though young, BuUock is the eighth county in the value of
taxable property.
The population in 1870 was 7223 whites, and 17,251 blacks.
The surface of the county is comparatively level ; the soU
is prairie, gray, and hght. Bereft of natural conduits of
trade, there are sixty-seven mUes of raUway within the bor
ders of the county : 34 miles of the Montgomery and Eufaula
railroad, and 33j of the railroad from Girard to Troy.
Union Springs is the seat of justice. It was founded in
1836, incorporated in 1852, and now has 1455 inhabitants, the
majority of whom are whites. It is a growing town, with the
attractions of good society.
Bullock has no important history.
By the act of organization, James T. Norman, Joel T.
Crawford, and Malachi Ivey were appointed to hold the elec
tion for a seat of justice.
Daniel A. McCaU represented the county in the house of
representatives in 1867, and Daniel A. McCaU, George M.
Drake, and L. S. Speed (colored) in the same body in 1870.
Bichard Holmes Powell of this county is a weU known
citizen of the State. He was -born in MonticeUo, Jasper
county, Georgia, Nov. 2, 1821. His father was a physician,
and a native of Virginia, who often represented Talbot county,
Georgia, hi the senate of that State, and who brought his
family to Alabama hi 1839. His mother was a daughter of
Eev. Bichard Holmes. The son was educated at Emory and
Bandolph-Macon colleges, and was the feUow-student at the
latter of Lomax, Dowdell, Clopton, and Benagh, aU familiar
names in this State. He settled permanently in the part of
Macon now embraced m BuUock in 1843. Here he was a
planter, but took an active interest in social and political
questions. In 1852 he was grand worthy patriarch of the
Sons of Temperance in the State. When the war between
the States commenced, he led a company into the service in
time to become a part of the third infantry regiment raised
in Alabama. He served as captain through the bloody cam
paigns of Virginia, tiU after Gettysburg, when he became
major, and afterwards lieutenant colonel of the brave Third
Alabama Infantry. At the close of the struggle, he was

BUTLER COUNTY. 145
elected to the senate from Macon, and served two years hi
that body. He was licensed as a lawyer in 1867, having
reviewed the studies of his youth, and now practices in Union
Springs. Col. PoweU is a gentleman of cultivated mind,
hterary attainments, stainless integrity, agreeable and affable
manners, and earnest but moderate opinions. As an officer
he was a favorite with his command. He married a sister of
of Col. Homer Blackman of this county.
Daniel Alexander McCall, the first judge of the probate
court of BuUock, was bom in Cumberland county, North
Carolina, in 1816, and came to Alabama in 1839. He resided
in Barbour, and was engaged in planting, merchandizing, and
steamboating tiU 1856, when he came to that part of Pike
now embraced in this county. He was elected to the senate
from that county in 1863, and, in 1867, when thrown into'this
county by the act of organization, he was elected to the office
of probate judge. Legislated out of office in 1868, he was
elected to the de facto legislature of 1869 to fiU a vacancy,
and re-elected the year foUowing. He was admitted to the
bar shortly after the peace, and is now practicing in Union
Springs as the partner of Col. James N. Arlington, late solici
tor for this judicial district. He married a daughter of the
late Judge Charles A. Dennis, one of the earliest settlers of
Pike.

CHAPTEE XVIII.
THE COUNTY OE BUTLEE.

Butler was formed from Conecuh by an act passed Dec. 13,
1819, and originaUy embraced thfrty townships, forming an
oblong square. It is in the south center of the State, and hes
south of Lowndes, west of Crenshaw, north of Conecuh and
Covington, and east of WUcox and Conecuh.
It was named to honor Capt. Wm. Butler, one of the first

10

146 BUTLER COUNTY.
settlers of the county, who was kUled by Indians near Butler
Springs in March 1818.*
Its area is 783 square miles.
The population is thus given by the federal census :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  835 3904 6192 7162 11260 8590
Blacks  570 1746 2493 3674 6862 6391
The setting aside of a part to Crenshaw was the cause of
the decrease between 1860 and 1870.
Ln 1870 the improved lands hi farms were 75,685 acres, the
unimproved 125,445 acres ; the whole valued at $927,827.
The value of hve stock was $363,962, and comprised 1017
horses, 1042 mules, 7026 neat cattle, 2281 sheep, and 11,245
swine. The productions in 1869 were 251,512 bushels of Indian corn,
4126 bushels of oats, 61,349 bushels of potatoes, 5854 bales of
cotton, 2737 pounds of wool, and 6475 gaUons of molasses;
the value of animals slaughtered was $69,170 ; and the value
of farm productions was $983,066.
The surface of the country is varied with ridge and flat lands.
The soU is light, except on the creek bottoms, but susceptible
of a high degree of artificial enrichment.
The pine forests are extensive, and numerous lumber mills
are in operation.
The MobUe & Montgomery EaUroad passes through the
heart of the county for 34 miles, and the Vicksburg & Bruns
wick, and Selma & Gulf railroads are surveyed into its center.
Greenville, the seat of justice, has 2856 inhabitants, of
whom 1555 are whites. It has a considerable produce trade,
especially in cotton. It was first called ButtsvUle to honor
Capt. Samuel Butts, a Georgian who was killed at the battle
of Calabee, January 1814 ; but the name was changed by an
act of the legislature in 1822, and the present name bestowed
because many of its early inhabitants were from that district
in South Carolina.
Georgiana has about 400 inhabitants.
Butler was the scene of hostilities between the white pio
neers and the Indians in 1818, and several outrages and mur
ders were committed by the latter. The night of March 13,
a party of Indians surrounded the house of Wm. Ogle, near
where Fort Dale was buUt afterwards, and massacred him,
•William Butleh was a native of Virginia, but had resided in Georgia,
and served in the legislature of that State. He commanded a company at
the battle of Calabee, and had been living in Alabama but a few months
before his death. The name reported in the original bill was "Fairfield,''
but "Butler" was inserted on the final passage of the bill.

BUTLER COUNTY. 147
Mrs. Stroud, and five chUdren. A week later, Captains Butler
and James Saffold, and Wm. P. Gardner, Daniel Shaw, and
 Hinson, were ambushed near Butler Springs, and Butler,
Gardner, and Shaw were killed. Capt. Samuel Dale of Mon
roe reached the settlements a day or two later with a body of
men, and buUt Fort Dale, strengthened Fort Bibb, and effectu-
aUy protected the settlers.
The name Crenshaw is a familiar one in Butler. Anderson
Crenshaw, who was on the bench of our State for twenty- six
years, resided in the county. He was born in Newberry dis
trict, South Carolina, in 1786. His father was tax coUector of
Newberry for many years. Graduating at South Carolina
CoUege in 1806, he read law under Judge Nott, and was
licensed in 1809. In 1812 he was in the legislature of his
native State. In 1820 he came to Alabama, and settled in
Cahaba. The year foUowing he was elected to the supreme
court bench, a position he held twelve years. It was soon
after his election that he settled in this county. When the
supreme and cfrcuit courts were separated, Judge Crenshaw
was continued on the cfrcuit bench. He was fining this posi
tion in 1839 when elected to the new office of chanceUor,
defeating Messrs. J. B. Clark of Greene, Bobert McAlpin of
MobUe, and E. S. Dargan of Montgomery. It was whUe hold
ing this office that he died in 1847. Judge C. was taU and
slim in person, with a stooping gait, and a dark complexion.
He was kind and amiable in disposition. Honest, just, and
benevolent, his moral character was stainless. " His mind
"was stored," says a contemporary, " with a vast amount of
" knowledge of the principles of jurisprudence, and he strove
" to make his court the forum of the reason and spirit of the
" law." The legislature of our State named a county in his
honor in 1865. He married a Miss ChUes of Abbeville, S. C,
and two of his sons have represented Butler in the legislature.
One of these,
Walter Henry Crenshaw, of this county, was born in New
berry, South Carolina, in 1817. Beceiving a good education,
he read law under his father, but did not practice. As early
as 1839 he represented Butler in the lower house of the legis
lature, and has since been repeatedly re-elected. From 1861
to 1865 he was speaker of the house of representatives. He
has also represented Butler and Lowndes six years in the
senate, defeating H°n- John K. Henry in 1851, and presiding
over that body for two years. He is now judge of the crim
inal court of the county. He is of medium highth, with
a dark complexion, and a harsh voice. His integrity, moral
standing, and public spirit are widely known, and his name

148 BUTLER COUNTY.
has been frequently coupled with higher official positions than
those he has occupied. He married a Miss Crenshaw of We-
tumpka, niece of Hon. John A. Elmore, and one of his sons
has been an officer of the county.
John K. Henry has long been a resident of this county.
He was born hi Hancock county, Georgia, March 23, 1814,
and came with his parents to this State in 1819. His father,
a planter of narrow means, settled in WUcox county, where
the son grew to manhood with few educational advantages.
He was in his 29th year when he began to read law, which he
did in GreenvUle, having removed to the town previously.
He soon prepared himself, -and began a practice which his
industry and abUity rapidly augmented. In 1851 he was the
nominee of his party for the State senate. In 1860 he was
elected to the circuit court bench over Messrs. W. B. H. How
ard of Wilcox, and S. J. Cumming of Monroe. This respon
sible position he filled with decided satisfaction to the people,
who re-elected him for another term in 1866 without opposi
tion. But hi 1868 he was ejected from office by congress.
Judge Henry is of ordinary highth, and spare. His deport
ment is affable and his nature genial. Few men have filled
the bench of the State with greater credit, whUe his ability
as an attorney stands revealed by the rapidity with which he
made his way to the high rank accorded him in his prof ession.
He married a Miss CaldweU of this county.
The late Benjamin Faneuil Porter resided in this county.
He was a native of Charleston, South Carolina, and was born
in 1808. His father, a native of the Bermudas, came to
Charleston in his boyhood. His mother was a Miss Fielding.
The son received a very hmited education, which he greatly .
improved by study. He was admitted to the bar in 1825, and
three years later removed to ChestervUle. In 1830 he came
to Alabama, and settled in Claiborne, Monroe county. His
profession failing to support him, he practiced medicine about
a year. Having volunteered in a criminal case, his speech so
impressed Mr. Dellett that he persuaded him to resume the
practice, which was now attended with success. In 1832 he
represented Monroe in the legislature, and the same year was
elected judge of the county court. He was twice re-elected
to represent Monroe, but the justices appointed him reporter
of the supreme court, and he removed to Tuskaloosa to attend
to its duties. The bar of the State know how faithfuUy he
labored in this capacity. The fourteen volumes which,' as a
whole or in part, bear his name, are " a work of which, any
"man might be proud."* From 1837 to 1840 Judge Porter
•Judge O'Neal of South Carolina in hie Bench and Bar.

butler county. 149
represented Tuskaloosa in the lower house, and in the latter
year was elected judge of the cfrcuit court for the Mobile dis
trict. He served only a short time, resigning because a ques
tion of his ehgibUity was raised. In 1842, and agam in 1845
and 1847 he was a member of the legislature. Ln 1848 he
removed to Georgia for his health, and from thence he
returned to Charleston in 1850. In 1858 he removed to
north Alabama, and two years later made GreenvUle his home.
He resided here tiU his death in June 1868. He was a man
of bright inteUect, generous impulses, enlarged views and
industrious habits. His disposition was amiable, his nature
emotional, his mind speculative, his heart charitable. He
married a Miss Kydd of South Carolina, and one of his sons
was killed at the battle of Franklin. A daughter, a lady of
hterary culture, resides in Greenville, with others of his
descendants. Samuel Adams, of this county, was one of Alabama's mili
tary heroes. He was born in Abbeville district, South Caro
lina, in 1830, and was a graduate of Columbia College. In
1851 he came to Butler, and for a year or two was principal
of a male and female academy in GreenvUle. He then read
law under Hon. John K. Henry, and removed to Conecuh
county, where he was the law partner of his relative, Hon. J.
A. StaUworth. Eeturning to GreenvUle hi 1854, he soon after
became the law partner of Col. H. A. Herbert. He was twice
elected to represent the county in the legislature, and was a
successful attorney. When the war began he entered the
service as a second lieutenant in the Ninth Alabama Infantry.
and served till February 1862 in Virginia. WhUe on a visit
home to recruit, he was chosen colonel of the Thirty-third
Alabama, which shared the fortunes of the western army.
At PerryvUle Colonel Adams commanded a brigade, and was
severely wounded in the foot. Eejoining his regiment before
his leave of absence expired, he led it at Murfreesboro ; as he'
did in aU the subsequent operations down to Atlanta. Here,
while superintending the construction of outworks, July 21, a
ball from a sharpshooter passed through his breast, killing
him instantly. He was buried in Atlanta. The prominent
traits in the character of Col. Adams were integrity, sincerity,
courage and morality, He was unassuming in his deport
ment, and apparently cold and indifferent ; but his real nature
was genial and generous. As an officer he was trustworthy
and brave, and Generals Hardee and Cleburne recommended
him for promotion. He married a sister of Col. H. A. Her
bert of this county.

150

BUTLER COUNTY.

S. J. Boiling and John McPherson represented Butler in
the constitutional convention of 1861, and Walter H. Cren
shaw and M. C. Lane in that of 1865.
The following is a list of the members of the legislature ;

Senators.

1822— John Dandridge Bibb.
1825— William Jones.
1828— John Watkins.
1830— William Hemphill.
1833— William Hemphill.
1836— Samuel W. Oliver.
1837 — H. Lee Henderson.
1839— Joseph W. Townsend.
1840 — Jesse Womack.

1842 — Asa Arrington.
1845 — Archibald Gilchrist.
1847— Thomas J. Judge.
1851— Walter H. Crenshaw.
1855— F. C. Webb.
1857— Thomas J. Burnett.
1861 — Edmund Harrison.
1865— Waltee H. Ceenshaw.

Representatives.

1825 — Nathan Cook.
1826— Andrew T. Perry.
1827— Nathan Cook.
1828— Nathan Cook.
1829— Naijhan Cook.
1830— Nathan Cook.
1831— Nathan Cook.
1832— Nathan Cook.
1833— Edward Bowen.
1834 — Edward Bowen, Herndon Lee'
Henderson.
1835— John W. Womack, Herndon L.
Henderson.
1836— Henry T. Jones, H.L.Hen
derson.

]843— Wm. H. Trawick, W. D. K.
Taylor.
1844— Thomas HiU Watts, Joseph
Ehodes.
1845— Thomas H. Watts, W. D. K.
Taylor.
1847— B. W. Henderson, Walter H.
Crenshaw.
1849— Edward Bowen, John S. Mc-
Mullen.
1851 — Brockman W. Henderson, J.
S. McMullen.
1853 — Thomas J. Burnett, James B.
Yeldell.
1855— K. B. Wright, J. S. McMullen.

1837— Henry T. Jones, H. L. Hender- 1857— Samuel Adams, A. B, Scarbor-
son. ough.
1838— Henry T. Jones, Walter H. 1859— Samuel Adams, M. C. Lane.
Crenshaw. 1861 — Waltee H. Ceenshaw, Thomas
1839— Jesse Womack, Jas. W. Wade. J. Burnett.
1840— Edward' Bowen, Walter H. 1863— Waltee H. Ceenshaw, S. F.
Crenshaw. Gafford.
1841— Joseph Bhodes, W. H. Cren- 1865— Thomas C. Crenshaw, S. F.
shaw. Gafford.
1842— Thomas Hill Wa,tts, H. L. 1867— [No election.]
Henderson. 1870— J. L. Powell.

* The small capitals show that the member presided over the body at
that session.

CHAPTEE XIX.
THE COUNTY OF CALHOUN.
Calhoun was organized by an act passed December 18,
1832, and the territory taken from that ceded by the Musco
gees the March before. The orignal dimensions were muti
lated by parts being assigned to Cleburne and Etowa, at the
formation of those counties.
It was caUed "Benton" by the act by which it was estab
lished, in honor of Col. Thomas H. Benton* the Missouri
statesman ; but was changed by an act passed January 29,
1858, to Calhoun, to honor the memory of Hon. John C.
Calhounf of South Carolina, whose pohtical course had
proven more satisfactory than that of Mr. Benton.
It is in the northeastern part of the State, south of Etowa
and Cherokee, west of Cleburne,' north of TaUadega and
Cleburne, and east of St. Clair.
Area, about 610 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $1,407,530 ;
personalty $294,798 ; total $1,702,258.
The following has been the movement of population :
1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  11,360 13,397 17,169 10,088
Blacks  2,900 3,766 4,370 3,892
In 1870 there were 68,234 acres of improved, and 125,071
'Thomas Hakt Benton was a native of North Carolina, but removed to
Tennessee when a young man. He was there a lawyer ; when the war of
1812-14 began he was appointed a field officer, and served in Alabama, being
in command of Fort Montgomery, Baldwin county, for a short time. He
removed to Missouri and was a senator in congress from that State from 1820
to 1850. He died in 1858. His "Thirty Years View" is a standard work on
the public measures of the United States.
tJoHN Caldwell Calhoun was born in Abbeville district, S. C, in 1782.
He became an attorney, but in 1811 entered political life as a member of
congress. During the eight years of Mr. Monroe's administration he was
minister of war, 1817-25, and at the end of that time became vice-president
of the United States, to which he was twice chosen. He resigned the vice-
presidency in 1831, and, except the two years of his service as secretary of
state under Mr. Tyler, he was a senator in congress for much of the time till
the clQSP of his life, He died March 31, 1850.

152 CALHOUN COUNTY.
acres of unimproved farm lands, and the value thereof was
$1,324,105. The value of live stock was $339,112, and consisted of 1186
horses, 986 mules, 5753 neat cattle, 3441 sheep, 9521 hogs.
In 1869 the productions were 238,451 bushels of Indian
corn, 29,030 bushels of oats, 79,818 bushels of wheat, 20,643
of potatoes, 88,463 pounds of butter, 3038 bales of cotton,
1500 pounds of tobacco, 4840 pounds of wool, 10,795 gaUons
of molasses ; the value of animals slaughtered was $93,302 ;
and the value of farm productions was $713,006.
The surface of the country is broken and mountainous, inter
sected by valleys of great fertility and beauty.
The Coosa river is part of the western boundary, but is
not used for 'steam navigation. The Selma & Borne Eailroad
passes through the heart of the county for 34 miles ; and the
projected raUroad from Opehka to GuntersyUle, and one from
Atlanta to Gadsden, are surveyed through it.
Coal, iron ore, millstone grit, pine lumber, &c, are among
the abundant natural resources of Calhoun. The furnace near
Oxford was operating with much profit tiU destroyed by Gen.
Croxton's raid, in 1865.
There are also mineral waters in the county.
Jacksonville, the seat of justice, is on the Selma & Eome
Eailroad and is given a population of 958 souls by the census
of 1870, but it is thought to be at least one-fourth larger. It
was named to honor Gen. Andrew Jackson. A coUege for
males has been recently erected in the town and water works
are being erected.
Oxford, in the southern part of the county, is a thriving
raUroad town of about 800 inhabitants.
Cross Plains has about 350 inhabitants, and is also on the
railroad. In the western part of this county is the battle-ground of
Tallaseehatchee. While Gen. Jackson was moving southward '
on his first expedition against the hostile Muscogees, he sent
Brig. Gen. Coffee in advance with about 1000 men to attack
the town of TaUaseehatchee. Surroimding the place, Nov. 3,
1813, the savages were drawn from their houses by decoy
companies, enveloped within the lines of the whites, and cut
to pieces. Without once asking for quarter, they met their
fate like heroes, and fought desperately. They were aU killed
— 186 in number — not a warrior escaping. Eighty-four women
and chUdren were captured, some of whom were carelessly
or accidentaUy kUled.* The loss of the whites was five killed
*lt was on this occasion that au Indian woman was found dead with an
infant at her breast. When the captives were brought into camp; Gen.
Jackson asked the women to take care of him. They refused. "All his

CALHOUN COUNTY. 153
and eighteen wounded. A noticeable circumstance in con
nection with this battle is that the Indians were aU armed
with a bow and quiver of arrows, besides guns, which showed
that they had taken to heart the advice of Tecumseh to throw
aside the arts they had learned from the whites, and return
to thefr primitive customs.
.A number of distinguished citizens have adorned the annals
of Calhoun. Among them Miles W. Abernethy may be
named. He came from Lincoln county, North Carolina,
(wliich he twice represented in the legislature) about the year
1835, and became a merchant and planter in this county.
He has served it in both branches of the legislature, and has
ever exercised a salutary influence over his feUow men. His
solid character is made up of the cardinal virtues, and his
sterling sense has enlarged his capacity for usefulness. His
wife was a Miss Hoke, and his only son feU on one of. the
battlefields of the Old Dominion.
Thomas Avtjstgton Walker is a citizen of CaUioun. He
was bom in Jasper county, Georgia, January 5, 1811, and was
the son of a wealthy planter. The maiden name of his
mother was Smith. The parents came to the State in 1822,
and settled in Shelby. The son was graduated at the State
University in 1833, read law under Hon. Anderson Crenshaw
of Butler, and was licensed to practice in 1834. Bemoving
to Elyton, he there opened a law office, but in 1836 he came
to. reside in this county. In 1835 he v/as elected general of
militia at a time when the proximity of the Indian tribes
made the office one of responsibility. A year later he was
elected by the legislature sohcitor of his district, defeating
Messrs. Felix G. McConneU, Geo. W. Stone, and H. A. Eut-
ledge, aU of TaUadega ; but he resigned the solicitorship when
chosen to represent this county in the legislature in 1839.
By successive elections he served in the house of representa
tives tiU 1842, when he was transferred to the senate for a
term of three years. In 1847 he was chosen by the general
assembly to the judgeship of the circuit court, defeating Hon.
Geo. W. Lane of Madison. And when the election of judges
was transferred to the people in 1850, he defeated Judge
Lane for the same office by 4214 majority. He continued on
the bench till 1856, when he was defeated by Smith D. Hale,
esq., of Madison. Shortly after, he was chosen to the presi
dency of the Selma & Borne Eailroad, a post held by him tUl
1856. From 1859 to 1865 he served the county in the State
relations are dead," said they, ' 'kill him, too." But ' 'the war-horse of the
Hermitage" had the child taken to his own home, where he was reared, and
edueated to business ; and where he died in early youth. His name was
Lincoyer.

154 CALHOUN COUNTY.
senate, presiding over that body the last two years of the
time. Of late years he has been engaged in planting. In
personal appearance, Judge Walker is short and stout, with a
protruding brow, and a rubicund visage. His mind is an
exceedingly active one, fuUy ahve to current events. His
reputation for hospitahty, pubhc spirit, energy and benevo
lence are weU established ; and his strong practical sense,
acknowledged ability, and blameless life inspire confidence.
He married a sister of Col. Wm. McGehee of this county.
John Foster has long been a citizen of this county. He
was bom in Troy, New York, in 1818, and was the son of a
druggist. His maternal uncle, Samuel G. Huntingdon, was a
judge of the circuit court of New York for eight years.
Graduating at WUliams College, Massachusetts, he read law
under his uncle, and came to the bar in 1838. He at once
came to this State, settled in Jacksonville, and practiced sev
eral years in partnership with Hon. Wm. B. Martin. Ln 1843
he was defeated for the legislature. In 1856 he was elected
chancellor of the northern division to succeed Hon. A. J. Walker.
He was re-elected in 1862, and appointed to the same position
by Gov. Parsons. He served tUl December 1865, when he was
not a candidate for re-election. He was a member of the
reconstruction convention of 1865. Since then he has prac
ticed in partnership with Gen. W. H. Forney. Mr. Foster is
of medium highth, with an intellectual head. He is an able
lawyer, a finished scholar, and a graceful orator. His wife
was a Miss Scott, and his only daughter married L. W. Grant,
esq., of this county.
This county is the home of William Henry Forney. His
father, Jacob Forney, was the son of Gen. Peter Forney of
Lincoln county, North Carolina, and brother of Hon. Daniel
M. Forney, who represented the Old North State hi congress.
His mother was the daughter of Hon. Daniel Hoke, of Lin
coln county. The son was born in Lincolnton, November 9,
1823, and came in 1835 with his parents to Calhoun. Here
he grew to manhood, and was graduated at the State Univer
sity in 1844. He read law with his brother, D. P. Forney,
in Jacksonville, but went to Mexico in Coffey's First Alabama
Volunteers, and was a lieutenant at the siege of Vera Cruz.
At the expiration of his term of service — twelve months— he
returned with his regiment and resumed his studies, this
time under Hon. T. A. Walker. He obtained hcense in 1848,
and formed a partnership with Gen. James B. Martin. In
1859 he represented Calhoun in the lower house. When the
war began he entered the service as captain hi the Tenth Ala
bama. At Dr ainesvUle he was wounded in the leg, but returned

CALHOUN COUNTY. 155
to the regiment within two months, having become its major.
As such he was under fire at Yorktown, and at WUUamsburg
received a baU in the shoulder, which broke the bone of his
right arm. He was lying in WUham and Mary CoUege when
the enemy captured him, and held him prisoner four months.
Exchanged, he returned to find that he had become heutenant
colonel in March, and colonel by the death of Col. Woodward.
At Salem Church he was slightly wounded in the leg. At
Gettysburg he led his regiment, but was severely wounded by
a baU which shattered his arm in the same place it was broken
at WUUamsburg ; and, after he f eU, a baU carried away a third
of a heel bone, inflicting his severest wound. He was left in
the hands of the enemy, and this time was a prisoner for thfr
teen months. WhUe in Fort Delaware, he was one of the fifty
officers selected to be placed on Morris Island within range of
the Confederate batteries, and was brought to Port Eoyal for
that purpose ; but the retahatory measure was adjusted, and
they were exchanged. In 1864, though on crutches, he
rejoined his command, took charge of the brigade, and shortly
received his commission as brigadier general. At Hatcher's
Bun, High Bridge, and Farmvnle he commanded the brigade,
and surrendered it at Appomatox 1050 strong. Eesumingthe
practice in JacksonvUle, he was chosen to the senate in 1865,
and served tiU the reconstruction measures were put in force.
Gen. Forney is six feet in stature, with a stout constitution,
and a face which reveals his German origin. In deportment
he is modest and unpretentious, but kind and cheerful. His
character for integrity and morality is unimpeachable, whUe
his reputation as a lawyer, though high, is more solid than
briUiant. As an officer he displayed soldierly qualities, and
exhibited stohd courage and heroic endurance.
His wife is the daughter of Mr. E. L. Woodward, a mer
chant of this county. His brother, Lieutenant-colonel George
Hoke Forney of the First Confederate Battalion, a gaUant
and promising officer, feU at the WUderness, aged 28 years.
Major Daniel P. Forney, who was of the Second Alabama, is
an elder brother. Captain Alexander Brevard Forney, who
. represented Lowndes in 1847, was the cousin of General F.
John Horace Forney, brother of ^he foregoing, is also a
resident -of this county. He was born in Lincoln county,
North Carolina, Aug. 12, 1829, and grew up in Calhoun. In
1848 he was appointed a cadet at West Point by Hon. F. W.
Bowdon, and graduated four years later. He was assigned to
the Tenth Infantry, and was on duty in the territories till
1858, when he accompanied Gen. A. S. Johnston's expedition
to Salt Lake. In 1860 he ranked as first heutenant, and was

156 CALHOUN COUNTY.
instructor of tactics at West Point. Ln December he resigned,
came to Montgomery, and offered his services to Gov. Moore.
He was commissioned colonel of artillery in the State forces,
and sent to take command at Pensacola. WhUe there he was
appointed captain in the regular army of the Confederacy,
and attached to Gen. Bragg's staff. June 4, 1861, he was
appointed colonel of the Tenth Alabama, and proceeded with
it to Virginia. For three months succeeding the first Manas
sas he was in command of Kirby Smith's brigade. He was
commanding the regiment at DramesviUe when his arm was
shattered by a ball. In March following he was commissioned
a brigadier general, and ordered to the department of South
Alabama and West Florida. He remained a year in MobUe,
when he was placed in command of a division at Vicksburg,
and participated in that siege. When exchanged he was
transferred to the trans-Mississippi, and commanded a divi
sion under Gen. Magruder. He was thus employed when the
department was surrendered in 1865. Since then he has
been planting in Marengo and Calhoun. The wound Gen.
Forney received at DramesviUe was a severe one, and limited
his sphere of active duty. In that battle he was cool and
undaunted, and handled his men with soldierly precision.
As an officer he was rather strict, but a thorough disciplina
rian. He is extensively informed, and is an agreeable and
instructive companion. His highth is the ordinary, and he is
stoutly built, with a broad brow, and distinct features. His
wh'e is the daughter of Col. Henry A. Eutledge of Talladega,
of the famous South Carolina family.
"The gaUant Pelham" was a native of this county, and
was born near Alexandria, Sept. 7, 1838. ' His father, Dr.
Atkinson Pelham, came to the county from Kentucky in 1837,
and has been for many years a prominent plrysieian. His
mother was a Miss McGehee, whose famUy came from Person
county, North Carolina, to Calhoun about 1832. Thefr son,
John Pelham, remained in the county tUl appointed a cadet
at West Point in 1856. This was clone by the representative
in congress from the district, Hon. S. W. Harris, at the
request of Hon. A. J. Walker. He was placed in the only
5-year class ever organized at the academy, which accounts
for his presence there in 1861. His standing in the classes
was low, but his commission was passed on, and he would
have received it had he remained a week longer. But the war
was pending, and in AprU he crossed the line at Louisville
disguised as one of Gen. Scott's couriers. Bepafring at once
to Montgomery, he reported for duty, and was commissioned
first heutenant of artillery, regular army, and ordered to take

CALHOUN COUNTY. 157
charge of the ordnance at Lynchburg, Va. He remained there
a few days, then was assigned as drill-master to Albertus's
(afterwards Imboden's) battery at Winchester. He handled
these guns at the first Manassas with such skUl and daring as
to attract the attention of his superiors. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart
entrusted him with the organization of ' a battery of six pieces
bf horse artillery, and in the faU of 1861 he raised the requi
site number of men from Alabama, Virginia, and Maryland.
Forty of these went from TaUadega county, under Lieut. Wm.
McGregor, a gaUant officer. At WUUamsburg he was again
conspicuous for valor and skill, managing his guns with the
coolness of a veteran. At the first Cold Harbor he engaged
three heavy batteries with a Napoleon, fighting all day with
bloodhound pertinacity, and the warm pressure of old Stone-
waU's hand told the young hero how weU he had demeaned
himself. Soon after this he had a hot encounter with a gun
boat at the "White House," and drove it off. At the second
battle of Manassas he thrust his pieces forward almost into
the enemy's columns and used them with fatal effect ; again
receiving the thanks of Gen. Jackson for heroic conduct. He
was on the left at Sharpsburg, commanding nearly all our
artillery .in that part of the field, and directing it with a mas
ter's hand. In the bloody repulse the federals received at
Shepherdstown his guns roared for hours. A little later he
was with Stuart in the bloody track he made from Aldie to
Markham's, fighting the immense odds of the foe till they
were within a few paces of the muzzle of his pieces, then
limbering up and drawing off to a better position, there to
renew the fierce struggle. But the climax of his renown was
reached at Fredericksburg. He went to the foot of the
hights with one Napoleon gun, opened the battle, and drew
upon himself the concentrated fire of half a dozen batteries.
He was enveloped in a cloud of shot and sheU, but he
blenched not, the steady roar of his war-dog continued, and
the blue columns were rent and torn by it. Gen. Lee was on
the hiU above, and exclaimed, "It is glorious to see such
"courage in one so young!" When his ammunition was
spent, he retired in obedience to a peremptory order, and was
assigned to the command of the artillery on the Confederate
right. He advanced these pieces on the retiring enemy, and
at nightfall was thundering on their bleeding flank. In his
report of the battle Gen. Lee spoke of no one but him below
the rank of major general, terming him " the gaUant Pelham."
His commission as lieutenant colonel was issued soon after,
and only awaited confirmation by the senate when his death
occurred. This was at KeUy's Ford, on the Bappahannock,
March 17, 1863. He had gone to visit some ladies hi CiUpep-

158 CALHOUN COUNTY.
per county, when the cannonading aroused and hurried him
to the scene. His artiUery had not come up, but he gaUoped
up to a regiment that was wavering, and shouted, " Forward,
boys ! forward to victory and glory !" and at the same moment
was struck by a sheU fragment which penetrated the back
part of the skull. He lingered till after midnight, when Gen.
Stuart telegraphed to Hon. J. L. M. Curry : " The noble, the
" chivalric, the gaUant PeUiam is no more. He was killed in
" action yesterday. His remains wUl be sent to you to-day."
" How much he was beloved, appreciated, and admired, let the
" tears of agony we here shed, and the gloom of mourning
" throughout my command, bear witness. His loss is irrepar-
" able." His remains lay in state in the capitol at Eichmond,
then were brought to Jacksonville for interment, Hon. John
Foster deUvering the funeral oration. Gen. Stuart announced
to the division its "irreparable loss" in a general order which
concludes : " His eye had glanced over every battle field of
" this army, from the first Manassas to the moment of his
" death, and he was, with a single exception, a briUiant actor
"in all. The memory of "the gaUant Pelhani," his many vir-
" tues, his noble nature, and purity of character, is enshrined
" as a sacred legacy in the hearts of aU who knew him. His
" record has been bright and spotless ; his career brilliant and
" successful. He feU — the noblest of sacrifices — on the altar
" of his country, to whose glorious service he had dedicated
"his life from the beginning of the war."
Such is a brief but resplendent record of this boy hero, the
American LaBochejaquelein. In person he was of ordinary
stature and hght buUd, but remarkably sinewy. He was con
sidered the best athlete at West Point, and he was there
noted for his fondness for fencing, boxing, &c. The Prince
of Wales was struck with his horsemanship when he visited
the academy in 1860. He had a boyish appearance, erect,
and neat in dress. Modest as a maiden, in the social circle
he shone with the mUd effulgence of a pleiade, but the battle
field transformed him into the fiery meteor with its dazzling
glare. He was calmly and recklessly brave, and saw men
torn to pieces around him without emotion — his heart and
eye were on the stern work he was performing. Even in
¦ early youth he fought a larger school-feUow till he fainted
with exhaustion. WeU might old StonewaU say, "If you
" have another Pelham, General Stuart, give him to me." His
mind was of a pious turn, his language was chaste, and his
bearing courteous. He never spoke of himself, and seemed
to be unconscious of his own merit.
The parents of Col. PeUiam are yet residing hi CaUioun,
where a younger brother also hves. Two other brothers are

CALHOUN COUNTY. 159
in Atlanta, Georgia, whUe a fourth was an officer in the Fifty-
first Alabama. An uncle was surveyor general of Arkansas.
The deeds of a son of the latter, who was a private in Terry's
Texas regiment, caused the legislature of that State to enact
that as he, " a hero in more than one hundred battles," had
fallen whUe charging the enemy at Dalton, Georgia, leaving
no issue, the name of a certain chUd (a nephew,) should be
changed to Charles Thomas PeUiam to perpetuate his name.
John Henry Caldwell of this county is a native of Ken
tucky, but grew to manhood in Madison. Beceiving a good
education, he taught school in Limestone, and other places.
He came to this county, in early manhood, about the year
1847, and was for some years a teacher here. He read law
meantime, and was enrolled as an attorney. In 1857 he rep
resented the county in the legislature, and was instrumental
in having its name changed. In 1858 he removed to St. Clair,
and, at the outbreak of the war, recruited a company of
which he was elected captain. It became part of the Tenth
Alabama Infantry, with which he served, and rose to the rank
of heutenant colonel. In 1865 he was elected solicitor of
this judicial cfrcuit, and held the office tUl 1868. Since then
he has given his time to the practice of the law, associated
with Hon. G. O. Ellis. Col. CaldweU is a gentleman of tal
ents, and easy address ; a fluent speaker, and an agreeable
companion. Samuel J. Bradford, Moses Benson, Christopher A. Green,
John Mattox, and Mathew W. Haustin, were the first com
missioners of roads and revenue— 1833.
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1861: G. C.
Whatley, J. M. Crook, D. T. Byan.
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1865 : John
Foster, Isaac P. Moragne, Joseph C. McAuley.
The foUowing were the members of the general assembly
from Calhoun : Senators.
1834— William Arnold. 1853— William B. Maetin.
]838— William B. McClellan. 1855— Miles W. Abernethy.
1839— John B. Clarke. , 1859— Thomas A. Walkeb.
1842— Thomas A. Walker. 1861— Thomas A. Walker. (1863.)
1845— John B. Clarke. 1865— William H. Forney.
] 847— William B. Martin. [No election in 1867 or since.]
1851— Abram J. Walker. Representatives.
1834— Charles Lewis. 1849— J. N. Young, Asa Skelton, G.
1835— John Turner. C. Whatley.
1836— John Turner. 1851— Wm. P. Davis, Wm. C. Price,
1837_"William B. Martin. Mathew Allen.

160

CHAMBERS COUNTY.

1838— William B. Martin.
1839— Thos. A. Walker, John Coch
ran, John T. A. Hughes.
1840— Thomas A. Walker, Stephen
Kelley, John T. A. Hughes.
1841— Thos. A. Walker, John Coch
ran, Mathew Allen.
1842— Wm.B. Martin, John Cochran,
Miles, W. Abernethy.
1843— Wm.B. Martin, Henry T. Eeid,
Mathew Allen.
1844 — Wm. Young, Lewis D. Jones,
Spartan Allen.
1845— Abram J. Walker, Elijah Carr,
Mathew Allen.
1847— B. H. Wilson, W. E. Hanna,
Giles L. Driver.

1853— Wm. P. Davis, Asa Shelton,
J. N. Willis.
1855— Wm. P. Davis, Isaac P. Mo
ragne, G. C. Ellis.
1857— John H. Caldwell, J. J. Baugh,
John H. Wright.
1859— Willam H. Forney, WiUiam F.
Bush, John H. Wright.
1861— Wm. B. Martin, S. M. Caruth,
S. D. McClellan.
1863— W. M. Hames, E. T.Beid, D.
T. Bvan.
1865— Win. J. Borden, Henry McBee,
G. C. Ellis.
1867— [No election.]
1870 — James Crook.

CHAPTEE XX.

THE COUNTY OE CHAMBERS.

Chambers was established by an act approved December
18, 1832, and was carved out of the territory ceded by the
Muscogees at the treaty of Cusseta, March 24 preceding.
It lies in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded
north by Eandolph, east by the State of Georgia, south by
Lee, and west by Tallapoosa.
It was named to honor the memory of Hon. Henry Cham
bers of Madison, a sketch of whom wUl be found under the
head of that county.
Its area is about 620 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $1,381,138 ; •
personalty $306,738 ; total $1,687,836.
The decennial movement of population has been as foUows
— the assignment of a portion to Lee causing a decrease in
1870: 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  10,188 12,784 11,315 8974
Blacks  7,145 11,176 11,899 8588
The surface of the country is rolling and hUly ; the soU
generally light, but with aUuvial bottoms ; the light lands
having a clay subsoil.

CHAMBERS COUNTY. 161
There were 198,945 acres of improved, and 129,498 acres
of unimproved land in farms in 1870 ; valued at $1,286,665.
The hve stock was then valued at $454,123, and consisted
of 1382 horses, 1457 mules, 7709 neat cattle, 3861 sheep, and
9725 hogs.
The productions of tlie year 1869 were 205,099 bushels of
Indian corn, 39,532 bushels of wheat, 35,921 bushels of oats,
25,314 bushels of potatoes, 7868 bales of cotton, 51,358
pounds of butter ; the value of animals slaughtered was
$111,081 ; and the value of farm productions was $1,258,874.
The Chattahoochee river is the southeastern boundary, and
the TaUapoosa flows through the northwestern corner, but
neither are navigated by steamers. The Montgomery &
West Point Eailroad passes over fourteen mUes of the north
eastern portion. The East Alabama & Cincinnati Eailroad is
in operation from Opelika to Lafayette.
Lafayette, the seat of justice, had 1382 inhabitants by the
census of 1870, of whom 704 were whites. The Baptists have
a female coUege in the town.
Bluffton, on the Chattahoochee, has nearly 1000 inhabitants.
There are two cotton factories on the Chattahoochee, both
of which are partly in this county, and partly in Georgia.
One of them, the "Alabama & Georgia Manufacturing Com
pany," has a four-story brick and stone budding, 62 by 220
feet in dimensions, with 96 looms and 3200 spindles in opera
tion. The other, the "Chattahoochee Manufacturing Com
pany," has a four-story stone and brick buddings 62 by 165
feet, with 64 looms, and 2200 spindles in operation.
At Cusseta, in this county, ten mUes southeast of Lafayette,
in 1832, were conducted the preliminary negotiations of the
famous treaty by which the Muscogees ceded aU the lands
remaining to them in the State. This most valuable acquisi
tion has since been divided among fifteen counties, which
were carved whoUy or in part out of it, and which embrace
the whole east centre of the State.
The last battles of the war between the States were fought
in Alabama. The banks of the Chattahoochee witnessed the
last brave and bloody defence of southern soil in that great
struggle. On the morning of the 16th of AprU 1865 — a week
after Appomatox ; a day after Johnston asked for a confer
ence with Sherman in North Carohna — Gen. LaGrange, of
WUson's cavalry corps, reached the vicinity of West Point
with about 3000 men. A defence, caUed .Fort Tyler, had
been erected on an eminence just within the Chambers line,
and a number of convalescents from a camp in the place,
aided by a few youths from LaGrange, Georgia, manned it.
11

162 CHAMBERS COUNTY.
They numbered only 104 men, 73 of whom bore small arms,
the remainder being a company of Louisiana artiUerists.
Gen. Tyler of Tennessee, who had just recovered from a
wound received at Chicamauga, was in command, and his
brave spirit infused courage mto aU. At 10 o'clock in the
forenoon he espied the enemy plantmg a battery. Fire was
at once opened on them, and the conflict began with much
ardor. Of the three guns— a 32-pounder, and two 10-pound
parrotts — the largest was soon disabled by the enemy. By
half-past 11 o'clock the assault was general, the federal troops
charging gallantly up to the works several times, but were as
often repulsed. The fort was surrounded and the fire was
incessant and deafening. Gen. Tyler""" was resolved not to
surrender the fort that bore his name, but rather to make_a
Thermopylae of the western gate of Georgia. At 2 o'clock ni
the afternoon, however, he was killed by a sharp-shooter
stationed in a building near by. Capt. Gonzalez, a heroic
soldier, took command, but soon feU mortaUy wounded. The
command then devolved on Capt. Parham, who was imbued
with the same dauntless courage that characterized his pre
decessors. The struggle continued tUl 5:30 o'clock in the
evenmg, when the assaUants scaled the waUs and thronged
into the defence. They demanded a surrender, which was
sullenly accorded, and they hacked the confederate flag from
its staff — the last one that floated over any rampart or city in
Alabama. The loss of the garrison was about twelve killed
and wounded ; that of the assaUants is not known, but was
unquestionably very heavy. This was the last conflict that
occurred during the war, if the attack on Columbus, Georgia,
which occurred the same day, and was mainly fought on Ala
bama soU, be not an exception.
No citizen of Chambers county has left a pleasanter memo
ry than Charles McLemore. He was bom in Jasper county,
Georgia, and was educated as a physician. He came to this
State in 1833, and settled on the river in TaUapoosa count}'.
He soon after came to Lafayette, and established himself as a
merchant. Between 1836 and '44, he was six times elected
to the legislature. He then entered the senate, and served
two years. He was also in that body from 1849 to 1855,
serving as president at the session of 1851. He died hi 1858
*Frederick Tyler was a descendant of Chancellor Tyler of Virginia, a
cousin of President Tyler's father. He had been wounded at Chicamauga,
and sent to post duty- at West Point. Again ordered to the field, the march
of Geo. Sherman cut him off from his command, and while waiting for an
opportunity to get to it, Capt. Gonzalez, in view of Wilson's approach in
duced him to resume command, The ladies of West Point presented him
with a flag, and, on receiving it, he said he would defend it with his life's-
blood, and never surrender it.

CHAMBERS COUNTY. 163
Hear Memphis, Tennessee, whUe on a visit to that section.
Mr. McLemore had a manly and graceful figure, a warm and
impulsive temperament, and a kind and benevolent heart. As
a speaker he was vehement but attractive, and sometimes
eloquent. Generous, chivalrous, and hospitable, he was a
favorite with every one. He was thrice married, the last time
to a daughter of Neal McCoy of this county. One of his sons
represented Chambers in the house in 1853 ; another was the
gaUant Lieut. Col. Owen H. K. McLemore, a graduate of West
Point, and a field officer of both the Fourteenth and Fourth
Alabama regiments, who feU at Boonsboro in the service of
his country.
The name of James Ferguson Dowdell adorns the annals
of this county. He was born hi Jasper county, Georgia, No
vember 26, 1818. His father was a Virginian of Irish descent
and a wealthy planter ; his mother a distant relative of Henry
Clay. The son was graduated at Bandolph-Macon College,
and read law in the office of Gen. Hugh Haralson hi Lagrange,
Georgia. Admitted to practice in 1841, he came to this State
in 1846, and located in this county. In 1851 he was defeated
for the legislature, his party being hi a minority ; but he de
veloped so much strength that the next year he was made an
elector on the Pieree and King ticket. In 1853 he was elected
to congress over Hon. Thos. G. Garrett of Calhoun by 3,115
majority. Two years later he defeated Hon. Thos. H. Watts
of Montgomery after a close contest, and in 1857 defeated
Hon. Thos. J. judge of Montgomery by 80 majority. At the
close of his six years service, he voluntarily retired from the
position. He represented Chambers in the very able conven
tion of 1861, and voted for the ordinance of secession. In
ihe winter of 1861-62 he raised the 37th Alabama infantry, of
which he was elected colonel. He led it at Corinth, and
shared its privations and dangers up to and through the siege
of Vicksburg. But the exposure was too great for him, and
when paroled he was forced by his feeble health to retire.
He refused to resign because he thought it an eril example,
but was at last retired by a medical board. Since the war he
removed to Auburn, where he was president of the East Ala
bama Female CoUege till his death in September 1871. As
early as 1848 he became a minister of the gospel, to which he
devoted much of his time. Upon the character of such men
as Col. DowdeU the pen delights to dwell. None of our pub
hc men have been purer or more amiable than he. He was
sincerely pious, charitable, earnest, sanguine, and industrious.
His mind was speculative, but he was a popular and effective
speaker, and in his severe struggles with such men as Watts
and Judge he frequently bore off the palm of victory. It

164

CHAMBERS COUNTY.

were happy for any country cordd its statesmen and rulers
conform to the talents and virtues of the noble DowdeU. In
person he was rather taU and slender, with blue eyes, hght
hair, and an inteUectual face. He married a daughter of
Hon. James Bender of Georgia, and the oldest of his children
is a lawyer in Opehka. .
James F. DowdeU and Wm. H. Barnes represented Cham
bers in the constitutional convention of 1861; and Tohver
Towles and Jonathan Ware in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a hst of members of the general assembly
from the county : Senators.

1834-

-Lawson J. Keener.

1851 — Chaeles McLemoeb (18

1837-

-William Wellborn.

1855— E. J. Bacon.

1839-

-George Beese.

1857— Bobert Mitchell.

1843-

—James E. Reese.

1861— William H. Barnes.

1845-

-Charles McLemore.

1865— William H. Barnes.

1847-

-Bobert Mitchell.

[No election in 1867 or since.]

1849-

-Charles McLemore,

Representatives.

1834— Nathan H. Greer.
1835— Leroy McCoy.
1836— Charles McLemore.
1837— Charles McLemore.
1838— William L. Crayton.
1839— Toliver Towles, Arnold Seals.
1840 — Charles McLemore. Leroy Mc
Coy.
1841 — Charles McLemore, Mathew
Phillips.
1842 — Charles McLemore,  Mor
gan.
1843 — Charles McLemore, William
Holstein.
1844— Ward Hill, Nathaniel Grady.
] 845— Ward Hill, Nathaniel Grady,
Green D. Brantly, Leggett
Eobinson.
1847 — Toliver Towles, Fortune W.
Chisholm, Green D. Brantly,
Daniel S. Robertson.

1849— J. M. Kennedy, Fortune W.
Chisholm, Josephus Barrow,
B. S. Goodman.
1851— W. W. Carlisle, P. M. Allison,
George B. Hendree, Calvin
Pressley.
1853— Gibson F. HiU, Daniel S. Rob
inson, Jesse B.Todd.
1855— Toliver Towles, John B. Al-
ford, George F. Taylor.
1857— G. W. Allen, Samuel Jeter.
1859— A. J. Carlisle, Warner W. Mea
dows.
1861 — Wm. A. Johnson, Thomas L.
Penn.
1863— J. J. McLemore, J. C. Towles.
1865 — James L. Eobinson, J. C. Mea
dows.
1869— W. F. Browne, [to fill a vacan
cy in de facto legislature.]
1870— Jona. Ware, R. B. Lumpkin.

CHAPTEB XXI.

THE COUNTY OP CHEROKEE.

Cherokee was estabhshed by an act passed January 9, 1836.
It was carved out of the territory ceded bythe Cherokees at the
treaty of New Echota, December 29, 1835, which was for
a short time attached to the county of St. Clair. It was
seriously mutilated by the formation of Baine county in 1866.
Its name perpetuates the memory of the most civilized
tribe of Indians that existed north of Mexico — a tribe which
occupied this region for centuries. The word is said to be
derived from chera, the Cherokee name for " fire."
It is in the northeastern portion of the State, and is bounded
north by DeKalb, east by the State of Georgia, south by Cal
houn and Cleburne, and west by Etowa and DeKalb.
Its area is about 740 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate is $1,051,515 ; of personal
property $316,838 ; total $1,368,363.
The decennial movement of population has been as foUows :
1840 1850 I860 1870
Whites  7652 12,170 15,321 9652
Blacks  1121 1,714 3,039 1480
.The part set off to form Etowa (Baine) caused the decrease,
as shown between the years 1860 and 1870.
The surface is rugged and mountainous, and the scenery
picturesque. The soil is generally hght, with a clay subsoU,
but there are very fertile vaUevs.
The farm lands in 1870 were valued at $1,267,036, of which
61,408 acres were improved, and 117,983 acres were unim
proved. The value of hve stock was $371,513, and consisted of 1406
horses, 772 mules, 6230 neat cattle, 5835 sheep, and 11,750
hogs. The productions in 1869 were 68,530 bushels of wheat,
231,946 bushels of corn, 27,683 bushels of oats, 29,613 bush
els of potatoes, 1807 bales of cotton, 7470 pounds of tobacco,
10,170 pounds of wool, 15,151 gaUons of sorghum molasses,
and 83,785 pounds of butter, the value of animals slaughtered
was $101,569 ; and the value of farm productions was $665,213.

166 CHEROKEE COUNTY.
Coal is plentiful, but is not exported. Iron ore is also
abundant, and Cornwall Bon Works, for smelting and casting,
are ten mUes north of Centre.
The water power and large growth of timber wiU doubtless
be utilized at no distant day.
There are several mineral sprhigs in the county.
Coosa river flows through the heart of the county, and is
navigated the entire distance by steamers of light draught.
The Chattooga and Little rivers also water the county. The
Selma & Eome EaUroad passes over Ilf miles of its territory
in the southeastern part.
The courthouse is at Centre, which has about 400 inhab
itants. Cedar Bluff, the former seat of justice, is about as large as
Centre. In the northern part of the county there is a cataract of
much beauty on Little river. A sheet of water six to ten
inches deep, and 100 feet wide, f aUs perpendicularly over the
edge of a large and flat sandstone rock, down thirty feet into
an immense rock basin of great depth. Tlie river then flows
through a narrow chasm, from 90 to 120 feet in depth for six
or seven mUes, and has numerous smaUer cataracts. At the
confluence of Wolf creek there is a large cave which has its
spacious entrance in the western bank of the river, and is one
of the most beautiful in the majesty of its proportions of aU
the caverns in America. The ante-chamber is about 100 feet
in length by 50 in width, with a concave dome from 30 to 50
feet in high'th, supported by perpendicular walls and cretaceous
pillars. This hall is noted for its acoustic charms, and nature
seems to have simply executed the plan which the hand of art
, designed. In the eastern part of this county, in the vaUey between
the Coosa and Chattooga rivers, and near the Georgia line, a
notable event took place during tlie late w-ar between the
States. A well equipped and weU mounted body of federal
troops, consisting of four regiments — two from Indiana, one
from Ohio, and one from Illinois — and two companies of Ala
bama Unionists, and numbering about 2000, had left Tuscum
bia several days before, for the purpose of dashing on Eome,
Georgia, and destroying the Confederate stores, etc., there.
General Forrest had pressed them hotly, and now, pursuers
and pursued, rushed suddenly into Cherokee, by way of Tur
keytown. Near that place the hostUe forces slept the night
of May 2, 1863. Early the next morning the pursuit was
resumed, and the raiders were brought to bay, about noon, at
the place above designated. Forrest's force had been reduced
by the ardor of the pursuit to about five hundred men, yet he

CHEROKEE COUNTY. , 167
demanded the unconditional surrender of the federal troops.
Colonel Streight met the bearer of this proposal, and came
back with him to confer with General Forrest. A protracted
discussion ensued, the federal commander refusing to surren
der until he should be convinced that he was in the presence '
of a superior force. General Forrest urged upon him the
hopelessness of any effort he might make to escape, as the
mountain was on one side of him, the river on the other, the
garrison of Borne, 20 mUes distant, in his front, and a large
force in his rear. During this conversation, by order of Gen.
Forrest, the section of Confederate artiUery was so moving
about as to excite the apprehension of Col. Streight, who was
further perplexed at the disposition that he overheard Foirest
making of several imaginary bodies of men, who had appa
rently come up. Finally, at the request of the officers of his
command, Col. Streight consented to surrender, and his force
present, numbering 1466 rank and file, were moved toward
Borne. Soon after entering Georgia a detachment of about
230 men, sent in advance to attack Borne, were met return
ing, baffled of thefr prey. They, too, surrendered. The
curses of the federal soldiers, when they discovered the meagre
force to which they had surrendered, were deep and loud.
Henry C. Sanford is one of the first settlers of Cherokee.
He is from GreenvUle district, South Carolina, and his early
advantages were limited. He taught writing schools for some
years, and subsequently became a clergyman. He repre
sented the county in the legislature hi 1853-57, and in the
constitutional conventions of 1861 and 1865. He is a mem
ber of the present de facto senate. Mr. Sanford possesses
natural endowments of mind, which he has improved in the
school of experience and observation.
No citizen of Cherokee is more widely known than Thomas
Butler Cooper. He was born in Pendleton district, South
Carolina, in the year 1807. His father, a native of PhUadel
phia, was a merchant ; the maiden name of his mother was
Winslow. Beceiving a substantial education, he taught school
and merchandised in Habersham county, Georgia, for several
years, reading law in the meantime. Ln 1835 he came to
Alabama, and settled in Wetumpka as a merchant. Two
years later he came to Cherokee and began to practice law.
He entered public life in 1842, when he was elected to the
general assembly. To the lower house of that body he has
been six times re-elected in this county, and in 1865 he was
unanimously elected speaker of it. In 1864 he was elected
to the Confederate congress, to fill the vacancy caused by the
expulsion of Hon. W. B. W. Cobb of Jackson. He was also

168 CHEROKEE COUNTY.
a member of the constitutional convention of 1865, but since
his disfranchisement by congress he has devoted Ms time
more closely to his profession. Mr. Cooper is stout and
rather corpulent. His manner, like his nature, is fuU of kind
ness, and both are remindful of a class of men who are fast
passing away even from the mountains of Alabama. He is a
shrewd and cool observer, of men and measures, and has
practical views, which he expresses weU either in conversation
or on paper. His wife was a Miss PoweU of Georgia.
Benjamin Cudworth Yancey, who resided in this county,
was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1817, and was a
brother of the late Hon. Wm. L. Yancey of Montgomery.
He was graduated at the University of Georgia, and read law
in New Haven, Connecticut. Ln 1837 he came to this State,
and opened a law office in Cahaba. When chancery courts
were established, he was made by ChanceUor Crenshaw mas
ter of the district embracing the counties of DaUas, Perry,
Greene, Marengo, Sumter, Wilcox, and Lowndes. In 1840
he removed to Wetumpka, and with his brother was co-editor
of a newspaper; but returned to South Carolina the same
year, and opened a law office in Hamburg. He repeatedly
served as a member of the legislature of that State. In 1851
he came to reside in Cherokee, as*a planter. Elected to the
State senate in 1855 over B.on. J. M. Hendrix, he was chosen
to preside over that body at its meeting. He resigned in
1856 to remove to Atlanta, and has since resided in Georgia.
President Buchanan appointed him minister resident to the
Argentine Confederation in 1858, and he was there during the
prevalence of the war made to coerce one of the fourteen
States (Buenos Ayres) into an adoption of the new constitu:
tion. The decree of death issued by the Parana government
against aU captains who should take foreign vessels into the
ports of Buenos Ayres, was resisted by Mr. Yancey as an
infringement of treaty rights, and he ordered the naval force
of the United States on the coast to his aid. The representa
tives of other powers concurred in this protest, and President
Urquiza did not attempt to enforce his meditated barbarity.
Soon after, however, he was selected by the contending States
as the arbiter of their differences, and President Urquiza's
message to the congress, after Mr. Y. left the country, con
tained this compliment: "All Argentines owe the young
American minister a debt of gratitude which they cannot
repay." Beturning to the United States in December 1859,
he was requested by the President to arrange his private
affairs for further service abroad ; but he declined the honor.
He has not since occupied a civU position except that of

CHEROKEE COUNTY. 169
mayor of Atlanta, and now resides in Athens. He has a son
practicing law in Eome, Georgia. Mr. Yancey possesses a
high reputation for the most sterling traits of character. The
eloquence and talents of his distinguished brother are pos
sessed by him in no smaU degree, and had he remained in
Alabama his promotion would doubtless have been very
rapid. Samuel K. McSpadden, of this county, was born near
McMinnvUle, Tennessee, Nov. 21, 1821, and was the son of a
Cumberland Presbyterian minister. Eeceiving a very hmited
education, he was apprenticed to a saddler when sixteen years
old. After working eighteen months, he bought the remain
der of his time, and worked at the business till January 1842,
when he came afoot into Alabama, with one doUar and sev
enty-five cents in his pocket, and a few tools in a sack. He
worked in Lebanon, PortersviUe, Mackey's tan-yard, and in
TaUadega from 1843 tUl 1850. Meantime, having read law
by the assistance of Hon. S. F. Eice, he was hcensed as an
attorney in 1848. Two years later he came to Centre, and
began the practice with Hon. Geo. S. Walden. In 1856 he
was elected brigadier general of mUitia, and a year later was
chosen to the State senate over Col. Clifton ; and re-elected
in 1860 over Hon. A. L. Woodlief . Volunteering as a private,
he was appointed major of the Nineteenth Alabama at its
organization. He participated at ShUoh, and served through
the Kentucky campaign. In October 1862, he became colonel
by the promotion of his seniors — Generals Wheeler and
Tracy. He led the Nineteenth at Murfreesboro, (with a fur
lough in hip pocket,) at Chicamauga, Mission Eidge, Dalton,
and Eesaca. In the latter battle he was captured, and
remained on Johnson's Island till the closing hours of the
war. Ln 1865 he was elected chanceUor, and held the office
tUl displaced by congress in 1868. He now practices his pro
fession in Centre. Gen. McSpadden's rise from obscurity to
his present prominence, without the aid of brilliant talents, is
the best commentary on his character. He married a sister
of Hon. John H. Garrett of this county, whose son, Hon.
Wm. HaU Garrett, served Cherokee in both branches of the
legislature, and removed to Ludian Territory twenty years ago.
Henry C. Sanford, John P. EaUs, W. L. Whitlock, and
John Potter represented this county in the constitutional con
vention of 1861 ; and Thomas B. Cooper, John Lawrence,
Henry C. Sanford, and John Potter in that of 1865.
The foUowing citizens have served Cherokee in the general
assembly :

170

CHOCTA COUNTY.

1839— Solomon C. Smith.
1841— Arthur Foster.
1844— Solomon C. Smith.
1847— Wm. H. Garrett.
1849— Wm. H. Garrett.
1853— J. M. Hendrix.

1837— George Clifton.
1838— George Clifton.
1839— George Clifton, Samuel D. J.
Moore.
1840— John H.Garrett, W.H.Hale.
1841— John H. Garrett, Wm.Henslee.
1842— Thomas B.Cooper, J. M. Hen
drix.
1343— Wm. H. Garrett* J. M. Hen
drix.
1844— Wm. H. Garrett, Thomas B.
Cooper.
1845— Wm. H. Garrett, F. M. Hard
wick.
1847— Wm. W. Little, F. M. Hard
wick.
1849— Thos. B. Cooper, F. M. Hard
wick.
1851 — Thomas B. Cooper, John S.
Moragne .

Senators. 1855— Benjamin C. Yancey.
1857— Samuel K. McSpadden.
1861— F. M. Hardwick.
1865— A. L. Woodlief.
[No election in 1867 or since.]
Representatives. 1853— James M. Clifton, G. W. Law
rence, Henry C. Sanford.
1855— E. G. Bradley, Samuel C.
Ward, Henry C. Sanford.
1857— Thomas Espy, L. M. Stiff, A.
G Bennett, W. B. Richardson.
1859— Thomas B. Cooper, James M.
Clifton, F. M. Hardwick, Dozier
Thornton.
1861— Wm. W. Little, A. Snodgrass,
A. E. Brindley, John D. Miller.
1863— Thos. B. Cooper, John Bran
don, W. A. Vincent, G. W.
Howell.
]865— Thos. B. Coopee, J. W. Bran
don, John Potter. John Law

rence.
[No election till 1870.]
1870— James H. Leath.

CHAPTEB XXII.

THE COUNTY OF CHOCTA.

Chocta was established by an act of the legislature, ap
proved December 29, 1847, and two tiers of its townships
were taken from Sumter and five from Washmgton.
It is in the western portion of the State, and bounded north
by Sumter, south by Washington, east by Marengo and
Clarke, and west by the State of Mississippi.
The name preserves the remembrance of the most docfle
and numerous of aU the aboriginal tribes of the United States,
who possessed the soU now embraced within its limits from a
time "whereof the memory of man runneth not to the con
trary." Its area is something over 900 square mUes.

CHOCTA COUNTY. 171
The assessed value of property is $1,104,975, viz: real
estate $821,732 ; personalty $283,243.
The foUowing shows the decennial movement of population:
1850 I860 1870
Whites  4620 6767 5802
Blacks  3769 7110 6872
The lands are rolling and flat. The ridges and pine lands
are sandy, but the river and creek "bottoms" are aUuvial.
The pine forests are extensive, and wiU be made a source of
wealth. Grazing for cattle is exceUent in the outlying lands.
The farm lands are valued at $946,850, and embrace 79,502
acres improved, and 220,329 acres unimproved.
The value of hve stock in 1870 was $409,209, and consisted
of ,1313 horses, 941 mules, 10,236 neat cattle, 2940 sheep, and
14,082 hogs.
The productions in 1869 were 227,715 bushels of corn,
51,759 bushels of potatoes, 29,146 pounds of butter, 6439
bales of cotton, 3356 pounds of wool ; the value of animals
slaughtered was $67,823 ; and the value of farm productions
was $908,562.
The Tombikbee river is the eastern boundary line, and is
ppen to steam navigation the entire year.
There are mineral waters in the county, and Bladon Springs
have attained to a wide celebrity.
Butler, the seat of justice, has about 200 inhabitants. It
was named to honor Col. Pierce M. Butler of South Carolina,
killed at the battle of Cherubusco-, in 1847. Bladon Springs
has about 350, and Mount 'Stirling about 300 inhabitants.
William Woodward resided in this county. He was born
in York district, South Carolina; November 15, 1792, of a
famUy weU known in that State. His parents were poor, and
his education was plain. He became a planter, and removed
to Chester district in 1820. After serving three years in the
legislature he removed to Georgia, and in 1834 came to this
State. He settled in Greene county, but four years later re
moved to that portion of Sumter now embraced in Chocta.
Ln 1841 he represented Sumter in the house, where he con
tinued for 7 years. He was an advocate of the formation of
Chocta, and in 1853 was elected to the State senate from
Sumter, Washington, and Chocta, defeating Hon. Devereux
Hopkins. Two years later he was beaten, but in 1857 was
elected over Mr. MicajahMcGee of Sumter. He retired from
pubhc life in 1861, and resided on his plantation tUl his death
in September 1871. About 1840 he was ordained elder in
the Baptist church, and for 18 years was pastor of a congre-

172 CHOCTA COUNTY.
gation. Mr. Woodward was taU and stalwart in person. He
was "a plain, blunt, man," whose early life was spent in
manual labor ; but whose practical sense and integrity won
the esteem of his feUow men.
The late Thomas McCarrell Prince was a wealthy planter
of this county. He was from North Carolina, and was a
graduate of ChapeU HUl in 1827. He resided for some years
in MobUe, and represented that county in the legislature of
1840. In 1855 he was elected to the State senate from Sum-
ter, Chocta, and Washington, defeating Hon. Wm. Woodward.
He died at his home in this county in 1871, aged about 64
years. Col. Prince possessed a fine personal appearance, and
superior social qualities. When he was in Glasgow, some
years ago, he registered as "Thomas McCarreU Prince of
Mobile," and the upper class of citizens were very attentive
to him as a nobleman till they found that the absence of a
punctuation mark, and not "blue blood," made him "prince
of MobUe."
S. E. Catterlin and A. J. Curtis represented this county in
the constitutional convention of 1861. Thomas Wilkes Cole
man and Joshua Morse represented it in the constitutional
convention of 1865.
The foUowing is a hst of members of the general assembly
from Chocta since it was aUowed representation :
Senators.
1853— Wm. Woodward. 1861 — Turner Beavis.
1855— Thomas McC. Prince. 1865— John T. Foster.
1859— Wm. Woodward. [No election in 1867 or since.]
Representatives.
1853— Edward McCall. 1861— J .T. Foster, J. A. M. Thompson
1855— John Wesley Pennington. 1863— John T. Foster, J.S Evans.
1857— John W. Pennington, A. Cui- 1865— Joshua Morse, G. F. Smith.
l°m. 1869— J. S. Evans, [to fill vacancy.]
1859— James G. Slater, J. G. Fielder. 1870— G. Frank Smith.

CHAPTEE XXIII.
THE COUNTY OF CLARKE.
This is one of the oldest counties, and was formed from
Washington by an act of the legislature of Mississippi, Dec.
10, 1812. As then estabhshed it did not include any of " the
Fork " south of the fifth township line,- and only extended to
the ridge dividing the waters of the Alabama and Tombikbee.
It took the present shape about ten years later.
It was named to honor Gen. John Clarke* of Georgia, or
rather such is the general belief ; for it is more probable that
it was named for Gen. Elijah Clarke, the colonial hero of
Georgia in 1776-83, as the measure of the Governor John
Clarke's fame was not complete in 1812.
Clarke lies in the southwestern part of the State, and is
south of Marengo, west of Monroe, north of Baldwin, and
east of Chocta and Washington.
Its area is about 1200 square mUes.
The assessed value of leal estate in 1870 was $942,296 ;
personalty $282,118 ; total $1,224,414.
The population, decenniaUy, is thus exhibited :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  3778 3894 4228 4901 7599 7098
Blacks  2061 3701 4412 4885 7450 7565
The surface of the country is undulating, and much of the
southern portion is low and flat. The soil is generaUy hght,
but the river and creek " bottoms " are deeply aUuvial.
The value of the farm lands in 1870 was $899,836, there
being 61,539 acres of improved, and 310,898 acres unimproved.
The value of hve stock was $374,706, and consisted of 1146
horses, 874 mules, 11,629 neat cattle, 4328 sheep, and 12,646
hogs. "John Clakke was a native of North Carolina, but came with his father,
Gen. Elijah Clarke, to Wilkes county, Georgia, in his youth. His military
career began when he was a boy of fourteen years, as a colonial soldier, and he
distinguished himself against the Indians in Georgia. He had civic hon
ors, and in 1812-'14, as major-general, commanded the Georgia troops on the
coast. He was governor of that State from 1819 to 1823, and died in Florida
in 1832. His father died December 15, 1799.

174 CLARKE COUNTY.
The productions in 1869 were 237,021 bushels of corn, 49,-
550 bushels of potatoes, 2570 gaUons of sorghum molasses,
5713 bales of cotton ; the value of animals slaughtered was
$65,050 ; and the'value of farm products in 1869 was $840,160.
Marl, chalk, and yellow ochre (in its crude state) are
abundant in this county, and specimens of coal and iron have
been found.
There are also quite a number of salt weUs, which, when
the ports of the southern States were blockaded during the
late war, to a large extent supphed the necessities of 'the peo
ple of Alabama and southern Mississippi for salt.
Sulphur and chalybeate springs also exist, and one of them
is a resort for invalids.
The county is thickly wooded, especiaUy with pine, and
affords a good pasturage for cattle.
The Alabama and Tombikbee rivers, which form the east
ern, western, and southern boundaries, furnish ample facilities
for commerce, as they are open to steam navigation at all
times of the year. The railroad from MobUe to Elyton is
surveyed across the heart of the county, and the Selma and
New Orleans EaUroad is projected through the northwestern
portion. Grove Hill is the seat of justice and is a village of 200 in
habitants. " Clarkesville," where the courthouse stood for some years,
exists only in name.
Coffeeville has 280 inhabitants.
The bones of the zeuglodon are numerous in Clarke.
This is the name given to an enormous sea animal, something
like the modern whale, (but which has been also caUed the
King Lizard,) with capacious jaws and serrated teeth. It
existed during the older tertiary or eocene period, which sig
nifies the dawn of the present system of created beings, and
the race has been extinct since the distant time when the
southern portion of Alabama was mostly beneath the sea.
Judge Creagh of this county, now deceased, said the bones
were so numerous on his plantation as to seriously interfere
with the cultivation of tlie soil, and that he had caused many
of them to be burned in log heaps when clearing the lands.
Sir Charles Lyell and Prof. S- B. Buckley both visited the
county to examine these remains, and both contributed arti
cles on the subject to the journals of the clay. Prof. Buckley
found the bones either on the surface, where .they had been
used to piece out the fences here and there, or imbedded in
the sandy clay subsoU. He succeeded in getting a vertebral
column seventy feet in length, and the bones of the head, ribs,
limbs, &c. ; ail of which are now in a museum in Boston, and

CLARKE COUNTY. 175
constitute the most perfect skeleton of a zeuglodon that has
ever been discovered. A German came to Clarke years ago
and put_ together a skeleton of bones found in several locali
ties, which he exhibited in New York as the remains of an
animal 120 feet in length ; and, notwithstanding that the fraud
was exposed, he sold the bones for a large sum in Europe.
This part of Alabama seems to have been the favorite haunt
of this monster, though his bones have been found in Missis
sippi and Louisiana.
_ In November 1818, Lemuel J. Alston, Alexander KUpat-
rick, Joseph Hearn, Solomon Boykin, Wm. Coleman, Wm.
Anderson, and Wm. Goode, sr., were appointed by the legis
lature to choose a site for the courthouse of the county. A
year later, Wm. A. Eobertson, Joseph B. Earle, John Loftin,
Samuel B. Shields, Wm. F. EzeU, Bobertus Love, and Ed
mund Butler were appointed for the same purpose.
At the commencement of the war "with the Muscogees, many
of the settlers coUected in a stockade, caUed Fort Sinquefield,
in the northeastern portion of the present limits of this coun
ty. Two families, however, those of Abner James and Ean-
som KimbaU, owing to the crowded condition of the fort,
repaired to the dwelling of KimbaU, two mUes distant. Here
they were surrounded, Sept. 1, 1813, two days after the fall
of Fort Mimms, by a body of 100 Indians under the prophet
Francis, and twelve of them butchered ; six escaping to the
fort.* Two days later the dead were brought in, and whUe
nearly the entire garrison and refuges were burying them
outside the fort, the same party of savages rushed upon them.
All escaped into the inclosure except ten women, who were
washing at a spring. The Indians rushed towards them, but
at that moment Mr. Isaac Heaton returned from hunting stock
and charged upon the savages with his pack of dogs with
such fury that they were momentarily diverted, and all the
women had time to escape save one, who was butchered.
Heaton escaped with the loss of his horse. The Indians then
assaUed the stockade, but were driven off with some loss.f
The savages committed other outrages in the vicinity. Octo
ber 4, a party of 25 mounted citizens, under Col. Wm. McGrew,
encountered them on Bashi creek, in the northern part of the
county, and were repulsed with a loss of four MUed, Col.
McGrew among the number. , Other operations of a minor
character were carried on in the county about the same time.
*One of the persons who escaped was Isham Kimball, clerk of the circuit
court of Clarke in 1833-49, and yet living in the county at the age of 75
years. tTwo were left dead in front of the fort, and a negro who escaped from
them said they bore off 28 bodies of their slain.

176 CLARKE COUNTY.
In the southeastern part of Clarke the battle of MaubUa
was fought, October 18, 1540. The city is beheved to have
stood at Chocta Bluff, on the Alabama,* where the Confed
erates buUt Fort StonewaU during the late war to bar the pas
sage up the river of federal gunboats. The powerful tribe
called Maubilians then made their home in this region' and
this was their capital. Thefr chief, Tuskaloosa, a savage titan,
hearing of the approach of DeSoto, advanced almost to the
Tallapoosa to meet him, and invited him to MaubUa. They
journeyed together for several days before they reached the
city, and during the time Tuskaloosa' s Ul-stifled enmity to the
strangers was augmented by the surveUance they exercised
over him. The advance guard of the Spaniards, under DeSoto,
were received into the city with songs and the dancing of girls.
The chroniclers of the expedition state that MaubUa stood on
a plain by the river-side, and that of its eighty houses, which
fronted on a capacious square, each could shelter a thousand
persons ; — the whole surrounded by a lofty waU constructed
of the trunks of trees and massive logs, interlaced with vines,
chinked with mud, and surmounted by smaU towers at reg
ular intervals. To this stronghold there was an eastern
and a western gate. The advance of the Spaniards entered
the place in the early morning. Scarcely had DeSoto and
the swarthy emperor been seated "under a canopy," when the
latter demanded that he should no longer be made to accom
pany his warlike guests. He had now brought his foe within
the toUs he had laid for him, and he felt that his wiU should
be law. And when he saw hesitancy in the reply, he arose
and haughtUy strode away into one of the buddings. A -mes
senger sent by DeSoto to invite him to the morning meal,
was met with a refusal, and bidden to teU his master that it
would be weU for his safety that he should leave the country
at once. "And the great chiefs, defiant, stood apart.
As when Agamemnon fired Achilles' heart."
DeSoto now learned that the houses were filled with thou
sands of warriors, and their rude implements of warfare, and
that even now they were debating the manner in wliich he
should be captured. Warning his troops to be prepared for
* " The writer is satisfied that Maubila was on the north bank of the Ala
bama, at a place now called Chocta Bluff, in the county of Clarke, about '25
miles above the continence of the Alabama and Tombikbee. The march from
Piachee, the time occupied, the distance from Maubila to the bay of Pensa
cola — computed by Garcillasso and the Portugese gentleman at 85 miles—
and the representations of aged Indians and "Indian countrymen,'' that
here was fought a great battle between DeSoto and the brave Maubilians,
have forcibly contributed to make that impression on his mind." — Col. A.J.
Pickett.

CLARKE COUNTY. 177
a collision, he hastened to seek tiie chief to effect a reconcilia
tion. Approaching him with friendly greetings, Tuskaloosa
first eyed him scornfuUy, then tinned on his heel and disap
peared among the now excited throng. A few mhiutes after,
provoked by the insulting words and acts of a warrior, a Span
iard cut him down with his sabre. It was the signal of battle.
The pent up fury of the savages burst forth, and they precip
itated themselves upon the invaders with great ferocity and
daring. DeSoto and his comrades met the shock with the
dauntless valor that is born of high resolve. But the swarthy
wave of foemen soon bore back the thin wall of steel through
the gate and into the plain. Here DeSoto received constant
accessions from his approaching troops, and the contending
forces were now pressing about the portals, and then were far
out on the plateau. "Outnumbered, but not outbraved,"
every Spaniard became a hero, whUe their chivalrous leader
"crowded with death the encumbered plain." At length the
natives took refuge within the ramparts, and closed the pon
derous gates. The day was far spent when the remainder of
the expedition reached the scene. Thus reinforced, DeSoto
formed his troops, and led them to the assault. The waUs
were mounted, the gates battered down, and the conflict trans
ferred to the streets and the square of the city. Here the
fierce passions and wUd rage of the combatants were re
doubled. Mercy was not asked, and not granted. The
greatly superior equipments of the invaders created fearful
havoc, and the brave natives lay dead in heaps. And now a
potent aUy came to aid man in the work of destruction. The
city was fired, and the flames soon spread a lurid glare over
the ghastly scene.
The carnage ended only with the day, and the winds of
that autumn night sung the dirge of a city and a people that
were not. A Portuguese cavaher who was with the expedition
gives the loss of the MaubUians at 2500 within the waUs ;
but GacUlasso, who writes from the diaries of several soldiers
who were participants, and from the hps of others, places
their loss at 11,000. Eighty-two Spaniards were either kUled
or died of their wounds, whUe aU of them were wounded or
bruised. Nearly aU of their baggage and stores were de
stroyed. The fate of Tuskaloosa is unknown ; one writer
having it that he was kUled, another that he left the city
before the final assault. It was the most sanguinary Indian
battle ever fought within the present limits of the United
States, and its results were largely felt by the savage tribes of
Alabama to the last moment of thefr sojourn on our soU.
Nor had liberty a costlier holocaust than was given by these
12

178 CLARKE COUNTY.
brave natives of Clarke in aU the ages since patriotism and
valor were known and prized among men.
Neal Smith was one of the earlier settlers of the county.
He was bom in Moore county, North Carolina, in the year
1784, and came to settle here in 1816. He was a planter and
physician, and a man of sound judgment and integrity. He
represented the county in both branches of the general
assembly, serving as a senator for twelve years. While a
member of the senate in 1836, the party of which he was a
member was in a majority, and nominated Judge Moore of
Pickens for president of the body. Aware of his strong aver
sion to caucuses, the opposition offered to vote for him if he
would accept the place. Either modesty or honor caused
him to decline the proffer, and they achieved thefr triumph
with Mr. McVay of Lauderdale, by a vote of fourteen to
thfrteen. Had Dr. Smith accepted, he, in lieu of Mr. McV.,
would have succeeded Gov. Clay in the gubernatorial chair in
1837. Dr. Smith died in 1867, at the, age of 83 years, in this
county, and his memory wiU longr be cherished.
Jeremiah Austill, one of the heroes of the " Canoe Fight,"
resides in this county, and is one of its first settlers. He was
born in Pendleton district, South Carolina, in 1794, and came
with his father, Capt. Evan AustiU, to Clarke in 1813. He
to'ok part in the perilous border warfare of that 'day, and won
historic prominence at the early age of nineteen years by his
participation in the " Canoe Fight." He has since hved in
MobUe and this county, and represented the former in the
general assembly of 1845. His mother was a sister of Col.
David Files of Washington county, and he has nianj- relatives
in the State.
John G. Creagh was an early resident and leading citizen
of this county. His father, the son of an Irish officer in
Bradclock's army, was a Virginian who removed to South
Carolina, and came to what is now Clarke county in 1812.
The son, born in 1787, was educated at Dr. WaddeU's acad
emy in South Carolina. As early as 1820 he held a leading
position at the bar of this county. Between 1823 and 1833
he was five times chosen to the legislature, and was also judge
of the county court. He died near Grove HiU in 1839, leav
ing an enviable reputation for moral worth and practical
knowledge. His wife was a Miss FauUmer (or Falconer) of
South Carolina, who survived him and married Hon. A. B.
Cooper of WUcox. Bichard P. Creagh, a younger brother,
was attorney general of Mississippi when he was killed in a
rencontre in 182?. The late Dr. Memorable W. Creagh, who

o

CLARKE COUNTY. 179
thrice represented Marengo in the legislature, was also a
brother. Girard Walter Cbeagh, brother of the foregoing, was two
or three years younger, and a planter in this county. He
was an officer in the Creek war of 1813, and was wounded at
Burnt Corn. He witnessed the " Canoe Fight," and partici
pated at the capture of Econochaca. He was one of the first
representatives in the legislature from Clarke, and for eight
years in the senate. He died hi 1850. His wife was a Miss
Davis of this county, and his two sons are planters here.
Col. Stephen B. Cleveland married one of his daughters, and
Col. Faulkner of Mississippi another. He possessed great
energy and tenacity of purpose, and a more interesting com
panion cordd not be found.
James S. Dickinson is also a citizen of Clarke. Lie is the
son of Mr. Bichard Dickinson, who came to this State from
Yirginia in 1821, represented this county in the legislature of
1824, and died in 1870, at the age of 87 years. His mother
was a sister of Hon. Wm. Crawford of MobUe. Born in
Spottsylvania county, Virginia, Jan. 18, 1818, he came to this
county with his parents, and here grew to manhood. He
received a good education and taught school for several
years. He entered the law school of the University of Vir
ginia, and was licensed to practice in 1844. A year later he
opened a law office iu Grove BUI, and entered on a profes
sional career which has been quite profitable. In 1853 he
was chosen to represent Clarke, Monroe, and Baldwin in the
State senate, and served for two years. He was an elector .
on the Breckinridge ticket hi 1860, and the foUowing year he
equipped a company of" infantry at. his OAvn expense. In
1863 he was elected to the second Confederate congress over
Hon. C. C. Langdon of Mobile. He served till March 1865,
when congress adjourned to meet in Georgia, and he heard
Speaker Bocock's gavel faU for the last time. Since then he
has addressed himself to the task of mending his private for
tune, and is npw practicing law. Mr. Dickinson is deservedly
popular, sociability and bonhommie being striking characteris
tics. He unites charity and benevolence with piety and
integrity. Lie strives to utilize the solemn precepts of free
masonry, of which he is a member in high standing, having
served as master of his lodge since 1848. His first wife was
a Miss Dickinson of Virginia ; his second a Miss Savage of
this county. Two of his sons are attorneys at the bar of
Clarke. ' John Wesley Portis came to this county with his parents

180 CLARKE COUNTY.
in 1818 when an infant. He was born in Nash county, North
Carolina, took a coUegiate course in Virginia, and was admit
ted to the bar. He represented the county in the general
assembly in 1843 and was re-elected. In 1861 he was defeated
for congress by Judge Dargan of MobUe. He was a trustee
of the State University from 1844 to 1860, and has held
various honors of a party character. He volunteered as a pri
vate in 1861, and was elected heutenant of a company in the
2d Alabama Infantry. A year later he was elected colonel of
the 42d Alabama regiment, and led it at Corinth, where he
was wounded. He resigned soon after, and has since prac
ticed his profession at SuggsvUle. Col. Portis is thoroughly
informed, energetic, and sociable, with an exceUent moral
character. His son is a member of the bar of the county.
Clarke was also the home of Origin Sibley Jewett. He
was born in Thompson, Connecticut, AprU 20, 1820. His
parents removed to Georgia two years after. His father died
in 1831, and he was reared by his mother, a sister of the late
Messrs. Origin and Cyras Sibley, wealthy and useful citizens
of Baldwin, who brought her famUy to Alabama at once, and
made her home in Baldwin. He was graduated at Brown
University, Bhode Island, and read law in the office of Messrs.
Daniel Chandler and John A. CampbeU in MobUe. Establish
ing himself in the practice, a few years later he was appointed
register in chancery for Mobile. In 1857 he came to this
county, and here mingled the occupation of planting with
his profession. In 1859 he was an unsuccessful candidate for
the office of judge of the cfrcuit court, but Judge Eapier's
majority was very smaU. Ln 1861 he represented the county in
the constitutional convention, and the same year was chosen
to the State senate from Monroe, Baldwin and Clarke. He
was among the first to volunteer in the service of his country,
and in the winter of 1861-62 he was elected major of the
38th Alabama Infantry. "At the battle of Chicamauga, being
"splendidly mounted, and fearlessly exposing himself to
" danger, he attracted the notice of the enemy's sharp-shooters,
" and was kUled early in the action, leaving a stainless record
" as a gentleman, a soldier, and a christian. * * * Modest,
" reticent, and unassuming in manner ; amiable in disposition ;
" refined in taste ; pure aud honorable in life and character ;
"gifted with a full share of native ability, wliich had been
" enlarged and polished by liberal culture, he commanded the
"respect of all who knew him, and the devoted attachment of
" his friends."*
Beuben Saffold and James Magoffin represented this county
"Major W.- T. Walthall of Mobile.

CLARKE COUNTY.

181

in the constitutional convention of 1819 ; Origin S. Jewett in
that of 1861 ; and Samuel Forward in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a hst of members of the general assembly
from Clarke. Senators.

1819 — Joseph B. Chambers.
1822— Neal Smith.
1825 — George S. Gaines.
1827— Joseph B. Earle.
1828— Neal Smith.
1831— Neal Smith.
1834 — Samuel Wilkinson.
1836— Neal Smith.
1839— Girard W. Creagh.
1842— Girard W. Creagh.
1845— B. L. Turner.

1847— Girard W. Creagh.
1849— Cade M. Godbold.
1851 — Lorenzo James.
1853 — James S. Dickinson.
1855 — James S. Jenkins.
1857 — Noah A. Agee.
1859— Stephen B. Cleveland.
1861— Origin S. Jewett.
1862 — Robert Broadnax.
1865— John Y. Kilpatrick.
[No election in 1867, or since.]

Representatives.

1819— William Murrell, Girard W. 1837-
Creagh. 1838-
1820— Wm. Murrell, G. W. Creagh. 1839-
1821— James Magoffin, Edward Ken- 1840-
nedy. 1841-
1822— James Fitts, Edward Kennedy. 1842-
1823— James Fitts, John G. Creagh. 1843-
1824— Eichard Dickinson, John G. 1844-
Creagh. 1845-
1825— John G. Creagh. 1847-
1826— Elias H. Dubose. 1849-
1827— Neal Smith. 1851-
1828— William Mobley. 1853-
1829— William Mobley. 1855-
1830— William Mobley. 1857-
1831— Samuel Wilkinson. 1859-
1832— John G. Creagh. 1861-
1833— John G. Creagh. 1863-
1834— Abel H. Dubose. 1865-
1835— Neal Smith. 1867-
1836— Thomas Saunders. 1870-

-R. P. Carney.
-Girard W. Creagh.
-Samuel Forward.
-W. F. Jones.
-Lorenzo James.
-Peter Dubose.
-John W. Portis.
-John W. Portis.
-Morgan Carlton.
-Thomas B. Rivers.
-Lorenzo James.
-A. I. Henshaw.
-E. S Thornton.
-James J.Goode.
-James J. Goode.
-W. J. Hearin.
-W. J Hearin.
-John Y. Kilpatrick.
-Thomas B. Savage.
-[No election.]
-H. C. Grayson.

CHAPTER XXIV.
THE COUNTY OF CLAY.
Clay was formed from portions of TaUadega and Randolph
by an act approved Dec. 7, 1866.
It lies in the eastern part of the State, South of Calhoun,
west of Randolph, north of Tallapoosa and Coosa, and east
of Talladega.
It was named to honor Mr. Clay,* the Kentucky statesman.
The area is about 625 square miles.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $603,592, as
follows : real estate $542,080 ; personalty $61,512.
The population in 1870 was 8823 whites, and 737 blacks.
The surface consists of mountain, hiU, and valley. The
soil is generaUy hght, with a clay foundation ; but the vaUeys
are fertile.
There were 37,348 acres of improved, and 121,971 acres of
unimproved, farm lands in 1870 ; the value of which was
$456,791. The value of live stock— 959 horses, 561 mules, 6412 neat
cattle, 3924 sheep, and 10,271 hogs— was $310,795.
The productions in 1869 were 38,422 bushels of wheat,
196,886 bushels of corn, 17,005 bushels of oats, 8325 bushels
of potatoes, 123,464 pounds of butter, 9286 gallons of sorghum
molasses, 1143 bales of cotton, 9005 pounds of tobacco, and
6948 pounds of wool; $79,137 was the value of animals
slaughtered ; and the total value of farm productions in 1869
was $593,139.
The natural resources of the county are iron ore, in abund
ance ; copper, in goodly quantity ; gold ; marble ; and other
valuable substances.
There are several mineral springs.
Clay has no railways, but two are projected through it.
"Henry Clay was born iu Hanover county, Virginia, in 1777, and was the
son of a clergyman. Though almost without an education he became a law
yer at the age of twenty years, and in 1799 he removed to Kentucky. He
entered tbe legislature in 1803, and in 1807-8 served in the federal senate.
He was returned to congress in 1809, and served in one house or the other
for twenty five years. This was interrupted by his mission to Europe in
1814 to conclude a peace with Britain, and by his holding the office of min
ister ol' state under President J. Q. Adams. Iu 1824, 1832, and 1844 he was
a candidate for the presidency ofthe United States. He died in 1852.

CLAY COUNTY. 183
The courthouse is at Ashland, a small town named for the
home of Mr. Clay. LinevUle has about 200 inhabitants.
The HUlabee town, destroyed so ruthlessly by the whites,
November 18, 1813, stood in the southern part of this county,
near the creek of that name. The tribe were negotiating
with Gen. Jackson for peace, just subsequent to the battle of
TaUadega, and had received a favorable response to their
overtures. But a brigade of mounted east Tennesseeans,
who had come down the vaUey of the TaUapoosa, under Gen.
White, were in utter ignorance of the pending negotiations.
They surrounded the town and made the attack with vigor,
killing sixty and capturing 250 women and children. No re
sistance was made, and the whites suffered no loss. The HU-
labees, who had several towns in this region, beheved this act
to be one of the most flagrant treachery on the part of Gen.
Jackson, and became the fiercest and most implacable foes of
the whites.
A few mUes further south, on the lower edge of Clay, the
affair of Enitachopco was fought, January 24, 1814. General
Jackson, with about 1000 men, of whom 200 were Indians,
was retreating after the combat at Emuckfau. Beaching the
creek, a large portion of the command had crossed, when
a vigorous attack was made on the rear by the pursuing sav
ages. The raw troops, though they had fought weU two days
before, now fled in wUd disorder across the creek. However,
a nucleus under Col. CarroU held thefr ground, and Gen.
Jackson soon brought up detachments from the other side.
After a determined and gaUant stand, the brave natives were
driven off, though they always claimed a victory. The loss on
both sides was severe, and the bodies of twenty six Indians
were left on the field.
The bracing air and beauteous scenery of this region caused
the Muscogees to dweU in its secluded deUs, and by its limpid
streams, from time immemorial. Chinnobee, a weU-remem-
bered Indian chief, made it his home. He took part with the
whites in the war of 1813-14, and served under Gen. Jack
son till the close of the war. It was his boast that " Old
Hickory " made him " General " Chinnobee. He was kUled
about the year 1835, when about 80 years old, by being
thrown against a tree by a horse he was riding.
J. H. White represented the county in the legislature of
1870. No senator has yet been elected.

CHAPTEE XXV.
THE COUNTY OF CLEBURNE.
This county was formed out of parts of Calhoun, Bandolph
and TaUadega, by an act approved December 6, 1866, and was
named to honor the memory of Gen. Cleburne* of Arkansas.
It lies in the northeastern part of the State, and is contiguous
to Cherokee on the north, the State of Georgia on the east,
Eanddlph and Clay on the south, and Calhoun on the west.
The area is about 600 square miles.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $403,608 ;
personalty $40,773 ; total $444,381.
The population in 1870 was 7441 whites, and 576 blacks.
The profile of the county is mountainous and rugged, with
light and clay soU. The coves and bottoms are very produc
tive. The farm lands in 1870 were valued at $497,820, and con
sisted of 42,267 acres improved, and 121,450 acres unim
proved. The value of live stock — 960 horses, 524 mules, 5641 neat
cattle, 3871 sheep, and 10,659 hogs— was $263,116.
The productions were 36,739 bushels of wheat, 186,763 bush
els of corn, 19,853 bushels of oats, 17,547 bushels of potatoes,
9999 gallons of sorghum molasses, 83,975 pounds of butter,
873 bales of cotton, 10,997 pounds of tobacco, and 6496 pounds
of wool ; the value of animals slaughtered was $78,896 ; and
the value of farm productions was $460,591.
The TaUapoosa flows through Cleburne, but is not naviga
ble. No railways are yet in operation, but one or two are
projected through it.
*Pateick R. Cleburne was born near Balincog, Ireland, in 1827 ; was
the son of a physician, and was well educated. After an attempt to better
his fortunes, he entered the British army at the age of 22 years, and served
till he was 25. Discharged through the influence of friends, he came to
America, and ranked well as a lawyer in Helena, Arkansas, when called to
the defence of his adopted country. Entering the service as a colonel of the
15th Arkansas Infantry, within two years he arose to the rank of major gen
eral, and after sharing the fortunes of the Western army from Bowling Green
to Franklin, was killed in the assault on the enemy's lines at the latter place,
November 20, 1864.

COFFEE COUNTY. 185
Though bereft of artificial advantages for thefr speedy
development, this county possesses valuable natural wealth.
Lron ore crops out at every turn. Gold is found in the south
ern portion, and there was much excitement on the subject
about Arbacoochee at one time. Slate also exists in consid
erable quantities.
Mineral waters also abound, and Steed-Mountain spring is
weU known.
Edwardsvtlle, the seat of justice, is a village, named for
Mr. Wm. Edwards of the county, who donated the land on
which the courthouse is built.
Chulafinnee and Arbacoochee are vUlages.
W. P. HoweU represented Cleburne hi the legislature of
1870. There has been no election for senator since the coun
ty was organized.

CHAPTEE XXVI.
THE COUNTY OF COFFEE.

Coffee was established by an act approved Dec. 29, 1841,
and the territory was taken fropi Dale. It has retained its
original size save the portion set apart to form Geneva in 1869.
It hes in the southeastern quarter of the State, south of
Pike, east of Covington, north of Geneva, and west of Dale.
Its name perpetuates the fame of Gen. Coffee of Lauder
dale. Its area is about 700 square mUes.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $352,217, viz :
real estate $297,423 ; personal property $54,794.
The population is thus exhibited decenniaUy :
1850 I860 1870
Whites  5380 8200 5151
Blacks  560 1423 1020
There are 30,546 acres of improved, and 136,039 acres of
unimproved farm lands in the county ; valued at $308,110.
The hve stock — 938 horses and mules, 7488 neat cattle,
4059 sheep, 9433 hogs— is valued at $214,622.

186 COFFEE COUNTY.
In 1869 the productions were 121,352 bushels of corn,
8975 pounds of rice, 29,071 bushels of potatoes, 13,098 gallons
of molasses, 2,004 bales of cotton, 6,737 pounds of wool ; the
value of animals slaughtered was $62,961; and the whole
value of farm productions was $511,588.
The northern portion of the county is hUly and rolling ;¦
the southern part is flat. The soil is generaUy hght, but with
valuable exceptions.
There are forests of pine timber of great value.
Mineral waters exist, and Coffee Springs was a resort at one
time. Like the counties contiguous to it, Coffee abounds with
game, especially with deer.
The Pea river flows through the county, but is not naviga
ble for steamers. There are no raUways.
Elba, the seat of justice since 1850, is on Pea river, and
has a population of about 500 inhabitants.
The courthouse was at Geneva tUl 1847, when it was re
moved to WeUborn, and thence to Elba.
There is nothing hi the history of Coffee to interest the
general reader.
Gappa T. Yelverton represented the county in the consti
tutional convention of 1861. John G. Moore represented it
in the constitutional convention of 1865.
,The foUowing is a hst of the members of the general assem
bly. The county voted with Dale till 1845 :
Senators.
1 845 — Jones J. Kendrick. 1857 — Daniel H. Horn.
1847— Lewis Hutcheson. 1861— DeWitt C. Davis.
1849— Jesse O'Neal. • 1865— William A. Ashley.
1853 — William A. Ashley. [No election in 1867, orsince.]
Representatives.
1845 — Abraham Warren. 1859 — Jeremiah Warren.
1847— Irwin Rogers. 1861— HiU K. H. Horn.
1849— William Holly. 1863— John G. Moore.
1851— William Holly. 1865— John G. Moore.
1853— Gappa T. Yelverton. 1867— [No election.]
1855— A. L. Milligan. 1870— John G.' Moore.
1857 — Jeremiah Warren.

CHAPTEE XXVII.
THE COUNTY OF COLBERT.
By an act of the legislature, approved Feb. 6, 1867, the
northern half of Frankhn was erected into a new county, and
named to perpetuate the memory of the brothers George and
Levi Colbert, Chicasa chiefs, an account of whom is given
below. An ordinance of the de facto convention of 1867
abohshed the county, but it was re-established in 1869.
It lies in the northwestern part of the State, and is bounded
north by Lauderdale, east by Lawrence, south by Franklin,
and west by the State of Mississippi.
The area of the county is about 600 square mUes.
The population ih 1870 was 7898 whites, and 4639 -blacks.
Ln 1870 the real estate was assessed at $1,365,347 ; personal
property $469,376 ; total $1,834,723.
The surface of the country is diversified with hUland plain,
and there is a variety of valuable soU, susceptible of the
highest scientific cultivation.
The farm lands in 1870 were valued at $910,627, and con
sisted of 57,190 acres improved, and 126,606 acres unim
proved. The value of hve stock — 1190 horses, 799 mules, 4322 neat
cattle, 2735 sheep, and 8267 hogs— was $306,808.
Ln 1869 the productions were 12,682 bushels of wheat,
291,402 bushels of com, 14,347 bushels of oats, 9498 bushels
of potatoes, 4897 gaUons of sorghum syrup, 3936 bales of
cotton, and 4026 pounds of wool ; the value of animals slaugh
tered was $85,680 ; and the value of farm productions was
$677,646. There are two valuable mineral springs in Colbert.
The Tennessee river flows along the entire northern line of
the county, but is shoally. The Memphis and Charleston
raUroad passes through the county for 39| mUes, including
the branch about five mUes in length to Florence.
Colbert claims to have given the first substantial encourage
ment to the construction of raUways in the State. In 1831 a
track nearly two mUes in length was laid from Tuscumbia to
the Tennessee river, and a year or two later (1834) a road was

188 COLBERT COUNTY.
in running order from Tuscumbia to Decatur, a distance of
forty-four mUes. The foresight of the citizens of this region
should not be forgotten.
Tuscumbia, the seat of justice, had a population of 1214
souls in 1870 ; of whom 764 are whites and 450 are blacks.
It was incorporated in 1820 by the name of Ococoposa (cold
water), but the name was changed the foUowing year to Big
Spring, and in 1822 to Tuscumbia, to preserve the name of a
Chicasa warrior who hved near. A female coUege, " Deshler
Institute," is located in the town. The town is noted for the
wondrous spring, or subterranean creek, of freestone water,
which gushes from under the plateau on wliich it is built;
and wliich, according to Major David Deshler, the civil
engineer, discharges 17,724 cubic feet of water per minute at
an average the year round.
Cherokee, Chicasa, and Leighton are thriving vUlages.
Near Barton Station an extensive cotton factory, iron
foundry, &c, are in process of construction, which wUl con
tribute materiaUy to the weffare of the county.
Lagrange CoUege, which was situated ten mUes from Tus
cumbia, was chartered as early as 1828, and many of the most
useful citizens of the Tennessee valley were educated there.
It was made a mUitary coUege by the State, which was prob
ably the pretext for burning it two years after such use, by
the notorious Gen. Dodge,* and it has not since been re-buut.
During the late war between the States, Colbert, in com
mon with other parts of north Alabama, was ravaged by the
federal troops, and foraged upon by the Confederates. Tus
cumbia is the gateway of the Tennessee va'Uey, and it was
made especiaUy so while the northern troops held Corinth.
At Little Bear creek, near Tuscumbia, in the faU of 1862,
a spirited fight took place between a body of the enemy under
Gen. Sweeney, and the Confederates under Col. Boddy. It
was chiefly an artillery duel, but caused the invaders to fall
back to Corinth.
A more bloody affair occurred at Barton Station, a little
later, in wliich Boddy's troops repulsed the enemy very hand
somely, and drove them back to their stronghold again.
A predatory warfare was carried on almost without cessa
tion, and this lovely region was left at the close of the struggle
in a desolate condition. It has since steadUy recuperated,
* Grenville M. Dodge, whose atrocious vandalism lit up the valley of
the Tennessee from Town creek to Tuscumbia on the memorable night of
April 28, 1863, with the flames of burning dwellings, granaries, stables,
fences, &c, &c, was born in Danvers, Mass., in 1831. He entered the fed
eral army as colonel of the fourth Iowa infantry, and arose to the rank of
major general. He is now a politician in Iowa.

COLBERT COUNTY. 189
and once more its fertile plains teem with the fruits and tex
tures of a generous soU.
The Colberts were half-breed Chicasas. George, the
eldest, hved at and owned the ferry in this county which is
yet caUed by his name. Levi dwelt on Bear creek, in the
present limits of this county, a few mUes from the ferry.*
Levi was regarded as the active chief of the tribe, but was
muph influenced in aU his pubhc acts by his brother George,
who possessed a strong mind and dictatorial spfrit. Levi was
mUd and amiable, liberal and generous. They were "aU
"men of good sense and good principles."t The family
appears still to be influential with the tribe, for .Herbert Col
bert was recently the Chicasa delegate to congress.
William Cooper, the Nestor of the bar of north Alabama,
is a resident of Colbert. He is a native of Brunswick county,
Virginia, and was born January 11, 1803, but was reared in
Davidson county, Tennessee, where .his parents settled in
1805. His mother was a Miss Jackson. His father was a
planter in comfortable circumstances, and he was enabled to
graduate at the University of NashviUe. Having read law
under Hon. Eph. H. Foster, he was admitted to the bar in
1823, and at once came to Alabama and opened an office in
EusseUvUle. Here he' was the law partner of Gen. James
Davis, a prominent lawyer and politician, brother of Gen.
Reuben Davis of Mississippi. For three or four years prior
to the removal of the Chickasas, Mr. Cooper was the attor
ney for the nation, and such was thefr appreciation of his
services that when they were about tp remove they donated
him valuable lands. Ln 1828 he removed his office to Tus
cumbia, where he has since resided. In 1845, when the banks
were placed in liquidation, Mr. Cooper was appointed one of
the three commissioners, and he discharged the duties of the
place for two years. When the State seceded from the Fed
eral Union, he was sent as commissioner to Missouri, and ad
dressed the legislature of that State in favor of co-operating
in the movement of the southern States. These are the only
official trusts he has consented to accept, preferrmg to devote
his attention to a profession in which he has long been emi
nent, and in wliich he now labors in association with his
brother, Mr. LiddeU B. Cooper.
Mr. Cooper is above medium highth, without surplus flesh,
with an open and manly face, and a well-shaped and in intel-
* James Colbert, a younger brother, lived thirty or forty miles further
south, and was quite civilized and estimable.
t Hon. George S. Gaines of Mississippi

190 COLBERT COUNTY.
lectual head. As a lawyer he has few equals, and his culture
as a scholar is liberal. He has been thrice married, the sec-.
Ond time to a sister of Col. John R. Blocker of Greene.
Felix Grundy Norman of this county was born in Ruther
ford county, Tennessee, in 1808. He received an academic
course, and in 1828 came to this (then Franklin) county, and
taught school. He was afterwards a merchant, but read law
under Hon. WUliam Cooper, and was licensed in 1841. The
same year he entered the legislature, and served for eight
successive years. From 1845 to 1847 he was master of the
grand lodge of Freemasons in the State. He resides in Tus
cumbia. The present chief magistrate of. the State is a citizen of
Colbert. Robert Burns Lindsay was born in Lochmaben, Dumfries
shire, Scotland, July 4, 1824. He received a classical educa
tion, graduating at St. Andrew's University. When eighteen
years old he bade adieu to "Scotland's nameless glens," and
sought a home " bey ant the say." Arriving hi North Carolina,
he read law and taught school at the same time. In 1848 he
came to Tuscumbia, and here opened a law office. He repre- •¦
sented the county (Franklin) in the general assembly in 1853,
and in the senate in 1855, and again in 1865. In 1860 he was
on the Douglas electoral ticket, and made an extensive can
vass. He served for a part of the time during the war in
Roddy's cavalry. In 1870 he was the candidate of his party
for governor, and received 77,721 votes to 76,292 for the in
cumbent, Gov. Smith of Randolph. He has had the execu
tive office during a troubled period, and the verdict of history
may not yet be pronounced on his administration. Gov. Lind
say is of ordinary highth, but stoutly buUt. He has a pleasant
exterior, polished deportment, and a high moral and social
standing. He is a linguist and scholar, imparts information
lucidly, and possesses much talent as an advocate. He mar
ried a half sister of Gov. Winston.
Joseph H. Sloss resides in this county, but is a native of
Morgan, where he was born in 1826. His father, a Presby
terian minister, removed with his famUy to Florence in 1830,
and there the son grew to manhood. Having read law with
his mother's brother, Hon. T. J. CampbeU (member of congress
1842-^5) in Athens, Tennessee, he began to 'practice in St.
Louis, (Missouri) in 1849. A year later he removed to Ed-
wardsrille, Ilhnois. During the memorable canvass for United
States senator in that State in 1858, between Judge Douglas
and Mr. Lincoln, he was chosen to the legislature, and aided

COLBERT COUNTY. 191
in the election of the "Little Giant." At the outburst of the
great war between the sections, he closed up his dwelling and
business, came to the land of his bfrth, and remained in "her
sendee tiU the close of the war. Locating in Tuscumbia, he
has since given' his attention to his profession, to journalism,
and to raUroad interests. In 1866 he was elected mayor of
Tuscumbia, and, though removed by Gen. Pope, was sub
sequently re-elected. Ln 1870 he was the nominee of his
party for a seat in congress, and was chosen by a majority of
about 5000 over Dr. B. O. Masterson of Lawrence. Major
Sloss is short but compactly buUt, and possessed of genial
and conciliating manners. He is moral, energetic, observant,
and well informed.
John Daniel Bather resides in Colbert, but is a native of
Morgan, and his public career belongs to the annals of that
county. His father, Hon. John T. Bather, yet resides in
Morgan ; his mother was a sister of Gen. W. B. McCleUan
of TaUadega. Born in 1823, he was weU educated, and read
law under Judge Coleman in Athens. Locating first in Som-
ervUle, and afterwards in Decatur, he practiced, very success
fully. In 1849 he represented Morgan in the legislature, and
was re-elected in 1851. At the meeting of the legislature the
latter year, he wras chosen speaker, the only- time such a com
pliment has been paid to so young a man since the days of
Gov. Bagby's first speakership. In 1856 he was a Buchannan
elector. From 1857 to 1861 he was in the senate, serving as
president during the last two years. Ln 1864 Gov. Watts ap
pointed him a judge of the cfrcuit court to fid the vacancy
created by Judge Lewis's resignation. At the close of the
war he opened an office in Tuscumbia, and has since been a
citizen of this county. In appearance General (a militia title)
Bather is stout and robust, with dark complexion and dark
eyes. His mental equals his physical vigor, and he is now
the very energetic vice-president of the Memphis & Charleston
Eailroad. He is an able and reliable lawyer, and a terse and
logical speaker. As a companion he is genial and considerate.
His first wife was a sister Hon. Wade Keyes of Lauderdale ;
his second, a daughter of Mr. Edward Pearsall of this county.
There was another whose fame is the pride of Colbert, for
he was a native son. James Deshler was born in Tuscumbia,
February 18, 1833. His father, the late Major David Deshler,
was an eminent civil engineer, who came from Pennsylvania
to this section in the year 1825 ; and who died in December
1871 in Tuscumbia, making, in his will, a handsome bequest
for the estabhshment of the female coUege here — and now
caUed "Deshler Institute." The son was educated at West

192 COLBERT COUNTY.
Point, graduating in 1854. He served in California, and on
the jplains, and was in the Utah expedition. He was at Fort
Wyse, Colorado, in May or June 1861, when he heard of the
withdrawal of his State from the Union. He promptly re
signed, and repaired to Eichmond. Appointed captain of
artillery, he was ordered to western Virginia. He was in the
affair on the Greenbrier, and was shot through both thighs
in the action on the AUeghanies, January 1862. As soon as
he recovered, he was appointed colonel of artillery, and
assigned to duty in North Carolina. When Gen. Holmes was
assigned to the command of the Trans-Mississippi Depart
ment, the young Alabamian accompanied him as chief of
staff. He was subsequently placed in command of a brigade
of Texans in Churchill's division, which constituted the gar
rison of Arkansas Post. This fortress, after a vigorous defence,
was captured, with its garrison, January 12, 1863. Exchanged
in June in Virginia, the remnant of the division rendezvoused
at Tullahoma, where it was thrown into one brigade, and
Gen. Deshler, now promoted, was placed over it. As part of
Cleburne's division, the brigade was hotly engaged at Chica
mauga. On the morning of the second day, when the other
brigades of the division had been much cut up, and Deshler's
had been retarded by unskillful disposition of the line of
battle, Gen. Cleburne tinned to Gen. Deshler, and spoke
curtly : "General, your brigade has not been engaged to-day."
A crimson flush suffused the face of the young officer, but the
reply was prompt and spirited : "It is not my fault, General."
An immediate advance was ordered, and the command was at
once wrapped in the smoke and flame of battle. Within a
few moments, however, the corpse of the gaUant Alabamian
came back, with a sheU fragment through the breast.
"The paths of glory lead but to the grave."
Thus, in the prime of early manhood, feU this noble son of the
State. But his valor and daring were not the only attributes
of his character. He was exemplary and pious in conduct,
considerate but firm in the discharge of duty, and modest and
kind in intercourse with his feUow-men. Colbert cherishes
the name of Deshler.
Colbert is not yet separately represented in the general
assembly.

CHAPTEE XXVIII.
THE COUNTY OP CONECUH.
This county was carved out of Monroe by an act passed
February 13, 1818, and originaUy embraced all of south Ala
bama east of its present western boundary hue, and south of
the line of Lowndes, as far east as the Chattahoochee ;* but
it was soon sub-divided.
It is in south Alabama, and hes north of Escambia, east of
Monroe, south of Monroe and Butler, and west of Butler and
Covington. It was named for the river which flows through that part
of the county lately assigned to Escambia.t
The area of the county is about 765 square miles.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $723,091 ; per
sonalty $237,292 ; total $960,383.
The population has been as follows :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  3769 3812 4376 4925 6419 4667
Blacks  1944 3632 3821 4397 4892 4901
Part of the county was set apart to Escambia in 1868, which
accounts for the decrease since 1860.
The country is level and undulating ; the soU clay, sandy,
and hammock.
The value of farm lands in 1870 was $240,795, and consist
ed of 20,583 acres improved, and 91,033 acres unimproved.
The value of live stock was $172,132, and consisted of 708
horses and mules, 5398 neat cattle, 2298 sheep, 4433 hogs.
*Rev. David Lee of Lowndes, when a boy, in 1819, heard the tax collector
of Conecuh say he was about to' start on his trip to collect the taxes on the
Chattahoochee. Such were the inconveniences of the pioneer settlers.
fCoNECUH (or conata) is an Indian word, which means "crooked." There
is a belief prevalent that the name was given to the river by the early settlers
(who were mostly South Carolinians) who held in grateful remembrance
a creek of that name in the up country of South Carolina. The better
opinion is, however, t,hat Conecuh is the name tbe Muscogees applied to
the stream long before the white man pereed into the depths of its clear
waters. 13

194 CONECUH COUNTY.
The productions were 92,177 bushels of corn, 12,623 bushels
of potatoes, 6796 gaUons of sorghum molasses, 1539 bales of
cotton, and 3731 pounds of wool ; the value of animals slaught
ered was $30,088; and the value of farm productions was
$275,675. The pine forests of this county are of very stately growth,
and are made to yield the principal private revenue of many
citizens, by means of the "square timber" which is hewn, and
rafted to the coast and to the niUls.
The marl deposits have attracted attention, whUe the green-
sand, which exists in considerable quantity, is known to be
exceedingly valuable as a fertilizer.
The MobUe & Montgomery EaUroad passes through the
center of the county for 24| mUes ; and the Selma & Gulf
EaUroad is projected through it.
Evergreen, the seat of justice, has about 500 inhabitants ;
BellvUle 200 ; Brooklyn 200'.
Sparta, the seat of justice tUl 1866, and once the center of
an inteUectual and wealthy community, is now much reduced
in size.
Turk's Cave, near Brooklyn, is noted for the large quantity
of bat guano it contains. In the early settlement of the
county it was the resort for some time of the famous high
wayman Joseph T. Hare, and his accomplices; and it was
here they stored their treasure, and from whence they sallied
forth to rob and murder the traders who plied thefr vocation
between Pensacola and the Indian country. Thefr Ul-gotten
gains were generally squandered in carousal with the senoritas
of Pensacola, who little knew the dark fountain whence flowed
such lavish prodigality.
A skirmish on Burnt Corn creek, eight mUes below BeUvUle,
in this county, between the whites and Muscogees, July 27,
1813, was the commencement of the great Indian war. The
settlers on the Tombikbee having heard that a party of war-.
riors under Peter McQueen — afterwards ascertained to num
ber about 350 — had gone to Pensacola to obtain supplies from
the British hi order to attack the whites, resolved to intercept
them on their return. Accordingly, Colonel James CaUer of
Washington, with 180 mounted volunteers, marched across
the country to get in the beaten trail to Pensacola. They
found the savages encamped on Burnt Corn, engaged in cook
ing. The whites assaulted them rigorously, and drove them
into the thickets of the creek. Surprised, but undismayed,
the brave natives rallied and returned the fire with spfrit.
The whites, having broken ranks in order to plunder the
camp, were now in turn driven back on the hUl, and dispersed
in a most discreditable manner, with few exceptions. They

CONECUH COUNTY. 195
were driven off, and, had the Indians pursued, an overwhelm
ing disaster would have befaUen the 'Bikbee settlement in the
destruction of the flower of its fighting men. As it was, they
lost but two kUled and fifteen wounded. The loss of the
Indians was also smaU ; but they were greatly elated by their
success. Inspired by revenge, a month later they fell upon
Fort Mimms, with what result these pages elsewhere reveal.
Eldridge S. Greening was an early settler, and distin
guished young attorney of Conecuh. He was talented and
popular, serving the people in the legislature and as general
of mUitia. He was also solicitor of the cfrcuit court, succeed
ing Hon. John Gayle of Monroe in 1821. His career was cut
short by death about the year 1829, when he was thrown from
his buggy against a tree whUe on the way to Pensacola.
Samuel White Oliver came to this county as early as
1819, when about twenty-three years old. A native of Vir
ginia, he grew to manhood hi Clark county, Georgia, was ed
ucated at Franklin CoUege, and read law in Litchfield,
Connecticut. He at once came to Conecuh and opened an
office in Sparta, where he soon after became the law partner
of Hon. John S. Hunter. Though he began life without for
tune, he rapidly accumulated both property and reputation.
He- first entered the legislature in 1822, and for twelve years
he served Conecuh in the popular branch of the general
assembly, of which he was chosen speaker in 1834. Two
years after, he entered the State senate from the district com
posed of Butler and Conecuh, but resigned when he removed
to DaUas county the foUowing year. He was the candidate
of the anti-Van Buren party for the office of governor in 1837,
and was defeated by a majority of 4000 for Hon. Arthur P.
Bagby of Monroe. He died at his residence on Pine-barren
creek, in Dallas county, January 18, 1838, in the meridian of
an useful and exemplary life. Col. Oliver was a gentleman of
spotless repute, of moral character, and popular bearing.
His talents were very marked, and he was an effective orator
on the hustings and in the forum. At the time of his death
no one in the State stood fairer before the people as a pubhc
man, and the highest distinctions awaited him. His wife, a
sister of the late Hon. John S. Hunter of DaUas, survived
him, and married Mr. Sprague of that county. Starke H.
Oliver of MobUe, lieutenant colonel of the 24th (consolidated)
Alabama, is a son ; and two other sons are planters of DaUas.
The memory of John Watkins lingers in Conecuh. He
was born within five mUes of the present Appomattox Court
house, Virginia, in 1775, and was connected with many of the
best families of that State. He was hberaUy educated, and

196 CONECUH COUNTY.
was graduated in medicine at PhUadelphia in 1804. He
shortly after removed to South Carohna, where he practiced
in the family of Hon. J. C. Calhoun in AbbeviUe. In 1813
he came to the Tombikbee settlement, and soon after made
Claiborne his permanent home. At that time he was the only
physician between the Alabama and Chattahoochee rivers,
and he was fully employed. He represented Monroe in the
convention of 1819 that framed the constitution for the would-
be State, and the same year was chosen the first senator from
the county. He settled in this county soon after it began to
be peopled, and in 1828 was elected to the senate from Butler
and Conecuh. Three years later he served Conecuh in the
other branch of the legislature. In 1842-45 he represented
Monroe and Conecuh in the senate, which was his last con
nection with pubhc life. He died in 1854, on the verge of
fourscore years. He was a man of extraordinary physical
powers, and betrayed his age neither in his facidties nor his
appearance. His manners were plain, and rather _ brusque,
but his benevolence and hospitahty were proverbial. He
never sought popularity, but the people of Conecuh and
Monroe honored him whenever he was a candidate. His
literary taste and devotion to scientific research led him to
coUate one of the completest private libraries in the State,
and his range of information, was wide. In his 55th year he
married Mrs. Hunter, sister to Hon. W. B. H. Howard of
Wilcox, and one of his sons is a physician and planter of
Lowndes, whUe another fell in defence of his country during
the late war.
James Adams Stallworth was a native and resident of this
county. His father, Mr. Nicholas StaUworth, was a planter.
The maiden name of his mother was Adams. The parents
came from South Carohna, and were among the earliest settlers
of the county, and here the son first saw the light in 1822.
He received only an academic education. Ln. 1845, and again
in 1847, he represented the county in the legislature. Licensed
as an attorney in 1848, he was elected district solicitor the
ensuing year, and held that position for six years. In 1855
he was the nominee of his party for congress, but was de- -
feated by Col. Percy Walker of Mobile. He was again the
nominee of his party in 1857, and 1859, and was elected ; the
first time over Col. John McCaskUl of WUcox, the next over
Col. Frederick B. Sheppard of Mobile. When the State
withdrew from the Union, Mr. StaUworth retired with his
colleagues. His death occurred in Evergreen, August 31,
1861, of euterit-is. He married a Miss Crosby of this county,
and one of his sons is an attorney in Evergreen. Major

CONECUH COUNTY. 197
Nicholas StaUworth of this county is a brother. Mr. StaU
worth yielded to none in the display of those gemal, sociable,
and liberal qualities which are so highly prized in the South.
And if he was less useful and efficient as a public servant
than some others, at least none was more honorable, or free
from every sordid vice.
The late William A. Ashley was a native of this county,
and the son of Hon. WUson Ashley, who served Conecuh in
the legislature, and was presidential elector for Messrs. Davis
and Stephens in 1861. His mother was Miss'McCreary. The
son had good educational advantages, and gave his attention
to planting. He took an active interest in the construction
and management of the MobUe ct Montgomery EaUroad. He
represented the county in both branches of the general assem
bly, but died in the meridian of life, in AprU 1870, aged about
48 years. He possessed popular manners, and a wide range
of information, but was reserved, and not opinionated.
By the act of December 13, 1819, Bartley Walker, James
Salter, John Speir, B. L. Cotton, and Bobert Smyley were
appointed commissioners to fix on a site for the courthouse.
Election precincts were estabhshed, between the years 1819
and 1822, at the houses of Wm. Brewer, Wm. Blackshear,
David Hendrick, at Cumming's mUl, Zuber's store, George
Constantine's, Brooklyn, James CaldweU's, Babb's store,
James Grace's, and John BeU's.
Samuel Cook represented Conecuh in the constitutional
convention of 1819 ; John Greene in that of 1861 ; and Wm.
A. Ashley in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a hst of the members of the general assem
bly from the county : Senators.
1819— John Herbert. 1842— John Watkins.
1821 — John W. Devereux. 1845 — John Morrissett.
1825— William Jonee. 1847— John Morrissett.
1828— John Watkins. 1851— William Perry Leslie,
1830— William Hemphill. 1853— William A. Ashley.
1833— William Hemphill. 1857— Daniel H. Horn.
1836— Samuel W. Oliver. 1861— D. C. Davis.
1837— Herndon Lee Henderson. 1865— William A. Ashley.'
1839— S. S. Andress. [No election in 1867 or since.]
Representatives.
1819— Wm. Lee, Thomas Watts. 1824— Sam'l W. Oliver, Nathan Cook,
1820— Sam'l Cook, Thos. Armstrong. John Greene.
1821— Eldridge S. Greening, John E. 1825— Sam'l W. Oliver, Eldridge S
Graham. Greening.
1822— Sam'l W. Oliver, John S. Hun- 1826— Sam'l W. Oliver, Eldridge S,
ter,  Taylor. Greening.
1823— Sam'l W. Oliver, John Fields, 1827— Sam'l W. Oliver, Eldridge S.
James Salter. Greening.

198

COOSA COUNTY.

1828— Joseph P. Clough, Jas. Salter. 1842-
1829— John Green, Henrv E. Curtis. 1843-
1830— Jos. P. Clough, Sam'l Dubose 1 844—
1831— Sam'l W Oliver, Jno. Watkins. 1845-
1832— Samuel W. Oliver, Julian S. 1847-
Devereux. 1549-
1833— Sam'l W. Oliver, Watkins Sal- 1851
ter. 1853-
18:14— Samuel W. Oliver. 1855-
1835— Wilson Ashley. 1857-
1836— Jeptha V. Perryman. 1859-
1837— Jeptba V. Perryman. 1861
1838— James M. Boiling. 1863
1839— James M. Boiling. 1865
1840— W. A. Bell. J 867
1841— Churchill Jones. 1870

Churchill Jones.
Churchill Jones.
¦A. W. Jones.
-James A. StaUworth.
-James A. StaUworth.
-William A. Ashley.
-William A. Ashley.
-.Andrew Jay.
-Andrew Jay.
-John D. Cary.
-John D. Cary.
-William A. Ashley.
-William Greene.
-F. M. Walker.
-[No election.]
-J. W. Etheridge.

CHAPTEB XXIX.

THE COUNTY OF COOSA.

Coosa was created by an act approved Dec. 18, 1832, out of
territory acquired from the Muscogees by the treaty of Cus
seta the previous March.
It lies near the heart of the State, south of Talladega and
Clay, west of Tallapoosa, north of Elmore, and east of Baker.
It was named for the Coosa river, which in turn preserves
the name of the fertile kingdom of " Cosa," through which
DeSoto wandered — and lingered here on his pilgrimage, for
the nut-brown maidens, the clear streams, and the soft breezes
recaUed the beauties of his own sunny laud — nearly three
and a half centuries ago.
The area is about 660 square miles.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $74S,346;
of personal property $195,529 ; total $943,875.
The population is thus exhibited : 1840 1850 1860 1870

Whites  4858 10,414
Blacks  2137 4,229

14,044 5,223

8544 3394

A large and valuable portion of the county was set apart
to Elmore in 1866, which accounts for the decrease in the
last enumeration.
The surface is hilly, with level valleys and bottoms. The

COOSA COUNTY. 199
soil _ is generaUy hght with marked exceptions, and may be
easUy improved.
The value of farm lands in 1870 was $610,653, and em
braced 64,905 acres improved, and 205,245 acres unimproved.
The value of hve stock— 1406 horses, 1184 mules, 9065
neat cattle, 4546 sheep, and 12,689 hogs— was $472,805.
The productions were 36,066 bushels of wheat, 262,683
bushels of corn, 20,513 bushels of oats, 32,195 bushels of
potatoes, 91,961 pounds of butter, 3893 bales of cotton, 5634
pounds of tobacco, and 6980 pounds of wool ; the value of
animals- slaughtered was $119,843 ; and the total value of
farm products was $1,040,936.
There are no raUways in Coosa, and the noble river which
waters its western boundary has not been opened to naviga
tion. Marble, gold, copper, plumbago, bunding stone, &c, &c,
exist in the county. " In Coosa there are several quarries of
"statuary granite of a superior quality, which is of a beauti-
"ful gray, color, easy of access, being almost entirely above
"the surface of the ground; easUy split, aud is capable of
"being worked into any desfrable shape or size."*
There is a cotton factory on Socapatoy creek, caUed " Brad
ford Factory," which is prosperous and profitable.
Bockford, the seat of justice, is a vUlage of about 400
inhabitants. There are other healthy and pleasant vUlages.
The historic portion of Coosa was given to Elmore. The
facts in relation to Col. HoweU Eose and Hon. S. W. Harris,
who served Coosa, but resided in that part which now belongs
to Elmore, wiU be found in the chapter devoted to that
county. William Garrett is a citizen of Coosa. He was bom in
Cocke county, Tennessee, in 1809, and was the son of a Meth
odist minister, who was also a trader and farmer. His mother
was a Miss Gray. His education was plain, but he possessed
aptness and energy. In 1833 he came to Calhoun county,
this State, and became a merchant. He volunteered in the
Creek war; and in 1838 was elected clerk of the house of
representatives of the general assembly, having held the post
of assistant clerk at the previous session. In 1840 he was
chosen to the office of secretary of State, over the incumbent,
Mr. Thomas B- TunstaU, and held that responsible position
by repeated elections for twelve years. During this time he
resided in Tuskaloosa and Montgomery, removing to the lat
ter county when the capital was removed. He came to Coosa
* ' ' The Alabama Manual :" by Joseph Hodgson.

200 COOSA COUNTY.
in 1851, and two years later he was chosen to represent the
county hi the popular branch of the legislature, of which he
was elected speaker at its meeting. In 1859 he was defeated
for the senate, but was returned to that body at the elections
in 1863 and 1865, and served four years. He was secretary
of State for a short time in 1865 by appointment of Gov.
Parsons. He has employed his leisure hours for several years
past in preparing a work to be entitled "Eemmiscences.of
Public Men in Alabama for Thfrty Years," which is soon to
be issued from the press, and will be a valuable contribution
to the hterature of the State. Col. Garrett is a close observer
of men and events, and possesses notable tact and extensive
information. His talents are of the solid kind, and he is an
instructive conversationalist, and a citizen of pubhc spirit.
He married, first, Miss Taylor of Virginia ; and, second, Miss
Henry of MobUe.
Daniel Crawford is a prominent and useful citizen of
Coosa, and has represented the county in both branches of
the general assembly. He is a native of North Carolina, and
came to this State in his youth, about the year 1833. He
was for several years connected with the miUs of Mr. John
McNeil in Autauga, and subsequently with the gold diggings
at Goldville, in TaUapoosa. About the year 1840 he made
Coosa his home, and has been a planter and miU owner here.
He is an upright and moral man, with much worldly wisdom
and foresight.
By the act of January 12, 1833, Washington CampbeU,
Archibald Downing, and WiUiam Lovelady were appointed
commissioners for the county, with power to select a seat of
justice. George Taylor, Albert Crumpler, and J. B. Leonard repre
sented the county in the constitutional convention of 1861 ;
Daniel Crawford, C. M. Cabot, and Wm. A. Wilson in that of
1865. The foUowing were the members of the general assembly
from this county : Senators.
1837— Daniel E. Watrous. leS7~ Daniel Crawford.
1840— Dixon Hall. 1859— George E. Brewer.
1843— William L. Yancey. 1«61— Daniel Crawford.
1844— Sampson W. Harris. 1803 — William Garrett.
1847— Seth P. Storrs. 1865 -William Garrett.
1849— Seth P. Storrs. [No election in 1867 or since.]
1853— James P*. Powell.

COVINGTON COUNTY. 201
'Representatives.
1837--W. W. Morris. 1853— William Gabkett, James H.
ISJ-J— W. W. Morris. Weaver.
1839— A. B. Dawson. 1855- George Taylor, N. S. Graham.
1840— W. W. Morris. 1857— Geo. E. Brewer, Evan Calfee,
1841— William L. Yancey. Alexander Smith.
1842— Anderson H. Kendrick. 1859— Calvin Humphries, W D.Wal-
1843 -Howell Rose. den. Alexander Smith.
1844— Howell Hose. 1801 — A. T.Maxwell, D.W. Bozeman,
1845— Howell Rose, Jas. R Powell. Albert Crumpler.
1847— Samuel Spigener, Daniel Craw- 1863— T. U. T. McCain, E. S. C.
iovd. Parker, James Vanzandt.
1849— A. H. Kendrick, F F. Foscue. 1865— T. U. T. McCain, John Ed-
1851— Henry W. Cox, Neil S. Gra- wards, James Vanzandt.
ham.

CHAPTEE XXX.
THE COUNTY OP COVINGTON.

This county was formed from Henry by an act passed De
cember 18, 1821, and originaUy comprised the major portion
of Dale and Geneva. It was named to honor the memory of
Gen. Covington,* who was kUled at the battle of Crystler's
Fields. It is in the southern portion of the State, and is bounded
north by Butler and Crenshaw, east by Coffee and Geneva,
south by the State of Florida, west by Conecuh and Escambia.
Covington has an area of about 1025 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate is $144,601 ; of personal
property $45,621 ; total $190,222. '
The population decenniaUy has been as foUows :
1830 1840 1850 1860 ' 1870

Whites  1118 2055 3077 5631 4269
Blacks  402 380 568 838 599
"Leonabd Wailes Covington was born near Annapolis, Maryland, in 1773.
He formed an early attachment for the science and incidents of war, and
saw service under Gen. Wayne against the Indians on the Maumee. He
served a term in congress from Maryland. 1805-6, and was made a brigadier
general of volunteers when the war of 1812 with Great Britain, was declared.
During the ill-advised invasion of Canada from Sackett's Harbor under Gen.
Wilkinson, Gen. Covington was killed in the fight at Crystler's Fields, or
Williamsburg, November 11, 1813.

202 COVINGTON COUNTY.
The mutilation of the county when Crenshaw was estab
lished caused the decrease as shown in the two last enumera
tions. The surface of the country is generaUy flat, and the soU
chiefly sandy.
The value of farm lands in 1870 was $123,443, and consisted
of 14,048 acres improved, and 65,203 acres unimproved.
The value of live stock — 552 horses and mules, 5696 neat
cattle, 4250 sheep, and 7077 hogs— was $158,667.
The productions hi 1869 were valued at $315,418, and con
sisted of 63,389 bushels of corn, 16,474 bushels of potatoes,
9646 gaUons of molasses, 689 bales of cotton, and 7078 pounds
of wool.
Timber hewing and stock raising are the principal employ
ments. The splendid growth of pine forest is cut and rafted
to the mUls or to the coast
The "range" for cattle is considered good, and "stock
farms" are profitable.
The Conecuh and YeUow rivers flow through the county,
but neither is navigable. The MobUe & Girard EaUroad is
projected down the valley of the Conecuh.
The courthouse is at Andalusia, a smaU viUage. Monte
zuma was the first shfrctown, but the courthouse was removed
about the year 1840.
There are three striking artificial mounds on Conecuh river,
in this county, from which Spanish coins have been taken, and
in one of which was found a monstrous jaw-bone, that would
fit over that of an ordinary adult jaw, and which is a rehc of
some aboriginal Goliath, or of an extinct human race. There
is also a cave, on YeUow river, as yet unexplored further than
to ascertain that it is of vast extent.
WUliam Carter, jr., James E. Mobley, Aaron Lockhart,
Henry Jones, and Abel Polk were the commissioners ap
pointed to select a site for the courthouse in 1821 ; and, a year
later, John M. Chapman, WUham Arthur, and John Cruse
were added.
DeWitt C. Davis represented Covington in tlie constitu
tional convention of 1861 ; and Juhus G. Eobinson in that
of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of members of the general assembly
from the county. It had no separate representation in the
lower house tUl 1834, having voted with Henry tUl 1828, and
with Conecuh after that time :
Senators.
1822— John W. Devereux. 1834— William Irwin.
1825— William Irwin. 1837— Richard C. Spann.
1828— William Irwin. 1838— James Ward.
1831— William Irwin. 1840— Angus McAllister.

CRENSHAW COUNTY. 203
1843— James Ward. 1853— William A. Ashley.
1845 — John Morrissett. 1857— Daniel H. Horn.
1847— John Morrissett. 1861— DeWitt C. Davis.
1851— William Perry Leslie. 1865— William A. Ashley.
Representatives.
1834— Abraham Warren. 1849— Alfred Holley.
1835 — Abraham Warren. 1851 — George A. Snowden.
Id36— Abraham Warren. 1853 — Alfred Holley.
1837— Josiah Jones. 1355— W. T. Acree.
1838— Josiah Jones. 1857— Alfred Holley.
1839— Josiah Jones. 1859— Alfred Holley.
1840— Laird B. Fleming. 1861— Julius G. Robinson.
1841— Josiah Jones. 1863 — Alfred Holley (seat vacated.)
1842— Josiah Jones. 1864 — Thomas P. Cottle. '
1843 — George A. Snowden. 1865 — J. D. Chapman.
1844— George A. Snowden. 1867- [No election. ]
1845— George A. Snowden. 1870— E. J. Mancill.
1847 — Josiah Jones.

CHAPTEB XXXI.
THE COUNTY OE CRENSHAW.

Crenshaw was estabhshed by an act passed Nov. 24, 1865,
and the territory was taken from Butler, Pike, Lowndes,
Coffee, and Covington.
It is in the south center of the State, and lies south of
Montgomery, west of Pike and Coffee, north of Covington,
and east of Butler.
It was named for Hon. Anderson Crenshaw of Butler, a
sketch of whom appears in the chapter on that county.
Its area is about 620 square miles.
The population in 1870 Was 8950 whites, and 2206 blacks.
The assessed value of real estate is $655,144 ; personalty
$136,535; total $791,719.
The surface is broken and undulating. There is much pro
ductive land in the "bottoms," but the generahty of other
portions is light.
In 1870 the value of farm lands was $684,870, and consisted
of 74,115 acres improved, and 131,262 acres unimproved.
The live stock — 1178 horses, 697 mules, 7397 neat cattle,
2610 sheep, and 14,263 hogs— was valued at $351,618.
The productions in 1869 were 263,615 bushels of corn,
10,855 pounds of rice, 45,671 bushels of potatoes, 4638 bales

204 DALE COUNTY.
of cotton, and 3847 pounds of wool ; the value of animals
slaughtered was $113,517; and the value of farm productions
was $970,227.
The timber forests of the county are extensive and valua
ble, and several lumber mUls are operating.
.The commercial* facUities are poor. The Conecuh river
cuts into the southeast corner, and the Patsaliga waters the
heart of the county, but neither is navigable. The Vicksburg
and Brunswick Eailroad is surveyed through the county._
Butledge, the seat of justice, is a viUage of recent origin,
that now has about 400 inhabitants. It was named for a
famUy of the vicinity.
The county was represented in the popular branch of the
general assembly in 1870 by M. P. CaUoway, the first proper
ly chosen member.
George W. Thagard was the first judge of the probate
court.

CHAPTEE XXXII.
THE COUNTY OF DALE.

Dale was carved out of Henry and Covington by an act
approved December 22, 1824, and named to honor General
Sam Dale of Monroe, a sketch of whom wiU be found in the
chapter devoted to that county.
It is a southeastern district, and hes south of Barbour,
north of Geneva, east of Coffee, and west of Henry.
The area of the county is about 685 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate is $757,600 ; personal pro
perty $150,380 ; total $907,980.
The decennial moArement of population has been as fol
lows : 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites...'.  1757 6809 5622 10,379 9528
Blacks  274 588 760 1816 1797
The surface of the country is either flat or undulating ; and,
whUe the soU is generaUy light, there are some very product
ive lowlands.

DALE COUNTY. 205
_ The farm lands in 1870 were valued at $437,060, and con
sisted of 76,083 acres improved, and 163,156 acres unim
proved. The hve stock— 1109 horses, 796 mules, 8220 neat cattle,
4717 sheep, and 17,637 hogs— was valued at $393,579.
The productions in 1869 were valued at $832,951, and con
sisted of 225,364 bushels of corn, 14,444 bushels of oats,
34,152 pounds of rice, 50,034 bushels of potatoes, 29,594 gal
lons of molasses, 4273 bales of cotton, 3258 pounds of tobacco,
5045 pounds of wool ; and the value of animals slaughtered
was $133,517.
There exist extensive pine forests in this county in which
the sound of the axe has not been heard. In other portions
there are several lumber miUs in operation.
Dale has been bereft of commercial facilities so far. The
Choctahatchee flows diagonaUy through the county, but is
not navigable. An attempt is now on foot to secure the con
struction of a raUway from Eufaula.
Ozark, the present shire-town, has about 600 inhabitants.
Newton has about 500 inhabitants ; Clopton 300 ; Skippers-
vUle 250 ; Echo 250.
The courthouse was first at Eichmond, then at DaleyUle
till about 1845, then at Newton ; whence it was brought to
Ozark in 1869.
Dale was troubled by the incursions of roving bands of
Muscogees in 1837-8. They were mal-contents who refused
to remove to the trans-Mississippi with thefr tribe, and fled
to the pine barrens of Florida for refuge. Capt. Arch. Justice
of this county was conspicuous in his efforts to punish them
for their depredations. Col. Wm. Pouncey was authorized to
raise a mounted company to continue in arms tiU the dis
turbances were quelled, and this action of the State had the
effect desired.
During the progress of the war between the States, Dale
was harassed by the incursions of a band of deserters, head
ed by Joseph Sanders. This man was a miUwright who
served very creditably during the first part of the war as
lieutenant, and afterwards captain of the company which
Capt. Griffin raised, and which became part of a Georgia reg
iment. Having resigned, the exactions of the conscript offi
cers was his excuse for allying himseh with a band of de
serters, who sought shelter near the line of Florida, and, he
became their leader. Organizing a band of fifteen or twenty
of these outlaws, he obtained supphes from the federal troops
on the coast, and made frequent and daring forays into the
county. At one time he captured a company of militia on
parade. At another, towards the close of the war, he dashed

206

DALE COUNTY.

into Newton at night, at the head of about twenty men ; but
the citizens shot down three of them and the others fled. In
these raids, Sanders took mules, horses, and other valuables.
At the close of hostUities he asked and obtained permission
to return, and settled down quietly ; but he was suspected of
complicity in the horse stealing which some members of his
old gang were carrying on ; and, in a difficulty about it, he
killed a son of Judge Abel Echols. He removed to Georgia
just after ; and, in 1866, was shot dead in his house by an
unknown hand.
Dale was represented in the constitutional convention of
1861 by James McKinney and D. B. Creech; in that of 1865
by J. C. Mathews and Eansom Deal.
The countjr voted with Henry for members of the legisla
ture from 1828 to 1834, and with Covington tUl 1837. The
following is a list of the members of the general assembly :
Senators.

1828-

— William Irwin.

1849— Elisha Mathews.

1831-

—William Irwin.

1853 — James Searcy.

1834-

—William Irwin.

1857 — James McKinney,

1837-

-Richard C. Spann.

1859— William Wood

1838-

-James Ward.

1863— Reddick P. Peacock.

1840-

-Angus McAllister.

1865— William H. Wood.

1843-

-James Ward.

[No election in 1867 or since.]

1847-

-Angus McAllister.

Representative?.

1837-

-Abraham Warren.

1853 — James Ward.

1838-

-Abraham Warren.

1855 — James Ward.

1839-

-Abraham Warren.

1857 — Elias Register, Haywood Mar

1840-

-James J. Blair.

tin.

1841-

-A. H. Justice.

1859— Noah Fountain, W. Griffin.

1842-

-A. H. Justice.

1861— D. B. Creech, John T. Lee.

1843-

-J. H. Calloway.

1863— Q. L. C. Franklin, H. I. M.

1844-

-John Merrick.

Kennon.

1845-

-John Merrick.

1865— P. M. Calloway, Charles T.

1847-

-James Ward.

Cotton .

1849-

-E. R. Boon.

1867— [No election.]

1851-

-E. R. Boon.

1870— J. M. Carmichael.

CHAPTEE XXXIII.
THE COUNTY OF DALLAS.
DaUas was estabUshed by an act passed Feb. 9, 1818. The
territory was nominally taken from Montgomery. It is one
of the old counties which have changed their original dimen
sions but httle.
It was named to ,honor Mr. A. J. DaUas of Pennsylvania,
the celebrated financier.*
It hes in the central part of the State, south of Perry and
Baker, west of Lowndes and Autauga, north of WUcox, and
east of WUcox and Perry.
The area of the county is about 950 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $7,011,966 ;
personal property $2,767,611 ; total $9,779,577.
The decennial movement of population is thus exhibited :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  3324 6794 7,922 7,461 7,785 8,552
Blacks.  2679 7223 17,277 22,260 25,840 32,152
The profile of the country embraced in DaUas is either flat
or undulating. The soU is prairie and sandy, with but little
modification of these extremes.
Ln 1870 there were 168,156 acres of improved, and 251,606
acres of unimproved, farm lands, valued at $3,112,373.
The hve stock— 1339 horses, 3496 mules, 7295 neat cattle,
1508 sheep, and 7791 hogs— was valued at $740,737.
The productions in 1869 were 1295 bushels of wheat,
436,701 bushels of corn, 18,101 bushels of oats, 6000 pounds
of rice, 41,535 bushels of potatoes, 63,122 pounds of butter,
24,819 bales of cotton, 1926 pounds of wool ; and the value
of animals slaughtered was $60,343.
* Alexander James Dallas was born in the island of Jamaica, A. D. 1759,
and was the son of a Scotchman. Educated at Edinburg, he read law in
London, and came to Philadelphia in 1783. He first attracted general atten
tion by publishing four volumes of law reports, and was soon after appointed
federal district attorney by Mr. Jefferson In 1814 he was appointed secre
tary of the treasury, and his ability restored vitality to the finances of the
Union, which the war had almost wholly destroyed. He died Jan. 14, 1817.
His -son, George Mifflin Dallas, was vice president of the United States,
1 845-49.

208 DALLAS COUNTY.
DaUas is, therefore, one of the great agricultural districts,
and stands third on the list of the counties of the State both
in point of population and wealth.
The county enjoys better facilities for commerce than any
other in the State. The Alabama takes its sinuous course
through the heart of it, and is navigable by steamers the
' entire year. The Cahaba is not, but could be made, navi
gable. There are about 105 mUes of raUway in the county,
which is a considerable excess over any other county in this
particular. This is distributed among six raUways, as fol
lows : The Selma and Meridian railroad about 25 mUes ; the
Selma and Dalton railroad 16§ mUes ; the Selma and Gulf
railroad 25 miles; the Selma and Memphis four miles; the
Selma and Montgomery about 13 ; the Selma and New Orleans
road 20 mUes.
Selma is the seat of justice. It is situated on a spacious
plateau on the north bank of the Alabama, 100 feet above the
ordinary stage of the river. The first settler was Thomas
Moore, who came here in 1816, and the place was first called
Moore's Bluff, but, at the suggestion of Hon. Wm. B. King,
who took an active part in having it laid out, it was changed
to its present mellifluous name, the original of which is to be
found fri Ossian — the "Songs of Selma." By that name it
was first incorporated, December 4, 1820. The first brick
house was erected for Gen. Gilbert Shearer in 1822. Ln 1850
the population was 2073, of whom 973 were whites, and 1100
were negroes ; in 1860 the population was 3177, of whom 1809
were whites, and 1368 were blacks ; and in 1870 the federal
census gives a total of 6484 souls, 2824 of whom are whites,
and 3660 are blacks ; and 301 were foreign born. The
municipal government consists of a mayor and eight coun-
ciUbrs, two of the latter being elected from each ward.. Selma
claims to be the second cotton market, in point of the amount
received, in the State, though the honor is disputed by Mont
gomery. Between 60,000 and 90,000 bales are received an
nually in the city, the number fluctuating with the size of the
crop. An iron foundry, raUroad machine shops, etc., are
among the industries located within the city.
Cahaba, at the junction of the Cahaba river, (whence its
name,) with the Alabama, was the first permanent capital of
the State, and the seat of justice for DaUas tiU 1866. Under
an act of the territorial legislature, in February 1818, Clement
C. Clay, Samuel Dale, James Titus, Wm. L. Adams, and
Samuel Taylor were appointed a committee to report the
most central and eligible location for the seat of government ;
and the winter following they reported that they had selected
a site at the mouth of the Cahaba river. The report Was

DALLAS COUNTY. 209
concurred in, and an act dated November 16, 1818, made it
the permanent capital. It was incorporated by an act passed
December 3, 18 1 9, having been laid off the same year by Gov.
Bibb in conformity with an act of the legislature, and Luther
Blake, Carhsle Humphreys, and WUlis Boberts were appointed
to hold the first town election. The State government re
mained here tiU 1826, when the general assembly voted its
removal to Tuskaloosa. For many years Cahaba was an
important town, with a valuable trade, and much wealth and
cultivation among its inhabitants. In 1860 the population
was 1920; 720 whites, and 1200 blacks. Now, it is in a
languishing condition, with a population in 1870 of 431, only
129 of whom were whites.
OrrviUe has about 400 inhabitants; Pleasant HUl about 300;
CarlowvUle about 250.
The first election precincts were established at Cahaba, and
at the houses of George Tubbs, Joseph Briton, Captain Yoast,
Mr. Frederick, Portland, Selma, and at Joseph Vann's ; all be
fore 1822.
The remains of a fortification were visible at Cahaba tiU a
few years ago. The traces of earthworks and even a trench
were quite perceptible. It was doubtless the remains of the
defence erected for the protection of the French trading-post
established here about the year 1750.
Selma was a very important mUitary depot of the Con
federate States. A^powder mUl, nitre works, arsenal, shot and
sheU foundry, &c, &c, were operated here. It was strongly
and elaborately fortified as the war progressed, not alone to
protect these stores, but because it was a place of great
strategic value. A bastioned line, on a radius of nearly three
mUes, extended from the river below to the same above the
city. The works were from six to eight feet in highth, with a
ditch five feet deep, and a stockade five feet high, in front.
March 18, 1865, Gen. WUson's corps of cavalry, 14,000 strong,
left GraveUy Springs, Lauderdale county, to attack Selma,
and to create a diversion favorable to Canby's operations
against MobUe. Crossing the hUl country by way of Jasper,
this splendidly equipped column overthrew the few enemies
in thefr path between Montevallo and PlantersvUle, and ap
peared before Selma, April 2. Gen. Forrest had vainly en
deavored to concentrate his corps of mounted men, either
between the fortress and its assaUants, or within its waUs.
He was only able to throw Armstrong's and Eoddy's brigades
into the city, where Gen. D. W. Adams had assembled a
number of militia and stragglers. The whole force amounted
to about 3100 men, of whom 1400 were in the weU organized
14

210 DALLAS COUNTY.
brigade of Gen. Armstrong ; whUe about thfrty pieces of
artillery were in position. The enemy, reduced, by detaching
several brigades, to 9000 men and eight guns, slept the night
before at Plantersville, 19 miles distant. At 2 o'clock p. m.,
they were in sight of the city, at 4 o'clock they had made their
dispositions by encfrchngthe defences, and an hour aud a half
later moved to the assault hi three lines of battle, dismounted.
The confederate artillery was poorly munitioned, but, in com
pany with the small arms, received the blue columns with a
steady fire. Within fifteen minutes, however, the latter were
pouring over the works and driving the attenuated line of
the Confederates in confusion before them. A fierce hand to
hand combat occurred at the works which lasted for some
minutes on a portion of the line ; but it soon ended in the
capture of the garrison in crowds, for the last hope of resist
ance was lost. "The scene generally was one of the wUdest
" confusion. The Confederates, beaten from the breastworks,
"were rushing towards their horses ; with soldiers and citizens
"hurrying wildly tp and fro. Clouds of dust 'rose and so
" fiUed the air that it was difficult to distinguish friend from
" foe. From the houses came the waUs and lamentations of
" terrified women and chUdren, about to be left to the mercies
" of a storming enemy. The federals were still firing upon
" thefr routed, fleeing, adversary."* Many outrages were com
mitted by the conquering soldiery on the citizens and a part
of the business portion of the city was consumed by fire under
the order "to destroy everything that would benefit the Con-
" federate cause. "t A simUar scene was enacted tho same
day on the banks of the historic James : the smoke of then-
desolation was aseending from Bichmond, Petersburg, and
Selma at the same hour. The loss of the Confederates in
this battle wUl never be definitely known, though it was not
considerable in casualties. The federals lost 40 kihed and 260
wounded in one of thefr two assaulting divisions, and 500 men
is probably a fair estimate of their total loss. They captured
2700 men and 32 pieces of artillery. Gens. Forrest, Adams,
Armstrong, and Bocldy escaped, with a. few troops. The
former, with his escort, moved out on the BurnsviUe road, and
during the night put to death four federals who were in a
house trying to ravish some women, and kUled several others
whom they met laden with plunder. A picket-party was also
captured, and the camp of a squadron of 50 of the enemy
was assaulted with a loss to them of 35 ItiUed and wounded
and five captured ; so that a summary of the night's adven-
"*The Campaigns of Gen. Forrest," &o., page 675.
tGen. Andrews, U. S. A., in "Campaign of Mobile," page 256.

DALLAS COUNTY. 211
tures included a loss of about sixty men to the invader ;
whUe the loss of the escort was one- man wounded. Gen.
WUson's forces crossed the river and marched to Montgomery
a few days later.
DaUas has been, as is now, the home of several person
ages who figure conspicuously in the annals of the State.
Pre-eminent among these, and among all Alabamians, was
William Eueus Xing. This distinguished man was a native
of Sampson county, North Carolina, and was born AprU 7,
1786. His father, Mr. WiUiam King, described as " a gentle
man of fortune and character," was a planter, of Irish descent,
who frequently served in the legislature of the " Old North
State." His mother had a Huguenot ancestry ; and thus the
types of gentility and chivalry were the legitimate inheritance
of one in whose character they were so strikingly blended.
The son was educated at ChapeU HUl, and read law in Fay-
ettevUle, North Carohna, hi the office of Hon. WUham Duffy.
Admitted to the bar in 1805, he opened an office in Clinton,
and entered pubhc life three years later as a member of the
legislature from his native county. He was re-elected the
succeeding year, but at the meeting of the legislature he was
elected to the office of solicitor, and resigned his seat. In
the August following (1810) Mr. King, though only twenty-
four years of age, was chosen to the congress of the United
States, to begin its session the foUowing year. He thus
entered congress simultaneously with Henry Clay, John C.
Calhoun, and WUham Lowndes, and his long public career
terminated almost at the same time with that of the two for
mer! Mr. King gave a generous support to the measures of
Madison's administration ; and was in a position to do this,
for he was twice re-elected, and served in congress tiU 1816.
He was then offered the position of secretary of legation to
the American embassy at St. Petersburg, Hon. Wm. Pinkney
of Maryland being the minister resident, and resigned his
seat to accept the place. He remained abroad two years,
much of which time he spent as a tourist in Europe. Shortly
after his return, in the winter of 1818-19, he came to this
State, and secured a residence and plantation on the Ala
bama, near Cahaba. A few months later he was chosen to
represent DaUas in the convention caUed to frame a constitu
tion for the would-be State ; and he, with Messrs. Hitchcock
of Washington, and Taylor of Madison, composed the sub
committee which drafted that instrument. When the first
general assembly met, in 1819, though he was on a visit to
North Carolina at that time, he was chosen almost unani
mously to one of the seats in the federal senate to which the
State was entitled. He was admitted in December, 1819, and

212 DALLAS COUNTY.
entered on a long career of unostentatious usefulness which
elicited the admiration of the whole country. He drew the
shorter term, and his time expfred March 4, 1823. When the
election came before the general assembly in 1822, he found
a formidable competitor in the person of Mr. Wm. Crawford
of MobUe, an able attorney. The contest was decided in
favor of Mr, King by a vote of 38 to 35. This term of six
years expired in 1829, when parties in the State were bet
ter defined, and when his was the dominant one ; yet such
was his conduct that he was chosen by an unanimous vote for
another term of six years. It was during this time that his
" affair of honor " occurred with Mr. John C. Perry of this
county, ex-treasurer of the State. Major M. J. Kenan* also
a planter of the county, used disrespectful words to Mr. King
on the street in Cahaba, which the latter resented by draw
ing a sword-cane and passing it cross-wise Mr. Kenan's chest,
and refused to accept a chaUenge, because of the character
of the latter's insult. Mr, Perry bore the note of chaUenge
without a knowledge of its import ; and, when it was declined,
bore another with that knowledge. When this was declined,
he chaUenged Mr. King, and a meeting was appointed out of
the State ; but Mr. P. declined to attend it because the matter
was too frivolous to warrant his engaging in a deadly combat
with a friend, and one who had done him no injury.
The general assembly of 1834 elected Mr. King for another
term of six years, by a vote of 97 to 13 scattering baUots.
These repeated declarations of confidence were having their
effect abroad, and he was urged for the vice presidency as
early as 1838. Ln 1837 he was offered the position of minister
resident to Austria, but declined it because he said he had
taken a more active part in favor of Mr. Van Buren's election
than in any previous presidential contest, and he did not wish
to accept anything at his hands for fear his motives might be
misconstrued. When the electiou for senator came before
the general assembly of 1840, a prolonged and desperate
attempt was made by the Whigs to defeat him, and a scene
of great uproar occurred in the representative chamber ; but
the voting was brought on, and he received 72 to 55 for Hon.
John Gayle of Mobile. This opposition was not of a personal
nature to Mr. King, but entirely political ; for he had, since
1835, served as president of the federal senate, was the friend
of Mr. Van Buren, and was the most distinguished member
•Michael J. Kenan, here alluded to, was born in Duplin county, North
Carolina, in 1779 ; was an officer in the war of 1812-14 ; served in the sen
ate of his native State ; and came to reside in Dallas in 1818. He did not
appear in public life in this State, but died here August 6, 1837, and has
relatives yet residing in the county.

DALLAS COUNTY. 213
of his party in the State. Before the expiration of this fifth
term, in April 1844, the relations of the United States with
foreign powers became very sensitive in consequence of the
proposed annexation of Texas. The situation demanded tact
and discretion for its adjustment, and Mr. King was prevaUed
on to accept the position of minister plenipotentiary to France.
He remained abroad till the autumn of 1846, when he
resigned and came home. He found the seat he had vacated
held by Hon. D. H. Lewis of Lowndes, who had been twelve
times chosen to the highest public positions during apolitical
life of twenty consecutive years, and who was not disposed
to shrink from a contest even with him. They were the most
distinguished men in the State, were of the same party, and
probably neither had a personal enemy Uving. The struggle
before the legislature was exciting, but terminated in the suc
cess of Mr. Lewis. The foUowing summer, (1848) however,
Governor Chapman appointed him to fill the vacancy in the
federal senate occasioned by Mr. Bagby's resignation. This
term expfred March 4, 1849, and in the winter of that year he
was chosen by a party vote of 71, to 58 for Judge Hopkins of
MobUe, to a full term of six years. During the administra
tion of Mr. Fillmore, Mr, King was the acting vice president,
till ill-health caused him to resign his seat, December 20, 1852.
Ln the summer of the same year he was nominated by his
party for the vice presidency on the ticket with Gen. Pierce
of New Hampshire, and was elected to the second office
within the gift of the American people by a large majority.
But he was suffering from a disease of the lungs, and in Jan
uary 1853 he sought aUeviation in the balmy climate of Cuba.
He was there sojourning in March when the federal consul
administered to him the oath of office. But he found, a few
days later, that his end approached, and he came to his home
in DaUas to die. This event occurred, AprU 18, 1853, and he
sleeps beneath the soU of the State which honored and trusted
him, and which has no cause to reproach herself therefor.
In appearance, Mr. King was taU and slender. His fig
ure was gracefully erect, and his manners were as courtly
as Chesterfield's. He was affable and courteous to the
humblest, and was as careful of offending, as he was
prompt to repel aggression. He was lavishly hospitable, yet
was scrupulous in fulfilling pecuniary obligations. In the
structure of his mind he might well have stood as the por
trait of the British statesmen of the sixteenth century described
by Macaulay : " No men could be more free from the faults
"of mere theorists and pedants. No men observed more
" accurately the signs of the times. No men had a greater
"practical acquaintance with huinan nature. Thefr policy
" was generally characterized rather by vigUance, moderation,

214 DALLAS COUNTY.
" and firmness, than by invention, or the spfrit of enterprise."
And the motto — " mediocria firma" — over the door of Sir
Nicholas Bacon's hall at Gorhambury might weU have been
that of Mr. King. " His was an instance in which greatness
" was achieved without the aid of those brUliant qualities
" whose rare assemblage the world calls genius, but by what
" is better far, a sound judgment, a resolute purpose to pursue
"the right, and a capacity to gather wisdom from experience.
" * * He was a man whose whole soul would have sickened
" under a sense of personal dishonor."* " His life was passed
"in the pubhc service, and marked throughout by its purity,
"integrity, and disinterested devotion to the pubhc good."t
Mr. King was never married. His nephew and adopted son,
Capt. Wm. E. King of this county, was killed at Sharpsburg.
One of the early settlers of DaUas was Beuben Saffold.
He was bom in WUkes county, Georgia, in 1788, and was the
son of a planter. Beceiving a good education, he read law
under Edward Payne, esq., and when admitted to the bar
opened an office hi WatkinsvUle, Georgia. Soon after, in
1813, he came to the Tombikbee settlement, and established
himself in Jackson, Clarke county. He was subsequently a
private at the fight of Burnt Corn, and, in 1814, at the head of
a company of sixty men, he operated on the Perdido, during
which time several Indians were kUled. He represented
Clarke in the legislature of Mississippi territory once or twice,
and in the convention that framed the State constitution in
1819. The same year he was elected to the supreme court
bench of the new State, and served in that capacity by suc
cessive elections tiU 1836. When the supreme and cfrcuit
courts were separated in 1832, he was one of the. three
retained on the higher tribunal. He became chief justice in
1835, but resigned the foUowing year. He did not re-appear
in public life, declining even the seat on the supreme bench
tendered by Gov. Fitzpatrick in' 1843. About that time, he
resumed practice at the bar, but gave much of his time to
planting. He had settled in DaUas in 1820, and died at his
home in the county, Feb. 15, 1847.
Li appearance Judge Saffold was large and stout, with
finely developed features. "The reports of the supreme
" court of Alabama tire enduring memorials of his strength of
"mind, deep research, patient investigation, and profound
"learning.":): In the discharge of his judicial functions he
*Hon. B. M. T. Hunter of Virginia in the federal senate at the time of Mr.
King's death.
fBemarks of Chief Justice Taney from the bench of tho federal supreme
court. X Pickett, " History of Alabama," vol. II, page 430.

DALLAS COUNTY. 215
was firm, impartial, dignified, and affable. _Lu the private
walks of hfe he was exemplary. He married a daughter of
Col. Joseph PhUhps, one of the first settlers of south Ala
bama, and left a large famUy. One of his sons represented
DaUas in the legislature of 1835, but died early. Another,
Addison J., was county court judge of DaUas in 1845-50,
and died in New Orleans in 1854. A daughter married Dr.
Berney, then of Lowndes, now of Butler, and another was
the wife .of Col. J. M. Boiling of Lowndes.
Benjamin F. Saffold, of this county, is also a son of the
foregoing, and a native of the county. He was born in 1826,
was graduated at Tuskaloosa, read law under his father, and
came to the bar in 1847. Locating in Cahaba, he practiced
tUl appointed to the circuit bench by MUitary Gov. Parsons
in 1865. Defeated the foUowing year for this position by
Hon. John Moore of Perry, he was appointed mayor of Selma
in 1867 by Gen. Swayne, and the same year was a member of
the convention caUed by the mUitary authorities to frame a
State constitution. The foUowing year he was placed on the
bench of the supreme court by an act of congress, and now
fills that position. He married a Miss Brown, niece of Hon.
John A. Tarver of this county.
Milton Jeefeeson Saffold is also a son of Judge Eeuben
Saffold, and a native and resident of this county. Born in
1828, he was graduated at Tuskaloosa, read law under his
father, and was hcensed in 1847. Locating in HaynevUle,
Lowndes county, in 1848, he was appointed district sohcitor
by Gov. Chapman to fiU a vacancy created by the death of
Hon. A. B. Forney of Lowndes, and held the office eighteen
months. He returned to this county in 1852, and a year or
two later removed to Montgomery. He represented that
county in the legislature of 1859, and was elected chancellor
at the meeting of the legislature, defeating Hon. Wade Keyes
of Montgomery. He resigned this office two years later, but
in 1864 was elected State printer, in association with Mr. W.
B. Figures of Madison. In 1866 he removed to Washington
City, but returned in 1869. The same year he was appointed
a judge of the cfrcuit court by Gov. Smith, to succeed Judge
B. L. Whelan, deceased, and now holds that position. He is
possessed of an agreeable exterior, and is a gentleman of
ability and culture. He first married a daughter of Hon.
Edmund Harrison of Lowndes ; his second wife was a daugh
ter of Mr. John Whiting of Montgomery.
Hoeatio Gates Peeey came to this county in 1818. He
was born in Sumner county, Tennessee, in 1795, and settled

216

DALLAS COUNTY.

at St. Stephens -in 1815 as a lawyer, whence he came to Ca
haba. He served DaUas in both branches of the general as
sembly, defeating Hon. Ezekiel Pickens for the senate in 1829,
and was a judge of the cfrcuit court from 1832 to 1834. He
died in the latter year, at the threshold of a useful and hon
orable career. His abUity was very considerable, aud his life
exemplary. He was a brother of Hon. Sion L. Perry of Tus
caloosa. Mr. John C. Perry of this county, who was treasurer
of the State in 1822-'29, and who died in Sumter county,
Dec. 24, 1842, was a cousin.
Thomas Casey was the first senator from DaUas, and served
nine years in that capacity. ¦ He was a Georgian by birth, but
came from AbbevUle district, S. C, in 1817, and was among
the very first settlers of this portion of the State. He was
a skiUful physician and a most worthy man. His first wife
was a sister of Gov. Noble of South Carolina ; his second a
sister of Mrs. Jesse Beene. Dr. Casey removed to MobUe
soon after the capital was taken from Cahaba, and there died
a few years later.
Jesse Beene came to DaUas as early as 1819, and opened
a law office in Cahaba. He was a native of east Tennessee,
and grew up in a border country in poverty and ignorance.
At the age of fifteen years, he rode the maU from Cumberland
Gap to WytheviUe, Virginia, a distance of 150 mUes. By
dint of application at odd. hours, he acquired some education,
and became an attorney. He was judge of the county court
in 1821, served DaUas in both houses of the general assembly,
and was chosen to the presidency of the senate by a unani
mous vote in 1837. He succeeded Mr. Eh Terry as district
sohcitor in 1832, but held the office only a few months. He
also edited a newspaper in Cahaba a short time. His death
occurred near Cahaba, March 4, 1845. He was a man " of
"studious habits, accurate inforniation, good business meth-
" ods, safe and cautious judgment, and a sound lawyer. He
"was a generous man, and a useful citizen."* His wife was
a sister of Hon. WUham E. Bird, judge of the county court
of Dallas in 1837, and aunt of Hon. WiUiam L. Yancey. One
of his sons, WiUiam A. Beene, was a weU known citizen of
the county, and died the death of a patriot at the second Ma
nassas. Another son is a druggist in Nevada.
No man is better remembered in this State than Ezekiel
Pickens, for thirty years a resident of DaUas. He was a
native of South Carolina, and born about the year 1795. His
mother was Miss Bonneau ; his father, Ezekiel Pickens, was
"Hon. B. C. Yancey of Georgia.

DALLAS COUNTY. 217
a lawyer, and son of Gen. Andrew Pickens, for whom the
county of that name in Alabama was caUed. He was grad
uated at South Carolina CoUege, and read law in that State.
About the year 1820 he came to Alabama, and located at
Linden, Marengo county; whence he removed to Erie, in
Greene. In 1824 he represented Greene in the legislature,
and a year or two later came to reside in DaUas. In 1828 he
was elected to the legislature, but a subsequent defeat gave
him a distaste for politics.' He was very successful as a prac
titioner, and left a lucrative business to accept a seat on the
bench in 1835. He remained on the bench — declining a nomi
nation for congress in 1839 — tiU February, 1848, when he re
signed because he had been defeated by Hon. Nat. Cook of
Lowndes for the position, though his term had not expfred.
When the election was transferred to the populace, in 1850, he
defeated Judge Cook by a large majority,* for the people
seemed to wish to rebuke the legislature. Eesigning in 1852,
he left pubhc life. In 1857 he removed to Jasper county,
Mississippi, where he died Aug. 3, 1860.
Judge Pickens was as pecuhar in appearance and manner
as he was in expressing his ideas, and neither could be wit
nessed without exciting a lively interest. His figure was
smaU, and attenuated, his movements wiry, and his nervous
ejaculations, quaint ideas, and grotesque contortions of coun
tenance would have provoked a stoic to laughter. "He was
" very successful before a 'jury. His speeches were marked
"by a great deal of humor, and were always amusing. He
" carried to the bench his eccentricities and humor to a great
"degree. He was very popular with the people, and with
"many of the bar, but his blunt manner gave offence to
"some. * * * He had much of the Athenian in his char-
" acter. He was greatly taken with new and strange things.
" Phrenology took his fancy, * * * and I am satisfied that
"whUe on the bench his thoughts were directed to the faces
"and heads of parties and witnesses. * * * With aU his
"eccentricities and peculiarities, Judge Pickens was one of
" the purest of men. Kind, just, liberal, and pubhc spirited,
"he did not bear mahce, and bowed not to power, but was
" ever inclined to the side jof the weak. He was very indus-
" trious, and devoted his later years to agriculture."t He
was never married. The late Mr. Samuel B. Pickens of this
* When he was told of his majorities in nearly every county, " Well, now !"
he exclaimed, " this is wrong. It is a shame that Nat. Cook should be
beaten so by me. He is too good a man. I wanted to be elected, but I did
not want to beat him so far. I am very sorry it has turned out so."
f Hon. James M. Calhoun.

218 DALLAS COUNTY.
county, and the first wife of Gov. Noble of South Carolina,
were his only brother and sister of the whole blood.
. James Martin Calhoun came to DaUas in 1826. He was
born in Abbeville district, South Carolina, Jan. 25, 1805.
His father, a merchant, was a brother of Hon, John C. Cal
houn, the emhient statesman. His mother was a daughter of
Dr. Martin. Having graduated at South Carolina CoUege,
he read law at Abbeville, under Messrs. Noble & Wardlaw,
and at once came to Cahaba to practice. He here became
the partner of his relative, Hon. Ezekiel Pickens, and was
succeeding very weU, when failing health in 1833 forced him
to retire to his plantation. The same year he was elected
judge of the county court because no one else would have it,
and held it for nine months, (at a gross profit of less than
$14 a month,) till he persuaded a Mr. Clinton to take it. Ln
1834 he represented the county in the legislature, and con
tinued hi one house or the other tUl he resigned in 1840. He
was again elected in 1842, and in 1845 was appointed a com
missioner to adjust the boundary line with the State of Flor
ida. He was beaten for the senate on the secession issue in
1851, but represented WUcox and DaUas in that body in
1857-63. In 1857 he was president of the senate, and again
in 1862 when Hon. E. M. Patton of Lauderdale resigned.
He was appointed commissioner to Texas in 1860 by Gov.
Moore to invite the co-operation of that State in the seces
sion movement, but the only pubhc authority he could find
was Gov. Houston, an opponent of the measure, and he
accomplished but little. For the past nine years, Judge Cal
houn has resided on his plantation in south DaUas. He is
possessed of a kindly manner, and pleasing exterior. His
mind is critically observant, and subtle but active in its pro
cesses. His stainless integrity, unswerving fidelity, and keen
sagacity made him a useful legislator, and render him a prom
inent citizen. In speech he is fluent and concise, but never
prolix. His wife was a Miss Pickens, a cousin of the late
Judge Pickens of this county.
Geobge Phillips came to Dallas from Shelby in 1819. He
was of Irish parentage, and grew to manhood near Charlotte,
North Carolina. Early in hfe he removed to Georgia, then
settled near Huntsville, and soon after in Shelby. He rep
resented that county in the convention that framed the consti
tution for the would-be State. He represented DaUas in both
branches of the general assembly, and died in 1835. He was
a planter, and a man of exemplary character, integrity, energy,
and good judgment. His sons, Messrs. WUham S. and George
C. Phillips, were weU known citizens of the county.

DALLAS COUNTY. 219
Willlam S. Phtllips, son of the preceding, was a native of
Georgia, but came to this county with his parents at an early
age. He received a good education, and practiced law for
several years, but devoted his time chiefly to planting. Be
tween 1837 and 1844, he served the county six years in one or
the other branch of the general assembly, and in 1861 was a
member of the constitutional convention. He died in Selma,
July 7, 1872, aged 66 years. He inherited the characteristics
of his father, and held a leading and influential position in
DaUas after he reached mature years. He married a sister of
Hon. John Barron of Perry. The late Dr. George Crawford
Phillips, his brother, twice represented DaUas in the popular
branch of the legislature.
G. W. Gayle is a weU known citizen of this county. He is
a native of Abbeville, S. C, and born in 1807. He came with
his parents to Monroe county in 1811, and there grew to man
hood. He read law in Tuskaloosa, and was admitted to the
bar in 1832, and at once located in Cahaba. In 1833 he rep
resented DaUas in the legislature, and twice subsequently.
He was United States district attorney under Mr. Van Buren.
He has several times been connected with journalism, and he
ranked at one time very high as an advocate. In person he
is stalwart, with very distinct features. He married first Miss
Kornegay of this county, neice of Hon. W. B. King ; and his
second wife was Miss Gleason of Tuskaloosa. He is a cousin
of the late Gov. Gayle of MobUe.
John Starke Huntee resided in Dallas. Born near Cam
den, Kershaw district, South Carohna, he was the son of en
terprising and industrious parents. He was graduated at
South Carolina CoUege, and prepared himself for the bar
under the eye of Hon. Abraham Blanding. EnroUed as an
attorney in 1816, he came to this State two or three years
later, and opened a law office in Claiborne, Moiiroe county,
where he was the partner of Hon. A. P. Bagby. A year or
two afterwards, he located at Sparta, Conecuh county, and
was for some time the law partner of Hon. S. W. Oliver.
About the year 1829 he removed to Lowndes county, and con
tinued his professional labors in HaynevUle. In 1834 he was
elected to the bench of the cfrcuit court to succeed Hon. John
W. Paul of this county, but held the office only about one
year. He was the law partner of Hon. Nat. Cook for several
years. He was an elector for Van Buren in 1836, but in 1840
he presided at Tuskaloosa over the first whig State convention.
In 1840 he represented Lowndes in the lower house of the
legislature, and a year later was elected to the senate. He
resigned his seat in 1843, and came to reside in this county.

220 DALLAS COUNTY.
He opened a law office in Cahaba, but gave the major portion
of his time to planting. From this he was diverted by a can
didacy for congress in 1849, but his party was in a minority,
and Hon. S. W. Harris of Coosa was chosen. In 1857, he
removed to Kentucky, and there took an active interest in stock
raising. He remained there tiU 1865, when he returned to
this county, and in the faU of that year was elected to the
constitutional convention. It was his last pubhc service, for
he died in Louisville the foUowing year, having reached sep
tuagenarian age. Judge Hunter was as distinguished for his
rich and copious eloquence as for the sohd and cogent reason
ing which were the ground-work of his propositions. BrU-
Uant and chaste in his ideas, he spoke with rapidity, anima
tion, and effect. He was reserved in his demeanor; even to
an apparent haughtiness, but he never forgot the respect for
the feelings of others which he exacted for himself, and his
coldness arose from an abhorrence of the petty arts with which
men of smaUer minds are wont to beguUe the populace. This
was not ftdly understood, and, coupled with the fact that he
belonged to a minority party, it barred his advancement to
higher pubhc employments. He married a sister of Col. Lo
renzo James of Montgomery, and his sons and daughters are
in this county and MobUe ; one of the latter being the wife
of Mr. Eobert White Smith, a prominent merchant of MobUe.
Nor can the annalist omit to mention Geoege Eyan Evans
of this county. He was born in Greene county, North Caro
hna, January 1,1807, and was the son of Benjamin Evans and
Catharine Sheppard. His parents came to this State about
the year 1818, and settled in Claiborne, Monroe county. Here
he acquired a fair education ; insomuch that when his father
came to DaUas in 1824, and died the same year, the son ob
tained a situation as a teacher. This occupied his time for
three or four years, at the end of which period he began to
read medicine. Two years later he resumed the duties of a
teacher, and read law during the time. Admitted to the bar,
he opened an office in Cahaba in 1834. The same year he
was elected by the general assembly judge of the county court
to succeed Judge Clinton, and held the office about two years.
He succeeded Mr. B. C. Yancey as register in chancery for
this district in 1839, and held the office tUl 1843. In the lat
ter year he represented the county in the lower house of the
legislature. He now devoted his whole attention to his pro
fession, and his abUities and culture made him unusuaUy suc
cessful. Death cut short his career, however, in the meridian
of life, June 18, 1850. "Mr. Evans was a man of great mod-
"esty, and unobtrusiveness of character. He was pure and
"upright. At the time of his death he stood in the front rank

DALLAS COUNTY. 221
"of his profession in Alabama."* The workings of his mind
were deep, and not excursive, and his temperament phleg
matic. He married a Miss Arthur, who resides with his
daughters in this county.
Eobeet S. Hatchee was a native of Elbert county, Georgia,
but resided in this county for at least fifty years. He became
here a wealthy planter, and his boundless hospitahty was
almost as proverbial as that of Duke Humphrey. He served
the county in both branches of the general assembly, and
hved to complete his three-score and ten years. He was
killed in a horrible manner by falling from a train in motion,
Selma, March 30, 1872.
Ethelbeet Watkins Saundees came to DaUas about the year
1825. He was a native of Smith county, Tennessee, and broth
er to Hon. Eomulus M. Saunders of North Carolina, minister
to Spain during Mr. Polk's administration. He was a planter
of moderate means, but took an active interest in the pohtical
questions of the period. He first entered the legislature as a
member from DaUas in 1831, and was thrice re-elected. He
was register in the land office at Cahaba during Mr. Fillmore's
administration. He died at his residence, on the Cahaba and
Selma road, Oct. 12, 1857, at the age of about sixty years.
Several of his descendants are yet in .the county, and one of,
his daughters was the wife of Capt. W. P. Becker, a brave
officer of the 44th Alabama regiment. Col. Saunders was
notably large in size ; was a good and honest man, and a use
ful citizen.
Though his bones are mouldering on the hard-fought field
of WUUamsburg, the name of Thomas E. Ieby is not forgotten
in DaUas. He was born in Marlborough district, South Caro
lina, in the year 1824, and was the seventh son of a planter
who traced his lineage through early Virginia colonists back
to the twelfth century, and who died during the chUdhood of
his son. His mother was a daughter of Hon. Josiah J.Evans
of South Carolina. In 1837 the famUy came to Alabama,
and settled in WUcox county. He was educated at Emmets-
burg, Maryland, and read law, but, being wealthy,- he gave
his time to agricultural pursuits. Ln 1847 he raised a com
pany of volunteers which he led to Mexico, and remained
there about a year, principaUy engaged in garrison duty. Ln
1849 he was chosen to represent WUcox in the popular branch
of the legislature. Having removed his residence to this
county a year or two later, he was again elected to the legis
lature in 1857, and re-elected in 1859. Ln the spring of 1861
"Hon. P. G. Wood of Selma.

222 DALLAS COUNTY.
he raised a company, and volunteered in the service of the
country. At the organization of the 8th Alabama Infantry
he was appointed major, and passed nearly twelve months
in Virginia. He became lieutenant colonel of the regiment,
and was in command of it when it feU back to WUliamsburg.
He was there ordered to garrison a redoubt with five of his
companies ; but, becoming impatient at the inactive duty, he
moved forward with three companies, ahd sustained the shock
of a heavy column of the enemy. In the fierce struggle that
followed, he was shot down, and died on the field. Col. Irby
was over six feet high, handsome, and of commanding pre
sence. He was courteous and frank in his bearing ; popular,
and greatly esteemed for his social and manly virtues. He
was a ready and fluent speaker, and decided in the expression
and advocacy of his opinions. He married a Miss Perry, and
left four daughters and a son. Dr. Charles Lrby of Marengo,
and Major Wm. Irby of WUcox, are his brothers.
Dallas was also the home of Christopher Claudius Pegues-
He was descended on the paternal side from a Huguenot fam
Uy which settled in. South Carolina in 1748. His mother was
the daughter of Judge J. J. Evans, who died whUe a member
of the federal senate, and of whom a contemporary jurist says,
"he was pure as Hale, and wise as Mansfield." The son was
born in Chesterfield district, Aug. 3, 1823, and was graduated
at Columbia. In 1842 he came io this State, where his
parents had settled, and read law under Col. Alexander Gra
ham in Eutaw. Admitted to the bar in 1845, he located in
Cahaba. Here he was the associate of Judge Geo. E. Evans,
and afterwards of Messrs. Pettus and Dawson. Ln 1861 he
entered the army as captain of a company in the 5th Alabama
Infantry. Having endured the hardships of a twelve months
service, he was elected colonel of the regiment at its re-organ
ization in the spring of 1862. He was leading the regiment
at Gaines' MUl, June 27, when he received a wound of which
he died July 15. His remains were buried in HoUywood.
"Dulee et decorum est pro patria mori,"
is the christian as well as the pagan aphorism, but it is a
meagre solace for the loss of one so generally beloved. The
kindness of his heart, the amenity of his manners, his modesty,
his large-hearted hberality, integrity, abUities, and observance
of aU the duties which mark the christian gentleman, stole
aUegiance from all hearts, and made him a favorite at the bar
and in the camp. His courage at Seven Pines attracted the
attention of his superiors, while at Gaines' MUl he refused to
quit the field tUl exhausted by loss of blood. DaUas cherishes
the memory of her gaUant son.

DALLAS COUNTY. 223
Col. Pegues married a sister of Hon. A. A. Coleman of Hale,
and left three chUdren ; one of whom married Mr. John Wal
thaU of Perry.
Nathaniel Heney Ehodes Dawson, of this county, was
born in Charleston, S. G, in 1829. His father, Col. Lawrence
E. Dawson, is flatteringly mentioned in O'Neal's "Bench and
Bar." His mother, a daughter of Dr. Ehodes of Beaufort,
S. C, was a grand-daughter of Gen. Paid HamUton, secretary
of the navy in 1812. He was educated at St. Joseph's Col
lege, MobUe. His parents came to this county in 1842, and
his father, having regained his health and returned to the bar,
was on the eve of a briUiant professional career when he died
in 1848. The son read law under Hon. Geo. E. Evans, and
began the practice in Cahaba in 1851. He has been associated
at different times in the practice with Messrs. L. D. Bradley,
C. C. Pegues, P. G Wood, and E. W. Pettus. In 1855 he
was defeated for the legislature, his party being in a minority
in the county, but he ran ahead of his ticket. He was a
delegate to the Charleston convention, and the next year
entered the service as captain of a company in the 4th Ala
bama Infantry, with which he served twelve months in Virginia.
Ln 1863 he represented the county in the legislature. Towards
the close of the struggle he commanded a battalion of mounted
men which operated on the coast. Since 1858 he has resided
in Selma, where he is now in the midst of an extensive prac
tice, associated with Gen. Pettus. Col. Dawson has an im
posing personal appearance, polished and agreeable manners,
and stainless moral character. He has talents of a substantial
order, combined with a cultivated mind, and varied informa
tion. He first married a daughter of Mr. Joel Mathews ;
then a daughter of Mr. Benj. Tarver ; both of this county.
His present wile was a Miss Todd of Kentucky, whose sister
married Gen. B. H. Helm of that State, and whose half-sister
married the late President Lincoln. Col. Beginald H. Daw
son of WUcox, who was solicitor of the cfrcuit in 1860, and
heutenant colonel of the 13th Alabama Infantry, is a brother.
Albert Gallatin Mabey came to this county in 1843.
Born in Southampton county, Virginia, September 7, 1810,
he received an academic education. In 1837 he was graduated
in the medical department of Pennsylvania University, and
has practiced his profession in the county since he became a
citizen. He was four times elected by the people of the
county to the lower house of the general assembly between
the years 1857 and 1867. Dr. Mabry is plain and unassuming
in his manner. His mind is weU balanced, and he takes a

224 DALLAS COUNTY.
practical and common-sense view of things. He commands
the respect of aU.
Benjamin M. Woolsey, of this county, was born near
Athens, Georgia, in 1823. His father was a native of New
York, and a near relative of President T. D. Woolsey of Yale
CoUege. His mother was Miss Sims of Washington county,
Georgia, who survived her first husband, married the late
Bishop Jas. O. Andrews in 1844, and, being the owner of negro
slaves, was the innocent but proximate cause of the division
of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. The
son came to MobUe, this State, in 1835, but was educated at
Emory CoUege, Georgia, where he prepared himself for the
bar. EnroUed as an attorney in 1844, he opened an office in
MobUe, but retired within two or three years in consequence
of a want of health. Ln 1847 he came to reside in DaUas,
and gave his attention to planting. In 1851, and again in
1855, he represented the county in the legislature, and in 1856
was on the Fillmore electoral ticket. A year later he declined
the nomination of his party for congress. Gov. Watts ap
pointed him salt commissioner for the State, and he served in
that capacity during the last two years of the war. Since
that time he has been engaged in mercantile pursuits in
Selma, for which his abUities, tact, and energy singularly
qualify him. He is, moreover, a fluent and ready speaker,
possessing a weU stored mind, and a close observation. He
married a Miss Swift of this county.
Among the leading citizens of DaUas is William McKen-
deee Byrd, sr. He was born in Perry county, Mississippi,
Dec. 1, 1819, and is a descendant of the Byrds of Westover,
Virginia. His parents were Wm. S. Byrd of Sumter district,
South Carolina, and Martha Easley of Clarke county, Geor
gia. His education was finished at Mississippi CoUege (Clin
ton,) and LaGrange CoUege, Franklin county, graduating at
the latter place in 1838. He read law in the office of Judge
A. M. Clayton at HoUy Springs, Mississippi. In 1841 he
located in Linden, Marengo county, where he practiced his
profession successfuUy. In 1851 he served Marengo in the
house of representatives. He came to Selma in 1853 and
became the law partner of Messrs. John W. Lapsley and
D. S. Troy. In 1865 he was elected an associate justice of
the supreme court over Hon. Geo. W. Stone of Montgomery.
This high position he filled tiU his retirement by the operation
of the reconstruction laws in July 1868. Since that time he
has practiced his profession in Selma.
Judge Byrd is a dignified but affable and courteous gentle
man, of high moral and social standing, of much legal learn-

DALLAS COUNTY. 225
ing and Hterary culture, and of a humane and pious heart.
He married Miss Massie of Tennessee, and his only son is
Capt. Wm. M. Byrd, jr., his professional associate.
Prominent among the citizens of Dallas is John Tyler
Morgan. He was born in Athens, Tennessee, June 20, 1824,
and his father was a merchant. His mother was a Miss Irby,
a relative of ChanceUor Tyler of Virginia. When he was
nine years old his parents came to this State, and settled in
Calhoun county. There he grew to manhood, receiving an
academic education. He read law in TaUadega, in the office
of Hon. Wm. P. ChUton, and was hcensed to practice in 1845.
He was the associate at different times of Messrs. W. P.
ChUton, S. F. Eice, A. J. Walker, and J. B. Martin whUe in
TaUadega. Ln 1855 he came to DaUas, locating first in
Selma, then in Cahaba. He became the partner of Hon.
Wm. M. Byrd, a connection which lasted till the latter was
elected to the supreme court bench. His first appearance in
poHtical Hfe was in 1860, when he was appointed elector -for
the State at large on the Breckinridge ticket. The canvass
gave bim a State reputation for extraordinary oratorical tal
ent, and he was elected to the constitutional convention which
dissolved the relations of our State with the Federal Union.
Tr> April 1861 he was elected major of the Fifth Alabama
infantry, and served with it for twelve months hi Virginia,
rising to the grade of Heutenant colonel by election. He
eame back with authority to raise a mounted regiment. This
he proceeded to do, and entered the service in the faU of
1862 with the Fifty-first Alabama, which he had HberaUy
aided to equip. He went to the Tennessee front, but was
soon after assigned to the head of the eonscript bureau in
Alabama at the request of the delegation in congress. Six
weeks later he received from Gen. E. E. Lee a letter announc
ing his promotion to the rank of brigadier general, and order
ing him to assume command of what had been Eodes's
brigade. He repaired to Eichmond, but there heard of the
death of Col. Webb, in conjunction with whom he had raised
the regiment, and he felt it his duty to decline the promotion
and return to his command. This he did, but in November
1863 was again commissioned a brigadier general, and placed
over the First, Third, Fourth, Seventh, and Fifty-first regi
ments of Alabama cavalry. During the winter of 1868-64
he was for some time in command of a division. His com
mand operated with Gen. Longstreet in east Tennessee, and
was afterwards with the army of Gens. Johnston and Hood
tiU the close. Since the .war he has practiced his profession
15

226 DALLAS COUNTY.
in Selma with remarkable success. He married Miss WUHs,
daughter of a deceased merchant of Madison county.
Gen. Morgan has acquired a wide reputation as a la wye
and orator. " His speeches are marked with great clearnesg
" and distinctness of idea. His manner is graceful, bold, and^
" at times, captivating. His voice is clear, and his enuncia-'
"tion emphatic, whUe his demeanor as a speaker is agreeable
" and impressive."* He is a close student, and a keen but
quiet observer of current events. He is also sociable, and a
favorite with the bar,
The late Washington McMuebay Smith, an useful citizen
of DaUas, was born in Barren county, Kentucky, in 1816.
His educational advantages were those afforded by a then
newly settled country. At the age of 18 years he embarked
in commercial pursuits, and whUe so employed began to read
law under the direction of Col. WiUiam F. Evans of AUen
county, Kentucky. Admitted to the bar about the time he
attained his majority, he at once came to this State, and
began the practice, first at Dayton, subsequently at Linden.
He arose rapidly in the profession among a county bar ever
distinguished for the abUity of its members. Ln 1844 he rep
resented Marengo in the lower house of the legislature. About
three years later he retired to his plantation in Perry, and
devoted his attention to agriculture. In 1863 he engaged in
commercial pursuits in MobUe, and secured a turpentine
plantation in that county. In 1855 he served MobUe in the
legislature, but the ensuing year found him a citizen of this
county. He was here the president of an insurance company
for many years. In 1860 he was on the BeU electoral ticket,
and the following year represented DaUas in the lower house
of the legislature, where he was influential in shaping the
legislation of that important epoch. He continued in busi
ness in Selma till February 1869, when he died suddenly
whUe on a visit to New York city. Mr. Smith was a man of
fine practical sense, and was successful in every branch of
business to which he turned his attention. He was personally
popular, and was a member of the Baptist church " from his
youth upwards." He married a Miss Parker, and his famuy
are residents of DaUas, except one, who is the wife of Col.
Herbert of Butler.
Alexander White resides in DaUas. He is the son of
Judge John White of Talladega, and was born in Franklin,
Tennessee, October 16, 1816. Eeceiving his education at
Jackson CoUege and at the University of Nashville, he came
* Hon. W. E. Smith of Tuskaloosa.

DALLAS COUNTY. 227
to the bar in 1838 as the associate of his father in TaUadega.
Lu 1841 he established a partnership with Hon. L. E. Parsons,
which continued for fourteen years with great professional
profit. In 1851 he was the Union candidate for congress.
The State's rights party brought out Hon. Samuel F. Eice.
The canvass was the most thrilling the district has ever seen,
but terminated in the success of Mr. White by 400 majority
in a district largely Democratic, and where he proclaimed his
Whig affiliation on every stump. He declined a re-nomination,
and came to Selma in 1856, and became the law associate of
Hon. S. E. Blake. Having a plantation in TaUadega, his
famUy remained there much of the time during the war, while
he for some time was in the service. Captured when Selma
feU, he repaired to Talladega when released, and represented
that county in the reconstruction convention of 1865. He
soon after returned to DaUas, where he has since practiced
his profession. He has taken part in many of the pubhc
enterprises of the State, and handled from the stump the
various questions which have presented themselves.
Mr. White is rather taU and spare. His features are intel
lectual and distinctly chiseUed. In the private relations of
life he is genial, sociable, considerate, and benevolent. In
his profession he has long ranked with the first in the State.
His powers of elocution are extraordinary, adding to fluency
clearness, and to earnestness the flowers of fancy ; and to all
a strange effect from a gutteral enunciation. Notwithstanding
his natural gifts he is a close and industrious student.
Mr. White first married a daughter of Mr. Daniel McAuley
of Autauga ; his second wife was Miss Bogers of WUcox.
DaUas is the home of Edmund Winston Pettus, though to
Limestone belongs the honor of his bfrth. He is the son of
Mr. John Pettus, a planter, and of his wife, who was a
daughter of Capt. Anthony Winston, of whom some account
is given in the sketch of Hon. John A. Winston of Sumter.
Bom July 6, 1821, Gen. Pettus losthis father in early infancy,
but was fortunate enough in having the care of a wise and
exceUent mother.* He was educated at Clinton College, Ten
nessee, and read law in the office of Mr. Wm. Cooper in
Tuscumbia. Licensed to practice in 1842, he at once located
in Gainesville as the partner of Hon. Turner Beavis. The
same year he was elected district sohcitor, and was re-elected
in 1849, but resigned in 1851 when he removed to Pickens.
He labored in his profession hi CarroUton tUl 1853, when Gov.
CoUier appointed him to the same office to fill a vacancy. In
*Dr. Rush, in his work on the Mind, observes that he never knew or read
of a distinguished man whose mother was not an intelligent woman.

228 DALLAS COUNTY.
1855 he was elected a judge of the cfrcuit court, and remained
on the bench till January 1858. He then came to reside in
Cahaba, Here he pursued his professional career till the
beginning of the war between the States, when he was ap
pointed a commissioner to the State of Mississippi. In the
spring of 1861, in connection with Gen. Garrott of Perry,
and others, he raised the 20th regiment of Alabama infantry,
of which he was first major, and soon after lieutenant colonel.
He first saw active service in the Kentucky campaign, and
was in command of the van of Gen. E. K. Smith's army when
it drove the enemy into Covington and Cincinnati. During
the winter the 20th was sent to Mississippi, and he participated
in the battle of Port Gibson and Baker's Creek. In the
former he was captured, but made an escape. WhUe the
siege of Vicksburg was progressing he became colonel by the
promotion of Col. Garrott. An incident of this siege is
related, somewhat incorrectly, by the author of "Lee and his
Lieutenants," in a sketch of Gen. S. D. Lee. This officer
wished to drive the enemy from a redoubt they had captured
that morning. Col. Pettus proffered his services. But he
could get none of his own or other regiments to volunteer
for the perUous enterprise. Ward's Texas Legion, however,
volunteered en masse. JJ'orty were selected (among whom was
Capt. L. D. Bradley, formerly a lawyer in Cahaba.) At the
head of these, Pettus dashed upon the amazed federals,
retook the works, capturing 100 men and three flags. Thirty
guns were at once trained on the spot, but the heroes brought
off thefr trophies, without loss. Captured when Vicksburg
feU, he was soon exchanged, and made a brigadier general.
The 20th, 23d, 30th, 31st, and 46th Alabama regiments were
placed under him. At Missionary Eidge he was on the right
under Hardee. He was also a participant, and a conspicuous
one, in nearly aU the battles from Dalton to Atlanta and
Jonesborb. Accompanying Hood into Tennessee, his brigade
forced the passage of Duck river in squads, in the face of the
enemy's rifle-pits, and carried their entrenchments at the
point of the bayonet. On the retreat from NashvUle, he
covered the rear. Transported to North Carolina, he partici
pated at Kinston and BentonvUle, and was severely wounded
in the latter battle. At the peace, he returned to his private
pursuits in Selma, and is now in the midst of a successful
professional career.
The personal appearance of Gen. Pettus is impressive. He
is six feet high, with very broad shoulders, and a large head,
somewhat leonine in its contour. "In general intercourse
" he is cordial and genial, at the bar he is diligent and laborious
" in the prosecution of his causes. His style of speaking is

DALLAS COUNTY. 229
" argumentative, clear, and convincing. WhUe on the bench
"he was distinguished for his decision and rapid dispatch of
"business, and for his clear expositions of the law. As a
" soldier he was noted for devotion to duty, strictness in en
forcing discipline, and promptness in obeying orders. He
" was always prudent, cool, and brave. No officer was more
"jealous of the welfare of his men, and he was repaid by their
"love and respect."* Gen. Pettus married a daughter of
Hon. Samuel Chapman of Sumter. His elder brother, John
J. Pettus, governor of Mississippi, is mentioned in the chapter
on Limestone county.
Eobeet A. Bakee also resided in this county. He was
bom in Tennessee in 1802, but came with his parents to Madi
son county, this State, when quite young. He grew up there,
but received only a limited education, as his father was a
planter in humble cfrcumstances. In 1826 he removed to
Franklin county, where he was a planter. In 1835 he repre
sented that county, and was four times successively re-elected.
In 1840, the speaker of the house (Hon. Samuel Walker of
Madison) died early in the session, and Mr. Baker was elected
to succeed him. The same year he removed to Sumter, then
to MobUe, where he became a commission merchant, and
afterwards to this county. He died in December 1865. Mr.
Baker had a fine personal appearance, an active mind, and
was fluent and interesting in debate or conversation. He was
actively identified with various reHgious, Hterary, scientific,
and raUway institutions, and was pious, temperate, and
energetic. His first wife was Miss Lampkin of Madison
county; his second Mrs. Potts (nee Mimms) of Sumter.
One of his daughters married Bev. T. C. Weir of the Missis
sippi conference ; and his three sons are merchants in MobUe.
Thomas B. Wetmoee came to this county in 1859, and has
distinguished himself in the legal profession. He is a native
of North Carolina, and came to this State in his youth, after
graduating at Chapel HiU in 1841. Locating in Sumter
county, he steadUy worked his way to the front rank in his
profession. For several years he was the law partner there
of Hon. Jo. G. Baldwin, and afterwards of Hon. Edward W.
Smith. His purity of purpose, amiabUity, and unassumed
modesty commend him to the esteem of his feUow-men;
whUe his learning, talents, culture, and indefatigable industry
have reaped thefr proper reward. His wife is a daughter of
the late Col. Charles E. Gibbs of Sumter.
Much of the reputation of William McLin Beooks belongs
*Hon, N. H. R, Dawson of Selma.

230 DALLAS COUNTY.
to Perry and Marengo, but he resides now in DaUas. He
was bom in Sumter district, South Carolina, in November
1815. His parents were Virginians, the father a planter.
WhUe the son was at Columbia CoUege his parents came to
this State, in 1833, and settled in Marengo county. A month
afterward the father died, and young Brooks was called from
his studies to take charge of the estate, and to provide for a
widowed mother and her seven daughters. Notwithstanding
these obstacles, he read law and was Hcensed in 1837. His
first effort at the bar was a wretched faUure, and augured Ul
for the bright record he has since made. He remained in
Linden tUl 1851, associated at one time with Judge Byrd.
In 1840 he was elected district solicitor, was re-elected in
1844, and resigned in 1846. Eemoving to MobUe, he was
associated with Hon. A. E. Manning. Two years later he
came to Marion. Gov. Winston appointed him to the cfrcuit.
bench in 1857 to fiU the vacancy caused by Hon. A. B. Metre's
resignation, and the ensuing spring he was elected by the
people for a fuU term. Eesigning in July, he formed a partner
ship with Hon. I. W. Garrott. Ln 1860 Judge Brooks was
elected to the constitutional convention, and was chosen to
preside over that very able body. During the war he was
chairman of a committee which for two years provided for
the sustenance of soldiers' families. Towards the close of
the war he was for nine months colonel of a regiment of
reserve troops. Since that period he has practiced his pro
fession profitably, having resided at Selma since 1866.
Judge Brooks' mental prevaUs over his physical develop
ment. His features betoken Lish origin. He is companion
able and jovial, but is not " a man of the multitude." As an
advocate he is impressive and fluent, and his legal lore is very
considerable. His private character is without reproach.
His first wife was Miss TerreU of Marengo, niece of Hon.
J. W. Henley ; his second was a lady of Virginia. One of his
sons was an officer in an Alabama regiment during the late
war. Judge Young and Hon. WiUiam Fluker of Marengo,
and Mr. John Vary of Perry, married sisters of Judge Brooks.
' Beneath the rule of men

"Entirely great, the pen is mightier than the sword."
Journahsm has no better representative in Alabama than
Eobert McKee, a citizen of DaUas. He was born in Flem
ing county, Kentucky, in 1830. His father was a farmer and
blacksmith. Eeceiving but a limited education, he worked on
a farm for wages for three years. At the age of eighteen
years he became a clerk in a country store ; at twenty-two he
became a book-keeper ; and in 1856 attracted attention by his
articles in the Paris Flag. A year later he was the editor and

DALLAS COUNTY. 231
owner of the MaysviUe Express, in which position he continued
tiU caUed to the chief editorship of the LouisvUle Courier in
1859. The course of that journal in taking part with the
South caused its suppression in October 1861. Mr. McKee
was a delegate to the Charleston convention, and was secretary
of the revolutionary convention which met at EusseUvUle, in
November 1861, to take Kentucky out of the Union. By that
body he was chosen secretary of state of the provisional gov
ernment, but the evacuation of Kentucky by the Confederates
made the office a nominal one. At ShUoh he was a voluntary
aid in the Kentucky brigade, was wounded and had a horse
kUled under him, and received special mention in Col. Trabue's
report. LU-health kept him from a participation in any other
important engagement of the war. At its close the rewards
for his arrest had not been withdrawn, and he remained in the
hills of Jefferson county tiU October 1865, when he came to
this county, and has since resided here. During the interval
between then and now he has attahied to a distinction as an
editor and writer not second to his reputation in his native
State, and no journahst in Alabama wields a more decided
influence upon public questions. This fact arises as much
from his purity of purpose, and lofty sense of honor, as from
the vigor, grace, and skill with which he uses the pen. By
his industry, candor, and courtesy he has inaugurated a new
school of journalism in the State ; a fact which has been read
ily recognized even by those not famiHar with the profession.
Though a citizen of DaUas, the fame of Charles Miller
Shelley belongs to Talladega. He was born in SuUivan
county, Tennessee, December 28, 1833, and is the son of a
buUderwho brought his famUy to TaUadega in 1836, and who
resides there now in the decline of an upright and contented
life. The son received but a limited education, and was
brought up to the trade of an architect and buUder. He was
among the first to volunteer in the late war, repairing with a
company to fort Morgan in February 1861, of which he was
Heutenant. After serving there six weeks, the company re
turned to camp at Talladega, where it reorganized with him
as captain. Attached to the 5th Alabama regiment, the com
pany went to Virginia, where it had the honor of initiating the
collision which ended in the battle of Manassas. The com
pany, under Capt. SheUey, was on picket, July 17, at Parr's X
Eoads, when it was assailed by a heavy force of the enemy.
A spirited combat ensued, lasting several hours, when the
company was withdrawn with the loss of two men wounded.
The official report of the enemy made thefr loss 204 men ! In
January 1862 he was authorized |o recruit a regiment ; which
he did, aud in AprU was' elected colonel of the 30th Alabama.

232 DALLAS COUNTY.
The military services of Gen. Sneuey were from this time
shared with this regiment. At Port Gibson he was standing
by Gen. Tracy when that officer feU. Gen. Lee comphmented
him on the field at Baker's Creek for gaUantry, and there his
clothes were rent by seven baUs, but he escaped with the loss
of his horse. He shared in the dangers of Vicksburg, where
he was captured. Exchanged, he was under fire at Lookout
and Missionary Bidge. He led his regiment into hot quarters
at Eocky Face and Eesaca, and participated in all the opera
tions down to Atlanta. The day after the battle of Jonesboro
he took command of Cumming's brigade, of which he was
reheved a month later. A few days after he was commissioned
a brigadier general, and assigned to the command of Cantey's
brigade — the 17th, 26th, and 29th Alabama, and 37th Missis
sippi regiments. Of the 1100 men of this brigade he led in at
Franklin, 430 were left on the field. Gen. Hood has said that
the strategy of Gen. SheUey saved Stewart's corps from cap
ture at Franklin. At NashvUle half of the residue of his
brigade were captured. When the army was concentrating in
North Carohna, he was sent with his brigade to protect the
stores at DanviUe. Soon after his return he was assigned to
the command of the twelve Alabama regiments that were con
solidated. The surrender occurring a few days after, he
returned to his occupation, and now resides in Selma.
Gen. Shelley is of ordinary stature, and as unpretentious in
appearance and bearing as he is sensible and sincere in con
duct and language. As a soldier he was faithful, efficient, and
intrepid, beloved by his men, and prized by his superiors.
His wife is a daughter of Gen. Felix McConneU of Talladega.
James B. SheUey, Heutenant colonel of the Tenth Alabama,
kiUed at Petersburg, was a brother of Gen. S., and he has
numerous relatives in TaUadega.
William J. Hardee has resided in this county since the
close of the late war between the States. He was born in
Camden county, Georgia, in 1815, and was educated at the
mUitary academy of West Point, and a cavalry school in
France. He served in Florida, won laurels in Mexico, and
was a major hi the federal army when he resigned to offer his
sword to his native State in 1861. He was at once sent to
Fort Morgan, MobUe bay, and remained there several months,
strengthening that fortress. He led a division at ShUoh and
was wounded there. He commanded one of the two corps
Gen. Bragg led into Kentucky, and from that time forward
was the " Old Eeliable " of the Army of the West through
aU its bloody and glorious career. The record of General
Hardee's services belong to^he broadest field of history, and,
as his only civU services to Alabama have been those of a

DALLAS COUNTY.

233

quiet and useful citizen, he may weU be left with the remark
that he has proven fuUy adequate to aU the "high emprises"
that have been entrusted to him. Col. T. B. Eoy of Selma
married a daugnter of General H.
WilHam E. King represented this county in the constitu
tional convention of 1819 ; John T. Morgan and WiUiam S.
Phillips in that of 1861 ; and John S. Hunter and Thomas M.
Mathews in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the general assembly :
Senators.

1819— Thomas Casey.
1822 — Thomas Casey.
1825 — Thomas Casey.
1828— Horatio G. Perry.
1829— Horatio G. Perry.
1832— George Phillips.
1835 — Jesse Beene, (president 1837).
1838— James M. Calhoun.
1840— William S. Phillips.
1841— William S. Phillips.

1844— William H. Norris.
1847— Charles G. Edwards.
1851 — Francis A. Saunders.
1853— Samuel R. Blake.
1855— Roberts. Hatcher.
1857 — James M. Calhoun.
1859— James M. Calhoun, (1862).
1803— Robert H. Ervin.
1865 — Aaron B. Cooper.
[No election in 1867, or since.]

Representatives.

1819-EdwinD. King, James Saffold
1820— Isaac McMeans, Horatio Gates
Perry.
1821— Walter Crenshaw, Randall
Duckworth.
1822— Walter Crenshaw, Thomas B.
Rutherford.
1823— Walter Crenshaw, Geo. Phil
lips.
1824 — Walter Crenshaw, Jos. Pickens
\tiih — Walter Crenshaw, Jos. Pick
ens, James Saffold.
1826 — Walter Crenshaw, Jos. Pick
ens, Bernard Johnson.
1827— James C. Sharp, John A. Tar-
ver, Erasmus Walker.
1828— Ezekiel Pickens, John A. Tar-
ver, Erasmus Walker.
1829— Uriah Grigsby, William Tay
lor, Jefferson C. VanDyke.
1830— Peter Walter Herbert, William
Taylor, Benj. R. Hogan.
1831— Peter Walter Herbert, E. W.
Saunders, John W.Paul.
1832— Peter Walter Herbert, Ethel-
bert W. Saunders,  ;.
1833-,-Jesse Beene, E. W.Saunders,
George W. Gayle.
1834 — James M. Calhoun, Bernard
Johnson, George W. Gayle.
1835 — James M. Calhoun, Joseph P.
Saffold, Burwell Boykin.
1836 — James M. Calhoun, John J.
Greening, Burwell Boykin.
1837 — James M. Calhoun, John J.
Greening, Wm. S. Phillips.

Clif-

1838— Uriah Grigsby, Wm. C.
ton, Wm. S. Phillips.
1839— Daniel H. Norwood, William
H. Norris.
1840— Daniel H. Norwood, William
H. Norris.
1841 — Daniel H. Norwood, William
H. Norris.
1842— James M. Calhoun, William
H. Norris.
1843— R. S. Hatcher, Geo. R. Evans
1844— William B. King, C. B. Watts.
1845— George W. Gayle, Ethelbert
W. Saunders.
1847— George C. Phillips, Ashley W.
Spaight.
1849— Robert S. Hatcher, George P.
Blevins.
1851 — Benjamin M. Woolsey, Heze
kiah Bussey.
1853— Robert S. .Hatcher, George C .
Phillips.
1855 — Benjamin M. Woolsey, Robert
J. English.
1857— Albert G. Mabry, Thomas E.
Irby.
1859— A. G. Mabry, Thomas E. Irby.
1861— Albert G. Mabry, Washington
M. Smith.
1863— N. H. R. Dawson, Elijah Bell.
1865— A G. Mabry, James T. Reese.
1866— Wm Craig (viee J. T. Reese)
1867— No election.
1870 — George P. Marlowe, Henry
Cochran, Edward Gee (c), Jere
¦Haralson (o), R. Johnson (c).

CHAPTEE XXXIV.
THE COUNTY OF DEKALB.
DeKalb was carved out of the last Cherokee session, from
the district attached to St. Clair, by an act of the legislature,
dated January 9, 1836.
It was named to honor the memory of Major-general De
Kalb* of the colonial rebelHon of 1776.
It Hes in the northeastern part of the State, and is bounded
north by Jackson, east by Cherokee, and the State of Georgia,
south by Cherokee and Etowa, west by MarshaU and Jackson.
The area is about 725 square mUes.
The assessed wealth in 1870 was $654,629, viz : real estate
$546,755 ; personal property $107,804.
The population, decenniaUy, is thus exhibited :
1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  5589 7730 9853 6656
Blacks  340 515 852 470
The county is mountainous, with long and narrow vaUeys,
and replete with romantic scenery. The soU is very product
ive in the valleys and coves, and weU adapted to farming.
In 1870 there were 44,188 acres of improved, and 67,457
acres of unimproved farm lands, valued at $534,924.
The live stock— 1363 horses, 397 mules, 7070 neat cattle,
6627 sheep, 13,094 hogs— were valued at $328,799.
The productions in 1869 were valued at $404,203, and com
prised 209,994 bushels of com, 36,880 bushels of wheat, 12,-
088 bushels of oats, 28,721 bushels of potatoes, 91,042 pounds
of butter, 12,746 gallons of molasses, 6707 pounds of tobacco,
205 bales of cotton, 11,909 pounds of wool ; and $60,343 was
the value of animals slaughtered.
"The Baron DeKalb was a native of the German province of Alsace, which
at that time belonged to France and was born in 1717. He served with
much credit under Frederick the Great, by whom he was knighted, and
afterwards entered the French army. He introduced the Marquis de la Fay
ette to the American commissioners, and resigned the commission of briga
dier-general to accompany La Fayette to the colonies in 1777. He was at
once made a major-general, and served in New Jersey till ordered south in
1780. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Camden, August 16, 1780.

DEKALB COUNTY. 235
DeKalb was long isolated by the absence of commercial
facilities. Now the Alabama & Chattaneoga EaUroad passes
through almost the entire length of the county for 40| mUes,
and its natural advantages are now partly open to inspection.
The mountains are fuU of coal and iron, and mines of the
former are being opened. Granite, and stone for budding
purposes, furnaces, &c, are abundant. In the development
of _ these resources it is a fortunate fact that DeKalb is suf
ficiently fertUe to sustain a very large population.
Lebanon, the seat of justice, has about 200 inhabitants.
CoUinsvUle and Portersville have probably more.
The courthouse was first at Camden, whence it was removed
to Lebanon. It was at PortersvUle a year or two, but was
again located at Lebanon.
The annals of DeKalb are limited to local events of no
general interest.
Among the citizens of this county, William Overton Win
ston was prominent. He was born in Fauquier county, Vir
ginia, in 1804, and was the son of Mr. John G. Winston, of
the same famUy of which Hon. John A. Winston of Sumter
was a scion. His mother was a Miss Kenner. In 1812 his
parents removed to Hawkins county, Tennessee, where he
grew up. Having received a plain education, he read law in
EogersvUle under Mr. Peter Parsons, and was enroUed as an
attorney in 1828. Ten years later he settled in DeKalb. In
1840 he represented the county in the lower house of the
legislature, and was four times annually re-elected. From
1845 to 1853 he was sohcitor of this judicial circuit, succeed
ing Hon. WiUiam Acklen. He resigned to accept the presi
dency of the "WUls VaUey EaUroad," 'now a link in the Ala
bama & Chattanooga EaUroad. He was the father of the
latter enterprise, and Hved to see, the great work he had pro
jected brought to completion. In 1855 he was again in the
legislature, and a year later he was a Buchanan elector. He
represented DeKalb in the constitutional conventions of 1861
and 1865, and in the latter year he was chosen to the State
senate from MarshaU and DeKalb, and served two winters.
He died at his home at VaUey Head, January 18, 1871. Col.
Winston was highly respected for force of character, unswerv
ing integrity, and untiring energy. He was diffident withal,
or he might have fiUed higher trusts. His wife was a
daughter of Hon. Jesse Beene of Dallas, and his children are
among the most respectable people of this county. Two of
his sons perished in the Confederate service, one of whom
was a cadet at West Point when the war began.
William J. Haralson, of this county, is a native of east

236 DEKALB COUNTY.
Tennessee, but grew up in Habersham county, Georgia. He
was plainly educated-; came here when a young man; read
law, and began the practice in Lebanon. In 1850 he was
elected to the office of solicitor of the judicial circuit, and
held the place about two years. He raised a company of
men, and was engaged at ShUoh. In 1862 he was elected to
the cfrcuit court bench, and has continuously occupied that
responsible position till the present time. He was a nephew
of Col. J. J. Humphries, for some years a citizen of DeKalb,
and who died whUe serving as Indian agent in the west.
In the northwestern part of the county is the faU of Little
river. A small volume of water is thrown over an abrupt
precipice into a rock basin sixty-five feet below. A short dis
tance below this cataract are the remains of a fortress with
trenches and breastworks paraUel, and in semicircular form.
They enclose three or four caverns in the river bluff which
were evidently used as the citadel, and which can only be
approached by a foot-path overhanging the yawning chasm cut
by the river beneath. The caverns themselves seem to have
been enlarged by art, and occupied for some time. Tradition
does not teU anything of the immediate purpose to which
aboriginal valor consecrated these rude rehcs of the "last,
argument of kings."
WiUiam O. Winston and J. H. Franklin represented the
county in the constitutional convention of 1861 ; and WUham
O. Winston and Alfred CoUins in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of those who have represented the
county in the general assembly :
Senators.
1839— Solomon C. Smith. 1857— S. K. Rayburn.
1841— Arthur Foste?. 1859— Robert W. Higgins.
1844— Solomon C. Smith. • 1861 — John P. Morgan.
1847— Wm. H. Garrett. 1863— James Critcher.
1849— Wm. H. Garrett. 1865— Wm. O. Winston.
1853— James Lamar. [No election in 1867, or since.]
Representatives.
1837— Solomon C. Smith. 1851— Notloy M, Warren, Alexander
1838 — Solomon C. Smith. W. Majors.
1839— Andrew Wilson, W.F.Mooney. 1853— M. C. Newman, R. Murphey.
1840— Andrew Wilson, Wm. 0. Win- 1855— Jesse Burgess, Wm. 0. Win
ston, ston.
1841— Thomas J. Rodgers, William 1857— Alexander W. Majors, R. W.
0. Winston. Higgins.
1842— M. Lankford, Wm O. Winston 1859— F. J. Burgess, Seabird Cowan.
1843— M. Lankford, Wm. O.Winston 1861— G. W. Malone, L. W. Lynch.
1844— B. K. Webb, Wm. O. Winston. 1863— G. W. Malone, Jeptha Ed-
1845 — NotleyM. Warren, R. Murphey wards.
1847— N. M. Warren, Robt Murphey. 1865— G. W. Malone, N. M. Warren.
1849— Madison Hendricks, Robert 1867— [No election.]
Murphey. 1870— J. B. Appleton.

CHAPTEE XXXV.
THE COUNTY OF ELMORE.
Elmore was created by an act approved February 15, 1866,
and its territory was taken from Coosa, Autauga, Montgomery,
and TaUapoosa.
It Hes in the centre of the State, and south of Coosa, west
of TaUapoosa, east of Autauga, and north of Montgomery.
Its name perpetuates the memory of Gen. John A. Elmore,
who was one of the first settlers of that part of Autauga now
embraced in Elmore.
The area of the county is about 660 square mUes.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $2,307,687, as
foUows : real estate $1,618,588, personalty $689,099.
The population in 1870 was 7747 whites, and 6730 blacks.
The profile of the country is hUly and roUing ; the soU gen
eraUy Hght, with aUuvial lowlands that are very productive.
The farm lands — 73,524 acres improved, and 233,684 acres
unimproved — are valued at $924,020.
The Hve stock — 944 horses, 1411 mules, 6518 neat cattle,
1716 sheep and 8286 swine— are valued at $440,747.
The productions in 1869 were 198,371 bushels of corn,
11,330 bushels of wheat, 18,078 bushels of oats, 32,895 bush
els of potatoes, 57,673 pounds of butter, 7295 bales of cotton,
and 2547 pounds of wool; the value of animals slaughtered
was $80,314 ; and the value of farm productions in 1869 was
$1,514,157. The Alabama, Coosa, and TaUapoosa rivers water the
county, but the first named two are only open to steam navi
gation as high up as Wetumka, and that not in the summer
months. The raUway from Montgomery to Decatur passes
over twelve mUes of the western portion of the county.
There are extensive pine forests, and several saw-miUs, and
the lumber exported is of very superior quahty.
The most extensive cotton factory in the State, or in the
Gulf States, is located at TaUasee, in this county. It makes
sheeting, shirting, yarns, and rope ; has 18,500 spindles, 240
looms, and 550 operatives ; and uses 20 bales of raw cotton
per diem, or about 6000 bales a year. The property consists
of two stone buddings for the factories, a substantial rock
dam, an iron foundry, saw miU, machine shop, flour miU, &c,
and 6500 acres of land. It is owned by a company, of whom

238 ELMORE COUNTY.
Messrs. B. H. Micou, T. M. Barnett, and N. D. Barnett are
the principal shareholders, and the capital stock is $600,000.
The business was begun about twenty years ago, and Capt.
T. M. Barnett, sr., one of the earliest settlers of Montgomery
county, may be regarded as the founder.
Wetumka is the. seat of justice. The name is from the
Muscogee : loeoiva, water ; tumlca, rumbling ; and aUudes to
the rapids of the Coosa at- the spot, and extending up the
river. The town is on both sides of the Coosa, and its popu
lation in 1870 was 1137 souls ; 543 whites, and 594 blacks ;
but it has been nearly twice as great as now, and a city court
was in operation thirty years ago. The penitentiary was
located here in 1839, is a building of imposing size and large
capacity, which received its first inmate in the person of
George Garrett of Autauga, who was sentenced to confine
ment for twenty years for harboring a runaway slave, but was
pardoned a few years after. Wetumka was the principal rival
of Montgomery for the honor of being the capital of the
State in , 1845 when the question of removal came before the
general assembly.
Tallasee is located on the west bank of the TaUapoosa, and
has about 1200 inhabitants. It is named for the ancient town
which stood near, and the name means "a captured town."
It is the site of the cotton factory mentioned above, and is
one of the neatest and most beautiful towns in the State.
Elmore abounds with localities famiHar to readers of Ludian
history. Its clear streams, picturesque deUs, and fruited
forests made it a favorite spot with "the stoic of the woods."
On the east bank of the Coosa, four mUes above Wetumka,
is the site of Little Tallasee, the birth-spot and home of Alex
ander McGiUivray, the Muscogee king. It was here also that
Gen. Leclerc MUfort resided for twenty years. The place is
embraced within the plantation of the late Hon. HoweU Eose.
Near the present TaUasee stood me town of that name at
which DeSoto and his army tarried twenty days. It was of
large extent, surrounded by a waU, and the chief who resided
here was master of a capacious region around him. When
the whites became famUiar with the country two centuries
later, the place was caUed Tookabatchee ; wliich eventuaUy
became the chief town and capital of the upper Creeks.
Tecumseh, Col. Hawkins, and Gov. Bibb each held councUs
here with the Muscogee chiefs, and its glory only departed
when Opothleyoholo suUenly led his people across " the father
of waters." The name of TaUasee attached to a modern
Indian town on the opposite bank of the Tallapoosa.
Hoithlewaulee, or ThleawaUee, (rolling baU,) was on the
TaUapoosa, lower down.

ELMORE COUNTY. 239
Coosada was on the west bank of the Alabama, three mUes
below the confluence of its main tributaries. The " Hickory
Ground" is within the southern suburb of Wetumka.
But the most interesting and historic of these localities is
four mUes below Wetumka, on the east bank of the Coosa.
Here, in June, 1714, Gov. BienvUle buUt Fort Toulouse, which
remained a fortified post of the French and British for sixty,
years. The Indians had at that time a town on the spot
caUed Tuskegee. Ln 1814, just 100 years after BienvUle buUt
Fort Toulouse, Gen. Jackson marched his victorious legion
from thefr triumph at the Horse-Shoe Bend to the place, and,
on the ruins, bruit Fort Jackson. A few months later, in
August, 1814, the remnant of the humbled Muscogees assem
bled on the spot, and ceded aU thefr lands in Alabama west
of the Coosa and of a line extending southeast from Wetumka.
E. S. Beady was the first judge of the probate court of the
county. B. F. Benson was the first representative elected to
the legislature — 1870.
The name of Howell Eose is blended with the early set
tlement of this region. A native of North Carolina, he was
born about the year 1791. His parents, who were quite poor,
removed to Putnam county, Georgia, where the son grew to
manhood. He was first an overseer of slaves, but having
married a Miss Bryant, who had property, he became a plan
ter and merchant in Eatonton. He came to Alabama about
the year 1816, and settled in what was soon after Autauga
county, three mUes west of Wetumka. His thorough prac-.
tical sense, and undaunted energy, gave him a commanding
influence in that border commiinity, and he was elected to the
State senate in 1819, where he served for three years. But
his attention for twenty years after was chiefly given to the
increase of his private fortune, and he became the wealthiest
citizen of Coosa. To the latter county he came in 1834, and
made his home within the present Hmits of Elmore. From
1843 to 1847, Col. Bose represented the county in the general
assembly, and made strenuous efforts to have Wetumka
made the capital of the State. Ln 1865 a party of brutal
federal soldiers went to his house and demanded the money
he was reported to have in possession, and when he refused
they threatened to take his life. He persisted, telling them
that if they murdered him it would shorten his days but Httle.
They hanged him tiU he was about to expire, but no informa
tion was extorted from the fearless old man, and the money
did not faU into thefr hands. Col. Bose was endowed by
nature with a strong mind, and he was thus enabled to
triumph over the defects of education. His will was imperi-

240 ELMORE COUNTY.
ous ; his manners brusque and erratic ; and he would have
been a man of note in any community.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick Hved and died in this county. He
was born in Greene county, Georgia, in the year 1800. His
father was a member of the legislature of that State for nine
teen consecutive years, and his mother was the sister of Col.
Joseph PhilHps of Clarke. At the age of seven years he had
lost both his parents by death, within a few days of each
other ; but his elder brothers and sister to some extent sup
plied their places. In that early day the schoolmaster was
not abroad in Georgia, and Mr. Fitzpatrick attended school
only six months. In 1816 he came to Alabama to manage
some interest of his brothers. Thefr lands were on the east
bank of the Alabama, about six mUes north of Montgomery,
and he has often pointed out the field where he guarded the
hogs whUe they were feeding on the mast of the virgin forest.
Shortly after, he was a deputy under Jacob P. House, the first
sheriff of Autauga, and soon after became a clerk in a trading
house located where Wetumka now stands. He then read
law in the office of Mr. Nimrod E. Benson in Montgomery.
EnroUed as an attorney in 1821, he opened an office in that
town. His first case was that of an Indian arraigned before
a magistrate for horse stealing, and it is in illustration of that
primitive time to state that, after a successful plea, the young
attorney took his chent out behind the house, and urged him
to instant flight to insure his personal safety. Judge N. E.
Benson was the first, and Mr. Henry Goldthwaite the second,
law partner of Mr. Fitzpatrick. Elected sohcitor of the judi
cial 'district, he held the office several years. A want of health,
however, obliged him to retire to his plantation, six mUes west
of Wetumka, in 1827, and he shortly after abandoned the
profession forever. The plantation was within the present
limits of this county, and here, surrounded by aU the comforts
that wealth can bring, he dispensed a boundless hospitahty
tUl the close of his life, forty years later. He sought no pub
Hc honors, and was in retirement for over twelve years. Ln
1837, in his absence, and without his knowledge, his claims
were very favorably considered by the caucus of his party
in Tuskaloosa which selected Mr. Bagby as the candidate for
governor. Three years later he was an elector on the Van
Buren ticket. In 1841 he was elected to the office of governor
of the State, receiving 27,974 votes, to 21,219 votes for James
W. McClung of Madison, and was inaugurated Nov. 22. Ee-
elected without opposition, he retired from the position in
1845. When the banks were placed in liquidation, he was
appointed one of the commissioners, but declined to accept.
Ln consequence of the death of Mr. Lewis of Lowndes, Gov-

ELMORE COUNTY. 241
ernor Chapman appointed Mr. Fitzpatrick to fill the seat thus
vacated in the federal senate, Nov. 25, 1848. A year later,
the general assembly proceeded to fiU the said vacancy, and
to choose a senator for a new term to foUow that which Mr.
King had served out the March before. The incumbents,
Messrs. King and Fitzpatrick, were both re-nominated by
thefr party. The former was chosen by a strict party ma
jority of thirteen votes. Mr. Fitzpatrick was defeated on the
sixth baUot by a combination of twelve north Alabama mem
bers of bis party with fifty-four Whigs, which elected Col.
Clemens of Madison. In January 1853, Governor Collier
appointed him to the federal senate as the successor of Mr.
AKing, who had resigned, and the foUowing winter the general
assembly confirmed the selection by a vote of 107, to 13 for
Hon. W. D. Dunn of MobUe. Two years later t he same body
elected him to the position for a new term of six years, by a
vote of 79, to 45 for Mr. Luke Pryor of Limestone. During
the administration of Mr. Buchanan, Mr. Fitzpatrick was
chosen by his feUow senators to preside over that eminent
body in the absence of the vice president. At the national
convention of his party in 1860, one wing nominated him for
the viGe presidency oh the ticket with Judge Douglas of Illi
nois ; but he declined to permit the use of his name in that
connection by one fragment of the party, foreseeing no hope
of success for either wing. The fact that he had previously
committed himself against the "squatter sovereignty" dogma
of Judge Douglas, was sufficient reason for Mr. F.'s declen
sion. He did not favor secession, for he conceived it to be a
rash and impracticable remedy for the grievances of which
he admitted the southern States might justly complain ; yet
he withdrew from Washington with his coUeagues. Betfring
to his home, he exerted himself for his country, receiving the
weary soldier with wide-spread doors, or generously contrib
uting his means to aid destitute families. At the close of the
war, he was chosen to represent Autauga in the constitutional
convention of 1865, and was unanimously elected to preside
over that very able body. This was his last official position,
for he was disfranchised shortly after ; but he felt and took a
warm interest in pubHc affairs tiU his death. This event
occurred Nov. 21, 1869. His remains were taken to Mont
gomery, where they lay in state in the capitol, and were then
committed to the tomb.
Gov. Fitzpatrick was one of the most esteemed of our
pubhc men. "In his social and domestic relations he was
" faithful and true. In aU the conditions and circumstances
"of life he was honorable, considerate, and just. Having
" personal honor, consideration, fidehty, truth, and warmth of
16

242 ELMORE COUNTY.
" affection, combined with a clear, sound, and practical under-
" standing, it is not surprising that he exerted a large influence
" over aU with whom he came in contact, and over the people
" among whom he Hved. The latter gave to him thefr confi-
" dence, and he was eminently trustworthy. * * He escaped
" all imputations on his personal character. No one supposed
"that he could be corrupt, or would sacrifice a pubhc interest
" for his private emolument. He was never accused of desert-
" ing a principle, abandoning a friend, or failing to perform a
"public or personal obligation. Bis observation of men and
"things was acute and discriminating. Few so thoroughly
" understood the nature of men, and the principles which
" should move, and the motives that control them. * * He
"was habitually firm, prudent, circumspect, and moderate.
" He was courteous, affable, and of a genial and obHging dis-
" position."* In the federal senate, he was attentive to the
interests of constituents, and dUigent in the performance of
his duties, realizing in his conduct what Cicero terms the
boni senatoris prudentia, "the wisdom of a good senator."
Gov. Fitzpatrick first married a sister of Hon. John A.
Elmore of Montgomery ; his second wife was a Miss Blassin-
game of Perry. Two of his sons by his former marriage
reside in this county, and another, Elmore J. Fitzpatrick, esq.,
of Montgomery, was soHcitor for this judicial cfrcuit in
1865-8. His brothers, Joseph and Philhps Fitzpatrick, both
served hi the councils of the State, the former residing in
Montgomery, the latter in Autauga. Judge Bird Fitzpatrick
of Pike was a nephew.
Seth Paddock Storrs was a prominent citizen of that part -
of Autauga now embraced in Elmore. He was a native of
Middlebury, Vermont, where he was born in 1800. His father
was a prominent lawyer, and gave the coUege and cemetery
grounds to the town. His mother was the daughter of Gen.
Strong, to whom Vermont voted a sword for his mUitary ser
vices. The son graduated at the Middlebury coUege. Ad
mitted to the bar, he at once removed to Covington, Georgia,
where he practiced tUl he came to Autauga in 1835. He
resided in Wetumka, and was frequently mayor of the town,
though he refused to receive pay for his services. His pro
fession was profitable and he accumulated property. Ln 1847
he was elected to represent Coosa and Autauga in the senate,
and acted in that capacity six years. In August 1854 Gov.
Winston appointed him judge of the cfrcuit court, but he died
the foUowing month. Judge Storrs was short and stout, with
*From a sketch at the time of his death in the New Orleans Picayune, sup
posed to be from the pen of Hon. John A. Campbell, late of Mobile.

ELMORE COUNTY. 243
a large, round, bald head, and a fair complexion. He was a
gentleman of refinement, cultivation, and close observation,
and stood high for integrity and morahty. His wife was a
Miss Bigelow of Massachusetts, and three of his sons were
officers in the Southern armies, viz : Lieut. H. E. Storrs of
the 3d Alabama, kUled by a sentinel at Norfolk, Va. ; Major
Geo. S. Storrs who commanded a battahon of artillery ; and
Capt. Charles P. Storrs of the 7th Alabama cavalry.
Bolllng Hall of this county was born in Hancock county,
Georgia, in 1813, and came to Alabama with his parents in
1818. His father, of the same name, was a member of con
gress whUe in Georgia, but held no pubhc trusts in this State,
where he died in 1836. The mother of Mr. HaU was a sister
of Hon. James Abercrombie of EusseU. Educated at the
University of Georgia, he read law under Mr. John H. Thor-
ington of Montgomery, but became a planter. He repre
sented Autauga in the legislature from 1849 to 1855. His
reputation for integrity, sound judgment, and pubhc spirit is
deservedly high. His wife was a grand-daughter of Gen.
John A. Elmore of Autauga, and his son, Boiling Hall, was
the heroic colonel of the 59th Alabama regiment at the early
age of twenty-five years, and died in January 1866 of the
effects of wounds received at Chicamauga and Drury's Bluff.
Another son was adjutant of the same regiment.
Among the earlier citizens of what is now Elmore county
was Sampson W. Harris. He was the son of Judge Stephen
Harris of Eatonton, Georgia, and was born in that State
about the year 1814. His mother was a Miss Watkins, whose
sister married Judge Eli Shorter of Georgia. He took the
first honor of his class in the University of Georgia, and read
law with Judge Shorter at Eatonton. After practicing there
a short time, he came to Alabama in 1837, and located at We
tumka. He rose rapidly at the bar, and in 1841 was elected
to the office of soHcitor by the general assembly. ¦ He resigned
the soHcitorship in 1844 when elected to the senate from Coosa
and Autauga. He served in that capacity tUl 1847, when he
was elected to congress as the nominee of his party. He was
re-elected two years later over Hon. John S. Hunter of DaUas,
and in 1851 triumphed over Hon. Wm. S. Mudd of Jefferson.
His contest in 1853 was with Hon. S. D. J. Moore of Lowndes,
and in 1855 with Hon. Wm. B. Martin of Benton, but he was
not once defeated. His death occurred at Washington, D. C,
in the spring of 1857, after a service of sixteen consecutive
years in the State and Federal councUs. Mr. Harris was one
of the most accompHshed men whose talents Alabama has
fostered. He was handsome in person, decorous in deport-

244 ELMORE COUNTY.
ment, and genial in companionship. His elocution was grace
ful and flowing, exliibithig a pohshed and cultivated mind.
His capacity as a lawyer was considerable, and must have ad
vanced him had he not given his attention to politics. CathoHc
in his views and generous in friendships, he was exceedingly
popular- He married a daughter of Mr. Stephen Thomas of
Georgia. Col. Samp. Harris of West Point, Georgia, the dis
tinguished colonel of the 6th Georgia infantry during the late
war, is one of his sons. The late Hon. Stephen WUHs Harris
of Madison county was his brother.
Samuel S. Beman is another famUiar name in Elmore. He
was the son of Bev. Nathan S. S. Beman, a learned scholar,
weU remembered as an educator in Georgia, where he married
the widowed mother of the late Hon. Wm. L. Yancey. He
was a weU formed youth tUl, at the age of twelve years, he
was thrown by a colt on a heap of rocks, and his spine injured.
He grew no more in highth, but was otherwise weU matured.
He could not attend school, but was taught by his mother for
several years, then went to western New York, whither his
father had returned in 1824, and there completed his educa
tion. In 1843 he came to Wetumka, and began the practice
of law with his half-brother, Mr. Yancey. He soon became
interested in poHtics, and canvassed with brilHant effect in
1844. In 1846 he was the candidate of his party for congress,
and, after a warm canvass, was beaten by Hon. J. LaF. Cot
trell of Lowndes by 29 votes. Mr. Beman also canvassed the
State in 1848 for Taylor, and added much to his fame. In
1849 he removed to New York. In 1853 he was a member of
the New York legislature, but his speech in favor of the fugi
tive slave law during the session was his poHtical death-kneU.
He was afterwards a temperance lecturer in Ohio, and in 1856
removed to Minnesota. He was a member of the first legis
lature of the State (1857), and in 1871 was again elected to
the senate from Winona county. His strong sympathy for
the South is a clog to his political advancement, but his un
surpassed oratorical talents are freely admitted, and univer-
saUy admired. He is a farmer, and has a wife and chUdren.
George Evans Brewer is a weU known citizen. He came
to Autauga with his father, Bev. A. G. Brewer, in his youth,
being a native of Covington, Georgia, and born in 1832. He
was weU educated, and became the first superintendent of
education of Coosa in 1855. He represented Coosa in the
general assembly from 1857 to 1861 — defeating Hon. WUHam
Garrett for the senate in 1859. He led a company into the
late war, and was a captain commanding the 46th Alabama
regiment much of the time after the fall of Vicksburg. For

ELMORE COUNTY, 245
«
fifteen years he has been a minister of the gospel, and now
labors in that high vocation. And he is much esteemed by
those who know him best, as one "whose doctrine and whose
Hfe, coincident, exhibit lucid proof, that he is honest in the
sacred cause."
Birkett Davenport Fry resides in this county. He was
born in Kanawha county, Virginia, in 1822, and is descended
from Col. Joshua Fry, who figured in colonial history. His
mother was a daughter of Hon. P. B. Thompson, M. C. from
Virginia, 1801-07. His education was coUegiate, and he
attended both the Virginia Military Institute and West Point
Academy. He read law, and was licensed in 1846, but was
commissioned a Heutenant when the ten new regiments were
raised for the Mexican war. _ Assigned to the regiment of
which Jo. E. Johnston was Heutenant colonel, he served as
adjutant at Contreras and Cherubusco, and led a company at
Molino del Eey and Chapultepec, where he was mentioned as
"distinguished." In 1848 his regiment was disbanded, and
the next year he went to CaHfornia, and opened a law office
in Sacramento. Sohcited to unite in Walker's Nicaragua
scheme, he joined that officer with a body of troops, and was
the commander sent to quiet the Matagalpa Indians. He
fought at Eivas, and was soon after made general of brigade,
and assigned to the largest of the three mUitary districts.
With 200 men he made a successful defence of Grenada when
attacked by a large force, which lost 600 kUled and wounded,
while the garrison lost 17. Dispatched to California for rein
forcements, he assembled a force, but could not secure trans
portation. Lu 1859 he came to Alabama, and located at
TaUasee. When the war between the States began, he was
elected colonel of the 13th Alabama. At Seven Pines he led
his regiment, and received a wound in the hand. H e rejoined
his regiment in time for the first Maryland campaign, and
participated at Boonsboro and Sharpsburg. In the latter
battle his left arm was shattered near the shoulder. Borne
to the rear, the surgeons decided to amputate it. " What is
my chance of Hving without the operation?" "One in three
hundred." " Then I wiH take it." He rejoined his command
in time for ChancellorsvUle, where he led Archer's brigade on
the second day. At Gettysburg he commanded the brigade
after the first day, and in the grand assault by Pickett's and
Heth's divisions he was struck in the shoulder and shot
through the thigh, and captured. Confined at Johnson's
Island, he was exchanged in 1864. Ordered to take command
of a Virginia brigade, he led it in the battle near Drewry's,
capturing.Gen. Heckman and much of his brigade. Joining the
main army, Gen. A. P. HUl placed him in command of the

246 ESCAMBIA COUNTY.
brigades of Archer and Walker. He commanded these at the
second Cold Harbor. His promotion came just after, it hav
ing been previously urged by Generals J. E. Johnston, T. J.
Jackson, A. P. HiU, and others, and probably prevented by
his capture. Soon after, he was ordered to the defence of
Augusta, Georgia, one of the most important points in the
Confederacy, Gen, Bragg writing to the mayor that Gen. Fry
had been speciaUy selected for that responsible command "as
" a man of gunpowder reputation, and bearing on his person
"the marks of honorable service." He took charge in Sept.
1864, added new defences, and estabhshed such a rigorous
police that within three months 1500 men had been sent to
their commands. When Gen. Sherman was on his march to
Savannah, Gen. Fry had 6000 men' in garrison to resist him ;
but the invader passed twenty mUes to the right. Augusta
was the only city in the Confederacy not captured by the
federal troops, for Gen. Johnston, having ordered Gen. Fry
to communicate with the nearest force, an officer was sent
thither to receive the public stores. At the close of the
struggle he went to Cuba, but returned to this county in 1868.
His mUitary record is the best comment on his character for
courage and fortitude. It may be added that he is energetic,
kind, and imbued with pubhc spirit.

CHAPTEE XXXVI.
THE COUNTY OF ESCAMBIA.

Escambia was estabhshed by an act approved Dec. 10, 1868,
and its territory was taken from Conecuh and Baldwin. It
was named for the clear and broad river which is formed
within its limits, which was christened by the Spaniards two
centuries ago. It is bounded north by Monroe and Conecuh,
west by Covington, south by the State of Florida, and west
by Baldwin.
Its area is about 960 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $138,699 ;
personal property $129,923 ; total $268,622.
The population in 1870 was 3047 whites, and 951 blacks.
Forty-three of the 98 Indians in the State Hve in Escambia.

ETOWA COUNTY. 247
The surface is generally flat, and covered with pine forests.
The soU is Hght with exceptions in the lowlands. The farm
lands in 1870 — 7783 acres improved, and 49,222 acres unim
proved — were valued at $37,000. The live stock — 483 horses
and mules, 8785 neat cattle, 3582 sheep, and 4878 hogs — were
valued at $147,226. The productions in 1869 were valued at
$146,195, and consisted of 30,390 bushels of corn, 2665 pounds
of rice, 31,695 bushels of potatoes, 605 bales of cotton, 9965
pounds of wool ; and the value of animals slaughtered was
$26,546, Though the least agricultural of all the counties, Escambia
may point to its splendid pine forests as a source of wealth
which is even now yielding a considerable revenue. This is
cut and floated down to the coast as "square timber" and
always finds a ready market.
Forty-one mUes of the MobUe & Montgomery EaUroad lie
in the county, and two or three mUes of the Pensacola raU
road. The Escambia, Conecuh, and Sepulga rivers all water
its territory, but are not navigated by steamers.
PoUard, the seat of justice, is a vUlage of about 300 inhabit
ants. It was the headquarters and depot of the confederate
troops who watched the enemy at Pensacola during the late
war. In January 1865 a conflict took place here, between a
body of federal raiders and a handful of reserves, under Gen.
Clanton, in which several were kUled, and the raiders driven
off. Ln March foUowing, Gen.- Steele's army, on its way to
Blakeley burned the pubhc property and raUway at the place.
Escambia has not been allowed separate representation iu
the- general assembly.

CHAPTEB XXXVII.
THE COUNTY OF ETOWA, OR BAINE.
This county was formed out of fragments of Cherokee, De
Kalb MarshaU, Blount, St. Clair, and Calhoun, by an act
approved Dec. 7, 1866, and caUed "Baine" to honor Gen. D.
W. Baine of Lowndes. It was abolished by the convention
that framed the present constitution of the State, but re-
estabHshed under its present name by an act approved Dec.
1, 1868.

248 ETOWA COUNTY.
It is iii, the northeast quarter of the State, and lies south of
DeKalb and MarshaU, west of Cherokee, north of Calhoun
and St. Clair, and east of Blount, St. Clair, and MarshaU.
The assessed wealth of the county in 1870 was $991,797, as
foUows : real estate $875,064, personal property $116,733.
The population in 1870 was 8401 whites, and 1708 blacks, ,
The surface is rugged and mountainous, but the vaUeys are
fertUe, and very productive.
The farm lands — 37,277 acres improved, and 124,545 unim
proved — are valued at $750,420.
The live stock — 923 horses, 479 mules, 4723 neat cattle,
4950 sheep, and 8649 hogs— are valued at $249,043.
The productions in 1869 were 181,034 bushels of corn, 9300
bushels of oats, 19,066 bushels of potatoes, 58,057 pounds of
butter, 13,545 gaUons of sorghum, 1383 bales of cotton, 4441
pounds of tobacco, and 13,791 pounds of wool ; the value of
animals slaughtered was $59,934 ; and $543,142 was the value
of farm productions.
The minerals are chiefly iron and coal, but they are not ex
ported, and thefr extent, though known to be vast, is unde
veloped; The mountains bristle with timber of large growth,
and much lumber is exported.
The Coosa flows through the county, and is navigable to
steamers of Hght draught at aU seasons. Twenty-three mUes
of the Alabama & Chattanooga EaUroad, and seven nines of
the East Alabama & Cincinnati Eailroad lie in the county.
Gadsden, the seat of justice, has a population of over 1500
souls. It was-settled in 1845, and named to honor Mr. James
Gadsden of South Carohna, minister to Mexico at one time.
It has seven steam lumber nulls, and is a growing town.
AtaUa has about 300 inhabitants, and is on the raUroad.
The scenery of this county is as wUd as that " on the bold
cliffs of Benvenue." The view from the highths above Gads
den vies in artistic effect with any east of the Mississippi.
The fall of Black creek is a romantic spot. The water is
precipitated abruptly over a precipice ninety feet in highth.
The sheet of mist and spray which thus reaches the channel
below curtains a lofty and. spacious cavern, in the form of an
amphitheatre, more ample in its proportions than any human
habitation, and with waUs of granite on three sides.
"So wondrous wild, the whole might seem
The scenery of a fairy dream."
Of course a legend of Indian lovers, with the usual tragic fate,
attaches to this locahty.
But Black creek is also famed for an incident which lends
interest to the annals of the county. One clear May morning,
1863, about noon, the peaceful inhabitants of the vicinity were

ETOWA COUNTY. 249
startled by the gaUoping of horses, the rattling of sabres, and
the hurried glances and excited shouts of armed men. The
road in the direction of BlountsvUle was thronged with them,
and in the distance, coming nearer and becoming clearer,
the crack of the rifle was soon heard. Amazed but curious,
the good people flocked to the roadside where passed the dusty
and confused columns of the dreaded yankees ! They stopped
only long enough to seize the horses of the citizens, and the
hindmost passed hurriedly over the bridge. This they fired,
and held the wooded highth beyond to guard the pass while
the timbers blazed. A second cavalcade foUowed the first,
but the deep and rapid stream, with sheer and high banks,
stopped them. Thefr leader, stalwart, and begrimmed with
dust, asked a group of females if there was not a ford near
that could be crossed. There was. He then asked if there
was a man about who could guide him to it. " There is not,
but I can," and a cloud passed from the stern features of the
hero as he glanced at the Hthe form of a maiden at his stirrup,
whose firm tone and steady eye bespoke uncommon resolution.
A lady's saddle was on the piazza, and he ordered one of his
men to dismount and make the change. " There is no time to
be lost; I can ride behind you"; and she ascended a block, and
sprang to " the croupe." "Why, Emma, are you going with
strangers?" "Mother, I'm not afraid to trust myseH with a Con
federate officer," and she pointed the way. The grey avengers
were at thefr heels. Nearly a mUe above the bridge was the
ford, but it, too, was guarded. A voUey of musketry whistled
over them, for they were in the advance. Dismounting, they
walked to the bank of the creek, the leaden hail stUl dropping
around them. " Gen. Forrest, let me walk in front ; as I am
" a lady they wiU not shoot at me." " Excuse me, miss ;
" whUe I am wUling to accept a lady for a guide, I wUl not
" consent to accept one for a breastwork," was the gallant
reply. , Leaving his fair guide at the roots of a faUen tree, the
hero descended the ravine to reconnoiter the ford, crawling on
his hands and knees. Looking behind, he found her at his
back, and chided her. " I feared they would wound you, and
"wished to be near." The spot examined, they returned as
they came. A storm of bullets greeted their reappearance on
the level. " They have only wounded my dress," she said, as
she met his anxious glance. Then, facing the enemy, she
waved her sun-bonnet defiantly 'round her head. Cheer after
cheer came from the foe, who ceased firing at once. Ee-
mounting, the two came back, and the heroine was received
with enthusiastic huzzas by the troops, whUe the heartiest
thanks came from the sun-bronzed leader. The ford was soon
passed, and Forrest was again on the track of Streight and
his uhlans.

250 ETOWA COUNTY.
Near Turkeytown, in this county, stood the Cherokee town
of that name. Here was ratified, Oct. 4, 1816, the treaty by
which the Cherokees relinquished their doubtful title to all
the lands south of the Tennessee, north of a line running from
Ten Islands on the Coosa to Flat Eock on the Big Bear, east
of Big Bear, and west qf a line nearly corresponding with
the western boundary of MarshaU county. This important
treaty threw open to the whites the region embraced within
the present counties of Lawrence, Morgan, and parts of
Blount, Colbert, Frankhn and Winston, to which the Chicasas
relinquished thefr title two weeks before. Gen. Jackson of
Tennessee, and Gen. Merriwether of Georgia were the federal
commissioners. The mountains of northeast Alabama not only contributed
a Pelham to the cause of Southern independence, but the
heroine of the incident related above. The name of Emma
Sansom wiU linger in history when that of many in this volume
wiU have faded even from tradition. Her parents, Micajah
Sansom and Levina Vance, came from Georgia to what is now
Etowa county in 1836 or '7. The father died shortly before
the war, leaving his large f amUy in comfortable cfrcumstances.
Emma was born at Social Circle, Walton county, Georgia, in
August 1846, and received that physical, mental, and moral
training, which tend so much to the formation of a sturdy and
resolute character. At the time of Streight's raid, she was in
deep sympathy with the Confederate cause, for her brothers
fought in the ranks of its veterans. That morning, she had
just returned from Gadsden to her home, about two mUes
west of the town. The horse she rode had hardly been
stripped of the saddle when the advance of Streight's com
mand, came up and seized him. Her mother, however, assisted
by Miss Emma, was holding on to the beast, amid a torrent of
threats, when a federal officer ordered his men to release him.
The war-worn pageant passed her home, Forrest reached the
spot, and then occurred the daring achievement recorded in
this chapter. At its meeting in November, the general assem
bly of the State donated a section of the pubhc lands and
a gold medal in consideration of her pubhc services. The
preamble of the resolutions declares that "A nation's history is
" not complete which does not record the names and deeds of
" its heroines with those of its heroes, aud revolutions some-
" times throw the two in such close proximity that the history
" of the manly bearing of the one is imperfect unless coupled
" with the more dehcate, yet no less brilHant, achievement of
" the other, and such must ever be the history of the most
" gaUant and successful victory of the intrepid Forrest, unless
" embellished with the name and heroic acts of Emma San-

ETOWA COUNTY. 251
" som."* Hon. T. B. Cooper of Cherokee was commissioned
to deHver a certified copy of the joint resolution to the heroine.
This was the occasion of quite a concourse at Turkeytown,
Hon. B. T. Pope of St. Clair responding for Miss Sansom.
The lands were surveyed and a portion sold for Confederate
scrip, wliich soon lost aU value, whUe the adverse issue of the
struggle caused the loss of the medal and the other portion
of the lands. Shortly after the war, she married Mr. C. B.
Johnson, and they now reside at Cross Plains, in Calhoun.
Prominent among the citizens of this county is William
Buckingham Martin. He was born in Blount county, Ten
nessee, in 1807, and is the son of an elder brother of the late
Gov. Martin of Tuskaloosa. His education was good, but
not coUegiate, and he prepared himsefr for a professional
career at the bar. After practicing a short time, he came to
this State, and opened an office in Jacksonville in 1834.
Three years later he entered public Hfe as a member of the
general assembly from Calhoun, where he acquired at once a
leading position. In 1839 he was elected soHcitor, and held
the office about two years. He was one of the four able
members sent by Calhoun to the legislature of 1842, and was
re-elected. In 1847 he was chosen to the State senate. In
1853 he was again elected to the senate, and was selected to
preside over that body. He again represented Calhoun in
the lower house in 1866, and was chairman of the judiciary
committee. Since that time he has not taken official part in
pubhc affafrs. He came to this county in 1866, and has prac
ticed law in Gadsden.
Mr. Martin is possessed of popular manners, and highly
sociable quahties. Nature has done much for him, and,
thfrty years ago, no man of his age in Alabama had brighter
prospects of a distinguished career; but, conscious of his
superiority, the hare, Genius, slept, whUe plodding Medioc
rity — the tortoise of the fable — won the race. It is related
that a Huntsrille editor sent an account to him: "W. B.
Martin, debtor, to PhiHp Woodson, for six years subscription
(@ $2) $12. Please remit." The reply was sent, " Stop my
paper." In answer the rule was quoted that no paper would
be stopped tiU arrearages were paid. Mr. Martin wrote
promptly: "Put me down as a subscriber for Hfe." The
paper was continued. Mr. Martin married Miss Montgomery
of Tennessee, and Capt. James B. Martin, lately of Talladega,
who died in Texas in 1870, was his son.
John P. Balls is a citizen of this county. Born in Greens
boro, Georgia, he passed the earlier portion of his Hfe there.
*Pamphlet Acts of the General Assembly of 1863, page 213.

252 FAYETTE COUNTY.
He became a physician, and in 1850 came to this State, and
settled iu Cherokee county. His first pubhc service was as a
member of the constitutional convention of 1861 from Chero
kee. A year later he was elected to the first congress of the
Confederate States, defeating that hitherto invincible poH
tician, Hon. W. E. W. Cobb of Jackson. He served out the
two years, and was then beaten by Mr. Cobb for the place.
He has not since been in public position, and now resides in
Gadsden. Dr, EaUs is deservedly esteemed for many excel
lent traits of manhood, and is a useful and intelligent citizen.
The county has not been aUowed separate representation in
the general assembly.

CHAPTEE XXXVIII.
THE COUNTY OF FAYETTE.

Fayette was estabhshed by an act approved Dec. 20, 1824,
and its territory was taken from Tuskaloosa and Marion.
The western part has since been set apart to Sanford. It
lies south of Marion, west of Walker, north of Tuskaloosa,
and east of Sanford. It was named to honor the marquis de
la Fayette, who was at that time in the United States, and
whose fame is world-wide.
Its area is nearly 700 square mUes.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $629,417 ; as
foUows : real estate, $441,235 ; personalty, $188,182.
The following exhibits the population decenniaUy :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  3035 5961 845111,145 6059
Blacks  1  512 981 1230 1,705 1077
The surface of the country in Fayette is broken, and the
lands are generally too light for careless agricultural opera
tions ; but there are productive vaUeys that maintain a thrifty
population. The farm lands — 40,897 acres improved, and 221,489 acres
unimproved — are valued at $325,385.
The Hve stock — 1450 horses, 423 mules, 6741 neat cattle,
6354 sheep, and 10,983 hogs— are valued at $313,271.

FAYETTE COUNTY. 253
The productions in 1869 were 14,266 bushels of wheat,
201,228 bushels of corn, 13,283 bushels of oats, 29,659 bush
els of potatoes, 6435 gaUons of sorghum, 97,350 pounds of
butter, 1909 bales of cotton, 3254 pounds of tobacco, and
13,194 pounds of wool ; the value of animals slaughtered was
$62,159 ; and the value of farm products was $498,094.
The county is dotted with lumber and flouring mUls, and
timber is abundant.
The real wealth of Fayette consists in the boundless coal •
measures and iron ore that He within its Hmits, so far unmo
lested. Acres of coal are entirely naked. The bed of Dry
Creek is a mass of unknown thickness. About the year 1858
a drift of logs in the channel of this Creek was set on fire and
the coal caught from it. It burned for several weeks, causing
uneasiness in the vicinity, and when extinguished by the rain
that made the creek to flow, a huge cavity had been created.
Fayette has no commercial faculties, but the Columbus
(Miss.) and Decatur EaUroad has been surveyed by way of
Fayette Courthouse, and wiH contribute wonderfully to the
development of this region, so bounteously endowed by the
hand of the Creator.
Fayette Courthouse (often caUed FayettevUle) is the seat
of justice, and has a population of about 250.
Of the several prominent citizens of this county Elliott
Priest Jones may be mentioned. He is a native of Lawrence
county, and was born in the year 1819. His mother was a
Miss WaUace ; his father was a farmer who came from Ken
tucky the year before, and Hved in Lawrence. He came with
his parents to Fayette in 1837. Having received a good edu
cation, he taught school three years, then read law in Moulton
under the eye of Messrs. D. G. Ligon and Leroy P. Walker.
EnroUed as an attorney in 1844, he opened an office in Fay
ettevUle. Ln 1848-50 he was judge of the county court, and
from 1850 to 1860 he represented Marion and Fayette in the
senate, with modesty, but with usefulness and efficiency. He
was a member of the constitutional conventions of 1861 and
1865, and in the latter year was again chosen to the State
senate. He went out of office when the reconstruction acts
were passed in 1868, and the same year Was on the, Seymour
electoral ticket. He now practices law, and ranks weU in the
profession. Judge Jones is held in deserved esteem for his
honorable character, solid mental attributes, and public
spirit. The foUowing is a Hst of members of the general assem
bly from Fayette :

254

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Senators.

1825— Jesse Van Hoose.
1827 — James Moore.
3829— Rufus K. Anderson.
1831 — Rufus K. Anderson,
1834 — Henry Burrough.
1837— Burr W. Wilson.
1840— Burr W. Wilson.
1843— Elijah Marchbanks.

1847 — Daniel Coggin.
1851— Elliott P. Jones.
1853— Elliott P. Jones.
1857— Elliott P. Jones.
1861 — A. J. Coleman.
1865— Elliott P. Jones.
[No election in 1867, or since.]

Representatives.

1828— Samuel J. Parker. 1844-
1829— John Shipp. 1845-
1830— James K. McCollum. 1847-
1 83 1 —James K . McCollum. 1849-
1832— Caswell C. Thompson. 1851-
1833— William S. Taylor.
1834— W. S. Taylor, C. C.Thompson. 1853-
1835— W. S. Taylor, Burr W. Wilson.
1836— W. S. Taylor, C. Boyd. 1855-
1837 — William S. Taylor, Lawrence
Brasher. ' 1857-
3838— W. S. Taylor, R. J. Morrow. 1859-
1839— W. S.Taylor, Wilson Cobb. 1861-
1840— Wilson Cobb, E. Marchbanks. 1863-
S841— W. S. Taylor, E. Marchbanks. 1865-
1842— James M. Morris, E. March- 1866-
banks. 1867-
1843— J. M. Morris, Allen Harris. 1870-

-Alvis Davis, Wm. W. Bell.
-Alvis Davis, Elzer Williams.
-Alvis Davis, J. R. Kirkland.
-A. J. Coleman, J. K. McCollum
-A. J. Coleman, Jas. K. McCol
lum.
-E. W. Lawrence, A. M. Rey
nolds.
-J. C. Kirkland, T. P. McCon
neU.
-A. J. Coleman, James Brock.
-A. J. Coleman, James Seay.
-James Middleton, A. Cobb.
-J. Seay, Alexander Cobb.
-Thomas Malloy, A. Cobb.
-E. W. Lawrence (vice A. Cobb)
-[No election.]
-W. H. Kennedy.

CHAPTEE XXXIX.

THE COUNTY OF FRANKLIN.

Franklin was estabhshed at the first session of the territo
rial legislature, Feb. 4, 1818. The boundaries then laid down
remained unaltered till 1832, when the Chicasas, having ceded
their remaining territory in the State, embracing aU the pres
ent part of this and Colbert counties west of Cauey creek,
and of a line diverging gradually southwest from the head of
that stream, (passing about a mUe west of Frankfort,) it was
annexed to Franklin, malting it nearly twice its original size.
This was the area of the county tUl the northern half was set
apart to form Colbert.
It Hes in the northwestern part of the State, and is bounded
north by Colbert, south by Marion, east by Lauderdale, and
west by the State of Mississippi.

FRANKLIN COUNTY. 255
It was named to honor the memory of Franklin,* the phi
losopher. The area of tlie county is about 610 square mUes.
The assessed wealth in 1870 was $793,939 : real estate
$637,661, and personal property $156,278.
The population decenniaUy has been as foUows :
1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870
Whites  3308 6069 8236 11,398 10,119 6693
Blacks  1680 6009 6034 8,212 8,508.1313
The surface of the country is rugged with ridges, intersected
by pleasant vaUeys. The county is not so weU adapted to
agriculture as other sections of the State, the fertile parts
lying in smaU tracts, and the Hght soU greatly predominating ;
but a large population of smaU farmers can be readUy main
tained. The farm lands — 41,036 acres improved, and 169,902 acres
unimproved — are valued at $488,993.
The Hve stock — 1382 horses, 499 mules, 5542 neat cattle,
3705 sheep, and 8608 swine— are valued at $309,542.
, Ln 1869 the productions were 9070 bushels of wheat,
264,136 bushels of corn, 15,074 bushels of potatoes, 5869 gal
lons of sorghum, 31,061 pounds of butter, 2072 bales of cot
ton, 6656 pounds of tobacco, and 6142 pounds of wool ; the
value of animals slaughtered was $79,448 ; and the value of
farm productions was $539,049.
The waters of Big Bear creek irrigate the county, but there
is no navigable stream , and no raUways as yet, though the
one projected from Tuskaloosa to Tuscumbia would pass cen-
traUy through it.
L:on ore is abundant, and there was a furnace near EusseU-
viUe at one time.
Frankfort, the seat of justice, is 217 mUes northwest of
Montgomery, and has 162 inhabitants.
EussellvUle, where the courthouse stood tUl 1849, has 180
inhabitants. It was named for Major EusseU, an early settler.
The historic part of Franklin was cut off by the act which
estabhshed Colbert. And many of those who iUustrated the
inteUectual superiority of this region are the common prop
erty of the two counties.
Bichard Ellis came to Franklin about 1818. He was of
* Benjamin Fbanexin was born in Boston, Mass., in 1706, and died in
Philadelphia in 1790. He Was a printer by trade, and became famous for his
discoveries in physical science. He was a signer of the colonial decree of
independence, embassador to France, and a member of the convention that
framed the constitution of the United States. A traveler has said that the
two American names most familiar to Europeans are those of Washington
and Franklin.

256 FRANKLIN COUNTY.
a respectable Virginia famUy, was plainly educated, and first
located in HuntsvUle about the year 1817. He was a lawyer,
of respectable talents. He represented Franklin in the con
stitutional convention of 1819. At. the organization of the
cfrcuit courts, he was elected, over Messrs. John McKinley
and Beverly Hughes to a judgeship, which he held for six
years. His time expfred in 1825, and he soon after went to
the Southwest. He was an actor in the incipient events of
the Texas rebeUion, and presided over the congress which
adopted the declaration of independence in 1835. His death
occurred a Httle later. Judge EUis was a " fine-looking " man,
dignified and courteous. He was not an able judge, and it is
said that he told Mr. McClung, who had occasion to quote
Chitty in some case, that " Joseph Chitty was a very clever
man, but he didn't know much law." He married a Miss
Dandridge of Virginia, sister of Mrs. Gen. Garth.
Benjamin Eeynolds came to the county in the year 1830,
when he was appointed agent for the Chicasas. He was born
in Fayette county, Kentucky, in 1788, and settled in Maury
county, Tennessee, in 1807. He was a captain in the 39th
regiment, and was wounded at Topeka. After serving in both
branches of the Tennessee legislature, he came to this county,
which he thrice served in the house of representatives. He
was an elector for president in 1840, and died in 1843, leaving
raany relatives in the county, and a character for hospitahty
and generosity.
Benjamin Hudson came to this county as early as 1820 or
'21. He was a native of middle Tennessee, and a planter.
He was one of the first sheriffs of Franklin, and represented
the county in the legislature as early as 1828. He served five
years in the lower and twelve years in the upper house of the
• general assembly before 1847. He had cancer, and died
somewhere in Kentucky, while seeking medical advice, in
1858 or '9. He was an honest, pious, industrious, and ener
getic man, and as a public servant very watchful of the gen
eral economy and welfare of the State. He left a character
for integrity and usefulness that wiH not soon be forgotten in
the county.
John A. Nooe, the first graduate of our State University,
was a resident of this county, and the son of Mr. John B,
Nooe, a planter, and an early settler here. After reading law
under Judge Barry of Tennessee, he practiced, first at Bus-
sellvUle, then at Tuscumbia. In 1835 he represented the
county in the legislature, and was subsequently judge of the
county court and district soHcitor. In 1845 he made an un-

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

257

successful canvass for congress against Gen. Houston of Lime
stone. In 1855 he removed to Memphis, Tennessee, where he
died ten years after, aged about 55 years. He possessed an
exceUent moral character, a cultivated mind, agreeable man
ners, and considerable talents.
Eichard EUis and WUliam Metcalf represented Franklin in
the constitutional convention of 1819 ; John A. Steele and
E. S. Watkins in that of 1861 ; and C. C. Tompkins and J.
Burns Moore in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of members of the general assembly:
Senators.

1819— William Metcalf.
1S21— William Lucas.
1822— William Metcalf.
1825 — Theophilus Skinner.
1828— Theophilus Skinner.
1829— Quin Morton.
1832— Quin Morton.
1835— Benjamin Hudson.
1838— Benjamin Hudson.
1841 — Benjamin Hudson.

1844 — Benjamin Hudson.
1847— B. R Garland.
1851— Richard H. Ricks.
1853— Henry C. Jones.
1857— Robert B. Lindsay.
1859— William M. Jackson.
1861 — William M. Jackson.
1865 — Robert B. Lindsay.
[No election in 1867 or sinne ]

Representatives.

1819—' 1820-1821- 1822- 1823-
1824- 1825-
1826-
1827-1828- 1829-1830-1831- 1832-
1833-1834-1835-
1836-1837-1838-1839-

Temple Sargeant, Ant'ny Win
ston.
Temple Sargeant, John Duke.
Wm. W. Parham, Theophilus
Skinner.
•Anthony Winston, Theophilus
Skinner.
-Temple Sargeant, Theophilus
Skinner.
Wm. W. Parham, Theophilus
Skinner.
Peter Martin, James Davis.
¦Wm. W. Parham, Jas. Davis.
¦Temple Sargeant, John L,
McRae.
-John M. Lewis, Benj. Hudson.
Rob't C. Horton, Benj. Hudson.
¦Rob't O. Horton, Benj. Hudson.
•Wm, Winter Payne, John L.
McRae
Benj. Hudson, 
¦Benj. Hudson, John L. McRae.
T. Sargeant. Gregory D. Stone
¦John A. Nooe, Theophilus
Skinner.
¦Robert A. Baker, Theophilus
Skinner Baker, Theophilus

-Robert A.
Skinner.
-Robert A.
Cook.
-Robert A.
nolds, J.
17

Baker, Joseph T.
Baker, Benj, Rey-
T. Richardson.

1840 — Robert A. Baiceb, Benj. Rey
nolds, Elijah McCnllough.
1841 — Felix G. Norman, Benj. Rey
nolds, B. R. Garland.
1842— Felix G. Norman, John Riche-
son, B. R. Garland.
1843— Felix G. Norman, Henry C.
Jones, Lemuel Cook.
1844— Felix G. Norman, Henry C.
Jones, F. C. Vincent.
1845— Felix G. Norman, Wesley M.
Smith, B. R. Garland.
1847— Felix G. Norman, John Riche-
son, Richard H. Ricks.
1849— R. S. Watkins, Thos. Thorn,
Samuel Corsbie.
1851— R. S. Watkins, Wesley M.
Smith, Wm. H. Petty.
1853— R. S. Watkins, Rob't B. Lind
say, Charles A. Carroll.
1855-^L. B.' Thornton, Wesley M.
Smith, Thomas Thorn.
1857— Wm. M. Jackson, Robt E. Bell
1859— Wm. C. Oates, W. P. Jack.
1861—0, O. Nelson, Adolphus A.
Hughes.
1862— [Sam'l K. Hughes, vice A. A.
Hughes, deceased.]
1863— A. Orr, A. W. Ligon.
1865 — F. LeBaron Goodwin, Thomas
Thorn.
1867— [No election.]
1870— J. A Steele, W.W.Weatherford

CHAPTEE XL.
THE COUNTY OF GENEVA.
Geneva was estabhshed by an act dated Dec. 26, 1868, and
its territory was taken from Coffee, Dale, and Henry.
It lies in the southeastern part of the State, and is bounded
on the north by Dale and Coffee, east by Henry, west by Cov
ington, and south by the State of Florida. Its length is 48
miles, and breadth 13 mUes.
It was named for the town which is its capital.
Its area is 624 square mUes.
The assessed value of property is $202,933, viz : real estate
$140,732 ; personalty $62,201.
The population in 1870 was 2732 whites, and 227 blacks.
The surface is flat; the soU sandy, except the creek and
river lands, which yield wen.
The farm lands — 12,758 acres improved, and 81,899 acres
unimproved — are valued at $125,304.
The Hve stock— 474 horses and mules, 7173 neat cattle,
4222 sheep, 8874 hogs— are valued at $148,288.
In 1869 the productions were valued at $261,548, and in
cluded 53,6.42 bushels of com, 4990 bushels of oats, 40,657
pounds of rice, 22,533 bushels of potatoes, 10,548 gaUons of
molasses, 420 bales of cotton, 6094 pounds of tobacco, and
9001 pounds of wool; the value of animals slaughtered is
$48,912 ; and the value of all farm products was $261,548.
There are pine forests of great extent in the county, and
lumber is exported in considerable quantities.
There are no railways, but the Choctahatchee river is navi
gable by steamer to Geneva. The Choctahatchee and Pea
rivers flow through the county.
Geneva, the seat of justice, is given a population of 126
souls by the federal census of 1870.
Geneva has no momentous history, and as yet is not sep
arately represented hi the legislature.

CHAPTEE XLI.
THE COUNTY OF GREENE.
Greene was. estabhshed by an act approved Dec. 13, 1819,
and retained the limits then, prescribed till mutilated by the
organization of Hale in 1866. At that time, however, the
portion of Pickens south of the Sipsee was added.
The territory was taken from Marengo and Tuskaloosa.
It Hes in the western part of the State, west of Hale, south
of Pickens, and east and north of Sumter.
The name perpetuates the memory of Gen. Greene, the
colonial hero*
Its area is about 650 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate is $2,763,462 ; personal
property $850,734; total $3,614,226.
The population decenniaUy is thus exhibited — the aUot-
ment of two-fifths of the county to Hale making a material
reduction in the figures : 1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870
Whites  2861 7585^7,556 9,265 7.251 3,858
Blacks....,  1693 7441 16,468 22,176 23,608 14,541
The lands are rolling or level, making an agreeable diversity
of ridge and plain. There are Hght lands in the northern
part, but the prairies and bottoms of " the fork " are richly
aUuvial and fertile. Prior to the partition of the county,
Greene was the rival of DaUas and Montgomery in the pro
duction of corn and cotton, and as late as 1845 was the fore
most agricultural county in the State.
The farm lands — 127,856 acres improved, and 109,650
unimproved — have a cash value of $1,560,652.
The Hve stock — 1077 horses, 2101 mules, 5604 neat cattle,
2576 sheep, 6674 hogs— are valued at $498,944.
The productions in 1869 were 207,782 bushels of corn, 2038
bushels of oats, 1265 bushels of wheat, 22,943 bushels of
* Nathaniel Gkeene was bom in Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1740, and
was a blacksmith. At the age of 21 years he was a member of the Rhode
Island legislature, and was made a major general by the colonial congress at
the beginning of the war of 1776. He fought at Princeton, Trenton, Ger-
mantown, Brandywine, and Monmouth ; led the colonial forces at Guilford
and Eutaw Springs, and retook Charleston. He removed to Camden county,
Georgia, and died at Savannah in 1786.

260 GREENE COUNTY.
potatoes, 81,187 pounds of butter, 9910 bales of cotton, 2498
pounds of wool ; the animals slaughtered were worth $54,772 ;
and the value of farm productions was $1,154,762.
Nature has done much for the county hi providing it with
channels of trade, and man has lent a helping hand. The
Tombikbee is the western and southern boundary line, and
the Tuskaloosa is the eastern; and both are navigable for
steamers of Hght draught the major portion of the year. The
Alabama and Chattanooga raUroad belts the county, giving it
twenty miles of raUway. The Memphis and Selma raUroad
is surveyed across the county from east to north.
Eutaw, the seat of justice, claims a population of 1500
souls. It was first caUed. Mesopotamia, but afterwards appro
priately named for the spirited fight between the colonial
forces under Greene and the British at Eutaw Springs* in
1781. The courthouse was at Erie tiU 1839. Erie stood on the
east bank of the Tuskaloosa, and is now entirely deserted.
Clinton and Pleasant Eidge are attractive viHages.
Near Pleasant Eidge-, on the line of Pickens and Greene,
one of the last fights of the war occurred. The federal gen
eral, Croxton, having destroyed the pubhc buUdings in Tus
kaloosa a day or two before, moved out towards Columbus,
Mississippi. WhUe making these feints, he was met by the
brigade of Gen. Wirt Adams, near Pleasant Eidge, April 6,
1865, and a spirited encounter took place. The first charge
of the Confederates drove back the invaders in confusion, and
about one hundred were captured, wounded, or kUled. They
made a stand, however, and checked thefr foe with some loss.
Night came on, and the federal rear-guard did not draw rein
tUl midnight, when they overtook the main body far on the
road to Tuskaloosa. The federals numbered about 1450 men ;
the Confederates but Httle less.
Greene was among the earliest settled parts of west Ala
bama. Population began to flock into it as early as 1817-18 —
a population noted for its 'inteUigence, and which produced
some of the leading men of the State. Of these —
Patrick May came from Anson county, North Carolina, and
and Hved for some years in Clarke. He fought at Burnt Corn,
and bore off on his back the bleeding form of the late Hon.
G. W. Creagh. He was among the first settlers of this county,
was a general of mihtia, and was the first senator chosen after
* Eutaw is the name of a subterranean creek in Charleston district, South
Carolina, which discloses itself in two or three places in small basins or
springs. At the head of these, two miles from the Santee, the British were
encamped when assailed by the patriots.

GREENE COUNTY. 261
it was estabhshed. He was long identified with the planting
interests of Greene, died here in 1868, aged 78 years, and his
descendants and relatives are numerous and respectat'able in
this and adjoining counties.
Solomon McAlplne came to this county in its early settle
ment, when quite a young man. He was a native of Georgia,
.and born in the year 1800. He read law here, and was a very
successful practitioner. at Erie for many years. Devoting his
energies then to planting, he amassed a large property. From
1837 to 1847 he represented the county in one branch or the
other of the legislature. His death occurred at MobUe in
January 1861, but his remains are interred at Eutaw. " His
" character was pure, and very attractive for its genuine no-
"bUity, simpHcity, and force. His talents were not briUiant
" or showy, but practical and solid. He was a man of admira-
"ble common sense, possessed a thorough knowledge of men
"and the world, and was a splendid business man. * * He
"was scrupulously honest, a sincere christian, and a truly good
" and wise man."* His descendants are among the most wor
thy people of this county.
Henry Minor, the first reporter of the supreme court of the
State, resided in this county. He was born in Spottsylvania
county, Virginia, about the year 1786, and was a nephew of
Judge Minor of Fredericksburg, under whom he read law.
Ln 1816 he came to HuntsvUle, and entered the frontier forum.
He served Madison in the convention that framed the consti
tution in 1819, and the same year was chosen to the office of
reporter of the supreme court. He held the office tiU 1823,
and issued two or three volumes of reports. In 1823 he was
elected to the bench to succeed Justice Clay, and wore the
ermine for two years. He then accepted the position of clerk
of the supreme court, and held the office tiU his death. In
1826 he game to reside in Greene, but died while attending to
the discharge of his duties in Tuskaloosa, Jan. 1, 1838. Judge
Minor was smaU of stature, and of diffident demeanor. He
was a man of marked probity, and of very fair abUity. His
wife was a sister of Hon. John S. Barbour of Virginia, and
his descendants are numerous and respectable in this county
and State.
No man has reflected more credit on the annals of Greene
than William Mitchell. Murphy. He was bom in Granrille
county, N. C, in 1806, but came with his parents to this county
in 1821. His father, Judge Murphy, resided in Erie, and was
a prominent citizen. His mother was the sister of Hon. Wm.
M. Luge of Sumter. He was educated at the schools of Tus-
*Hon, Joseph W. Taylor of Eutaw.

262 GREENE COUNTY.
kaloosa and in the University of Virginia. Having read law
under Hon. Seth Barton of Tuskaloosa, he opened an office
in Erie about the year 1828. Here he was the partner at dif
ferent times of Messrs. Wm. G. Vandegraff and Wm. G. Jones,
and he arose rapidly into notoriety. In 1840 he represented
the county in the legislature ; in 1847 was the candidate of
his party for congress, but was defeated by Hon. S. W. Luge
of Sumter, after a brilHant canvass. He served the county in
the State senate in 1849-51, and in 1852 sought a home in
Austin, Texas. Circumstances, however, prevented his per
manent removal to that State, and he returned and estabhshed
himself in Selma. He died there in 1855 of apoplexy. His
wife was a daughter of Mr. Baker Hobson of this county, and
now resides in Mississippi : he left no son.
Wm. M. Murphy was the Curran of the Alabama bar. His
oratorical efforts were often labored, but his greatest achieve
ments were unrivaUed. At the opening of his best efforts he
appeared to struggle to suppress utterance, "but, in his duc-
" tile moods, the strife was short before he succumbed to the
" outburst that pervaded and possessed judges, jurors, lawyers,
"Htigants, aud aU others present, and held them for the hour
"irretrievably lost to and oblivious of aU things in Heaven
"and Earth, save the touching, thriUing, terrific, pitUess, and
"irresistible eloquence of the speU-inspiring speaker. * * *
" His maimer and delivery were abnormal, and his eloquence
"unique. Nothing Hke unto his great speeches ever preceded
"them, and I dare say that nothing like unto them wiU ever
"succeed them. They were pecuUarly and exclusively Mur-
" phian. * * As a jurist he had superiors, and many equals ;
" but as an advocate, with a case of sufficient gravity to caU
" out his fuU genius, his superior, if not his equal., is perhaps
" yet to appear among men."* His defence of the Frenchman
who kUled young Wyzer in Eutaw cannot be forgotten by
those who heard it. The Frenchman was unable to pay a fee
for the defence, and the late Bishop Portier. of MobUe remitted
a reasonable sum for the service, which Murphy returned.
The bishop laid the facts before the archbishop of Paris, who
acquainted the, French government with them. M. Guizot,
the premier, transmitted to Mr. Murphy a letter conveying the
thanks of King Louis Philippe for the humane and disinter
ested aid he had extended to a French subject. " When Mur-
" phy showed me this letter, written by Guizot, he said, ' By
" — , Whitfield, this is the largest fee I ever received.' "t
Another emhient citizen of this county was Harry Innes
Thornton. He was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1797,
and was the son of a gentleman descended from one of the
"Hon. Newton L. Whitfield of Tuskaloosa. tlbid.

GREENE COUNTY. 263
original colonists. He went to Kentucky when young, and,
having received a thorough education, read law with Judge
Harry Lines, his mother's father. He practiced law a short
time in Frankfort, but came to this State in 1823, and estab
hshed himself in Huntsville. President J. Q. Adams ap
pointed him federal district attorney, and he probably held
the ofiice during that administration. In 1833 he was elected
to the supreme court bench of the State, to succeed Justice
Taylor of Madison, defeating Judge CoUier of Tuskaloosa.
In 1836 he resigned the distinguished position, and removed
to MobUe, where he formed a law partnership with Hon.
George N. Stewart. Three years later he came to this county,
having previously purchased lands here. The next year he
was chosen to the State senate, and served the county in that
body for three years. He continued in active practice in
Eutaw tiU 1849, when he was appointed commissioner of
lands in CaHfornia — a very lucrative office. He subsequently
engaged in a very extensive practice in San Francisco, and
died there in 1§62.
The open and inteUectual countenance of Judge Thornton
was a just index of his character. "His talents were confess-'
" edly of the highest order, weU disciplined, and equal to any
"occasion. As a speaker, he was justly distinguished for
"clear, argumentative, and even splendid eloquence, if the
" finest displays of language, passion, and judgment may be
" said to amount to such. His. deportment was courteous and
" engaging ; his disposition free from severity, and his whole
"life an unbroken series of upright acts."* Had he not
belonged to the minority party in the State he would doubtless
have figured on more ample theatres of pubhc action. He
married a sister of Hon. John J. Crittenden of Kentucky.
One of his sons came to his native State during the late war,
and became the gaUant major of the 58th Alabama regiment,
commanding it at Jonesboro.
James Tnnes Thornton, brother of foregoing, now resides
in this county. He was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in
1801, and came to this State in 1821. Locating in HuntsvUle,
he was the law partner there of Hon. H. W. CoUier, and
afterwards of his brother. In 1824 he was elected secretary
of State, a position he held by successive election for ten
years, when he resigned. Eetiring to his plantation in this
county, he has since resided here in the ease affluence often
brings. He is a gentleman of the most manly traits of char
acter, and of extensive information. He has been thrice mar-
*Major Stephen D. Miller : "Heads of the Alabama Legislature at the
Session of 1842-3." The author substitutes the past for the present tense.

264 , GREENE COUNTY.
ried, the first time to a Miss Glover of Marengo ; and one of
his daughters is the wife of Capt. John McKee Gould of this
county. Eichard Freer Inge was a native and resident of this
county. His father, Dr. Eichard Luge, was a brother of Hon.
Wm. M. Inge of Sumter. His mother was a Miss Brownlow.
He was well educated, and read law in the office of John W.
Womack, esq., of Eutaw. Admitted to practice, he located
in Forkland, this county, where he, remained three years.
Bemoving to Eutaw> he was the partner successively of
Messrs. J. D. Webb and T. H. Herndon. In 1853 he repre
sented Greene in the legislature, and three years later was on
the FiUmore ticket for elector. In 1857 he was defeated in
Marengo and Greene for the State senate by Hon. A. C.
Jones. When the war between the States began he went into
the Eighteenth- Alabama as captain of a company. He was
with the regiment ?>t ShUoh, and served faithfuUy up to the
bloody day of Chicamauga, by which time he had become
Heutenant colonel. WhUe discharging his duty on the field
with conspicuous gaUantry, his knee was shattered by a minie
baU. He lingered three days, and expfred Sept. 23, 1863.
His remains were brought home and interred in Eutaw. Col.
Inge was a favorite in this county, where his genial but earnest
nature was fully appreciated. In person he was six feet, one
inch in highth, erect and spare of figure. " He had a clear
" and masculine inteUect, a bright and fervid imagination, a
"genial humor and a sparkling wit. Nature had bounteously
"endowed him."* He married a Miss Brown of this county,
and his three sons, minors, live here.
James B. Clark, who has resided in this county for a third
of a century, was bom in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, in
1796. His parents removed to Ohio territory the foUowing
year, and he grew up on a farm, with limited advantages for
mental improvement. After " clerking " three years, he re
moved to Kentucky, and there read law. Licensed as an
attorney in 1822, he came to this State the same year, and
located at the courthouse of Bibb county, where he became a
successful practioner. He represented Bibb in the legislature
in 1827-31. In the latter year he removed to Cahaba, where
he had a lucrative practice for eight years. In 1839 he came
to Eutaw, where he has since resided. Appointed chanceUor
by Gov. Fitzpatrick in 1845 to fiU the vacancy caused by Hon.
J. L. Martin's resignation, he was defeated before the legis
lature by Hon. Wyhe W. Mason of Macon. In 1851 he was
"Hon. T, H. Herndon of Mobile.

GREENE COUNTY. 265
elected to the office of chanceUor, in wliich he was continued
by re-election for twelve years, defeating Hon. Stephen F.
Hale at one time. Eesigning in 1863, he has not .since ap
peared in pubhc life. Since the recent war he has labored
in his profession in partnership with his son, Major T. C.
Clark. The prominent traits of his character are imtiring
application, punctuahty, and system in his professional and
other business engagements. As a speaker he is bold and
forcible, but not eloquent. He first married a sister of Hon.
John Erwin, and, at the age of seventy, married. Mrs. Davis
of Pickens. Capt. James D. Clark of WUcox, an officer of
the Thirteenth Alabama, kUled in Virginia, was his son.
Another son was a private in the Eleventh Alabama, and lost
his life at Frazier's Farm ; whUe a third lost a hand in battle.
Capt. George Clark, late of the Eleventh Alabama, is his son.
"Harry Percy's spur is cold.''
The services and fame of Sydenham Moore belong to
Greene, though to Madison is due the honor of his bfrth.
He was the son of Dr. Alfred Moore of Madison, a brother
of Hon. David Moore. His mother was the sister of Hon.
John Edmund Jones, who represented Sumter in the senate,
and was subsequently judge of the city court of MobUe.
Born in 1817, the son was graduated at the State University,
and read law in HuntsvUle. He was a volunteer in Capt.
Otey's company during the Cherokee troubles hi 1838, and,
a year later, opened a law office in Eutaw. In 1840 he was
elected by the general assembly judge of the county court
over Messrs. S. F. Hale and W. F. Pierce. This office he
held tiU 1846, when he resigned to lead a company of volun
teers to Mexico. Eetuming a year later, Gov. Martin ap
pointed him county court judge, and the general assembly
re-elected him. In 1850 he was defeated for the position, his
party being in a minority in the county, and resumed the
practice. He was the 'nominee of his party for congress hi
1853, and again in 1855, -but was defeated. He was appointed
judge of the circuit court in 1857. This office he held only a
few months, when he was elected to congress, defeating Judge
Smith of Tuskaloosa by 1400 majority. Ee-elected without
opposition, he left Washington with his coUe^gues when his
State seceded. A few weeks later, he entered the military
service, and was elected colonel of the Eleventh Alabama
Lufantry, a regiment composed of the noblest material. Pro
ceeding with it to Virginia, he threw his whole soul into the
cause. Though not a good disciplinarian, his troops prized
his fatherly kindness to them. In the- first general engage
ment in which the regiment participated, at Seven Pines, he
was struck in the knee by a minie ball, another shattered his

266 • GREENE COUNTY.
watch, and a third grazed his spine. He was taken from the
field, and, lay for some weeks with every prospect of recovery;
but suddenly grew worse, and expfred.
Chivalrous, impulsive, generous, candid, Col. Maore "fear
" or falsehood never knew." Earnest and tenacious of. pur
pose, he was yet courteous, obHging, and conciliatory. His
sense of honor was dehcate, his life upright, and his nature
sociable ahd genial. His figure was slender and graceful, and
his firmly-set jaw expressed undaunted resolution. He mar
ried a sister of Col. Hobson, late of this county, (who dis
tinguished himself as colonel of the 5th Alabama Lnfantry,)
and left several sons .and daughters, who are in this county,
or in the State.
Greene was the home .of Stephen Fowler Hale. He was
born in Crittenden county, Kentucky, January 31, 1816.
His father, a Baptist minister, was a South Carolinian; his
mother was a Miss Mannahan of the same State. He was grad
uated at Cumberland University. When he first came, a pro
fessor asked him what he wished to study. The gawky youth
gave a confused answer ; whereupon the professor, to make
the question plaiu, asked him what he wanted to know. The
reply came slowly : "I want to know it all." He came to this
county in 1837, and taught school about a year. Having read
law whUe thus employed, he was graduated in the law school
at Lexington, Ky., in 1839. Locating in Eutaw, he practiced
at different times in association with Messrs. Alexander Gra
ham and T. C. Clarke. In 1843 he was elected to the legisla
ture. In 1853 he was the nominee of his party for congress.
From 1857 to 1861 he again represented the county in the
legislature, and was master of the grand lodge of Freemasons
in the State about the same time. When the secession ordi
nance was passed, he was appointed commissioner to Kentucky,
and delivered an able address before the legislature at Frank
fort. The same year he was elected to represent his district
in the provisional congress of the Confederate States. WhUe
holding this position he was chosen Heutenant colonel of 'the
11th Alabama, and repaired with it to Virginia. He shared
the privations of this command up to the battle of Seven
Pines, when he Vas temporarily assigned to the 9th Alabama,
and led it in the battle. The fall of Col. Moore obliged him to
return to the 11th, which he led in the fierce shock at Games'
MiU. Here he was struck in the breast by a baU which
glanced around the ribs and fell to the ground. Stooping to
pick it up, two more baUs struck him, one shattering his shoul
der, the other entering the shoulder and passing into the chest.
Seeing his color-bearer faU, he moved forward, waving his

GREENE COUNTY. 267
»
sword to pick up the flag, when he received two slight wounds,
and feU. He lingered three weeks, dying in Eichmc^lft, July
18, 1862. His remains were interred in Eutaw some months
after. Col. Hale was taU and lank, with a large and knotty head.
He was somewhat eccentric in his manners, but very generally
popular, and universaUy esteemed. " He stood at the bar con-
" fessedly one of its leaders, and'' was not an unequal* fhatch
" for the ablest lawyers of the State. . * * ' His intellect was
" acute and analytical, rather than comprehensive ; hispercep-
"tion quick and subtle. * * As a speaker he had but Httle
" grace of dehvery, * * but he was lucid in statement and
" cogent in argument, and rarely f aUed to throw upon his cause
" aU the elucidation of which it was susceptible. "*
Col. Hale married a sister of Mr. F. M. Horsey, at one time
sheriff of Greene, and one of his sons is a member of the bar
of the county. A daughter married Capt. E. B. Vaughn of
Sumter. The memory of Col. Hale is preserved in the name
of one of the noblest counties of the State.
Joseph Walters Taylor also resided in this county for
many years. He was born inBurksvUle, Cumberland county,
Kentucky, July 12, 1820. His father was a lawyer of promi
nence ; his mother a Miss Stockton ; both Virginians. Grad
uating at Cumberland CoUege in 1838, he came at once to
Greene, and here taught a classical school two years. He then
read law in the office of Hon.Harry I. Thornton in Eutaw, and
practiced for. about, twenty years. In 1844 he was on the Clay
electoral ticket, and the year after represented the county
in 'the legislature, and was re-elected in- 1847. He was for
several years the law parser of Col. Hale. In 1855 he was
elected to the Senate from Greene and Marengo over Hon. Wm.
E. Clarke of the latter county, and served two years. In 1860
he was a candidate for elector at large on the BeU ticket.
Opposed to disunion, yet, when the die was cast, he patriotic
ally stood by his State. At the peace he was elected to con
gress over Hon. C. W. Lea of Perry, but was not aUowed to
take his seat. He was subsequently for some time in control
of the editorial columns of the Eutaw Whig, and now edits a
newspaper in Tuskaloosa.
Mr. Taylor is of medium highth, but stoutly built, with a
florid complexion, and weU developed facial and cranial fea
tures. Bis manners are easy and cordial, but reserved to the
multitude. He is a close student — indeed, a book- worm — and
his several Hterary addresses and productions have a scholarly
and ornate finish. He is impassioned and fluent as an orator,
*Hon. T. H. Herndon's remarks at a meeting of the bar of Eutaw.

268 GREENE COUNTY.
and one of the most earnest and effective the State has pro^
duced. i'-His imagination is vivid, his language florid and fer
vid. In debate he is ready and able, and has few peers in
the South. As a writer for the press he is concise and forcible.
Mr. Taylor married a daughter of Hon. Solomon McAlpine,
a prominent and wealthy citizen of Greene for many years.
John C. Calhoun Sanders resided in Greene, but was a na
tive of Tuskaloosa. He was the son of Dr. Sanders, a native
of Charleston, S. C, and his wife the daughter of Dr. Mathew
Thomson of Anderson district. The parents first removed to
Tuskaloosa, then came to Clinton in this county. The son
was born1 AprU 4, 1840, and entered the State University in
¦ 1858. He was among the first to leave for the army, despite
the opposition of the faculty. He was elected captain of a
company organized at Clinton, and entered the 11th Alabama.
He led his company at Seven Pines and Gaines' MUl. At
Frazier's Farm the regiment made its famous charge across an
open field on a battery strongly supported by infantry. The
columns were shockingly rent, but swept on till they closed in
that fierce. grapple over the battery. Ln this bloody struggle
a shell-fragment tore off a large portion of the deeper tissues
of his leg, but he remained on the field tUl after dark. • Aug.
10 he rejoined aud took command of the regiment. At Sharps-
burg he was struck in the face by pebbles thrown up by a
cannon baU. When the army returned to Virginia he was
commissioned colonel. He was under fire at Fredericksburg,
and was conspicuously gaUant at Saleni Church, where the
11th again won laurels. At Gettysburg a minie baU struck
him in the knee. During the winter of 1863-4 he was presi
dent of the division court-martia^ He led his regiment at
the WUderness, and, after the faU of Gen. Perrin, led the
brigade to the assault of the horse-shoe sahent, recapturing
part of the lost works. He was made a brigadier for gallantry
here, and his command consisted of the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th,
and 14th Alabama regiments. In an assault on the enemy's
lines, June 22, 1864, near Petersburg, Gen. Sanders was the
first to mount the breastworks, and the brigade captured more
men than it numbered. The brigade fought June 23d, 25th,
29th, and 30th, the latter being the battle of the Crater, when
it retook the lost position. At Deep Bottom, Aug. 16, he won
fresh laurels, commanding his own and a North Carolina brig
ade. Aug. 21 he led the brigade against the heavy force of
the enemy which had seized the Weldon EaUroad. The Con
federates drove back two lines of battle, and thought they had
accomplished thefr task; but, eni3rging from the woods, they
were confronted by a Hne of defences bristling with artiUery
and crowded with infantry. Undaunted, they moved on in

GREENE COUNTY.

269

the fatal "track of endeavor" tUl human endurance could
suffer no more, and they sought shelter in the woods. Gen.
Sanders had advanced on foot, and was struck by a minie baU
which passed through both thighs, severing the femoral ar
teries. Without faUing, he said to his adjutant, Capt. Clarke,
"Take me back." They removed him a short distance, when
he asked to be laid down, and in a few minutes he breathed
his last. A neat marble tablet in Eichmond marks his resting
place. Gen. Sanders was born to command. Firm, decisive, ener
getic, and systematic, he possessed the first requisites of a
soldier. His serene courage won general admiration; while
his sense of duty was such that he never left, his command but
once, and that whUe it was in winter quarters. His morals
were unblemished, for he had the capacity to govern himself
as weU as others.
William Henry Fowler also resided in this county. Born
of humble parentage, in North Carolina, in 1826, he came
with his parents to Tuskaloosa, and shortly after to Greene.
He worked at different times with a taUor, a printer, and a
druggist, and his education was meagre. He read law in the
office of Hon. Wm. M. Murphy in Greenesboro, in 1849, but
became the editor of the Whig in Eutaw^ shortly after. In
1855 he represented the county in the legislature ; and a year
or two later he edited the Monitor in Tuskaloosa. He was
secretary of the constitutional convention of 1861, and resigned
the position to enter the mUitary service. He served a year
as captain in a company in the 5th Alabama Infantry, then
organized "Fowler's Battery." Shortly after he was promoted,
and placed at the head of a bureau of statistics in Montgomery
to coUate information about Alabama troops. He was assas
sinated in Jefferson, Texas, in 1867. His wife was the daughter
of Hon. John M. Bates, the first sheriff of Greene.
James D. Webb and Thos. H. Herndon represented Greene
in the constitutional convention of 1861 ; and WUHam P. Webb
and A. S. Jeffries in that of 1865.
The foUowing were the members of the general assembly :
Senators.

1819— Thomas Ringgold.
1821— Patrick May.
1822— John Coats.
1825 — Zachary Merriwether.
1828 — Zachary Merriwether.
1831— John Ebwin (1833).
1834— John Erwin. '
1835— Thomas Riddle, ,
1837— Thomas Riddle.
1840 — Harry Innes Thornton.

1843— Solomon McAlpine.
1847 — Zachary Merriwether.
1849— William M. Murphy.
1851 — George G. Perrin.
1853— James Daniel Webb.
1855— Joseph W. Taylor.
1857 — Allen C. Jones.
1861— WUJiam E. Clarke.
1865— C. C. Huckabee.
[No election in 1867, or since. ]

27C

HALE COUNTY.

1822 — Hiram Shortridge,
Merriwether.
1823— Julius H. Sims, Z. Merriwether
1824 — Ezekiel Pickens, Zachary Mer-
wether.
1825— Julius H. Sims, R. H. Warren,
James C. Neill.
1826— Julius H. Sims, Mathew F.
Raney, J. C. Neill.
1827— Edward B.. Colgin, .Mathew F.
Raney, D. B. Richardson.
1828— Edward B. Colgin, James B.
Gage, D. Richardson.
1829 — John Gayle, George Hays, D.
B. Richardson.
1830— John Gayle, Thomas Riddle,
Thomas Chiles.
1831 — James Snedecor, Thos. Riddle,
Walter R. Moffett.
1832— William T. Fortson, Walter N.
Moffett.
1833— W. C. Fortson, A. C. Horton.
1834— Patrick May, A. C. Horton, D.
B. Richardson.
1835 — John May, James Gage, John
J. Winston.
1836— John May, W. B. Gage, John
Erwin.
1837— Solomon McAlpin, Daniel P.
Bestor, John Erwin.
1838— S. McAlpin, John M. Bates, E.
Young.

Representatives.Zachary 1839— S. McAlpine, John M. Bates
E. Young.
1840— S. McAlpine, William M. Mur
phy, E. Young.
1841 — S. McAlpine, James Chiles, E.
Young.
1842— Wm. G Jones, J. M. Wither-
spoon, John Ekwin.
1843— Stephen F. Hale, J. M. Wither-
spoon, J. D. Webb.
1844— Pleasant W. Kittrell, Isaac
Croom, George G. Perrin.
1845— Pleasant W. Kittrell, Joseph
W. Taylor.
1847— Pleasant W. Kittrell, Joseph
W. Taylor.
1849— Attoway R. Davis, A. Gates.
1851— Allen C. Jones, J. D. Webb.
1853 — Richard F. Inge, A. Benners.
1855— Wm. H. Fowler, G. N. Carpen
ter.
1857— S. F. Hale, Robert D. Huck-
1859— S. F. Hale, Robert D. Huck-
abee.
1861— Wiley Coleman, Augustus Ben
ners.
1863— Wiley Coleman, A.. Benners.
1865— John G. Pierce, R. B. Waller.
1867— [No election.]
1870— James M. Bullock, Israel G.
Smith.

CHAPTEE XLII.

THE COUNTY OF HALE.

Hale was estabhshed by an act dated Jan. 30, 1867, out of
territory taken from Greene, Perry, Tuskaloosa, and Marengo.
It was named for the late Col. Stephen F. Hale of Greene.
It lies in the west centre of the State ; south of Tuskaloosa,
west of Perry and Bibb, east of Greene, north of Marengo.
The area is about 630 square mUes.
The assessed valuation of property in the county in 1870
was $4,388,825; of which $3,210,595 was real estate, and
$1,178,230 was personalty.
The population in 1870 was 4802 whites, and 16,990 blacks.

HALE COUNTY. 271
The value of land in farms — 165,266 acres Unproved, and
144,864 acres unimproved— is $2,639,207.
The value of live stock— 1176 horses, 2734 mules, 6929
neat cattle, 2626 sheep, and 9019 hogs— is $702,218.
The productions in 1869 were 384,420 bushels of corn,
5240 bushels of oats, 26,787 bushels of potatoes, 74,257 pounds
of butter, 18,573 bales of cotton, 9759 pounds of wool ; the
total farm products having a value of $2,029,383; and the
the value of animals slaughtered, $47,566. «
There is a variety of the best soUs in this county : prairie
river bottom, and a mulatto land, with clay subsoU. The
surface is level or undulating in the southern part, and hiUy
in the northern.
The Tuskaloosa river is the western, boundary, and is navi
gable for steamers the greater part of the year. The Mem
phis and Selma raUroad passes directly across the county — a
distance of about twenty mUes ; the Alabama and Chatta
nooga raUroad cuts into the northwestern quarter for seven
teen mUes ; and the Selma and Meridian raUroad skirts the
extreme southern border. Hence, there is no lack of com
mercial facUities.
There are mineral waters at Newbem and Greene Springs,
and the latter was a resort for invahds at one time.
Greenesboro, the seat of justice, took its name from the
county it was situated in at the time. It is now on the line
of the Selma and Memphis raUroad, and has 1760 inhabitants,
of whom 788 are whites, and 972 are blacks. The spot was
first settled by Mr. John Nelson, whose descendants reside in
the town.
The " Southern University " is located in Greenesboro, and
is an imposing buUding ; opened in 1859 ; and the course of
instruction embraces the branches usuaUy taught in a uni
versity. Newbern has about 400 inhabitants.
Near the hamlet of Carthage, on the line of Tuskaloosa
and Hale, and by the river side, is a group of about twenty
artificial mounds, which have excited considerable interest.
They average about twenty feet in highth, (though one is at
least forty,) and are pyramidal in shape. There is a distinct
trace of an embankment on the side opposite the river. Prof.
N. T. Lupton visited these mounds in 1859, and dug into one
of them. Skeletons were found at different depths, the bones
of which crumbled at the touch. A few stone implements,
charred wood, &c, were also exhumed, and the conclusion in
Prof. L.'s mind was that it was a burial place of the aborigines.
At Greene Springs is the weU known school of Dr. Tutwiler,

272 HALE COUNTY.
at which many of the most useful men in west and central
Alabama have been educated.
.The names of several very prominent public men are
blended with the memoranda of this county, either while it
was part of Greene, or since.
The third governor of the State, Israel Pickens, was a
resident of this county as it is now constituted. He was a
native of Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, where he was
born Jan. 30, 1780, and was the son of a colonial officer of
1776, who was of Huguenot descent. He was graduated at
Washington CoUege, Pennsylvania, where he read law. He
was a member of the senate of his native State in 1808-10,
and, from 1811 to 1817,.a member of the popular branch of
congress. Ln the latter year he came to the then territory of
Alabama as register in the land office at St. Stephens. He
represented Washington county in the convention which
framed a constitution for the would-be State, but soon after
came to reside in this part of Greene. In 1821 he was
elected governor, receiving 9114 votes, to 7129 cast for Dr.
Chambers of Madison. Be was re-elected two years after by
a vote of 6942, to 4604 for Dr. C. To Gov. Pickens reaUy
feU the duty of perfecting and harmonizing the new State
government, for both of his predecessors were in office too
short a time to effect a great deal. It is the opinion of Hon.
F. S. Lyon of Marengo, who was an attentive observer of
events at that time, that he was the most useful executive the
State has ever had. Lu the spring of 1826 he was appointed
by Gov. Murphy to the seat in the federal senate vacated by
the death of Dr. Chambers. About the same time he received
from President J. Q. Adams the commission of federal dis
trict judge for Alabama, but he declined to accept it. In
November 1826 he resigned his seat in the senate in conse
quence of lung disease. Eepairing to Cuba forthwith, he
died there, AprU 24, 1827, but his remains were brought home,
and interred three miles south of Greenesboro. His death
was a severe loss to the State at that time, for he possessed
the sohd, ingenious, and practical talents of which aU new
States stand in need. ; the experience to shape her domestic
pohty ; and the wisdom and virtue wliich the founders of aU
governments should leave as a legacy to posterity. He left a
daughter and two sons, and his relatives and descendants are
yet in the State. Hon. Samuel Pickens, who was comptroUer
of the treasury of the State from 1819 to 1829, was a brother
of Gov. P.
Henry Y. Webb, one of our early jurists, was a resident of
what is now Hale county. He was bom in Granville county,

HALE COUNTY. 273
N. C, in 1784, and was educated at Chapel HUl. He read
law, located in Lincolnton, and represented Lincoln county in
the legislature in 1817. Appointed territorial judge of Ala
bama, he settled in Perry county in 1818, but soon came to
Greene. In 1819 he was elected a judge of the circuit and
supreme court of the new State, and was holding the distin
guished position at the time of his death in September 1823.
Judge Webb was a man of cultivated talents and natural
abUity, and nothing but his early death debarred him from
occupying a more prominent position in our State history.
He married a daughter of Hon. Daniel M. Forney of North
Carolina, who died m Lowndes county in 1847. By this mar
riage he had a daughter (the wU'e of Hon. John Hampton of
Arkansas,) and three sons, one of whom was
James Daniel Webb, whose fame properly belongs to this
county. He was born in Lincoln county, N. C, Feb. 26, 1818,
and came to this State with his father's family soon after.
He took a coUegiate coursef and read law under Pleasant N.
WUson, esq., in Livingston, Sumter county, and in HUlsboro,
N. C. In 1838 he opened a law office in Greenesboro, and at
the time of his death stood in the front rank of Ins profession.
He represented Greene in the house hi 1843, and again in '51.
Ln 1860 he was on the BeU electoral ticket, and canvassed ac
tively. When Lincoln was elected he considered it a formal
announcement on the part of the free States that the federal
compact was broken, and he was elected a member of the
secession convention over his brother. He soon after entered
the 5th Alabama as a private, but was promoted to quarter
master, and served as such for a year. - In 1862 he assisted
to raise the 51st Alabama (cavalry), and was appointed its
Heutenant colonel. Col. Morgan being on detached service
much of the time, Colonel Webb commanded the 51st, and
received Mr. VaUandigham when, he was sent into the Con
federate lines in 1863. The regiment was guarding the rear
of Gen. Bragg's retreat on Chattanooga, July 2, 1863, and
skfrmishing on Elk river, when Col. Webb rode forward to
his skirmish^ Hne. Gen. Martin, his brigade commander,
remonstrated with him for exposing himself. He repHed that
his regimen<t was behaving gloriously, but that he would go
back directly. A few minutes later he was shot by a squad
ron of the enemy who approached under cover of a cabin.
The baU entered his chest, passed through his lungs, and out
near the spine. He was placed in a neighboring farm house,
and feU into the hands of the federal general, Eousseau, who
treated him with marked kindness, and offered to be his
banker. He appeared to improve, but pneumonia set in, and
18

274 HALE COUNTY.
he died July 19. His remains are interred in Winchester,
Tennessee. Col. Webb was small of stature, with dark com
plexion and black eyes. He' was ready and active in his
mental processes, and his talents were bright and cultivated.
His moral character was unblemished, his professions sincere,
and his tenacity of purpose remarkable. His wife was Miss
Walton of Greene, and he left several chUdren. His brother,
Hon. Wm. P. Webb, is a prominent lawyer of Greene.
Hale also claims the distinction of having been the home of
John Erwin, one of the first inteUects that have adorned our
State history. He was bom in Pendleton county, Virginia, in
the year 1800, and removed with his parents to Kentucky when
seven years of age. He received but a six-months' schooling,
and, at the age of thirteen years, became a clerk in a store.
By the time he was nineteen, he had amassed sufficient means
to read law, which he did under Major Trimble at Mount
SterHng in that State. Hon. Garrett Davis, the present fed
eral senator from Kentucky, was-his feUow student. Li 1821
he came to Perry county, but, after practicing a short time in
Marion, he opened an office in Erie, and then in Greenesboro,
which just then had been laid out. He returned to Kentucky
in 1822 to marry, and a glimpse is caught of the inconven
iences to which the early settlers were subjected when it is
known that he brought his bride on horseback from the mouth
of the Big Sandy to his new home in this county. He arose
amidst many trials, and it is said that the harshness with
wliich his creditors treated him increased the natural austerity
of his deportment. But he was manly, resolute, and proudly
seH-reliant. He became a magistrate, and his fideHty and
devotion to his duties soon concentrated the business of the
community on himself. In 1831 he represented Greene in the
senate, aud the year after was chosen to preside over that
body. Ln 1836, '37, and in 1842 he was a member of the
lower house of the legislature, serving as speaker in the latter
year. In 1845 he was a candidate for congress, but was beaten
by the regular nominee of the party. Ln 1851 he was again
defeated for congress by a few votes. He was a delegate to
the Nashville convention of 1850, and presided over the
national convention which nominated Gen. Pierce and Mr.
King for president and vice-president of the United States.
His last public service was as presiding officer of the bolting
wing of the Charleston convention which met in Eichmond
in 1860. During this tinie he had arisen to the highest rank
in his profession, and accumulated a massive fortune. He
died in Greenesboro, Dec. 10, 1860.
Mr. Erwin had a superior personal appearance, in no way
diminished by an austere demeanor and a dignified bearing.

hale county. 275
Though haughty and cold, he was courteous and pohshed.
As a lawyer, his learning and logic made him a tower of intel
lectual strength, and it was this, added to the prompt and
faithful discharge of obligations to hia clients, that made him
eminent. He was a man of scrupulous honor, cool courage,
and indomitable energy ; but resentful and unforgiving. His
wife was a Miss Chadwick of Kentucky, and his only son is a
planter in this county. Col. Allen C. Jones of this county
married one of his daughters.
Augustus Benners came to what is now this county in the
year 1840. He was born in Newbem, North Carohna, Dec.
26, 1818, was graduated at ChapeU HUl, and, when he first
came to this State, resided for about two months in Marengo
county, where he was Hcensed as an attorney. He first rep
resented Greene in the lower house of the general assembly
in 1853, and held the same position twice subsequently.
" He has been successful in life, acquiring quite a large estate.
" In his profession he has obtained and maintained a fair and
" honorable position. He is a cultivated scholar ; a man of
"letters; an eloquent and effective speaker; modest to the
"degree even of a want of confidence in his own abUity and
" opinions ; just in aU his dealings ; honorable in every im-
" pulse ; wise in counsel, and pure in his daUy walk and
" conversation. He is appreciated by and popular with the
"people among whom he has dwelt for more than thirty
" years."* He married a daughter of the late Alfred Hatch
of Areola, this county.
"He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading."
Henry Tutwiler, a noted teacher and philomath, resides in
Hale. He is a native of Virginia, and was among the first
graduates of the celebrated university of that State, which
conferred on him the degree of M. A., its highest honor. He
remained at the university two years after he was graduated,
then, in 1830, estabhshed a high school in the vicinity. When
the University of Alabama was organized, in AprU 1831, he
was chosen to the chair of ancient languages, a position he
held for six years. He then accepted the. chair of mathe
matics and natural philosophy in Marion coUege, Perry
county, from which he retired two years later. In 1839 he was
chosen professor of mathematics and chemistry in Lagrange
coUege, and there labored tUl 1847. In that year he came to
this (then Greene) county, and established Greene Springs
School, which has been in successful operation ever since.
"Hon. A. A. Coleman of Greenesboro.

276 HALE COUNTY.
The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him bythe Centenary
College, Louisiana, and by the University of Mississippi in
1868. The erudition of Dr. TutwUer has been employed in
a practical way, and his career as an instructor of youth is
one which the people of the State have very profitably and
wisely cherished. His abUity and devotion to his most hon
orable vocation have a suitable monument in the improved
attainments of the hundreds of this State and the southwest
to whom he has imparted his acqufrements as a scholar, and
his example as a man.
Joseph J. Hutchinson, a prominent citizen of this county,
was born in Augusta, Georgia, in 1810. After graduating at
FrankHn college, he was Hcensed to practice law, in 1833, and
removed to the gold region of Georgia. In 1835 he came to
this State, and estabhshed himself in Montgomery. A year
later he became the owner of the Alabama Journal, which he
edited for several years. He represented Montgomery in the
legislature in 1839, and was twice re-elected. Lu 1846 or '7
he was Hcensed as a local clergyman, and from 1852 to 1864
he was a member of the Methodist itinerant ministry. Ln
1848 he removed to DaUas, and, whUe connected with the
Alabama conference, he sojourned, in varions portions of the
State. In 1864 he became a permanent resident of Greenes
boro, and died here in February 1869. Mr. Hutchinson had
a briUiant intellect, and was an eloquent speaker. He was
hasty, brave, resentful, but forgiving, and generous to a fault ;
and though impetuous, he was sound in judgment. His son,
Captain James J. Hutchinson, of Gen. Eodes' staff, a brave
and talented gentleman, was killed at Spottsylvania.* Hon.
Alfred H. Hutchinson, the first judge of the probate court of
this county, was also a son.
Augustus A. Coleman resides in Hale. He was born in
Camden, South Carohna, in 1826, and came with his father to
this State in 1833. His mother died the year before, and his
father, who was a lawyer, died in 1836, in Cahaba, where he
had settled. He was graduated at Yale CoUege, Eichebourg
GaiUard, esq., of WUcox, being a classmate. Having read law
under Messrs. C- G. Edwards and Wm. Hunter, he came to
the bar in 1847. _ Opening an office in Cahaba, lie remained
there two years, then removed to Livingston. He there labored
assiduously at his profession, insomuch that his_ health was
seriously impaired. It was a respite when he accepted the
appointment of circuit court judge in January 1858. In May
following he was elected to the position for a term of six years,
defeating Hon. Henry Stith of Pickens and Hon. E. P. Jones
of Fayette. He represented Sumter in the constitutional con-

henry county. 277
vention of 1861, having been nominated and elected without
opposition. In the dark hours of March 1862, when the faU
of Fort Donelson and the disaster on Eoanoke Island cast a
gloom over the confederacy, he tendered his resignation to the
governor (which was not accepted) and called for troops from
the stump and through the press. Within four weeks a fine
body of men rendezvoused at MobUe, organized as the 40th
Alabama, and elected him colonel. He shared the fortunes of
this regiment for a year, then resigned because of Ul-health,
and resumed his judicial duties. In 1864 he was re-elected
to the bench, this time over Messrs. J. T. Terry of Pickens,
Geo. G. Lyon of Marengo, J. G. Harris of Greene, and A. W.
DUlard of Sumter. He discharged his duties till the over
throw of the confederacy, when he came to this county, and
has since practiced his profession in Greenesboro. Judge Cole
man is below the medium stature, of delicate buUd, and paUid
complexion. His address is bland ; his perceptions are keen ;
his morals unsuUied. As a jurist his decisions were almost
invariably sustained by the appeUate court, whUe his deport
ment on the bench was patient, gracious, correct, and other
wise exemplary. He married a daughter of Mr. John C. Pbares
of Sumter.
George M. Duskin and J. K. Green ( colored ) were the rep
resentatives of this county in the general assembly of 1870.
There has been no election for senator.

CHAPTEE XLIH.
the county of henry.

Henry was carved out of Conecuh' by an act passed Dec.
13, 1819, and as then constituted embraced aU the territory
now included in Covington, Dale, Coffee, Geneva, and the
greater part of Pike, and parts of Crenshaw and Barbour.
But these large dimensions it retained only a year or two,
when Covington and Pike were formed, and Dale and Coffee
soon after.
It Hes in the extreme southeast corner ot the btate, and is
48 mUes in length by about 20 in breadth. Barbour bounds

278 henry county.
it on the north, Dale and Geneva on the west, the State of
Georgia on the east, and the State of Florida on the south.
It was named for Gov. Henry* of Virginia, though the
original bUl proposed to call it " Choctahatchee."
Its area is about 960 square mUes.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $1,404,241, to-
wit : real estate $942,655 ; personal property $461,586.
The population deceniaUy has been as foUows :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870

Whites 

 2011

3005 1015

47011086

6776 10,464
2243 4,454

9534

 627

4657

There were 106,863 acres of farm lands improved in 1870,
and 217,753 acres unimproved; the whole valued at $895,419.
The Hve stock— 1240 horses, 1061 mules, 10,782 neat cattle,.
22,826 swine, and 3953 sheep— are valued at $474,769.
The productions in 1869 were 248,470 bushels of corn, 5670
bushels of oats, 48,994 bushels of potatoes, 27,732 gaUons of
syrup (half of it from cane), 7127 bales of cotton, 3411 pounds
of wool ; the value of animals slaughtered was $124,662 ; the
whole value of home products being $1,061,868.
The surface of the country is undulating dr flat, with splen
did forests in some parts, much of which is used. There are
many fertUe bodies of land, especiaUy on the river and its
tributaries ; but the great body of the lands are too light to
cultivate without fertilizing.
The Chattahoochee is the eastern boundary line, and is
navigable for steamers the entire distance. Efforts to secure
railway communication, by extending one of the roads which
terminate at Eufaula, are being made.
Abbeville, the seat of justice, has about 500 inhabitants,
and is the centre of an intelhgent community.
The courthouse was first at "Bichmond," the site of which
is now iu Dale. It was removed to Columbia in 1822, whence
it was brought to Abbeville in 1833.
The first white settlers came into what is now Henry county
from Georgia in 1817, when the Indians were not numerous
here. The first white child bom in what is now Henry county,
Bobert Gamble, now Hves near the spot of his nativity ; but
*Patkick Henuy was born in Hautfver county, Arirginia, in 1736. He was
an idle boy, and iailed in business when a young man. At the age of 27
years he began to acquire notoriety by his eloquence at the bar. He was a
member of the Virginia house of burgesses, and, having espoused the colo
nial side of the quarrel with Great Britain, he was a member of the first con
tinental congress, and the first governor of the State of Virginia. He was a
member of the convention that ratified the federal constitution, and subse
quently declined the appointment of secretary of state in Washington's cab
inet. He died June 6, 1799, iu Charlotte county, Virginia.

HENRY COUNTY. 279
it is not the wUderness that it was when he opened his infant
eyes on it in 1817.
Joel T. McCHndon, Johnson Wright, S. Smith, Wm. C. Wat
son, and John Fannin were appointed in 1819 commissioners
to fix on a site for the courthouse of the county. Two years
after, Wm. Beauchamp, Bobert Irwin, Wm. Irwin, James Babb,
and Stephen Mathews were appointed for a simUar purpose.
The first election precincts were estabhshed in 1819 at the
houses of John Fannin, Wm. C. Watson, and S. Smith ; in
1821 others were established at  James's on Pea river, at
John Turner's, and Edward Cox's on Chattahoochee ; and a
year later others were estabhshed at the houses of John Mor
gan and Bobert Johnson.
William Irwin came to this county as early as 1819, and
settled near Franklin. He was a planter, became very
wealthy, and exerted a large influence throughout southeast
Alabama. He entered the State senate hi 1825, and con
tinued to serve as a member from this and one or two of the
adjoining counties for twelve years. With the rank of major
general he commanded the militia of the State in this section
during the Creek troubles in 1836-37. When the town of
Eufaula was first incorporated in 1837, his friend Hon. Law-
son J. Keener of Barbour had it caUed for him, but it bore
the name only a few years. Gen. Irwin was drowned in the
Chattahoochee in 1849, between Columbus and Eufaula, by
jumping from the burning steamer Ham Smith. He was a
man of great energy and force of mind. He has relatives
now living in this county.
AiiEXANDER C. Gordon was HteraHy one of the first settlers
of Henry. He was born in Washington county, Georgia, in
1811, and his father died in the mUitary service of his country
a year or two later. In 1817 he came with his uncle, James
Hughes, across the Chattahoochee to what is now Henry
county. At the age of eleven years, he, and a younger half
brother, were abducted by the Indians, and carried off to
thefr towns on the Apalachicola, where they were found and
rescued four or five months later. He became a merchant
and planter, was an officer in the "war" of 1836, led the first
company from this county into the Confederate service, and
was a captain in the 6th Alabama Infantry during the first
year of the war. He was also commander of a mUitia bat-
taHon which operated against Sanders and his band in Dale
and Henry. He has served the county hi the legislature, and
as general of mUitia. He possesses in a high degree energy,
courage, and sagacity. His wife was Miss Hudspeth.

280 HENRY COUNTY.
George W. Williams was a very prominent citizen of this
county for many years. He was born in AbbeviUe District,
South Carolina, about the year 1805, and taught a school in
Fort Gaines, Georgia, in 1826. He went back to South Caro
lina, read law, and permanently resided in this county from
1830 tUl his death. H e was a lawyer and farmer. In 1836
he was a major of the troops called out to suppress the Mus
cogees. As early as 1835 he entered the legislature, and
served for thirteen years in the lower house. He was also
county surveyor, magistrate, superintendent of education, and
judge of the probate court from 1855 to 1862. He died in
1866. Judge WUliams possessed pubhc spfrit, a kind heart,
and was benevolent ahd sociable, but was " sudden and quick
in quarrel," impetuous, and combative. The poor lost a friend
when he passed away.
William Calvin Oates, of this county, is a native of Pike,
where he was born in 1833. His father came from South
Carolina in 1828, and settled first in Montgomery, and soon
after in Pike county. His mother was a Miss SeUers of the
latter county. His early advantages were quite Hmited, and
at the age of sixteen years he left home, and led a roving Hfe
for several years in the Southwest. H e came back, taught
school in this county a year or two, and then attended a high
school in LawrenceviUe to complete his education. He read
law in the office of Messrs. Pugh, BuUock <fe Buford, in Eu
faula, and was enrolled as an attorney in 1858. He has since
that date practiced the profession in AbbevUle with much
success. He was also editor of a newspaper in AbbeviUe in
1860. In 1861 he entered the Confederate service as captain
of a company from this county in the 15th Alabama Infantry.
He was in twenty-seven of the forty engagements of this
command, and led the 15th from the date of the battle of
Sharpsburg tiU transferred to the 48th Alabama July 1, 1864.
He was promoted to colonel hi AprU 1863, and was wounded
the following October, at Brown's ferry on the Tennessee.
He lost an arm at Fussell's mills, near Petersburg, whUe in
command of the 48th Alabama. At the close of the war he
resumed his professional labors. In 1870 he was elected to
the legislature, after receiving a warm support for the office
of governor in tlie nominating convention- of his party; and
this support was again received in 1872. Col. Oates is of
large frame and muscle. Without the graces of oratory, he
is logical and effective at the bar or on the stump. His can
dor, practical sense, and generous nature, render him estima
ble and popular.
•Anson West grew to manhood in this county. Born in

HENRY COUNTY.

281

Eobeson county, N. C, in 1832, he came here with his parents
in 1839. He was educated at the academy in Lawrencerille,
entered the gospel ministry in 1856, and is now residing in
HuntsvUle. WhUe stationed in WUcox county, as presiding
elder of a district of his denomination, he wrote " The State
of the Dead," a volume of much merit both for the vigor of
its style, its theological research, and the depth of its reflec
tions. Mr. West is a laborious student, a fluent speaker, a
pious man, and a master of theological polemics. He mar
ried a neice of Hqu. Pleasant W. KittreU of Greene, deceased.
Eobert Irwin was elected to the legislature by the people
of Henry in 1820, but was refused a seat because the county
was not organized.
H. E. Owens and T. T. Smith represented the county in the
constitutional convention of 1861 ; and WiUiam H. Wood in
that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of those who have served Henry in
the general assembly of the State :
Senators.

1822— J. W. Devereux.
1825— William Irwin.
1828— William Irwin,
1831— William Irwin.
1834— William Irwin.
1837— Richard C. Spann.
1838— James Ward.
1840 — Angus McAllister.
1843 — James Ward.

1847— Angus McAllister.
1849— Elisha Mathews.
1853 — James Searcy.
] 857— James H. McKinne.
1859— William Wood.
1W63 — Reddick P. Peacock.
1865— William H. Wood.
[No election in 1867, or since.]

Rep resen tatives.

1822— Benjamin Harvey. 1840-
1823— Benjamin Harvey. 1841-
1824— William C. Watson. 1842-
1825— William C. Watson. 1843
1 826— Bartlett Smith, Chas. A. Dennis. 1844-
1827— James Ward, Chas. A. Dennis. 1845-
1828— Josiah D. Cawthorn. 1847-
1829— James Ward. 1849-
1830— James Ward. 1851-
1831— James Ward. 1853-
1832-James Ward. 1855-
1833— Abner Hill. 1857-
1834— Abner Hill, James Ward. 1859-
1835— Geo. W. Williams, Jas. Ward. 1861-
1836— James Ward, Alex. C. Gordon. 1863-
1837— Geo.W.Williams, A.C.Gordon. 1865-
1838— Ja3. Murphy, A. J. McAllister. 1867-
1839— Jas. Murphy, A. J. McAllister. 1870-

-Alex. Blackshear, Jas. Pynes.
-Bartlett Smith. A. J.McAllister.
-William Gamble, Jas. Pynes.
-G. W. Williams, Rich. McGriff.
-Wm. Gamble, Moses K. Speight .
-G. W. Williams, Rich. McGriff.
-Geo. W. Williams, Jas. Pynes.
-Mathew Perryman, J. J. Sowell.
-G.W.Williams, A. J.McAllister.
-Aaron Odom, J. F. Hays.
-Aaron Odom, James Pynes.
-James Murphy, James Pynes.
-P. M. Thomas, B. C. Flake.
-Levi Parish, C. J. Reynolds.
-Levi Parish, G. W. Williams.
-G. W. Culver, Aaron Odom.
-[No election.]
-William C. Oates.

CHAPTEE XLIV.
THE COUNTY OF JACKSON.
Jackson was created by an act passed Dec. 13, 1819.
The territory to form it was taken from the Cherokee ces
sion of 1816, and consisted of aU the country in the State
north and west of the Tennessee, and east of the Flint. The
part east of the Tennessee was added just after the last Cher
okee cession. In 1821 its area was reduced fully one-haK by
the act establishing Decatur.
Decatur County was estabhshed December 17, 1821, and
abolished three years later. It included the part of the great
bend of the Tennessee east of the FHnt river, and south and
west of an irregular line running iu a southwestwardly direc
tion from the ridge that divides the waters of the Flint and
Paint Bock, at the Tennessee boundary line to the mouth of
Sauta creek. When abohshed its territory was about equaUy
divided between Madison and Jackson, but MarshaU has
since fallen heir to a portion of it. WoodvUle, at present in
Jackson, and on the Memphis and Charleston Eailroad, was
the seat of justice. Its members of the general assembly ( fof
the years 1822, '23, and '24 ) are placed on the journal as from
" Jackson and Decatur. "
Jackson was named to honor Gen. Andrew Jackson, * who
was at the time visiting Huntsville, where the general assem
bly was in session.
It lies in the northwestern quarter of the State, and is bounded
north by the State of Tennessee, east by DeKalb, south by De
Kalb and MarshaU, west by Madison.
Its area is over 1,000 square mUes.
' The assessed value of property in 1870 was $1,935,239 ; to-
wit : real estate $1,615,229 ; personalty $320,010.
The population has been as foUows by the federal census :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  '.  8129 11,418 13,863 11,754 14,811 16,350
Blacks  622 1,282 1,852 2,334 3,472 3,060
'Andrew Jackson was born on Waxhaw creek, near the line of North and
South Carolina, iu 1767. When a mere lad he took part in the colonial strug
gle against the mother country. In 1788 he removed from North Carolina to
Tennessee, where he was elevated to the bench and became a member of con
gress before the century closed. When the Creek war began, he hastened to
the Tallapoosa and Coosa, and within a few weeks conquered a peace. From
thence he went to New Orleans, and won a victory there. He afterwards
served in Florida, and was military governor of that State. From 1829 to
1837 he was president of the United States. He died in 1845.

JACKSON COUNTY. 283
The profile of the county is rugged and mountainous, with
much wUd scenery. There is much Hght land, but the coves,
vaUeys, and river bottoms are very productive.
Tlie farm lands — 77,086 acres improved, and 183,397 acres un
improved — have a cash value of $1,510,268.
The Hve stock — 3,541 horses, 814 mules, 11,945 neat cattle,
9,745 sheep, and 25,837 hogs— are valued at $620,263.
Ln 1869 the productions were 506,777 bushels of corn, 50,925
bushels of wheat, 26,952 bushels of oats, 32,276 bushels of
potatoes, 121,075 pounds of butter, 18,021 gallons of sorghum
syrup, 24,547 pounds of honey, 2,339 bales of cotton, 11,107
pounds of tobacco, and 16,809 pounds of wool ; the value of
animals slaughtered was $213,033 ; and the farm productions
were valued at $1,062,030.
Jackson, therefore, leads aU the other counties in the pro
duction of tobacco, animals for slaughter, wool, sorghum, and
honey ; and has more horses and hogs than any other.
The Tennessee river flows through the eastern part of .the
county; for forty miles, and is open to steam navigation the
entire distance. Paint Bock river drains the western portion.
Forty-one mUes of the Memphis and Charleston EaUroad
are in Jackson, and 24 mUes of the NashvUle & Chattanooga.
There is the greatest abundance of iron ore and coal in this
county, but very Httle attention has been given to minmg them.
Marble, also, has been quarried, but it is not equal to that of
TaUadega. A saltpetre caAre near Scottsboro was utilized by the Con
federate authorities during the late war. A cave of vast ex
tent exists near the centre of the county, and has been partly
explored, with results gratifying to curiosity.
Scottsboro, the seat of justice, is on the Memphis & Charles
ton EaUroad about 160 mUes north of Montgomery. It has
357 inhabitants, and was named to honor its founder, Hon.
Eobert T. Scott.
Sauta Cave was made the first and temporary seat of justice
by the legislature in 1819. In 1822 the commissioners — Jo
seph Kirby, Benj. Cloud, Thomas EusseU, John Hancock,
James Scruggs, John McVary, and McLeod Cross — selected
BeUefonte as the locality for the courthouse. Bellefonte was
incorporated in 1821, but had only 72 inhabitants in 1870.
The courthouse was voted to Scottsboro in 1859, but was not
removed tUl after the war.
LarkinsvUle has about 200 inhabitants, and Stevenson
about 250.
The first election precincts were established in 1819 at Sauta
Cave, Honey-comb Spring, BUey's on Mud Creek, and Noah
Ward's on Paint Eock.
James EusseU was the first judge of the county court.

284 JACKSON COUNTY.
Like other portions of the Tennessee VaUey, Jackson was
laid waste by the ravages of the late war. The courthouse
and several dweUings in Bellefonte were burned by the north
ern troops ; combats took place at Stevenson, Bridgeport, and
other. places, and a smaU volume might be readUy filled with
interesting incidents which had thefr occurrence within the
limits of the county. The conduct of the citizens in harassing
supply trains, bushwhacking detachments, <fec, was such that
officers of the invading armies, in neighboring garrisons, were
wont to declare that Jackson county deserved its independence.
It was the Switzerland of the State during that memorable
period. Jackson has nurtured the talents of several very useful men.
Among these was the late Joseph P. Frazeer. He came from
Tennessee and settled in Jackson about the year 1830. In
1835 he entered the lower house of the legislature, and the
year after he was colonel of a mounted regiment raised to
suppress the Creek Indians. From 1837 to 1840, and from
1847 to 1855 he represented the county in the State senate.
He died in 1857 or '58 highly esteemed and respected for
many sterling qualities of head and heart. He married a sis
ter of Hon. E. W. WUliams of this county, and his relatives
are here.
Bobert T. Scott was for many years a citizen of this county.
He was born in North Carolina about the year 1798, and came
with his parents to Alabama in 1817. They settled in Madi
son, where Mr. Scott was a planter. In 1830 he represented
Madison in the lower house, but soon after came to Jackson,
and was here a hotel proprietor and farmer. In the year 1836 •
represented Jackson in the legislature, and was six times sub
sequently elected. He was also clerk of the circuit court of
the county, and at the session of 1839 his seat was declared
vacant in consequence of holding the two offices. He returned
to his constituents, was re-elected, and presented his creden
tials without resigning his clerkship. This was refused, and
he was again elected, and a third time rejected by the house.
The adjournment of the legislature put an end to the contro
versy. Gov. Fitzpatrick appointed him agent of the State to
adjust the two and three per cent, fund, and Gov. CoUier com
missioned him to adjust the boundary line with Georgia. Lie
was also a presidential elector. His death occurred near
Scottsboro in 1863. He was a matter-of-fact man, benevolent,
temperate, and energetic.
William Barclay, who figured so prominently in the local
history of this county in its early settlement, serving the county
hi one or the other branch of the general assembly for thir-

JACKSON COUNTY. 285
teen years, removed to Talladega, and died in that county
about the year 1858. His son, the late Hon. A. B. Barclay,
was prominent in that county.
Thomas Wilson, another true and respected citizen of Jack
son, who served for fifteen years as a member of fhe legisla
ture, still resides on his farm in this county.
F. A. Hancock also resides at his home in this county at an
advanced age. His known fidelity to his people made him an
especial mark for the vengeance of the federal troops, and he
suffered both in person and property during thefr occupancy
of this county. His nephew, Hon. John Hancock, born in
this county in 1824, has been on the cfrcuit bench of Texas,
and is now a member of congress, and a distinguished poHti
cian at Austin.
James Williams, one of the early settlers of the county,
stiU resides here. He came from Tennessee, in which State
he was born in 1808. He first entered the legislature in 1838,
and has served the county ten or twelve years as a represent
ative. He is very highly respected for many virtues, and is
noted for his extensive reading and ready flow of humor.
• His son, Major Jere WUHams of this county, was a field
officer of the-Ninth Alabama Infantry.
-John Snodgrass is a native and resident of Jackson. He
was born in 1836, and is a nephew of Gen. Benj. Snodgrass,
long a resident of the county, who died July 21, 1872. In
May 1861 he entered the service of the Confederacy as cap
tain of one of the first companies raised in the county. He
served in Martin's 2d Confederate regiment under Gen. Sid
ney Johnston, and thus fought at ShUoh. A battalion of six
companies was then organized, with him as lieutenant colonel.
He led this command at Baton Bouge and Corinth, and tUl
February 1863. Norwood's battahon was then thrown with
his, and the 55th Alabama organized, of which he became
colonel. He shared the fortunes of that regiment and of the
Western Army till the close, commanding Scott's brigade —
the 12th Louisiana, 9th Arkansas, and 27th, 35th, 49th, 55th,
and 57th Alabama regiments— from the battle of Franklin
tiU Hood left Tennessee. He is now merchandising at Scotts
boro, and that has been the business of his life.
John H. Norwood is also a native and resident of this
county. His father, the late Mr. Henry Norwood, often repre
sented Jackson in the legislature. Born about the year 1830,
he was weU educated, and was soon elected to the office of
judge of probate, which he resigned early in 1861 to enter

286 JACKSON COUNTY.
the Second Alabama Infantry regiment as a lieutenant in
Capt. Bradford's company. He served with the Second tiU it
was mustered out, then raised a company in this county,
which became part of the Forty-Second Tennessee, Col.
Quarles, of which he was elected Hentenant colonel. He
served for some months with that command, then became the
commander of the five Alabama companies which separated
from it, and which were caUed "Norwood's Battalion." Ln
1863 this battalion was blended with Snodgrass's, and formed
the Fifty-fifth Alabama, of which he became Heutenant colonel.
He shared the privations of that regiment tUl severely
wounded at Peach Tree creek. In 1865 he was chosen to the
senate, hi which he served two years. He is now practicing
law here in partnership with Col. Hal C. Bradford, and is a
gentleman possessed of many noble traits of character.
But the most striking figure that has yet stood among the
mountains of Jackson was that of Williamson B. W. Cobb.
He was a native of Madison, and his parents were among the
first settlers of the Tennessee VaUey. Born about the year
1808, he received very few educational advantages, for his
parents were in obscure Hfe. He was a peddler of clocks at
one time, then came to BeUefonte and entered the mercantile
business. In 1844 he represented the county in the lower
house of the general assembly, and was re-elected the ensuing
year. He was out of the pubhc employment but two years
of the twenty that foUowed. He was elected to congress in
1847 over Messrs. Wm. Acklen of Madison and B. T. Pope
of St. Clair. In 1849 he defeated Col. Jere Clemens of Madi
son 2000 votes in the district, after a warm canvass ; and two
years later triumphed over Hon. Bobert Murphy of DeKalb.
In 1853 Judge C. C. Clay, jr., of Madison made a brilliant
canvass against him, but was beaten by about 4000 majority.
Within the succeeding six years he defeated, in succession,
Messrs. James M. Adams of MarshaU, H. C. Sanford of
Cherokee, and  Beavors of St. Clair. When the State
seceded, he withdrew from Washington with his coUeagues,
though his devotion to the Union was very ardent. The same
year (1861) he was defeated for the Confederate congress by
Dr. John P. Eails of Cherokee, the only defeat he ever sus
tained. Two years later he was successful over Dr. Balls, but
did not take his seat when the new congress met in February
1864. His fidelity was at once suspected, and, after some
investigation, he was expeUed by an unanimous vote. He
went into the Hues of the enemy several times, and it was
rumored that he was commissioned mUitary governor of the
State by Mr. Lincoln ; but it was most probably untrue. He

JACKSON COUNTY. 287
was acoidentaUy killed by the discharge of his own pistol in
1864, whUe putting up a fence at his house in this county..
In appearance, Mr. Cobb was taU, erect, and angular, with
a muscular physique. His knowledge of human nature was
thorough, and he was the perfect type of a demagogue. He
was constantly electioneering, and was singularly popular with
the humble and unlearned, whose devotion to him was most
ardent, and defied reason itseH. Mr. Cobb was resolute, ener
getic, and shrewd, and he became a forcible stump speaker.
His wife was a Miss Alhson of Madison, and he has relatives
in that county.
John B. Gordon, a distinguished Heutenant general of the
late war, resided for two or three years in Jackson. He was
engaged in coal mining here, and raised one of the first com
panies that went from the county — the "Eaccoon Eoughs."
As captain of this company, he entered the Sixth Alabama
Lnfantry regiment, of which he was elected major. Proceed
ing with it to Virginia he began a career of briUiant mUitary
achievements as the leader of Alabama soldiers which had no
paraUel among the subordinates of the immortal Army of
Northern Virginia.. As he is now a Georgian, and was born
and reared in that State, and resided here but a short time, it
is proper that his record should be left to a different volume.
His brother, A. M. Gordon, a mere youth, became Heutenant
colonel of the Sixth, and fell whUe heroicaUy leading his regi
ment in Virginia.
J. P. Timberlake, John B. Coffey, and W. A. Hood repre
sented the county in the constitutional convention of 1861 ;
and BaUey Bruce, W. J. B. Padgett, and James Wilhams in
that of 1865. Senators.
182n — William D. Gaines. 1843— Thomas Wilson.
1822— Robert McCarney. 1847 — Joseph P. Frazier.
1825— Robert McCarney. 1851 — Joseph P. Frazier.
1828— Samuel B. Moore. 1855— Thomas Wilson.
1831— William Barclav. 1857— William A. Austin.
1834— William Barclay. 1861— F. Rice.
1837— Joseph P Frazier. 1865 — John H. Norwood.
1840 — Thomas Wilson. [No election in 1867 or since,]
Representatives.
1821 — William Barclay, Booker Smith, George W. Hopkins.
1822 — William Barclay, Alexander Dulaney, Thomas Bailey.
1823— William Barclay, Samuel B. Moore, Daniel Peyton.
1824 — William D. Gaines, Samuel B. Moore, Daniel Peyton. »
1825— Philip H. Ambrister, Charles Lewis, Daniel Peyton, John Baxter,
1826— William Barclay, Samuel B. Moore, Wm. Lewis, Philip H. Ambrister.
1827 — James Russell, Samuel B. Moore, Wm. A. Davis, Daniel Price.
1828 — James Russell, Stearnes S. Wellborn, James Smith, P. H. Ambrister.

288 JEFFERSON COUNTY.
1829 — James Russell, William Barclay, James Smith, James Roulsfon.
1830 — William Barclay, John Gilbreath, John B. Stephens, Daniel Price.
1831 — Henry Norwood, John Gilbreath, John B. Stephens, Daniel Price.
1832 — Henry Norwood, John Lusk, Benj. B. Goodrich, Caleb B. Hudson.
1833 — H. Norwood, Edwin H. Webster, Samuel McDavid, P. H. Ambrister.
1834 — Robert Jones, John Gilbreath, James W. Young, Benj. Snodgrass,
Phillip H. Ambrister, Wyatt Coffey.
1835 — Henry Norwood, Joseph P. Frazier, John Berry, Wm. King, Stephen
Carter, Washington F. May.
18'36— Robert T. Scott, Joseph P. Frazier, John Berry, Wm. M. King, Benj.
Snodgrass, Samuel McDavid.
1837— Robert T. Scott, C, M. Cross, Alva Finley, Wm. M. King, Thomas
Wilson, Daniel Lucas.
1838 — William Mason, James Williams, Alva Finley, F. A. Hancock, Thomas
Wilson, McNairy Harris.
1839— Robert T. Scott, James Williams, F. A Hancock, Thomas Wilson,
1840 — G. R. Griffin, E. W. Williams, Joshua Warren, James Smith.
1841— William L. Griffin, Phillip H. Ambrister, Wm. M. King, James Smith.
1842— Robert T. Scott, E. W. Williams. Alva Finley, James Munday.
1843 — Benjamin Franks, James Williams, Joseph P. Frazier, F. A. Hancock.
1844— Robert T. Scott, James Williams, Moses Maples, W. R. W. Cobb.
1845— C. F. Williams, James Williams, W. R. W. Cobb.
1847— Robert T. Scott, James Williams, F. A. Hancock.
1849 — Benj. Franks, Thomas Wilson, J. C. Austin.
1851— Joshua Stephens, Thomas Wilson, J. C.Austin.
1853— Robert T. Scott, James M. Green, H. C. Cowan.
1855 — W. R. Larkins, Moses Maples, F. A. Hancock.
1857— John B. Talley, J. S. Eustace, J. M. Cloud.
1859— P. G. Griffin, Jonathan Latham, J. M. Hudgins.
1861— J B. Talley, Jonathan Latham, T. T. Cotman.
1863— P. Brown, J. W, Young, W. H. Robinson.
1865— W. J. B. Padgett, James Williams, Henry F. Smith.
1867— [No election.]
1870— W. F. Hurt, J. H. Cowan.

CHAPTEE XLV.
THE COUNTY OF JEFFERSON.

Jefferson was estabhshed by an act of the first legislature
of the State, Dec. 13, 1819. The territory was taken from
Blount, and is nearly the- same as when first organized.
It lies in the north centre of the State, south of Blount and
Walker, west of Shelby and St. Clair, north of Shelby, east
of Tuskaloosa and Walker.
It was named for Mr. Jefferson, the Virginia statesman*
* Thomas Jeiteeson was born in' Albemarle county, Virginia, in 1743.
He was a lawyer by profession. In 1769 he entered the house of burgesses,

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 289
Its area is about 975 square miles.
Property was assessed in 1870 at $1,350,630 ; of which
$1,072,099 was real estate, and $278,531 was personalty.
The population decennially is exhibited as foUows :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  5121 5486 6714 9078 9839
Blacks  1734 1645 2275 2668 2506
The farm lauds— 56,964 acres improved, and 197,308 acres
unimproved— were valued at $1,140,247 in 1870.
The Hve stock— 1754 horses, 686 mules, 8360 neat cattle,
5437 sheep, and 13,753 hogs— were valued at $430,702.
The productions in 1869 were 45,219 bushels of wheat,
251,184 bushels of corn, 9336 bushels of oats, 26,082 bushels
of potatoes, 31,566 pounds of butter, 8180 gallons of sorghum,
1470 bales of cotton, 8135 pounds of wool ; the value of ani
mals slaughtered was $108,809 ; and the value of aU the farm
productions was $607,967.
_ The surface is a succession of mountainous ridges and aUu
rial vaUeys. The soU is generaUy Hght, with a clay sub
stratum, and admirably adapted for smaU farms.
This is one of the great mineral counties of the State.
Lron ore abounds in an inexhaustible quantity, coal is plenti
ful, and sand-rock, marble, Hme, &c, exist.
The iron deposits attracted attention many years ago, and
the Lrondale and Bed Mountain smelting and casting furnaces
were in successful operation during the war between the
States. They were both burned by the troops of Gen. WU-
son, but the former has been rebuUt. Two or three other
industries of the kind are about to be estabhshed, and Jeffer
son bids fair to lead her sister counties in this important
source of wealth.
The Locust fork of Tuskaloosa river flows through the
western portion of the county. Forty-five mUes of the Ala
bama and Chattanooga raUroad He within its limits; and
about thirty-four miles of the railroad from Montgomery to
Decatur. Other roads are projected through the county.
Elyton is the seat of justice. It was incorporated Dec. 20,
1820, having been laid out just previous to that date, and
Matthew H. GUlaspie, Samuel Hall, Wm. C. Tarrant, and Col.
John Martin were appomted to hold the first municipal elec-
and in 1775 was chosen a delegate to the colonial congress. He was the
author and a signer of the decree of independence, and was the second gov
ernor of the State of Virginia. After some diplomatic service abroad, he
was appointed secretary of state in the cabinet of Washington, and was
elected to the vice presidency in 1790, and to the presidency i'our years after.
He retired from office in 1809, founded the University of Virginia, and died
July 4, 1826. 19

290 JEFFERSON COUNTY.
tion. It now has about 700 inhabitants. It is named for Mr.
W. H. Ely, the agent of the deaf and dumb asylum at Hart
ford, Conn., who came to this section in 1819 to locate the
lands congress had donated to the asylum, and who deeded
to the county the quarter section of land on which the town
stands on the condition that the courthouse should be erected
here. Birmingham is the name of a young city two mUes north
east of Elyton, at the crossing of the railroads. The " Elyton
Land Company," of which Col. James B. PoweU is president,
selected the site, and caUed it for the manufacturing city of
the same name in England. The lots were exposed for sale
June 1, 1871, the first house was buUt August 29, and it was
incorporated as a city December 19, with a population of
1200 souls. Its growth continues, and the population is now
estimated at 2500 souls. It lies in the heart of the great
mineral region, and capitalists have already invested largely
in the vicinity with the view of developing its wondrous
resources. Jonesboro is a viUage in Jones' VaUey.
Beuben Bead, William Ervin, John Adams, John Cochran,
and WUHam Prude were the commissioners appointed by the
legislature in 1819 to select a site for the courthouse of Jef
ferson, and John Martin and Peyton King were added in 1822.
Election precincts were first estabhshed in the county in
1819 at the store of Wiggin & McWhorter, at Greer's old
store-house, and at the store of King & Brown. A year later
one was estabhshed at Micajah Lindsay's, and in 1821 one at
Squire Sanders', and Old Town.
Jefferson has no history of general interest.
John Brown was one of the earliest white settlers of the
county. He came from South CaroHna about the year 1818,
and represented Blount in the legislature before Jefferson was
cut off from it. He was a member of both houses of the
general assembly, and judge of the county court about the
year 1832. In 1834 he removed to Tuskaloosa, and was there
steward of the University tiU his removal to Texas two or
three years later. He was a popular man in the county, and
his character was irreproachable. His wife was a Miss Brooks,
and Mr. Waldo W. Shearer, for man}- years a citizen of Sumter
county, is his nephew.
The late Lemuel G. McMillion came to Jonesboro, in this
county, hi 1819, from Pendleton district, South Carolina, where
he was born in 1794. He taught school for some twenty
years here, was the compUer of a speUing book of a very
superior kind, and was for ten years a member of the legis-

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 291
lature. He was also major of Col. Frazier's regiment which
marched into the Creek country in 1836. He married a Miss
Freeland, and one of his daughters married Dr. GUbert T.
Deason of this county, who represented Shelby and Jefferson
in the State senate in 1865-67. Col. McMillion died Aug.
29, 1865, in this county.
Walker Keith Baylor came to this county about the year
1820, and opened a law office in Elyton. He was a Kentuckian
by bfrth, and the younger brother of the Hon. B. E. B. Bay- -
lor of Tuskaloosa. In 1825 he entered the public service as
a member of the legislature from the county. He showed a
preference for professional and literary rather than political
Hfe ; and only re-appeared in the legislature as a senator in
1838, having previously served for several years as judge of
the county court. ' In 1843 he became a judge of the circuit
court, succeeding Hon. Peter Martin of Tuskaloosa, and was
holding that office — presiding with dignity and abUity — when
his death occurred in 1845. He was kUled by the accidental
discharge of a gun while on a visit to his brother in Texas.
Judge Baylor was prepossessing in appearance ; and his cul
tivated mind, diversified talents, manly character, and genial
nature rendered him justly estimable. He was a bachelor.
Moses Kelly was for many years a citizen of Jefferson,
and one of its earher settlers. He represented the county in
both branches of the general assembly, and was judge of the
probate court for some years. He was a farmer, and a man
of practical ways, great influence, popularity, experience,
and integrity. He died in the county in 1866, fuU of years,
leaving several sons. He was a nephew of Hon. Wm. Kelly
of Madison, and uncle of the late Gen. John H. Kelly of
Pickens. The late Samuel S. Earle was one of the best and most
prominent citizens of Jefferson for fifty years. He was a
native of South Carolina, where he was bom in 1799, and
came to Alabama in 1820. Locating in Jefferson, his skUl as
a physician, his many excellencies of character, his literary
culture, and practical sense soon gave him prominence. He
represented the county in the legislature in 1832, and three or
four times subsequently; the last time hi 1842, when his
party was in a hopeless minority hi Jefferson. But he pre
ferred the peace of domestic life ;
''And, to add greater honors to his age
Than man could give him, he died fearing God."
This event occurred in this county, December 20, 1870. His
numerous descendants are in Jefferson, and are among its
most respected citizens.

292 JEFFERSON COUNTY.
William S. Earnest, of this county, is a native of Tennes
see, and came to Jefferson about the year 1835. He taught
school for several years, and was admitted to the bar in 1842.
He has represented the county in the legislature, and in the
constitutional convention of 1861. The same year he was an
unsuccessful candidate for congress. He is a stalwart man,
of sociable and popular manners ; and beneath a rough exte
rior conceals a fund of practical knowledge.
William Swearingen Mudd came to Jefferson with his
parents in 1831, but was born in Jefferson county, Kentucky,
in 1816. In 1817 the parents settled in Madison county, and
in 1824 removed to Lawrence, thence to this county. The
son was graduated at St. Joseph's CoUege, Bardstown, Ky.,
read law under the eye of Hon. Walker K. Baylor at Elyton,
and was Hcensed to practice in 1839. He opened an office
here and entered on a prosperous career. Ln 1843 he entered
public Hfe as a representative in the general assembly, and
was twice re-elected. In 1848 he was elected soHcitor of the
judicial cfrcuit, and discharged its duties for eight years. He
was defeated for congress in 1851, after a warm canvass, by
Mr. Harris of Coosa. He was elected to the bench of the
cfrcuit court in 1856 over Messrs. E. W. Peck of Tuskaloosa
and B. T. Pope of St. Clair. He was re-elected without
opposition in 1862, was appointed to the place by Gov. Par
sons, and was again elected in 1866. He now fills the office.
In 1865 he represented the county in the constitutional con
vention. Judge Mudd is of ordinary size, with a Hght com
plexion. His temperament is dispassionate, and his views are
practical. Discretion, a strong sense pf propriety, and a con
sideration for the opinions and motives of others, are sahent
traits of his character. His official conduct is unexception
able. As a jurist he is much disposed to disregard the tech
nicalities of the law in order to reach its equity. As a citizen,
his exemplary deportment, and amiable disposition, are the
basis of an esteem that time has only served to build up.
He married a daughter of the late Dr. S. S. Earle.
Alburto Martin is a native and resident of Jefferson. His
father. Col. John Martin, was one of the first settlers of the
county. He was born in 1830, graduated at the State Uni
versity, and began the practice of law at Elyton in 1856. He
represented the county in the legislature from 1859 to 1863.
In the latter year was elected soHcitor of this judicial circuit,
was displaced by Gov. Parsons, and re-elected by the general
assembly of 1865, and held the office tiU 1868. In 1861 he
laised a company, wliich became part of the 10th Alabama
infantry. He served with this command till dangerously

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 293
wounded by a sheU at the second battle of Manassas, which
has crippled him for life. Capt. Martin has very decided
opinions, and is firm in his convictions. His scope of infor
mation is extensive; his capacity as a prosecuting officer
unquestioned. He married a daughter of Judge Mudd.
James Eobert Powell, of this county, is one of the best
known citizens of the State. He was born in Brunswick
county, Virginia, Dec 7, 1814. His father was at first wealthy,
but suddenly lost his property, and after laboring on a farm
for two years, the son came to this State in 1833. He had a
hotel at Lowndesboro and at Montgomery, and removed to
Wetumka in 1836. There he began his remarkable career
as a stage owner and maU contractor, which lasted for twenty-
five years, and was thick with stirring incidents. His memo
rable contests with Messrs. Jemison of Tuskaloosa, John G.
Winter of Montgomery, and other rivals, for the possession of
stage routes and maU contracts, are among the fireside stories
of Alabama. He became sheriff of Coosa, and in 1845 rep
resented the county in the lower house, as he did in the sen
ate in 1853. Shortly after he removed to Montgomery, and
was a leading and wealthy citizen there tiU he came to this
county in 1871, as president of the "Elyton Land Company,"
to lay the foundation of a manufacturing city amidst the mar
velous mineral resources of this county. Col. PoweU is the
least negative and passive of men. His energy and enterprise,
his sagacity and public spfrit, are only equaUed by the expan
sive view he takes of aU questions that affect the pubhc weal.
During the late war he furnished an entire company with
horses at his own expense, and gave HberaUy towards their
equipment. Having gathered a large quantity of ice during
the war, when it was s.o much needed, and could not be ob
tained, he gave it to the Confederate government for the
wounded, though offered $40,000 for it. Hon. Thomas D.
Clarke of TaUadega and Hon. J. H. Weaver of Coosa married
sisters of Col. PoweU.
WUHam S. Earnest represented the county in the constitu
tional convention of 1861 ; and Wm. S. Mudd in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the general assembly:
Senators.
1822-John Wood. 1847— Moses Kelly.
1825— John Brown. 1851— Mosob Kelly.
1828— John Wood. 1853— Moses Kelly.
1830— John M. Dupuy. 1855— H. W. Nelson.
1833— John Brown. 1857— John T. Storrs.
1836— Harrison W. Goyne. 1859— H. W. Nelson.
18S8— Walker K. Baylor. 1861— John P. Morgan.
1839— CC. P. Farrar. 1864— Mitchell T. Porter.
J841— Walker K. Baylor. 1865— G. T. Deason.
1843— Moses Kelly. [No elecion in 1867 or since. "\
1844^-Jota Ashe.

294

LAUDERDALE COUNTY.

1822— Isaac Brown, Thos. W. Farrar.
1 823 — John Brown, Isham Harrison.
1824 — Benj. Worthington, Thomas
W. Farrar.
1825— John Brown, Walker K. Baylor,
John M. Dupuy.
1826 — John Brown, John Martin,
John M. Dupuy.
1827 — John Brown, John F. Forrest,
Wm. K. Paulding.
1828 — John Brown, John M. Dupuy.
1829— John Brown, John F. Forrest.
1830 — John Brown, Peyton King.
1831-Emory Lloyd, H. W. Goyne.
1832- Hugh M. Caruthers, S. S. Earle
1838— H. M. Caruthers, John Brown,
("Red").
1834— W. A. Scott, John Cantley.
1835— L. G. McMillion, Jno. Cantley.
1836— L. G. McMillion, Moses Kelly.
1837 — Octavius Spencer, Benj. Tar
rant.

Representatives. 1838— L. G. McMillion, S. S. Earle.
1839— L. G. McMillion, S. S. Earle.
1840— L. G. McMillion, Jeremiah
Randolph.
1841— L. G. McMillion, Jeremiah
Randolph.
1842— L. G. McMillion, S. S. Earle.
1843— L. G. McMillion, W. S. Mudd.
1844— Octavius Spencer, W. S. Mudd.
1845— Christoph. Devers, J. Randolph
1847— L. G. McMillion, W. S. Mudd.
1849— John Camp, Hugh Coupland.
1851— Wm.S. Earnest, S. A. Tarrant.
1853 — John Camp.
1855 — John Camp.
1857—0. S. Smith.
1859— Alburto Martin.
1861— Alburto Martin.
1863— John C. Morrow.
1865— John Oliver.
1867— [No election.]
1870— G. W. Hewitt.

CHAPTEE XLVI.

THE COUNTY OF LAUDERDALE.

This county was established by an act of the territorial
legislature, Feb. 6, 1818, and carved out of lands purchased
of the Cherokees and Chicasas iu 1816. The original size
is retained except the fork between the Elk and Tennessee.
It lies in the northwest quarter of the State, and is bounded
on the north by the State of Tennessee, east by Limestone,
south by Colbert and Lawrence, and west by the State of
Mississippi. It was named to honor Col. James Lauderdale* of Tennessee.
Its area is about 720 square mUes. Its length is about 55
miles, and its breadth is from ten to twenty miles.
The assessed value of real estate is $2,307,659 ; personal
property $871,908 ; total $3,179,565.
"Col. Lauderdale was a brave Tennesseean, of Coffee's mounted brigade.
He was wounded at the battle of Talladega, and killed in the night attack on
the British below New Orleans, Dec. 23, 1814.

LAUDERDALE COUNTY. 295
The population has moved decenniaUy as foUows :
1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870

Whites  3556 7960 9447 11,097 10.639 9921
Blacks  1407 3821 5038 6,075 6,781 5160
The farm lands — 93,625 acres improved, and 160,357 acres
unimproved — were valued at $1,405^630 in 1870.
The Hve stock — 2380 horses, 1115 mules, 7352 neat cattle,
5984 sheep, 10,285 hogs— were valued at $500,471.
The farm productions in 1869 were valued at $849,029, and
consisted of 24,126 bushels of wheat, 447,155 bushels of corn,
12,526 bushels of oats, 9511 bushels of potatoes, 34,306
pounds of butter, 9045 gaUons of sorghum, 5457 bales of
cotton, 11,643 pounds of wool; and the value of animals
slaughtered was $69,511.
The profile of the country is roUing and hUly ; the soU gen
eraUy Hght, but susceptible of great enrichment, The low
lands are aUuvial.
The Tennessee river is the southern line of the county, but
for much of the distance is too shoaUy for steam navigation.
A canal, eighteen mUes in length, was constructed around
these shoals between 1831 and 1837, but was never rendered
serviceable. The federal government is at present making
an effort to remove the obstructions in the river.
A branch of the Memphis & Charleston EaUroad, fivemUes
in length, connects Florence and Tuscumbia.
The mineral wafers of the county are of wide repute. Of
the several springs resorted to, Bailey's is known throughout
the United States. Taylor's, and one or two others, possess
valuable properties.
There is a saltpetre cave on ChewaUee or Elk river.
The subject of material industries had taken strong hold
on the people of Lauderdale even prior to the war, and cotton
and wool factories, iron foundries, &c, had begun to spring
up. The "Cypress Factory," by Messrs. Martin, Weakley &
Co., was working up about 3000 bales of the raw material per
annum before the war ; but it was burned during that time.
As now operated, at the old location on Cypress or Taketanoee
creek, it has 75 or 80 looms, 3000 spindles, about 100 opera
tives, and works up about 1000 bales of cotton a year. An
extensive cotton factory is also soon to go into operation on
the eastern fork of the same stream, eight mUes from Florence.
Near the town, also, there is an iron foundry.
Florence is the seat of justice. It was laid out in 1818,
and Gen. Jackson of Tennessee, and ex-President Madison
owned lots in it about that time. For several years after its
settlement there was a rivalry between its commercial interests
tod those of NashvUle, Tennessee, one being at the head of

296 LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
navigation on the Tennessee, and the other simUarly situated
on the Cumberland. A newspaper, caUed the Gazette, was
printed here as earlv as 1820. The population bv the census
of 1870 was 2003 souls, of whom 1118 were whites, and 885
blacks. In 1860 the population was 1395 souls ; in 1850 it
was 802. The Synodical Institute, and the Wesleyan Uni
versity are located here, and the former is in a flourishing
condition. EodgersvUle, in the eastern part of the county, has 435
inhabitants ; and Waterloo is an incorporated rillage.
There is a conical artificial mound at Florence, of large
size, which attracts the attention of the antiquary.
Voting places were established in 1819 at the houses of
Wm. S. Barton and Thomas Barnett, and in 1821 at Joel
Burrows', Andrew McMicken's, and Wm. Howe's.
Haywood's "History of Tennessee" says that the portion
of Alabama north of the Tennessee was organized into a
county by the Georgia legislature in 1785, and caUed Hous
toun, in honor of John Houstoun, governor of that State in
1778 and 1784. A party of eighty men came down the Ten
nessee shortly after, and effected a settlement at a point on
the Muscle Shoals within the present limits of this county.
They opened a land office, elected one of thefr number to the
Georgia legislature, and performed other rites of citizenship.
But within a fortnight the new settlement was abandoned in
dread of the warhke Chicasas.
The region now embraced within this county was the scene
of several bloody skirmishes between the Tennesseeans and
Chicasas about the years 1787-90.
During the war between the States a cavalry fight occurred
two mUes east of Florence, in which the cavalry regiment of
Col. Wm. A. Johnson of Colbert scattered a federal command
with some loss to it. Near the same spot the army of Gen.
Hood lay encamped for several weeks just before entering on
the disastrous campaign which culminated at Franklin and
NashvUle. Lauderdale, then, in common with the other
counties of the Tennessee valley, suffered fearfuUy in conse
quence of its exposed position.
John Coffee was among the early settlers of this county.
He was Gen. Jackson's right arm through all his campaigns
against the Creeks, and led the mounted Tennesseeans at the
battle of New Orleans. He was a planter in this county for
twelve or thirteen years, and died here July 17, 1833. Capt.
Alexander D. Coffee, of this county, is his son, and nearly aU
his chUdren and descendants reside here. His wife was a
sister of Mrs. Gen. Jackson, and died a year or two ago.

LAUDERDALE COUNTY. 297
One of the earliest pubhc men of the State was for many
years, a resident of Lauderdale. This was Hugh: McVay.
He was a native of South Carohna, and born about 1778.
His father was a revolutionary soldier of 1776, and a farmer.
The son received but a limited education. In 1807 he came
to Alabama, and first settled as a planter in Madison. As far
back as 1811 he was a member of the territorial legislature of
Mississippi, representing Madison county. In this capacity
he served tUl the territory of Alabama was organized. He
came to Lauderdale in 1818, and represented the county in
the convention which framed the State constitution. He was
a member of the general assembly in 1820, and, up to 1844,
when he left the senate, he had served five years in the lower
and seventeen years in the upper house of the legislature. In
1836 he was elected president of the senate by one majority
over Ex-Gov. Samuel B. Moore of Pickens, and in June of
the foUowing year became governor by the resignation of Gov.
Clay. He was reheved of its duties in December, when Gov.
Bagby was inaugurated. His death occurred in 1851 in this
county. He left a reputation for usefulness, morality, integ
rity, and good sense ; but laid no claims to high capacity save
that born of experience. His wife was a Miss Hawks of South
Carolina, and he has a son residing near Florence. Hon. Zadoc
McVay of Lawrence was the brother of Gov. McVay.
John McKinley, one of the most active of our early public
men, was a citizen of Lauderdale. He grew to manhood in
Franklin county, Kentucky, but was probably a native of Vir
ginia, and born about 1778. He was a mechanic iu early life,
but read law, and practiced for some years in Frankfort. In
1818 he came to Alabama, and located in HuntsvUle as a law
yer. In 1820 he represented Madison in the house. When
Mr. Walker resigned his seat in the federal senate, in 1822,
Mr. McKinley was beaten for the position by one majority for
Hon. Wm. KeUy of Madison. In 1826 he was elected to the
vacant seat in the federal senate caused by the death of Gov.
Pickens, the vote standing: McKinley 41, C. C. Clay 38.
WhUe holding this position he became a citizen of Lauderdale.
His term having expfred in 1831, he represented Lauderdale
in the legislature the same year. In 1833 he was elected to
represent the district in congress, defeating Gen. James Davis
of Franklin, but was not a candidate for re-election. In 1836
he again served Lauderdale in the lower house. During the
session he was elected to the federal senate to succeed Gov.
Gabriel Moore, receiving 72 votes to the 45 cast for Hon. A.
F. Hopkins of Madison. Before taking his seat, however, he
was appointed by President Van Buren an associate justice of
the supreme court of the United States, May 1837. From

298 LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
that time till his death he held the exalted station, residing
much of the time in Washington and LouisvUle, Ky. He died
in the latter city in 1852. His daughter, Mrs. Donald Camp-
beU, is now a resident of LouisvUle, and his son, Andrew Mc
Kinley, held some important office- in that State. He was a
large framed man, stalwart and raw-boned. His abUity was
very considerable, and his tenacity of purpose and great en
ergy proved to be winning cards in the game of life. He was
moody and rather irritable, but very generaUy esteemed.
The memory of James Jackson wUl . linger long in Lauder
dale. He was a native of Ireland, and born in the year 1784.
His parents were in comfortable cfrcumstances, and he was
weU educated. About the time he attained to manhood, he
came to America, and settled in NashvUle, Tennessee, as a
merchant. He acquired property rapidly, and made numerous
friends. Among them was Gen. Andrew Jackson, who prized
him highly, but from whom he was estranged by a domestic
incident. In 1821 he came to this county and engaged in
planting ; and at his home, " The Forks " of Cypress, he dis
pensed a princely hospitahty tUl his death. In. 1822 he en
tered pubHc Hfe as a member of the general assembly, and
served the county in both branches. He was president of
the senate in 1830. His party were in a minority in the county,
and he was twice beaten for the senate by Hon. Hugh McVay.
He died in the year 1840. Mr. Jackson was large and portly,
with very handsome features. He was possessed of great en
ergy, tact, and judgment, which, added to an open and manly
deportment, wealth, and Hberahty, gave him extensive popu
larity and influence. He was a patron of the turf, and im
ported a large number of horses into the South, whose quali
ties he tested on aU the favorite courses. His wife was Mrs.
MeCuUoch (nee Moore) of Tennessee. Of his several chUdren,
Hon. WUHam M. Jackson has represented Franklin in both
branches of the general assembly.
James Jackson, son of Hon. James Jackson, is a native and
resident of Lauderdale. He entered the service of his State
as a private in the 4th Alabama Infantry, and was shot through
the lungs at the first battle of Manassas. A few months later
he became Heutenant colonel of the 27th Alabama. At Fort
Donelson, where the regiment served with courage, he was
•captured, and not exchanged for seven months. He then be
came colonel by the death of Col. Hughes, and led the regi
ment during the remainder of its proud career. At Kenne-
saw he lost an arm, which disabled him for some time. He
was commanding the brigade in North Carolina when Gen.
Johnston surrendered. The same year he was elected to the

LAUDERDALE COUNTY. 299
senate, and served tiU 1867. Col. Jackson is of ordinary
stature, and reserved demeanor. His energy and decision of
purpose are noteworthy traits. He prefers deeds to words.
Henry D. Smith came ,to this county about the year 1828.
He was a native of North Carolina, and a wealthy planter. ,
He represented the county in the general assembly first in
1839, and last in 1862, serving twelve years. He was large
and stout, with good natural endowments of mind, but some
what defective in education. He was honest and kind-hearted,
but passionate, and often irascible in his later years. His
death occurred in 1869, at the age of about 66 years.
William Basil Wood has been a resident of Lauderdale
for fifty years. He was born in Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 31,
1820. His father was a mechanic and afterwards a merchant.
His mother was the daughter of Major Evans of the British
army. The parents came to the county in 1821, and the son
grew to manhood here. Beceiving a Hberal education, he
read law under Judge Coleman of Limestone, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1843. Locating in Florence, he was the
year foUowing elected county judge, and held the place for
six years. In 1849 he was the Whig candidate for congress,
but was defeated by Hon. David Hubbard of Lawrence. In
1860 he was the BeU candidate for elector at large. A year
later he took the field as colonel of the 16th Alabama. At
Wild-Cat, Fishing Creek, Murfreesboro, and Chickamauga,
he led the 16th with great credit, and at Triune was iu com
mand of the brigade. Gens. Cleburne and Hardee recom
mended his promotion, but he was soon transferred to the
presidency of the mUitary court of Longstreet's corps, where
he continued until the close of the war. In May 1864 he was
elected judge of the cfrcuit court over Hon. T. M. Peters of
Lawrence, but held no courts. He was not re-appointed by
Governor Parsons, but in 1866 was again elected circuit judge,
defeating Judge Posey and Col. Pickett, both of Lauderdale.
Ln 1868 he was removed from office by the reconstruction acts
of congress. Judge Wood is a conscientious man, of high
moral standing and sincere piety. He is a lawyer of decided
abUity. Ln stature he is six feet, and well proportioned. He
married a daughter of Major Leftwich of Virginia.
The name of Sidney Cherry Posey is identified with the
annals of Lauderdale. He was born in Pendleton district,
South Carolina, May 1803. His mother was a Miss Brooks.
His family was among the earhest settlers of Madison, and
there he grew to manhood and was educated. When twenty
years old he taught school in Tuscumbia to obtain money to

300 LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
enable him to read law. This he did, was admitted to the
bar, and remained several years in Tuscumbia. Ln 1832 he
came to Florence, where he soon attained to prominence in
his profession. In 1835 and '36 he represented the county in
the lower house, and in 1837 served a session in the senate of
the general assembly. He was again in the senate from 1844
to '47, and had previously served as judge of the county court
five or six years. In 1847 he was elected circuit judge over
Messrs. John E. Moore and Wm. Eichardson — a position he
filled till 1850. He was a member of the secession conven
tion, and refused to sign the ordinance, but was true to the
South. In 18'61 he represented Lauderdale in the lower
house. Ln 1865 he was appointed judge of the cfrcuit court
by Governor Parsons, and served till the foUowing May. He
died at his home four mUes from Florence, Dec. 22, 1868.
Judge Posey was a man of decided abUity, and left a char
acter long to be respected and remembered by those who
knew him. He married a Miss DePriest, and left descend
ants here.
Lauderdale is the home of Bobert Miller Patton. He
was born in EusseU county, Virginia, Jan. 10, 1809. His
father, Wm. Patton, was an Irishman who came to Virginia
when young, and there married a Miss Hays. These humble
but industrious people came to Madison county in 1812, and
there brought up a number of highly respectable chUdren.
This son, after taking an academic course, engaged in mer
cantile pursuits in HuntsvUle tiU 1829, when he came to Flor
ence. Here" he continued the business with great profit for
thfrty years, adding to it that of a planter, and amassing con
siderable wealth. In 1836 he was elected to the lower house
of the legislature, but held no other pubhc trust tiU 1851,
when he was chosen to the senate. For eleven years he fined
that position, servhig as president of the body in 1861. The
year foUowing he resigned in order to save something of his
large estate, the enemy having over-run the Tennessee valley.
During the war he was grievously harassed by the federal
troops, who, laid waste the entire county. Ln 1865 he repre
sented Lauderdale in the " reconstruction convention," and in
the f aU of the same year was elected governor over Col. M. J.
Bulger of TaUapoosa and Hon. Wm. E. Smith of Tuskaloosa.
The vote stood : Patton 23,042 ; Bulger 16,713 ; Smith 9,219.
He entered the executive chamber at a time when his sound
sense and large experience were in grave demand. But his
herculean task of organizing a government out of chaotic
fragments was seriously impeded by the conflicting sentiments
of the people of the State, and the hostile legislation of the
federal congress. His administration of two and a half years

LAUDERDALE COUNTY. 301
was finaUy ended, July 13, 1868, by the rescript of congress.
Gov. Patton retired to renew his private employments at his
charming home, " Sweet Water," near Florence — a spot kindly
remembered by Confederate soldiers.
Gov. Patton is stoutly buUt, and of ordinary highth. His
features are an index of his acknowledged energy, modera
tion, sobriety, and benevolence. His life, though enterpris
ing, has been blameless, and the annalist of Alabama can
point to none more useful and respected.
He married a daughter of Gen. James Brahan, a very
prominent citizen for many years of this county. Two of his
sons were kUled in the Confederate service. Dr. Charles A.
Patton, a prominent citizen of Madison, is a brother. Col.
Weeden of Madison, a brave field officer of the 49th Alabama
infantry, married a daughter of Gov. Patton.
Lauderdale was the home at one time of Mrs. Caroline
Lee Hentz, the popular novelist. She was the daughter of
Col. John Whiting of Lancaster, Massachusetts, and was
born about the beginning of the century. In 1824 she mar
ried Prof. N. M. H entz, the son of a lawyer of Metz, and who
was at the time associated with Mr. George Bancroft, the
after-time historian, in the conduct of a seminary in the
vicinity. Two years later, they removed to Chapel Hill, N. C,
where Prof. H . served as professor of belles lettres and lan
guages for several years. WhUe residing iu Cincinnati, in
1832, the first tragedy of her maturer years ("De Lara,") was
written for a Boston theatre, and took the prize of $500
offered for the best production of the kind. It was two years
after that the family came to this State, and made Florence
their home. Here, absorbed in famUy and school duties, Mrs.
Hentz passed nine years of the most domestic portion of her
hfe. Ln 1843 she and her husband removed to Tuskaloosa to
take charge of a female seminary ; and from thence in a year
or two to Tuskegee, and subsequently to Columbus, Georgia.
She died of pneumonia in Marianna, Florida, Feb. 11, 1856,
just after completing " Ernest Linwood," and did not know of
its great success. Of her other works, " Linda, or the PUot
of the BeUe Creole," " Bobert Graham," " Marcus Warland,"
and " The Planter's Northern Bride," are those best known.
Mrs. Hentz was not sufficiently identified with Alabama for
her merits as an author to be presented here ; but none have
faUed to remark how thoroughly she had observed the salient
traits of Southern character. She is the only novelist of her
reputation who has laid the scenes of her stories among us,
save Mr. Simms, and they wUl convey faithful pictures of
refined life at the South as long as the EngHsh language is

302 LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
spoken. Nor is it as a novehst that those who knew her
longest most fondly remember her. As a wife, mother, and
educator, she had a practical existence, and brightened the
pathway of others with her womanly love and devotion. She
left two daughters who have won some distinction in Hterary
circles: Mrs. George P. Keyes of Montgomery, and Mrs.
Branch ; and a son resides in Florida.
Edward Asbury O'Neal is. a citizen of Lauderdale, but a
native of Madison. He was born in 1818, and is the son of a
planter who came from South Carohna, and who was of Irish
and Huguenot descent. His father died when he was four
years old, but his mother ( whose maiden name was Wheat,
also of South Carolina ) was of much force of character. He
grew to manhood in Madison, and was graduated at Lagrange
College. Having read law in the office of Hon. JamesW. Mc-
Clung, he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and located at
Florence. He has been associated in the practice, at different
times, with Messrs. Eobert Armstrong, W. B. Wood, and John
E. Moore. Ln 1841 he was elected soHcitor, defeating Hon.
John A. Nooe of Franklin. This position he held till 1845.
In 1849 he was a candidate for congress,, but was defeated.
In 1861 he enlisted a company for the 9th Alabama regiment,
of which he was appointed major, and of which he became
Heutenant colonel in the f aU. In March 1862 he was appointed
colonel of tbe 26th Alabama, then in Bichmond. At York-
town, WUUamsburg, Seven Pines, and the battles around Eich-
mond, he led this regiment. At Seven Pines his horse was
killed under him, and he was severely injured by a sheU. On
the first march into Maryland he commanded Eodes's brigade
tiU relieved two days before the battle of Boonsboro. Ln this
stubborn conflict he received a painful wound in_the thigh.
During the winter he rejoined the army, and assumed com
mand of the brigade. At ChanceUorsvUle, Gettysburg, and
Mine Eun he led it, and distinguished hfrnseff for courageous
bearing. Early in 1864 his regiment was sent back to this State
to recruit its depleted ranks. But it was soon ordered to Dal
ton, where he took command of Cantey's brigade. This he
led during Johnston's famous retreat, winning further laurels.
He was reheved soon after Gen. Hood took command of the
army, and was on detached service in the closing days of the
struggle. A commission of brigadier general was issued to him
during that time, but the interruption of maU communication
prevented its reception. It had been recommended by our
legislature, and was tardy justice.
Gen. O'Neal's frame is slight but well knit. His complex
ion is florid, and his brown eye quick and Restless.
"Age ne'er cools the Douglas blood. "

LAUDERDALE COUNTY, 303
As an officer he was indulgent, impetuous, and fearless, and
much beloved by his troops. He is generous and hospitable, and
ranks high as an advocate. He married a sister of Messrs.
Sydenham and John E. Moore. Major A. M. O'Neal of the
1st Confederate battahon, now of New York, is his son, and
another son is his law partner. Col. Edward McAlexander
of the 27th Alabama, and Hon. Alexander McAlexander, both
of this county, are nephews of Gen. O'Neal.
The late John Edmund Moore was for many years a resi
dent of this county. He was an elder brother of Col. Syd.
Moore of Greene, and was born in Eutherford county, Ten
nessee, in 1815. Eeceiring a good education, he read law in
Huntsville, was Hcensed, and practiced there a year or two.
He then came to Florence, and here pursued his profession,
Ln 1847 he represented the county in the general assembly.
In 1851 he was elected to the bench of the circuit court, in
which responsible position he acted for twelve years. Presi
dent Pierce tendered him the appointment of territorial judge
of Kansas, but he declined it. His death occurred in Greene
county in 1864, soon after receiving the appointment of judge
of a mUitary court. In person he was tall and spare, with
hght complexion. His bearing was dignified, his manner cor
dial. As a judicial officer he was studiously impartial, and
filled the measure of- an upright and moral magistrate and
citizen. He has left a spotless record and an exemplary char
acter. Judge Moore married a Miss Watson.
Eichard Orick Pickett, a prominent citizen of this county,
is a native of Fauquier county, Virginia, and was born in
1819. He was the son of Col. Steptoe Pickett ; the maiden
name of his mother was ChUton. When he was quite young
his parents came to this State and settled in Limestone county.
The soli grew to manhood, received a good education, and
became a merchant. Not succeeding in this, he read law
under the late Hon. -James Irvine, one of the ablest lawyers
the bar of Florence has bdasted, and came to the bar in 1847.
Locating in Moulton, he entered on the practice. He first
represented Lawrence in the legislature in 1849, and twice
subsequently. He was a captain in the 35th Alabama Infan
try, and was captured at Corinth. He subsequently entered
the cavalry, and became colonel of a regiment in Eoddy's
command. Since the war he has pursued his profession in
Florence. Col. Pickett is tall and slender, with intellectual
features, and a grave demeanor. As a speaker he is sensible
and earnest, whUe his mental, moral, and social standing is
high. He married Miss Baggs of this county.

304 LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
Henry Cox Jones resides in tins county, but is a native of
Franklin, where he was bom Jan. 23, 1821.' He was gradu-
ted at Lagrange College whUe Bishop Paine was president of
the faculty, and read law under Hon. Daniel Coleman of Lime
stone. At the session of the general assembly in 1841, he
was elected to the office of judge of the county court of Frank
lin without his sohcitation. Ln 1843 he resigned the office,
and was elected the same year to represent the county in the
legislature. Be-elected in 1844, he remained in retirement
tiU' 1853, when he was elected to the State senate. He came
to reside in this county in 1856, and has since practiced law
at Florence. He represented the county in the constitutional
convention of 1861, and refused to vote for or sign the ordin
ance of secession. The same year he was elected to the
provisional congress of the Confederacy, aud was an earnest
advocate of the Southern cause. He has not since taken
official part in public affairs. Judge Jones is stoutly built,
and has an impressive appearance. As a speaker he is fluent
and effective, and vehement in utterance. He stands weU as
a lawyer and advocate, and is a gentleman of manly charac
ter and ardent pubhc spfrit. He married a sister of Hon.
Wade Keyes.
Wade Keyes also resides in this county, but is a native of
Limestone. His father, Gen. Keyes, was a planter, and mer
chant at MooresviUe, where the son was bom in 1821. His
mother was a Miss Eutledge of- Tennessee. Educated at La
grange CoUege and the University of Vfrginia, he read law
under the eye of Judge Coleman in Athens, and in Lexington,
Kentucky. After a tour in Europe, he located in TaUahassee,
Florida, in 1844. WhUe there he wrote a volume on contin
gent remainders, and another on the practice in chancery.
In 1851 he removed to Montgomery, this State. At the ses
sion of the general assembly in 1853 he was elected chanceUor
of the southern division, over Messrs. Bugbee of Montgomery,
and Sterling G. Cato of Barbour. He filled this station with
marked abUity for six years. In 1861 he was appointed assist
ant attorney general of the Confederate States, and held the
position during the existence of that government. He re
sumed the duties of his profession at the close of the war in
Montgomery s but came to reside in this county in 1867, and
now has an office in Florence. ChanceUor Keyes is justly
admired for a profound knowledge of law, and for the dignity
and impartiality with which he presided as a judicial officer.
His attainments as a scholar are shown in the ease and clear
ness of his writings, which are restricted to professional sub
jects, and are valued bythe members of the bar. He married
a daughter of Gen. George Whitfield of Florida.

LAUDERDALE COUNTY.

305

Hugh McVay represented the county in the convention
called to frame a constitution in 1819. Henry C. Jones and
Sidney C. Posey represented it in that of 1861 ; and Eobert
M. Patton and James Irvine in the convention of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the legislature :

1819 — Joseph Farmer.
1821-Hugh McVay.
1822— Hugh McVay.
1825 — James Jackson.
1828— Hugh McVay.
1830— James Jackson (1830).
1832— Hugh McVay.
1834— Hugh McVay (1836).
1837- -Sidney C. Posey.

Senators. 1838— Hugh McVay.
1841— Hugh McVay.
1844— Sidney C. Posey. '
1847— John C. E. Wilson.
1851— Robert M. Patton.
1855— Bobert M. Patton.
1859— Kobbet M. Patton (1861).
1862 — James Stewart.
1865 — James Jackson.
[No election in 1867, or since.]
Representatives.

1819 — Jacob Byler, Thos. Garrard.
1820— H. McVay, Jonathan Bailey.
1821— G. Masterson, John Craig.
1822— James Jackson, F. Durett.
1823 — James Jackson, C. S. Manly.
1824— Jacob Byler, J. P. Cunning
ham.
1825— Jonathan Bailey, Wm. B. Mar
tin, George Coalter.
1826— Hugh McVay, Samuel Craig,
Henry Smith.
1827— Hugh McVay, Samuel Craig,
Francis Durett.
1828— J. L. D. Smith, Wm. George,
Francis Durett.
1829— John Pope, Samuel Craig, F.
Durett.
1830— Hugh McVay, Wm. George, J.
P. Cunningham.
1831— Hugh McVay, Samuel Craig,
John McKinley.
1832— Cornelius Carmack, George S.
Houston, Samuel Young.
1833— Cornelius Carmack, Jas. Jack
son, Samuel Harkins.
1834— C. Carmack, Jas. Jackson, S.
Young. J. B. Womack.
1835— C. Carmack, S. C. Posey, L.
Garner, E. Sheffield.
1836— C. Carmack, S. C. Posey, John
McKinley, K. M. Patton.
1837 — C. Carmack, Geo. Simmons, J.
M. Boston, E. Sheffield.

1838 — C. Carmack, J. Douglas, Jas.
M. Boston, S. E. Garner.
1839— Henry D. Smith, J. Douglas, A.
O. Horn.
1840— Henry D. Smith, J. Douglas, J.
R Alexander.
1841— Henry D. Smith, J. S. Kenne
dy, J. R. Alexander.
1842 — Henry D. Smith, J. Douglas,
John S. Kennedy.
1343— B. B. Barker, J. Douglas, J. E.
Alp'v-ftTliiPT*
1844— H. D. Smith] W. Baugh, J. E.
Alexander.
1845— E. G. Young, B. B. Barker, J.
C. F. Wilson.
1847— L. P. Walkeb, John E. Moore,
J. S. Kennedy.
1849— L. P. Walker, R. M. Patton,
Joseph Hough.
1851— E. W. talker, V. M. Benham,
O. H. Oates.
1853— L. P. Walker, Wm. Rhodes.
1855— E. W. Waleek, H. D. Smith.
1857— S. A. M. Wood, H. D. Smith.
1859— S. D. Hermon, H. D. Smith.
1861— S.C. Posey, J. H. Witherspoon.
1863-"-Alexander McAlexander, T. L.
Chisholm.
1865— Edward McAlexander, B. E.
Bourland.
1867— [No election.]
1870— B. F. Taylor.

20

CHAPTEE XLVH.
THE COUNTY OE LAWRENCE.
1
Lawrence was estabhshed by the first territorial legislature,
Feb. 4, 1818. It was carved out of the Cherokee and Chicasa
cession of 1816, and has not changed its original dimensions.
It Hes in the northwest quarter of the State, contiguous
to Lauderdale and Limestone on the north, to Morgan on the
east, Winston on the south, and to Franklin and Colbert on
the west.
It was named for Capt. Lawrence* of the federal navy.
The area of Lawrence is about 765 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate is $1,467,817 ; of person
alty $359,855 ; total $1,827,672.
The decennial movement of population is thus shown :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870

Whites  8361 7143 8342 7173 10,096
Blacks...  6623 6170 6916 6802 6,562
There are 144,224 acres of improved farm lands, and 165,374
acres unimproved ; the cash value of which is $1,413,284.
The Hve stock — 2570 horses, 1816 mules, 8580 neat cattle,
5095 sheep, and 18,627 hogs— is valued at $689,507.
The productions in 1869 were 519,673 bushels of corn,
20,233 bushels of wheat, 14,217 bushels of oats, 12,080 gal
lons of sorghum, 21,148 bushels of potatoes, 174,063 pounds
of butter, 6324 pounds of tobacco, 9243 bales of cotton, 8297
pounds of wool; the value of animals slaughtered was
$104,235 ; and the value of farm products was $1,359,431.
Lawrence is the most fertile county in the vaUey of the
Tennessee, with one exception. The Moulton and Courtland
vaUeys are comparatively level and very productive. There
are also valuable lands in the hiU country.
There is much mineral water in the county, consisting of
chalybeate, sulphur, &c. Stevenson's Spring is said to pos-
* James Lawbenoe was born in Burlington, Vermont, in 1781. At the
age of sixteen years, he was appointed a midshipman in the navy, and first
served in the war against Tripoli. While commanding the Hornet in 1813,
he fought and captured the Peacock, a British man-o'-war. Placed in com
mand of the Ch-esapeake, he fought a disastrous battle with the British frigate -
Shannon, off Boston, June 1, 1813. A* he was being carried below mortally
wounded, he gave the order, "Fight her till she sinks !"

LAWRENCE COUNTY. 307
sess curative powers. Tar Spring, 15 mUes southeast of
Moulton, has a resinous substance mingled with it.
Moulton, the seat of justice, has about 450 inhabitants.
It was named for a brave officer of the Tennessee troops,
kUled at the Horse-Shoe, and was incorporated first in 1819.
Courtland, on the raUroad, has about 600 inhabitants.
Leighton is a raUroad vUlage, on the line of Colbert.
Election precincts were established in 1819 at Courtland
and Mordton, and in 1821 at Geo. W. McGaughey's, Nathaniel
Norwood's, and Joseph Scales'.
Lawrence was desolated by the late war between the States,
of which numerous stirring incidents took place on its soil
between smaU bodies of men. Courtland was the scene of
more than one of these, and several were killed at Moulton in
a skirmish between Eoddy and the invaders.
Where the raUroad crosses Town creek, in this county, Gen.
Forrest met Dodge's column of 8000 men with less than haH
that number, AprU 28, 1863. Eoddy, with 1200 men, had
stood suUenly in the path of Dodge from the Mississippi line
aU the way, and was stiffly disputing the passage of the creek
when Forrest crossed at Brown's Ferry, and came to his aid.
The stream was almost unfordable, and aU day long the eight
guns of the Confederates and the eighteen of Dodge spat
flame and sheU one at the other over the woodland on the
creek, where the active skirmishers filled the interludes of the
cannonading with the sharper intonation of thefr rifles. The
sun was waning when news of a startling nature was brought
to the two commanders. Dodge heard the booming of artil
lery down the vaUey in his rear, and the quick ear of Forrest
caught the tread of cavalry on the head waters of the creek.
The one was DibreU shelling the federal cantonment at South
Florence ; the other was Streight moving by the flank on the
Confederate stores at Borne, Georgia. Before dark, Forrest
left Eoddy as a veU on the creek, and slept at Courtland ; and
the early dawn found him on the track of the daring raider.
Dodge feU back more deHberately that night, giving Cornyn
time to Uluminate the march with the light of burning dweU
ings and granaries, and to desolate the country without mercy.
" Justice must sleep in civil war."
Among the many men of mark that have Hved in Lawrence
David Hubbard may weU be classed. His family was from
Virginia, but he is a native of Tennessee, and born about the
year 1794. His parents being poor, his early advantages were
limited. He was a volunteer at the battle of New Orleans,
and, long after, on his electioneering tours, when some kind-
hearted voter would inquire why he Hmped, "Oh, nothing but
that old wound I got at New Orleans," he would indifferently

308 LAWRENCE COUNTY.
say. Just after the peace, he came to this State and worked
in HuntsvUle as a carpenter. He read law there, and came
to this countjr to reside as a practitioner about the year 1819.
Elected to the office of soHcitor soon after, he entered the leg
islature in 1827, and within the thfrty years ensuing was nine
times chosen to one house or the other ofthe general assembly.
Ln 1839 he was elected to congress, defeating Hon. David GL
Ligon. Again in 1849, he was elected to congress, this time
over Messrs. Wm. B. Wood and E. A. O'Neal, both of Lau
derdale ; but he was thrice defeated for the position by Gen.
Houston of Limestone. In 1860 he was an elector for Breck
inridge. During the occupancy of this county by the federal
troops they shamefully treated him, and showed no respect for
his gray hairs. Since the peace, he has resided in middle Ten
nessee. In appearance Major Hubbard is stout, but stoop-
shouldered and uncomely. His brow is broad aud large, but
disfigured by a wen. His address is rather awkward, but his
mind was full of vigor and vitahty even inhis later pubhc life.
As an electioneerer, whether on the stump or in the bush, he
was truly formidable, possessing many arts ofthe popular man.
His heart is kind and humane, his friendship ardent, and his
abUity, chiefly developed as a politician, far above mediocrity.
He is also a close student of mankind, and his shrewdness
and tact are proverbial in Lawrence. He first married a sister
of Hon. Argyle CampbeU of this county, but his present wife '
was a Miss Stoddard of Tennessee. Hon. Greene K. Hub
bard of this county was a brother to Major H.
David Greenhill Ligon is a name that wiU not soon fade
from the annals of Lawrence. He was born in southwestern
Virginia about the year 1792 of a very respectable famUy.
Lie was thoroughly educated and read law in hismative State.
In 1823 he came to Alabama, where his maternal uncle, Hon.
John L. Townes of Madison, had already settled. He at once
opened a law office in Courtland, and resided there or in Moul
ton with the exception of a short whUe, tUl his death. He
represented the county in 1829 in the legislature, but removed
to Walker county, shortly after, and resided there a year or
two. Twice he was defeated for congress, but was elected in
1846 chancellor of the northern division, defeating Alexander
Bowie and Thomas D. Woodward. In 1848 he pubfished a
" Digested Index of the Supreme Court of Alabama in Chan-
" eery Cases, from 1820 to 1847, " a work of value to the pro
fession, which at once demanded a second edition. In Decem
ber 1851 the general assembly elected him to the bench ofthe
supreme court by a vote of 65, to 61 for Hon. John D. Phelan
of Perry, and he performed the duties of that high station for

LAWRENCE COUNTY. 309
three years. About the year 1845 he had entered the minis
try of the Christian Church, and it was while preaching in
this county that he was seized with apoplexy, and died almost
immediately-— 1855. Justice Ligon was of fuU stature, and fair
complexion/with the intellectual largely predominating in the
structure of his head. He was exceedingly affable and amiable,
and sociabihty in early Hfe led him into dissipation, from which
he whoUy refrained for fifteen years before the close of his life.
As an orator he was one of the most gifted the State has pro
duced; the luxuriance and refulgent glow of his fancy surpass
ing the extraordinary.* Yet, with his splendid imagination,
he was, singular to say, an able attorney. He married Miss
Greenhill, a cousin, and his widow and daughter now reside
in this county. His son, Paschal Ligon, became a senator in
the Arkansas legislature, and died there a few years ago,
Thomas Minott Peters is one of the earlier settlers of
this county. He was bom in ClarksvUle, Tennessee, in 1810,
and came with his parents to Lawrence in 1819. His father
was a farmer ; his mother's maiden name was Minott. Here
he grew to manhood, and was educated at Lagrange CoUege
and the State University. He then read law at Moulton with
his brother, Samuel M. Peters, and was enroUed as an attor
ney in 1836. He opened a law office in Moulton, and was for
several years the law partner of Hon. D. G. Ligon. He was
also the editor and owner of a newspaper in the town at the
outset of his career. In 1845 he represented the county in
the general assembly, and in 1847 served the counties of
Walker and Lawrence in the upper branch of that body. He
bitterly opposed dis-Union, and went into the Federal lines
during the war. He was the nominee in 1868 by his party
for the position he now holds on the supreme bench of the
State. Justice Peters is an industrious man, with a resolute
wUl, and very decided in his views.
Francis W. Sykes has been a resident of Lawrence for
over thirty years. He was born in Northampton county, N.
C, AprU 19, 1819, but Ms parents, James T. and Sarah Dancy
Sykes, were natives of Virginia. They came to Morgan county
in 1824, and Mr. Sykes was president of the branch bank at
Decatur for several years. The son passed his early years in
Morgan, and after finishing his education at Nashville Uni-
*Justice Ligon was a ready debater, and quick at repartee. While can
vassing against Major Hubbard, the latter took occasion in his speech to
answer the charge of speculating in lands, and being sharp thereat. He con
fessed, and said it was the bad laws which enabled him to do it ; but that he
knew the defects, and wished to go to congress to correct them. In reply,
Ligon said it was the first time he had ever heard it suggested that the bell-
cow shoulcl be sent to put up the fence.

310 LAWRENCE COUNTY.
versity, he was graduated in medicine at Transylvania Univer
sity, in 1840. After a brief residence in SomervUle, he located
at Courtland, this county, and successfully pursued his pro
fessional career. Since 1849 he has given his attention to
planting. He represented the county in the legislature in
1855, but was defeated two year's later. During the war he
again served Lawrence in the representative chamber, and in
1865 he was elected to the senate from Walker, Winston,
and Lawrence. In 1868 he was on the Seymour electoral
ticket, and in 1870 was voted for in the general assembly for
senator to congress. The talents of Dr. Sykes are of the
quiet but useful kind, which are always avaUable in legislative
assemblies. In the private waUis of life he is esteemed for
various admirable qualities.
Thomas J. Foster, late of this county, is a Tennesseean by
birth, but came to Lawrence about the year 1830, when young.
He is a younger brother of Hon. Ephraim H. Foster of Ten
nessee. He engaged in planting, and. remained devoted almost
exclusively to his domestic pursuits tUl 1861. In that year
he was elected to the Confederate congress, defeating Hon.
Henry C. Jones of Lauderdale, and Capt. Zeb. P. Davis of
Madison. He was re-elected in 1863, and served the county
and district tUl the overthrow of the Confederacy. Ln 1865
he was elected to the Federal congress, over Gen. Garth of
Morgan, and Hon. C. C. Sheets of Winston, but was not per
mitted to take his seat. A year or two later he removed to
Kentucky and now resides there. Mr. Foster is a man of
good appearance, bland and agreeable manners, with a prac
tical mind, and superior conversational powers. He married
a daughter of Mr. Eobert Watkins of this county.
Mat. C. Galloway, the brilHant journalist of Memphis,
Tennessee, began his career in Lawrence, and was here reared
and probably born. He has many relatives in Lawrence.
Phillip Dale Eoddy is a native of Lawrence. He was
born in Moulton about the year 1820. His parents were in
humble circumstances, and he was deprived of educational
advantages. He grew to manhood here, laboring as a taUor
for several years. About the year 1846 he was elected to the
office of sheriff, and served three years. He then engaged in
steamboating on the Tennessee, and Hved for some time at
Chicasa, now in Colbert. He was thus engaged when the
war began. He at once recruited a company of mounted
men, and entered the service as its captain. He was efficient
as a scout, and rendered important service at ShUoh, where
his company was Gen. Bragg's escort, and where he was com
phmented on the field for gaUantry. Shortly after he returned

LAWRENCE COUNTY. 311
to the Tennessee valley, increased his command to a regiment,
and made head against the numerous detachments of the
invading army which penetrated into north Alabama. Ln the
faU of 1862 he recruited a brigade, and when Gen. Sweeney
moved up frpm Corinth he was met at Little Bear creek by
Eoddy, and driven back to Corinth after a severe fight. A
Httle later he met another raid at Barton's, and drove it back,
capturing a piece of artiUery, and causing considerable loss.
He then held the vaUey, making several raids across the river.
On one of these, he surprised the enemy in their camps at
Athens, and burned thefr barracks and stores. 0n a raid. to
Corinth he captured 600 head of horses and mules, and drove
back Col. Cornyn, who followed him to Iuka. When Gen.
Dodge moved up the vaUey, in AprU 1863, to cover Streight's
movements, Eoddy met him, and fought fiercely through Col
bert, seriously retarding his advance. WhUe he was in this
vicinity the federal troops were confined to Corinth and Hunts
vUle, but when he was ordered to Dalton, they got possession
of the vaUey, and fortified Decatur. When he came back he
could not drive them from Decatur, but he held the south
side of the river. He rendered important service to Gen.
Hood by keeping his communications open. Early in 1865 he
moved into Georgia, and stopped a federal raid at Newnan.
He or his brigade did gaUant service with Forrest at Har-
risburg, Tishomingo, Athens, Sulphur Trestle, &c, as well as
in the resistance to WUson's column, and the defence of
Selma. His regiments were his old command under Col.
Johnson, Moreland's Mississippians, Patterson's, BurtweU's,
Pickett's, Hannon's (for a time) Stewart's BattaHon, FerreU's
Battery, aud one or two other organizations. They were
divided into two brigades, one under Col. W. A. Johnson, the
other under Col. Josiah Patterson. Gen. Eoddy has resided
much of the time in New York since the peace, engaged in
the business of a commission, merchant. He was a cautious
commander, and is a brave man, of manly, generous, and
unselfish qualities. His men were devoted to him. He mar
ried Miss McGaughey of this county.
James S. Clarke is a native and resident of this county,
and was born about the year 1830. He is the son of Dr.
Clarke, a weU known citizen of the county. He was weU
educated, and made the law his profession. In 1857 he repre
sented the county in the house of representatives, and was a
member of the constitutional convention of 1861. In 1863
he was again elected to the legislature. In 1868 he was voted
for, and declared elected to the bench of the circuit court, a
position he now holds. His brother, Dr. John M. Clarke,
represented Lawrence in the legislature in 1865.

312 LAWRENCE COUNTY.
William Crawford Sherrod is also a resident and native of
Lawrence. To his father, Mr. Benjamin Sherrod, a citizen
of wealth aud energy, who came to this county from North
Carolina in 1818, and died here in 1847, is due the early con
struction of the railway from Decatur to Tuscumbia. The son
was weU educated, and gave his attention chiefly to planting.
In 1859 he represented the county in the general assembly,
and during the war was commissary of Patterson's brigade.
In 1869 he was elected to congress, and was the only member
of the 41st congress, of his party, born in the South. Major
Sherrod is a gentleman of cultivation, and moral worth, of fan-
talents, but modest withal.
There was yet another whose fame is the pride of Lawrence.
John Gregg was a native son, and born in 1828. Shortly
after, his father, Mr. Nathan Gregg, removed to Calhoun
county, and resided there for several years, then resided at
Lagrange CoUege, now in Colbert. Educated at Lagrange,
he was for two years an assistant in Mr. TutwUer's school at
Greene Springs, in Hale. He then taught at Leighton tUl he
removed to Texas in 1851. He arose rapidly to distinction as
an attorney there, and was 'elected to the bench of the cfrcuit
court. At the beginning of the war he was elected to the
provisional congress, and at the same time entered the service
as Heutenant colonel of the 7th Texas. He was captured at
Fort Donelson, and when exchanged was assigned to a brigade
in.the Army of Northern Virginia. He was promoted to the
rank of brigadier general, and was conspicuous for his abUity
as an officer and his courage as a soldier in aU the battles in
Virginia after he joined that army. He was kUled whUe
leading Field's division in the desperate assault on Fort Har
rison, near Eichmond, Oct. 7, 1864. His determined purpose
to re-establish the Confederate line, broken by the capture of
Fort Harrison, is evinced by the careful directions he gave in
several letters about his private affafrs written the night
before. "Of the many noble young men who perished in our
" cause, none gave greater promise of distinction and useful-
"ness to his country than John Gregg."* His attainments
were scholarly, and he was a learned and laborious attorney.
Whilst always sufficiently self-assertive, he was singularly
unobtrusive for one of such heroic temper ; and he blended with
aU his talents the requisites of a christian gentleman.
"Mild in manner, fair in favor, sweet in temper, fierce in fight ; •
Warrior truer, gentler, braver, nevermore shall see the light."
Gen. Gregg married a daughter of Gen. Garth of Morgan,
who now resides with her chUdren in this State.
"Henry Tutwiler, LL. D , of Hale.

LAWRENCE COUNTY. 313
Joseph Wheeler is a distinguished citizen of this county.
He was born in Augusta, Georgia, Sept. 10, 1836, and com
pleted his education at West Point Mifitary-Academy in 1859.
He was serving in New Mexico when he resigned his Heuten-
ancy, and was made Heutenant of artillery in the Confederate
"regular army." After some service at Pensacola, he was
appointed colonel of the 19th Alabama infantry, and led it
gaUantly at ShUoh. In the summer of 1862 he was placed in
command of the cavalry of the Western Army, and distin
guished himseH at MumfordsvUle, PerryvUle, Murfreesboro,
and in many daring raids into the federal lines. In the
fight at Shelbyville he was the admiration of the oppos
ing forces for his intrepid courage. But General Wheeler
was not a citizen of Alabama at that time, and his many
achievements are the web and woof of a more general his
tory. He led many Alabamians — the regiments of EusseU,
Hagan, Morgan, Hannon, Malone, Blakey, Beese, Hunter,
and nearly all the mounted commands of the State that were
not under Gen. Eoddy. He arose to the rank of Heutenant
general, and at the peace became a merchant in this county,
and is now enroUed as an attorney at law. "Little Jo.
Wheeler" was the idol of his men, and is one of the most
attractive of gentlemen.
Daniel E. Hundley resides in this county, but was born in
Madison in 1832. He took a coUegiate course, and was grad
uated in law at the University of Virginia and Harvard in
1853. He soon after removed to Chicago, LUinois, to practice
his profession. WhUe residing there he was a contributor to
several periodicals, and in 1860 pubfished " Social Eelations
in our Southern States," a work spoken of in the highest
terms by "DeBow's Beview," and other critics of the day.
Though he was an opponent of secession, pubhc opinion in
Chicago forced him to come to the South, and he at once
recruited a company with which he entered the service. At
the organization of the 31st Alabama he was elected colonel,
and led it with great credit till captured on the retreat from
Dalton. Confined at Johnson's Island, he took no further
part in the struggle. He now resides in this county, and is a
planter and attorney. His brother, Lieut Col. Wm. H. Hund
ley of Madison, a brave young officer, who commanded the _
battalion which was the nucleus of the 12th Alabama cavalry,
was kUled by being thrown from his horse in Morgan county
in 1864.
Arthur F. Hopkins and Daniel Wright represented Law
rence in the constitutional convention of 1819; David P

314

LAWRENCE COUNTY.

Lewis and James S. Clarke in that of 1861 ; and James B.
Speake and James S. Clarke in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the general assembly :
Senato7-s.

1819 — Fleming Hodges.
1822— Arthur F. Hopkins.
1825— Mathew Clay.
1827— David Hubbard.
1828— David Hubbard.
1831 — Thomas Coopwood.
1834— James B. Wallace.
1837 — James B. Wallace.
1838— Hugh M. Eogers.

1819 — Lewis DiUahunty, S. Bingham.
1820— Mathew Clay, Samuel Bing
ham.
3821— M. Clay, Hugh A. Anderson.
1822— M. Clay, Green K. Hubbard,
Joseph Young.
1823— Zadoc McVay, Benjamin B.
JoneB, Joseph Young.
1824 — Zadoc McVay, James McCord,
John White.
1825 — John P. Hickman, Joseph Coe,
Thomas Coopwood.
1826— Zadoc McVay, Joseph Coe,
Thomas Coopwood.
1827— Zadoc McVay, Ellison A. Daniel,
Thomas Coopwood.
1828— David Wallace, W. Hodges,
Thomas Coopwood.
1829— David G. Ligon, W. Hodges,
Thomas Coopwood.
1830— Harvey DiUahunty, W.Hodges,
Thomas Coopwood.
1831— D. Hubbard, J.T. Abernethy
1832 — David Hubbard, John J. Or
mond, John Stewart.
3833 — John H, Lawson, John J. Or
mond, John Stewart.
1834 — James McCord, James Wallis,
Hugh M. Eogers, Isaac N.Owens.
1835 — John H. Lawson, Wm. Eeneau,
H. M. Eogers, H. L. Stevenson.
1836 — Eichard Puckett, Wm. Eeneau,
J. T. Abernethy, Micajah Priest.

1840— Hugh M. Eogers.
1843— Tandy W. Walker.
1847— Thomas M. Peters.
1849— H. L. Stevenson.
1853— William A. Hewlett.
1857—0. H. Bynum.
1861— J. Albert Hill.
1865— Francis VV. Sykes.
[No election in 1867 or since.]
Representatives. 1837— Eichard Puckett, H. M. Eogers,
H. L. Stevenson, Micajah Priest.
1838— Tandy W. Walker, Sam'l Hen
derson, Manoah B. Hampton,
Micajah Priest.
1839— T. W. Walker, 0. H. Bynum,
H. L. Stevenson.
1840— T. W. Walker, James E. San
ders, Hartwell King.
1841— T. W. Walker, Denton H. Val
liant, Charles Baker.
1842— T. W. Walker, Denton H. Val
liant, David Hubbard.
1843 — Leroy Pope Walker, Archibald
Campbell, David Hubbard.
1844— L. P, Walker, F. H. Jones, C.
C. Gewin.
1845— Thomas M. Peters, D.Hubbard.
1847— H. L. Stevenson, Jos.G.Evetts.
1849— Eich'd O. Pickett.O. H. Bynum.
1851 — J. Armstrong, W. C. Graham.
1853— E. O. Pickett, D. Hubbard.
1855— F. W. Sykes, W. M. Galloway.
185™ — James S. Clarke, Henry A.
McGhee.
1859— Wm. C. Sherrod, D.Hubbard.
1861— F. W. Sykes, E. O. Pickett.
1863— F. W. Sykes, James S. Clarke.
1865— A. E. Ashford, John M. Clarke.
1866— J. M.Warren, vice A.E.Ashford.
1867— [No election.]
1870— James B. Speake, Philip P.
Gilchrist.

CHAPTEE XLVIII.
THE COUNTY OP LEE.
Lee was created by an act approved Dec. 15, 1866 from
portions of Chambers, EusseU, Macon, and TaUapoosa.
It Hes in the east centre of the State, contiguous to Cham
bers on the north, the State of Georgia on the east, EusseU
on the south, and Macon on the west.
It was named to honor Gen. E. E. Lee* of Virginia.
The county has an area of about 600 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate is $1,767,685; personalty
$461,362; $2,229,037.
The population in 1870 was 10,151 whites, and 11,597 blacks.
The cash value of farm lands— 120,765 acres improved, and
179,523 acres unimproved— is $1,405,738.
The value of Hve stock— 1265 horses, 1927 mules, 9756 neat
cattle, 2019 sheep, and 10,285 hogs— is $472,696.
The productions in 1869 were 244,955 bushels of com,
44,005 bushels of oats, 35,868 bushels of wheat, 63,672 bush
els of potatoes, 112,391 pounds of butter, and 11,591 bales of
cotton; the value of animals slaughtered was $100,415 ; and
the total value of farm productions was $1,412,750.
The surface is broken or undulating. The light soU, which
predominates, has a clay sub-soU, and can be artificiaUy im
proved to any capacity ; whUe there is much made loam that
produces bounteously.
There is a vast quantity of blue limestone, and the Che-
wacla works are utilizing it.
The Chattahoochee waters the eastern part of the county,
but is not .open to steamers. The Montgomery & West Point
Eailroad extends through the county from east to west, and
has a branch to Columbus ; the Memphis & Savannah EaU
road, and the East Alabama & Cincinnati EaUroad extend
P>. *Eobert Edward Lee was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, in 1806.
His father, Col. Henry Lee, was a young officer of the rebellion of 1776, and
afterwards governor of Virginia. Educated at West Point, the son entered
the federal army in 1829, served with credit in Mexico, and was a colonel of
a cavalry regiment when he resigned to tender his services to his native State
in 1861. His subsequent career as general-in-chief of the Confederate armies
is fresh in the memory of readers of the present day. He became president
of a college at Lexington, Va., at the close of the war, and there died in Oc
tober 1870.

316 LEE COUNTY.
through the northern portion ; and these give the county about
seventy-five mUes of raUway.
Opelika, the seat of justice, is a raUroad centre. It has
grown from an insignificant vUlage within a few years ago to
a town of about 3000 inhabitants. It has a considerable pro
duce and cotton trade, an iron foundry, machine shop, &c.
Auburn, on the railroad, seven mUes from Opelika, has 1018
inhabitants. The East Alabama College is located here. It
went into operation in 1858, and in 1872 was endowed as the
agricultual coUege of 'the State by an act of the general as
sembly. Its career of usefulness has just begun. There is
also a female coUege at Auburn.
The territory within the. Hmits of Lee began to be settled
about the year 1833, when the treaty with the Ludians for
the cession ,of their lands in east Alabama was at last con
cluded. Nothing of grave historical importance has yet trans
pired within its hmits. Eosseau' s raid, in January 1864, struck
the raUroad at Loachapoka, and moved eastward, burning the
depot buddings there, and at Auburn and Opelika, and tearing
up the track. They were pursued through the county by a
detachment of cavalry and a nuniber of citizens.
William Hodges Barnes is a citizen of this county. He
was bom in Monroe county, Georgia, AprU 1824. His mother
was a daughter of Mr. Jethro Mobley. His father, a planter,
removed to Merriwether county, (Ga.) in 1826, and there the
son grew to manhood. Eeceiving an academic course of edu
cation, he taught school for three years, and then (1844)
followed his parents, who had settled in Chambers county,
this State. He read law in Lafayette, under Messrs. Lemuel
B. Eobinson and James C. Eeese, and was admitted to the
bar in 1845. He at once removed to DadevUle, where he
practiced for twelve years. Ln 1857, he returned to Lafay
ette, and became the partner of Mr. James T. Brock, a
prominent lawyer. In 1861 he represented Chambers in the
constitutional convention, and the same year entered the State
senate by defeating Hon. PhUemon O. Harper of Chambers.
He served as senator during the war, and in 1865 was re
elected, defeating Hon. J. J. McLemore. During his last
term he was chairman of the judiciary committee.' After
leaving the senate (1867), Mr. Barnes came to this county,
and has practiced his profession in Opelika. He is stout, of
medium highth, and corpulent. His good nature is imperturb
able, and he has pleasing social qualities. He ranks high as
a lawyer, and possesses clear views and a sound judgment.
As a speaker he is forcible and effective, often bringing humor
to his aid, but never losing sight of logic, tlis wife is a
daughter of Col. Joseph Bawls, sheriff of TaUapoosa in 1847.

LIMESTONE COUNTY. 317
William Flewellyn Sampord of this couuty was born in
Wilkinson county, Georgia, in 1818. His father, Eev. Thomas
Samford, who died recently at an advanced age, was consid
ered one of the ablest ministers in aU Georgia. He was
graduated at Eandolph-Macon CoUege, and was elected pro
fessor of beUes lettres in the faculty of Oxford CoUege, Georgia,
at the age of twenty years. Admitted to the bar in 1839, he
soon won distinction in the forensic arena. In 1844 he was
an elector on the Polk ticket in Georgia, and made a brilHant
canvass ; but he has never fully recovered from the shock his
system received from the excitement of that poHtical campaign.
Ln 1845 he declined the mission to Eome, and a professorship
in a coUege. A year or two later he came to this State, and
resided in Macon county tiU thrown into this county by the
act of estabhshment. He edited a newspaper in Tuskegee
in 1856-'7, and has written voluminously for the press. , He
received a very complimentary vote for governor in 1859 with
out any effort on his part. Ln 1867 Eandolph-Macon CoUege
conferred on him the degree of LL. D. He now Hves in
retirement in this county, on his plantation. Mr. Samford is
one of the ablest and most effective writers in the State, and
but for his want of health his eloquence would have been the
subject of general admiration. He married a sister • of Hon.
James F. DowdeU of Chambers, and one of his sons is an
attorney at the bar of this county.
Sheldon Toomer and J. M. Simms were the first representa
tives elected to the general assembly. No senator has yet
been chosen by the people.

CHAPTEE XLIX.
THE COUNTY OF LIMESTONE.

Limestone was created out of the lands purchased from the
Chicasas and Cherokees, in 1816, by an act of the territorial
legislature passed Feb. 6, 1818.
It lies in the extreme northern part of the State, contiguous
to the State of Tennessee on the north, to Madison on the
east, Morgan on the south, Lawrence on the southwest, and

318 LIMESTONE COUNTY.
to Lauderdale on the west. It retains almost the same dimen-
sious as when first organized.
It is named for the large creek which flows through it, which
has a bed of hard lime rock.
The area of Limestone is nearly 600 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $2,195,921 ;
personalty $461,362; total $2,693,056.
The decennial exhibit of population has been as foUows :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  6922 8077 7498 8399 7215 7764
Blacks  2949 6730 6876 8084 8091 7253
The cash value of farm lands is $1,816,510 ; of which 115,730
acres were improved, and 122,667 acres were unimproved.
The Hve stock— 2213 horses, 1479 mules, 5527 neat cattle,
3960 sheep, and 13,566 hogs— were valued at $562,739.
In 1869 the farm productions were 404,435 bushels of com,
24,010 bushels of wheat, 10,102 bushels of oats, 33,349 bush
els of potatoes, 115,982 pounds of butter, 5238 gaUons of
sorghum, 9582 pounds of tobacco, 7319 bales of cotton, 4880
pounds of wool ; the value of animals slaughtered was $130,830;
and the value of farm products was $1,231,157.
The lands are roUing, and hUly, and the soU consists of
" mulatto," clay, and aUuvial bottoms. It is a soU easUy im
proved. The Tennessee is the southern boundary, and is navigable
for steamers. The ChewaUee or Elk flows through the north
western portion, and vessels of Hght draught have ascended
to Elkton, Tennessee. The Decatur and Nashville EaUroad
bisects the county, having 27 mUes of its length within its
borders. The Memphis & Charleston Eailroad passes over
twelve mUes of the southern portion.
Athens, the seat of justice, had 887 inhabitants — 549 whites,
338 blacks — in 1870, though it claims a larger population. It
was first incorporated Nov. 19, 1818, and the courthouse was
located here at once. A seminary of learning for females is
one of its adyantages. The business portion of the town,
including the courthouse, was burned, and the place made his
torical during the progress of the late wrar by other events
which wUl be recorded in this chapter.
Mooresville had 165 inhabitants by the census of 1870.
In 1819, Beuben TUlman, Thomas Eedus, Jeremiah Tucker,
Eobert PoUock, and Samuel Hundley were appointed by ihe
legislature to superintend the erection of pubhc buUdings for
the county.
Limestone was the first portion of the State occupied by
the federal troops during the late memorable war, and, it suf-

LIMESTONE COUNTY. 319
fered crueUy and sadly during that time. The barbarous con
duct of Col. Turchin,* who for some months ruled at Athens,
towards the unfortunate citizens of the town has no precedent
in the history of the United States, exceeding even that of
Gen. MitcheU at HuntsvUle.
Several sharp engagements occurred in the county between
detachments of the hostile armies. The most notable of these
were the captures of Athens by Gen. Eoddy in 1863 and by
Gen. Forrest. The latter event was one of the most briUiant
of the many daring achievements ofthe renowned cavalryman.
With 3,000 men he forded the Tennessee at Colbert's Ferry,
and was joined by 1,500 of Eoddy's force as he marched east
ward by way of Florence. At sunset, Sept. 23, 1864, he ar
rived before Athens, and captured the horses and cantonments
of the enemy, who fled into a fort they had erected half a mUe
from the outskirts of the town. During the night the confed
erates surrounded the place, and took position for the attack.
A demand for their surrender was sent in the next morning,
and was promptly refused. Forrest then asked for a confer
ence with Col. CampbeU, the federal commander, wliich was
accorded. During the interview, Forrest impressed upon Col.
C. the futility of his resistance, for his force was too strong to
be repeUed. As a proof of the assertion, he offered to submit
to review the 8,000 men he had with him. The federal com
mander confessed that it would be useless for him to sacrifice
life in a hopeless encounter, and accompanied Forrest around
the confederate line. By adroit management, in transferring
his men from one position to another, Col. CampbeU was in
duced to beheve that the force which confronted him was fully
10,000 strong, and he promptly surrendered the fortress, and
its garrison of 1400 men. The work thus captured was a
square redoubt on a steep hiU, with parapets eight to ten feet
high, encompassed by a line of abatis, and a ditch ten feet deep
and fifteen feet wide, lined with sharpened palisades. Hardly
had the capitulation been effected before a train came up from
the direction of NashvUle, and disembarked over 400 troops.
These at once proceeded to the relief of the invested work,
and were fiercely engaged by a detachment of Forrest's com
mand. It required an obstinate fight of an hour's duration,
in which a number were kUled on both sides, before this detach
ment was captured. Half a mile down the road towards Deca
tur was a redoubt with about fifty men, and another a mUe fur-
*John Basil Turchin wa3 a Russian by birth, and a soldier by education.
After serving in the Crimea, he came to America in 1856, and was an engi
neer on the Illinois Central Eailroad when he was appointed colonel of a
volunteer regiment. He was tried for his infamous conduct at Athens, and
promoted to brigadier general.

320 LIMESTONE COUNTY.
ther south had a garrison of 85 men. The latter surrendered
without a struggle, whUe the former only held out tiU a few
shells ItiUed several of the garrison. The trophies were 1,900
prisoners, four pieces of artiUery, and a small wagon train.
The enemy lost about forty kiUed and one hundred wounded ;
the confederates lost not over twenty killed and sixty wounded.
The Confederates then moved northward on the raUroad,
and encamped eight miles from Athens, capturing two more
block houses and seventy of the enemy on the way, without
firing a gun. A march of three mUes the next morning, Sept.
25, brought the command to " Sulphur Trestle," in this county.
The Federal troops had here erected a strong redoubt and
two formidable block-houses to guard the high trestle of the
raUroad, and they were garrisoned by about 1000 men, of
whom 600 were negro infantry, whUe the others were cavalry.
Forrest made his dispositions, drove thefr sharpshooters from
the rifle pits and opened fire on the redoubt — the block
houses being sheltered by the highths. The two pieces of
artiUery of the redoubt were soon sUenced, and Col. Lathrop,
the Federal commander, kUled. The wooden works were set
on fire and burned, adding terror to the scene of death. The
garrison now seemed to be incapable of defending themselves,
aud ran franticaUy from side to side of the fort, bereft of suffi
cient coolness to signal their surrender. When this state of
facts became apparent, the confederates at once ceased firing,
and the garrison promptly assented to the demand for a sur
render, in which the forces in the block-houses were included.
The inside of the fort presented a sickening spectacle. About
175 men lay dead in the slaughter pen, and about thfrty more
were wounded. The loss of the confederates was several
kUled and wounded. The captured numbered 820 men, 350
horses, two pieces of artiUery, twenty loaded wagons, &c. &c.
Forrest continued his march northward into Tennessee, on
what was caUed his "Pulaski Baid."*
It would require a volume to relate the numerous incidents
of the great struggle that had thefr locale in Limestone, and
they must be left to a less general history.
Several notable men have Hved in this county.
The second governor of the State of Alabama, Thomas Bibb,
was one of the very first settlers of Limestone. He was born
iu Virginia in the year 1784, and grew to manhood in Georgia.
His education was good, and he became a planter and mer
chant. In 1811 he settled in Madison, and came to this county
* Even the best informed are not accustomed to consider that this almost
unnoted fight at Sulphur Trestle inflicted a heavier loss on the enemy than
Washington inflicted on the British at "the battle of Trenton,'-' which so
greatly revived the hopes of the Colonists.

LIMESTONE COUNTY, 321
shortly after the territory which now constitutes it was pur-
chased from the Indians. He represented the county in the
convention caUed to frame a constitution in 1819, and the
same year was elected to the senate of the new State. At the
meeting of the body in HuntsvUle he was chosen to preside
over it, and thus became governor by the death of his brother,
Gov. W. W. Bibb of Autauga, in July 1820. He held the
office tiU December 1821. He subsequently represented the
county in the legislature, but death ended his useful life in
1838. Gov. Bibb possessed unbounded energy and sterling
worth, and was weU fitted by his practical knowledge and solid
quahties to be a pioneer of a great State. He married a
daughter of Mr. Eobert {" Blue ") Thompson of Madison, and
his descendants are numerous in Alabama. Hon. John Jay
Pleasants of Madison, secretary of state in 1822-'24, married
one of his daughters, and one of his sons is now a planter in
Mississippi. The name of Nicholas Davis, sr., is blended with the an
nals of Limestone. He was bom in Hanover county, Vir
ginia, in 1781, near the birthplace of his friend and contem
porary Henry Clay. His mother was a Eagland. In March
1817 he settled in Limestone, and occupied his time with
planting. ' He represented the county in the convention caUed
to frame a State constitution, and in the first legislature. In
1820 he was elected to the State senate, where he remained
nine years, serving as president of the body nearly the whole
time. Ln 1831 he received a very complimentary vote for
governor. Again in 1847 he was the candidate of his party
against Gov. Chapman, and drew out its fuU strength. He
was also a candidate for elector on the Harrison ticket in 1840,
and the Clay ticket in '44. He died in September 1856. ,
Capt. Davis was taU, erect and robust, with Hght hair and
blue eyes. He was fluent and eloquent as an orator, with a
large fund of practical knowledge. He was exceedingly can
did and hospitable, and swayed the opinions of men as much
by his large-heartedness as by his strong magnetism. He was
a patron of the turf, and carried out in his Alabama home aU
the other attributes of a Virginia gentleman of the approved
school. His wife was Miss Hargrave of Virginia. Of his f our
sons, three are residents of Madison : Capt. Zeb. P. Davis,
Capt. Clint. Davis, and Col. Nich. Davis. The former has
been mayor of HuntsvUle several times. Another son,
Lawrence Eipley Davis is a native and resident of Lime
stone. He was born in 1823, was weU educated, and is a
planter. Ln 1849 he represented the county, and again in
21

322 limestone county.
'59. He is a man of stalwart appearance, a ready speaker,
and a forcible writer. In aU the quahties of manhood he par
takes of the characteristics of his famUy : manly, fearless, im
pulsive, hospitable, &c. He first married a daughter of Hon.
James Abercrombie of EusseU, and, secondly, a daughter of
Hon. T. J. McCleUan of this county.
The name of Daniel Coleman is connected with the annals
of Limestone. He was a native of Caroline county, Virginia,
where his family then and now stand weU, and of which county
his father was high sheriff. The son was born Aug. 2, 1801,
and when sixteen years old left his home to make his way in
the world ; the death of his father having reduced the famUy
from affluence to poverty. He taught school at the Kanawha
Salt Works a year, and used the money thus obtained to grad
uate at Transylvania University. He then obtained employ
ment as a scribe in a court in Frankfort, Ky., and read law
whUe so engaged under the eye of Judge Bledsoe. Ln 1819
he came to this State and located at Mooresrille, this county.
The foUowing year he was chosen by the legislature (through
the influence of Hon. Nich. Davis) judge of the county court.
He was only nineteen years old, but the gravity of his deport
ment led no one to question his majority, and he held the
office several years. Ln 1829 he represented Limestone in
the legislature. In 1835 he was elected by the legislature a
judge of the cfrcuit court. This dignified and responsible
position he fiUed for twelve years. How satisfactorily he per-
fdrmed his duties may be inferred from the compliment paid
him in June 1851, when Gov. CoUier selected him to fill a
vacancy on the supreme bench. He served tUl the foUowing
winter, when he declined a candidacy before the legislature,
feeling that his enfeebled health would not permit hrm to un
dergo the labors of the post. He retired to his home in
Athens, where he died Nov. 4, 1857. Judge Coleman left a
character for spotless integrity, piety, decorum, and sobriety.
As a judge he was dignified, laborious, and impartial. In
appearance he was slender and tall, with a Hght complexion.
In manner he was grave to austerity. He married Miss Pe-
tersonpf this county, and left several chUdren. Two of his
sons, officers in the Southern army, feU in battle ; one is a
minister, and a fourth is a lawyer of Athens.
Prominent at one time among the men of Limestone was
Nathaniel Terry. He is a native of Bedford county, Vir
ginia, and was born towards the close of the last century.
Though his parents were in good circumstances, his educa
tion is defective. He settled in Limestone as a planter about
1818, and soon accumulated wealth. His first appearance in

limestone county. 323
pubhc Hfe was in the year 1836, when he was elected to the
senate. In this position he was continued for nine years,
serving as president of the body for four years. In 1845 he
was a candidate for the governorship, but was defeated by
Hon. J. L. Martin of Tuskaloosa. In 1852 he removed to
Texas, where he yet lives, and of which State he has been a
legislator. The want of cultivation was the bar to Mr. T.'s
success in this State. His natural powers are quite superior,
and his mind active and observant. As a speaker he is bold
and effective ; and his address easy, whUe his liberahty and
hospitahty are yet remembered in Limestone. He was whUe
here a patron of the turf, and gave much attention to such
matters. He married a sister of Hon. Joel W. Jones of MobUe.
William Eichardson was a weU known citizen of Lime
stone, and has left a pleasant memory. He was born in
Goochland county, Virginia, and came to this county in 1823.
Entering on the practice of the law, he soon became a lead
ing and influential citizen. He represented the county in the
general assembly as early as 1830, and once subsequently.
He was also soHcitor of the judicial cfrcuit for a number of
years. He was weU educated, and had fair talents ; was a good
lawyer, but not fluent as a speaker. He was a quiet and unam
bitious man, of exemplary character. His wife was a daugh
ter of Capt. Nich. Davis, and one of his sons represented
Limestone in the general assembly of 1865.
Nathaniel Davis, one of the early settlers, represented
Limestone in both branches of the general assembly. He was
a plain man, with but Httle education or culture, but with supe
rior natural powers of observation and reflection. He diedin
1862. His only son, Eev. Nicholas Davis of Texas, is a Pres
byterian minister.
John H. J. Wynn, who often represented the county in the
legislature, was a farmer and teacher. He was a correct man
in his conduct, and honorable in intercourse with his feUow-
men. His abUities were only ordinary, but he was a useful
legislator and popular citizen. He died about the year 1855,
and some of his descendants reside in Madison county.
Joshua P. Coman came to Limestone in 1829. He was born
in Wadesboro, North Carolina, in 1811 or '12. His father was
bom in Ireland, and his mother was a Miss Wade. In 1814
he came with his parents to HuntsvUle, in Madison, and by the
time he had reached the age of seven years he was an orphan.
He was partially educated at the " 16th section schools, " and
became a physician. To this noble profession he has devoted
the best years of his life. In 1835 and '37 he represented the

324 limestone county.
county in the general asembly of the State, and in 1861 and' 65
in the constitutional conventions. He was also a member of
the senate for four years, and is judge of the probate court of
Limestone. He married a daughter of Eev. Jacob Lindley,
D. D., the first president ofthe Ohio University. Judge Comau
is a man of fair abUity, good sense, and moral reputation.
Elbert H. English was for some years a resident of Lime
stone, and served in the lower house of the legislature when
he was a young man. He removed to Arkansas nearly thirty
years ago, and became very successful as an attorney at Little
Eock, where he now resides. For several years he was on the
bench of the supreme court of that State. He married a
daughter of Mr. Jacob Fisher of this county.
The late John J. Pettus passed his eariier years in this
county, but was born in WUson county, Tennessee, in 1813,
whUe his parents resided in Madison county — his mother being
on a visit to her parents, and his father serving in the Creek
war. In early manhood he removed to Sumter county, where
he practiced law a short time, then became a planter in Kem
per county, Mississippi. He was governor of that State from
1859 to 1863, and died in Arkansas in 1867, leaving to Ala
bama the memory of a noble son, and to Mississippi that of a
faithful pubhc servant.
George Smith Houston is a resident of Limestone. He
was born in WilHamson county, Tennessee, in 1809. His
father was a farmer with some property, whose Lrish parents
immigrated to South Carolina. His mother's maiden name
was Eeagan, and she too was a South Carolinian. The pa
rents came to Alabama and settled in Lauderdale county in
1821, and there the son grew to manhood. Beceiving an
academic course, he read law in the office of Hon. George
Coalter in Florence, and attended Judge Boyle's law school
at Harrodsburg, Ky. Admitted in 1831, he opened an office
in Florence. The ensuing year he represented his county in
the lower house of the legislature. Gov. Gayle appointed
him district soHcitor to fill a vacancy in 1834, but the winter
foUowing he was defeated for the position by Hon. Wm. Bich-
ardson. He came the same year to Limestone, and continued
the practice. Lu 1837 he was elected soHcitor over Mr. Bich-
ardson, and held the office tUl 1841, when he was elected to
congress on the "general ticket" of his party. The election
for representatives to congress occurred in May of that year
because of the caUed session. Gen. John M. Lewis of Frank
lin had opposed him in 1841, and in 1843 it was Mr. Eobert
Armstrong of Lauderdale, in 1845 Hon. John A. Nooe of

limestone county. 325
Franklin, and in 1847 Hon. David Hubbard of Lawrence.
He beat these gentlemen in thefr order, but voluntarily retfred
in 1849, and resumed his profession in partnership with Col.
Egbert Jones. In 1851 he again beat Mr. Hubbard for con
gress, and was unopposed in '53 and '55. A third triumph
over Mr. Hubbard in 1857, and over Hon. Wm. A. Hewlett of
Walker two years later, closed his career in the federal con
gress, for he retired with his colleagues in January 1861 when
the State seceded. During the war he remained at his home.
He was despoUed of his property by the federals, but, though
a life-long Unionist, he refused to take the oath of aUegiance.
Ln 1865 he was elected to the federal senate, defeating Hon.
John Forsyth of Mobile, Hon. A. B. Cooper of WUcox, and
others, but was not aUowed to take his seat. Ln 1866 he was
defeated for re-election to the senate by ex-Gov. Winston.
Since the war he has practiced law in Athens, associated with
Hon. Luke Pryor. WhUe in the federal congress he was
chairman, for two years each, pf the two most important com
mittees : that of ways and means, and the judiciary.
Gen. Houston is six feet high, with a large frame, and a
tendency to corpulency. His features are large, his com
plexion ruddy, and his eye brown. He ranks high as an
attorney, is an effective advocate, and probably the best
stump orator the State has had. His speeches are interlarded
with anecdote, aud, though fearless in his demeanor towards
his adversary, he permits nothing to ruffle his temper. He
possesses a keen insight into men and measures, and is saga
cious, considerate, and observant. Scrupulous honesty and
morahty characterize his social position, and he extends that
charity to the fraUties of others for which he himself has no
need. That he is popular in his conduct is sufficiently evinced
by the measure of his success at the poUs.
_ Gen. Houston's first wife was a Miss Beatty of this county;
his second a daughter of Hon. James Irvine, a distinguished
lawyer of Lauderdale.
Thomas Hubbard Hobbs was a native and resident of
Limestone. He was the son of wealthy parents who came to
the county at an early day. His mother was the daughter of
Major Maclin, a Virginia gentleman, long a resident of Lime
stone. The son was educated at Lagrange CoUege, and grad
uated in the law school of the University of Virginia. He
commenced the practice in Athens, but soon abandoned it to
devote his attention to planting. In 1853 he was defeated as
the temperance candidate for the legislature ; but from 1855
to '61 was a member of the lower house, and in 1860 was an
elector for Breckinridge. < His standing was such in the legis-

326 limestone county.
lature, that, young as he was, he was urged for gubernatorial
honors. When the war broke out he enhsted as captain of a
company in the 9th Alabama infantry. He served with credit
for a year, when, at Seven Pines he was wounded in the leg,
and died within five weeks from the effects. He was of fraU
make and slight of frame, with handsome features. It was
his purity of character, piety, benevolence, and sound judg
ment which distinguished him among his feUow men. His
widow, who was Miss Benagh, niece of Hon. Wm. Eichardson
of this county, resides with her fatherless chUdren near
Athens. Luke Pryor is a resident of this county, but a native of
Madison. His parents were Virginians who lost thefr prop
erty and came to Limestone shortly after his bfrth, which
occurred in 1821. He received a plain education, wliich he
greatly improved by study. Having read law under Judge
Coleman, He came to the bar in 1842, and has practiced in
partnership with Messrs. E. J. Jones, E. C. BriekeU, and Geo.
S. Houston. In 1855 he represented Limestone in the legis
lature in order to secure privUeges for the railroad from
NashvUle to Montgomery, of which he was a projector.
WhUe so serving he received 45 votes in opposition to ex-Gov.
Fitzpatrick for federal senator. The fact that Mr. P. persist
ently refuses to mix in' pubhc affairs Hmits this memoranda.
He is eminent in his profession, possessing a vigorous intel
lect, an active mind, and an ardent temperament. He is of
ordinary size, with Hght hair. His manners are popular and
his address agreeable. He married a daughter of Capt. John
Harris of this county.
Limestone was represented in the constitutional conven
tion of 1819 by Thomas Bibb, Beverly Hughes, and Nicholas
Davis ; in that of 1861 byJoshua P. Coman and Thomas J.
McClellan ; in that of 1865 by Joshua P. Coman and Thomas
J. McCleUan. Senators.
1819— Thomas Bibb. 1842— Nathaniel Teeby.
1820— Nicholas Davis. 1845— Milton McClanahan,
1821— Nicholas Davis ( 1822. ) 1847— Nathaniel Davis.
1824— Nicholas Davis. 1849— William S. Compton.
1827— Nichplas Davis. ' 1851— John N. Malone.
1829— William Edmonson. 1855— John N. Malone.
1830— William Edmonson. 1857— John D. Rather
1833— John W. Lane. 1861— Joshua P. Coman.
1836— Nathaniel Terry. 1865— Isaac M. Jackson.
1839— Nathaniel Teeby ( 1841. ) [No election in 1867 or since. ]

LOWNDES COUNTY.

327

Representatives.

1819 — Nicholas Davis, Jas. W. Exum,
William Whitaker.
1820— Jno. S. Doxey, Wm. Edmon
son, Quin Morton.
1821— Benj. Murrell, Wm. Edmon
son, Quin Morton.
1822— J. L. Martin, Wm. Edmonson,
Q. Morton, W. Montgomery.
1823— J. L. Martin, J. W. Smith, W.
Whitaker, Joseph Powell.
1824 — J. L. Martin, Wm. Edmonson,
Q. Morton, James W. Exum.
1825 — J. L. Martin, Wm. Edmonson,
Quin Morton, Waddy Tate.
1826— Jas. W. Exum, W. Edmonson,
Joseph Bell, Joseph Powell.
1827 — J. L. Martin, Wm. Edmonson,
1 Joseph Bell, W. P. Eobertson.
1828— Wm. Saunders, Wm. Edmon
son, Thomas Bibb.
1829— George W. Lane, Daniel Cole
man, Thomas Bibb.
1830— George W. Lane, Wm. Saun
ders, William Eichardson.
1831— George W. Lane, Wm. Saun
ders, Joseph Johnson.
1832— Eichard B. Brickell, Wm. J.
Mason, William Eichardson.
1833— Eichard B. Brickell, W. Saun
ders, Archibald Harris.

1834— John H. J. Wynn, Wm. Saun
ders, Waddy Tate.
1835— John H. J. Wynn, Joshua P.
Coman, Joseph Johnson.
1836— John H. J. Wynn, Asa Allen,
F. B. Nelson.
1837— Eobert A. High, Joshua P.
Coman, F. B. Nelson.
1838— John H. J. Wynn, Eobert A.
High, A. E. Mills.
1839— Elbert H. English, E. A. High
1840— J. H. J. Wynn, Nathaniel Davis
1841— John H. J. Wynn, N. Davis.
1 842— Elbert H. English, Waddy Tate
1843— Nathaniel Davis, Waddy Tate.
1844 — Nath'l Davis, Egbert J. Jones.
1845 — Mil ton Walker, Egbert J.Jones
1847— Nath'l Davis, Frederick Tate.
1849 — Nathaniel Davis, L. Eip. Davis
1851 — Nath'l Davis, Nicholas Davis, jr
1853— W. E. Hanserd, W. B. Allen.
1855— Thos. H. Hobbs, Luke Pryor.
1857— T.H. Hobbs, Wm.M. Eeedus.
1859— T. H, Hobbs, L. Eipley Davis.
1861— T. J. McClellan, James Shelton
1863— J. B, McClellan, J. W. S. Don-
nell.
1865— C. W. Eaisler, Wm. Eichardson
1867— [No election.]
1870— Charles W. Eaisler.

CHAPTEE L.

THE COUNTY OP LOWNDES.

This county was estabhshed by an act approved Jan. 20,
1830, from territory taken from Montgomery, Dallas, and But
ler. The part taken from Butler has since been given to Cren
shaw, otherwise Lowndes preserves its original dimensions.
It lies near the centre of the State, south of Autauga, west
of Montgomery, north of Butler, and east of DaUas and
WUcox. It was named for Mr. Lowndes,* the South Carolina states
man. *William Lowndes, son of Eawlins Lowndes, the first governor of the
State of South Carolina, was born in Charleston, in 1782. In 1806 he en
tered tbe legislature of bis State, and was a member of the federal congress

328 LOWNDES COUNTY.
Its area is about 750 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $2,438,177;
personalty $849,439; total $3,287,616.
The population is thus exhibited :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870

Whites  5001 6,956 7,258 8,362 5,086
Blacks  4409 12,583 14.657 19,354 20,633
The cash value of farm lands — 126,185 acres improved, and
153,857 acres unimproved— in 1870 was $2,271,911.
The value of Hve stock — 1081 horses, 2706 mules, 4167 neat
cattle, and 8465 hogs— is $644,755.
The productions in 1869 were 1783 bushels of wheat, 453,187
bushels of corn, 10,901 bushels of oats, 24,914 bushels of po
tatoes, 55,517 pounds of butter, and 18,369 bales of cotton ;
the value of animals slaughtered was $53,443 ; and the value
of- farm productions was $2,176,738.
Lowndes stands seventh on the Hst of counties with respect
to the production of corn and cotton. It Hes in the agricul
tural belt, with a soU richly aUuvial, or fertile even where it is
light. The surface is rolling or flat, with much prafrie and
bottom land.
The Alabama laves the entire northern boundary, and is
navigable for steamers nine months of the year. The raU
ways from Montgomery, to MobUe, and from Montgomery to
Selma, pass through the county, the former having 21j, and
the latter 22| mUes, of its track within' its limits.
Hayneville, the seat of justice, has about 550 inhabitants.
It was named for Hon. E. Y, Hayne of South Carohna.
Lowndesboro — first called McGUl's HUl — has about 500
inhabitants. Benton has about 400 inhabitants; and Fort
Deposit is of equal size.
The Muscogee town Econachaca (holy ground) stood on
the river in the northern part of Lowndes. It was of recent
construction, but their prophets told the Indians during the
war that the whites would, sink into the earth as they ap
proached the sacred spot. In December 1813, Gen. Claiborne
left Fort Claiborne with about 1000 men, including 150 Choc
tas under Pushmataha. Marching in a northeasterly direc
tion, he buUt an earthwork at the highlands south of the Lito-
hatchee, (Double Creek), and caUed it Fort Deposit* A rapid
march of forty miles then brought this force before Econachaca.
from 1810 to 1822. In 1820 the legislature of South Carolina nominated him
for the presidency of the United States, which drew from him in reply the
remark that "It is an office neither to be sought nor declined." He died in
1824, at the age of 42 years.
* The remains of this rude fort are yet visible at the town of Fort Deposit,
in this county.

LOWNDES COUNTY. 329
The assault was vigorous, the whites advancing in a crescent-
shaped line, the cusps of which were meant to rest on the
river and cut off the flight of the savages. The line on the,
lower side did not reach the bank, and when the converging
force began a sharp and rapid fire on the Indians in the vU
lage, who had been made careless of defense by the promise
of the prophets, they made a brief but fierce resistance, then
fled down the bank, and into the swamps. About thfrty In
dians and negroes were left dead on the ground, whUe the
whites lost one killed and twenty wounded. The half-breed
chief, WUHam Weatherford, fought tUl he saw his warriors
fleeing before the whites, then turned and fled. Closely
pressed, he spurred the powerful steed over a low bluff, ten or
fifteen feet high, into the turbid stream* and gained the north
ern bank.
Claiborne burned Econochaca, then marched northward
eight miles, destroyed another vUlage, and killed several In
dians, then retraced his steps to Fort Claiborne by way of
Fort Deposit.
Peter WUHamson, county court judge ; Franklin Armstrong,
sheriff ; John Vamer, clerk of the county court ; and Bobert
Perry, clerk of the cfrcuit court, were the first officials.
Peter Williamson was a Georgian, born in 1771, who fig
ured as a friend of Gen. Clarke in Georgia, and came to what
was then Montgomery, now Lowndes, about the year 1818.
He represented Montgomery in the general assembly of the
State in 1821, and was judge of the county court of Lowndes
from 1830 to 1841, when the law obliged him to retire by rea
son of his age. He died several years after.
James Spullock Williamson, son of the preceding, was a
native of Georgia, and born in 1808. He was a planter, and
man of exceUent inteUect and sound judgment. He served
the county as a legislator, aud in the constitutional convention
of 1861. Entering the service of his country as captain of a
company in the 14th Alabama regiment, he was lolled, close
to the enemy's breastworks, in a last victorious charge at
Frazier's Farm. He was in command of the regiment at the
time, Lieut. Col. Baine, Major Wood, and three captains hav
ing already faUen. His widow and chUdren reside in the
county, where he has numerous relatives.
Eobert B. Campbell, who represented the county in the
general assembly in 1840, was a South Carolinian, and served
that State in congress, 1825-1827. He was appointed by-
President Tyler consul to Havana, and was subsequently
"A high bluff near the spot is called Weatherford's Bluff from this incident.

330 LOWNDES COUNTY.
consul to Liverpool. He was a planter. He resided in
Lowndes only a few years, was highly esteemed, and has a
son now a planter here.
Dixon Hall Lewis resided during the latter part of his life
in this county. This extraordinary man was born in Hancock
county, Georgia, Aug. 10, 1802. His father — Francis Lewis —
was a wealthy planter. His mother, a Miss HaU, was of a
famUy numerously and most respectably connected in this
State and Georgia, The parents settled in Autauga county
in 1818, leaving thefr son to pursue his education under Prof.
N. S. S. Beanian. In 1822 he was graduated at Columbia
CoUege, and at once joined his parents in this State. Enter
ing the law office of Judge Hitchcock at Cahaba, he prepared
himself for the practice, and opened an office in Montgomery
in 1825. His abUity as an advocate at once became manifest,
but he gave his attention to poHtics, and the foUowing year,
and the two succeeding ones, he represented Montgomery in
the lower house of the general assembly. In 1829, though
barely of the legal age, he was chosen to congress from the
south Alabama district. He was again elected in 1831 over
ex-Gov. Murphy of Monroe. The contest was over the nul
lification doctrine, of which Mr. Lewis was an apostle.' " The
" canvass between them was marked by extraordinary excite-
" ment. * * * Lewis was weU adapted in the character of his
" mind and in manners to the task of exciting the enthusiasm
" of the masses. He had a graceful and captivating dehvery,
" and possessed a high order of talents."* During this con
troversy between South Carohna and the federal government,
Mr. Lewis wrote "The NuUifier," a pamplUet which attracted
much attention by the masterly manner in which the subject
was handled. In, 1833, '35, '37, and '39 he was returned to
congress, generaUy without the shghtest opposition. During
the protracted contest for the speakership the latter year,
which lasted three months, he was seven times baUoted for
as the nominee of his party for the position, and was only
beaten by the faction of his party controUed by Senator Ben
ton. In 1841 he was a seventh time elected to congress, this
time on the general ticket, his opponent being Hon. H. W.
HUHard of Montgomery. Two years later he defeated Hon.
Henry C. Lee of Perry. In AprU 1844 Gov. Fitzpatrick ap
pointed hun to fiU the vacancy in the federal senate caused
by the appointment of Hon. W. B. King to the court of
France. This appointment was ratified in December foUow
ing by the legislature, the vote being 84 for him to 42 for Hon.
* Hon. B. F. Porter of Butler, in a sketch of Gov. Murphy in O'Neal's
"Bench and Bar."

LOWNDES COUNTY. 331
A. F. Hopkins of Madison. But Mr. King came home in
1846, and in Dec. 1847 offered for his old seat. "It was a
"meeting of the giants. Mr. King, with his large acquaint-
" ance and great popularity, at first expected an easy victory ;
"but he found on his arrival at the State capital that he had
" work to do, and earnestly did he do it. After the most ex-
" citing contest that ever occurred in such an election in this
" State, Mr. King was beaten for the first time in a long po-
"Htical career."* The Whigs supported Judge Hopkins, and
the Democratic majority of about 25 were left to decide
between the worth of thefr two most distinguished leaders.
But Mr. Lewis did not long enjoy the fruit of his signal
triumph. He reached New York in Ul health, Oct. 9, 1848 ; but
he recuperated, and spent several days in examining objects of
interest. His malady returned, however, and he died Oct. 25.
The intelligence caused the mayor of the city to call the mu
nicipal boards together, and it was resolved with one accord
to give his remains a pubhc burial. His body lay in state in
.the City HaU, whence it was borne to Greenwood Cemetery
amid a vast procession, headed by the City and State author
ities, members of congress, public societies, etc. Thus passed
away in the meridian of life, one whom every Alabamian may
remember with pride. History furnishes the name of no one
who united so much mental activity and depth with such phys
ical bulk. His figure was stout and portly in youth, but at
the time of his death his weight must have been five hundred
pounds. In the capitol at Washington a seat was made espe-
ciaUy for him, and friends whith whom he was accustomed to
stay, were alike attentive. He was very sensitive on the point,
. and towards the close of his life refused to be weighed. He
was frank and sincere in his opinions ; firm and decided, but
conciliatory, and regardful of the views and motives of those
with whom he differed. With an intuitive perception, and a
mind of uncommon vigor, he grasped the most intricate sub
jects; and, though he seldom spoke pubhcly in congress, he
gave evidence in his intercourse of the mature strength of the
statesman and the cultivated taste of the scholar. His per
sonal popularity was general, and no pubhc man of the State
enjoyed more unanimous respect.
Mr. Lewis was thrown into Lowndes when this county was
created from Montgomery, but a service of nineteen years in
congress made him almost a citizen of Washington. He mar
ried a sister of Hon. John A. Elmore of Montgomery, and his
two sons are residing in Texas.
James LaFayette Cottrell came to Lowndes in 1830. He
was born in Prince WUHam county, Vfrginia, in 1808. His
* Dr. H. V. Smith of Lowndesboro.

332 LOWNDES COUNTY
father, the son of an Englishman who was a colonial naval
officer in the war of 1776, and subsequently a Baptist minis
ter, removed to Georgia, whence he came to Alabama with the
HaUs and Lewises of Autauga. He grew to manhood in the
latter county, and read law at Washington under Hon. Wm.
D. Pickett. Locating at HaynevUle, he at once became prom
inent, serving the county in the general assembly, defeating
Mr. Needham Smith for senator in 1838. He was president
of the State senate in 1840, and succeeded Hon. Wm. L. Yan
cey in congress in 1846, by defeating Mr. Sam. S. Beeman of
Coosa. The cares of a large famUy caused him to retire from
pubhc life. Bemoving to Cedar Keys, Florida, he became a
planter on the Suwannee. In 1865 he was elected to the State
senate there, and during the winter was defeated by Gov. Mar
vin for federal senator by one vote. He is yet a citizen of
Florida, but has a number of relatives in this county. His
wfre is a sister of Hon. James McQueen of Florida, and daugh
ter of one of the first settlers of Lowndes. Col. CottreU is
rather below middle highth, and his deportment is quiet and
deferential. In conversation he is fluent and interesting, and
his oratory is effective but measured. His life has been one
of probity and sobriety, and free from immoraHty of any kind.
Nathan Cook was a widely-known citizen of this county.
He was born in Hancock county, Georgia, Dec. 10, 1798. His
father, Capt. John Cook, was a planter. His mother was a
Llampton, niece of Gen. Wade Hampton, a colonial officer in
1776. The parents and son came to Alabama in 1817, and
settled in what is now Butler county. When the county was
organized, he was appointed clerk of the county court. Dur
ing the four years he held the office he read law and was
licensed. WhUe Butler yet voted with Conecuh, he was elected
to the legislature — 1824. The next year he was chosen from
Butler, and, was annuaUy returned, with one exception, till
1833. In the latter year he came to Lowndes, and pursued
his profession. In 1839 he was elected district soHcitor, a po
sition he resigned in 1843. In December 1847 he was elected
to the cfrcuit bench over the incumbent, Judge Pickens of
DaUas. But the latter resigned a month later, and the legis
lature also chose Judge Cook to fiU the fifteen months' va
cancy. The election of judges having been given to the peo
ple, in 1850 he was defeated by Judge Pickens. Two years
after, Judge P. resigned, and Gov. CoUier assigned Judge
Cook to the vacant seat. And he continued to hold this re
sponsible position tUl 1865, when the overthrow of the south
ern federation closed his official life. Since that time he has
dwelt in Tennessee and Texas. His fifteen years service on
the bench was marked by a scrupulous integrity and impar-

LOWNDES COUNTY. 333
tiahty. His conduct in the domestic relations of life was
blameless. He had many singularities, and the one of dress
was not the least. He first married a sister of Mr. E. H. Her
bert of this county ; his second wife was a daughter of Col. J.
J. Mickle, at one time adjutant general of the State. One of
his sons, Walter, represented this county in 1851, and was
kUled at ChancellorsvUle ; another, Gustave, was colonel of a
Texas regiment ; and a third resides in this county: Dr. Edw.
H. Cook, brother of Judge C, represented this county in the
legislature in 1844, was the first probate judge of the county,
and died in December 1859.
James G. Gilchrist, for thfrty years a resident of this
county, was born in Bichmond county, N. C, in 1814. After
taking a coUegiate course and reading law, he came to this
county, and opened a law office. In 1847 and 1859 he was a
member of the legislature ; a FiHmore elector in 1856 ; and a
member of the " secession " convention. In 1862 he went into
the service of his country as colonel of the 45th Alabama, and
displayed signal bravery at Murfreesboro ; but soon after re
signed in bad health. He now resides in Montgomery, and
is a planter. Col. GUchrist possesses many quaint peculiari
ties. In physique and character he resembles his courageous
and turbulent but wary Scotch ancestry:
His brother, Hon. Archibald GUchrist, came to Lowndes
some years earlier, and was a lawyer of scholarly attainments.
He served in the State senate in 1845, and died in 1853, aged
49 years. His son, Capt. John M. Gilchrist of the 5th Ala
bama, was mortaUy wounded at the second Cold Harbor.
The late Cornelius Eoblnson, a wealthy planter of this
county, was a member of the provisional congress of the Con
federate States. He led a company from this county into the
mUitary service against the Indians in 1836, wliich was in
the battahon commanded by Col. E. E. B. Baylor of DaUas,
in which were also the companies of Conoley from DaUas,
McConnico from WUcox, ana those of Elmore, and Drury
Gafney from Lowndes. He died in 1866, leaving many rela
tives in the county and State.
George Charles Freeman resided in Lowndes. He was
born at Athens, Georgia, in 1825, of very respectable parents.
His education was thorough, having been completed at Emory
CoUege. At one of the primary schools which he attended,
the tutor was Mr. Lyman TrumbuU, now the distinguished
statesman in Illinois. He read law at GreenvUle, Georgia,
.and in 1847 came to Alabama and became the principal of a
female academy at HaynevUle. He taught for several years,
then engaged in planting. For several years he was the

334 LOWNDES COUNTY.
county superintendent of education. Lu i860 he was on the
electoral ticket of BeU and Everett, and entered the service
of his country as captain of a company in the 45th Alabama
Infantry of which he became major. He shared the fortunes
of that regiment till disabled by the loss of a leg at Atlanta,
July 22, 1864. He represented the county in the constitu
tional convention of 1865, and in November of that year was
elected to the federal congress without opposition. He was
not permitted -to take his seat for poHtical reasons. He died
at HaynevUle, July 15, 1866, of an abcess caused by the
use of crutches, thus adding another to the list of noble dead
of that memorable war. Major Freeman was of a gentle
nature, and suave manner, firm in his convictions, lofty in his
aims ; imbued with moral courage, and a high sense of honor.
He married Mrs. Brown of Montgomery, who, with his two
chUdren, reside in Lowndes.
David Whjliam Baine, of this county, was a native of Ohio,
and born Aug. 29, 1829. His father, a native of Scotland, was
a Methodist minister. His mother, a northern lady, was the
sister of the late Dr. Adkins of Perry county. At the age of
seventeen years, he was graduated at AUeghany CoUege, Pitts
burg, and at once removed to Maysrille, Kentucky. A few
months later he came to this State, and taught school in
Cherokee. Admitted to the bar in 1848, he became the part
ner of Mr. Cooper. His professional advancement was rapid,
and he had attained to prominence at the bar by the time he
came to Lowndes in 1856. Here he was the law partner of
Mr. S. P. NeSmith, at one time adjutant general of the State,
and a brave officer of the Sixth Alabama Infantry, who feU at
Seven Pines. His success at the bar was very marked. At
the beginning of the war, he volunteered in the first company
that left the county for Pensacola, and was afterwards a pri
vate in the First Alabama Infantry. At the organization of
the Fourteenth Alabama, he was chosen Heutenant colonel,
and accompanied it to Vfrginia. He left a hospital to lead
the regiment at Seven Pines, and on the second day, such was
his physical prostration, that he faulted ; but recovered, over
took the regiment, and led it forward. At Gaines' MUl he
again commanded, and " Lieut. Col. Baine's daring exceUed
"that of any man I ever saw," says the historian of the regi
ment. At Frazier's Farm, June 30, 1862, a federal battery
repeUed the assaults of more than one brigade. Gen. Pryor
asked CoL Baine U his regiment could take it. "My brave
boys wiH take it if I teU them," was the reply. The Four
teenth rushed up the slope under such an appaUing fire that •
they were finaUy driven back. When near the enemy, Col.

LOWNDES COUNTY. 335
Baine was struck by a minie baU, which severed a blood ves
sel in the abdomen. "lam wounded ; teU Major Wood to
" take charge of the regiment ;" and, with his last thought
fixed on duty, he was lifted from his horse and expired within
two minutes. He was buried in Bichmond. Gen. Baine — a
militia title conferred in 1852 — was slender, and not impress
ive in his bearing. He was an untiring student, and prompt
and faithful to his chents. As an advocate he was strictly
logical, and his rare powers of analysis were invaluable in a
profession which is the science of definitions and distinctions.
Without courting- popularity, he was very generaUy esteemed
for his manly quahties, which had the basis of the heroic
without its ostentation.- He held no civU employments, and
took no part in poHtics save in 1860, when he was a delegate
to the Charleston national convention. He married Miss
Hogue of Cherokee, who, with thefr two chUdren, resides in
Lowndes. A county was caUed in his honor in 1866, but the
name was changed by the de facto legislature of 1868.
James F. Clements is also a resident of this county, but
was born in Vfrginia, in 1828. At the age of nineteen years
he came to Alabama, and read law in the office of his rela
tive, Hon. J. La F. CottreU, at HaynevUle. He was connected
with the press for a short time. Ln 1860 he was on the Doug
las electoral ticket, and the foUowing year was beaten for
senator in Butler and Lowndes by Hon. Edmund Harrison.
He was wounded at Murfreesboro, whUe captain of a com
pany in the Forty-fifth Alabama Infantry. In 1865 he repre
sented the county in the constitutional convention, and now
is an attorney in .successful practice at HaynevUle. Capt.
Clements possesses many noble quahties, and talents of a
superior order. He married a daughter of the late Dr. Bur-
weU B. Eudulph of this county.
James G. GUchrist and James S.WUHamson represented this
county in the constitutional convention of 1861 ; and George
C. Freeman and James F. Clements in that of 1865.
The county voted with Montgomery from 1830 to 1834, and
the foUowing is a Hst of assemblymen since that period :
Senators.
1832— James Abercrombie. 1844 — Archibald Gilchrist.
1834— Thomas B. Scott. 1847— Thomas J. Judge.
1835— Lorenzo James. 1851 — Walter H. Crenshaw.
1837— John Archer Elmore. 1855-F. C. Webb.
1838 — James LaFayette Coxtbell, 1857 — Thomas J. Burnett.
(1840). 1861 — Edmund Harrison.
1841 — John Starke Hunter. 1865 — Walter H. Ceenshaw.
1843— James Berney. [No election in 1867, or since.]

336 MACON COUNTY.
Representatives.
1834— James LaF. Cottrell, John W. 1844— Edward H. Cook, T. J. Judge,
Mundy, John Sally. 1845— Edward H. Cook. T. J. Judge.
j835_Walter Drane, Thomas Daven- 1847— Jas. G. Gilchrist, A. B. Forney.
port, Gee. W. Esselman. 1849— Jasper M. Gonder, W. C. Swan-
1836— Jas. LaF. Cottrell, Russell P. son.
McCord, Alfred Harrison. 1851— J. M. Gonder, J. S. Williamson.
1837— Jas. LaF. Cottrell, EusseU P. 1853— Walter Cook, F. C. Webb.
McCord, John P. Cook. 1855— Wm. Barry, Stephen D. Moorer
1838— John A. Tarver, Geo. W, Essel- 1857— Duncan McCall, James S. Wil-
man, John P. Cook. liamson.
1839— Nathan Cook, Wm. Swanson. 1859.— James G. Gilchrist, Nathan L.
1840— John S. Hunter, Robert B. Brooks.
Campbell. 1861— Hugh C.McCall, N. L. Brooks.

1841— Peyton S. Alexander, John W. 1863— P. T. Graves, Wm. S.
Mundy. 1865— George S. Cox, N. L. Brooks.
1842— Alfred Harrison, James W. 1867— [No election.]
Dunklin. 1870— John Nininger, Wm. Gaskin,
3343_ Walter Drane, John P . Nail. (col.), Mansfield Tyler (col. )

CHAPTEE LL
THE COUNTY OP MACON.

Macon was estabhshed by an act approved Dec. 18, 1832,
and carved out of the capacious region ceded by the Museo-
gees in that year. Large and valuable portions have been set
apart to Lee and Bullock — to the former 180 square nines, to
the latter about 125.
It Hes in the east centre of the State, south of TaUapoosa
and Lee, west of EusseU, north of BuUock, and east of Mont
gomery and Elmore. Its name perpetuates the memory of
Nathaniel Macon,* the North Carolina statesman.
The area of the county is scarcely 600 square mUes.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $2.699, 659, viz:
real estate $2,114,940 ; personalty $584,719.
The decennial movement is thus exhibited :
1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  w  5,369 11,286 8,624 5,103
Blacks  ,  5,878 15.612 18,177 12,620
*Nathaniel Macon was born in Warren county, North Carolina, in 1757,
and died there in 1837. He was a soldier in the colonial ranks in 1 776-'82,
and was a member of the federal congress continuously from 1791 to 1828,
serving as speaker ofthe house and president ofthe senate. John Randolph ,
of Virginia declares iD his will that " Mr. Macon is the wisest and best man
I ever knew," and Mr. Jeflerson said that when Mr, Macon died "the last of
the Bomans " would have departed.

MACON COUNTY. 337
The cash value of farm lands — 125,944 acres improved, and
120,955 acres unimproved— $1,486,811.
The value of live stock — 872 horses, 1653 mules, 6391 neat
cattle, 4996 hogs— was $415,097 in 1870.
, In 1869 the productions were 168,661 bushels of corn, 31,690
bushels of oats, 20,785 bushels of potatoes, 45,894 pounds of
butter, 11,872 bales of cotton, 1854 pounds of wool ; the value
of animals slaughtered was $33,636 ; and the value of the farm
productions was $1,281,587.
Macon is one of the agricultural counties, and, before the
dismemberment, ranked very high on the Hst. The surface
Hes weU for cultivation, and the soU presents a variety of Hght,
"mulatto, " and aUuvial lands.
The TaUapoosa skirts the western boundary, but is not nav
igable. More than twenty-seven mUes of the track of the
raUroad from West Point to Montgomery He in the county,
and a branch road extends from it five mUes to Tuskegee.
Tuskegee, the seat of justice, has about 1500 inhabitants.
James Dent bunt the first house at the place. It was laid out
in 1833, and has claimed a larger population than it does now.
The name ( tusha, warrior ; jee, Httle,) signifies Little Warrior.
A seminary of learning for females is located here.
Notasulga, on the Montgomery and West Point Eailroad,
has about 300 inhabitants.
Between Ufaupee and Chattabogue (Bed creek), and on the
raUroad, is the birth-place of TJssa-yohola or Oceola ("Black-
Drink"), the famous Seminole chief, who made the everglades
of Florida the last stronghold of his race east of the Missis
sippi. He was a son of an Englishman, name Powell, and of
PoUy Copinger, a mixed-breed grand-daughter of James Mc
Queen, a Scotchman who died in 1811. McQueen was born
in 1693, and deserted from a British ship at St. Augustine in
1716, as he told Col. Hawkins ; died at the age of 128 years,
and is buried on Ufaupee. Oceola was a blood-thirsty chief,
brave and relentless in his hostUity. He was decoyed into the
American camps, by promises of amnesty, and died in chains
at Fort Moultrie. Macon feels a pride in him.
At Fort Decatur, on the Tallapoosa, He the remains of John
Sevier,* one of the heroes of King's Mountain, and the first
*Gen. Sevier was a native of Virginia, butin early manbood settled in what
is now east Tennessee. He was the leader and protector of the frontier for
thirty years, often fighting the Cherokees, and taking a conspicuous part
against the British, and in the organization of the "State of Franklin."
When Tennessee became a State, he was elected the first governor, and
served in that position twelve years. He was sent as commissioner to treat
with the Muscogees in 1815, but did not return to the State of which he was
the father. 22

338 MACON COUNTY.
governor of the State of Tennessee. He came to adjust the
troubles of the general government with the Muscogees, and
here laid his aged frame to rest, Sept. 24, 1815. Gen. E. P.
Gaines, then in command of the fort, had. him interred with
the honors of war —
"They carved not a line, they raised not a stone,
' ' But left him alone in his glory, ''
and the exact spot of his sepulture was soon forgotten.
Near the mouth of Calabee creek, on the TaUapoosa, stood
the Indian town Autossee. During the war of 1813-14, Gen.
Floyd reached the vicinity of the place with 950 Georgia
mUitia and 400 tory Indians. The savages, driven out of the
Coosa vaUey by Jackson, had concentrated here in large force.
Floyd moved to the assault, Nov. 29, 1813, with cfrcumvaUating
Hues, but the tory Indians faded to cross the river to cut off
retreat. The savages fought with great bravery, and the
Georgians exhibited no want of courage. Thefr artillery was
used to great advantage. The town was set on fire, and, after
a contest of an hour or two, the Indians were driven into the
swamp or across the river. The number of houses consumed
was about 400, and the loss of the savages was estimated at '
200 warriors. The Georgians lost eleven kUled and fifty-four
wounded. Gen. Floyd retraced his steps the same day to
wards Fort MitcheU, not, however, without receiving a fierce
attack in the rear about a mile from the place. Such was the
"battle of Autossee."
Having received needed suppHes, Gen. Floyd again moved
from Fort MitcheU. His force now consisted of nearly 1700
men, including about 400 tory savages. He estabhshed Forts
Bainbridge and HuU on his route, and had proceeded into the
valley of the Calabee, about seven mUes from the presenttown
of Tuskegee, when the savages suddenly sprung from their
lair in the undergrowth of the creek, and made a furious as
sault about daylight, Jan. 27, 1814. Though surprised, the
Georgians quickly formed, and, with the aid of the artillery,
beat back the Indians. A charge soon drove them into the
recesses of the swamp, with severe loss. But the cautious
Floyd was effectuaUy checked, and his campaign brought to a
premature close. His loss was seventeen whites and five
tories killed, and 132 whites and fifteen tory Indians wounded.
Gathering up his wounded, and posting a garrison in Fort
HuU, he retreated to Fort MitcheU. The practical results of
the fight were whoUy with the brave natives.
Fort Decatur was buUt, in March 1814, by the troops who
had reached that point, under Col. Homer V. Milton.
Tuskegee was the rendezvous of the mUitia of the State
during the Creek troubles of 1836. About fifteen hundred

MACON COUNTY. 339
men assembled here, principally from north Alabama, but
within a few days they marched to Fort MitcheU, in EusseU.
During the late war between the States, a body of federal
cavalry, estimated at nearly two thousand men, under Gen.
Eosseau of Kentucky, left the Tennessee vaUey, and pushed
rapidly down the vaUey of the Coosa. They struck the raU
road at Loachapoka, July 11, 1864, and began to destroy the
track. The next morning, about haU of them moved down
the road to destroy the large bridge over Ufaupee creek. At
Beasley's tank, a mUe and a half from. Cheha, about four hun
dred of the State reserves — principally youths— moved up on
a train, but were imprudently disembarked under the fire of
the raiders. Forming in Hne of battle, this force moved upon
the enemy, but found themselves in an ambuscade, from which
they were driven back a short distance. They again advanced,
reinforced by a number of citizens, and the raiding party ab
ruptly abandoned the field and overtook thefr comrades at
Auburn, The railroad track was torn up for twenty-five miles
by this daring force, which moved in a northeasterly direction
from Opelika, and made safe its retreat. The Confederate
loss at Cheha was six or eight killed, and about sixty wounded.
The Federal loss was something less.

-*&

Thomas S. Woodward, who first settled on the ridge on
which Tuskegee is buUt, was a famous character iu this por
tion of the State. He was bom in Elbert county, Georgia,
and was reared on the frontier and among the Indians. He
was in this country as early as 1810, and was an officer in the
Florida war of 1817-18. He was a brigadier general of mUi
tia, and as such went to the Chattahoochee to meet Gen. La-
Fayette, whom he accompanied to Cahaba. He removed to
Arkansas in 1841, and from there to Winn Parish, Louisiana,
in 1853, and there died in 1861. He wrote a smaU volume of
reminiscences about the IndianB, which attempts to confute
many of the statements made by Pickett, Meek, Coxe, and
others, wliich have been in part adopted hi this volume. B e
was an interesting man, tall and erect, and brusk in manner.
He was a cousin of tion. Joseph A. Woodward of TaUadega
and of Bev. Wm. Woodward of Chocta, but had Indian blood
in his veins.
Among the best known citizens of Macon was Bobert
Dougherty. He was a native of Clarke county, Georgia, and
was born about the year 1805. He was the son of Major
Dougherty, " one of the best and most respectable citizens of
"Georgia." His mother was a Mrs. Puryear. tie was edu
cated at the University of Georgia, and read law with his
brother, Charles, who became a distinguished jurist in that

340 MACON COUNTY.
State. He located in Troup county to practice his profession,
giving much of his time to plantmg, and represented that
county in the legislature of his native State. In 1837 he came
to reside in this State and county, and here became the law
partner of the late Hon. N. W. Cocke. In 1843 he represented
Macon and TaUapoosa in the upper house of the legislature.
When the selection of judges was transferred to the populace
in 1850 he was elected to the bench of the cfrcuit court over
the incumbent, Hon. John J. Woodward of TaUadega. He
filled the position for eighteen years, defeating Bon. John T.
Heflin of Bandolph in 1856. He died in October 1868, soon
after he was ejected from office by the reconstruction acts.
The stout and brawny appearance, and large features, of Judge
Dougherty revealed his Irish origin even before his rich humor
and " mother-wit " could be heard. The latter was inimitable.
He had a, story for every occasion, and told it with a tone and
manner which could excite the risibles of the grief-stricken*
He was not alone companionable, however. His career on
the bench was uniformly devoid of partiahty, and he was per
fectly famUiar with the functions and attainments of the high
position. At the bar he was a successful advocate, always
effective in his arguments. He was also a warm-hearted man,
with the broadest charity, and was a favorite with the bar and
the people. His wife was a Miss Watkins of Georgia, and he
left several chUdren.
Eobert Fulwood Ligon is a resident of Macon. He was
born in Clarke county, Georgia, in 1824. His father was a
circuit court clerk for some years. His mother, Miss Fulwood,
is related to Hon. E. M. T. Hunter of Vfrginia. Eeceiving an
academic education, he came to this county, and taught school
a year. He then read law under Hon. David Clopton, but
when the Mexican war began he went out as captain of a com
pany, which served six months. He was Hcensed in 1847, and
became the partner of Mr. Clopton. Two years later he rep-
*Judge Dougherty was not insensible to the weight of a practical joke. In
the summer of 1866 he was anxious to purchase a good milch cow. Mr.
Sampson Lanier told him Jacob Cooper had one ; and, knowing the judge's
fondness for a long walk, remarked that Cooper lived three or four miles out
on the Fort Decatur road. The next morning the judge strolled off before
breakfast. At the end of four miles, he found that Cooper lived three miles
further on. Having gone half way he went on, only to find a cow that he
declared would n't give as much milk as a goat. The walk of fourteen miles
made him resolve to be avenged on Lanier. Shortly after, they came up
from Montgomery together, and Lanier asked him to ride out iu his carriage
from Cheha to Tuskegee, five miles. The carriage had not arrived, however,
and the judge remarked that he would walk on and hurry it up. He met it,
told the driver Mr. Lanier remained in Montgomery, got in, and was driven
leisurely to T. About two o'clock Lanier came in on a freight wagon, astride
of a sack of salt, and holding aloft a black-jack bush for an umbrella. The
judge asked him how far it was to Cooper's.

MACON COUNTY. 341
resented the county in the legislature, and from 1861 to '65
he was in the senate. When the war began he entered the
service as captain of a company in the 12th Alabama, but an
affection of the spine caused him to resign. He is now prac
ticing his profession in Tuskegee. In person Capt. Ligon is
above the medium size and somewhat stout. His manners are
easy and popular, his mind of the practical order, and he is
thoroughly informed. He is a good managing lawyer, and a
successful practitioner. He married a Miss Payne of Georgia.
Prominent among the citizens of this county is Cuxlen
Andrews Battle. He was born in Powelton, H ancock county,
Georgia, June 1, 1829. " His father, Dr. CuUen Battle, and his
mother, Miss Lamon, were natives of North Carolina, the
former being a cousin of Judge Wm. H. Battle of that State.
Ln 1836 the famUy settled in Barbour county, where the son
grew to manhood. Educated at the State University, he read
law under Hon. John GUI Shorter in Eufaula, and was admit
ted to practice in 1851. The next year he came to Tuskegee,
aud practiced for several years in partnership with Judge
ChUton and W. C. Mclver, esq. In 1860 he was an elector for
Breckinridge, and towards the close of that year was elected
Heutenant colonel of the second Alabama volunteer regiment.
He served with this command in January 1861 at Pensacola,
and was there when Forts Barrancas and McBae were evacu
ated. Eeturning in February, he was soon after elected
major of the Third Alabama, with which he proceeded to
Virginia. He was soon promoted to Heutenant colonel, and
as such was first under fire at Drewry's Bluff, and led the
regiment at Seven Pines after the faU of Col. Lomax. He
was also in command of it in the week of bloody battles be
low Eichmond. At Boonsboro he was sfightly wounded, and
at Sharpsburg disabled for several weeks. At ChanceUors-
vUle he served on Gen. Bodes's staff. Gen. EweU was so
much pleased with his conduct at Gettysburg that he pro
moted him to brigadier general, and this was confirmed soon
after. Placed in permanent command of the brigade — 3d,
5th, 6th, 12th, and 61st Alabama regiments — he led it at the
WUderness, and was almost continuously under fire tiU June
2d, when he was shghtly wounded at the second Cold Harbor.
In the VaUey with Early, he led the brigade at Winchester
where it was comphmented in orders by the commanding
general. At Cedar Creek, whUe in command, he was struck
in the knee, and so disabled as to prevent his return to active
duty. His commission as major general dated from Oct. 19,
1864, when he was thus wounded. Eesuming his profession
at the close of the war, he was elected, to congress the same
year, defeating Hon. E. F. Ligon and Eev. Mr. HamUl, both

342 MACON COUNTY.
of this county, and Hon. Geo. Beese of Chambers ; but the
majority in congress would not permit him to take his seat,
and soon after disfranchised him.
Gen. Battle is of ordinary stature and slender figure, with
dark complexion and eyes. His address is courtly, and he is
approachable and sociable. His oratory is graceful in man
ner, and florid and synthetic in matter. On the battle field
he was dehberate and determined, and in camp was the friend
and protector of his men. His moral character and pubhc
spirit are well known. He mairied Miss WUHams of Georgia.
Eev. Archibald J. Battle of Perry is his brother.
Evander McIver Law also resided in this county. He was
born in Darlington, S. C, in 1836; and his father was an
attorney at that place. His mother was Miss McIver. He
was graduated at the mUitary academy at Charleston in 1836,
and was professor of belles lettres in the mUitary school at
YorkvUle for three years. In 1860, he came to this county,
and here taught school pending his preparation to practice
law. In January 1861, he lead a company of State troops to
Pensacola, and remained there nearly two months. Entering
the service again as captain, he was elected Heutenant colonel
of the Fourth Alabama Infantry. At the first battle of Ma
nassas, he was severely wounded. In October he became
colonel of the Fourth by election, and led it at Seven Pines.
He assumed command of the brigade (Whiting's) — the 4th
Alabama, 6th North Carolina, and 2d and 11th Mississippi
regiments — in June, and led it at Cold Harbor, and Malvern
HiU, at the second battle of Manassas, and at Sharpsburg.
Promoted to brigadier general in October 1862, he was placed
in permanent command of the brigade. In January 1863, his
brigade was reorganized, and was , henceforth composed of
the 4th, 15th, 44th, 47th, and 48th Alabama regiments. When
Gen. Hood was wounded at Gettysburg, the command of the
division devolved on him. tie was again in command of
Hood's division at Chickamauga, where his old brigade cap
tured 13 pieces of artillery, and where his conduct was so
intrepid that Gen. Longstreet sent a note expressing his ad
miration and satisfaction. At the WUderness and Spottsyl-
vania he led his brigade, and at the second Cold Harbor
commanded also Anderson's brigade. In the latter battle he
received a severe wound. Shortly after, he was relieved at
his own request in consequence of a variance with Gen. Long-
street. He was placed in command at Columbia, S. C, on the
approach of Sherman's army, and in February assumed com
mand of Butler's brigade of cavaHy. He was engaged in
the attack on KUpatrick's camp and at FayettevUle, served on
the staff of Gen. J. E. Johnston atBentonvUle, and led Butler's

MACON COUNTY. 343
cavalry afterwards. He was promoted to^major general just
before the surrender, on the recommendation of Generals
Johnston and Hampton. Since the war, he has resided in
South Carolina, where he is now president of the King's
Mountain EaUroad Company.
Gen. Law won a very brUHant reputation during the war.
He was not a rigid disciplinarian, but in battle he handled his
men in a masterly manner, and was himseH a conspicuous
example of dauntless courage. " Nor was his courage of that
headlong character which only displays itself in excitement.
" * * * The excitement of battle steadied his nerves, quick-
"ened his judgment, and sharpened his perceptions."* Few
men have had so bright a career at so early an age.
Macon was also the home of William F. Perry, though he
grew to manhood in Chambers and Cherokee. His parents,
Hiram Perry and Nancy Flake, came to this State in 1833,
and settled in Chambers county. Born in Jackson county,
Georgia, in 1823, he was educated in that State. He perfected
his education in a great measure after leaving the schools by
assiduous study. From 1848 to 1853 he was at the head of
a prosperous high school in TaUadega. He then came to
Tuskegee and read in the law class taught by Judge ChUton.
Licensed to practice in 1854, he was elected by the general
assembly in February of the same year to the office of super
intendent of education for the State, then just established.
Ln this important position he labored tiU the faU of 1858 —
having been twice re-elected — then resigned to continue the
noble vocation of a teacher. Placed in charge of the East
Alabama CoUege at Tuskegee, he held that trust tUl the
reverses to the Confederate army in February 1862 decided
him to enter the service of his imperiUed country. Enlisting
as a private, he was elected major at the organization of the
44th Alabama in May, and became Heutenant colonel by the
resignation of Col. Kent in August. The 44th reached Vfr
ginia in time to take part in the second battle of Manassas.
At Sharpsburg Col. Derby was killed, and Col. Perry's pro
motion foUowed. At Gettysburg he led the 44th agahist the
rocky bastions of Bound Top, where, in common with Hood's
whole division, it earned a bloody renown. At Chicamauga
he commanded the brigade, (Law's), and for gaUantry at
Dandridge General Longstreet recommended his promotion.
At the WUderness the brigade was the first of Longstreet's
corps to reach the field, which it did in time to retrieve the
disaster to Heth and WUcox" by a daring charge, wherein
Col. Perry had two horses kiUed under him. The brigade
also opened the fight at Spottsylvania, and, as part of the
attenuated Hne of the patriots, threw itseH with resistless
* Gen. W. F, Perry.

344 MACON COUNTY
valor upon Warrenjjs corps of 20,000 men, dislodged them
from thefr position, and set them to entrenching for protec
tion. From the battle of Cold Harbor to the close, Gen.
Perry, now promoted, led the brigade. At its head he went
through aU the iron hail of Petersburg, and it was the rear
guard of that remnant of the historic and fire-tried Army of
Northern Vfrginia which retired up the southside of the
James. He surrendered it at Appomattox, and so weU was its
disciphne and morale preserved that it constituted at least a
tenth of Gen. Lee's effective force on that last field. Eeturn-
ing to his home, Gen. Perry engaged in agricultural pursuits
tiU 1867, when he removed to Glendale, Hardin county, Ken
tucky, where he is in charge of a mUitary coUege. Gen. Perry
was eminent as an officer for the highest soldierly quahties,
displaying calmness on the battle-field, discipline in the
bivouac, and consideration for his men everywhere. His
administrative and executive capacity was thoroughly and
satisfactorUy tested. He is also a citizen of stainless char
acter. He married a niece of Hon. Wm. P. ChUton of Mont
gomery. The late Wylie W. Mason resided in Macon. He was a
native of Georgia, and was educated at the State University
there. About the year 1838 he came to this State, and began
the practice of law at Wetumka, associated with Hon.
Armistead B. Dawson. Ln 1845 he was elected to the ofiice
of chanceUor over Hon. J. B. Clarke of Greene and others, '
and filled the position with satisfaction for six years. In 1852
he came to Macon, and resided at Auburn and Tuskegee.
In 1861 he represented the county in the legislature. His
death occurred at Tuskegee in 1870. He left a number of
descendants in the county ; and one of his sons, the late Mr.
Wm. B. Mason, was register hi chancery here for many years.
ChaneeUor Mason was a gentleman of high moral standing,
and of fair talents.
The late James Walter Echols, of this county, was a
native of Georgia. His early advantages were meagre, and
he was for several years employed in a mercantUe house.
He resided for some time at Auburn, and in 1853 came to
Tuskegee. He thrice represented the county in the legisla
ture, and served for some time as a field officer of the Thirty-
fourth Alabama. He was a wealthy planter, of much energy
and strength of purpose, and with popular virtues. He died
in 1869.
Neil Smith Graham came to this State in infancy, being a
native of Cumberland county, North Carolina, and born in
1818. He grew to manhood in Autauga, was graduated at

MACON COUNTY.

345

Princeton, read law under Hon. Seth P. Storrs at Wetumka,
and opened a law ofiice there in 1841. In 1851 he repre
sented Coosa county in the legislature, and in 1856 came to
reside in this county. He is now a law partner of Col. E. H.
Abercrombie. Mr. Graham is a leading and exemplary
citizen, of sohd talents, and moral worth. He is a brother
of Col. Graham of Montgomery.
Thomas S. Woodward, Isaac Bay, and John Thompson
were the commissioners appointed by the act approved Jan.
12, 1833, to select a site for the courthouse of the county.
Samuel Henderson, O. E. Blue, and J. M. Foster repre
sented Macon in the constitutional convention of 1861 ; Linn
B. Sanders, J.T. Crawford, and E. H.Howard in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of the members of the general
assembly : Senators.

1834 — James Larkins.
1836 — John W. Devereux.
1839— Solomon Washburn.
1840— Samuel C. Dailey.
1843 — Bobert Dougherty.
1845— Nathaniel J. Scott.
1849— George W. Gunn.

1853— Nathaniel Holt Clanton.*
1855— George W. Gunn.
1857— George W. Carter.
1859— William P. Chilton.
1861— Bobert F. Ligon.
1865— Bichard H. PoweU.
[No election in 1867, or since. ]

1834 — Joseph Clough.
1835 — Joseph Clough,
1836— Joseph Clough.
1837— Joseph Clough.
1838— Nathaniel Holt Clanton.
1839— Baney Fitzpatrick.
1840— Raney Fitzpatrick.
1841— Nathaniel J. Scott.
1842— Whiting Oliver.
1843— Whiting Oliver.
1844— Nathaniel J. Scott.
1845— Joseph V. Bates, Milton J.
Tarver.
1847— Howell Peebles, Philip H. Rai-
ford.
1849— Robert F. Ligon, B.W.Walker.
1851 — John Smith, Seaborn Williams.

Representatives.

1853— Charles A. Abercrombie, T. V.
Rutherford, Sidney B. Paine.
1855— N. G. Owen, J. W. Echols, J.
H. Cunningham.
1857— Thomas F. Flournoy, J. W.
Echols, Benjamin Thompson.
1859— Thomas S. Tate, Charles J.
Bryan, Wm. R. Cunningham.
1861— Wylie W. Mason, John C. Jud-
kins, Benjamin Tompkins.
1863 — Augustus B. Fannin, Chas. J.
Bryan, J. C. Head.
1865^J. W. Echols, J. C. Judkins,
Alexander Frazier.
1866— F.S.Ferguson(mceJ.C.Judkins)
1867— [No election. 1
1870— Wm. Alley, H. St. Clair (c.)

* Died Nov. 27, 1853. Successor qualified Dec. 13.

CHAPTEE LII
THE COUNTY OP MADISON.
Madison was the second county created. This was done
by a proclamation of Gov. WUHams of Mississippi Territory,
Dec. 13, 1808.
The original territory of the county was that ceded by the
Cherokees in 1805, and consisted of 515 square mUes, in tri
angular shape. The boundary line crossed the line of Ten
nessee just north of Pettusville, Limestone county, and ex
tended in a direct Hne to the Tennessee river, one mile west
of Whitesburg ; thence up the river to the head of the island
above Whitesburg, ( Chicasa Island, ) thence twelve mUes in
an irregular line up the townships in range two to the Ten
nessee State line. These boundaries were changed in 1818 on
the west, and several years later, after Decatur was abohshed,
took its present shape on the east. It now Hes in the
northern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by
the State of Tennessee, east by Jackson, south by Morgan,
west by Limestone.
It was named to honor Mr. Madison, then secretary of state
in Mr. Jefferson's cabinet.*
The area of Madison is about 800 square mUes.
It ranks fourth on the Hst of counties in point of wealth.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $6,658,949 ; per
sonal property $1,311,726 ; total $7,970,675.
The population decenniaUy gives these figures :
1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  3745 8813 13,855 12,279 11,937 11,685 15,527
Blacks   954 8668 14,135 13,409 14,490 14,574 15,740
The farm lands in 1870—139,30.5 acres improved, 109,515
acres unimproved — were valued at $2,194,834.
The live stock— 3319 horses, 1911 mules, 8088 neat cattle,
4062 sheep, and 17,824 hogs— were valued at $704,086.
In 1869 the productions were 36,878 bushels of wheat,
"James Madison was born in Orange county, Virginia, 1751. At the age
of twenty-five years he entered the Virginia legislature, and in 1779 was a
member of the colonial congress. He was a member of the body which
framed the federal constitution in 1 789, and of the first four congresses. He
was minister of state during Mr. Jefferson's two terms, and succeeded him
as president in 1809. He was re-elected iu 1817. He was afterwards a mem
ber of the constitutional convention of Virginia, and died in 1836.

MADISON COUNTY. 347
674,675 bushels of com, 13,223 bushels of oats, 1200 bushels
of barley, 32,824 bushels of potatoes, 78,373 pounds of butter,
8134 gaUons of sorghum, 8736 pounds of tobacco, 12,180 bales
of cotton, 5730 pounds of wool ; the value of slaughtered ani
mals was $120,667 ; and the value of aU farm productions was
$1,955,501. Madison is the richest agricultural county in the valley of
the Tennessee. The surface is a variety of hiU and plain, and
the soU where it is not alluvial, is admirably adapted to chem
ical enrichment. A spur of the Cumberland juts into the
county, forming a picturesque range of low mountains.
The Tennessee river, the boundary line of the county on the
south, is navigable the entire distance ; and the Flint waters
the eastern portion. The Memphis and Charleston Eailroad
bisects the county, having thirty mUes of its track therein.
A projected branch of this road has been surveyed from Hunts
vUle to Winchester, Tennessee.
Coal exists in the county, in sufficient quantity for home use.
Huntsville, the seat of justice, and the social and intel
lectual capital of the Tennessee VaUey, is 203 mUes north of
Montgomery. It was founded in 1806 by Mr. John Hunt, who
came from Tennessee, for whom it was named,* and whose
descendants yet reside here, It was incorporated, in 1811, be
ing the first town in the State to receive that dignity. The
first newspaper pubfished within the limits of the present
State, the " Madison Gazette," was printed here in 1812. The
first bank was also here, an act having passed Dec. 11, 1816,
authorizing Leroy Pope, John P. Hickman, David Moore,
Benjamin Cox, John M. Taylor, Thomas Fearne, Jesse Searcj^,
Clement C. Clay, and John W. Walker to open books of sub
scription for that purpose. In 1819 the first legislature of the
State held its session here, and the convention that framed
the constitution for the would-be State met here in July of
the same year. The population in 1850 was 2863, of whom
1500 were whites, and 1363 were blacks ; in 1860 it was 3634,
of whom 1980 were whites, and 1654 were blacks; and in
1870 it was 4907, of whom 2532 were whites, and 2375 were
blacks. There are two coUeges for females here ; but Greene
Academy,t where so many of the youths of the Tennessee
*An act of the territorial legislature changed the name to "Twickenham,''
Dec. 23, 1809; but it was re-changed to " Huntsville " by an act dated No
vember 25, 1811.
tGreene Academy was incorporated by an act passed Nov. 25, 1812, with
Wm Edmondson, John Brahan, Wm. Lesley, James McCarty, Peter Perkins,
Charles. Bnrris, Willliam Derrick, James Neeley, John Grayson, Henry Cox,
Bennett Woods, Samuel Allen, Andrew K. Davis. Wm. Evans, and Nathan
Power as trustees ; and in 1818 Lemuel Mead, Henry Chambers, Henry Mi
nor, John Taylor, Clement C. Clay, and John W. Walker were added.

348 MADISON COUNTY.
VaUey were educated in the earHer days of the country, was
destroyed by the federal troops. A large Hmestone spring
gushes out at the foot of the low hill on which the city is buUt,
a bow-shot from the courthouse, which suppHes the town with
water by means of hydraulics, and is the admiration of visitors,
and a convenience and delight to residents. HuntsvUle was
occupied AprU 11, 1862, by the federal troops, and held till
the foUowing September, when they were driven out by Gen.'
Bragg's advance into Kentucky; but they re-occupied it in
July 1863, and were in possession the major part of the time
till the close of hostUities. Gen. Mitchell* and Col. Turchin
were in command of the post for a short time, and thefr cru
elty to a defenseless people was brutal in the extreme. Mitch-
eH's conduct was so odious and infamous that he was reheved
by the humane Gen. BueU ; but other commanders of a later
date permitted thefr subordinates to harass and depredate
upon the people of Huntsville mercUessly.
Newmarket has about 400 inhabitants ; MaysvUle about 250 ;
Vienna about 200 ; and Madison Station about 200.
The BeU Cotton Factory is located about ten mUes north
east of HuntsvUle. It is the oldest estabhshment of the kind
in the State, having been incorporated in 1832. It was founded
by Patton, Donnegan & Co., and is owned by thefr descendants.
There are 100 looms and 3000 spindles at work, operated by
100 persons, and fifty bales of cotton are worked up every
month into sheeting, shirting, checks and plaids, drUling,
denims, woolen kerseys, twine, yarn, &c. McFarland's Fac
tory is not at present operated fully.
Madison felt the full weight of the burthens and woes of
the late war. Alternately scoured by the hostile parties for
forage, and with the negro laborers driven off by the invaders,
or taken away by thefr owners to places of greater security ;
with its citizens absent and sharing in the defence of other
homes whUe thefr own were being devastated ; with its fences,
hedges, forests, and houses destroyed by a rude and hostile
soldiery ; the fate of Madison, and the other counties of the
vaUey, was a hard one. The numerous combats that occurred
within its Hmits, and the myriad exciting incidents of the mem
orable war that transpired here offer abundant material to the
local historian.
One of these achievements was the attack on the stockade
erected and garrisoned by the federal troops at Madison Sta
tion, which occurred May 17, 1864. Col. Patterson of Morgan,
with his regiment, and Stewart's battalion, numbering about
500 men, with a piece of artillery, assaulted the enemy and
*Brig. Gen. O. M. Mitchell of Ohio was an astronomer and author of some
celebrity. He died shortly alter the close of the war.

MADISON COUNTY. 349
routed them. Eighty prisoners and some stores were taken
across the river in the face of a superior force the invaders
brought up. The garrison was estimated at 400 men, and
thefr loss in kUled and wounded was not known. Patterson's
loss was seven kiUed and wounded.
The county, however, has begun to assume much of the
aspect of the old time, and the charms of the region are being
restored. The roU of prominent citizens is lengthy, numbering many
of the foremost men of the State.
One of the earliest settlers of the county was Gabriel
Moore. He was the scion of a respectable famUy in Stokes
county, North Carolina, where he was born about 1785.
Coming to HuntsvUle as a lawyer in 1810, he represented the
county in the legislature of Mississippi Territory for several
years. Ln 1817 he was a member and speaker of the only
territorial legislature of Alabama. He was also a member of
the convention which framed the State constitution, and was
under it the first senator from Madison, presiding over that
body in 1820. Ln 1822 he was elected to congress over Col.
Silas Dinsmore of Washington. He was re-elected in 1823,
'25, and '27, defeating Judge Clay the last time. In 1829 he
was elected governor without opposition, receiving 10,956
votes. Ln February 1831 he resigned the position to accept a
seat in the federal senate to which he had been elected over Hon.
John McKinley of Lauderdale, by a vote of 49 to 40. Gov.
Moore entered the senate March 4, 1831, and remained there
six years. It was in 1832 that, acting as the friend of the
anti-Jackson party, he voted for the rejection of Mr. VanBuren
as minister to Great Britain * Gen. Jackson was omnipotent
in Alabama, and Gov. Moore never recovered popular favor.
The legislature of 1833 requested him to resign, but he
remained in the senate as an antagonist of Gen. Jackson till
the expiration of his term. The same year (1837) he was
defeated for the lower house of congress by Hon. Eeuben
Chapman. It was his first defeat. In 1843 he removed to
Texas, where he died two years later. He had a handsome
exterior, insinuating address, and ardent temperament. He
was a man of the people, pubHc-spirited, hospitable, and firm
in friendship as he was bitter in enmity. He married a Miss
CaUier of Washington county, but an immediate divorce
occurred, followed by a duel with her brother, who was shot
in the arm, near the Tennessee line. Hon. S. D. J. Moore of
Tuskaloosa, and Judge W. H. Moore, late of the HuntsvUle
city court, are nephews of Gov. Moore.
•Benton's "Thirty Years View," page 215 of Volume I.

350 MADISON COUNTY.
William I. Adair, a distinguished lawyer of this county,
was a native of Kentucky, and nephew of Gov. Adair of that
State. He came to this State in 1818 as a planter, but soon
after read law, opened an office in HuntsvUle and arose to
prominence. In 1823 he represented the county in the legis
lature, and was elected speaker. In November 1832 he was
elected to the circuit court bench, and held the office tiU his
death three years later. Judge Adair was taU and weU formed,
with a florid complexion. He was sociable to excess, honest,
popular, and blunt of speech. Though a good judge he paid
Httle regard to legal technicahties. WhUe holding court in
Lawrence once, a young man was tried for killing another
who had seduced his sister. The prosecution laid great stress
on the fact that the deed was done a year after the seduction
(the erring Lothario having absented himseH) and that "cool
ing time" had elapsed for the passion of the brother to have
assuaged. "Yes, gentlemen of the jury," said Judge A.,
"there is such a thing as "cooling time," butthe aUotted three
score and ten years of man's life are not sufficient "cooling
time" in a case Hke this." Judge Adair married a Miss Jones
of Franklin, and left children.
Among the distinguished men in the early history of Madi
son was William Kelly. When he came to HuntsvUle, about
the year 1818, he was apparently 35 years old, and had been a
cfrcuit court judge in Tennessee, though he was probably
born in South Carohna. Ln 1821 he was elected a represent
ative in congress, his district comprising the entire State ; but
he resigned the year foUowing when elected to fiU Mr. Walker's
term in the federal senate, defeating Hon. John McKinley of
Lauderdale. He served tiU March 1825, when he was de
feated for another term by Dr. Chambers of this county.
The same year he represented Madison in the legislature, and
was elected speaker. His last service was in the lower house
in 1827. He removed to New Orleans about 1830, and died
there soon after. He was a squarely-buUt man, of ordinary
stature, with a popular though rough manner. He appeared
to be morose and irascible, but on the contrary was sociable
and humorous. His intellectual capacity, was very consider
able, and he stood in the front rank of his profession. He
was twice married ; the last time to Miss Brooks of the Dis
trict of Columbia ; and left chUdren whose fate is not known.
Judge Kelly of Jefferson, Gen. John H. Kelly of Pickens, and
Hon. Wm. K. Paulding of Perry were related to Judge KeUy.
Henry Chambers, one of our early pubhc men, Avas a Vir
ginian by birth, and came to Madison about 1815. He was
then about 30 years old, a physician, an educated gentleman,

MADISON COUNTY. 351
and a man of property. From these facts we infer that his
ancestors were persons in fortunate circumstances. He rep
resented Madison in the convention which framed the State
constitution, and in the lower house of the legislature in 1820.
The year foUowing he was defeated for governor by 2500 ma
jority in favor of Hon. Israel Pickens. Two years later he
was again beaten by Gov. Pickens. Ln 1824 he was a presi
dential elector on the Jackson ticket. In the winter of that
year he was elected to the federal senate for a term of six
years : Judge KeUy of Madison, the incumbent, receiving 36,
and Dr. Chambers 41 votes. He died in Virginia, whUe on
his way to Washington to take his seat, in February 1826.
His death was much regretted, for he was a man of irreproach
able morals, and an eminent physician. His talents were of
high order, his oratory chaste, and his bearing dignified and
earnest. He was over six feet high, somewhat spare, with
dark eyes and saUow complexion. His wife was a Miss Smith
of Tennessee, aunt of Hon. Edward C. Betts of this county.
One of his two sons, Hon. Hal. C. Chambers, represented
Mississippi in the Confederate congress, and is now a distin
guished orator and citizen of that State, and his daughter
married a son of Gov. Thomas Bibb. Alabama has preserved
the memory of Dr. Chambers by naming a county in his honor.
James G. Berney came to Madison in 1817, when about 27
years old. He was of Irish parentage, and his father was a
wealthy merchant in Kentucky. He occupied himself with
planting, but, failing, he began the practice of law in Hunts
vUle. He represented the county in the first legislature, but
was once or twice afterwards defeated. About the year 1827
he was elected soHcitor, and held the office three or four years,
when he became the law partner of Hon. A. F. Hopkins.
The anti-slavery movement enhsted his sympathy at an early
day, and he became an agent for the colonization society.
During the session of the legislature at Tuskaloosa in 1834-'5
he addressed a meeting on the subject, but it was broken up
in a tumult. He soon after sold his slaves, and removed to
the North, where he became an aboHtion agitator. In 1840
he was the nominee of the abolitionists for president of the
United States, and again in 1844. Ln the first instance he
received over 7000 votes ; in the latter over 40,000. He died
in Saginaw, Michigan, a short time before the war. In ap
pearance he was short and stout, with handsome aud ex
pressive features, and polished manners. His mind was of a
high order, and his capacity as a writer and speaker was con
siderable. He married a daughter of Judge (.McDowell of
Kentucky, and two of his sons — natives of Madison — were
brigadier generals in the federal army during the war. His

352 MADISON COUNTY.
sister was the mother of Hon. Thomas F. and Gen. Humphrey
MarshaU of Kentucky.
John M. Taylor, one of the earlier jurists of the State, was
born in Orange county, Virginia, about the year 1788. He
was a scion of an exceUent f amUy, and was thoroughly edu
cated. After practicing law for several years in his native
State, he came to HuntsvUle in 1817. Here he at first was a
merchant, but soon resumed his professional labors. He was
a member of the convention caUed to frame a constitution for
Alabama, aud was one of the three sub-committeemen who
drafted that instrument. He was subsequently the law part
ner of Judge Minor, whom he succeeded ou the supreme
court bench in 1825. In this high position he was retained
for eight years, and then resigned. A year or two later he
removed to Mississippi, where he was a leading practitioner
till his death in 1859 or '60. Judge Taylor was of a comely
figure and person, and of pleasing address. His mind was
logical, and he stood at the head of his profession, whUe on
the bench he sustained a high reputation. His wife was a
sister of Mr. PhUip Foote, a merchant of HuntsvUle.
Byrd Brandon was another early, settler of Madison. Born
m North Carolina in the year 1800, he spent some years of
his Hfe in Lincoln county, Tennessee, to which section his
parents removed in 1812. A few years later he came to
HuntsvUle, and read law in the ofiice of Hon. C. C. Clay, sr.
Admitted to the bar in 1822, he was" at different times the
partner of Messrs. John M. Taylor, J. M. M. White, Frank
Jones, and Silas Parsons. President Jackson appointed him
federal attorney for the northern district of Alabama, and he
held the ofiice five or six years, then resigned. President
VauBuren appointed him consul to Campeachy and Tabasco,
but he died before he could enter on the active discharge of
his duties, June 3, 1838. Col. Brandon was popular as a
man, and efficient as an official, and his early death deprived
the State of a most useful citizen. His wife was a Miss
CaldweU of Kentucky, and a son, Capt. John D. Brandon, is
an attorney at HuntsvUle. Hon. WUHam Brandon, who
thrice represented Madison iu the legislature, and died in •
1848, was a brother.
David Moore came to this county hi 1815. He was born
in Brunswick county, Virginia, in 1789. His father, Eev.
John Moore, was a Methodist clergyman, who went to Vir
ginia from North Carolina ; and his mother was a Miss Fletcher.
He was weU educated, and was graduated in medicine at the
University of Pennsylvnia. Eemoving at once to Tennessee,

MADISON COUNTY. 353
he practiced in the family of General Andrew Jackson, whom
he accompanied on his campaign against the Indians in
this State. He took a front rank as a physician and surgeon
almost from the day he came to HuntsvUle. In 1820 he rep
resented Madison in the popular branch of the legislature,
and was fourteen times called to that position, serving as
speaker in 1841. From 1822 to 1825 he served the county in
the upper house. At the election for a federal senator in
1841, he was warmly urged as a suitable person for the place ;
but, after a very exciting canvass, he was defeated by Gov.
Bagby by a vote of 66 to 59. Besides these many attestations
of popular confidence, Dr. Moore was a presidential elector
once or twice. Just after being elected to the legislature, he
died at his home in the county, September 1845. Dr. Moore
bore the seal of true manhood on his open countenance ; and
his calm bearing and considerate demeanor bespoke a gen
tility that nature had bestowed. His fund of practical sense,
tempered by observation and experience, served him to better
purpose than the showy gifts of more briUiant men. The
prudence and propriety of his conduct won the esteem and
regard of his feUow citizens ; whUe his usefulness, charity,
and benevolence were made effective by his ample fortune.
He first married a sister of Hon. John Haywood of Tennes
see ; his second wfre was Miss Harrison of Vfrginia, cousin to
the president of that name, who survived him and married
Dr. Charles A. Patton. Of his two sons, one was adjutant of
the 26th Alabama regiment, and both are planters of this
county. One of his daughters married Col. E. B. Bhett, jr.,
at one time editor of the Charleston Mercury, and now resid
ing in Madison.
One of the earhest settlers of Madison was John Williams
Walker. He was a native of Virginia, but grew to manhood
in Elbert county, Georgia, to which section his father, Eev.
Jeremiah Walker, removed when he was a chfid. For a time
he was a pupU of Bev. Moses WaddeU, and afterwards was
graduated at Princeton College. Admitted to the bar at Pe
tersburg, he soon after — in the year 1810 — came to HuntsvUle,
and began to practice here. This he did with abUity and
success, but was once or twice interrupted by an election to
the legislature of Mississippi Territory. In 1818 he was a
member of the legislature of Alabama Territory, and a year
later presided over the convention that framed the constitu
tion for the State. It was about this time that he declined
the ofiice of district judge of the federal court for Alabama,
tendered by President Monroe. At the session of the first
general assembly he was elected the first federal senator
23

354 .. MADISON COUNTY.
chosen by the State, and by an almost unanimous vote. He
at once took high rank in that then eminent body, and is one
of the nineteen more eminent senators mentioned as holding
a seat in that body by Col. Benton when he became a member
of the senate in 1820. A want of health obfiged him to
resign, Dec. 12, 1822, and he died AprU 23, foUowing, when
barely forty years old. Ln person Mr. Walker was taU and slen
der, and his manner and address prepossessing and graceful.
His attainments as a scholar and lawyer were very high, and
were adorned by a refinement of taste, a scope of informa
tion, and a grace of elocution which conspired to mark him
as one of the most promising men of his age in the United
States. He was the soul of honor and manly integrity, and
his early death deprived the State of her most eminent citi
zen at that time. A county was named in his honor.
WhUe in Georgia, Mr. Walker married a daughter of Mr.
Leroy Pope, who came to Madison in 1809, was one of the
founders of Huntsville, and died here in 1844. Mr. Walker's
daughter, the wife of Dr, E. L. Fearn of MobUe, was the
mother of Mr. Walker Fearn of Louisiana, secretary of lega
tion to Mexico and Belgium when Colonels Seibels and Forsyth
were representing the United States abroad. Messrs. Percy
and John J. Walker of MobUe, and Leroy P. and E. W. Walker
of this county are the firing sons of Senator Walker. Another,
Capt. Wm. Walker of Mobile, died at Fort Morgan in 1863.
Leroy Pope Walker was a native and a resident of Madi
son, and son of the preceding. He was bom in 1817, and
was thoroughly educated. He read law under Judge Hop
kins, was admitted to the bar, and at once removed to Canton,
Miss. He practiced there with but Httle promise a short time,
then returned and located in BeUefonte, Jackson county. A
year later he removed to Moulton and became the partner of
Hon. D. G. Ligon. In 1843 and in '44 he represented Law
rence in the house, but the year after removed to Lauderdale.
That county elected him to the house in 1847, when he was
made speaker. In 1848 he was a Cass elector for his district,
and for the State at large for Pierce and Buchanan. Ln 1849
he was re-elected to the house, but the year after was elected
judge of the cfrcuit court. This position he held nine months,
and resigned it. In 1853 he again represented Lauderdale,
but in 1855 made his residence at HuntsvUle, where he has
been the law partner of Messrs. B. C. BrickeU and Septimus
D. Cabaniss. In 1860 he was a delegate to the historic Charles
ton convention, and when the State seceded was sent as com
missioner to Tennessee, where his speech before the legisla
ture urging co-operation was able and eloquent. He had just
returned, when, in February, President Davis summoned him

MADISON COUNTY. ' 355
to a place in the cabinet of " the -storm-cradled nation that
feU." To the duties of this high position Mr. Walker brought
inexperience, but which was to a great extent if not fuUy com
pensated for by zeal and energy. The task of organizing and
equipping armies almos.t without materials and with resources
limited to the patriotic ardor of the people, was an herculean
one. His labors were incessant, and when he resigned in the
autumn of 1861 his health was shattered. The precise mo
tive for his retirement from the cabinet is not known, and wiH
probably not be from his Hps ; but the beHef is general that
the seH-confidence of Mr. Davis first exhibited itself in the
war office, and that Gen. Walker had too much respect for the
responsibihty and dignity of his position to permit it to be
subordinated to a mere clerkship. Gen. Walker is censured
for his speech in Montgomery when announcing the fall of
Fort Sumter, his utterances being regarded as official, but Mr.
Stephens, in his "War Between the States," (Vol. I, pp. 415,
421,) exonerates him in a great degree of aU blame. He was
commissioned as brigadier general on his retirement, and or
dered to report to Gen. Bragg. He was placed in command
at MobUe, but held it only a short time. In the spring of
1862 he resigned his commission because he was. not assigned
to duty. The foUowing year he was appointed judge of a mU
itary court, and served tUl the close of the war. Since that
time he has practiced his profession very profitably and suc-
cessfuUy in HuntsvUle. In person Gen. Walker is about five
feet, ten inches high, with less than medium flesh, and fair com
plexion; his appearance and manners indicating cultivation
and refinement. Though he has occupied various stations of
honor and responsibihty, it is as an orator that he has earned
his most enduring fame. "He is the clearest, most transparent,
speaker I ever heard, in the pulpit, on the stump, or at the
forum," says Col. Nich. Davis, who compares Gen. W.'s skUl
in his profession to Helen's description of the son of Laertes:
"That is Ulysses, man of many arts,
Skilled in every form of shrewd device,
And action wisely planned."
Gen. Walker first married a lady of Mississippi ; his second
wife is a daughter of Hon. Wm. D. Pickett of Montgomery,
deceased.. His eldest son, Capt. Clifton Walker, a gifted gen
tleman, was on Gen. Tracy's staff, and died in Mississippi
within the past few years.
Eichard Wilde Walker, brother of the foregoing, is also
a native and resident of this county. He was born Feb. 16,
1823, and was educated at Spring Hill College, Mobile, the
University of Vfrginia, and Princeton. Graduating at the
latter in 1841, he returned, read law, and was licensed in 1844.

356 MADISON COUNTY.
Locating hi Florence, he was elected district solicitor in 1845
over the incumbent, E. A. O'Neal, esq., of Lauderdale. This
position he resigned three years later. In 1851 he was elected
to the legislature from Lauderdale, and in 1853 was nominated
by his party for governor, but made no contest. He again
represented Lauderdale in 1855, when he was chosen to pre
side over the house. In June 1859 he was appointed by Gov.
Moore a judge of the supreme court to fill the vacancy caused
by the resignation of Judge Eice, and at the succeeding ses
sion of the legislature was elected to the same office for a full
term. While fiUing this place he was selected by the consti
tutional convention as a delegate for the State at large to the
provisional congress, in which he served a year. In 1863 he
was elected a senator in the Confederate congress to succeed
Hon. C. C. Clay, and entered on his new duties in February
thereafter. He was thus engaged when the downfaU of the
confederacy respited him to private life, from which he has
not since emerged. At the close of the war between the States
he again made Madison his home, and is now devoting himself
to his profession, associated with Hon. James Eobertson.
Judge Walker is fraU in physical structure, with a dark
complexion, and Hebrew cast of features. In the social circle
he is noted for the quiet and unostentatious urbanity of his
manner. As a lawyer he has few equals, bringing to bear on
the abstract principles of his profession patient and unremit
ting study, intense thought, and a logical mind. As an advo
cate he wins rather by a thorough mastery of his subject, and
the clearness and fairness of his propositions, than by vehe
ment manner. As a jurist his decisions evince research and
profound legal erudition. Nor are his literary attainments
disproportioned to his professional lore. To these are added
a purity of morals, and an elevation of sentiment which alone
are needed to finish the portrayal of one of the most distin
guished sons of the State. He married a daughter of Mr. John
Simpson, one of the most respected citizens of Lauderdale.
Clement Comer Clay was an early settler of Madison. He
was born in Hahfax county, Virginia, Dec. 17, 1789, and was
the son of Wm. Clay, a soldier in the colonial rebelHon. His
mother was a Miss Comer, whose mother was a Claiborne.
During his boyhood his parents removed to Granger county,
Tenn., where lie grew up. Completing his education at a col
lege in KnoxvUle, he read law under Hon. Hugh L. White.
Licensed in 1809, he came to HuntsvUle two years later, and
and here resided tiU Iris demise fifty-five years afterwards.
During the Indian war of 1813 he was adjutant of a battalion
which acted as a corps of observation. In 1817 he repre
sented the county in the territorial legislature, serving in tlie

MADISON COUNTY. 357
only two sessions of that body. He was also a member of
the convention of 1819, and was chairman of the committee
^which reported the constitution. The same year he was
elected a judge of the supreme court by the legislature, and
his associates selected him as the first chief justice, though
he was the youngest of thefr number. This high dignity he
held four years, then resigned and resumed the practice.
Soon after this he was a principal to a duel, in which he shot
Hon. Waddy Tate of Limestone in the leg. His retirement
was interrupted in 1828, when he was elected to the legisla
ture, and at its meeting was made speaker without opposi
tion. The year after he was elected to congress, defeating
Capt. Nich. Davis of Limestone after a warm canvass. He
was twice re-elected, serving continuously tUl 1835, and in
curring no further opposition. In that year he was elected
governor, over Gen. Enoch Parsons of Monroe, by a vote of
23,297 to 12,209. The Creek troubles occurred during his
administration, and thefr repression is largely owing to his
prompt exertions. Before the expiration of his term he was
elected (June 1837) to the senate of the United States with
out opposition. He sat in that then eminent body till 1841,
when financial embarrassments caused him to resign. He
was then selected to prepare a digest of the laws of the State,
which he did, and laid it before the legislature of 1842. In
June 1843 he was appointed a justice of the supreme court
by Gov. Fitzpatrick, and held the position tiU the ensuing
winter. His last pubhc trust was as one of the three com
missioners to wind up the business of the banks hi 1846. The
remainder of his lfre was spent in dignified repose, unrelieved
by any important event save the harsh treatment he received
at the hands of the Northern troops when they occupied the
Tennessee vaUey. He died at HuntsvUle, Sept. 7, 1866.
Gov. Clay was of medium size, but erect, and with dark and
restless eyes. His bearing was naturally austere, and, though
sociable with a few, he was intimate with none. He was hon
orable in aU the relations of Hfe, and sensitive of the slightest
imputation derogatory thereto. As a jurist and pubhc officer
he was very laborious and energetic, and his official career
was characterized by a proper sense of responsibihty, dignity,
and fidelity.
Gov. Clay married a sister of Gen. Jones M. Withers of
MobUe, and left three sons, weU known citizens of this county :
Major J. Withers Clay, the able editor for many years of the
HuntsvUle Democrat : Col. Hugh L. Clay, a lawyer and gen-,
tleman of much talent; and —
Clement Claiborne Clay, a statesman and a citizen of na
tional reputation, is a native and resident of Madison, and son

358 MADISON COUNTY.
of the foregoing. He was born Dec. 1817, and was graduated
at our State University in 1834. He read law at the Univer
sity of Virginia and was Hcensed in 1840. He began the prac- .
tice at HuntsvUle, but early gave his attention to public ques
tions, and entered the general assembly in 1842. In 1844 and
'45 he was again elected to that body, and by it elected judge
of the county court in 1846. This office he resigned two years
after, and again betook himself to his profession. Ln 1853 he
was a candidate for the lower house of congress, but was de
feated by Hon. W. B. W. Cobb of Jackson. When the legis
lature met, that winter, his party in that body nominated him
for a seat in the U. S. Senate over several distinguished mem
bers of the party, and he was elected for a term of six years,
to succeed Col. Clemens, receiving 85 votes, to 37 for Hon. E.
W. Walker. He at once took his seat in the federal senate,
where he remained nine years. He was re-elected in 1859,
receiving every vote cast. When his State dissolved her re
lations with the federal Union, he withdrew with his colleagues.
The legislature of 1861 elected him a senator iu the 1st con
gress of the Confederacy, the vote standing 66 for him, to 53
for Col. Watts of Montgomery, and 5 for Geo. P. Befrue, esq.,
of this county. In this capacity Judge Clay was unremitting
in his efforts in behafr of Southern independence. He served
two years, and went before the general assembly of 1863 for
re-election. He was opposed by Col. Seibels of Montgomery
and Hon. J. L. M. Curry of TaUadega, and after several bal-
lo tings, he withdrew in favor of Hon. B. W. Walker, who was
chosen. In AprU 1864 he departed on a secret and confiden
tial mission to the British provinces of this continent, and only
returned in Jan. 1865. When the surrender of 'the confede
rate armies in Virginia and North Carolina took place, he
started on horse-back for Texas, but hearing that he was
charged with complicity in the murder of President Lincoln
and that a reward was offered for his apprehension, he rode
one hundred and fifty mUes to surrender him seH to the federal
authorities at Macon, Georgia. Instead of appreciating this
manly vindication of his honor, the federal authorities im
mured him in the casemates of Fortress Monroe, and retained
him there twelve months without bringing him to trial on the
false charges of treason and assassination. He was crueUy
and disgr acef uUy treated and released in broken health. Since
that time he has been planting in Jackson county.
Judge Clay is of ordinary highth, and frail and thin appear
ance. His features are of the refined and inteUectual mould,
and his eyes brown, with a meditative expression. His man
ner is easy without cordiality, and grave without austerity.
He is a cultivated scholar, whose mind has been ripened by

MADISON COUNTY. 359
study, reflection, and experience. His letters and speeches are
few in number, but models of thefr kind. He is moderate and
prudent in councU, and, as Lord Bacon said, "not strong-
headed, but stout-hearted. " His moral character unites aU
the quahties of a christian gentleman, and he commands the
respect of every one. His influence in matters of public import,
as well as otherwise, has been always for good.
Judge Clay married the daughter of Dr. P. B. TunstaU, then
of Baldwin, a lady of fascinating attributes of mind, and elevated
quahties of heart. WhUe her husband was in Washington
Mrs. Clay was one of the brightest ornaments of society there.
Alabama has produced few men whose natural abUities
would compare favorably with those of James White Mc-
Clung of this county. A native of Knoxville, Tennessee, he
was the son of a merchant, and his mother was tbe sister of
the distinguished statesman of that region, Hugh Lawson
White. He was graduated at Yale or Princeton, and came
to practice law in Huntsville in 1819, when he had just
attained to the age of manhood. His 'talents soon brought
him into favorable notice, and he served a term in the legis
lature from Madison as early as 1822. But his early career
was sadly tarnished by dissipation, which justly debarred him
from the pubhc employments which his talents commanded,
and which are declared by the learned Montesquieu to be, in
republics, " attestations of virtue." He reformed, however,
andfrequently represented the county between 1835 and 1845,
serving as speaker of no less than three different legislatures.
Ln 1845 he was a candidate for governor, but without any
avowed affiliation with either of the poHtical parties ; and he
was defeated by Hon. Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Autauga by
6755 majority in a poU of 49,000 votes. He died in Hunts
vUle in 1849. Mr.. McClung was rather short, and stoutly
bunt, with a large and knotty head, and coarse, auburn hair.
His mental endowments were lavish. As an orator he was
luminously logical and perspicuous, and garnished his
speeches with ornate and vivid imagery ; whUe his voice was
clear and sonorous, his manner deliberate, and his ideas
chaste. At the bar he stood foremost for many years prior to
his death, and whUe in the legislature was for several terms
chairman of the judiciary committee. He was indolent in
aU but his mental processes, which were subtle and untiring ;
and it is a weU known fact that he was always more brilliant
on the stump or in the forum on a sudden emergency than
when preparation tantalized his copious ideas with the many
avenues of expression his vigorous mind suggested. Though
he was sociable and humorous in his associations, the wires
were down somewhere between him and the masses, possibly

360 MADISON COUNTY.
because of his very superior scholarly attainments. He first
married a daughter of Gov. Mitchell of Georgia ; then Miss
Spottswood of this county ; and lastly Miss Patrick ; but his
several sons and daughters reside in east Tennessee.
William Smith resided in this county, though his f,ame
belongs to South Carohna. He was born hi that State in
1762, and was a school-feUow- of Gen. Jackson and Judge W.
H. Crawford of Georgia. He was admitted to the bar in
1784, and was for several years on the bench of South
Carolina. He also served that State in both branches of con
gress, being a member of the federal senate in 1816-23, and
in 1823-'31. In 1833 he received seven electoral votes for.
vice president of the United States. A year or two later he
came to reside in this county, which he represented in the
legislature from 1836 to 1840. ' In 1837 he was appointed an
associate justice of the supreme court of the United States,
but dechned the honor. He died in HuntsvUle, June 26,
1840. Judge Smith was a man of marked abUity, energy,
courage, and resolution. He was the rival of Mr. Calhoun
in South Carolina, and often baffled that eminent statesman ;
" For from his metal was his party steeled.''
He married a Miss Duff, and his only chUd was the mother
of Mrs. Meredith Calhoun of this county.
Silas Parsons was a resident of Madison. He was born
in Kentucky about the year 1800, but came to this State from
east Tennessee. Of his ancestry Httle is known. He had
very few early advantages, but was HberaHy endowed by na^
ture. He first settled in Jackson county in 1819, as a farmer,
and read law there while sheriff of the county in 1823-26.
After practicing a short time inBeUefonte, he came to Hunts
vUle in 1831 and formed a partnership with Col. Byrd Bran
don, and subsequently with Judge Hopkins. He arose to
eminence in his profession, and soon stood in the first rank.
In 1839 he declined the office of chanceUor to which the
legislature had elected him. When Justice CoUier left the su
preme court bench, in July 1849, Governor Chapman ap
pointed Mr. Parsons to the vacancy. He fUled the place two
years, when he resigned and removed to Texas. He resided
on a plantation about 10 miles from Austin, but diedin Hunts
ville in November 1860, whUe on a visit, and is here interred.
Judge Parsons was tall and gaunt, with blue eyes, swarthy
complexion, and a leaden expression of countenance. He
was ungainly of person, and abstracted in manner, whence
arose the various anecdotes told about him. His fame rests
on his legal arguments, which were master-pieces of reason
ing, exhausting every conceivable point embraced in the cause.

MADISON COUNTY. 361
He grew wealthy from his practice, but probably never de
manded a fee or set the amount of it ; in no sense making a
trade of his profession. He was generous and amiable, but
reserved, avoiding assemblies of persons. . His wife was a
daughter of Mr. John Beed of Madison, whose sister married
Col. Jere Clemens ; but he was chUdless.
Thomas Fearn was a resident of Madison for over half a
century. He was born near Danville, Vfrginia, about the year
1790, and came to HuntsvUle in 1812. He was a physician
and a man of scientific attainments in his profession. He
represented Madison in the house in 1822, and twice soon
after. He was also a presidential elector, and in 1861 was
elected to the provisional congress of the Confederacy, but
resigned because of Ul-health. When the federal troops
occupied HunstvUle they imprisoned and harassed him. His
death occurred in 1864. He was taU and prepossessing in ap
pearance ; of a speculative mind ; and of a temperate and
moral character. His wife was a Miss Shelby of Tennessee,
and his chUdren were daughters; one of them the wfre of
Hon. Wm. S. Barry of Mississippi. Dr. B. L. Fearn of Mo
bUe was his brother.
Distinguished among the citizens of Madison is Beuben
Chapman. He was born in Caroline county, Virginia, in 1802,
and is the son of Col. Beuben Chapman, a colonial soldier of
'76. His mother was Miss Eeynolds of Essex county, Vfr
ginia. Educated thoroughly, he came to HuntsvUle in 1824
and read law in the office of his brother, Hon. Samuel Chap
man. The same year he was selected to carry the electoral
vote of the State — the second it had cast — to Washington.
Admitted to the bar in 1825, he practiced a year ih Hunts-
riUe, then removed to Morgan county. In 1832 he was
chosen to the senate from Morgan ; and, at the expiration
of his term in 1835 he was elected to congress over Messrs.
E. T. Scott of Jackson and Wrn. H. Glasscock of Madison,
by a large majority. Two years later he was re-elected over
ex-Gov. Gabriel Moore by 6300 majority, after a close can
vass. Lu his four successive re-elections to congress Mr.
Chapman had no opponent save in 1841, when Hou. John T.
Bather of Morgan was the candidate on the Whig general
ticket. The acceptance of the nomination for governor in
1847 terminated his career in congress. This nomination was
whoUy without his sohcitation, and he was elected by a vote
of 29,722, to 23,467 for Hon. Nicholas Davis, sr., of Lime
stone. Mr. Chapman entered fuUy into the task of reHeving
the State from her financial embarrassments, and at the close
of his term saw with pleasure the result of his prudent and

362 MADISON COUNTY.
economical administration. In the party convention called to
choose his successor, Gov. C. had a majority, but the two-
thirds rule defeated his re-nomination. Betiring to private
life, he returned to reside in HuntsvUle in 1850, and improved
a handsome estate overlooking the city. The demands of his
party in 1855 brought him out as a candidate for the lower
house, the American party having acquired great strength,
and placed its standard in the hands of Col. Jere. Clemens.
A warm contest resulted in the success of Mr. Chapman. He
has not since been in official place, save as an elector for Mr.
Davis in 1862, as he had previously been for Mr. Polk.
During the war the federal troops burned his residence, deso
lated his possessions, imprisoned and harassed him, and
finaUy forced him out of their lines. To fill the cup of his
sorrow, his son feU on the battle field.
Gov. Chapman is six feet in highth, and his frame weU knit
and sinewy. His complexion is florid, with auburn hair, and
firmly set jaw. His manner, though not cordial, is plain and
agreeable ; whUe his conversation embraces an extensive
range /of valuable subjects. His mind is of the practical and
active order, and his sagacity and tact are unquestioned. As
a pubhc servant, he was of that resolute, vigUant, and faith
ful type of which the present time does not appear to be pro
lific. He married a sister of Hon. B. O. Pickett of Lauder
dale. Of his chUdren, one is the wfre of Capt. Humes, a
lawyer of HuntsvUle.
The name of Jeremiah Clemens is associated with the his
tory of Madison. He was the son of James Clemens, who
came from Kentucky and settled in this county as early as
1812. His mother was the sister of Hon.' Archie E. Mills,
who represented Limestone in 1838, and of John F. Mills,
sheriff of Madison at one time. The son was born in Hunts
vUle, December 28, 1814. His parents were wealthy, and gave
him every educational advantage. He took a course at La
grange, then graduated at the State University in 1833, and
read in the law school of Transylvania University. In 1834
me was admitted to the bar, and opened an office in HuntsvUle.
When the trouble with the Cherokees arose he volunteered as
a private. In 1838 he was appointed federal district attorney
for the northern and middle districts of this State, an office
he held only a few months. The three succeeding years he
represented Madison in the house of representatives. Ln 1842
he raised a company of volunteers to serve in Texas, and,
soon after entering the service of the lone star repubHc, was
chosen lieutenant colonel of a regiment. Eeturning, he again
represented the county in 1843, and was re-elected in '44.
When the "ten regiment biU" passed congress, March 1847,

MADISON COUNTY. 363
he received a commission as major of the 13th Infantry. He
soon became Heutenant colonel, and, in April '48, was pro
moted to the colonelcy of the Ninth Infantry. When the war
closed he left the army. He was an unsuccessful candidate
against Mr. Cobb of Jackson for representative in congress in
1849, but was elected to the federal senate over ex-Gov. Fitz
patrick for the unexpired term of Hon. D. H. Lewis. His
career in the senate was brilHant, and he left it in 1853 with a
national fame. In 1856 he was a candidate for elector for the
State on the Fillmore ticket, and the same year published
" Bernard LUe," a romance couched in gorgeous diction, and
abounding in thrilling episode. This was foUowed within two
years by "Mustang Gray" and "The Eivals," works of a sim
Uar order. Ln 1859 he removed to Memphis to edit a news
paper in association with Gen. Borland of Arkansas, but the
scheme was short-Hved. He was elected to the constitutional
convention of 1861, and voted against but afterwards. signed
the secession ordinance. He was about that time appointed
major general of the State forces by Gov. Moore, but was en
gaged in no active service. During the federal occupancy of
HuntsvUle he again became a Unionist, and visited the North.
WhUe there he published a pamphlet which greatly misrep
resented his feUow-citizens. It was near the close of the war
that he died in HuntsvUle.
Col. Clemens was five feet ten inches in highth, slender and
erect, with dark eyes and straight dark hair. Worn cavaherly,
his hair gave a poetic expression to his pale and effeminate
features, which were of a decidedly intellectual cast. He was
not eloquent, but was pohshed and elaborate in his language,
and very winning and fascinating to persons of culture. His
speeches required preparation, and, like those of Demosthenes,
"smelt of the lamp"; but were models of elegant diction. He
was dissipated at times, and, when Mr. Yancey urged him in
private to forsake his habits whUe they were electors in 1856
and canvassing, he repHed that he was obliged to drink to
bring his genius down to a level with Mr. Y's.
He married a daughter of Mr. John Beed, a HuntsvUle
merchant. His only chUd married a Mr. King of Georgia,
kUled at Chicamauga, and is now the wife of Dr. Townsend
of PhUadelphia.
The late William Acklen was one of the earhest white set
tlers of Madison, and of the State. He was born in Tazewell,
Tennessee, December 1802. His father was a Virginian, and
sheriff of Claiborne county, Tennessee, at one time. Marrying
a daughter of Capt. John Hunt, the founder of HuntsvUle, he
settled in Madison in 1808 with his famUy. Wm. Acklen, the
son of this worthy pair, was graduated at GreenvUle CoUege,

364 MADISON COUNTY.
Tenn., read law under Ebenezer Titus in HuntsviUe, and 'came
to the bar in 1823. CasweU E. CHfton (afterwards a circuit
court judge in Mississippi), Joseph Acklen, and Smith D. Hale
were at separate periods the law partners of Mr. Acklen. In
1826 he represented Madison in the house, and was four times
returned ; but in 1832 he was elected soHcitor, a position he
filled with great credit for twelve years. Lu 1853 he defeated
Hon. Wm. Fleming for State senator, and served four years.
He was a hale and stout man, though disabled for some
years by an accident. PhysicaUy he was weU constituted, with
an inteUectual head, and cheerful expression. As a soHcitor,
he was very efficient, and as a man was honorable and ener
getic. He married a daughter of Mr. Edmund King of Shel
by, and lost a son at Gaines' MUl. His brother Joseph was
federal district attorney for Alabama, and his brother John
sheriff of Madison. Mr. Acklen died in May 1872.
The journals of the general assembly show the name of
William Fleming of this county oftener than any other. He
was a native of Botetourte county, Virginia, and was born
about the year 1790. He came to Madison in 1818, and set
tled as a planter. He was first a member of the legislature
in 1821, and last in 1861 ; serving eight years in the lower and
fourteen in the upper house. He was also an elector for Gen.
Jackson. He was harshly treated by the federal troops when
they occupied the county. His death occurred in 1865. Mr.
Fleming was stalwart, and in youth handsome, but a large, scar
received in a personal encounter marred his face and changed
his voice. He was possessed of strong common sense, a warm
heart, and pubhc spfrit ; while his hospitahty was proverbial.
His wfre was a Miss Lewis of Vfrginia.
George W. Lane was a resident of this county. He was
born in Georgia in 18Q6, and was of the same family with Gen.
Jo. Lane of Oregon and Gen. James H. Lane of Kansas. In
1821 he came with his parents to Alabama, and settled in
Limestone. His education was elementary, but he read law
and was admitted. Opening an office at Athens he was soon
elected to the lower house ofthe legislature — serving from 1829
to 1832. In the latter year he was elected judge of the county
court. In 1835 he was chosen to the cfrcuit bench, where he
was retained by successive elections for the long period of
twelve years. In 1848 he was a Taylor elector for the State
at large. He opened a law office in HuntsviUe after leaving
the bench. He was a strong Unionist, and, not long after the
State seceded, accepted the appointment of federal district
judge from Mr. Lincoln, but never exercised its functions. He
died in 1864. Judge Lane had a large frame and an erect and

MADISON COUNTY. 365
imposing presence. As a judge he was lenient but sound and
refiable, and as a man he was always popular because of his
kind and humane nature. His wfre was the daughter of Hon.
Nich. Davis, sr., of Limestone, and one of his sons, Capt. Eobt.
W. Lane of Forrest's cavalry, died in the service.
Septimus D. Cabaniss, a prominent lawyer of Madison, is
a native of the county. His parents were from Lunenburg
county, Virginia, and came to reside near HuntsviUe in 1810.
Born Dec. 18, 1815, Mr. Cabaniss was educated at Green
Academy, and the University of Vfrginia. Having read law
under Hon. SUas Parsons, he was admitted to the bar in
1838. He was the first register in chancery for the county,
and held the position for several years. He was also the
assignee in bankruptcy for this district in 1841-43. He re
tired from a lucrative practice in 1858 to engage in other pur
suits, being at the time associated with Messrs. L. P. Walker
and E. C. BrickeH. He was defeated for the office of chan
ceUor by Hon. A. J. Walker in 1853, and in 1861 he repre
sented the county in the general assembly. He resumed his
professional labors in 1865, and is among the most industrious
of the attorneys of Huntsville. He is highly esteemed for
many admirable quahties. His wfre is a sister of Hon. John
W. Shepherd of Montgomery.
Nicholas Davis is a resident of this county, but a native of
Limestone, where he was born Jan. 14, 1825. He is the son
of Capt. Nich. Davis of that county. He attended the law
school of the University of Vfrginia, but when war with Mex
ico was declared he was commissioned a Heutenant in the
Thirteenth Infantry. He suffered severely from exposure,
and when peace was declared resumed his studies. Admitted
to the bar, he located in Athens in 1850, and the foUowing
year served Limestone in the house of representatives. He
was a candidate for elector on the Scott ticket in 1852, and
canvassed effectively. Elected soHcitor in 1855, he held the
office for five years. Having located at HuntsviUe in 1853,
he represented the county in the secession convention. He
was a strong Unionist, but resolved to share the fortunes of
his State. When Dr. Feam resigned his seat in the provis
ional congress, Col. Davis was chosen to succeed him. He
was appointed Heutenant colonel of the Nineteenth Alabama,
and declined it ; but commanded a battahon for a short time.
During the war he was in HuntsvUle much of the time, and
was harassed by the federals, but refused to take the oath of
aUegiance. Since that time he has held no position. His
personal appearance is that of a large, stalwart, and handsome
man, with blue eyes and very dark hair. As an orator he is

366 MADISON COUNTY.
voluble and pointed, with a clear voice, easUy modulated.
He is open-hearted and chivalrous, self-willed and energetic.
He married a daughter of Gen. B. M. Lowe of this county.
Bobert Coman Brickell is a resident of this county, but a
native of Colbert. His father, who came from North Caro
lina, was a printer and joumafist in HuntsvUle, Tuscumbia,
and Athens, and represented Limestone in the house hi 1832.
His mother was the sister of Hon. J. P. Coman of Limestone.
The son was bom in 1824, and labored in the printing office
of his father to obtam money to secure his education. He
then read law under Judge Coleman in Athens, and was ad
mitted about the year 1844. Eepeated faUures in his early
professional career were occasioned by his diffidence, but per
sistence has crowned his efforts with such success that he
ranks among the first lawyers of the State. Ln 1846 he came
to Madison, where he has since resided. Only in 1856 was
he a candidate for office, and then within the line of his pro
fession. It was for supreme court judge, but he withdrew his
name. He is a " book-worm," and has a singularly retentive
memory, which he appfies with great advantage. His argu
ments are profound, and he is sure "to make the worse side
appear the better." He has long been associated in the prac
tice with Gen. L. P. Walker. Of late he has devoted much
of his time to a digest of chancery decisions which wiH crown
his hard-earned fame when published. Mr. BrickeU is small
of stature, and deficate.
Madison was the home of Egbert J. Jones, but to Lime
stone belongs the honor of his bfrth and early career. He
was the scion of a famUy of humble fortune, who came to
Limestone at an early date, the father being a farmer. With
but Hmited educational advantages, he at last succeeded in
graduating in the law school of the University of Virginia.
This was about 1842, and he began the practice at once in
Athens. In 1844 he represented Limestone in the legislature.
When the Mexican war obfiged the federal government to call
for ten new regiments, he raised a company for the 13th in
fantry, of which E. M. Echols was colonel, Jones M. Withers
Heutenant colonel, and Jere. Clemens major. Beturning, he
practiced his profession in Athens till 1853, when he came to
HuntsvUle. Here he was the partner of Hon. James Eobin
son, and in the midst of a large business, when the late war
began. He was chosen captain of one of the first companies
that left Madison, and which, at Dalton, in AprU 1861, became
a part of the 4th Alabama infantry, of wliich he was elected
colonel. The regiment went to Vfrginia. It was just before
the battle of Manassas that the officers and men of six of the

MADISON COUNTY, 367
ten companies petitioned him to resign. This was prompted
by a variety of petty causes, too trifling to be remembered,
but easUy surmised when the character of citizen soldiery is
considered. His response was truly noble. It displayed not
the slightest emotion save that of regret that he had faded to
satisfy thefr expectations ; concluding by saying that he would
resign after the approaching battle, if they continued to de
sire it. After that struggle, if there was one man idolized by
the 4th Alabama, it was Egbert Jones. Amid the shock and
surge of the conflict, he sat with his leg carelessly thrown
across the pommel of his saddle, and gave his orders with
perfect composure. The 4th Alabama never forgot that im-
mobUe figure. It was towards the close of the day that he
was struck by a minie ball, wliich entered the thigh near the
hip, and ranged down the hoUow of the bone to the knee.
He survived several weeks, aud died at Orange Court House,
Va., aged 41 years. His remains were brought to HuntsvUle,
where they met a pubhc reception, and a numerous funeral
concourse. Col. Jones was six feet three inches in highth,
and well proportioned ; with Hght hair, blue eyes, and Eoman
nose. His temperament was phlegmatic, but he was an in
dustrious student. As a lawyer he was not quick, and as a
speaker prosy ; but he mastered his subject, and managed his
cases with consummate tact. He married a daughter of Wm.
Echols, a merchant of Huntsville, but she died a year after,
and he was chUdless.
"Snatched, all too early, from that august Fame,
Which on the serene heights of silvered Age,
Waited with laurelled hand."
Edward Dorr Tracy was a citizen of this county. He was
born in Macon, Georgia, about the year 1833, and was the son
of Judge Tracy, a native of Connecticut, who came to Georgia,
married a sister of Judge CampbeU of MobUe, and was there
an eminent lawyer. The son received a finished education,
and practiced law at Macon two or three years. In 1858 or
'59 he came to reside in HuntsvUle, and here practiced in
partnership with Hon. D. C. Humphreys. As alternate elector
for the State at large on the Breckinridge ticket, he made a
brilHant reputation on the stump in the northern counties.
When hostUities became imminent, a company was formed at
HuntsviUe, composed of the flower of the youth of Madison,
and the captaincy was tendered to him. Accepting, the com
pany became part of the Fourth Alabama Infantry. When
the TweKth Alabama Infantry was organized, he was appointed
major of it, but did not accept. At the first Manassas he was
conspicuous for his cool courage and intrepidity. He soon
after became major of the Fourth, but a few weeks later was

368 MADISON COUNTY.
commissioned Heutenant colonel of the Nineteenth Alabama.
He led this regiment at Shiloh, where his horse was kUled
nnder jbim. He was at once promoted to the colonelcy, and
shared the fortunes of the regiment on Bragg's Kentucky
campaign. Early in 1863, he was commissioned a brigadier
general, and placed in command of the Twentieth, Twenty-
third, Thirtieth, Thirty-first, and Forty-sixth Alabama regi
ments. At Port Gibson he was in command of this noble
brigade, when a minie baU passed over the shoulder of Col.
SheUey of the Thirtieth, and struck him in the chest. He
feU, and expfred without a word. His remains were sent to
Macon, Georgia, and there interred. His widow, the daugh
ter of Capt. George Steele of this county, resides in Hunts
vUle. Gen. Tracy was taU and slender, with brown hair, and
colorless face. He was scholarly and gfrted, and the type of
an accomplished and knightly gentleman. To Georgia be
longs the honor of his birth, but Alabama nourished his
talents in Hfe, and cherishes his memory in death.
David P. Lewis also resides in this county, but was born in
Charlotte county, Virginia, about the year 1820. His parents
came to reside here soon after, and here he grew to manhood.
Having taken a coUegiate course, he read law in HuntsviUe,
but soon after removed to Lawrence county, where he prac
ticed with diUigence and success. He was elected to repre
sent that county in the constitutional convention of 1861, and
voted against but signed the ordinance of secession. He was
elected without opposition to the confederate provisional con
gress by the convention, but resigned his seat. Ln 1863 he
was appointed a judge of the cfrcuit court by Gov. Shorter,
which position he held several months, then passed through
the enemy's lines, and remained in NashviUe the remaining
time of the war. Since then he has made HuntsvUle his
home, and is now occupied with his professional duties here.
Judge Lewis is tall, erect, and robust, with a Hght complexion,
aud weU cliiseUed face. As a lawyer he is learned, and as
an advocate he is logical. His language is chaste, and his
mind is fertilized by the streams of literature. He is firm but
not obtrusive in his opinions ; his tastes are refined, and his
manner reserved.
Jabez Leftwich, who resided for many years in this county,
was a Virginian, was a colonel of a regiment in the war of 1812,
and a member of congress from that State in 1821-25. He
came to this State and county about the year 1827. He rep
resented Madison in the general assembly two or three times,
and was . an influential planter and useful citizen, and one
greatly respected for his piety and probity. He died in 1855,

MADISON COUNTY. 369
at the advanced age of 93 years, and his descendants are yet
in the county.
Smith D. Hale, judge of the cfrcuit court from 1856 to
1862, resided in Madison for many years. He is a native of
Tennessee, and now resides in Perry county. He has taken
but Httle part in the public affairs of State. Ln 1862 he was
elected colonel of the Forty-ninth Alabama regiment, but re
signed soon after. During the war he removed to Perry.
John Hunt Morgan, a distinguished cavalry commander of
the late war between the States, was a native of Madison, and
grand-son of the founder of HuntsvUle. He was born in
1825, but removed to Kentucky in his clnldhood. Sickness
kept him from entering the confederate service the first few
months of the war, but he made a briUiant reputation at a
very early day. He was killed at GreenvUle, Tennessee,
Sept. 24, 1864, in a shameful manner, having reached the rank
of major general.
Henry C. Lay, bishop of the diocese of Arkansas, and
Morgan S. Hamilton, federal senator from Texas, are natives
of Madison. The latter was born here in 1808.
Julia Pleasants Cresswell, who has won some distinction
in Hterary circles, is a native of Madison. She is the daughter
of Col. James Jay Pleasants, who came from Hanover county,
Virginia, and was secretary of state in 1822-24; and her
mother was a daughter of Gov. Bibb of Limestone. Her
works are " Aphelia and other Poems," "Poems," and "Cal-
lamura ;" the first published in 1854, in- association with a
cousin, Mr. T. M. B. Bradley of HuntsviUe, and the last, an
allegorical novel, issued in 1868. She married Mr. Cresswell
in 1854, and remoyed soon after to Louisiana, Caddo parish.
She is a gifted and accompHshed lady.
James Phelan, a distinguished orator and advocate, is also
a native of Madison, and bom in Huntsville about the year
1819. He learned the trade of a printer in the office of Mr.
Woodson here, and about the year 1841 became State printer,
being one of the editors at that time of a newspaper at Tus
kaloosa, with Mr. Samuel A. Hale, now of Sumter, as his as
sociate. From thence he removed to Aberdeen, Mississippi,
and was a member of the senate of the State in 1861 when
elected to the senate of the Confederate States. He was sub
sequently judge of a mUitary court, and now resides in Mem
phis, Tennessee. Col. Phelan is one of the most eloquent
orators the South has produced, and lends the graces of a
commanding figure, and a clear and sonorous voice, to his
powers of elocution. He married a daughter of Dr. Alfred
Moore of this county. His elder brother, Hon. John D. Phe-
24

370 MADISON COUNTY.
Ian, formerly of Montgomery, is better known to Alabamians.
Peter M. Dox came to this county in 1855, and is a planter
here. He was born at Geneva, New York, in 1813, and Was
educated at Hobart CoUege. He became an' attorney, and
was elected judge of the Ontario county court. He was also
a member of the legislature of New York in 1842. He rep
resented Madison in the constitutional convention of 1865, and
in 1869 was elected to congress. He was re-elected in 1870
over Judge Standifer of Cherokee by a very large majority ;
but declined further service at the end of his term. He mar
ried Miss Pope of this county. Judge Dox is a gentleman of
fine appearance, and popular manner. He is ready and able
in debate, and a most agreeable companion. His views are
Hberal, and his reading varied and extensive.
William Manning Lowe is a native and resident of this
county. He was born in HuntsviUe, Jan. 16, 1842, and is a
son of Gen. B. M. Lowe, president of the branch bank here
for many years. He was graduated at the law school of the
University of Tennessee in 1860, and was attending the law
school of the University of Virginia in 1861, when he volun
teered in the Fourth Alabama Infantry. Dangerously wounded
at the first Manassas, on his recovery he served on the staff
of Gen. Clanton. In 1865-68 he was soHcitor of this judicial
cfrcuit, and in 1870 represented the county in the general as
sembly. Col. Lowe is a graceful orator and cultivated gentle
man. His brother, the late Mr. Bobert J. Lowe, represented
Madison in the legislature in 1859.
Madison was the home of Gen. Patterson, who commanded
the volunteer troops against the Creeks in 1836, and was after
wards marshal of the federal court ; of Mr. John Vining, for
seventeen years a member of the general assembly ; of Hon.
Eggleston D. Townes, son of Hon. John Leigh Townes — who
was a gentleman of talent, and chanceUor in 1851-53 ; of Mr.
David C. Humphreys, now a justice of the supreme court of
the District of Columbia ; of Capt. Frank Gurley, the most
noted of the guerrilla chiefs of this region during the late war ;
and of many other useful men of less notoriety.
The legislature, in 1809, authorized WUliam Dixon, Edward
Ward, Lewis Winston, Alexander Gilbreath, and Peter Perkins
to choose a site for the seat of justice for the county.
Gabriel Moore, Peter Perkins, Hugh McVay, Lewis Win
ston, James McCartney, and John W. Walker represented
Madison in the Mississippi territorial legislature between the
years 1811 and 1817.
Clement C. Clay, John Leigh Townes, Henry Chambers,
Samuel Mead, Henry Minor, Gabriel Moore, John W. Walker,
and John M. Taylor represented the county in the constitu-

MADISON COUNTY. 371
tional convention of 1819 ; Jeremiah Clemens and Nicholas
Davis in that of 1861 ; and John N. Drake and Peter M. Dox
in the convention of 1865. Senators.
1819 — Gabriel Mooee. 1839 — Daniel B. Turner.
1821 — Isaac Lanier. 1842— William Fleming.
1822— David Moore. 1845— James W. McClung.
1825— Thomas Miller. 1849— William Fleming.
1828— John Vining. 1853— William Acklen.
1831— John Vining. 1857— William Fleming.
1834— John Vining. 1861— F L.Hammond.
1836— William Fleming. 1865— John W. Drake,
Representati ves.
1819 — Samuel Walker, Eppes Moody, James G. Birney, Samuel Chapman,
Griffin Lamkin, John L. Towns, Isaac Wellborn, Frederick Weedon.
1820 — Samuel Walker, Samuel Chapman, Frederick Weedon, John McKin
ley, John M. Leake, John Vining, David Moore, Henry Chambers.
1821 — Frederick Weedon, John Vining, David Moore, John Martin, Thomas
Miller, William Fleming, John M. Leake, Henry King.
1822 — JohnM. Leake, William I. Adair, John Pope, Thomas Fearn, Christo
pher Hunt, William Saunders, James McClung.
1823— William I. Adaie, David Moore, JohnVining, Thomas Miller, William
Fleming, Henry King, Isaac Lanier.
1824 — JohnVining, Thomas Miller, William Fleming, Samuel Walkee, Isaac
Lanier, James W. Camp, Anthony H. Metcalf.
1825 — J. Vining, H. King, William Kelly, Wm Brandon, Harry I. Thornton.
1826 — David Moore, James W. McClung, William Acklen, jr., David Bradford.
1827 — John Vining, Wm Acklen, "Wm. Kelly, Wm. H. Moore, Nathan Smith.
1828 — S. Walker, Thos. Fearn, Wm . Brandon, Clement C. Clay, James Penn.
1829 — David Moore, Thomas Fearn, Wm. Acklen, Henry King, James Penn.
1830 — David Moore, Wm. Acklen, Henry King, Bobert T. Scott, James Penn.
1831 — Wm Acklen, Henry King, Samuel Peete, James G. Carroll, James Penn.
1832— Wm. Fleming, Henry King, J. W. Camp, R. T. Scott, John P. Graham.
1833— Wm Fleming, Sam'l Walker, A. F. Hopkins, Geo T. Jones, Geo. Mason.
1834— Wm Fleming, Sam'l Walker, Henry King, Wm H. Glascock, J D. Phelan
1835 — William Fleming, James W. McClung, George T. Jones, Jabez Left-
wich, John D. Phelan.
1836 — David Moore, Wm Smith, B. Horton, Jabez Leftwich, P. N. Booker.
1837 — John Vining, William Smith, Ehoda Horton, James W. McClung,
Parham N. Booker,
1838 — John Vining, William Smith, David Moore, James W. McClung,
Joseph Taylor.
1839 — John Vining, William Smith, David Moore, Jere Clemens.
1840 — Samuel Walkee, Thomas B. Provence, David Moore, Jere Clemens.
1841 — George T. Jones, Thomas Haughton, David Mooee, Jere Clemens.
1842 — James W. McClung, James Eobinson, David Moore, Clement C. Clay.
1843— David Moore, Jere Clemens, William J. Sykes, A. L. Sandige.
1844 — James W. McClung, Jere Clemens, C. C. Clay, jr., William Brandon.
1845— A.. L. Sandige, Wm. G. Miller, Clement C. Clay, jr.
1847— William Fleming, M. A. King, Thomas H. Hewlett.
1849— David C.Humphries, M. A. King, William Wright.
1851— H. C. Bradford, Michael A. King, C. D. Kavanaugh.
1853— D. C. Humphries, George W. Laughinghouse.
1855 — Reuben Chapman, John T. Haden.
3857— S. S. Scott, Stephen W. Harris.
1859— S S. Scott, Robert J. Lowe.
1861— S. D. Cabaniss, C. Butler.
1863— J. C. Bradford, J. W. Scruggs.
1865  William D. Humphrey, J. W. Ledbetter.
1869— William D. Humphrey, David C. Humphries.
1870— Francisco Rice, William M. Lowe, J. W. Grayson.

CHAPTEE LIII.
THE COUNTY OF MARENGO.
This county was organized by an act passed February 7,
lSlS/out of territory ceded by the Choctas, October 24, 1816.
As originaUy constituted it embraced the greater portion of
the present counties of Hale and Greene, extending to Five
Mile creek (in Hale) on the north, and Chicasabogue creek
ou the south, and to the ridge dividing the waters of the Ca
haba and Tombikbee ; but within a year or two it took its
present shape, except about 85 square mUes given to Hale
in 1866.
It Hes in the west centre of the State, south of Hale and
Greene, west of WUcox and Perry, north of. Clarke, and
east of Chocta and Sumter.
The name was suggested by Judge Lipscomb of Washing
ton as a compliment to the first white settlers, who were ex
patriated imperiahsts from France, and commemorates Consul
Bonaparte's victory over Marshal Melas, June 14, 1800.
The area is about 975 square miles.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $2,629,903 ;
personal property $769,273 ; total $3,399,176.
The population decenniaHy is thus shown :
1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870

Whites  2052 4549 5350 7,101 6,761 6,090
Blacks  881 3151 11,904 20,730 24,410 20,058
The cash value of farm lands — 141,368 acres improved, and
227,423 acres unimproved— was $2,819,711 in 1870.
The Hve stock — 1,377 horses, 3,629 mules, 12,431 neat cat
tle, 1,763 sheep, and 16,531 hogs— was $770,674.
In 1869 the productions were 598,938 bushels of corn,
11,538 bushels of oats, 40,424 bushels of potatoes, 164,391
pounds of butter, 23,614 bales of cotton, 2,135 pounds of
wool ; and the value of farm productions was $3,034,675.
Marengo is, therefore the third cotton producing and
fourth corn-growing county in the State. It Hes in the great
aUuvial belt, with much level prairie land. The northern part
is the canebrake region, a district extending over nearly three
hundred square miles, with a cretaceous loam which, when
dry, resembles artUlery powder. The first white settlers found

tENGO COUNTY. 373
this district jhargjjp -, th a thick growth of cane of marvel
ous size, andl a kg • ievoid of other vegetation. It is one
vast deposit d fo/jpl,Tam, of surpassing fertUity. The souths
ern portion o^hJ j^ounty has a considerable area of Hght
soU, intersectei IL- . very productive creek bottoms.
The commercial facilities are : the Tombikbee river, which
is the western boundary line, and navigable for steamers the.
whole distance at nearly aU seasons ; and the Selma and \
Meridian RaUroad, which passes through the northern por- J
tion of the county. The projected MobUe and Grand Trunk
EraUroad is surveyed through the county.
The courthouse is at Linden, a vUlage of 300 inhabitants,
named for Moreau's victory over the Archduke John in the
year 1800. The seat of justice was transferred to DemopoHs
m 1869 but fixed at Linden a year later.
DemopoHs has 1539 inhabitants, of whom 574 are whites,
and 965 are negroes. The name is from Greek words which
signify the city of the people. It was settled in 1818 by the
French and incorporated Dec. 11, 1821, and AUen Glover,
Nathan BoUes, and John Dickson were appointed to hold
the first election for municipal officers.
Dayton has 426 inhabitants, and a seminary of learning for
females. Jefferson has 233 inhabitants.
The first court was directed to be holden " at or near the
house of Mrs. Irby, on Chicasabogue."
Bowen Bennett, AUen Glover, John Spinks, Nathaniel Nor
wood, and WUHam Irons were appointed to select a location
for the court-house in 1820.
In 1818 election precincts were estabhshed at the houses of
Tandy Walker, Jesse Birdsong, and WUHam Hopkins ; one
at the house of Walter ChUes a year later ; one at the house
of Isaac C. Perkins in 1820 ; and one at Alexander McLeod's
in 1822.
The county was first settled in 1818 by a colony of French
imperiahsts. Thefr devotion to the fortunes of Napoleon ex
cited the enmity of the French government, and they sought
a Home in America. They arrived at PhUadelphia in the
whrter of 1816-17, and at once proceeded to secure from
copgress a tract of land where they could locate in a body.
Tike federal government authorized the sale of four townships
M land to them at two doUars and a half an acre, payable
jvithin seventeen years, upon condition that they should de-
rote forty acres in each section to the cultivation of the vine
(ind oHve. Advised to settle near the confluence of the Tom-
aikbee and the Tuskaloosa, they resolved to do so. They
f sailed from Philadelphia, and reached MobUe in May 1818 —
barely escaping shipwreck at the entrance of the bay. Mr.

374 MABENGO COUNTY. j
Addin Lewis, coUector of the port, furnis^ them with a
large barge, on which they proceeded up thj er. Landing
at White Bluff, they were advised by Mr. (\ :ge S. Gaines,
who resided at the Chocta factorage near old ort Confedera
tion, to settle in that vicinity. They accorq ngly laid out a
town, which they caUed DemopoHs, and gave to the heads of
famUies lots therein, as weU as farms in the vicinity. There
were but few settlers in the region, and it was a vast wilder
ness. But the French made Httle progress in agriculture.
The vines (the Cataba) would grow only a year or two, and
the ohve they did not plant. They were very industrious, but
their time was frittered away on trivial things. There were
several prominent men among them, and others who had been
wealthy in France. These spent the greater part of their
time in social pleasures, and the others were not slow to fol
low their example. They made no wine, but they drank aU
they were able to import, and carried into their humble
pioneer homes aU the charms and graces of thefr native
country. Thriftfessness was thefr error, not idleness ; for the
hands that had "flashed the sabre bare" at Borodino and
Austerhtz were not slow to mix the mud which daubed the
chinks of their log cabins ; and dames who had made their
toUettes in the chambers of St. Cloud readUy prepared the
humble repast of the forest home. They were greatly an
noyed in consequence of having located their improvements
on other townships than those stipulated for, and unscrupulous
settlers and land speculators took advantage of the fact to
oust them from their first homes. It was with great difficulty
and trouble that anything Hke an adjustment of this mistake
was reached. Many of the French were greatly inconven
ienced and disheartened by it. One by one the more wealthy
and distinguished either returned to France, or removed to
MobUe, and other cities. The descendants of others are yet
in Marengo, arid adjoining counties, and are among the wor
thiest class of citizens. It is beheved that but two are now
Hving in the State who came with the original colonists — Hon.
Geo. N. Stewart of MobUe and Mr. Bayal of Hale ; the latter
being a boy of fourteen years when he came.
The most distinguished of these settlers was Charles L]e-
febvbe-Desnouettes.* He was born in 1773, and was aic
de-camp to Napoleon at Marengo. For gaUantry at AusterV
Htz he was made commandant of the legion of honor. A«
Zaragosa he was in command of a division, and was capturer
in Soult's pursuit of Sir John Moore to Corunna. He con]
tributed largely to the victory of Bautzen, and was woundec
* Judge Meek mistakes this gentleman for Marshal Lefebvre, duke of
Dantzic. — "Romantic Passages," page 42.

MARENGO COUNTY. 375
in a brilliant charge at Brienne. He was made a count of
the empire and a Heutenant general when Napoleon returned
from Elba, and fought at Waterloo and Fleurus. Napoleon
was much attached to him, and bequeathed him in his wUl
150,000 francs. He was the wealthiest of the .immigrants,
and expended his means lavishly here. He had a bronze
statue of Napoleon in a smaU cabin in which were deposited
a number of sabres and other trophies of many battle-fields.
He was permitted to return to France, and in 1822 was
drowned in the wreck of a vessel on the coast of Ireland.
Nicholas Baoul, another of these settlers, commanded
Napoleon's advance guard on his return from Elba. WhUe
he Hved here necessity obliged him to keep a ferry on Big
Prairie creek, fourteen miles from DemopoHs. He afterwards
went to Mexico, took part in the wars there, and was after
wards a general in France. His wife, who resided with him
here, was Marchioness of Sinabaldi, and maid of honor to
Queen Caroline Murat.
John A. Psnlees, who resided here two or three years, was
a member of the national assembly which decreed the death
of Louis XVI. He was appointed an agent to the Florida
Indians, and died in that State in 1823.
Marshal Grouchy, General Vandamme, Count Beal, Gen
eral Clausel, and General L'AUemand, were among the patrons
of the colony, but none of them came to Alabama, save the
last two, and they did not reside in Marengo. '
John Rains was also one of the early settlers. He was a
native of North Carolina, and an elder brother of Gen. Gabriel
and Col. George W. Rains of the confederate army. Having
read law under Judge Gaston, he practiced here. He repre
sented Marengo in both branches of the general assembly,
and died about the year 1841. His talents, culture, and pop
ular manners would have advanced him to higher honors
had not social pleasures proven too strong.
Foremost among the citizens of Marengo is Francis
Strotheb Lyon. He was born in Stokes county, North
Carolina, in the year 1800. Early in 1817 he came to St.
Stephens, with his brother, James G. Lyon, who represented
Washington in 1825, and who was the father of Mr. George
G. Lyon, a leading member of the bar of Marengo. For a
time he was a scribe in the office of the clerk of the county
court,' and during the time read law, first under Judge Lips
comb, and subsequently under Messrs. Wm. Crawford and
Henry Hitchcock, both of whom were also on the bench at a

376 MARENGO COUNTY.
later period. Admitted to practice in 1821, he located at
DemopoHs. The year foUowing he was elected secretary of
the state senate, an office he held by successive elections for
eight years.- He was elected to the senate from the WUcox
and Marengo district in 1833, and in 1834 from Marengo and
Sumter. In '33 he was defeated for the presidency of the
senate by one majority for Hon. John Erwin of Greene, but
the next year was elected over Mr. E. by seven majority. In
1835 he was elected to congress over Hon. R. E. B. Baylor
of Dallas, and Hon. Joseph Bates of MobUe ; and .was re
elected in 1837. When, not in the pubhc service, Mr. Lyon
devoted himseH assiduously to his profession, and was entirely
successful in point of reputation and profit. It was in con
nection with its finances that Mr. Lyon rendered his most
important service to the State. When the State bank and
its branches were placed in Hquidation in 1845, Mr. Lyon,
ex-Gov. Fitzpatrick and Mr. WUHam Cooper of Franklin,
were appointed a commission to wind up thefr business.
Gov. F. declining to serve, ex-Gov. Clay was substituted, and
the commissioners entered on thefr arduous labors. This
commission made its report to the legislature of 1847, and
were discharged. Mr. Lyon was then elected as sole com
missioner, and continued his difficult task until he brought it
to a conclusion in 1853. In 1861 he was elected to the lower
house of the legislature, but resigned to serve as a member
of the first confederate congress. These honors, with that of
presidential elector onee or twice, constitute the pubhc record
he has made, and sufficiently attest' the pubhc confidence in
his fidelity and abUity. His private Hfe is a model of fru
gality ; wmle his charitable nature and urbane manners win
the esteem of all who come in contact with him.
Mr. Lyon married a daughter of Mr. AUen Glover of Ma
rengo, and one of his daughters married the gaUant Capt. 0.
li. Prince of this county, who feU at Chicamauga; whUe
another is the wife of Major Wm. H. Ross of MobUe.
Benjamin Gloveb Shields was a planter in this county for
a number of years. His father, Mr. Samuel B. Shields, came
to Clarke county from AbbeviUe, South Carohna, during its
first settlement; and if he was not a native of Clarke he
passed his chUdhood there. He entered pubhc life as a mem
ber of the legislature from this county in 1834, and was several
times re-elected. In 1841 he was elected to congress on the
" general ticket" of his party, and served a term. During the
term of President Polk he was the diplomatic representative of
the United States to Venezuela. A few years later he removed
to Texas, and has taken an active part in poHtics there within
the past two or three years. He was, whUe here, a man of

MARENGO COUNTY. ' 377
handsome appearance, and captivating address. He "was
" an active, ardent, and weU informed politician, and while he
" resided in this State was an earnest and influential demo-
"crat, and an effective and popular speaker."*
Among the early settlers of Marengo was William Jef
freys Abston. He was born near Petersburg, Georgia, Dec.
31, 1800, but his parents removed to Abbeville district, South
Carohna, soon after, and resided there till they came to this
State in 1818. Their son was a pupU of the famous Dr.
Moses WaddeU, and when he came to St. Stephens with his
parents he taught school. He also read law there, and in
1821 began the practice at Linden. Here he entered into
competition with such men as F. S. Lyon, Ezekiel Pickens,
and John Rains. But he steadUy arose, and served several
years as judge of the county court. He first entered the
lower house of the legislature in 1836 ; was returned the next
year, and in 1839 began a three years term in the senate. In
1843 he again entered the house. He was the nomhiee of his
party for congress, and defeated his competitor, Hon. C. C.
SeUers of WUcox. He served but one term, and in 1855 again
served in the popular branch of the legislature. Since that
time he has mingled Httle in pubhc concerns, and has resided
on his estate. Judge Alston has been distinguished through
life by his urbanity, industry, pubhc spirit, and high moral
and mental attainments. He has always been respected and
popular, and was never defeated for any office.
Elisha Young of this county was a native of Augusta county,
Virginia, and was born in 1796. He finished his education at
Princeton, New Jersey, and was then employed as a tutor in
the University of North Carolina. He read law with Judge
Frederick Nash at HUlsboro, and came to Alabama in 1824 or
'25. Locating at Marion, he practiced his profession and rep
resented Perry in the legislature in 1829. A. Httle later he re
moved to Greene, and was chosen four times in succession to
represent that county in the legislature. In 1843 he was a
candidate for congress, but was beaten, his party being in a
minority. Having removed to this county, he represented it
in the legislature in 1847. He died here, June 24, 1852.
Mr. Young had a noble presence ; a countenance expressive
of elevated motives and a capacity for the highest resolves of
human action. He was manly, charitable, and sincere, and
consequently very popular. His wife was a Miss Strudwick
of North Carolina, and he left three sons, one of whom was
kUled in Vfrginia; and the others are citizens of this and
Greene county.
"Hon. F. S. Lyon of Demopoiis.

378 MARENGO COUNTY.
William Edward Clarke is a prominent citizen of Marengo.
He was born in Chesterfield county, Virginia, in 1815. His
father was a planter in good cfrcumstances ; his mother was a
Miss Pegram, of a weU known famUy there. The son finished
his education and law course at WUHam and Mary, and came
to this county in 1837. For many years he was a successful
practitioner at Dayton, and attained to a high rank in his pro
fession. He was the partner at different times of Messrs. W.
M. Byrd, W. M. Brooks, and G. G. Lyon. In 1846 he was
elected district soHcitor, an office he held several years. He
contested the senatorial district of Greene and Marengo in
1855, but his party was in a minority and he was beaten. In
1861 he represented Marengo in the constitutional convention
and voted for the secession ordinance. From '61 to '65 he
was a member of the State senate. Mr. Clarke is now a resi
dent of DemopoHs. He is tall and rather spare, with very
bright eyes and fair complexion. He is one of the- most com
panionable of gentlemen, and is a power before a jury, pos
sessed as he is of pith, fluency, tact, and honor. His wife was
Miss Raincock of Vfrginia, and the eldest of his several sons
is his law partner.
No man was better known in this county than Young Mar
shall Moody. He was born June 23, 1822, in Chesterfield
county, Vfrginia, where his father, Mr. Carter Moody, was at
one time wealthy. The son came to Alabama in 1842, and
taught school in Marengo, but subsequently became a mer
chant. In' 1856 he was appointed clerk of the cfrcuit court,
and was elected in 1858 to the same office. In 1861 he en
tered the service of his country as captain in the Eleventh Ala
bama Infantry. He served about a year in that capacity, then
returned and assisted in recruiting the Forty-third Alabama,
of which he was chosen Heutenant colonel. He participated
in the duties, privations, and glories of this regiment — first in
the Kentucky campaign, afterwards at Chicamauga, then with
Longstreet's corps in Tennessee and around Petersburg. At
Drury's Bluff he was severely wounded in the ankle. On the
death of Gen. Gracie, he was made brigadier general, and com
manded the brigade — the 41st, 43d, 59th, and 60th Alabama
regiments, and 23d Alabama battahon — for some time before
the close of the struggle. He was sick and with the wagon train
when it was captured the day before the surrender at Appo
mattox. After the war he was engaged in business in MobUe,
a branch of which he was establishing in New Orleans when
he died there in September 1866, of yellow fever. Gen. Moody
was over six feet in stature, slender and erect. His disposition
was remarkable for its placidity, and was the basis of his
popularity. He was generous, Hberal, and benevolent, and of

MARENGO COUNTY.

379

strict sobriety. He was not a discipHnarian, but his men felt
that he was a friend and protector. Gen. Moody's wife was
a Miss Floyd of Vfrginia.
Washington Thompson represented the county in the con
vention of 1819 ; WiUiam E. Clarke in that of 1861, and
James Taylor Jones in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the legislature :
Senators.
1819— Thomas Ringgold.
1821— Patrick May.
1822— John Coats.
1825 — George S. Gaines.
1827— Joseph B. Earle.
1828— Thomas Evans.
1830— John W. Bridges.
1833— Fbanois S. Lyon.
1835 — John Rains.
1836— John Rains.
1839— William J. Alston.

1842— William B. Moores.
1845— Calvin C. Sellers.
1847 — Amos E. Manning.
1851 — James T. Johnson.
1853— James D. Webb.
1855— Joseph W. Taylor.
1857— Allen C. Jones.
1861— William E. Clarke.
1865— C. C. Huckabee.
[No election in 1867, or since.]

Representatives.

1819— John Coats.
1820— John Coats.
1821— Nathaniel Norwood.
1822— Nathaniel Norwood.
1823— Wm. Fluker.
1824— Wm. Fluker.
1825— Wm. Fluker.
1826— Wm. Fluker.
1827 — Wm. Anderson.
1828— Wm. Anderson.
1829— Charles D. Conner.
1830— Charles D. Conner.
1831 — John Lockhart.
1832 -John Lockhart.
1833— John Rains.
1834— John Rains, Benj. G. Shields.
1835— John M. Cooper, Benjamin G.
Shields. Alston, Benjamin G.

Alston, Benjamin G.

1836— Wm. J.
Shields.
1837— Wm. J.
Shields.
1838— Wm. B. Moores, Benjamin G.
Shields.
1839— W. B. Moores, Robert Clarke.
1840— W. B. Moores, J.M.Davenport

1841 — Wm. B. Moores, James M.
Davenport.
1842— John W. Henley,  Pickett.
1843— Wm. J. Alston, D. C. Ander
son.
1844— Washington M. Smith, S. J.
Harris.
1845— Amos R. Manning, J. B. Wil
liams.
1847— John T. Walton, Elijah Young.
1849— M. W. Creagh, Caleb Williams.
1851 — Wm. M. Byrd, Benjamin N.
Glover.
1853— M. W. Creagh, F. F.Foscue.
1855 — Wm. J. Alston, Jas. R. Jones.
1857— N. B. Leseur.
1859— N. B. LeBeur.
1861— Francis S. Lyon, (resigned.)
1862— James B. Jones.
1863— Wm.B. Modawell.
1865— James R. Jones, (resigned.)
1866— H. Ashby Woolf.
1867— [No election. 1
1870— C. W. Dustan, L. C. Carlin,
, Levi Wells, (c.)

CHAPTER LIV.
THE COUNTY OF MARION.
Marion was formed from Tuskaloosa by an act passed Feb
ruary 13, 1818. It originaUy extended to the Sipsee fork of
the Warrior, and to its mouth on the southeast, and embraced
a large portion of the present counties of Walker, Winston,
Fayette, and Sanford ; but was soon cut down very consider
ably, and much mutilated within the past few years by the
formation of Sanford. In 1832 the northwestern corner of
the county was added when the Chicasas made their last ces
sion. It Hes in the northwest quarter of the State, south of
Franklin, west of Winston, north of Fayette and Sanford, and
east of Sanford and the State of Mississippi.
It was named to honor General Marion,* the military par
tisan of 1776.
Its area is about 745 square mUes.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $236,787 ; per
sonal property $54,506 ; total $291,293. _
The movement of population decenniaUy is thus shown :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  3452 5094 6922 9893 5835
Blacks  606 753 908 1283 224
The cash value of farms — 18,315 acres improved, and 96,806
acres unimproved — was $80,438.
The Hve stock — 820 horses and mules, 3641 neat cattle,
2999 sheep, and 5765 hogs— were valued at $138,122.
In 1869 the productions were 90,429 bushels of corn, 5108
bushels of wheat, 20,612 bushels of potatoes, 25,335 pounds
of butter, 2713 gaUons of sorghum, 1010 pounds of tobacco,
463 bales of cotton, and 9691 pounds of wool ; the value of
animals slaughtered was $48,629 ; and the value of farm pro
ductions was $149,365.
* Feanois Maeion was born near Georgetown, South Carolina, in 1732.
He first served against the Cherokees, and during the war between the colo
nies and the mother country won much celebrity by his efforts against the
British and loyalists. He arose to the rank of brigadier general, and was
the most effective partisan of that war. He afterwards served in the legisla
ture of South Carolina, and died in February 1795.

MARION COUNTY. 381
The surface is hUly and broken, and the soU generaUy Hght,
with some good "bottom" lands.
Marion is isolated with respect to commercial facilities,
having no navigable river, and no raUway within its borders.
The Buttahatchee and Bear are smaU rivers, and the pro
jected raUway from Decatur to Aberdeen, Mississippi, though
surveyed through the county, is not in process of construc
tion. Coal exists in great quantity, the measures being frequently
exposed on the surface. This valuable mineral is destined to
give the county a large revenue* and a sound prosperity.
Gold exists fifteen mUes east of PikevUle, and digging is in
progress. Pikevtlle, the seat of justice, is a smaU vUlage near the
Buttahatchee. There are two cotton factories and two wool factories in
Marion, which send their goods to Columbus, Mississippi, and
are prosperous and profitable.
Samuel Bean, Jabez Fitzgerald, Barnes HoUoway, George
White, Wm. Metcalf, and Wm. Davis were appointed in 1820
to select a site for the courthouse.
Election precincts were estabhshed in 1819 at Archibald
Alexander's, — McFadden's, John Wood's, and Henry Grier's.
John D. TerreU represented Marion in the constitutional
convention of 1819 ; Winston Steadham and Lang C. Allen hi
that of 1861 ; and J. F. Morton.and G. M. Haley in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the general assembly
for Marion : Senators.
1819— John D. Teebell (1821.) 1843— Elijah Marchbanks.
1822— William Metcalf. 1 847— Daniel Coggin.
1825— Jesse Vanhoose. 1850— Elliott P. Jones.
1827— Rufus Moore. 1853— Elliott P. Jones.
1829— Rufus K. Anderson. 1857— Elliott P. Jones.
1831— Rufus K. Anderson. 1861— A. J. Coleman.
1834— Henry Burough. 1865— Elliott P. Jones.
1837— Burr W. Wilson. fNo election in 1867, or since.]
1840— Burr W. Wilson.

1819— Silas McBee.
1820 — James Moore.
1821 — Lemuel Beene.
1822— John D. Terrell.
1823— James Moore.
1824 — James Moore.
1825— George White.
1826— William H. Duke.
1827— William H. Duke.
1828— Wm. H. Duke, James Metcalf. 1837— Joshua Gann.
1829— DeFayette Roysden, James 1838— Derrill U. Hollis.
Metcalf. 1839— Thomas C. Moore.

Representatives.

1830-

-Thadeus Walker, Jas. Metcalf.

183J-

-Thadeus Hollife.

Walker*

Derrill

U.

1832-

-Thadeus Hollis.

Walker,

Derrill

u.

1833-

-Geo. Brown, Derrill V. Hollis,

1834-

-Derrill U

. Hollis.

1835-
-Hiram C.
May.
1836-
-Joshua Gann.
382 MARSHALL COUNTY
1840— Thomas C. Moore. 1855— Kimbrough T. Brown.
1841— Joshua Burleson. 1857— K. T. Brown, Leroy Kennedy.
1842-Leroy Kennedy. 1859-K. T. Brown, W. A. Musgrove.
1H43— John L. McCarty. 1861— M L. Davis, J. W. Logan.
1844— Leroy Kennedy. 1863— M. L. Davis, Derrill U. Hollis.
1845— Woodson Northcut. 1865- John H. Bankhead, Winston
1847— Thadeus Walker. Steadham.
1849— Woodson Northcut. 1867— [No election.]
1851— Kimbrough T. Brown. 1870— A. J. Hamilton.
J 853— William A. Musgrove

CHAPTER LV.
THE COUNTY OF MARSHALL.

MarshaU was estabhshed by an act passed January 9, 1836.
The territory was taken from Jackson, Blount, and the last
Cherokee cession, and has been reduced in size to form Etowa,
but compensated for by a small portion taken from Jackson.
It lies in the northeastern portion of the State, south of
Jackson, west of DeKalb, north of Etowa and Blount, and
east of Morgan and Blount.
It was named to perpetuate the memory of Chief Justice
Ma,rshaU* Its area is about 600 square mUes.
The population by the federal census is thus given :
1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  6688 7952 9596 8504
Blacks  865 894 1872 1367
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $760 477, of
personal property $268,311 ; total $1,028,782.
The cash value of farm land — 48,353 acres improved, and
86,983 acres unimproved— in 1870 was $692,799.
The value of live stock — 1669 horses, 560 mules, 7195 neat
cattle, 5343 sheep, 12,597 hogs— was $390,342.
The productions in 1869 were 187,491 bushels of corn,
* John Maeshall, the eminent jurist, was born in Fauquier county, Vir
ginia, in the year 1755. He served in the colonial army, and at its close
entered on the practice of the law. In 1795 he was sent on a mission to
France. In the year 1800 he was appointed secretary of war, then secretary
of state, and the following year was made chief justice of the supreme court
of the United States. He died while holding this great office in 1835. He.
was the author of a biography of Gen. George Washington.

MARSHALL COUNTY. 383
17,228 bushels of wheat, 9445 bushels of oats, 17,787 bushels
of potatoes, 47,995 pounds of butter, 10,229 gallons of sor
ghum, 5477 pounds of tobacco, 2340 bales of cotton, 8693
pounds of wool; the value of animals slaughtered was
$101,628 ; and the value of farm productions was $611,809.
The surfac,e is mountainous and broken, presenting to the
eye much wild scenery. Much of the soil is unsuited for
agriculture without improvement, but there are coves and low
lands that are very fertUe.
The Tennessee river divides the county, and is navigable
the entire distance. The East Alabama & Cincinnati Railroad
is surveyed from Opelika to GuntersvUle.
MarshaU is rich in coal, which is now mined to a Hmited
extent. There is iron ore, mill-stone grit, and perhaps other
formations wliich wUl add to the wealth of the county when
developed. Guntersville, the seat of justice, is a vUlage of 244 inhab
itants by the census of 1870. It is situated on the Tennessee,
and acquired its name from Edward Gunter, a Scotchman, who
settled the spot whUe the Indians owned the country. The
courthouse was first at ClaysvUle, then at MarshaU, then at
Warrenton, and was located at Guntersville in 1866.
Nine mUes from GuntersvUle is the fall of Short creek, a
smaU but picturesque cataract. An unexplored cave near
GuntersvUle, containing capacious apartments, not fully ex
plored, has attracted some attention. There are several arti
ficial mounds on the river, from one of which bones and an
antique piece of brass have been unearthed.
The ravages of the late war were severely felt by the people
of MarshaU. GuntersvUle was more than once sheUed by the
enemy without previous warning, and a Mrs. Rayburn was
kUled by a sheU during one of these barbarous attacks. Fi
naUy they burned the town wantonly. Another incident was
the capture of ClaysvUle by Capt. H. F. Smith of Jackson,
the daring partisan. With sixty-five men he crossed at Gun-
ter's Landing, the night of the 8th of March 1864. Moving
up to ClaysvUle, he found the federal detachment occupying
three houses. Cutting off thefr picket without alarm, he
divided his force into three squads, one under himself, another
under Capt. WUHam May, and the other under Capt. Samuel
Henry. The assaUed party were surprised, and, after a spfrited
resistance of about fifteen minutes, the entire force of sixty-
six men surrendered. A supply of stores and property was
taken, and Capt. Smith recrossed the river at ten o'clock the
next morning with a loss of one killed and four wounded.
The federal casualties were one lolled and three wounded.
James L. Sheffield is a resident of this county, but a na-

384 MARSHALL COUNTY.
tive of Madison, where he was born Dec. 5, 1819. His father
was a carriage-maker, and poor, consequently his early advan
tages were not good. At the age of eighteen years he came
to this county, and was a clerk at ClaysvUle for four years.
He was then deputy sheriff from 1844 to 1847. He then be
came a farmer. In 1855 he was elected to the legislature, and
has been twice re-elected. He was also a member of the con
stitutional conventions of 1861. and 1865, and signed the ordi
nance of secession by instruction of his constituents. He en
tered the mUitary service in the Ninth Alabama Infantry, in
which he became captain. In April 1862 he came back with
authority to raise a regiment, and within the short space of
one month took the field with the Forty-eighth Alabama, one
thousand strong, which had unanimously elected him colonel.
He at once led it to Vfrginia. He was for about eight months
in command of TaUiaferro's brigade, and led Law's brigade
at Gettysburg, Port Royal, and Chicamauga. He retfred from
the army by advice of a board of surgeons in 1864, but did
not cease his efforts in behalf of the Confederacy. Colonel
Sheffield is a plain, but earnest and energetic man ; with warm
attachments and antipathies, and candid and manly in his
conduct. He is a gentleman of pubhc spfrit, and an effective
stump orator.
James L. Sheffield and Arthur C. Beard represented this
county in the constitutional convention of 1861 ; and James L.
Sheffield and A. G. Henry in that of 1865.
Senators.
1839— Emory Lloyd. 1857— S. K. Rayburn.
1841— Mace T. P. Brindley. 1859— R. W. Higgins.
1844— William M. Griffin. 1861— John P. Morgan.
1847— Mace T. P. Brindley. 1863— James Critcher.
1851— Enoch Aldridge. 1865— William O. Winston.
1853 — James Lamar. Representatives.
1837— Middleton T. Johnson. 1849— Jas. M. Adams, Jas. Critcher.
1838— Richard Golding. 1851— Jas. M. Adams, Jas. Critcher.
1839— Wm. M. Griffin, Wm. Barclay. 1853— Frank Gilbreath, Jas. Fletcher.
1840— Wm. M . Griffin, Jas. M .Adams. 1855— Jas. L. Sheffield, Jas. Critcher.
1841— Wm. M. Griffin, Jas. Fletcher. 1857— J. L. Sheffield, Wm. M.Griffin.
1842 — Wm.M. Griffin, Jas. Fletcher. 1859— R. S. Clapp, Wm. M. Griffin.
1843— Wm. M. Griffin, Jas. Fletcher. 1861— R. S. Clapp, Wm. M. Griffin.
1844— Edmond Hays, Jas. Fletcher. 1863— John Sibley, A. C. Beard.
1845— S. M. McElroy, Jas. Fletcher. 1865— Jas. L. Sheffield, P. M. Bush*
1847— Lewis Wyeth, Jas. Critcher, 1867— [No election.]
1870— R. K. Boyd.

CHAPTER LVI,
THE COUNTY OF MOBILE.
The county of MobUe was estabhshed by a proclamation of
Gov. Holmes of Mississippi Territory in the year 1813, soon
after Gen. WUkinson took possession of the -town in AprU of
that year. When the British occupied the country, 1763, they
constituted the territory between the Pearl and Perdido into a
county, to which they gave the name of Charlotte, to honor
thefr queen ; but the Spaniards did not observe the sub-division.
MobUe originaUy extended to the Perdido, and embraced a
large portion of the present State of Mississippi, south of the
line of 31Q, but at its meeting in December 1813 the territo
rial legislature restricted it on the west to the ridge between
the waters of the MobUe and Pascagoula. In 1818 it acquired
that part of Jackson county, Mississippi, which was thrown
into Alabama by the division of Mississippi Territory. In
1820, the portion of the county east of the bay was given to
Baldwin, and the district that Hes between the present line
of Washington and the 31°, which had belonged to Baldwin,
was attached to MobUe.
It Hes in the extreme southwestern part of the State, with
Baldwin and the bay on the east, the Mexican sea on the
south, the boundary Hne of the State of Mississippi on the
west, and Washington on the north.
It was named for the town, bay, and river- — the MaubUa
or MauvUa of the Spaniards, and the MobUe of the French.
The area of the <county is about 1225 square miles.
The, population is thus shown by the federal census :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  ..„  1653 3440 11,763 17,303 18,559 28,195
Blacks  1019 2827 6,888 10,297 12,571 21,107
The assessed value of real estate is $17,576,934 ; personal
property, $6,166,785 ; total $23,743,710. MobUe is thus shown
to be the wealthiest of aU the counties of the State, as weU
as the most populous.
The cash value of farm lands — 13,824 acres improved, and
95,818 acres unimproved— was $548,730.
The value of Hve stock — 451 horses, 492 mules, 8045 neat
eattle, 3013 sheep, and 5567 hogs— was $228,520.
25

386 MOBILE COUNTY.
In 1869 the productions were 61,350 bushels of corn, 90,100
pounds of rice, 77,504 bushels of potatoes, 1620 gallons of
syrup, 317 bales of cotton, and 7532 pounds of wool, and the
value of farm productions was $393,777. MobUe, it is seen,
produces more rice and potatoes than any other county.
The soU is light, and adapted to the culture of fruits and
vegetables. Oranges are produced on the coast. The sur
face is flat, and to a great extent the county is a pine forest,
with numerous turpentine orchards.
The commercial facUities are most exceUent. The river
and bay are the conduits of four-fifths of the navigable waters
of the State as they flow to the sea : and the sea itseK laves
the southern coast. Four raUways radiate from the city of
MobUe : the MobUe & Montgomery, the MobUe & New Or
leans, the MobUe & Grand Trunk, and the MobUe & Ohio ;
the latter having 38£- mUes of track in the county ; and the
total length of raUway in the county is over 105 mUes.
Mobile, the seat of justice, is the commercial emporium of
the State. It was founded by the Sieur de BienvUle in the
year 1711, and is the oldest settlement on the coast of the
Gulf within the limits of the United States except Pensacola
and BUoxi, and many years older than any other town in
Alabama. BienvUle erected a defence here and caUed it Fort
Conde.* The place was but Httle more than a military post
during the first hah century of its existence, though the islands
in the river above the town were cultivated, and some trade
was carried on with the Indians. In October 1863 it feU to
the possession of the British by the treaty of Paris between
Great Britain and France. But few Britons came to reside
at the place, however, and during the time they occupied it
the town lost scarcely any of its French characteristics.
During the rebelHon of the colonies against Great Britain
the inhabitants remained loyal, though Capt. James Willing
and Mr. OHver PoUock came to MobUe, by way of New Or
leans, in 1778, to seduce the people from thefr aUegiance. ,
But the colony was too isolated and feeble to desire inde
pendence, and Willing was apprehended and confined in Fort
Charlotte. In March 1780, Galvez, the Spanish governor of
Louisiana, invested the town with two thousand men, opened
fire ou Fort Charlotte, breached the waU, and caused it to
capitulate, March 14. A portion of the town was burned
during this siege. Neither did the occupation by the Span
iards, which lasted a third of a century, materially alter the
* It was called Fort Charlotte by the British and Spaniards in after years.
It was built of wood at first, but soon replaced by a more substantial build
ing of brick and mortar. It was between where the guard-house and mar
ket-house are now located.

MOBILE COUNTY.

387

social aspect of the town. In AprU 1813 it was invested by
a force of six hundred men from New Orleans, under Gen.
Wilkinson, aud capitulated to him without resistance. In
1785 the town had 746 inhabitants. In 1814 the legislature
of Mississippi Territory passed an act for the government of
the place by seven commissioners, who were to choose one of
thefr number as president. An act incorporating "The City
of MobUe" was passed Dec. 17, 1819. Between 1830 and
1850 the city increased in population and wealth very rapidly.
It had a population of 12,997 whites and 7518 blacks in 1850 ;
20,854 whites and 8404 blacks in 1860; and 18,115 whites
and 13,919 blacks in 1870, of whom 4239 were of foreign
bfrth. The city is divided into eight wards, with a board of
eight aldermen and twenty-four councilmen.* The debt of
the city is $2,546,400 ; the assets amount to §1,783,081 ; the
rate of municipal taxation is one and nine-tenths of one per
cent, on a taxable property assessed at $20,376,916. The
first newspaper was pubhshed here in 1816 by G. B. Cotton,
though some ascribe the honor to one Beard, a year or two
earlier. The custom-house and market-house are ornaments
to the city of a substantial character. The commerce of
MobUe is extensive, and it is the third cotton port in the Uni
ted States, receiving annuaUy between 400,000 and 500,000

: The following is a list of commandants and mayors of Mobile since 1722 :
COMMANDANTS.

1722 — Marigny de Mandeville.
1726— Drunot de Valdeterre.
1731  Beauchamp.
1733— Diron d'Artaguette.
1741—  Beauchamp.
1757— Pierre Annibal de Ville.
3762  De Grandpre.
1763— Pierre Annibal de Ville.
1763— Robert Farmer.
1781--Henrique Grimarest.
1785 —Pedro Faurot.
J787— Vincente Folch.
1792— Manuel de Lauzos,

1795— Pedro Olivier.
1798 — Manuel de Lauzos.
1800 — Joaquin d'Orsona.
1805 — Francisco Max de St. Maxent.
1807 — Antonio de Salazar.
1809 — Cayetano Perez.
1811 — Francisco Max de St. Maxent.
1811 — Cayetano Perez.
1811 — Francisco Mendiota.
181 1 — Francisco Peres Muro.
1811 — Caryetano Perez.
1811 — Manuel Ordonez.
1812 — Cayetano Perez.

1820— Addin Lewis.
1823— John Elliott.
1824— Samuel H. Garrow.
1827— John F. Everett.
1831— John Stocking.
1834— John F. Everett.
1837— George W. Owen.
1837— George Walton.
1839— Henry Chamberlain.
1840— Edward Hall.
1842 — Charles A. Hoppin.
1846— Blanton McAlpin.
1848— James W. L. Childers.

1848 — Charles C. Langdon.
1852 — Joseph Sewell.
1853 — Charles C. Langdon.
1856— Jones M. Withers.
1861— John Forsyth.
1862— R. H. Slough.
1866— Jones M. Withers.
1868 — Gustavus Horton [Appointed.]
1869— Caleb Price.
1870— Geo. F. Harrington. "
1871— Martin Horst.
1872— Gideon M. Parker.

MOBILE COUNTY.
bales for shipment. The pubhc spfrit of the people of Mo
bUe city is almost proverbial.
Whistler is a town on the MobUe and Ohio RaUroad with
about 1500 inhabitants.
At Mount Vernon the federal government had an arsenal
tiU the breaking out of the late war.
Fort Stoddart stood on the river bank, four miles east of Mt.
Vernon, and was built by Capt. Shaumburg, U. S. A., in 1799.
At the mouth of Dog river, eight or nine mUes below the city,
Pickett and Meek locate BienviUe's first settlement on the
mainland. There has been much variance of opinion about
this, and it is probable that the question wiH never be settled
satisfactorUy. Col. Pickett died in the behef that his assertion
was correct, after some controversy about it ; but Judge Meek
is said to have changed his opinion after a visit to Philadel
phia, and an examination of many old maps. He, and Major
W. T. WalthaU, who has also given the subject much atten
tion, came to the conclusion that BienviUe's first settlement
was above the city, probably eighteen or twenty mUes. The
tradition of the old Creole inhabitants does not sustain the
opinion that it was at the mouth of Dog river, but does not
define the spot.
Dauphin island is another historic locality. IbervUle's col
ony from RocheUe, iu 1799, touched first at Pensacola, then at
Dauphin Island, which they caUed Massacre Island because
of a quantity of human bones found thereon. Three years later,
BienvUle buUt a warehouse there, and it continued to be a
depot and settlement of the French for many years. The fed
eral government constructed a fort on it some years ago, which
feU into the hands of the troops of the State in January 1861.
There are three foundries, an oU mUl, a paper mUl, a wood-
ware manufactory, and other industries in the county.
There is a medical coUege in MobUe, founded in 1858.
St. Joseph's CoUege, at Spring HUl, is a weU estabhshed
institution of learning. There is also a convent for the edu
cation of females near the city, and Barton Academy is another
well known educational establishment.
In 1810 a party of settlers from Washington and the Tensa
district, led by Col. Reuben Kemper of Mississippi, moved
down to the plantation of Mr. Charles Conway, on Bay Min-
ette, opposite the town, and concerted an attack by which the
Spaniards would be driven from the place. Dividing, one party
moved around with the horses to cross the river at HoUinger's
Ferry, while the others crossed the bay, and encamped on Saw
MiU creek, twelve mUes above MobUe. WhUe engaged in a
carouse, one night, a body of two hundred Spaniards, who had
come up from MobUe to attack them, fired upon, and kUled
\

MOBILE COUNTY. 389
four, wounded others, and captured ten, whom they sent to the
dungeons of Moro Castle. This broke up the scheme, and no
further attempt was made to drive off the Spaniards.*
MobUe bay was the scene of one of the most important
naval engagements that has been fought in the waters of this
hemisphere. This occurred August 5, 1864. The federal
naval squadron had been blockading the mouth of the bay
for three years. It had been reinforced recently, and Admiral
Farragut, the most skillful naval officer in thefr service, sent
to conduct the operations. On the 3d of August fifteen hun
dred land troops were disembarked on Dauphin Island, and
moved up to Fort Gaines, where they opened besieging ap
proaches. At six o'clock, the morning of the 5th, the federal
fleet of four powerful iron-clad monitors and fourteen steam
ers moved with stately pace into the pass. The monitors were
in single rank, in the lead ; the steamers were lashed two
abreast.t They opened fire on the forts, Morgan aud Gaines,
which soon repHed with a constant roar. The foremost mon
itor struck a torpedo, aud went down opposite the forts so
suddenly that only ten of a crew of one hundred and thirty
souls were rescued. The others came gaUantly forward,
breathing flame and smoke, and undismayed. As soon as
Admiral Buchanan, | in command of the Confederate fleet,
saw the movements of the enemy, he boldly stood toward the
pass with his. Httle squadron, in Hue of battle. They were
soon hotly engaged, and almost surrounded by the federal
fleet. The enemy's steamers, having superior speed, passed
*Cyrus Sibley and Thomas G. Holmes of Baldwin were in this expedition.
t The federal fleet consisted of the monitors Tecumseh and Manhattan,
each carrying two 15-inch guns, and the Winnebago and Chicasa, each car
rying four 1 1-inch guns; and the steamers Hartford of twentv-eight guns; the
Brooklyn twenty-six ; the Octorara ten ; Metacomet ten;. Richmond twenty-
four; Port Royal eight; Lackawanna fourteen; Seminole nine; Mononga
hela twelve; Kennebec five; Osippee thirteen; Itaskafour; Oneida ten; Ga
lena thirteen: a total of one hnndred and ninety-nine guns, and twenty-
seven hundred men. The confederate fleet consisted of the ram-monitor
Tennessee, of six guns, and the wooden gunboats Morgan, Gaines, and Sel
ma, the first two carrying six, and the Selma four, guns: making a total of
twenty-two guns and four hundred and seventy men.
X This brave officer was born in Baltimore, Maryland, entered the federal
navy in 1815, and was the first superintendent of the naval academy at An
napolis. He resigned his commission in the federal navy, April 19, 1861,
and by virtue of his previous rank took the seniority in the confederate navy.
He commanded in the fierce attack made on the federal fleet in Hampton
Roads, and therefore was captain of the first iron-clad vessel that ever went
to war. "The waters bland that welcomed first the white man to our shore,
Columbus of an iron world, the brave Buchanan bore."
He resided in Mobile for two or three years after the peace, but now resides
in Maryland . His brave subalterns, Capt. James D. Johnston and Command
ant Murphy, now reside here.

390 MOBILE COUNTY.
the monitors, and the Tennessee tried to run them down with
her prow, but their greater speed enabled them to avoid her.
The gunboats Selma, Lieutenant Commandant Patrick U.
Murphy, and Morgan, Commander G. W. Harrison, fiercely
engaged the Metacomet ; but the Morgan was soon obhged
to withdraw under the guns of Fort Morgan, and the Selma
struck her colors only when her deck was a slaughter-pen.
The Gaines, under Lieut. Com. J. W. Bennett, was fought tiU
found to be in a sinking condition, then run on the beach near
Fort Morgan. The enemy's fleet passed into the bay, beyond
the forts, and were about to anchor about four mUes inside,
when the Tennessee,* bereft of her consorts, boldly steamed
forth, alone, to attack her numerous adversaries. It was the
sublimest scene of a great war ! " Like a monstrous thing of
" life, she stood up with threatening aspect for the Hart-
"ford. Seeing this, Farragut signalled the monitors, and
'• wooden vessels best adapted, to attack her, not only with
"their guns, but with bows on at full speed."t Deliberately
the noble ship moved into the jaws of death ; one against
seventeen ; six guns against nearly two hundred ! Admiral
Farragut speaks of what occurred as " one of the fiercest naval
combats on record." The Tennessee fought untU she was
unable to fire a gun. Battered and bruised and shattered
by iron beaks and monster bolts, " she was at this time sore
" beset. The Chicasa was pounding away at her stem ; the
" Osippee was approaching her at full speed ;" and the Lack
awanna, and " this ship (the Hartford) were bearing down
" upon her, determined upon her destruction. Her smoke-
" stack had been shot away, her steering chains were gone,
" compelling a resort to her relieving tackle ; and several of
" her port shutters were jammed.":]: Admiral Buchanan was
severely wounded, and the commander of the ship, Capt. J.
D. Johnston, at the end of two hours, during the last hour of
which she was unable to fire a gun, hauled down her flag.
During this terrible time not one of the huge projectiles had
'The Tennessee was a magnificent vessel of over two thousand tons bur
then. She was built at Selma, one hundred feet abcve low water mark, and
launched in March, 1864, during an opportune freshet in the Alabama. Her
armament was four 64 10-inch, and two 72 10-inch rifled, gun's, each weigh
ing nearly 25,000 pounds. She drew fourteen leet of water, and was passed
over the Dog river bar— a distance of ten miles, on which only nine feet of
water could be found — by a rare achievement in naval science. Three huge
floats or " camels " were -sunk on each side of her, and huge chains passed
under the Tennessee and the ends attached to them. The water was then
pumped out of the floats, and they rose to the surface, elevating the Tennes
see seven feet, when it became easy to tow her to an anchorage m deep water
near Fort Morgan.
t " Campaign of Mobile :" Gen. Andrews.
{Report of Admiral Farragut : extract.

MOBILE COUNTY. 391
penetrated her invulnerable plates. Two of her crew were
kUled, and nine wounded ; which, with the eight killed and
seven wounded on the Selma, made up the Hst of losses on
board the confederate squadron. The federal loss was fifty-
two killed and one hundred and seventy wounded, besides the
one hundred and twenty that went down with the Tecumseh.
Four of the principal vessels of the federal fleet were so seri
ously wounded as to cause them to be sent to the North for
repairs. On Dauphin Island the lines were more closely
drawn, and the fleet took part in its reduction. On the 6th,
Col. Anderson asked for terms, and surrendered uncondition-
aUy two days after. Fort PoweU, on Cedar Point, was. aban
doned by its garrison on the 5th. The events relating to the
bombardment of Fort Morgan are given in the chapter on
"Baldwin." The reduction of the city was accomplished indirectly in
AprU foUowing. It had been fortified by Capt. Lieurner, Gen.
Ledbetter, and Col. Sheliha, tUl Gen. J. E. Johnston is said
to have pronounced it the best fortified post in the Confed
eracy. But Gen. Canby reduced Spanish Fort and Blakely,
thus flanking the defenses, and the city was evacuated by
Gen. D. H. Maury, AprU 12, 1865.
MobUe has been the home of many useful and distinguished
men. Bienville, to whose indefatigable efforts the city owes
its early existence, is elsewhere noticed.
Robert Farmeb, the only governor of the city and adjacent
territory during the British occupancy — from 1763 to 1780 —
was a man of pecuhar acquirements. M. Aubry wrote from
New Orleans to the French government, May 16, 1765 : " The
"correspondence which I am obliged to have with the Eng-
"Hsh, * * * and particularly the governor of MobUe, gives
"me serious occupation. This governor is an extraordinary
"man. As he knows that I speak EngHsh, he occasionaUy
"writes to me in verse. He speaks to me of Francis I. and
"Charles V. He compares Pontiac, an Indian chief, with
"Mithridates. He says he goes to bed with Montesquieu.
"When there occur some petty difficulties between the inhabi-
"tants of New Orleans and MobUe, he quotes to me from
" Magna, Charta, and the laws of Great Britain. It is said the
"EngHsh ministry sent him to MobUe to get rid of him be-
" cause he was one of the hottest in the opposition. He pays
"me handsome compliments, which I duly return him; and,
"upon the whole, he is a man of parts, but a dangerous neigh-
"bor, against whom it is weU to be on one's guard." WUHam
Bartram, a botanist from PhUadelphia, who visited MobUe in
1777, and wrote a fabulous account of his journey, found Major
Farmer residing on the east bank of Tensa river, near his

392: MOBILE COUNTY.
plantation, which was on the west side. He died just before
Galvez captured MobUe in March 1780, and his handsome;
residence in the town was burned during the cannonading.
Berteand Clausel, who had served as a general under Na
poleon, resided from 1821 to 1825 in this county. The ex-
emperor bequeathed him a large sum of money in his wHL
He returned to France, and honors were conferred on him.
WhUe here, he Hved on the bay, raised vegetables, and often
brought them to market in a cart.
William Ceawfoeb, for many years a resident of MobUe,
came from Louisa county, Virginia, to St. Stephens as federal
district attorney in 1817. His abUity at once placed him prom
inently before the pubhc, and he was elected president of the
bank at St. Stephens in 1818. He was a law partner there of
Hon. Henry Hitchcock tUl that gentleman was transferred to
the bench. In 1822 he was a candidate before the legislature for
the federal senate against two or three competitors, and on the
first ballot ran ahead of Hon. Wm. R. King of DaUas, but,
the contest being, harrowed down to the two, Col. King was
successful In 1825 he was chosen to the senate from the dis
trict composed of Washington, MobUe,. and Baldwin, but re
signed the foUowing year to accept the office of federal dis
trict judge — an office he fiUed with honor and credit tiU his
death. He came to reside in MobUe in 1827. He took no
further active part in poHtical affairs,, in fuU accord with the
custom of those who wore the ermine in that day, but dis
charged his official duties tUl his death in 1849. Judge Craw
ford was neither sociable nor popular, for he was a man of
strong antipathies, and austere bearing ; but he was a thorough
lawyer, and a dignified magistrate. His wU'e was a daughter
of Judge Fitts, a North Carolinian, whose son represented
Washmgton in the legislature at one time.
Jack Feeeell Ross of this county was one of the early settlers
of the State. He was born near Raleigh, North Carolina, in
1793, and was educated at Chapel HUl. Attaining to man
hood during the war of 1812, he was commissioned as captain
in the federal army, and was in active service in the South
under Gen. Jackson till the peace. He then resigned, and be
came a merchant at St. Stephens. He was the first State
Treasurer. In 1823 he came to MobUe, and was here a lead
ing citizen and merchant. He served the county in both
branches of the legislature, the last time in 1835. He was also
a planter in Greene and Clarke counties, at different times.
He died of yeUow fever in October 1837. Capt. Ross was
wealthy, and exceedingly hospitable, and popular. Ih appear-

MOBILE COUNTY. 393-
ance he was very stalwart and handsome. Of his descendants,
two sons, Major Wm. H. Ross and Dr. F. A. Ross, are estim
able citizens of MobUe.
Among the earhest pubhc men of the State, Geoege W.
Owen, of this county, deserves mention. He was a native of
Brunswick county, Vfrginia, and was born in 1795. His father
was a planter, and was the son of a professor in WiUiam and
Mary CoUege. Mr. Owen grew to manhood in Davidson
county, Tennessee, where his parents had settled in 1808. He
was graduated at the University at NashvUle, and read law
with the statesman and jurist, Hon. Felix Grundy. Receiving
Hcense to practice, he at once came (1816) to Claiborne, Mon
roe county. There he was the senior of a law partnership with
Hon. John Gayle. He represented Monroe in the first and sec
ond legislatures (1819 and 1820) and was speaker of the house
the latter year. He was elected to congress in 1823, and contin
ued there by successive elections till 1829. In that year Gen.
Jackson appointed him coUector of the port of Mobile, an of
fice he held five or six years. He was elected mayor of MobUe
in 1836, and died Aug. 18, 1837, at his plantation near the city.
His wife was a sister of Mr. A. C. HoHmger, who represented
the county in the legislature in 1840. Several of their chUdren
are yet residents of MobUe and Montgomery, and a nephew,
Mr. R. B. Owen, represented Mobile in the legislature in 1853.
Mr. Owen was highly respected for his talents and character,
and esteemed for many virtues.
Geoege Steothee Gaines, for many years a resident of Mo
bUe, is a native of Stokes county, North Carohna, and was
bornin 1784. His father was a colonial officer in 1776, and
a nephew of Judge Edmund Pendleton of Vfrginia. His
mother was a Miss Strother. The parents removed to Sulh-
van county, Tennessee, in 1794, and the son remained there
till appointed assistant factor of the United States at the
Chocta trading house on the Tombikbee in 1805. A year later
he was appointed factor, a positiou he held fourteen years.
When the massacre of Fort Mimms occurred, Mr. Gaines's dis
patch was the first one to reach Gen. Jackson and Gov. Blount.
In 1816 he removed the factorage to what is now Sumter county,
but resigned three years later, and became a merchant at De
mopoHs in 1822. From 1825 to '27 he served Marengo and
Clarke in the State senate. He led the party of Choctas
which explored thefr present homes beyond the Mississippi in
1829, and assisted in the removal of the tribe. In 1830 he
came to Mobile, and engaged in merchandising, and was pres
ident of the branch bank. Having previously estabhshed a
farm in southeast Mississippi, he removed to that State in 1856,

394 MOBILE COUNTY.
and served in the legislature in 1861 . He resides at State Line,
with aU his faculties weU preserved except his eye-sight. His
naturaUy superior mind is stored with the details of the varied
events through which he has passed, much of which he com
municated to Col. Pickett, and was used by him in his history.
He has quite a number of descendants. The late Major Gen.
E. P. Gaines, U. S. A., was an elder brother of Mr. G., and
Hon. F. S. Lyon of Marengo is a nephew.
One of the most cultivated and talented of the early pubhc
men of the State was Henry Hitchcock of this county. He
was a native of Vermont, or one of the New England States,
and was a grand-son of Gen. Ethan AUen, a colonial officer of
some repute. He had been weU educated, and was already
an attorney when he reached the Tombikbee settlement in
1817. He opened an office for the purpose of practicing his
profession, but was almost immediately appointed secretary
of the territory by Gov. Bibb. Notwithstanding, he formed
a law partnership with Hon. Wm. Crawford at St. Stephens,
and entered on a successful career. He represented Wash
ington in the constitutional convention of 1819, and the same
year was elected the first attorney general of the State. He
held the office four years, then gave his entire time to the
demands of a large practice, which was a pursuit whoUy con
genial to his studious habits. He removed to Cahaba with
the seat of government, and there resided for several years.
He then came to Mobile. When Justice Lipscomb retired
from the bench, in January 1835, Mr. Hitchcock was elected
to succeed him. A year later he became chief justice by the
resignation of Justice Saffold, but retfred from the high dig
nity a few months later, and resumed his business engage
ments here. He was elected to represent the county in the
lower house of the general assembly in 1839, but died of yel
low fever in the faU of that year, at the early age of forty-
four years. Justice Hitchcock "was not only one of the first
" lawyers of the State, but was enterprising, and very earnest
"in his endeavors to aid in the development of .the resources
" of his adopted State, and especiaUy of MobUe. And I look
"upon his untimely death as a most serious loss to the city."*
His elevated social and moral sentiments, blameless conduct,
learning, and pubhc spirit, made him an ornament to the
State. He married Miss Irvin of Tennessee, and his only
son, a prominent lawyer, holds a professorship in a law school
hi St. Louis, Missouri.
Gilbert Cheistian Russell, for many years a citizen of Mo
bUe, was a native of Vfrginia, and born in 1782. He grew to
* Hon. George S. Gaines of Mississippi.

MOBILE COUNTY. 395
manhood in Tennessee, and was appointed to a Heutenancy in
the federal army in 1803. He was advanced by regular grada
tion to the Heutenant colonelcy of the Third Infantry in 1811,
and some years before had been stationed in the southwest.
He led his regiment at the attack on Econochaca, and com
manded the expedition sent to Cahaba old towns. He attained
to the rank of colonel in 1814, and, as he was the senior of
Gen. Scott, would have ranked high had his regiment not
been disbanded in 1815. He soon after settled in MobUe as
a merchant, then a contractor, and spent several years towards
the close of his Hfe in Washington, D. C, endeavoring to ad
just some accounts with the government. He died here in
1855. He was a large and handsome man. His services to
Alabama were such that a county was named to honor him
in 1832. He married a daughter of Mrs. Hollinger, who
owned the ferry near the " cut off," now in Washington county,
and his descendants are in this county.
Octavia Walton LeVeet has been for many years a resi
dent of MobUe. She is a native of Georgia, a grand-daugh
ter of Gov. George Walton of Georgia, and daughter of Gov.
Walton of Florida, who was mayor of MobUe in 1837-39.
In 1835 she came with her parents to MobUe, and the year
after married the late Dr. Henry Strachey LeVert, an eminent
physician and scholar, who died here in 1864. In 1853-'4 she
spent a year in Europe, and repeated the tour in 1855. In
1859 she ventured into print with " Souvenirs of Travel," a
charming book, of two volumes, which gave her popularity
and fame. Up to that time she was the only American who
had obtained access to the better circles of European society
who had given an account of the impressions founded thereon.
To this was added a freshness and ease of style, a glow of
fancy, and descriptive powers which lent the finish of genius
and taste to her writings. " Such a woman occurs but once
"in the course of an empire," said Washington Irving of Mrs.
LeVert. Her home in the city of MobUe was the centre of
the Hterary circle of the State. She respects talent and moral
worth in any condition of Hfe ; and, with aU the plaudits that
her own endowments have called forth, she is none the less a
humane and sympathetic woman. She has resided much of
the time for several years past at the North.
The venerable John A. Cuthbeet is a citizen of MobUe.
He was born in Savannah, Georgia, in June 1788, and was
graduated at Princeton CoUege. In the war of 1812 he was
an officer, and in 1819 was elected to the federal congress. He
was for several years the editor of a newspaper at MUledge-
vUle, and in 1837 he came to reside ih Mobile. In 1842 he

396 MOBILE COUNTY.
was elected judge of the county court, and was on the circuit
court bench in 1853 for a short time. Judge Cuthbert has
always commanded the respect of the people of MobUe.
The late Henry Chamberlain was a resident of MobUe for
over half a century. He was born in Maine in 1806, and came
to Mobile with his parents in 1816. His father, Henry V.
Chamberlain, served as sheriff and judge of the county court
of MobUe. The son was weU educated, and commenced the
practice of law on reaching maturity. As early as 1832 he
was in the legislature from this county, with the courtly and
popular Benjamin Brent Breedin as his coUeague. He also
represented the county in 1833 and 1857. In 1839 he was
mayor of the city. He was judge of the city court in 1846
for about a year, and again judge of it from 1860 to 1868.
He died at Bailey Springs, August 11, 1870. His wife was a
Miss Chamberlain of Maine, and his descendants are in Mo
bUe. Judge Chamberlain was honest and moral, and catholic
in his views. He was a dignified, impartial, and laborious
judge. George Noble Stewart, whose Hcense as an attorney ante
dates that of any other member of the bar in the State, resides
in this county. He was born July 26, 1799, in PhUadelphia.
His father, a sea-captain, was a native of Londonderry, Ire
land ; and his mother was the daughter of an EngHsh mer
chant. His educational opportunities were good, notwith
standing the death of his father in 1804. In 1817 he came
with, and as secretary of, the French Emigrant Association to
settle Marengo county. There he read law under Hon. A. S.
Lipscomb, and was enroUed as an attorney in 1821. He was
assistant secretary of the State senate three years later. In
1827 he removed to Tuskaloosa, became associated in the
practice with Hon. Seth Barton, and was mayor of the town
of Tuskaloosa one year. From 1830 to 1835 he was the re
porter of the supreme court, and pubhshed five volumes of
decisions. He resigned, and came to practice law in MobUe
in 1835, and has been associated at different times with Messrs.
John Elliott, G J. S. Walker, Harry I. Thornton, and Wm. C.
Eastland. From 1847 to 1851 he served the county in the
senate, but professional labors have since engrossed his atten
tion, to the exclusion of pubhc matters. Mr. Stewart's hale
appearance, dark hair, ruddy visage, and ready flow of spirits,
seem to promise many more years of usefulness. He is an
attorney profoundly versed in the requirements of the profes
sion, and a man of probity, and moral standing. He speaks
and converses with ease, and interests by the clearness of his
propositions and the extent of his information. His wfre is

MOBILE COUNTY. • 397
a daughter of Gen. David, an officer of the first French em
pire. His son, the brave Private F. G. Stewart of the Third
Alabama Infantry, feU in the charge at Malvern HUl, at least
forty yards in front of the entire Confederate line.
Percy Walker is a resident of MobUe, but a native of
Madison. He was born at HuntsvUle, December 1812, and is
the son of Hon. John W. Walker, deceased, of that county.
He was educated at Greene Academy and the University of
Vfrginia. After attending the medical school of Transylvania
University, he received a diploma at PhUadelphia in 1835.
He located in Mobile the same year, and was a practitioner
here for a year or two. He then invested his patrimony in
drugs, and lost it in the financial crash of 1837. In 1839 he
represented the county in the general assembly, which was
his first appearance in pubhc life. WhUe reading law in 1840,
he was elected solicitor of the judicial circuit. He informed
the court that he had not been admitted to the bar, and was
directed to have himseH enroUed at once. He at once en
tered on his duties, and served four years. In 1847 he was
the only member of the ticket of his party elected to the leg
islature from this county, and was returned in 1853. Two
years after, he was the candidate of his party for congress,
and was elected over Hon. J. A. StaUworth of Conecuh.
Though the candidate of the American party, he denounced
any attempt to proscribe persons for thefr reHgious faith.
He represented the county again in the able delegation sent
by it to the general assembly in 1859, and served as chafrman
of the judiciary committee. ' He was adjutant and inspector
general of the forces of the State during the war, and has
since devoted his time to his profession. Col. Walker has a
taU and graceful figure, a dignified bearing, and inteUectual
features. He is very prominent in his profession, and is flu
ent and chaste in oratory. He is an honorable man, and a
cultivated gentleman and scholar. He married a daughter
of Hon. A. S. Lipscomb.
The name of Charles Caetee Langdon is blended with the
annals of MobUe. A native of Southington, Connecticut, he
was born Aug. 5, 1805. His father, a farmer, often served as
a member of the Connecticut legislature. The son received
a common school education, having to labor on the farm in
summer and attend school in winter. This was varied when
he became sixteen years old by his serving as a teacher in
winter. At the age of twenty years he came to this State
with his brother, Mr. Levi Langdon, who estabhshed a dry
' goods house in Marion, Perry county. "For this brother Mr.
Langdon was a clerk tUl 1829, when he became a partner.

398 MOBILE C0UNTY.
The same year he married a Connecticut lady. When the
nuUification controversy arose, Mr. L. took ground against it,
and was defeated for the legislature on that issue both in 1832
and '33 — one time by eleven majority, the next by fourteen.
In 1834 he came to Mobile and estabhshed a commission
house in partnership with Hon. Martin A. Lee of Perry.
This house went down in the financial crash of 1836-7, re
ducing him to poverty. He was nominated for the legislature
in the spring of 1838 by the first Whig meeting ever assem
bled in the State. He was defeated, but won such a reputa
tion that his party purchased the MobUe Advertiser from Mr.
Sol. Smith, in October 1838, and secured Mr. L. as its editor.
The next year he was elected to the legislature, and was re
elected in 1840. He then gave his attention to his paper till
1848, when he was elected mayor of MobUe city, a position in
which he was continued tUl 1855 by annual election, save one
year. In 1851 he was defeated for congress by Hon. John
Bragg after a warm canvass. In 1853 he sold his newspaper
and retfred to the western part of the county to cultivate
fruit. Fol* fifteen years he had edited the Advertiser, making
it the leading Whig journal in the State during the period
when the decisive ballot battles were fought by the two great
parties. In 1860 Mr. Langdon re-appeared in the pubhc
arena as an advocate for Mr. BeU's election to the presidency.
Opposed to secession, he ahgned hfrnseH with his adopted
section in the day of trial, and exerted both tongue and pen
to infuse hope and courage into the people. He represented
MobUe in the legislature of 1861, but was defeated for con
gress in 1863. In 1865 he was a member of the constitu
tional convention, and the same year was elected to congress
over Major S. B. Cleveland of Clarke and Mr. T. M. Mathews
of DaUas. But he was not aUowed his seat, and was soon
after disfranchised. He has since devoted his time to agri
cultural matters.
Mr. Langdon is compactly buUt, and his frank and manly
countenance is only a reflex of a sahent trait of character.
Few men can point to a more industrious and useful life as
a citizen, or a more consistent and honorable record as a poH
tician and publicist. His pen is ready, vigorous, and bold,
whUe as a speaker, he is earnest and fluent, possessing valua
ble argumentative powers. Explicit and fearless in the avowal
of his views, he is charitable toward dissenting opinions.
Possessing the cardinal virtues, he is esteemed and respected
most where he is best known. His easy and cordial manners
render him popidar with the masses.
The life of Thaddeus Sanford was identified with the his
tory of Mobile for forty-five years. He was a native of

MOBILE COUNTY. 399
Connecticut, and born in 1790. Receiving an elementary
education, he went to New York city early in life, and there
engaged in commercial pursuits. In 1822 he came to Mobile,
and here continued in a mercantile business tiU 1828, when
he became editor and proprietor of the MobUe Register. He
continued to conduct that journal, with rare tact and judg
ment, for twenty-six years, except the four from 1837 to 1841.
In 1833 he was elected by the legislature president of the
branch bank in MobUe, an office he filled for eleven years.
President Pierce appointed him collector of customs for the
port of MobUe in 1853, and the foUowing year he sold the
Register. Presidents Buchanan and Davis continued him in
the coUectorship, which he held tiU 1865. He died April 30,
1867, leaving a stainless reputation as an official and as a
journaHst. " He was at heart, as weU as in manner, a true
" and thorough gentleman, in the highest sense of the term.
"* * He was never what was considered a brilHant writer,
" but he had acquired a mastery of the EngHsh language such
"as is rarely obtained by any journaHst. His style was dis-
" tinguished by a purity and eloquence worthy the days of
"Addison and Swift."*
Heney Goldthwaite resided in MobUe. He was a native
of New Hampshire, and was born in AprU 1802. His father,
the son of an Englishman, died early in the Hfe of the son,
and his mother, a native of Wales, removed to Boston, where
she opened a boarding house to maintain her famUy. The
son received but a limited education, and at the age of thir
teen years repaired to Richmond, Vfrginia, where he was a
clerk in a dry goods house for two years. Returning to Bos
ton, he soon after saUed for M obUe, and was shipwrecked on
the voyage. Reaching the latter city in 1819, he proceeded
to Montgomery in a flat-boat, a journey of three months dura
tion. He was engaged for a short time in the store of his
brother, John, in Montgomery, then read law in the office of
Nimrod E. Benson, esq. Admitted to practice, he was for sev
eral years the associate of Hon. Benj. Fitzpatrick. In 1825
he was elected solicitor, and in 1829 represented Montgomery
in the legislature. Two years later he came to Mobile, and
for some years was the partner of Robert G. Gordon, esq. In
1836 he was elected to the bench of the supreme court by the
legislature without opposition, succeeding Justice Hitchcock.
Though young, he acquitted himself admirably in this high
station, and in 1842 was re-elected. He resigned in June 1843,
and became the candidate of his party for congress. In this
he was defeated after a briUiant canvass by Mr. DeUett of
* Major W. T. Walthall. /

400 MOBILE COUNTY.
Monroe. Ex-Gov. Clay having been appointed to succeed
him on the bench, Judge Goldthwaite was a candidate before
the legislature for the position, and triumphed over the distin
guished incumbent after a spfrited struggle. He remained on
the bench tUl his death, Oct. 19, 1847, of yeUow fever.
" To say that Judge Goldthwaite was an able jurist," said
his coUeague on the bench, Chief Justice CoUier, " would con-
" vey a most imperfect idea of his character and his merits.
" He was not only a profound lawyer, but he was a man of
¦" extensive general attainments ; distinguished for quickness
" of perception, bold aud vigorous thought, and long contin-
" ued mental apphcation. * * His powers of argumenta-
" tion, and skill in the management of cases, placed him in
¦" the front rank of his profession." He was possessed of a
strong win, unbounded self-reliance, and his mental processes
were singularly active and astute. He married a sister of
Hon. J. M. Witherspoon of Greene, and his four sons reside
in this State. Hon. George Goldthwaite of Montgomery is a
younger brother.
The late Lewis T. Woodeuef was a prominent citizen of
Mobile for many years. He was born in Farmington, Conn.,
in 1816, and was of a good famUy. At eighteen years of age
he went to Winnsboro, South Carolina, and became a clerk.
In 1839 he came to MobUe, and began business as a clerk in
an auction and commission house. He soon became a partner
in the business, and was engaged in mercantile pursuits till
his death. He was several times a member of the municipal
boards of the city. When the war began he entered the ser
vice as-captain of a company in the Third Alabama Infantry.
He served about a year, then resigned and assisted in raising
the Thirty-sixth Alabama, of wliich he was elected Heutenant
colonel. He soon became colonel of it, and shared its priva
tions and dangers tiU disabled by a wound at New Hope,
Georgia. After the war he engaged in his old business. He
was killed by the falling of a waU during a fire, May 25, 1869.
He left a bright name for honesty and integrity, and is a
model by which the young merchants of our State could weU
afford to buUd their characters.
John Archibald Campbell may also be mentioned as a cit
izen of Mobile for many years. He was born in Washington,
WUkes county, Georgia, June 24, 1811. His father, Hon.
Duncan G. CampbeU, was a prominent Georgian ; his mother
was a sister of the. late Judge Peter WUHamson of Lowndes.
He was graduated at Franklin CoUege, Athens, Ga., in 1826;
and for nearly three years after was a cadet at West Point.
Resigning in consequence of his father's death, he came to

MOBILE COUNTY. 401
Montgomery, where he was admitted to the bar in 1830. A
year later he succeeded the late Gov. Fitzpatrick as the law
partner of Mr. Henry Goldthwaite, but shortly after asso
ciated himseH with Mr, George Goldthwaite, and. the firm ex
isted tUl his removal to MobUe. In 1836 he represented
Montgomery in the legislature. The same year he declined
the appointment of justice of the supreme court of the State,
tendered by Gov. Clay, when Justice Saffold resigned ; and
the position of secretary of legation to Great Britain, ten
dered by President Jackson, when Mr. Stevenson of Vfrginia
was sent as minister plenipotentiary. In 1837 he came to
MobUe, where he became associated in the practice with
Messrs. Gordon and Chandler tUl 1840, and from that time
tiU he was appointed to the bench with the latter — the late
Daniel Chandler, esq. In 1842 he represented MobUe in the
legislature. By appointment of the legislature, he attended
the convention of the southern States at NashvUle, in May
1850, and prepared the resolutions which were adopted, unan
imously, by aU parties and shades of opinion. In 1852, when
Justice Dargan resigned, his seat on the supreme bench of
the State, Gov. CoUier tendered the place to Mr. Campbell,
but he again declined. The foUowing year, however, he ac
cepted the appointment of justice of the supreme eourt of the
United States, and fined that eminent place tUl May 1, 1861,
when he resigned. WhUe holding this position he acted as
an informal mediator between the commissioners of the Con
federate States — Messrs. Forsyth, Crawford, and Roman —
and the federal authorities, in March and AprU 1861. Hav
ing promptly cast his fortunes with the land of his birth, he
was appointed assistant secretary of war in October 1862, and
served in that capacity till the close of the struggle for sepa
ration. Associated with Senator Hunter of Vfrginia and
Vice President Stephens, he was a commissioner on the part
of the Confederacy to the Hampton Roads conference, Feb.
3, 1865. The particulars of that important but futile effort
to secure peace, and the account of the interview of the com
missioners with Messrs. Lincoln and Seward, are given at
length in Mr. Stephens' " War Between the States," vol. H,
pp. 592—619. In 1866 Judge CampbeU removed to New Or
leans, where he now practices his profession. He held a
front rank at the bar of Alabama at the early age of twenty-
seven years, and maintained it, with increasing reputation till
transferred to the bench fifteen years later. On that high
tribunal — the supreme court of the United States — he readily
sustained himself with such inteUects as Grier and Nelson.
His decisions, Hke his arguments, are freighted almost to re-
26

402 MOBILE COUNTY.
dundancy with citations from every source of authority. His
vast store of legal erudition was acqufred by incessant study,
and digested by a mind naturaUy of the first order. In the
forum, his masterly logic and cogent reasoning, unaided by
the imagery or elegance of rhetoric, were almost unanswerable.
But he has been described as " a man of all head and no
heart."* He is frigid in manner, taciturn, repellant; and
seems to believe with DeQuincy that " no man can develop
" the capacities of his own intellect, who does not at least
"chequer his Hfe with solitude."
The late Theophilus Lindsey Toulmin was a citizen of this
county for nearly forty-five years. He was born iu Kentucky in
1798, and was -the son of Judge Toulmin of Washington. He
grew to manhood in Washington, and became a planter. In
1831 he represented MobUe in the legislature, andwaselected
sheriff of the county a year or two after. He was for fourteen
years a member of the State senate from this county, closing
his service with the overthrow of the Confederacy. He died
at Toulminville, a suburb of the city, in June 1867. He was a
modest and unassuming citizen, respected and esteemed for
sterling sense and practical knowledge"* He left a character
for energy and usefulness that wiU long survive him. Of his
two sons, one is Col. Harry T. Toulmin of this county, who rep
resented it in the general assembly of the State in 1870, and
was the colonel ofthe Twenty-second Alabama Infantry during
the war.
John Gayle, one of the early governors, was a resident of
this county during the latter years of his life. He was born in
Sumter district, South Carohna, Sept. 11, 1792, and was the
son of a farmer. The son was graduated at South Carolina
CoUege in 1813, and immediately after came to Claiborne,
Monroe county. There he was several times engaged in the
struggle against the turbulent Muscogees. Having read law
in the office of Hon. A. S. Lipscomb, he was Hcensed to prac
tice in 1818. At the first session of the territorial legislature
he was nominated for the territorial councU, together with
Capt. Reuben Saffold, and was the one of the two selected for
the appointment by President Monroe. He took Ms seat in
the council in November, 1818, but the legislature of the new
State elected him soHcitor of his circuit. This office he held
two years, then resigned. In 1822 and '23 he represented Mon
roe in the lower house of the legislature, and in the latter year
he was chosen by the legislature to succeed Judge Webb on
the supreme court bench. He was subsequently re-elected,
*Rev. J. J. Hutchinson ot Greene.

MOBILE COUNTY. 403
and remained in the position tiU 1828, when he resigned.
About the same time he settled in Greene county, which he
represented in the legislature in 1829, and again in 1830. In.
the former year he was elected speaker over ex-Gov. Bibb of
Limestone, by 42 to 28 votes. In 1831 he was elected gov
ernor, receiving 14,843 votes, to 8137 for Nicholas Davis of Lime
stone, and 3643 for S. B. Moore of Jackson. Two years later
he was re-elected, receiving 9750 votes. At the close of his
term he came to Mobile to practice law. He was on the White
electoral ticket in 1836, and on the Harrison ticket in 1840.
At the election for U. S. Senator in 1841, he received 55 votes
to 72 for Hon. Wm. R. King. In 1847 he was elected to congress,
receiving 5050 votes, to 4490 for Hon. John T. Taylor of this
county. At the close of his term of two years, President Taylor
appointed him federal district judge in room of Judge Crawford,
deceased. He occupied this distinguished post tiU his death,
which occurred in this county, July 21, 1859.
Gov. Gayle was a fine-looking man, taU and muscular. In
the private walks of life he evinced a genuine sympathy with
all distressed humanity, and was kind and benevolent. As a
magistrate he was firm and incorruptible ; as a citizen patri
otic and enterprising ; as a companion inteUigent and sociable.
He wasjwice married, first to Miss Hainesworth of Clarke, the
second time to Miss Peck of Greene. Of his sons three reside
in the State. One of his daughters married Gen. Gorgas, chief
of ordinance of the Confederate States ; another married Mr:
Thomas L. Bayne, a talented lawyer of New Orleans ; a third
Gen. Hugh Aikin of South Carolina.
Among the more eminent citizens of Mobile was the late
Arthur Feancis Hopkins. He was born near Danville, Vfr
ginia, in 1794. His father received a wound in the fight at
Guilford Courthouse; his mother was Miss Moseley. He was
educated at Chapel HUl, and read law under Hon. Wm. Leigh
of Vfrginia. In 1816 he came to HuntsvUle, in Madison
county, and began the practice of the law. In January 1819
he removed to Lawrence county, and in May of that year was
elected to the convention which framed a constitution for the
State. In 1822 he was chosen to represent Lawrence in the
senate of the State, and earnestly opposed the banking
scheme in which the State was about to embark. In 1825 he
returned to HuntsvUle, and apphed himself to the practice of
his profession. In 1833 he represented Madison in the gen
eral assembly, and in January 1836 was elected a justice of
the supreme court of the State. The following winter he re
ceived the vote of his party for senator in congress, and also
became chief justice, but resigned his commission the foUow
ing year. Resuming the practice in HuntsvUle, he was on

404 MOBILE COUNTY.
the Harrison electoral ticket in 1840, and in 1844 was the tem
porary president of the national convention which nominated
Mr. Clay for the presidency. The same year he received the
vote of his party for federal senator against Mr. Lewis, and
in 1847 aud '49 the same distinction was accorded to him.
He removed to Missouri about the year 1845, and a year later
came to reside in MobUe. He was here a successful practi
tioner for ten years, associated mainly with Hon. Wm. G.
Jones. Retiring from the practice, he soon after became
president of the MobUe and Ohio raUroad, in which useful
position he served for several years. He was sent by Gov.
Moore as commissioner from the State to Vfrginia to invite
the co-operation of that State in the movement for the secu
rity of the Southern States. This was his last pubhc em
ployment, for he died in the summer of 1865 at his home in
this county. Judge Hopkins was stoutly built, and rather
large. His agreeable manner, open address, and genial spirit
rendered him extremely popular. His talents and mental
1 culture were of the first order, and his mind was well adapted
to the solution of the most intricate and complicated ques
tions. He was a laborious man, of resolute purpose, manly
fidelity and character, and of attested probity. He married a
Miss Moseley of Vfrginia, a lady whose accomphshmEnts and
humanity are known to almost every soldier who passed into
the hospitals of Richmond. Thefr descendants are numerous
in the State and county, one daughter having married Col.
John J. Walker, coUector of the port here during Gen. Tay
lor's administration, and chief commissary on the staff of
Gen. Bragg ; and another is the wife of Mr. Wm. BarnwaU, a
weU known merchant of the city.
William D. Dunn has been a resident of MobUe for nearly
forty years. He came from middle Tennessee, about the year
1832, and entered on a successful career here as a practitioner
of the law. He was associated in the labors of the profession
with Judge Lipscomb and Mr. John Hall, and was very suc
cessful. In 1842 he represented the county in the general
assembly, and his ability at once gave him a commanding po
sition in that body. He was twice re-elected, and in 1845 was
the nominee of his party for congress in this district, but was
unsuccessful. About the same time he abandoned the law,
and has since given nearly the whole of his time to raUroad
and insurance business. He is now the president of an insur
ance company. Mr. Dunn received the vote of his party for
federal senator in 1853, but has taken no very active interest
in public affairs for some years. He is taU and somewhat
spare, and his demeanor is frank and unostentatious. His
mind is capacious and weU endowed. His efforts at the bar

MOBILE COUNTY. 405
and on the stump were logical and masterly, covering the
broadest scope and presenting the clearest aspect of which
his subject was susceptible. With him sophistry and cant
were ignoble weapons, which he scorned to use. He is an in
dustrious business man, of pubhc spirit and sterHng worth.
He married a lady of Tennessee.
To the bench and bar of Mobile belong the name and fame
of Abneb Smith Lipscomb. His parents were Joel Lipscomb
and Elizabeth ChUds, natives of Culpepper county, Vfrginia,
and the father was a colonial soldier of 1776. They removed
to South Carolina, where the son was born in 1789, and after
wards came to Washington county, on the Tombikbee. The
son read under Hon. George Bowie of AbbeviUe, and one of
his feUow students was the late Chancellor Bowie of Talladega.
Having obtained Hcense, he came to St. Stephens, Washington
county, in 1811, and there discharged the duty of a citizen by
serving against the Indians. He represented Washington in
the two sessions of the territorial legislature held at St. Ste
phens, and on the organization of the State government was
elected a judge of the supreme court over Judge Harry Toul
min. When Justice Clay resigned in December 1823, Judge
Lipscomb was chosen to succeed him as chief justice. He
was re-elected in 1825, and served tiU February 1832, when a
separate supreme bench was organized. To this he was trans
ferred, with two others, and was continued as chief justice.
He resigned in January 1835, after fifteen years' service on
the bench, and eleven years as chief justice. His opinions
are found in the first ten volumes of our reports — from Minor
to 1st Porter. The number of opinions pronounced by him
show his industry as a judge, while many are characterized
by -rigor of thought and a thorough knowledge of principle.
He resumed the practice of law in Mobile. In 1838 he rep
resented the county in the house, and served as chairman of
the judiciary committee. The foUowing year he removed to
Texas, where his reputation at once insured for him a lucra
tive practice. President Lamar appointed him secretary of
state of the "Lone Star" RepubHc, and whUe in the cabinet
he threw the weight of his influence against the aUurements
held out by France and Britain #to the young repubHc for an
alHance. Judge L. was a member of the convention- caUed to
consider the annexation resolutions of the federal congress,
and, July 4, 1845, submitted to the convention resolutions ac^
cepting the terms proposed. These were adopted, and the
convention proceeded to frame a State constitution, in which
labor Judge L. had a large share. In 1846 he was appointed
a justice of the Texas supreme court, and was elected by the
people for another term of six years from March 1852. But

406 MOBILE COUNTY.
he died in office in the winter of 1856-'7, at his home in Wash
ington county. He left nine or ten chUdren, several of whom
are in Texas. He was rather above the medium stature, with'
an erect and dignified bearing. He cultivated a taste for lit
erature, in which he was weU read, and Ins conversation was
as instructive as his memory was retentive. That his conduct
as a jurist was aU that it should have been is inferred by his
repeated elections to the highest tribunals.
Philip Phillips resided in MobUe for twenty years. Born
in Charleston, South Carolina, December 1807, he is of He
brew descent and " faith. His father was from Germany.
The son was weU educated, and read law under John Gads
den, a distinguished jurist. Admitted to the bar in 1829, he
located in Cheraw. He was probably the youngest member
of the famous nuUification convention of South Carolina, and
voted against the ordinance. Iu 1834 he was a member of
the legislature, but resigned his seat the year fifter, and came
to Mobile. Here he pursued his profession, but was elected
to the legislature in 1844. The foUowing year appeared his
digest of the decisions of the supreme court, a work of much
labor. Li 1846, when the criminal court of MobUe was cre
ated, he was elected judge, but did not serve. As president
of an internal improvement convention at TaUadega in 1849
he gave his casting vote in favor of Selma, instead of Mont
gomery, as the terminus, of the Alabama & Tennessee Rivers
Railroad. He again served MobUe hi the legislature in 1851,
and two years later was elected to congress over Hon. Elihu
Lockwood of this county. He declined a re-nomination from
his party, and remained in Washington to practice his pro
fession. It is due to his exertions that the court of claims
was established in 1859. Though opposed to disunion, he
was arrested, and, with his famUy, sent into the Confederate
lines in 1861. Repairing to New Orleans, they were there
during the brutal sway of Gen. Butler. Tkis person impris-
isoned Mrs. PhilHps for three months, in the heat of summer,
in a squalid hut on Ship Island.* At the close of the war, Mr.
* In Parton's Life of Butler the author gives this statement : "The noto-
"rious Mrs. Phillips, formerly a member of Mr. Buchanan's boudoir cabi-
"net, saluted the procession [the Juneral cortege of a federal officer] with
"ostentations laughter from the balcony of her house." Subsequently he
adds : " Mrs. Phillips, I may add, was released after several weeks detention.
" She went to Mobile, where sb.6 received an ovation from the leaders of 80-
"ciety. * * She had the grace, however, to deny having intended to in-
" suit the remains of Lieut. DeKay." The facts are that Mrs. Phillips and
her family were in an upper piazza talking with a neighbor who was enter
taining a party of children when the procession passed. A few days after she
was summoned before Butler, who pretended to fly into a rage, and charged
her with scoffing at the procession. Astonished, but indignant at, such an
allegation, she remarked contemptuously, ''I was in good spirits that day."
Assuming that she was merry over the spectacle of the deceased officer, the
tyrant at once banished her to solitary confinement in the manner stated.

MOBILE COUNTY. 407
P. returned to Washington, where he now resides. He has
recently pubHshed. a work of great value to the profession,
entitled "The Statutory Jurisdiction and Practice of the
United States Supreme Court." His reputation as a pubH
cist is, indeed, overshadowed by his national fame as a lawyer.
He is profound in his learning, laborious in his profession,
and sententious but graceful and logical in his arguments.
Alabama feels a pride in her adopted son.
Mr. Phillips married' Miss Levy of Savannah, Georgia.
Eminent among the citizens of MobUe was Josiah Clarke
Nott. His father, a native of Connecticut, was for twenty
years on the supreme court bench of South Carolina. His
mother was a Miss MitcheU. Born in Union district, March
31, 1804, he was graduated at Columbia, in 1824, and finished
hismedical education at PhUadelphia three years later. Lo
cating in Columbia, he remained there till 1835, when he went
to Europe, and spent more than a year in the hospitals of
Paris. Returning, he came to MobUe, and here pursued the
caUs of his profession. In 1844 he pubHshed a smaU volume,
entitled "Bible and Physical History of Man." This was
foUowed in 1854 by a large quarto, entitled " Types of Man
kind," the joint production of himself and Mr. Geo. R. GHd-
don.* " Indigenous Races of the Earth," also a joint produc
tion, appeared two years later. These works attained a justly
wide celebrity, more particularly among the learned. They
were subjected to a sharp criticism by the clergy, chiefly be
cause they claimed so great an antiquity for man on Earth ;
but there is no scholar of the present day, who has kept pace
with the discoveries in archaeology, geology, and paleontology,
that does not claim a much more remote antiquity on this
point than is ascribed in these volumes. In 1857, Dr. Nott
was appointed professor of anatomy in the University of Lou
isiana. A year later he returned to MobUe to establish the
medical school of Alabama, of which he was professor of
surgery the two years preceding the war. He served for some
time on the medical staff of Gen. Bragg during the war. In
1867 he removed to New York city, where he now successfully
practices his profession. Besides the labors before-mentioned,
Dr. Nott has been a frequent contributor to the medical jour
nals of the countiy, and other periodicals of the better stand
ard. His researches into ethnology and its kindred branches
are a valuable contribution to knowledge, and are text books
on the subjects to which they relate. As a man he is highly
*Mr. Gliddon was an Englishman by birth, who had passed the greater
portion of his life in Egypt. He resided only a year in Alabama, and then
on the eastern shore of Mobile bay, while engaged on " Types of Mankind."

408 MOBILE COUNTY.
esteemed by those who know him best, for he unites the sen
timents and manners of a southern gentleman with the
acqufrements of the savant. He married a sister of Gen. Z.
C. Deas, and lost two sons during the late war, one of whom,
Capt. J. Deas Nott of the Twenty-second Alabama, fell at
Chicamauga. He had several brothers, aU of whom ranked
intellectuaUy high.
Prominent among the citizens of MobUe is John Foesyth.
He is the grandson of Robert Forsyth, an EngHshman who
came to America before the rebelHon of 1776, served for some
time in the mUitary famUy of Gen. Washington, and was
treacherously kUled by Rev. Beverly AUen, whom, as federal
marshal, he had under arrest in Augusta. His father was the
celebrated Georgia statesman, Gov. John Forsyth, who was
attorney general and governor of his State, a member of con
gress for fifteen years, minister to Spain, (where he negotiated
the cession of Florida,) and secretary of state for six and a
haU' years under the administrations of Messrs. Jackson and
Van Buren, and who died in 1841, aged 62 years. His son
John was born in Augusta, Ga., October 1812. When a boy
he spent two years in Madrid with his father. In 1832 he
delivered the valedictory at Princeton, and in 1834 was ad
mitted to the bar of Augusta. He at once located in Colum
bus, but the next year came to MobUe. He was soon after
appointed United States attorney for the southern district of
Alabama. The death of his father obliged him to return to
Georgia, where he remained twelve years, planting, practicing:
law, and editing the Columbus Times. Meantime he went to
Mexico as adjutant of the 1st Georgia regiment. Returning,
to MobUe in 1853, he built lumber miHs on the island in front
of the city, which were burned before completion. He at
once returned to journalism, buying the Register from Mr.
T. Sanford. In 1856, President Pierce appointed bim minis
ter to Mexico — a voluntary tender, unasked, but accepted, by
Mr. Forsyth. He reached the capital in October, and re
mained there two years. His mission was a stormy one. His
whole time was spent in the effort to get satisfaction for the
imprisonments, murders, and confiscations practiced upon his
countrymen by Mexican authorities. But he failed for want
of support at Washington, as Mr. Buchanan's foreign pohcy
was a timid one. He finally dissolved his relations with the
Zuloaga government and returned* resigning soon after, and
resuming his pen. In 1859 he represented MobUe in the leg
islature, and the following year was elected mayor. In March
1861 he was sent as commissioner to Washington to negotiate
for peace, Messrs. Crawford of Georgia and Roman of Louis
iana being his colleagues. They were instructed to gain aU

MOBILE COUNTY. 409'
the time possible, and were not deceived by the subterfuges-
of Mr. Seward as is generaUy supposed. During the war. Col.
Forsyth was for a time on the staff of Gen. Bragg,, but ren
dered far more efficient service by sustaining the hopes of the
people with his vigorous pen. This continued after the war,
when the country was desolate and the people disheartened.
He was appointed mayor of the city by Gov. Parsons, and
about the same time received a strong support for federal
senator. He continues to edit his journal, and his abUity is
recognized throughout the country. His style as a writer is.
peculiarly fresh, bold, and trenchant, and has secured for him
the highest honors of the profession of journalism. In man
ner he is reseived and dignified, but courteous. In stature
he is short and spare, with a hawk-beak nose, and grey eyes.
He married a Miss HuU of Georgia, and one of his two sons
was the late Col. Charles Forsyth, formerly of the Third Ala
bama infantry. Col. Robert Forsyth, a Confederate officer,
was a brother of Col. F.
John Beagg is also an old resident of MobUe. Born in War-
renton, North Carolina, in the year 1806, he was graduated at
Chapell HUl, in 1824, in a class with the late Dr. R. L. Fearn
of this county. His father was an architect and buUder ;
the maiden name of his mother was Crossland. Having read
law under Hon. Edward HaU of Warrenton, he opened an of
fice in that place. From 1830 to 1 835 he represented his na
tive county in the legislature, and in the latter year was ap
pointed by President Jackson a member of the board of visi
tors at West Point. During the presidential canvass of 1836,
he Was the associate editor of the Register, and his abUity in
the province of joumahsm introduced him favorably to a wide
circle of people. From 1837 to 1840 he was the attorney of the
branch bank in MobUe. In 1842 a vacancy occurred in the
office of judge of the 6th judicial circuit, and Gov. Fitzpatrick
appointed him to fill it ; and at the meeting of the general as
sembly he was chosen to the position over Gen. George W.
Crabb. At the expiration of six years he was unanimously re
elected for a Hke term by the same body. During the time,
however, the choice of the judges was transferred to the pop
ular poll. It was weU known that Judge Bragg was averse to
that manner of election, yet he was chosen by a large majority
over Hon. Aaron B. Cooper of Monroe. In 1851 he was in
duced to become a candidate for congress in order to harmon
ize the elements of discord in his party, which his non-partici
pation in active poHtical affairs for nine years enabled him to
do ; and he was elected by a majority of 1851 votes over Hon.
C. C. Langdon. -Mortified at the evidence of a decadence of
public virtue which he found in Washington, he declined

410 MOBILE COUNTY.
further service at the close of his term, feeling that for himself
at least " the post of honor was a private station. " Retiring
from professional as weU as poHtical pursuits, Judge Bragg did
not reappear in public affafrs tiU his election to the constitu
tional convention of 1861 as a representative of this county.
Physically disqualified for service in the field, he remained on
his plantation in Lowndes during the war. There, April 12, 1865,
he was subjected to the grossest personal indignities, Ms prop
erty .wantonly destroyed, and his dwelling burned over the
heads of his wife and children by the Northern troops under
Gen. WUson. He has since resided in MobUe, striving to hus
band the wreck of his once Hberal fortune.
Judge Bragg is tall and spare, with a dark complexion.
His manner is austere, and whUe on the bench he was con
sidered a martinet. Rigidly upright in his own conduct, he
exacts the same of others, and all his virtues are of the spartan
type. Besides his high rank as a jurist, so good an authority
as Col. Forsyth has pronounced him to be without a superior
as a writer in the State. He married a sister of Dr. Wm. B.
HaU of Lowndes, and his eldest son is an attorney at the bar
of this county. The late Gov. Thomas Bragg of North Caro
lina, and Capt. Wm. Bragg of Wilcox, who died in the con
federate service, were brothers of Judge B. Also,
Beaxton Beagg, a citizen of MobUe, is a brother of the
foregoing. He was born in 1815 in Warren county, North
Carolina ; was graduated at West Point MUitary Academy ;
distinguished himself in the war with Mexico ; became a gen
eral in the confederate service ; and commanded its armies at
Pennsacola, and at the battles of ShUoh, PerryvUle, Murfrees
boro, Chicamauga, and Mission Ridge. As he has had no
connection with the affairs of Alabama, aud has only been a
citizen of the State since 1865, he may with propriety be left
to the chroniclers of a more general history of the South.
Joseph White Lesesne came to MobUe in 1836. He was
born at Georgetown, South Carolina, in 1811, and was a grad
uate of South Carolina CoUege. He read law and practiced
about a year at YorkvUle before he came to this State. He
was associated in the practice in Mobile with Messrs. John
Forsyth and Win. D. Dunn. He soon took high rank at the
bar, and when ChanceUor Crenshaw died, in 1847, Gov. Mar
tin selected him to fill the vacancy. At its meeting the legis
lature elected him for a term of six years, over Hou. Francis
Bugbee of Montgomery, and he filled the office during that
time. He also acqufred considerable reputation as a poHtical
writer during the heated controversies in 1855-6. He was
drowned by the upsetting of a saU-boat in the bay, Oct. 15,

MOBILE COUNTY. 411
1856, whUe crossing from his residence at Point Clear. Chan
ceUor Lesesne was a gentleman of cultivated mind and supe
rior natural endowments. As a speaker he was exceedingly
forcible, his logical ideas being expressed with ease and effect.
To the equity bench he seemed especially adapted by the
order of his mind, his lofty sense of justice, and the purity
of his private life. He married a daughter of President
Cooper of South Carolina CoUege and his chUdren reside in
MobUe. The late Daniel Chandler was a prominent citizen of Mo
bUe for more than thirty years. He was born at Warrenton,
Georgia, Dec. 13, 1805 ; was graduated at Frankhn CoUege,
and read law under Judge Tucker at Winchester, Virginia.
He came to MobUe soon after attaining to manhood, and gave
the best years and labors of a busy Hfe to the profession of
his choice. Though fully alive to pubhc events, and fuU of
pubHc spirit, only once, in 1843, did he consent to accept
pubhc position ; and that year he represented the county in
the general assembly. He several times declined high official
trusts. He was the 'law partner of Hon. John A. CampbeU
for many years, and was afterwards associated with Hon. R.
H. Smith. He was stricken down by disease in 1863, and he
did not recover fully. His death occurred in New Orleans,
October 26, 1866. To an ample figure and imposing appear
ance, Mr. Chandler united a kind heart and a generous soul.
He was learned in the law, and eloquent at the bar. His im
pressive tones and ardent address, when engaged in the dis
cussions of the forum, lent a charm to the court-room. In
aU matters affecting the common weal, he manifested a warm
interest, and was known to aU the county by his earnest zeal
in every good enterprise. He was also pious, and of the
strictest probity in his intercourse with his feUow man. He
married a sister of Hon. John A. Campbell, and his son,
Capt. John L. Chandler of this county, was on staff duty with
Gen. Clanton during the late war.
Few men have the marked individuality of Edmund Spann
Daegan, a leading citizen of MobUe for thirty years past.
Bom in Montgomery county, North Carolina, AprU 15, 1805,
he was the son of a Baptist minister, of Lish descent. His
mother was a Miss LUly, whose father came from England.
His father died, and left him without means wherewith to ac
quire an education ; but, by his own exertions, he obtained
a fair knowledge of English, Latin, and Greek. He was
engaged on a farm tiU he was twenty-three years old, then he
read law in the office of Col. Joseph Pickett at Wadesboro.
In 1829 he came to Alabama, and taught school three months

412 MOBILE COUNTY.
at Washington, Autauga county. He then began to practice
law there, but removed to Montgomery in 1833. He arose
rapidly in the profession, and made his practice lucrative. In
1840 he was beaten for the legislature as the- candidate of the
minority party. A year later he was elected by the general
assembly to the bench of the cfrcuit court of this district,
over Judge WUHam Hale of this county, and he at once came
to reside in this county. He resigned the office of judge in
1842, and in 1844 was elected to the State senate from MobUe.
He resigned the foUowing year, when he was the nominee of
his party for congress, and elected over Hon. Wm. D. Dunn.*
He refused a renomination ; aud in December 1847 was elected
to the supreme bench of the State by the general assembly.
In July 1849 he became chief justice by the resignation of
Justice Collier. He occupied the very honorable position till
December 1852, when he resigned, and resumed the practice
in MobUe. He was not again in public life tUl he was elected
to the constitutional convention of 1861. The year after he
was elected to the Confederate congress over Col. Percy
Walker, and Col. Portis of Clarke,t but declined are-election,
and has taken no active part in pubhc affafrs since the peace.
He is of ordinary highth, but muscular and weU buUt. He
has a pecuhar gravity of expression, and is eccentric in dress
and habits, which are the source of many anecdotes. - His abU
ity is very marked, and his opinions whUe on the bench are
strikingly logical and compact in thefr structure. His views
upon current events are quaint, and denote a train of ideas
distinct from the common channels of thought. His maimer
is earnest, if not cordial, and he is a favorite of the bar and
the masses. He married Miss Brack of Montgomery, and
one of his sons is an attorney in California.
William Giles Jones, of this county, is a native of Powhat-
tan county, Virginia, and was born Nov. 6, 1808. His father
"The two candidates reached Washington county in their stumping tonr.
When the speaking was over, Col. Prince, the wealthiest, citizen in the vicin
ity, walked towards his residence with Mr. Dunn. "You are going to be
beaten," remarked Prince. "How's that?" asked.Dunn; " didn't you write
to me that I was the strongest man in the district? and have n't we a majority
in it ?'' " I know that, " said Prince, looking furtively around, ' ' but here you
are walking off to dinner with me, the richest man in the county, and there
sits Dargan, in that crowd of one-gallows' fellows, picking the ticks off his
legs." fin one of his works, Mr. E. A. Pollard attempts to illustrate the low stan
dard of men that filled the seats of the Confederate congress, by relating an
incident in which Judge Dargan drew a bowie-knife on Gov. Foote of Ten
nessee on the floor of the chamber. The facts are that Mr. Foote made a
disrespectful remark to Judge D , whereupon the latter seized him by the
collar, and lifted his hand, in which was a pen-staff, in a striking attitude
over him. Such was the bowie-knife !

MOBILE COUNTY. 413
was a planter and a nephew of Gov. Wm. B. GUes ; his mother
a Miss Moseley, which connects him by consanguinity with
Judge A. F. Hopkins. He received his education at Hamp-
den-Sidney and the University of Virginia. His law preceptor
was Attorney General John Robertson of Richmond, after
wards a chanceUor. Admitted to the bar in 1830, he practiced
several years in Vfrginia, removing to Erie, then the county
town of Greene, in 1836, and subsequently removing to Eutaw.
He represented Greene in the lower house of the legislature
in 1843, and the same year located in Mobile, where he prac
ticed with success. In 1849, and again in 1857, he represented
MobUe in the legislature. He was a whig tUl the dissolution
of that party, when he perceived that the safety of the South
depended upon the success of the democratic party. The
death of Gov. Gayle left vacant the office of federal district
judge in 1859, and he was appointed to that position by Mr.
Buchanan. When Alabama seceded Judge Jones tendered
his resignation ; but President Davis appointed him to the
same position, and he continued to hold it tUl the fall of the
Confederacy. Since that time he has quietly practiced his
profession in MobUe. Judge Jones has always borne the most
enviable reputation as a citizen and as a jurist. Intellectually
he is sohcl and penetrating, clear in conception and concise in
expression. There is nothing eccentric about him ; afl is uni
form and methodical. WhUe on the bench he won "golden
" opinions from aU sorts of people " by his decorum, patience,
impartiahty, and abUity. He is now apparently in the me
ridian of his useful life, and bids fair to remain an ornament
to the profession for many years. Judge Jones' first wife was
Miss Branch of Dinwiddie county, Va. ; his second a sister of
the brave Col. Hobson of the Fifth Alabama Infantry, now of
Virginia. One of his sons died of wounds received at Mal
vern HUl ; another died of disease contracted in the service.
It is with pride that Alabamians can claim that thefr State
contributed to the Confederacy its most distinguished naval
commander. Raphael Semmes, a citizen of MobUe, and of
the State for the past thirty years, was born in Charles county,
Maryland, Sept. 27, 1809. His father, a planter and merchant,
was a descendant of the Roman CathoHc colonists who settled
that State. His mother was Miss Middleton. Receiving an
academic education, he was appointed a midshipman by Pres
ident J. Q. Adams in 1826. His instruction in naval tactics
was acquired at Norfolk, and in 1832 he passed an examina
tion. WhUe on furlough as a midshipman, he read law with
his brother at Cumberland, and was Hcensed as an attorney
in 1834. He was first assigned to duty as second master of
a frigate, and soon after transferred to another as active Heu-

414 MOBILE COUNTY.
tenant. In 1837 he was commissioned Heutenant, and for nine
years after saw the usual alternations of the naval service.
He became a citizen of Alabama in 1842, when he brought
his famUy to a home on the west bank of the Perdido. Since
1849 he has made MobUe his home. At the commencement
of the war with Mexico he was made flag-lieutenant of ¦ Com.
Conner's flagship. At Vera Cruz he was in command of a
battery of breaching guns. Shortly after, he was placed in
command of the Somers, and was blockading Vera Cruz with
her when she went down in a gale, aud sixty of her crew were
drowned. At the peace he was for several years inspector of
Hghthouses on the Gulf coast. In 1855 he was promoted to
the rank of commander, and three years later was placed on
duty at Washington as secretary of the lighthouse board.
His State having withdrawn from the Union, he resigned, Feb.
15, 1861, and at once came to Montgomery. Commissioned
with the same rank, he was immediately sent to New York to
purchase stores of war, and there remained in the accomplish
ment of that purpose tUl the latter days of JM arch. Return
ing he was placed in charge of the lighthouse bureau, but the
combat at Fort Sumter caused him to seek service afloat.
Ordered to New Orleans, he there fitted up and equipped
a five-hundred-ton merchant-man, with which he passed
the blockade at the delta of the Mississippi, the 30 th of June,
1861. With this little vessel, caUed the Sumter by Secretary
MaUory, he passed through the West Indies, aud cruised
along the coast of South America as far south as Maranham ;
then returned to the Caribbean, aud crossed the ocean to
Gibraltar. Here he was blockaded by two federal men-o'-
war, and, as he could obtain no coal, with most of his crew
saUed for England, leaving the Sumter to be sold.* Consid
ering her slender capacity and petty burthen, the six months'
cruise of this Httle vessel was brilHant. Seventeen merchant
vessels were captured, eight of them burned, one was recap
tured, whUe the others, being sent into the ports of Spain as
prizes, feU again into the hands of the enemy by the aid of
the authorities of that government. Capt. Semmes now pre
pared to resume active operations. Promoted to the rank of
captain, and third in rank in that service, he was ordered to
the command of the Alabama, a vessel of 900 tons, which had
been buUt at Liverpool for the Confederacy, aud had escaped
by a ruse from thence to the Azores. Capt. Semmes reached
that pomt, assumed command, and, in August 1862, began his
second famous cruise. After depredating upon the enemy's
* This was done a few weeks after. With her name changed to Gibraltar,
she made a successful visit to Charleston as a blockade-runner, but was sub
sequently lost in the North Sea, near the spot where the Alabama went down.

MOBILE COUNTY. 415
whaling fleet in the vicinity of the Azores, he moved up to
within two hundred miles of New Tork city, and remained
there for several days effecting captures. Passing thence to
the West Indies, he soon ran over to the coast of Texas. Off
Galveston, the night of Jan. 11, 1863, he fought the federal
steamer Hatteras, of larger size and nearly equal armament.
With a loss of one man wounded, he caused this vessel to
strike her colors within 13 minutes, and to sink just after.
Her crew was taken to Jamaica and paroled. Skirting
the coast of South America as far down as Bahia, he
crossed to the Cape of Good Hope, thence traversed the
Indian ocean to the southeast coast of Asia, and spread
the terror of the Confederate arms to the antipodes. Re
turning by way of the Cape of Good Hope, he dropped
anchor in the port of Cherbourg, France. The federal steamer
Kearsage having blockaded him, he chaUenged her. The
enemy was somewhat superior in tonnage, and carried nearly
an equal armament, and her more vulnerable section was
draped with chains in such a manner that, while they were
concealed from the Alabama,, she was in a great measure iron
clad. The action fought off Cherbourg, June 19, 1864, lasted
over an hour, and ended by the sinking of the Alabama, just
after she struck her colors. The Kearsage made no immedi
ate effort to save the crew from a watery grave, and the steam-
yacht of an English gentleman (Mr. John Lancaster), who
had been a spectator of the combat, rescued forty of them,
including Capt. Semmes, and took them safely to England.
Nine of the crew of the Alabama were kUled, 10 were drowned,
and 21 wounded — the latter being safely sent off in boats to
the enemy's ship. The Kearsage, protected by her armor,
sustained no material injury, During her cruise of nearly two
years, besides the two engagements here chronicled, the Ala
bama captured about fifty merchant vessels, three-fourths of
which were burned because there was no friendly port into
which tp send them. Furthermore, the enemy's commercial
marine, which whitened every sea, was swept from the ocean,
and the damage to her trade was immense. " As a testimony
" to unflinching patriotism and naval daring," a nuniber of
British officers presented Capt. Semmes with a sword, soon
after his arrival in England, to replace the one he had thrown
into the sea at the close of the combat. Finding no further
opportunity for service afloat, he saUed from England, Octo
ber 3, and reached Richmond, by way of Matamoras, Jan
uary, 16, 1865. Early in February he was appointed rear-
admiral " for gaUant and meritorious conduct in command of
"the steam-sloop Alabama," and assigned to the command of
the James River fleet. This consisted of three iron-clad and

416 MOBILE COUNTY.
live wooden steamers, and with them he guarded the water
approach to Richmond till that city was evacuated. He then
blew up his vessels, and retired to DanvUle. There his 400
marines were organized into a brigade, and he was assigned
to the command of them, though entitled to higher rank
Joining the army of Gen. J. E. Johnson at Greensboro, he
returned to his home in MobUe after the convention between
Generals Johnston and Sherman, and opened a law office.
He was thus peaceably engaged when he was seized' by a
platoon of soldiers, without a judicial process, but by order
of the secretary of the federal navy, and taken to Washing
ton. He was confined in the marine barracks for four months,
and was then released by the president's proclamation. A
few weeks after, he was elected to the office of judge of the
probate court of this county, but was notified by the war de
partment that he would not be permitted to hold the office.
The same year he edited a daUy newspaper in MobUe, then
became a professor in the Louisiana MUitary Institute, and
•subsequently edited a daily journal in Memphis. He is now
practicing law in MobUe. Shortly after the war with Mexico
he published a volume, entitled ""Afloat and Ashore," a nar
rative of many events of the struggle. In 1869 he pubHshed
"Memoirs of Service Afloat," an instructive volume embracing
.an account of the achievements of the Sumter and the Ala,-
bama ; written with excusable acerbity, and evincing on the
part of the author a thorough knowledge of the physics of
the ocean, and of international law. And as no one perhaps
rendered more valuable service to the Confederacy during its
memorable existence, neither has any one prepared a more
enduring memento of the glory which attaches to her arms.
He has adorned the annals of the State with his sword, and
he has illustrated her Hterary excellence with his pen. Ad
miral Semmes unites the courage of the saUor, and the pen
craft of the scholar, with the tone of the gentleman, and the
spirit of the patriot. He married Miss Spencer of Ohio.
One of his sons, his law partner, was an officer ,of artiUery in
the confederate service, and lately represented this county in
the general assembly. Another son was an officer of the First
Louisiana regiment. Judge Semmes of the Maryland court
of appeals was a brother.
Colin J. McRae, a leading financier of this county, was born
in FayettevUle, North Carolina, in 1812. His father was a mer
chant. His mother was a daughter of Mr. Donald McRae of
South Carolina. In the youth of the son his parents removed
to southern Mississippi, and he there grew to manhood, receiv
ing a finished education. In 1838 he was a member of the

MOBILE COUNTY. 417
Mississippi legislature. Two years later he came to MobUe,
and became a commission merchant as the partner of Col. Bur-
weU Boykin, a talented and leading citizen. This house was
widely known and quite prosperous. In 1861 Gen. McRae
was elected a delegate to the provisional congress of the South
ern States, and, soon after the termination of his service, was
sent to Europe as the financial agent of the Confederacy. In
this capacity he rendered important service, negotiating loans,
etc. At the close of the war he emigrated to Spanish Hondu
ras, where he is now a merchant and the partner of' a brother
of Hon. J. P. Benjamin. Gen. McRae is taU and "fine-look
ing, " with decided Scotch features. His financial abUity is
widely known, whUe his genial nature and easy address insure
popularity. His brother, Hon. J. J. McRae, was governor of,
and federal senator from, Mississippi.
Jones Mitchell Withees also resides in MobUe, but is a
native of Madison, where he was born Jan. 12, 1814. His father,
John Withers, a native of Dinwiddie county, Vfrginia, was a
planter and gentleman of cultivation. His mother was a Miss
Jones of Brunswick county, Vfrginia. The son attended the
Greene Academy in HuntsvUle, but at the age of seventeen
years was appointed by President Jackson a cadet at West
Point. Graduating in 1835, he was assigned to the First Dra
goons, with the rank of brevet second Heutenant, and repaired
to Fort Leavenworth. In December of the same year he re
signed and returned to Madison. During the Creek troubles
in 1836 he served on the staff of Maj. Gen. Benj. S. Patterson,
and proceeded to Tuskegee to drUl the volunteers. When Gen.
Jessup arrived, he was transferred to the staff of that officer.
At the close of the troubles he read law in Tuskaloosa, whUe
serving as private secretary to Governor Clay. Admitted to
practice iu 1838, he estabhshed himseK in Tuskaloosa. In 1841
he came to MobUe, where he added the business of a com
mission merchant to that of his professional, employment.
WhUe residing in Lowndes, in 1846, he volunteered as a private
in Capt. W. E. Martin's company for service in Mexico. At
the formation of the regiment, in Mobile, he was elected colo
nel, but the government declined to receive the regiment, and
only a portion got as far as New Orleans. Col. Withers soon
after came back to MobUe, and became engrossed in mercan
tile affafrs. In 1855 he represented the county in the legisla
ture, but resigned the foUowing year, when elected mayor of
the city. He was continued in this position tiU 1861, by annual
elections. At the beginning of the war between the States, he
was chosen colonel of the Third Alabama Infantry, and pro
ceeded with it to Norfolk, Vfrginia, where he was placed over
27

418 MOBILE COUNTY.
a brigade. In July he was commissioned a brigadier, and or
dered to the command of the defences of Mobile. When the
Western Army was organized at Tupelo, June 1862, he was
assigned to a division consisting of Gardner's (Ala.) brigade,
Chalmer's (Miss.) brigade, Jackson's (Ala.) brigade, Trapier's
(S. C. and Ala.) brigade, and Waters's, Bortwell's, Robertson's,
and Ketchum's batteries. This division he led in Kentucky,
and participated in that memorable campaign. He was soon
after detached, and placed in command of a department, with
headquarters at Montgomery. He was not in further active
service, and at the return of peace resumed business in MobUe
city. He is now editor of the MobUe Tribune.
Gen. Withers is of light frame, and nervous temperament;
the latter finding expression in his restless brown eyes. He is
a thoughtful and thoroughly informed but cynical pubHcist,
and a cultivated and incisive writer. As a civil administrator,
his capacity was subjected to a severe but gratifying test whUe
at the head of the municipal affairs ofthe city of Mobile. He
married a daughter of B on. D. M. Forney of Lowndes, and one
of his sons was a member of his staff.
Prominent at the bar of MobUe is Lyman Gibbons. Like
many of the most useful men of the county, he is of Northern
birth, his nativity dating at Westerlo, Albany county, New
Tork, in 1808. bis father was a farmer, who gave his son a
liberal education. Graduating at Amherst CoUege, he read
law three or four months at Royalton, Vermont, with Hon.
Jacob Collamer, afterwards postmaster general of the United
States. He came to Alabama in the faU of 1833, and became
one of the faculty of Spring HUl CoUege. WhUe there he
continued his studies, and came to the bar in 1835. He re
mained in MobUe a few months, then removed to Claiborne,
Monroe county, where he formed a partnership with Hon.
James Dellett. In 1838 he returned to MobUe to practice.
In 1845 he' went to Paris, and remained there more than two
years reading the civil law. Returning to America, he located
in New Orleans, where he . practiced for two years, then came
to Mobile. Appointed to fiU a vacancy on the circuit court
bench in the summer of 1851, he was elected to a fuU term of
six years the following spring. Li December 1852, Gov.
CoUier appointed him a justice of the supreme court, which
high trust he resigned January 5, 1854. In 1853 he married
the only daughter of Hon. James Dellett of Monroe, and
now passes much of his time in that county, rl e represented
Monroe in the constitutional convention of 1861, which was
his last official position. After the war he resumed the prac
tice of law, which he had abandoned since retiring from the
bench. Li figure, Judge G. is large, stout, and weU preserved.

mobile county. 419
As a companion he is sociable and entertaining. To him his
profession is a source of pride, and its principles are thor
oughly imbued in a mind naturally logical and methodical.
He never resorts to the arts of those who maka the practice
a trade ; and, while his manners are pleasant, they are too far
removed from "Jack Cade-ism" to make him a man of the
multitude. Few names are more famUiar to the bar of south Alabama
than that of Judge Rapier of this county. For fifteen years,
and till recently, he filled the office of cfrcuit court judge with
satisfaction to the public and honor to himseH. Chaeles Wil
liam Rapier was born in Nelson county, Kentucky, in 1819,
his father being a farmer of EngHsh descent. He was edu
cated at Bardstown and Lexington, graduating in the law
school at the latter place. He also read law with Judge
Rowan, afterwards federal senator. Li 1842 he came to Mo
bUe, opened a law office, and soon took high rank at the bar.
In 1853 he was elected to the circuit bench over the incumbent,
Hon. John A. Cuthbert. Agam in 1859, after a thrilling can
vass — in which the friends of the two candidates exerted them
selves strenuously — he was elected for a second term of six
years over the late Major O. S. Jewett of Clarke. The war
ending just at the close of his term, Gov. Parsons continued
Judge Rapier on the bench at the request of the bar ; and he
was again elected in May 1866. He continued to fill its duties
tiU the congressional reconstruction of July 1868 forced him
from office. In 1867 he married Miss Labretta, a MobUe lady
of Itahan bfrth. Judge Rapier is taU and rather spare, his
features betokening benevolence and veneration, lie is un
obtrusive and modest in his deportment, and lent to the bench
the lustre of a blameless life.
John T. Taylor resides in this county, but is a native of
Clarke. His parents came from Tennessee and settled near
CoffeevUle in 1812. Born in 1815, the son passed his boyhood
in Clarke, receiving a meagre education. At the age of 16
years, he came to MobUe, and obtained a situation as office-
boy in a commission house. He worked his way quickly up
to a copartnership, but, faUing of success, he abandoned the
business. By the assistance of a brother, he read law in New
Haven, Conn., but so defective wras his education that he em
ployed a private tutor to advance his literary course. In 1842
he was enrolled as an attorney, and at once began his profes
sional labors in Linden, Marengo county. He remained there
three years, then came to Mobile. In 1847 he was the nomi
nee of his party for congress, but was beaten by ex-Gov. Gayle_
In 1855 he was elected to fill a vacancy in the legislature, and'

420 mobile county. i
in 1863 he again served the county in that capacity. A warm
devotion to his profession, however, has given him a disin
clination for public service. He twice declined offers of ap
pointment to the bench of the supreme court. He is a pro
found lawyer, a forcible speaker, and a gentleman of many
virtues and lofty traits of character. He married a daughter
of Mr. David Curry, sheriff of Marengo for some years.
Buewell Boykin was a prominent merchant of MobUe for
a number of years. He was of a South Carohna famUy, well
known iu the southern counties of this State. Born in Ker
shaw district, in 1814, he was graduated at Tuskaloosa, and
practiced law a short time at Cahaba. He twice represented
DaUas in the legislature. About the year 1839, he gave his
attention to the commission business in MobUe city, in part
nership with Gen. Colin J. McRae, and was a leading and
influential citizen here. He died in July 1857 on his planta
tion in Dallas, in the meridian of his life. Mr. Boykin was
of commanding figure, and genial nature, with rich mental
gifts, and scholarly attainments. He married a sister of Judge
Shortridge of Shelby, then a sister of Gen. Colin McRae, and
one of his sons is an attorney at the bar of DaUas.
Duke W. Goodman is another name connected with the
commercial interests of MobUe. A native of Charleston,
South Carolina, he came to this county in 1835 or '36. En
gaging in business here, he was one of the foremost men of
the city of MobUe in aH measures for the pubhc weal. He
died in 1866. He accumulated wealth here, as weU as a name
for probity and benevolence that wiH be remembered long
after the recoUection of his taU figure has passed away with
the current generation.
The late Haeey Maury wiU long be remembered in MobUe.
He was a native of Virginia, and a scion of the famUy which
has produced Prof. M. F. and Gen. D. H. Maury. Bom about
the year 1827, he led a roving life for several years, and came
to MobUe in 1848. He then went into the coasting trade in
command of a schooner. In 1852 he was admitted to the
bar, and practiced several years. In 1855 he became an ac
tive politician, and was elected marshal of the city of MobUe.
In 1858 he fought and wounded Capt. (since Baron) deRiviere,
a French citizen residing here, in a duel. The foUowing year
he commanded an armed vessel in Walker's last Ul-fated at
tempt upon Nicaragua. He was elected colonel of the Second
Alabama Infantry early in 1861, and remained on duty at Fort
Morgan a year. When a new organization was formed, at the
end of that time, he was elected lieutenant colonel of it — the
Thirty-second Alabama. He commanded a brigade in the fight

MOBILE COUNTY. 421
at Stevenson, and was wounded at Jackson, Mississippi, in
1863. A year later, he was colonel of the Fifteenth Confeder
ate mounted regiment, and saw service on the coast. At the
return of peace he engaged in mercantUe pursuits in Mobile
city, and died here in February 1869. In the varied occupa
tions of his stirring Hfe he is said to have always discharged
his duties satisfactorily. SaUor, lawyer, policeman, marine,
artUlerynian, infantry commander, cavalry officer, grocer — Col.
Maury presented a character truly American. His figure was
martial and handsome, and his courage cool and dauntless.
A Hterary Hght of no ordinary brilliance passed from Earth
with the soul of Alexandee Beaufobt* Meek, a citizen of
MobUe for twenty years. He was born in Columbia, S.- C,
July 17, 1814. His father was a Methodist minister, and also
a physician ; displaying in both capacities highly respectable
talents. His mother was a Miss McDowell. When quite
young his parents removed to Tuskaloosa, in this State, and
he there early displayed those rich mental endowments which
distinguished his after Hfe. We have it on the authority of
Hon. Wm. R. Smith of Tuskaloosa that whUe yet a boy he
memorized the Bible, and recited it at Sabbath school. He
was graduated at the University in 1833, and was enrolled as
an attorney in 1835. When the troubles with the Creeks
occurred, he volunteered as ensign in one of the companies
that went from that county. In 1836 he was appointed attor
ney general of the State by Gov. Clay, and held the position
till the foUowing winter. He gave much of his time now to the
editorial conduct of a newspaper, aud in 1839 took the edito
rial management of a Hterary periodical founded in Tuska
loosa by Robert A. Eaton. In this magazine first appeared
several chapters on the history of what is now Alabama.
"He was the first that ever burst into that silent sea."
He was one of the committee selected to examine the digest
prepared by Gov. Clay. In 1842 Gov. Fitzpatrick appointed
him judge of the probate court of Tuskaloosa, but at the
meeting of the legislature he was defeated for the place by
Hon. S. D. J. Moore. In 1845 he was appointed by Presi
dent Polk assistant secretary of the U. S. treasury, which
made him the legal adviser of that department. After hold
ing the office about two years he retfred with the commission
of federal attorney for the southern district of the State, and
was retained in that position tiU the close of Mr. Polk's term.
It was then that he came to reside in MobUe. He at once
became associated with Mr. Sanford in the editorship of the
Register, and the connection only terminated with his election
"His baptismal name was "Alexander Black,'' but he changed it.

422 MOBILE COUNTY.
to the house of representatives in 1853. WhUe in that body,
as chairman of the committee on education, he reported a bUl
to organize a system of public schools in fhe State, and to
establish a department of education. This bUl laid the
foundation of the present system of pubhc instruction, of
which he maybe caUed the father. In 1854 he was appointed
by Gov. Winston judge of the probate court of MobUe, and
held the office tiU May of the following year. In 1856 he was
an elector on tbe Buchanan ticket. About this time three
volumes of his literary labors were issued. One of these,
"Red Eagle," is an heroic poem of considerable length.
Another, "Romantic Passages in Southwestern History," is a
collection of sketches, essays, and orations. The third is a
collection of fugitive pieces, entitled " Songs and Poems of
the South." These works were received with marked favor,
and greatly widened , the area of his fame. H e was again
chosen to represent MobUe in the lower house in 1859; and
was elected speaker on the assembling of the legislature.
This was his last public service. During the struggle for the
independence of the South, an occasional lyric from him
would electrify the popular heart and nerve the patriot's
breast. His sudden death, Nov. 1, 1865, in Columbus, Miss.,
to which place he had recently removed, surprised, the coun
try. He left no chUdren, though twice married ; the first time
to Mrs. Slatter of MobUe, the second time to Mrs. Cannon of
Columbus, Miss.
In physical appearance Judge Meek was a fine sample of
manhood. His taU, erect, and weU-proportioned frame was
conspicuous in any group of men. " The Almighty was
"pleased to bestow upon him au inteUect of an order so
" high that from his youth he became noted as an orator,
"poet, and scholar. Abroad, more than at home, he was
" esteemed one of the brightest intellectual ornaments of his
" State. * * His eloquence was of a lofty and fervid type,
" and some of his best efforts in his palmy days deserve to
" take high rank in American oratory. * * He leaves his
" mark behind him as one of the Hghts of his clay and gener-
" ation in the empire of mind. In his personal character no
" man was more amiable and kindly in his feelings, and more
" beloved in the circle of associations to which he chose to
"limit himself."* "Take him, aU in all, he was the most lov-
" able man 1 ever knew."f With aU these shining gU'ts, he
lacked that application and energy which so often gives suc
cess to intrepid mediocrity ; for while he toyed with the Cleo
patra of ease the Actium of life was being won by inferior men.

"Mobile Register. ^Kev_ p p Neely_

MOBILE COUNTY. 423
Augusta Evans Wilson resides in Mobile. She was born
at Columbus, Georgia, in 1835, and is the daughter of the
late Mr. M. R. Evans, a merchant of MobUe city. Her mother
was a Miss Howard, also of Georgia. In 1845 her parents
removed to Texas, but came to Mobile four years later, and
she has since resided here. Her education was almost wholly
from the teachings of her mother, there being no advantages
in Texas, and her want of health preventing the regular at
tendance of school here. At the age of fifteen years she
wrote "Inez," a small volume of fiction, which was published
in 1855 without attracting favorable notice. In 1859 appeared
"Beulah," another fiction, which was seized upon with avidity
by the pubhc, ran through several editions in as many months,
and gave the author a very wide reputation. " Macaria" ap
peared in 1864, and was republished at the North as soon as
a copy could be obtamed, but Gen. G. H. Thomas prohibited
its circulation in the army of the Tennessee. " St. Elmo "
appeared in 1866, and " Vashti " in 1869 — both fictions, and
abounding in the psychological vein which characterizes
"Beulah." She was engaged only two mouths in writing
"Beulah;" eighteen months in preparing "St. Elmo," and
was more careful with "Vashti" than with any of her works.
"Beulah," "Macaria," and "St. Elmo" have been translated
into German and French, and aU have appeared in England
soon after thefr pubhcation here. In 1868 she married Mr.
L. M. WUson, vice president of i the .wobUe & Montgomery
RaUroad. Mrs. WUson's writings have been the subject of
much criticism and controversy, but, success being the stand
ard, her adherents may claim a thorough triumph for her.
She is an earnest writer, and her learning stands confessed.
In descriptive scenes and pathos her power is exhibited most
strikingly. Her sentiments are of the purest kind, and the
incidents related are free from grossness. But Mrs. Wilson
is not only an author, she is a woman ; and a pious and useful
one — "No less accomplished in domestic art,
Or the sweet cunning that beguiles the heart."
She is of medium highth and size ; with dark hair, dark-
grey eyes, and a thoughtful expression of face. She is an
interesting conversationalist, and her tone and manner are
free from hauteur.
Alexandee McKinstry, of this county, is a native of Au
gusta, Georgia, where he was born in 1823. His father came
from New England, and his mother, a Miss Thompson, was
descended from Gen. EHjah Clarke of Georgia. Left at an
early age without father or fortune, he came to Mobile when
he was thfrteen years old, and was engaged by a mercantile

424 MOBILE COUNTY.
house for several years. He then read law in the office of
Hon. John A. CampbeU, and was licensed to practice in 1843.
In 1850 he was elected to the office of judge bf the city court,
an office he held for a number of years. In 1861 he was
elected to the colonelcy of the Thirty-second Alabama In
fantry, but was soon after appointed a judge of the military
court of Gen. Forrest's department. In 1865 he represented
MobUe in the general assembly of the State, and was chair
man of the judiciary committee of the house. In 1871 he
was appointed county solicitor, a position he now holds.
Col. McKinstry's Hfe has been oue of arduous toU aud study,
and he now ranks with the abler advocates at the bar of the
county. He was impartial and patient whUe he was on the
bench, and his career exhibits proof of the energy and firm
ness of purpose which are his pecuhar attributes. He mar
ried a daughter of Mr. Robert R. Dade of this county.
Zach. C. Deas resided in MobUe. He was born in Cam
den, South Carohna, Oct. 25, 1819, and was the son of Hon.
James S. Deas, who served this county in the State senate in
1857. His mother was a sister of Hon. James Chestnut, jr.,
federal senator from South Carolina at one time. He came
to MobUe with his parents in 1835, and at the outbreak of
the war between the States, was a commission merchant in
Mobile. Having seen service in Mexico, he offered his ser
vices to the Confederacy, and was assigned to duty as aid-de
camp to Gen. J. E. Johnston. In this capacity he participated
in the first- battle of Manassas. Authorized to raise a regi
ment, with Ihe assistance of Major Robert B. Armistead, he
recruited the Twenty-second Alabama, and was elected colonel
of it at its organization. But the government had no arms,
and he paid $28,000 in gold out of his own means for 800
Enfield rifles to equip his regiment, and received, as a reim
bursement, that amount of Confederate bonds a }rear later.
At ShHoh he led the Twenty-second tUl the faU of Gen. Glad
den and Col. Adams left him to command the brigade ; but
he was severely wounded the second day, after having two
horses killed under him. He led the Twenty-second through
the Kentucky campaign, and was present at MumfordsvUle and
in the Salt river affair. He participated at Murfreesboro the
second day, and superceded Gen. Gardner in command of the
brigade — the Nineteenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-fifth, Thir
ty-seventh, and Twenty-sixth-Fiftieth Alabama regiments —
shortly after, though his commission as brigadier bears date
Dec. 13, 1862. At Chicamauga, where he led the brigade, it
routed Sheridan's division, killing Brigadier General W. H.
Lytle, and capturing seventeen pieces of artiUery, but losing-
forty per cent, of its force engaged. He was also in command

MOBILE COUNTY. 425
of the brigade at Mission Ridge, Resaca, New Hope, Kenne-
saw, Atlanta, and Jonesboro, his brigade taking a conspicu
ous part in the most of those battles. A participant in Hood's
anabasis, he was shghtly wounded at Franklin, but was pres
ent at the fierce conflicts under the waUs of NashvUle, where
he succeeded Gen. Edw. Johnston in command of the division.
In the last day's struggle at NashvUle his brigade had 244
men present for duty, though it left Dalton 2075 strong, and
had received 200 recruits. The division numbered 750 men
on the retreat from Tennessee. Transferred to the East, he
was in front of Sherman in his march through South CaroHna.
When the army was in Raleigh, he feU sick, and his mihtary
career practicaUy terminated. Since the war he has resided
in New Tork. His wfre is a daughter of Hon. F. S. Lyon of
Marengo. The record of his services in the field is a suffi
cient commentary on the life of Gen. Deas. He was a prompt
aud faithful soldier, as he is a quiet and modest citizen.
Robeet Harding Smith resides in Mobile. He was born in
Camden county, North Carolina, October 21, 1814. His father
was a merchant, who was at one time wealthy. His mother
was a Miss Gregory. The son was weU educated, and received
an appointment to the military academy at West Point, but
was involved in some freaks of youth there, and did not re
main. Ifi his nineteenth year he came to this State, and was
a teacher in DaUas and Sumter counties for three years. In
1837 he was admitted to the bar, and located in Livingston.
Devoting himself to his profession, his rise, though slow, was
attained on a substantial basis. His first venture in political
Hfe was his election to represent Sumter in the lower house in
1849. ' His abUity made him prominent in the legislature, and
as a leader of his party he became involved in a controversy
with Col. J. J. Seibels of Montgomery, which closed with the giv
ing and acceptance of a chaUenge to a duel, but this was pre
vented bythe interposition of friends of the principals. In 1851,
against his earnest protest, he was nominated for the State
senate by his party, and, after a warm contest, was defeated by
one majority for Hon. John A. Winston. In 1853 he came to
MobUe, and gave his attention even more closely to his pro
fession. His law partner for some years, was the late Hon.
Daniel Chandler. In the stirring events of 1860 -'61, Mr. Smith
took a part, and was appointed a commissioner from his
adopted to his native State, where, in conjunction with Col.
Garrott of Perry, he exerted himseH to bring North Carolina
into co-operation with her southern sisters. Soon after his re
turn, and whUe at his home, he saw the announcement of his
election to represent the State at large in the provisional con
gress of the Southern States. He served his term out, then

426 MOBILE COUNTY.
caUed for troops to form a regiment. These organized as the
Thirty-sixth j labama Infantry, and elected him colonel. A
year later he resigned this position in consequence of infirm
health, and has not since occupied any pubhc station. He has
long held a high place in his profession, and few men have la
bored so assiduously to master the law in aU its length and-
depth. " His style is clear, correct, and forcible, rather than
pohshed ; and, as it is more argumentative than declamatory,
it is embellished with few of the flowers of rhetoric. "* Re
served and undemonstrative in his manners, he possesses small
aptitude for the political arena ; whUe his practical sense is of
a nature too strong to yield to popular fallacies. In person he
is of medium highth, stout, with a large head, regular fea
tures, and dark eyes. Col. Smith first married a daughter of
Hon. Wm. M. Inge of Sumter ; his second wife was a sister of
Col. T. H. Herndon. His oldest son is an attorney. _ J. Little
Smith, a prominent member of the MobUe bar, is his brother.
MobUe also claims the fame of Aechibald Geacie. He was
the son of Mr. A. Gracie, a merchant of the city for 17 years
prior to the great war, and whose father was a merchant prince
of New Tork. His mother was Miss Bethune of Charleston,
S. C. Born in New Tork, Dec. 1, 1833, he passed five years
at school in Europe, then entered West Point as a cadet. He
was graduated in 1854, in a class with Generals Pegram, VUle-
pigue, and Custis Lee, and was assigned to the 4th Infantry as
a second Heutenant. He served in Oregon, and was engaged
with much credit against the WaUa-WaUa Indians. Resign
ing in 1857, he became a member of his father's firm in Mo
bUe, and displayed much capacity for business. Commanding
one of the city train bands, he promptly seized Mt. Vernon
Arsenal, at the order of Gov. Moore, before the State seceded.
Shortly after, this company (the Washington Light Infantry
of Mobile) of which he was captain, became a part of the
Third Alabama Infantry, and was the first Alabama troops
mustered into the Confederate service. Proceeding to Vfr
ginia, he soon received the appohitment of major of the 11th
Alabama; and remained with that command tiU he obtained
authority to raise a regiment, which he did in the spring of
1862, and was elected colonel of it — the 43d Alabama. He
led this regiment through the Kentucky campaign, was com
mandant of the post of Lexington during the occupancy, and
of Cumberland Gap on his return, after his appointment to
the rank of brigadier. Prior to this, however, he led an expe
dition which defeated and scattered the east Tennessee loyal
ists at HuntsviUe, Tenn. His brigade was composed of the
'Chancellor Dillard oi Sumter.

MOBILE COUNTY. 427
43d and 63d Tennessee regiments, and HiUiard's Legion tUl
after the battle of Chicamauga, when the legion was divided
into the 59th and 60th Alabama regiments, and 23d Alabama
battahon, and continued under him, while the 41st Alabama
was substituted for the 63d Tennessee. At Chicamauga, where
his brigade lost two-thirds. of its force in kUled and wounded
within two hours, he was conspicuous for his intrepid conduct.
Ordered to Longstreet's corps, his brigade suffered severely at
Bean's Station, where he also received a painful wound in the
arm. Rejoining his brigade in Vfrginia, he had a horse killed
under him in a skirmish before Richmond, and led the brigade
at Drewry's Bluff, where it lost heavUy. From June tUl his
death, Dec. 2, 1864, he was constantly in the trenches of Pe
tersburg. WhUe inspecting the enemy's lines, telescope in
hand, a buUet from a shrapnel shell struck his head, causing
instant death. He was interred in H oUywood, but his remains
were conveyed to the family vault in New Tork city, shortly
after the war. He left two chUdren, having married Miss
Mayo of New Jersey, niece of Mrs. Lieut. Gen. Scott, and
they now reside in New Jersey.
Gen. Gracie was stalwart and handsome. "He was a brave
" and exceUent soldier ; * * a sincere friend, without an atom
"of selfishness; without one trait, however smaU, to detract.
" from the nobleness of his nature ; always anxious for the
" comfort aud safety of his men ; of cheerful and genial man-
" ner ; a member of the church, and a true christian. In fine,
" a gentleman and a soldier, without fear and without blemish."*
Amos Reeder Manning, a weU known resident of Mobile,
is a native of New Jersey, and was born in 1810. In early
youth he came with an uncle (Jas. Manning, for many years
a worthy citizen of Madison,) to Alabama, and was educated
at Greene Academy, where he was a school-mate of Messrs.
L. P. and Percy Walker, J. D. Phelan, and Gen. J. M. With
ers. Graduating at the University of Tennesssee, he read
law with Hon. A. F. Hopkins at HuntsviUe. He opened a
law office at Linden in 1836, and subsequently at DemopoHs.
While there, he was at different times the partner of Messrs.
John Rains, F. S. Lyon, D. C. Anderson, and Wm. E. Clarke.
In 1845 he was a representative from Marengo, and senator
from WUcox and Marengo in 1847-51. A year later he re
moved to MobUe, where he has always held high rank in his
profession. In 1856 he received a complimentary vote in the
legislature for justice of the supreme court. Mr. Manning
married a sister of Hon. David W. Lewis of Georgia, a cousin
"Extract from resolutions adopted by his brigade, Dec. 7, 1864, reported
by a committee consisting of Col. Stansel, Lieut. Cols. Troy and Jolly, and
Capts. SeDgstas, Jeffries and Manly.

428 MOBILE COUNTY.
of Hon. D. H. Lewis of Lowndes. He is now a law partner
of Hon. Percy .Walker. He is hale and robust, of medium
stature, apparently forty-five years of age, and his manner is
cordial. He is deserverUy popular, though he does not court
notoriety or, pubhc favor.
Augustus Julian Requiee resided in Mobile for fifteen
years. He was born in Charleston,' South Carohna, in 1825 ;
was there educated, and admitted, to the practice of the law
in 1845. He practiced in that State tiU 1850, when he came
to MobUe. Iu 1853, he was appointed federal district attor
ney for the southern district of Alabama, and held the office
tiH 1861, when he received a simUar commission from the
confederate authorities. In 1865 he removed to the city of
New Tork, and is there a practicing attorney. Upon the
occasion of his departure, a MobUe journal said of him : " It
" is natural that we should grant grudgingly what we cannot
" afford to part with ; and in the present case we thus con-
" strainedly contribute' a jurist of eminent skUl, energy, and
" acqufrements ; an orator who blends the impassioned fervor
"of Prentiss with the laboriously informed acumen of Pinck-
"ney; a literateur whose productions are foremost amongst
" those which illustrate the artistic resources of his section ; and
" last, but not least, a gentleman whose amiable deportment
" and refined manners are the genuine reflex of a soul inca-
"pable of guile." Mr. Requier is the author of a volume of
poems, a romance, and two plays, none of which have ob
tained a wide circulation because thefr tone is too high for
popular appreciation. " In ideal purity and symmetrical art,"
says Davidson, "he stands clearly first among the poets of
the South."
Thomas Hoaed Heendon resides in MobUe, but was born in
Greene (now Hale) county in 1828. His father, a native of
Fredericksburg, Vfrginia, was one of the early settlers of St.
Stephens. His mother was a daughter of Judge Harry Toul
min of Washington. The son was graduated at Tuskaloosa
iu 1847, and after reading law at Harvard CoUege, and subse
quently with Hon. J. W. Taylor of Greene, was Hcensed to
practice in 1849. Locating at Eutaw, he was defeated for the
legislature two years later. In 1853 he came to Mobile and
became the law partner of Messrs. Daniel Chandler and R. H.
Smith. In 1857 he represented MobUe in the legislature.
Removing to Greene in 1859, he represented that county in
the constitutional convention of 1861. After aiding to recruit
the Thirty-sixth Alabama, he was elected major of it, and soon
became colonel. At Chicamauga he was severely wounded in
the abdomen, but rejoined his command within six months.

MOBILE COUNTY. 429
In the fierce conflicts around Atlanta he was especiaUy com
phmented in the report of his brigade commander, Col. Bush
Jones of Perry. He was there again severely wounded, and
only rejoined his regiment when it was iu Spanish Fort. When
this post was evacuated after its heroic defence, Col. Herndon
was the last man to leave the trenches. Surrendering with his
regiment at Meridian, he resumed his profession in Mobile.
He is of medium stature, with dark hair, and saUow complex
ion. His manner is civil and courteous, but hardly cordial.
His talent as an attorney, his administrative capacity, and his
soldierly courage, are well attested. He married a daughter.
of Dr. Alexander of Greene.
Philip Philips Neely resided in MobUe, but was a native
of Tennessee, and born six mUes from Murfreesboro, in 1818.
His father, Major Neely, a planter, served in the campaigns
of Gen. Andrew Jackson. His mother was Miss Phihps. His
brother, Rev. T. J. Neely, assisted in educating him, and he
took an academic course. In 1837 he entered the gospel min
istry, and the conversion of 800 persons was the result of his
first year's labors in conjunction with the senior minister in
charge of Jackson (Tenn.) circuit. In 1842 and '43 he was
stationed in HuntsviUe, this State. He was afterwards, for two
years, president of Columbia (Tenn.) Female College. In 1848
he was transferred to the "Alabama Conference," and made
presiding elder of Tuskaloosa district. Subsequently he re
peatedly filled the stations of Columbus (Miss.), Marion, and
MobUe ; and it was whUe in the seventh year of his pastorate
in the city of Mobile that he here " ceased at once to work
" and live," Nov. 9, 1868. He left two daughters, having been
twice married ; the first time to Miss Parks of Columbia, Tenn.;
the second time to Miss Towler of Franklin, Tenn. " As a
" preacher, Dr. Neely had few equals. He was keenly alive
"to the beautiful and the subhme, and his rare powers of de-
" scription enabled him to portray his vivid conceptions with
"thrilling effect. He was always attractive and instructive,
" and sometimes was almost overwhelming. B is pleasing and
"impressive person, his taU and erect form, his easy and grace-
" ful manners, and his clear and musical voice, Hke a fine-toned
"instrument in the hands of a skUlful musician, gave him
" great advantages. * * * The writer's acquaintance with him
" began in his youth. He is famUiar with all the incidents of
" his life, * * and whUe he does not claim for him an exemp-
" tion from imperfection, he firmly beheves that his motives
" and character have been untainted throughout his ministe-
"rial Hfe — a life unvaryingly and zealously devoted to the
"highest and noblest ends."* A volume of the sermons of
*Bishop Paine of Mississippi.

430 MOBILE COUNTY.
this eloquent minister, entitled " First Series of Discourses,"
was pubHshed some years ago, and is inferior to no work of
the land yet pubHshed in this country. '
James Hagan, a prominent cavalry officer of the late war,
is a citizen of MobUe. He is a native of Ireland, born in
1821, and came with his parents to America in his infancy.
His father became a farmer in Pennsylvania, and he grew to
manhood in that State. He then joined his uncle, John
Hagan, a wealthy merchant of New Orleans, and soon after
became connected with a branch of his uncle's business in
MobUe city. At the commencement of the "war with Mex
ico, with a party of adventurous spirits from this State* he
joined Col. Hays' Texas rangers, and took part in the storm
ing of Monterey. He was then commissioned captain in the
Third Dragoons, and served with it under General Taylor.
Mustered out of service at the peace, he gave his attention
principaUy to planting. In 1861 he was commissioned cap
tain, and entered the service with a company from this county.
Shortly after, he was commissioned major of the proposed
regiment of which Gen. Wirt Adams was appointed colonel.
Just after the battle of Shiloh, the Third Alabama Cavalry
¦was organized and he was made colonel of it. He was from
that time till the close of the struggle, amidst the pine barrens
of North Carolina, on constant and active duty, for the last
two years as a brigade commander under Gen. Wheeler. He
w^as wounded near Franklin, Tennessee, at Kingston, Tennes
see, and at FayettevUle, North Carolina. His brigade con
sisted of the First (Blakey), Third (Bobbins), Fourth (Rus-
seU), Ninth (Malone), Twelfth (Reese), aud Fifty-first (Kirk-
patrick) Alabama Cavalry. Gen. Hagan was promoted just
before the close of the war to the rank of brigadier general.
He is a man of stalwart frame, generous nature, and manly
impulses. As a commander he was a faithful subaltern, and
a fearless leader. He is of the stuff of which soldiers are
made, and his men were warmly attached to him. He mar
ried a daughter of Hon. S. W. Oliver of Conecuh, deceased.
Peice Williams is a leading merchant and business man of
MobUe. He was born in Buckingham county, Virginia, in
1811, and came to this State in 1835. Locating in Sumter
county, he was clerk of the county court there for thfrteen
years. He then became a merchant here in a firm of which
the late Hon. R. A. Baker and Gen. Lawler of Talladega were
the other partners. In 1851 he represented the county in the
general assembly, and has been president of the board of trade
The late Capt. Wm. Walker of Mobile, Col. Winston Hunter and his brothel-
Lawrence, and Major James Boykin, all of Dallas, were among his comrades.

MOBILE COUNTY. 431
of the city. He is a skillful financier, and one of the most en
terprising and public spirited citizens of the county. He mar
ried a sister of Mr. Preston G. Nash of Sumter, and his son,
Capt. Price WUHams, commanded a company of the exempts
in the regiment called forth under Col. C. W. Butt for the de
fence of the city in 1864-5. Hon, John R. Tompkins, the
faithful representative of the county in the general assembly
of 1865, is a son-in-law of Mr. Williams.
Decatue C. Andeeson is a prominent attorney of Mobile.
He came from Tennessee to Marengo county about the year
1840, and represented that county in the general assembly of
1843. He came to reside here several years later, and was
soHcitor of the judicial cfrcuit from 1851 to 1855. He is now
occupied with an extensive practice, associated with Hon.
James Bond, late circuit solicitor. Mr. Anderson is a scholar
and gentleman of many accomphshments, thoroughly read in
the law, and possessed of a captivating manner as an orator.
Danville Lead-better was a citizen of Mobile, but born at
Livermore, Maine, in 1811. He was graduated at West Point
in 1836, and assigned to the engineer corps. He was on duty
for some years at Troy and Oswego, New Tork, then at Mo
bUe, 1845-48, and in 1853 was again assigned to duty here.
The custom-house was bruit here under his superintendence.
He resigned the commission of captain at the beginning of
the war, and accepted from his adopted State the commission
of Heutenant colonel, and the command of Fort Morgan. He
was soon after ordered to the field with the rank of brigadier
general, and was on duty in east Tennessee. He was then
ordered to superintend the construction of defences for Mo
bUe harbor, and also served for a short time as chief of the
engineer department of the Western Army, in which capacity
he was present at the battle of Mission Ridge. He took re
fuge in Mexico at the peace, and from there went to Canada,
and died at Clifton, September 26, 1866, at the age of about
fifty-five years. Gen. Leadbetter "was a true man. His
"patriotism was genuine. His integrity was above suspicion.
" He was just, honest, fearless ; -a tried soldier, a skillful en-
"gineer, an accomplished scholar, a thorough gentleman, a
"good citizen."* He was reticent and reserved in demeanor,
which is often, as with him, the reflex of a noble and consid
erate soul, and an evidence of a distaste for the simulated
feelings mankind are wont to display. He married Mrs. HaU,
nee Kennedy, of this county.
Henri St. Paul came to reside in this county in 1865. He
is the son of a French officer who distinguished himself in
•Major W. T. Walthall.

432 MOBILE COUNTY.
the attempt to suppress the insurrection of the blacks in San
Domingo, and himself, we beheve, served the State of Louis
iana as attorney general and senator in the legislature. He
raised a battalion at the beginning of the late war, and was
for some time in the service. He was connected with the
press here for three years, and is now a practicing attorney.
Major St. Paid is a copious and incisive writer, a genial gen
tleman, and a citizen of public spfrit.
Sigismund Heinrich Goetzel was an Austrian by birth,
who came to reside in MobUe in 1853. He was a bookseUer
and pubhsher, and chaperoned the pubhcations of Mrs. Le
Vert, Judge Meek, and Miss Evans. He was a man of daunt
less energy and enterprise. His death occurred in New Or
leans about the year 1866, aged about fifty-four years.
Samuel H. Garrow, Lewis Judson, Addin Lewis, Christo
pher S. Stuart, aud Alvan Robeshow were appointed, by an
act of the legislature of 1818, commissioners to contract for
the public buddings of the county.
S. H. Garrow represented the county in the constitutional
convention of 1819 ; John Bragg, E. S. Dargan, George A.
Ketchum and H. A. Humphries in that of 1861 ; and Charles
C. Langdon, James Bond, Gypson T. Overall, and Charles P.
Gage in the constitutional convention of 1865.
The following is a Hst of members of the general assembly :
Senators.
1819— J. L. Seaberry. 1841— Theoph. L. Toulmin.
1821— John Eliott. 1844 -Edward S. Dargan.
1822— Francis W. Armstrong. 1845— Joseph Seawell.
1824— James Taggert. 1847— George N. Stewart. ,
1825— William Crawford. 1851— Theoph. L. Toulmin.
1826— Willoughby Barton. 1853— T. B. Bethea.
1828— Jack F. Boss. 1857— James S. Deas.
1829— John B. Hogan. 1859— Theoph. L. Toulmiu.
1832— John B. Hogan. 1863— Theoph. L. Toulmin.
1835— James S. Boberts. 1865— Charles P. Gage.
1838— Theoph. L. Toulmin. [No election in 1867, or since.]
Representatives.
1819— James W. Peters.
1820— Francis W. Armstrong.
1821 — Francis W. Armstrong.
1822— Thomas L. Hallett.
1823— Thomas L. Hallett.
1824— Willoughby Barton.
1825— Willoughby Barton, Thomas L. Hallett,
1826— Jack F. Boss, Elijah Montgomery.
1 827— Jack F. Ross, William D. Stone.
1828— John W. Townsend, Thomas H. Lane.
1829— Joseph Bates, jr., Thomas Byrnes.
1830— Alexander D. Durand, John F. Everett.
1831— Theophilus L. Toulmin, Isaac H. Ervin.
1832— Benjamin Brent Breedin, Henry Chamberlain.

MONROE COUNTY. 433
1833— William K. Hallett, Henry Chamberlain.
1834— John F. Everett, Samuel Boberts.
1835— Jack F. Boss, George J. S. Walker.
183G— Joseph Bates, jr., John F. Everett.
1837- Joseph Bates, jr., Theophilus L. Toulmin.
1838— Abner S Lipscomb, Blauton McAlpin.
1839— W. F. Cleveland, Isaac H. Ervin, Charles C. Langdon, Percy Walker
1810— Joseph Bates, A. C. Hollinger, C. C. Langdon, Thomas McC. Prince
1841— Isaac H. Ervin, John B. Hogan, Blanton McAlpin, R. C. McAlpin.
1842— William D. Dunn, John Ervin, John A Campbell Thos W McCoy
1843— William D. Dunn, E. C. McAlpin, J. W. Long, J. B. Todd
1844— William D Dunn, Philip Phillips, Daniel Chandler, Joseph Seawell
1840 — Jeremiah Austill, William F. Browne, Joseph C. Smith.
1847— Percy Walker, Peter Hamilton, E. Lockwood.
1849— William G. Jones, C?W. Gazzan, E. Lockwood.
1851— Philip Phillips, Price Williams, C. P. Eobinson.
1853— Percy Walker, Alex. B. Meek, J. Bell, jr., E. B. Owen.
1855— Jones M. Withers,* William B. H.Howard, W. M. Smith, J. Battle t
^l~~ Henry Chamberlain, Wm.G. Jones, T. H. Herndon, H. F. Drummond
1859— Percy Walker, John Forsyth, Alexander B. Meek, G. Y. Overall.
1861— Charles C. Langdon, William Boyles, Thomas J. Riley, Samuel Wolff
1863— John T. Taylor, Jacob Magee, G F. Moulton. Samuel Wolff.
1865— Alexander McKinstry, John B. Tompkins, F. B. Clarke, John Grant.
1869 — Adolph Proskauer, Jacob Magee.
1870— George H. Ellison, O.J. Semmes, H T. Toulmin, James McDermott,
Nat. Strauss.

CHAPTER LVII.
THE COUNTY OF MONROE.

Monroe was estabhshed by a proclamation of Governor
Holmes of Mississippi Territory, dated June 5, 1815. It orig
inaUy embraced the lands ceded by the Muscogees at the
treaty of Fort Jackson ; that is to say, aU the county east of
the ridge dividing the waters of the Alabama and Cahaba
from the Tombikbee and Tuskaloosa rivers; south of the
mountains of Blount and St. Clair; north of the present
southern boundary Hne of the State, and west of the Coosa
and the Hne southeast from Wetumka to a point below Eu
faula ; or nearly half of the present area of the State. But
this was cut up within a year or two by the formation of
Montgomery, Conecuh, and WUcox, and the present shape
* Resigned and succeeded by Charles C. Langdon.
t Resigned ;.nd succeeded by John T. Taylor.
28

434 MONROE COUNTY.
has been retained since 1819. It now Hes south of WUcox,
east of Clarke, west of Conecuh, and north of Escambia and
Conecuh. It was named to honor Mr. James Monroe* of Vfrginia,
then minister of State.
The population is thus exhibited at different dates :
1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870 ^
Whites  5014 5165 5370 5648 6878 6625
Blacks  3824 3617 5310 6365 8751 7572
The area of Monroe is nearly 1000 square mUes.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $1,444,753, as
follows : real estate $905,959 ; personalty $538,794.
The farm lands — 53,175 acres improved, and 231,949 acres
unimproved— have a cash value of $768,867.
The Hve stock— 1068 horses, 975 mules, 10,674 neat cattle,
3237 sheep, and 10,746 hogs— are valued at $394,212.
In 1869 the productions were 232,486 bushels of corn,
46,206 bushels of potatoes, 45,037 pounds of butter, 10,629
gallons of cane syrup, 6172 bales of cotton, and 4568 pounds
of wool ; the value of animals slaughtered was $68,512 ; and
the value of farm productions was $921,752.
The surface of the country is undulating and hilly, with
broad stretches of level pine forest. The soU is generaUy
light, but there are valuable " bottoms" and lowlands.
The Alabama river divides the western part of the county,
and is the commercial outlet, being navigable at all seasons.
The projected raUway from Selma to Pensacola is surveyed
through the eastern portion.
There are mineral waters, and the " Monroe Springs" are
resorted to by health-seekers.
The marl deposit at Claiborne has been the wonder and
admiration of every geologist who has seen it, and its great
fertilizing value wiH at an early period make it an article of
commerce. Monroeville, the seat of justice, has about 250 inhabitants.
Claiborne, the seat of justice tUl 1832, receives its name
from the fort buUt here in 1813 by Gen. Claiboinet and caUed
"James Monroe was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, 1759. At the
age of eighteen years he left college to join the colonial army, and was w; nnd-
ed in the fight at Princeton. He became a lawyer, and in 1784 was chosen
to congress, of which he was a member for ten years. He was then success
ively minister to France, governor of Virginia, minister of state during the
terms of President Madison, and succeeded him in that office. He retired
from the presidency in 1825, and died in New York, July 4, 1831.
tFERDiNAND Leigh Cluborne was born in Sussex county, Virginia, in
1774, and was a brother of Gov. Claiborne of Louisiana. At the age of nine
teen years, he entered the federal army, and served under Wayne in the
Northwest. In 1805 he resigned the position of captain, to which rank he
had attained, and settled near Natchez. In 1813 he was appointed brigadier

MONROE COUNTY. 435
in his honor. It became a distributing pomt for immigrants,
and was at one time one of tho most important towns in Ala
bama, and boasted of a population of 2500 souls. The town
was incorporated in 1820, and James Simpson, Benj. Evans,
and James Dellet were appointed to approve the bonds of the
municipal officers. The population now is about 350.
Fifteen mUes below Claiborne by fhe river, and half that
distance by land, near the mouth of Randon's creek, the
famous " Canoe Fight " occurred, January 12, 1813. A small
body of volunteers were scouting, and came to the river, when
the greater number of them crossed to the west side in the
only two canoes to be had. Suddenly a fierce attack was
made on the rear guard on the east bank, by a large force of
Indians. Almost simultaneously a canoe, containing nine
warriors, came down the stream. Observing with anxiety
this attempt to cut off their retreat, Capt. Samuel Dale, Jere
miah AustUl, and James Smith sprang into a canoe, and were
rowed by a negro out into the stream to meet the hostile
party, who were lying in their canoe. When the boats came
in collision, the brave negro, Caesar, leaped into the water and
held them together. Both parties sprang to their feet, and
the bloody work began, mainly with clubbed guns. The fight
was hand to hand, but the savages had the disadvantage of a
crowded boat. Within a few minutes, though they fought
courageously, the savage crew were all dispatched, while the
three intrepid white men suffered only several severe contu
sions. Of the heroes of this remarkable fight, a memorandum
of one is given below, and another is mentioned in the chapter
devoted to Clarke county. The other, James Smith, a native
of Georgia, died in east Mississippi about the year 1845. The
combat was witnessed by the hostUe parties, who suspended
their fire whUe it was in progress ; and the savages seemed to
accept the result as decisive of the conflict, for they very soon
withdrew. Several prominent men have Hved in Monroe. One of these
was William Weatheefoed. He was born in what is now
the county of Montgomery, on the east bank of the river,
nearly opposite Coosada, about the year 1780. His father
was a Scotch trader, and a man noted for wealth and the
"blooded" horses he brought into the Indian country ; and
his mother was Sehoy Durant, a half sister of the chief Alex
ander McGUHvray* Weatherford cared nothing for educa-
general of volunteers, and in July of that year was ordered to Mobile." He
led the attack at Econachaca, and afforded great proteetioA to th.e settlers.
He died in December 1815.
*Capt. Marchand, a French officer murdered at Fort Toulouse by his mu
tinous men in lr-:22, left a child by Sehoy, a. Muscogee princess of the noble

436 MONROE COUNTY.
tion, but much for the martial exercises and pursuits of a
savage Hfe. He inherited his father's taste for horses and
horsemanship, and became proficient in the acquirements of
the athlete. He also gained great influence among the chiefs
by his eloquence, and his wealth and debaucheries made him
a favorite with the young warriors. He estabhshed a planta
tion on the Alabama, in what is now the county of Lowndes,
just north of where Econochaca was built shortly after.
Weatherford was greatly influenced by the talents and prow
ess of Tecumseh, and imbibed his opinions of the necessity.
of checking the encroachments of the whites, which he had
long viewed with Ul-concealed dislUie. But he saw the mag
nitude of the task of driving them back, and came to consult
his half-brother Tait, and brother Jack Weatherford, on Little
river, as to his course. They dissuaded him from countenancing
the war ; but when he went back, the war party had been to
his plantation, and had taken his negroes and stock to the
Hickory Ground, and threatened to retain them, and kUl him
also if he joined the peace party. It' was then that he en
tered reluctantly but resolutely into thefr scheme. He was
at Fort Mimms, and on that terrible day he was everywhere
seen urging his forces to the assault. Mounted on a powerful
black steed he was unremitting in his efforts to make the at
tack a victory ; but when the butchery began he interposed
vainly to prevent it. On his return from this expedition, he
was made tustenuggee, or war chief, of the tribe. He anima
ted his men in the fight at Econachaca, and when they fled
he made his famous leap into the river, and escaped. At
CaHbee he concealed his men within a bowshot of the Geor
gians, and suffered a cornier from General Claiborne to pass
through the swamp to General Floyd without betraying then-
presence ; then arose. at daylight, and effectuaUy checked the
whites, obliging them to retreat to Fort MitcheU. The whites
regarded Weatherford as the leader in the massacre at Fort
Mimms, and were greatly incensed at him. Shortly after the
battle of Tohopeka, he went to Gen. Jackson's tent at the
Hickory Ground. Surprised at the boldness of the act, Jack-
tribe of the Wind. This child, Sehoy Marchand, when she reached woman
hood, became the wife of a Tookabatchee chief, and her daughter by this
union, Sehoy, first the wife of Capt. Tait, a British officer stationed at Fort
Toulouse, (whence the wealthy mixed breed family of the Taits in Baldwin)
afterwards married Charles Weatherford, and became the mother of William
Weatherford. But Sehoy Marchand was afterwards the wife of Lachlan Mc
Gillivray, a Scotch trader of wealth, and thus became the mother of three
children — Alexander McGillivray, a daughter who married Gen. Leclerc Mil-
forte, and a daughter who married Benjamin Durant, and became the com
mon mother oi the family of that name in Baldwin, who gave name to Du-
rant's Bend in Dallas county. The Cornells, Taits, Baileys, Moniacs, Tun-
stalls, Durants, Weatherfords. wealthy mixed bloods of this State, are all
connected by ties of consanguinity. Opothleyoholo was a Cornells.

MONROE COUNTY. 437
son asked him how he dared to come into his presence after
his conduct at Fort Mimms. ' 'General Jackson, I am not afraid
"of you," said Weatherford. "I fear no man, for lam a
" Creek warrior. 1 have nothing to ask in my own behah ;
" you can kUl me U you wish. But I come to ask you to send
"for the women and chUdren of the Avar party, who are now
" starving in the woods. Their cribs and fields have been
" destroyed by your people, who have driven them into the
"woods without an ear of corn. I hope you wiU send out,
" and have them brought in, and fed. I tried to stop the kUl-
" ing of the women and chUdren at Fort Mimms. I am done
" fighting. The Red Sticks are nearly aU kiUed. If I could
" fight you any longer I would do it. Send for the women
"and chUdren. They have done you no harm. But kUl me
"U the whites want it done."* Many soldiers had now gath
ered around the group, and cried " kill him ! kill him !"
" SUence !" said Jackson. "Any one who would kiU as brave
" a man as that would rob the dead !" Jackson took him into
his tent, and treated him with marked courtesy. Weather-
ford's life was in constant danger, however, from the relatives
of those kUled at Fort Mimms. He made his residence on
Little river in this county, and gave his attention to his planta
tion near by in Baldwin. He* was a quiet citizen tUl his
death, which occurred here in 1824. He was a man of excel
lent natural sense, honorable, brave and hospitable. He
married a sister of Alexander CorneUs, and left a number of
descendants in the State.
Samuel Dale was the first or second tax coUector of this
county, and the fact should be held in most honorable remem
brance by all his successors in that position. He was the
Daniel Boone of Alabama, and of the Gulf States; and in
many respects was the superior of the Kentucky backwoods
man. Born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, in 1772, his pa
rents removed to the southwestern part of the State three
years after, and there his father engaged in the thriUing
scenes of that day. In 1784 the famUy removed to what is
now Greene county, Georgia, then the frontier of that State.
The parents soon died, and left eight chUdren to the care of
Samuel, the eldest, a youth of sixteen years. He kept up the
farm, but found time to engage iu much of the border warfare
with the Muscogees. He saw service under the famous Capt.
Jonas Fauche, and distinguished himself by his prowess. At
the peace, he became a trader, and resided for some time in
•This is the account of the speech as given by Weatherford in after years
to Gen. Tom Woodward of Macon, Col. Eobert James of Clarke, and Mr.
Wm. Sisemore of Baldwin. The account given by many of the histories is
from Eaton's " Life of Jackson," and is fictitious,.

438 MONROE COUNTY. .
Jones county, Georgia. He heard Tecumseh's war speech at
Tookabatchee, during one of his trading excursions. About
the year 1810 he settled hi Clarke county, this State, and in
1813 led a company from the county into the skirmish at Burnt
Corn, where he was painfully wounded. He was a partici
pant in the bloody "Canoe Fight" recorded in this chapter,
where he acted with his usual daring and prowess. Shortly
after, he followed Gen. Claiborne to Econochaca, as captain
of a company in Major Smoot's battalion, and took part in
the fight. He also commanded a battalion in Col. RusseU's
expedition to the Cahaba old- towns. Soon after the peace of
Fort Jackson, he came to reside iu Monroe, where he estab
lished a farm. He was for a short time in service under Gen.
Jackson when that officer was sent to queU the -turbulent
Seminoles, and when the outrages of "Savannah Jack" in
what is now Butler county caused great alarm throughout the
new State, he marched promptly to the assistance of the set
tlers. From the time that he came into Alabama to the day
that he left it, Gen. Dale was regarded as the right arm of
the frontiersmen ; ever ready to pUot the immigrant to his
new home, and to stand between him and " the buskined war
rior of the wood." The people of Monroe loved and honored
him, and eight times elected *him to the legislature between
1819 and 1830. The legislature of the State also recognized
his services by appropriating to him the haU'-pay of a colonel,
and the rank of brigadier general whenever he should be
caUed into active service, but the latter was repealed shortly
after its enactment. About the year 1830 Gen. Dale removed
to Perry county, and remained there about a 3'ear, then set
tled hi Lauderdale county, Mississippi. He was the first rep
resentative of that county in the legislature of the State, in
1836, and died there, at DalevUle, May 23, 1841. The events
of his remarkable career are preserved in a handsome volume,
from the graceful pen of Hon. J. F. H. Claiborne of Mississippi.
They read more Hke the exploits of a fabulous hero of a past
age than like the deeds of one whose modest mien but stal
wart frame many of the older citizens of south Alabama have
looked upon, and it is quite certain that some of them are
colored by fancy. He was, however, remarkable "for caution .
¦" and coolness hi desperate emergencies, for exhibitions of
"gigantic personal _ strength, * * * and his story is studded
"over with spirit-stirring incidents, unsurpassed by anything
"in legend or history. His celebrated "canoe fight" where,
" on the Alabama river, he, with Smith and AustiU, fought
"nine warriors with clubbed rifles, kUled them all, and rowed
" to shore, would be thought fabulous if it had not been wit-
¦" nessed by many soldiers standing on the banks who could

MONROE COUNTY. 439
"render them no assistance."* In the zenith of his manhood
Gen. Dale was erect, muscular, and over six feet in highth.
His strength, activity, and endurance were surprising. And,
like Bertram of Risinghame, his was
''The sharpened ear, the piercing eye,
The quick resolve when danger 's nigh."
He felt the disadvantages of his want of education, and was
diffident of his opinion in other than practical matters, as he
was habituaUy taciturn in those. His friendships were strong,
his feelings ardent, and no one was more unselfish and benev
olent. The Indians revered as much as they feared him, and
he was looked upon by them with admiration and confidence.
The story of Mr. Claiborne, however, is somewhat apocryphal
that a Chocta chief stood over the grave of the border hero,
a day or two after his death, and exclaimed, " You sleep here,
"'Big Sam,' but your spirit is a chieftain and a brave in the
"hunting-grounds of the sky." Nevertheless, Gen. Dale de
serves to head the Hst of those whose iron wiHs and stalwart
arms have fashioned States out of the wUderness, and his
name must ever stand conspicuous in the annals of Alabama.
A county in the State has been named in his honor.
Among the earlier inhabitants of Monroe was John Murphy,
the fourth governor of the State. He was born in Robeson
county, North Carohna, about the year 1785, and was the son
of NeU Murphy, who came with his father, Murdock Murphy,
from Scotland several years before. His mother was a Miss
Downing. The parents removed to South Carohna, and there
the son taught school to obtain the means to defray the ex
pense of finishing his education at South Carolina CoUege.
Gov. Gayle and Mr. DeUet were students there at the same
time. Graduating in 1808, he was clerk of the senate of South
Carolina from 1810 to 1818. In the latter year he became a
citizen of this county. Here he was admitted to the bar, but
soon resigned to give his attention to planting. He repre
sented Monroe in the constitutional convention of 1819, and
in the house of representatives hi 1820. In 1822 he was trans-
¦ ferred to the senate, and in 1825 he was elected governor with
out opposition, receiving 12,511 votes. Two years later he was
re-elected without opposition, receiving 7709 votes. He retfred
from office in Dec. 1829, but in 1831 was defeated for congress
by Hon. D. H. Lewis of Lowndes, after an exciting canvass,
Two years later, the district being changed, he was elected to
congress, and served a term. " In 1839 he contested the con
gressional district with Mr: DeUet, but was beaten on party
issues. He died the foUowing year at his plantation in Clarke,
"Hon. J. F. H. Claiborne of Mississippi.

440 MONROE COUNTY.
where he had resided for several years, and is buried about
two miles from Gosport. In person Gov. Murphy was stout
and unvieldly, with a Hght complexion. His temperament was
phlegmatic, and he was solid and practical, but not at aU bril
Hant. He was pious and benevolent, and honorable both in
private and public affairs. He spoke with a strong Scotch
accent. He was at one time master of the grand lodge of
Masons in the State, and was useful in aU good enterprises.
He married Miss Hails in South Carolina, and his second wife
was Mrs. Carter, a sister of Col. John Darrington of Clarke.
He has a 'number of descendants in the State. One of his
sous, Duncan, was a member of the CaHfornia legislature when
he died in 1853. A brother, Rev. Murdock Murphy, was the
first pastor of the Government street Presbyterian church,
Mobile. James Dellet came to Monroe in 1816. He was born in
PhUadelphia, of Irish parents, who soon after removed to
South Carolina. He grew to manhood in that State, and was
graduated with the first honor at South Carohna CoUege in
1810. In 1813 he was enroUed as an attorney, and three years
later located at Claiborne. He soon arose to eminence at the
bar, and maintained his standing, with increased reputation,
till he retired from the practice about twenty-five years later.
He represented the county in the first general assembly of the
State, and was the first speaker of the house of representa
tives. Within the twelve years foUowing, he was four times
re-elected to the legislature, was again speaker in 1821, and
repeatedly served as chairman of the judiciary committee.
In 1839 he was elected to congress over Hon. John Murphy,
and was again induced to enter the course in 1843. To make
head against a candidate so formidable, the other party per
suaded Judge Henry Goldthwaite to resign his seat on the
supreme bench, and bear thefr standard. It was the most ex
citing canvass ever known in the district, for the parties were
closely balanced, aud much depended on the abUity of the
candidates ; who, on their part, felt
" The stern joy which warriors feel
In foemen worthy of their steel."
Alluding to the severe tax on thefr physical and nervous
strength, " I have been beaten, " said Goldthwaite, when the
poll began to come in, " but I've lolled DeUet. " Mr. DeUet
served out the term, and then his feeble health made his home
a place of repose. Ho died at his home in Claiborne, Dec. 21,
1848, at the age of about fifty-eight years. In person he was
stout, with a careless bearing. His face was round and florid,
and his eyes keen and sparkling. " To strangers he was taci-
" turn, and to the masses anything but dependent or concUiat-

MONROE COUNTY. 441
" ing. His ideas of independence and sincerity forbade every
" species of deception ; and he scorned to sohcit the good opin-
" ions of men except by honorable actions openly performed.
" * * Possessed of fine conversational powers, of extensive
"stores from reading, of a vast fund of anecdote, and a humor
" truly Irish, he was a most agreeable companion. So gene-
"raUy ackowledged was the strength and dignity of his lan-
" guage, his wit, and the elegance of his address, that when he
" spoke the forum was filled with hearers, either spell-bound by
" his pathos, or hurried into successive bursts of laughter. "*
WhUe in congress, pending some question into which the slavery
agitation entered, Hon. John Quincy Adams, who was a mem
ber for many years after he retired from the presidency, ex
pressed a wish to see slavery abohshed at any cost. " What if it
should cost the Hves of a million of the white race? " asked Mr.
DeUet. "Yes," answered the aged fanatic, "U it should cost the
Hves of two millions, let it come! let it come!" Astounded at this,
Mr. DeUet turned to the speaker. " Sir, some years ago I
" supported a civilian for the presidency against a military
" chieftain " — aUuding to the contest between Mr. Adams and
Gen. Jackson — " and for that act I pray the forgiveness of my
" God and my country ! " Mr. DeUet first married Miss WUH-
son of South Carolina ; his second wife was Miss Wormley
of Tennessee. He left no sons.
Arthur Pendleton Bagby was another distinguished citizen
of this county, h e was born in Louisa county, Vfrginia, in 1796,
of respectable parentage. His education was good, and he fin
ished his reading as a lawyer in Claiborne, where he was lo
cated early in the year 1819. H ere he was not a close student,
but his glowing imagination aud unrivaUed fluency quickly at
tracted notice. He represented the county in the legislature
in 1821, aud was re-elected the foUowing year ; at which time
he was chosen to the speakership — the youngest member that
ever occupied that position in the State. He was a member
of one branch or the other after this, and in 1836 he was again
chosen to the speakership. In 1837 he was selected by his
party as thefr candidate for the governorship, and was elected
over Hon. S. W. OHver of Conecuh by a vote of 21,800, to
17,663. He was re-elected in 1839 by a vote of 20,481, to 1738
for Hon. A. F. Hopkins of Madison, who was not a candidate,
Though he was in office at a time when political feeling ran
very high, Gov. Bagby's course does not appear to have in
vited any extraordinary personal opposition. He was a candi
date for the federal senate at the close of his term to fill a va
cancy caused by Gov. Clay's resignation. In this he was
*Hon. B. F. Porter of Butler in " O'Neal's Bench and Bar. "

442 MONROE COUNTY.
warmly opposed by Dr. David Moore of Madison, but was
elected by a vote of 66, to 59 for Dr. Moore. The foUowing
winter he was elected without opposition — 107 votes to 8 scat
tering — for a fuU term of six years, from March 4, 1843. He
continued to be a member tUl the summer of 1848, when he re
signed to go abroad as minister ofthe court of St. Petersburgh.
He acceptably discharged the duties of that high position tUl
recalled by the change in the federal administration the foUow
ing year. Soon after his return, he was appointed on the com
mittee, with Messrs. Ormond and C. C. Clay, sr., to codify the
statutes of the State. This was his last official trust. Here-
sided for several years at Camden, WUcox county, whence he
removed to Mobile in 1856, and there died of yeUow fever in
the autumn of 1858. In appearance Gov. Bagby was taU and
commanding, his features most classically chiseled, and lit up
by large and briUiant eyes. He is said to have owed his ad
vancement, in some degree, to his splendid appearance, and
bland and courtly manner. For years here, he divided the vic
tories of the bar with Mr. DeUet. " His oratory was exciting
" and persuasive in a very eminent degree. Possessed, of a fine,
" well modulated voice ; with great self-possession, quite chaste
" and beautiful action, he rarely made a speech that was not
"wonderfully effective. His efforts, however, like thoseof
" Sheridan, were most famous in their delivery ; a fact which
" shows the power of voice, figure, and decision, for his speeches
" when read fell far short of his fame.- * * He possessed a
" high order of genius, and a liberal and generous heart. His
" disposition, though occasionaUy marked by earnest severity,
" * * was kind, benevolent, and conciliatory. "* Gov. Bagby
first married a Miss Steele of this county, aud his second wife
was a daughter of Capt. Simon ConueU, also of Monroe. Of
his six Hving children by the last marriage, the eldest, Arthur
P., a native of this county, and a graduate of West Point, has
resided as a lawyer in Texas for thfrty years, and was a brig
adier general commanding a division at one time there, during
the late war. Another son, Lieut. S. C. Bagby, of the Third
labama Infantry, was kUled at Strasburg, Vfrginia, in 1864.
Two of his daughters yet reside in the State, one being a
teacher in MobUe.
Enoch Parsons was one of the most prominent of the early
settlers of this county. He came from Tennessee about the
year 1823, aud brought the title of "general" and the reputa
tion of having served under Gen. Jackson. He became a very
prominent practitioner of law here, and was for many years
associated professionaUy with Hon. A. B. Cooper. He repre-
*Hcn. B. F. Porter of Butler.

MONROE COUNTY. 443
sented the county in the legislature in 1828-30, and was an
unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1835. His talent as an
advocate was very considerable, and he was generous, hospita
ble, and popular. He was taU and spare, with a very large
nose. He died about the year 1843, at his plantation near
the junction of the Coosa and TaUapoosa, where he had lived
a year or two. His famUy removed to Louisiana, and one of
his sons is now a planter there. He was a brother of Hon.
SUas Parsons of Madison and Gen. Peter Parsons of TaUadega.
Charles Tait, the first federal district judge of Alabama,
resided in Monroe. He was born in Louisa county, Virginia,
in 1767, and was a cousin of Hon. Henry Clay. WhUe read
ing law and teaching in Baltimore, at the age of 19 years, he
was thrown from a horse, and his leg so injured as to necessi
tate amputation. A few years later he came to Georgia,
where he was a teacher of some note. He was then a suc
cessful practitioner at the bar, and was on the bench of the
supreme court. He was also a senator in congress from 1809
to 1819. WhUe in that State occurred his " duel " with Judge
Dooly, in which the latter refused to fight unless his leg was
cased in a hoUow tree to off-set Judge Tait's single leg. Ap
pointed judge of the federal court for Alabama in 1819, He
engaged in planting in Wilcox county, and made his home at
Claiborne. He resigned his office in 1826, and gave his
attention to planting.
Judge Tait was a gentleman of very superior talents, aud
his scientific and Hterary acquirements made him one of the
most interesting men of his day. He was offered the mission
to Great Britain in 1828, but dechned it. He first married a
lady of Baltimore, the mother of his only chUd, the late Capt.
James A. Tait of WUcox. His second wU'e was a sister of
Judge Peter WUHamson of Lowndes, and widow of Judge Grif
fin of Georgia. Judge Tait died in Wilcox in 1835, and his
descendants are weU known citizens of that county.
No citizen of Monroe has left a more abiding memory than
John Morrissett. He was born near RogersvUle, east Ten
nessee, in 1793, and his early years were spent in obscurity
and poverty. Having served through the war of 1812, he
came to Alabama, and remained a year or two at St. Stephens.
In 1817 he settled in this county as a planter. He cleared
land and labored on the plantation in the day-time, and read
law tHl midnight, and came to the bar in 1828. He entered
public Hfe as a representative in the legislature in 1829, and
was five times re-elected to that body. During the last six
years of his life he served Monroe and Conecuh in the senate.
He died near Houston, Texas, May 6, 1851, and his remains

444 MONROE COUNTY.
were brought home for burial. Mr. Morrissett possessed prac
tical judgment, incorruptible integrity, and great perseverance,
and industry. His tastes were plain and simple, and he had
a strong aversion to the changes wrought by fashion. There
is a well known instance of this. When buckles and straps
were first used to tighten the waist of pantaloons, the late
Chancellor Lesesne came to Monroe circuit' court wearing a pair
so constructed. In arguing a case this innovation came under
frequent observation to aU present. Mr. Morrissett prefaced
his reply with the remark that the jury knew too much to be
deceived by a gentleman who had come aU the way from Mo
bile "with his new-fangled ideas of law, and with his gaUowses
"on the seat of his breeches." Many original remarks and
amusing sayings of his are current in Monroe. He married
Miss Gaines of Washington, a cousin of Hon. F, S. Lyon.
One of his sons is an attorney at the Montgomery bar, and
another resides in this county.
A very active and inflential man in Monroe at one time was
the late William Perry Leslie. He was a native of the
county, bom iu 1819, and was the son of a planter. He was
admitted to the bar hi 1841, having read law under Hon. A.
B. Cooper, whose partner he became. He was also for some
time the law partner of Hon. Rufus C. Torrey, now a promi
nent and useful citizen of the county. In 1851 Mr. Leshe was
elected to the senate from this district over Judge Stearns of
Conecuh, and was the founder of several industrial estabhsh
ments at Claiborne. He died October 10, 1867, at Pascagoula,
Mississippi, leaving a reputation for great energy and decision
of character. He married a sister of Hon. N. A. Agee, and
his brother, John W. Leslie, is the present judge of the pro
bate court of the county.
Noah Alfred Agee, a native and resident of Monroe, is a
son of the late Mr. W. R. Agee of this county. He was born
about the year 1829. He took a collegiate course, and read
law in the office of Hon. A. B. Cooper. EnroUed as an attor
ney in 1850, he has represented the county in both branches
of the legislature. He is a citizen of high moral character,
cultivation, and pubhc spirit.
The late Robert G. Scott of this county was for many
years a citizen of Richmond, Vfrginia, and was born in that
State. He was a distinguished orator and advocate at the
bar there, and held several civil employments. He was min
ister to Brazil under President Polk, and when he resigned
he came to reside in this county. He married the widow of
Hon. James DeUet, and was a planter here till his death in
1870, at an advanced age. Mr. Scott held no positions in Ala-

MONROE COUNTY.

445

bama, but took a warm interest in aU questions of a public
import. Election precincts were estabhshed in 1818 in this county " at
"Chocta Bluff, at Fort Claiborne, at the Little [Lower] Stand-
"ing Peach Tree, and at the house of Mr. Hays near Burnt
"Corn;" one at Nicholson's store on Pigeon creek in 1819;
and in 1821 at the houses of Joses Parker, Arthur Foster,
John Welch, Lark Abney, Mathew Averett, and at Gaines-
town. John Murphy, John Watkins, James Pickens, and Thomas
Wiggins represented Monroe in the constitutional convention
of 1819 ; Lyman Gibbons in that of 1861 ; and S. J. Cum-
ming in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the general assembly:
Senators.
1819— John Watkins. 1845-
1821— William Wingate. 1847--
1822— John Murphy. 1851-
1825— Arthur P. Bagby. 1853-
1827— Thomas Evans. 1855-
1828— Neil. Smith. 1857-
1830— JJeil Smith. 1859-
1833— Samuel W, Wilkerson. 1863-
1836— Neil Smith. 1865-
1839— S. S. Andress. 1867-
1842— John Watkins.

¦John Morrissett.
¦John Morrissett.
¦Wm. Perry Leslie.
James S. Dickinson.
James S. Jenkins.
¦Noah A. Agee.
Stephen B. Cleveland.
Eobert Broadnax.
John Y. Kilpatrick.
[No election.]

Representatives
1819 — James Dellbt, P. Harrison,
G.W. Owen, W. Bates, S. Dale.
v 1820— J. Murphy, J. H. Draughn, G.
W. Owen, T. Evans, S. Dale:
1821 — J. Deelet, J. Carr, T. Evans,
Arthur P. Bagbv, S. Dale.
1822— John Gayle, A. P. Bagby, H.L.
Eeviere.
1823— John Gayle, Samuel Dale, W.
McCornico.
1824— Arthur P. Bagby, S. Dale, J.
W. Moore.
1825' — James Dellet, John W. Moore
1826— S. Dale, Pink A. Edwards.
1827— D. E. W. McEae, T. Wiggins.
1828— S. Dale, Enoch Parsons, Benj.
C. Foster.
1829 — S. Dale, Enoch Parsons, John
Morrissett.
1830— J. Dellet, John Faulk, Nathan
Coker.
1831— Jas. Dellet, J. Faulk, William
Y. Haynes.
1832 -J. Morrissett, Nathan Coker,
Benj. F. Porter.
1833 — John Morrissett, Samuel Du
bose, Benj. F, Porter.

1834 -A. P. Bagby, B. F. Porter.
1835— A. P. Bagby, John Faulk.
1836— A. P. Bagby, S. E. Andrews.
1837— S. S. Andress, J. 0. Eawls.
1838— S.E. Andrews, S. Crawford.
1839— L. A. Kidd, S. Crawford.
1840— L. A. Kidd. E. T. Broughton.
1841— L. A. Kidd, E. T. Broughton.
1842— John Morrissett,*  Cun
ningham.
1843— J. Morrissett, W.B. H. Howard
1844— J. Morrissett, William B. H.
Howard.
1845 — Aaron B. Cooper.
1847 — Aaron B Cooper.
1849— Edward L. Smith.
1851— C. McCaskill.
1853— Noah A. Agee.
1S55— Samuel G. Portis.
1857— F. E. Eichardson.
1859- H. O. Abney.
1861— F. H. Liddell.
1863 — Samuel J. Cumming.
1865— W. W. McMillan.
1867— [No election.]
1869— J. J. Parker.
1870— J.M.Lindsay.

*ln place of A. E. Puryear, elected, but deceased.

CHAPTER LVIH.
THE COUNTY OF MONTGOMERY.
Montgomery was created by an act of the legislature of
Mississippi Territory, dated Dec. 6, 1816.
It was carved out of Monroe, and originaUy embraced the
whole of central Alabama east of the ridge dividing the Tus
kaloosa and Tombikbee from the Cahaba, north of its present
southern boundary line, west of Okfuskee and the Coosa, and
south of the mountains of Blount. But it was soon sub
divided, and within the past few years portions of it have'
been set apart to Elmore, BuUock and Crenshaw.
As now constituted, it Hes in the southeast quarter of the
State, south of Elmore, west of Macon and BuUock, north of
Pike and Crenshaw, and east of Lowndes.
It was named to preserve the memory of Major Montgom
ery,* who feU at Tohopeka.
The area of the county is about 800 square mUes.
The population of Montgomery at different times is thus
shown : 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  3941 6180 8,972 10,169 12,122 12,419
Blacks  2663 6515.15,602 19,542 23,780 31,285
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $12,934,881, as
follows : real estate, $8,839,940 ; personalty $4,094,941.
The farm lands — 222,200 acres improved, and 167,542 acres
unimproved — is valued at $3,793,895.
The Hve stock — 1823 horses, 4250 mules, 7596 neat cattle,
980 sheep, and 13,909 hogs— are valued at $833,199.
In 1869 the productions were 602,549 bushels of corn, 2040
bushels of wheat, 3045 bushels of oats, 27,726 bushels pota
toes, 1599 gaUons of cane syrup, and 25,517 bales of cotton ;
the value of animals slaughtered was $90,183 ; and the value
of farm productions was $3,403,382.
Montgomery is, therefore, the first on the list of agricultu
ral counties, and the second in wealth and population. It is
Lemuel Pubnell Montgomeey was born in Wythe county, Virginia, in
1786, but grew to manhood in east Tennessee. He was practicing law at
Nashville when he was appointed major of the Thirty-ninth Infantry, with
John Williams as colonel, and Thomas H. Benton as lieutenant colonel. He
fell in the charge on, and while mounting, the breastworks at Tohopeka, or
the Horse-shoe Bend, March 27, 1814. Gen. Jackson was much grieved at
his loss.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 447
first on the Hst of cotton-producing counties, and third on
that of corn-growing counties. There is much prairie and
aUuvial soil, and the surface is undulating and level.
The commercial f acUities are very advantageous. The Ala
bama is the boundary line on the northwest, and is the natural
conduit of trade. The TaUapoosa, the northern boundary, is
not navigable. Sixty-seven mUes of raUway He in the county,
viz : thirteen of the Mobile and Montgomery road, three of
the Montgomery and Decatur road, twenty-one of the Mont
gomery and Eufaula, and thirty of the Selma aud West Point.
' Montgomery, the seat of justice, is the capital of the State.
It is situated on the east bank of the Alabama river, and was
an Indian camping-ground and trading post caUed Econa-
chattee (red ground,) several years before the whites began to
settle it in 1816-17. Jonathan C. Farley, Andrew Dexter,
and J. G. Klinck, were the first permanent white residents of
the place, though Arthur Moore Hved here in 1815. It was
' incorporated by its present name, which- it derived from the
county,* Dec. 3, 1819. Samuel Dexter, Jonathan C. Farley,
Walter B. Lucas, and Ebenezer D. Washburn, were appointed
to manage the first town election. The first newspaper printed
here bears the date January 6, 1821, Jonathan Battell editor,
E. W. Thompson pubhsher. It became the principal town in
tins part of the State about the year 1835, and the removal
of the Indians caused it to steadUy improve in commercial
importance. In 1846 the general assembly selected it as the
capital of the State, and that honor stUl abides with it. Dur
ing the months of February, March and April, 1861, Mont
gomery was for about two months the capital of the Confed
erate States, and President Davis, the heads of department,
and the provisional congress were here. The population in
1850 was 2511 whites aud 2217 blacks ; in I860, 4341 whites
and 4502 blacks; in 1870, 5405 whites and 5183 blacks. It
is a place df considerable commercial importance, chiefly as
a market for cotton, of which between 60,000 and 100,000
bales are annually sold here. There are also railroad shops,
and several minor industries. The capitol is a stately struc
ture which affords a commanding view of the surrounding
country. Swayne CoUege, an institution of learning for the
blacks is located here. Besides the navigable river by which
it stands, five raUways radiate froni the city.
On the river, opposite the old town of Coosada, in this
county, Weatherford, the Muscogee chief, was born ; and at
*Mr. J. G. Klinck, who came to the place in 1817, and named New Phila
delphia, says the name '¦ Montgomery" was a compromise between the set
tlers of Alabama Town and New Philadelphia, the first of which was just
below, the other just above, the centre of the present city, and that it was
named for the county.

448 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Souvanoga, on the TaUapoosa, near where the vUlage of
Augusta stood, the parents of Tecumseh Hved, and there he
may have first seen the light.
In 1821, Edward Moseley, Benjamin Davis, John Hughes,
WUHam Graves, and WiUiam Laprade were appointed to
select a site for the courthouse of the county.
Election precincts were established in 1819 at the house of
James Sparks on Big Swamp creek, at Pruett's store on the
TaUapoosa, and at EvansviUe. The year after, one was
located at the town of Augusta, and at the houses of James
F. Johnston and James Ramsey ; and hi 1822 others were
estabhshed at John Steele's and WUHam Graves'.
Many distinguished citizens have Ulustiated the annals of
Montgomery. Among these, the name of Nimrod Earle
Benson, one of the earhest white settlers, wiU not soon be
forgotten. He was born at GreenvUle, South Carolina, May
10, 1794, and was the scion of very respectable families, hist
mother being an Earle. He was enroUed as an attorney in
that State, and soon after came to Montgomery. He was the
second lawyer that located here, and in 1821 and '23 was in-
tendant of the town. In 1825 he represented the county in
the legislature, and was re-elected. He was appointed re
ceiver in the land office when the last Creek cession was
thrown on the market, and retained the office tiU 1849. He
was elected judge of the county court in 1827, and held the
office a short time. In 1846 he was mayor of Montgomery.
He continued to reside here tiU his death, of yeUow fever,
Sept. 28, 1854. " WhUe his body was in the parlor of his
" home, awaiting the time for mterment, an Lishman, a stran-
" ger to aU the f amUy, walked in, and after a tearful gaze at
"the face, remarked, "A good man, and a friend of the poor,
" is gone," and retired. This was the tribute of a poor and
" unknown stranger to the virtues of Judge Benson, more
" eloquent and truthful than is found on monuments, or in
"eulogistic biographies."* He was a prominent Mason, and
foremost in many good works, and his character for integrity
is irreproachable. One of his daughters married the late Col.
Thomas O. Glascock, mayor of Montgomery city at the time
of his death in 1870.
Benajah Smith Bibb has resided in this county for fifty
years. He was born in Elbert county, Georgia, Sept. 30;
1796, and is a younger brother of the first two governors of
the State. He came to reside here as a planter in 1822, and
in 1825 was elected judge of the county court. Two years
later he resigned, and removed to Morgan county, where he
*Mr. M. P. Blue of Montgomery city.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 449
remained two years, representing that county in the general
assembly in 1828. Returning to this county, he was again
elected judge of the county court in 1832, and retained the
place for twelve consecutive years, serving meantime as sena
tor from the county in 1834-'36. He again represented the
county in the legislature in 1845-'49, and. in 1851-53, defeat
ing Gen. Fair for the senate in '51. Judge Bibb has not
since been in official position, but his interest in public affairs
is unabated. In appearance and address he resembles Gov.
W. W. Bibb. An honorable private and faithful public life,
a weU stored mind, and a considerate regard for the feelings
and -views of others, tell in brief the salient points of his
career and character. His wife is the sister of the late Gov.
Gilmer of Georgia. Hon. John Dandridge Bibb, who repre
sented Montgomery in the senate in 1822, and died in Missis
sippi about the year 1855, was a brother ; the late Joseph B.
Bibb of this county, colonel of the Twenty-third Alabama,
was a nephew; and there are many members of the famUyin
the county and State. '
William Graham came to Montgomery about the year
1820, and became a merchant in the town. He was from
North Carohna, and was the son of Mr. Archibald Graham,
who settled in Autauga the same year. He was for several
years judge of the county court here, but removed to Coosa
in 1841. Ln 1847 he was elected treasurer of the State, and
again made Montgomery his home. He filled the position of
treasurer with satisfaction aud fidehty for ten years, and
retired at last voluntarily. He died in Autauga in 1859. His
wife was a sister of Dr. Clement BUlingslea, who represented
this county in 1845, and his descendants are chiefly in Au
tauga. Mr. Duncan Graham of this county, who succeeded
him as treasurer, and who died about the year 1867, was the
cousin of Judge G. Both William and Duncan Graham
were men of the purest integrity and moral character.
Robert J. Ware came to the county in the year 1822. He
was a native of Lincoln county, Georgia, and his mother was
a Miss Stokes. His parents were wealthy, and his early ad
vantages were very good. He became a physician and planter,
and rapidly acquired property here. He entered public life
as a representative of the county in the legislature in 1832,
and served as a member of one house or the other for seven
years. He was a man of wondrous energy, tact, and practi
cal knowledge, possessing singular magnetism and influence
over men. He was very successful in business, and accumu-
29

450 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
lated a large estate. He died in 1867, leaving many relatives
and descendants in the county.
Merrill Ashurst, who was a prominent citizen and attor
ney of this county for some years in its earlier times, repre
sented the county in the legislature in 1837 and 1840. He
removed to New Mexico many years ago, and became a promi
nent lawyer and jurist of that region. He died there in 1869,
weU grown in years.
Few men better deserve a place in the annals of Montgomery
than James Edwin Belser. He was born in Charleston, S.
C, Dec. 22, 1805, and was the son of Mr. Jacob Belser. . In
his 15th year his parents removed to Sumter district, where
he was educated by Rev. Jacob McWhorter. -At 19 years of
age he married a Miss Falconer, who died a few months later,
and he at once eame to Alabama — 1825. Reaching Mont
gomery, he read law in the office of Messrs. Henry Gold
thwaite and Benj. Fitzpatrick, and began the practice. In
1828 he served the county in the legislature, and soon after
- became clerk of the county court, aud one of the editors of
the Planter's Gazette. His connection with journalism lasted
several years, but he finaUy returned to the law, and in 1838
was appointed, then elected, soHcitor. The responsible du
ties of this office he filled for a term. In 1843 he was the
nominee of his party for congress, and was elected over Hon.
John W. A. Petit of Barbour. He served out his term, then
voluntarily retired from the place. From 1853 to 1857 he
represented Montgomery in the popular branch of the legis
lature, and was frequently urged for much higher positions.
Early in January 1859 he was seized with a violent illness
whUe arguing a case hi the court-room, and lingered tiU the
16th, when he expired. He is buried in Montgomery city.
Having married a second time, a Miss Stokes, he left a son
and daughter, Avhose descendants are in the county.
In so brief a space, it is difficult to give a proper estimate
of Col. Belser. " Framed in the prodigality of nature,''
he lacked none of those generous and nobler traits which,
bind man to man by ties of esteem and friendship. His men
tal endowments were very superior, and he lent to them the
lustre of a conscientious and blameless Hfe, a phUanthropic
heart, and a nature wholly unmixed with seH'-love. In the
bright throng of Montgomery's departed worth, no one was
more generally beloved.
To Samuel Clarke Oliver belongs the honor of having
served Montgomery longer in the general assembly than any

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 451
other person has done. He was a native of Elbert county,
Georgia, aad born about the year 1800. His father, Rev.
McCartney Oliver, was for many years a citizen of Chambers ;
his mother was a Miss Clarke. Receiving a good education,
he became a physician and planter, and came to reside in
Montgomery about the year 1827. Two years later he was
elected to the general assembly, and remained iu one house
or the other for nineteen consecutive years, aud up to the
time of his death. In aU the fierce struggles of his party in
the county, they found a pUlar of strength in Dr. Oliver, who,
though not an orator, was possessed of sound judgment and
great popularity. Said Mr. S. F. MUler in 1842, "he has the
" modes of thought and ripe diction of the scholar ; the warm
" and generous impulses of the poet ; the cautious policy of
" the financier ; and the address of one who sets no common
" value ou society." His mind was cultivated and stored with
reading, digested by reflection, and colored by a glow of rich
imagination. He was the author of a romance of the colo
nial rebelHon, entitled " Onslow," which received high com
mendation. The upright character and moral worth of Dr.
OHver, combined with his genial qualities, and wealth, gave
him much influence in the county. He died about the year
1850. His wife was a daughter of Mr. Abner McGehee of
Montgomery, and he has a son, a planter, residing here.
George Goldthwaite is also a distinguished citizen of
Montgomery. He is a younger brother of Hon. Henry Gold
thwaite of Mobile, deceased, and was born December 10, 1809,
in Massachusetts. WhUe a youth in Boston he attended a
grammar school of which Charles Sumner, R. C. Winthrop
and Geo. S. HUHard, since distinguished in the history of the
country, were pupUs. Appointed to a cadetship at West
Point at 14, he was a classmate of the late Lieut. Gen. Polk,
whUe President Davis, and Generals R. E. Lee and J. E.
Johnston were prosecuting their studies there in other classes.
After passing his third year he abruptly quit the coUege in
consequence of a " hazing " freak. He at once came to this
State (1826) and read law" in Montgomery in his brother's
office. Admitted to practice at the age of 18 years, he located
at MonticeUo, Pike county, where he remained several years.
He then returned to Montgomery, where he practiced with.
increasing reputation till December 1843, when he was elect
ed to the cfrcuit court bench over the incumbent, Hon.
Abraham Martin. He continued on the circuit bench (the
people re-electing him in 1850 over Jefferson Jackson, esq.,
late of this county,) tiU January 1852, when he was elected a
justice of the supreme court. By the resignation of Judge
Chilton, January 1836, Judge Goldthwaite became chief jus-

452 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
tice ; a dignity he held only thirteen days. Resignhig, he re
turned to the practice. When hostUities began between the
States, he was appohited by Gov. Moore adjutant general of
the State, and held the place about three years. In 1866 he
was elected judge of the cfrcuit court, over Hon. George S.
Cox of Lowndes and Hon. Francis Bugbee, but was ejected
from office by an act of congress in 1868. In 1870 he was
elected to the senate of the United States.
Judge Goldthwaite is stoutly built but short. His phreno
logical developments are striking and almost peculiar. He
is sociable but not cordial in his deportment. As a lawyer
he ranks among the most learned in the State, and befqre a
jury is so concise and clear that it seems as if a word added
to or taken from his remarks could only detract from the per
fection of his sentences. His long career on the bench has
established his reputation as a profound jurist, with no eccen
tricities or vagaries to alloy the wisdom and dignity of his
official deportment. His conversational powers, too, are rare,
and embrace a more extensive range than might be expected
from one who has devoted his life to a single profession.
Judge Goldthwaite married a sister of the late Mayor Wal-
lach of Washington, D. C. Capt. R. W. Goldthwaite of this
county, who so long commanded Semple's battery, is his son.
Judge Arlington and Major Emmet Seibels of this county
married daughters of Judge G.
William D. Pickett resided in this county. He was the
son of Hon. Wm. R. Pickett of Autauga, and was well educated.
Having read law, he practiced for several years at Washing
ton, in Autauga, but came to reside here about the year 1830.
The legislature of 1829 elected him soHcitor of the cfrcuit
court over Hon. Nathan Cook of Butler, and he held the of
fice a short time. He was elevated to the bench in 1834, and
died in the flower of his manhood, in November 1837. He
possessed a high order of talent, and lent the dignity of a vir
tuous Hfe to the culture of a jurist and scholar.
The late Albert James Pickett, a brother of the preceding,
was also a citizen of this county for many years. Born in
Anson comity, North Carolina, August 13* 1810, he came to
this State with his parents in 1818. It was in that early
time, while the red man yet claimed a home in his native
wilds, that he mingled with them, receiving those impressions
of their character, and maturing those sympathies for their
strange destiny, which often displays itself in his writings.
He attended a high school in Virginia for two years, then be
came a law student in the office of his brother in Montgom
ery. But he had no taste for the law, and soon abandoned

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 453
it. In 1832 he became a planter, first in Autauga, then in
this county. He was acting adjutant to Governor Clay during
the Creek troubles of 1836. Iu 1844 he was foreman of the
grand jury of this county which presented to the court the
evH to be apprehended from a too profuse influx of negroes
into the State, and the matter was brought before the legisla
ture by Mr. KittreU of Greene at the suggestion of Col. Pick
ett. The crowning event of his lU'e was the pubhcation, in
1851, of a " History of Alabama, and incidentally of Georgia
and Mississippi, from the earhest Period." This was the fruit
of much labor, and involved years of research and a Hbe
ral expenditure of money. It was received with great favor,
and Gov. CoUier caUed attention to it in his annual message.
The work is defective in arrangement, and scarcely comes up
to the promise of its title ; but it is positively invaluable.
" Few works have been prepared with greater attention to au
thorities than Mr. Pickett's,"* and it gave him a wide repu
tation. He then gave his time to the preparation of a "His
tory of the Southwest," but died before its completion, Oct.
28, 1858. Col. Pickett was of good figure, and bore himself
with the dignity and grace of a true gentleman. He was
fluent and entertaining in conversation, and his memory was
a ware-room of valuable data. He married a daughter of
Mr. Wm. D. Harris of this county, aud left a number of chU
dren. Col. Wm. R. Pickett of this county, late quartermaster
general of the State, is a son ; one of his daughters married
the late Major E. A. Banks, and another Col. M. L. Woods of
this county.
Abraham Martin came to Montgomery in 1832. He was
born in Edgefield district, South Carolina, in 1798, but re
moved to Tennessee with an uncle, and was graduated at
GreenvUle CoUege. He was enroUed as an attorney in 1821,
and was district soHcitor in Tennessee for several years. In
1832 he came to reside and practice here, and in 1837 he was
elected to the circuit bench over Messrs. E. S. Dargan, and
J. P. Booth of Barbour. He served in that position for six
years, and has ever since been a practitioner here, much of
the time in association with Messrs. M. A. Baldwin and P.
Tucker Sayre. During the late war he was collector of the
government revenue in the State. He has long held a prom
inent rank at the bar here, and justly earned a reputation for
learning and industry. He has sought no political positions,
and his reputation is limited to the profession. He is a brother
of Hon. Wm. D. Martin,.the South Carohna jurist.
Montgomery is noted now, and in the past, for the skiU of
its physicians. Among these, the late Cyrus Ames deserves
'•'Historical Collections of Georgia : " by Bev. Geprge White.

454 ' MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
remembrance. He was a native of Richmond, Virginia, and
came to this county about the year 1830. He was not only
a learned physician, but he was useful as a contributor to the
medical periodicals, and his views on the fevers of the South,
cerebo spinal meningitis, &c, had great weight with the pro
fession. He died here in 1859. The late Dr. McCarthy Oli
ver of this county, and Mr. Thomas LeBaron of MobUe,
married his daughters.
Henry Washington Hilliard resided for many years in
Montgomery. He was born ih Cumberland county, North
Carolina, in 1808. WhUe he was quite young his parents re
moved to Columbia, S. C, where he grew- to manhood, and
was graduated at South Carolina College. He read law under
Hon. Wm. C. Preston in Columbia, and Hon. A. M. Clayton
in Athens, Georgia, and was enroUed as an attorney at the
latter place in 1829. Two years later he accepted a profes
sorship in the University of Alabama, and served in that ca
pacity for three years. Resigning, he came to Montgomery,
and opened a law office. In 1838 he represented the county
in the legislature, and in 1840 was on the Harrison electoral
ticket. The foUowing year he was offered the mission to Por
tugal, but declined it. The same year he was on the " general
ticket" of his party for congress, and was defeated, though he
carried his own district. In 1842 he accepted the mission to
Belgium, and remained abroad two years. In 1845 he was
elected to congress over Hon. John Cochran of Barbour ; re
elected without opposition ; and again in 1849 over. Mr. James
L. Pugh of Barbour by 600 majority. His first speech in con
gress was so creditable that ex-Presideut John Quincy Adams,
then a member, walked across the room to congratulate him.
During his service in congress Mr. HUliard was a regent of
the Smithsonian Institute. At the close of his third term he
declined further service, and resumed his professional labors.
Early in life he held an official connection with the Methodist
Church, as a local or lay mmister, and he sometimes entered
the pulpit. In 1856 he was on the Fillmore electoral ticket.
In 1861 he was sent as the commissioner of the Confederate
States to treat with Tennessee preparatory to the admission
of that State, and he accomplished the object satisfactorily.
The following year he recruited a legion of about 3000 men,
and entered the service with it, but, after some months, re
signed his commission. Since the war he has resided in Au
gusta, Georgia, where he is practicing law. He married first
Miss Bedell of Georgia, and the .second time Mrs. Mayes, a
sister of the late Col. Thomas O. Glascock. Col. HUliard is
a polished and graceful elocutionist, and an adroit debater.
His frequent conflicts with the ablest orators of the State, at

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 455
the bar and on the stump, gave him a wide reputation. His
attainments are scholarly, and his circle of mformation is vast.
Jbew men have achieved so much by the exertion of briUiant
talents, unaided by wealth or famUy influence.
James Marion Sims, the eminent surgeon, resided in Mont
gomery for some years. He was born in Lancaster district,
to. O., Jan. 25, 1813. His father was sheriff of that district;
his mother was a Miss Mackey. Having graduated at South
Carolina CoUege, he read medicine and attended the schools
of Charleston and PhUadelphia. In 1836, the degree of M.
D. having been conferred the year before, he came to this
county. After practicing a short time at Mount Meigs, he
removed to Cross Keys, in Macon, and in 1841 came to the
town of Montgomery. Here he attained to considerable ce
lebrity for his treatment of cross eyes and club feet, which led
to an extensive surgical practice, embracing aU the capital
operations. LU-health caused him to remove to New York
city in 1851. There his treatment of diseases of females, par
ticularly vesica vaginal fistula (which had been so great a re
proach to the profession), gave a wide notoriety to his name.
A hospital for females was opened soon after his advent in the
metropolis, and he was placed hi charge of it. His sympa
thies being with the South in the war for separation, he re
moved to Paris, France, where his reputation had, to some
extent, preceded him. There he wrote a volume on the dis
eases of females, which has been printed in almost every lan
guage of Europe.* The courts of that country decorated him
freely with honorary orders, and the imperial famUy of the
French gave him distinguished tokens of thefr consideration.
Since 1868 he has resided mainly in New York, where he labors
with continued success. Dr. Sims is a gentleman of winning
address, general culture, and excellent moral character. He
married a sister of Dr. Benj. R. Jones of this county.
Marion Augustus Baldwin, also a citizen of this county,
was born in Greene county, Georgia, Aug. 13, 1813. His
father, a planter, was a native of Vfrginia. His mother was
the only sister of the late Hon. Benj. Fitzpatrick of Elmore.
In 1816 he canje with his parents to this county, where they
settled, and he passed his youth and manhood here. He was
educated at the State University, graduating there in 1835,
and the year following was, licensed to practice law ; having
read in the office of Messrs. John A. Campbell and George
Goldthwaite, and at the home of his uncle, Mr. Fitzpatrick.
Opening an office in Montgomery, he was for some time iu
*('£>iins on Uterine Surgery" : London, 1866.

456 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
partnership with Col. James E. Belser. In 1843 he was
chosen to the soHcitorship of the circuit court, and became
attorney general of the State by the removal of the seat of
government to Montgomery in 1847. By successive elections,
he was continued in this office tUl 1865, when the State gov
ernment was overthrown. He died shortly after, Aug. 16,
1865. He was a prosecuting officer longer than any other
man has ever been in the State, and his briefs and arguments
will be found in twenty-six or twenty-seven volumes of the
State Reports. " His reputation as a profound criminal law-
"yer, and as a faithful, industrious, honest, just, and humane
"officer, wUl survive as long as our Reports are preserved;
"and his virtues as a man, and his ¦ inestimable worth as a
"friend, will be cherished as long as the hearts of those who
" were associated with him in the administration of law in
"this tribunal shall pulsate. * * He was possessed of fine
"reasoning capacity, and had powers of language and Ulus-
" tration abundant to the correct and forcible expression of
"his ideas. He was gifted with genial humor, which, con-
" troUed by good taste and good judgment, enhvened his argu
ments without impairing the dignity of his speech; and
" which, with the concurrence of other quahties, made him an
"interesting and entertaining companion. * * He was warm,
" confiding, true, and steadfast in his friendship, and possessed
" a remarkable capacity for attaching others by ties that were
"rarely broken."* Mr. Baldwin married a daughter of Hon.
Joseph Fitzpatrick of this county, and left nine chUdren, who
reside in BuUock county.
William: Owens Baldwin, brother of the foregoing, is a na
tive and resident of Montgomery. He was born in 1818, read
in the office of Dr. McLeod, and was graduated in medicine
at the age of 18 years, at Transylvania University. Estab
lishing himseH in the town of Montgomery, his professional
labors w-ere remarkably successful. For several years he was
the partner of Dr. Wm. M. Bohng, an eminent surgeon. In
1868 he was elected to the presidency of the American Medi
cal Association at the annual convention in New York. He is
now president of a national bank in Montgomery. " Dr. Bald-
"win has contributed much to the Hterature of his profession,
" and some of these contributions are as brilliant as they are
"scientific. * * One has been particularly commented on by
" the press, as deserving of special attention. We aUude to
" the paper on the ' Poisonous Properties of Quinine. ' * *
" This paper is quoted as authority, not only in the English
" and French periodicals, and thefr standard works ontoxicol-
*Hon. A. J. Walker : remarks from the bench of the supreme court.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 457
" ogy, but also in the U. S. Dispensatory, and the medico-le-
"gal works of this country."* He has attained to distinction,
also, as a surgeon and obstetrician, whUe his business capacity
renders him an useful citizen. Added to these are his social
quahties and wide range of general information. Capt. Wm.
0: Baldwin, of the late Tweuty-second Alabama, the "boy
captain" of Deas' brigade, killed at Franklin, aged 19 years,
was his son. Mr. W. O. Baldwin, who represented this county
several times in the legislature, and afterwards removed to
Texas, was a cousin.
Nathan Bozeman, another physician who has attained to a
wide celebrity, resided in Montgomery from 1848 to 1859. He
was a native of Georgia, but grew to manhood in Coosa county,
where there are a number of his family. He was graduated
at LouisvUie, and he made the diseases of females a specialty.
He has written much on the subject, and is regarded as very
eminent in that branch of medical and surgical science. Dr.
Bozeman removed to New Orleans in 1859, and to New York
in 1866. He was a surgeon during the late war.
For thfrty years the name of John Archer Elmore has
adorned the roU of the bar of this county. A native of Lau
rens district, South Carolina, he was born in 1809. An account
of his father, Gen. John A. Elmore, wUl be found under the
head of " The County of Autauga. " The son was graduated
at the South Carolina CoUege, and was admitted to the bar in
1832. A year or two later he opened a law office in Hayne
vUle, Lowndes county. During the Creek troubles iu 1836,
he led a company from that county into the service. The year
after he was chosen to the State senate without opposition, and
served one winter. Shortly after, he came to reside in Mont
gomery. Eschewing politics, he advanced rapidly in his pro
fession, and was the senior for several years in a law firm with
Hon. Wm. L. Yancey. In 1861 he was sent as a commissioner
to the repubHc of South Carolina, and exerted himself to
strengthen the bonds of the Southern sisterhood of States. At
the close of the war he was chosen to represent the county in
the constitutional convention. Such is the public career of
Capt. Elmore. His reputation rests upon his professional abil
ities. His disinclination to engage in poHtical affairs was man
ifest at an age when men usually aspire in that direction ; but
he passed by official honors which many others expend _ a life
time in the effort to obtain. In the forum he is as quick to
seize the principles which apply to the case, as he is lucid iu
the exposition of facts. As an advocate, he is forcible and flu-
*Dr. R. F. Michel in the " Bichmond and Louisville Medical Journal. ,v

458 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
ent, without passion or imagery ; and he is never at loss for
a reference, nor does he traverse the same ground inhis argu
ment. To thorough learning, and very superior natural en
dowments, Capt. Elmore adds a general mental culture, an ele
vated character, and popular social quahties. . In person he
is portly and fleshy, with a large frame. He married a daugh
ter of Hon. W. D. Martin of South Carolina, and Major El
more, of the late First Alabama Cavalry, is one of his sons.
Rush Elmore, brother of the preceding, was for many years
an attorney and citizen of Montgomery. He took a company
from this county to participate in the war with Mexico, which
became apart of Col. Peyton's Tennessee regiment. President
Pierce appohited him a territorial judge of Kansas, and he died
there in 1884.
" Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom was no guile. ''
On the 11th day of January 1861, whUe the eyes of every
Alabamian were looking eagerly and earnestly to the State
capital for a solution of the direful questions that afflicted
the land, from that city the soul of Nicholas Hamner Cobbs
passed to its heavenly reward. He was a native of Bedford
county, Virginia, and was born Feb. 5, 1795. His early ad
vantages were meagre, and his education was acqufred in an
"old field school." At the age of seventeen years he became
a teacher, and continued in that high vocation in different
parts of Virginia for ten or twelve years. In 1824 he was
ordained a deacon, and a year later he was advanced to the
priesthood. In 1828 he was elected clerical deputy from the
diocese of Virginia to the general convention of the church, a
position he continued to fiU while he remained in his native
State. In 1834 he was chaplain to the University of Vir
ginia, and was at different times pastor of the congregations
at Norfolk and Petersburg. Hobart CoUege conferred on him
the degree of doctor of divinity in 1842, and two years later
he was caUed to the episcopate of Alabama from the rector
ship of St. Paul's, Cincinnati. He was consecrated at PhUa
delphia in October, and at once became a resident of Mont
gomery. From that time forward his labors were in this
State. The communicants of his diocese numbered 450 when
he came, but at his death, after sixteen years, they had more
than quintupled. He died in the full triumph of tne christian
faith, beloved and respected by aU. Bishop Cobbs was emi
nently fitted for the ministry. " He moved among men always
" as the minister of God, as the ambassador for Christ. No
" one could ever mistake his character or his purpose. While
"he was gentle uuto aU men, he was never pHant; while he
" was wary in the pursuits of the great purposes of Christ's

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 459
"kingdom on Earth, nothing turned him aside from their con
summation."* "There have been few preachers more
" effective. H not an orator in the popular sense, he had one
"of the best elements of oratory. His sermons were reali-
"ties; he beheved what he said. Every word, and tone, and
"gesture bore the impress of sincerity, iriis sermons were
"brief, confined generaUy to a single point, and at their close —
"it is the truest test of merit — the hearers thought not of the
"speaker, but of themselves and their sins. * * He capti-
"vated, not thefr inteUects, but their hearts."t
Bishop Cobbs has a son in the State who is a clergyman.
The late John Jacob Seibels came to Montgomery in 1842.
He was born in Edgfield district, South Carolina, Dec. 8, 1816.
His father, John Temple Seibels, surveyor general of the
Palmetto State at one time, was the son of a German whose
wife was a niece of Sir John Temple, the first British ambas
sador to the United States. Graduating at South Carolina
College, he read law under Hon. C. G. Meminger at Charles
ton, and was enroUed as an attorney about the year 1837.
In 1838 he went to Texas, but returned-to his native State in
1840 ; whence he came to reside here as a lawyer. In 1846
he recruited a company and led it to Mobile, on the way to
Mexico. A regimental organization was there effected, and
he was elected colonel ; but he resigned within a day or two
in consequence of some dissatisfaction in the command. He
then went on with the company as part of the battalion
formed, and served on the Rio Grande for three months. The
next year he took out a battahon, and was mUitary governor
of Orizaba. He was connected more or less with the Mont
gomery press on his return. In 1853 he was sent as charge
d'affaires to Belgium, and in 1855 his station was raised to
that of a minister-resident. In December 1856 he resigned,
and was again connected with the press for some time. He was
an elector for Douglas in 1860, and the year after led the
Sixth Alabama Infantry into the field. He served a year in
Virginia, then returned. His promotion to the rank of briga
dier general was urged. " I am not on speaking terms with
Col. Seibels, and do not expect to be ; but I urge his promo
tion," said Senator Yancey to the president. The peremptory
refusal is thought to have had for its basis a personal feehng
between Mr. Davis as poHtician and Col. Seibels as editor in
1860, and it created a coolness between the former and Mr.
Tancey which was never healed. In 1863, Col. Seibels re
ceived a warm support for confederate senator, and led Messrs.
*Bishop Stephen Elliott of Georgia.
tEev. Geo. F. Cushman, D. D., of Dallas.

460 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Clay of Madison, Curry of TaUadega, &c, on several baUots.
He died in Montgomery, August 8, 1865. He was a courte
ous gentleman, cordial in friendship, implacable in enmity,
and affable but reserved to the masses. His talents were
bright, his information extensive, and his opinions were usu-
aUy based upon cool reflection. He married a sister of Hon.
James Berney of Butler, and his only child is the wife of Col.
C. P. BaU of this county. Major Emmet Seibels of the late
Seventh South Carolina, now of Montgomery, is a brother.
Thomas Hill Watts is a resident of Montgomery, but a
native of Butler. His parents were from Greene county,
Georgia, and settled in the western part of what is now But
ler — then Conecuh — in 1818. His mother v/as a daughter of
Thomas HiU, one of the first legislators from Conecuh, and
his father was a well known planter of west Butler for many
years. Born near Butler Springs, January 1819, he grew to
manhood there, and was graduated at the University of Vir
ginia. In 1841 he opened a law office at GreenvUle, and the
next year he represented Butler in the legislature, and again
in 1844, and '45. He came to Montgomery in 1846, and en
tered on the duties of his profession with vigor and success,
associated for a number of years with Messrs. T. J. Judge,
Jeff. F. Jackson, pndD. S. Troy. He represented the county
in the lower house in 1849, and was in the senate from Au
tauga and Montgomery in 1853. Two years later he was the
nominee of his party for congress, and had an exciting race
with the late Col. DowdeU of Chambers, who was successful
by a very small majority. He was the coUeague of the gifted
Yancey in the constitutional convention of 1861, and in Au
gust of that ye'ar receiving a very complimentary vote for
governor, and one that indicated the preference of the people
for hun if he had permitted the use of his name in time.
About the same time he was elected colonel of the Seven
teenth Alabama Infantry, and was at Corinth with it the March
foUowing. There he was much surprised by a notice of his
appointment to the cabinet of President Davis as attorney
general of the Confederate States. He at once entered on
the duties of the office, and remained hi Richmond tUl Octo
ber 1, 1863, when he resigned to accept the position of gov
ernor, to which he had been elected by a large majority over
the incumbent, Hon. John GUI Shorter of Barbour. He was
inaugurated December 2, 1863, and discharged the perplexing
duties of the chief magistracy of the State during the last
year and a half of the war ; the most trying and extraordinary
period through which Alabama has yet passed. The federal
armies occupied the capital of the State, AprU 12, 1865, and
the term of Governor Watts practicaUy ceased at that date.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 461
His plantation was harried by the federal troops, who de
stroyed 250 bales of his cotton, 3000 bushels of corn, which
had been partly sacked for shipment to the poor of Butler
county, destroyed his bacon, and took off forty head of mules.
Since that time, Gov. Watts has quietly given his time to the
labors of his profession, taking only such interest in public
questions as every citizen of pubhc spfrit should.
He is large and stout, erect,' and a Httle more than six feet
in highth. He is very affable and sociable, and quite popu
lar with aU classes. His abUity as au advocate and speaker
is second to that of but few men of the State at any time.
He is earnest and vehement in manner, and vigilant and adroit
in pressing an adversary. The cause of his chent becomes
his own, and he does not appear to lose heart even when the
verdict comes in against him. Governor Watts married a
sister of Gen. W, W. AUen of this county, and one of his
daughters is the wife of Col. Troy of Montgomery city, a
brave officer of the late Sixtieth Alabama.
Adam Christopher Felder also resides in this county. He
was born in Orangeburg district, South Carolina, in 1820, and
came with his parents to this State and county in 1835. He
was weH educated, and read law under Mr. Nathan Harris in
Montgomery city. He was Hcensed in 1846 ; but went to Mex
ico the same year as a member of Capt. Rush Elmore's com
pany, where he remained three months. On his return, he
began the practice as the partner of Mr. F. S. Jackson. In
1848 he was appointed county court judge to succeed Hon. T.
S. Mays, and held the office two years. In 1855 he was elected
over Mr. Daniel Pratt to represent Autauga and Montgomery
in the State senate, and was re-elected over Dr. Wm. H. Rives
in 1857. He entered the Confederate army as a private in
Capt. J. J. Cox's company; but subsequently served as cap
tain of a company in the 53d Alabama. In 1865 he was again
elected to the senate over Rev. Dr. Spangler of Autauga. In
1868 he became chancellor, an office he now holds. He is a
companionable man, full of practical ideas, and just and up
right in the transactions of business life.
But of all the Alabamians whose talents and opinions
have made them eminent in civil affafrs, William Lowndes
Yancey's fame is most vivid and wide-spread. He was born
at the Shoals of Ogechee, Georgia, August 10, 1814,_while his
mother was visiting her parents at that place. His father,
Hon. B. C. Yancey of AbbeviUe, was a distinguished South
Carohna advocate, was a midshipman in the federal navy when
young, and was descended from one of three Welsh brothers
who came to Virginia, and number among their offspring the

462 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
eloquent Bartlett Yancey of North Carohna, Hon. Joel Yan
cey of Kentucky, and Hon. Charles Yancey of Virginia. The
mother of W. L. Yancey was a daughter of Col. Wm. Bird of
Georgia, a Virginian by birth. He took a collegiate course at
Williamstown, Vermont, and read law under Judge Nathan
Sayre at Sparta, Georgia, and Hon. B. F. Perry at GreenvUle,
South Carolina. He did not apply for a Hcense, but engaged
in planting near Greenville. In the winter of 1838-'7, he re
moved to DaUas county, this State, and there rented a plant
ation. It was while on a visit to GreenvUle, in the spring of
1837, that he kUled Dr. Elias Earle in an affray.* The same
year he became the editor of a paper at Cahaba, which he
remained connected with till 1839, when he removed to Coosa.
In connection with his brother he edited a newspaper there
for a year or two, when the poisoning of his negroes in Dal
las caused him to become involved in debt, and he went to
the bar to retrieve his fortunes. H e became the partner of
Hon. S. W. Harris, and arose rapidly in the profession. In
1841 he represented Coosa in the lower house, and in 1843
was elected to the senate from Coosa and Autauga over Hon.
W. W. Morris. A year later he resigned, when elected to con
gress to fiU the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Hon.
D. H. Lewis. In 1845 he was again elected, defeating Hon.
Daniel E. Watrous of Shelby. While in congress he and
Hon. T. L. Clingman of North Carohna were interrupted by
a civil process while on "the field of honor." He resigned
his seat in 1846 because he was too poor to remain in pubhc
life, and came to reside in Montgomery. He practiced here
very successfully in connection with Capt. J. A. Elmore, and
made politics the incident and not the object of his attention
for ten or twelve years. He was the author of the resolu
tions in the State convention of his party which instructed
the delegation to withdraw, in the event that certain princi
ples involving the rights of the southern States were not
avowed. At the national nominating convention the delega
tion from the State retained their seats nevertheless, and only
Mr. Yancey and Mr. Wray of this county obeyed instructions
"Much has been said about this matter to the injury of Mr. Yancey. "No
"reports are so readily believed," says Lord Macaulay, "as those which dis-
' ' parage genius, and soothe the euvy of conscious mediocrity.'' A full report
of the trial, from a Greenville paper, is before the author, and he does not
hesitate to pronounce it a clear case of self-defence. The evidence that op
erated against Mr. Yancey was that he approached Dr. E. with a weapon on
his person ; a fact dwelt ou by the judge in his charge, but explained by the
second fact that Mr Yancey had arrived only a few days before from' Ala
bama — a long jonrney through a frontier country. He was sentenced to a
year's imprisonment in jail, and a fine, but Gov. Noble pardoned him within
two or three months. " In this affair he did what few men of spirit might
" not have done under the circumstances," says Hon. B. F. Perry in " Bemi-
" niscences of Public Men," and Mr. Y. was no favorite with Gov, Perry,

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 463
when the convention faded to accede to the demands of the
party in the State. For eight years,' then, he was ostracised
by his party, and held no station but that of a private in its
ranks. Office, however, was not what he sought ; and when
he was delegated to the State convention of his party in 1856,
he introduced the same resolutions that were ignored in '48.
They were not only adopted, but were understood to be avowed
in the careful phraseology of the Cincinnati nominating con
vention. Mr. Yancey's speech in advocacy of the resolutions
in the State convention was one of the great efforts of his life,
and to be remembered with Gen. Alph. Baker's speech ou the
reception of the Confederate flag, and Mr. Wm. M. Murphy's
reply to the charges of Mr. Luge against his party at Living
ston. "Splendid!" said Bishop Polk; "Magnificent!" an
swered Bishop EUiott, as they stood among the auditory.
Mr. Yancey headed the Buchanan electoral ticket in 1856,
and was warmly supported for federal senator against Gov.
Fitzpatrick in 1859, but the election was postponed. In 1860,
more than ever impressed with the necessity of guarantees
for the preservation of the federal system, he again presented
resolutions instructing the Alabama delegation to withdraw
from the nominating convention at Charleston if their de
mands were rejected ; and they were adopted, the delegation
— of which he was one— withdrew when they saw no hope of
attaining thefr object, and the party, already in a minority,
made two nominations. Pending the election, he canvassed
the northern States of the Union in advocacy of the claims
of Mr. Breckinridge to the presidency, and appealed to the
people of that region to abide by the constitution of 1789.
He told them that he did not favor dis-Union save as a refuge
from dishonor and subsequent ruin to the South. But they
faUed to heed him, and the result is known. He represented.
Montgomery in the constitutional convention of 1861, and
framed the secession ordinance, as chairman of the committee.
President Davis offered him any position within the gift of
the executive, and he accepted the mission to Great Britain.
He remained abroad a year, and made every exertion to ob
tain a recognition of the Confederate States by European
powers. On his return, March 1862, he told his country
men plainly that they must rely on their own efforts to achieve
that result. During his absence he was elected by an almost
unanimous vote to the Confederate senate. In that position
he acquitted himseH with his usual ability, but his deport
ment was shadowed by the extraordinary events of the mili
tary campaigns. He was spared the pain of witnessing the
humiliation of the South, death ensuing after a short illness
at his home near Montgomery city, July 28, 1863.

464 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
In person, Mr. Yancey was of ordinary highth, weU buUt,
and weU shaped ; having but little surplus flesh, and no angu
larities. The features of his face were full without massive-
ness, and expressed the calm determination for which he was
noted. His manner was grave and deliberate even in youth,
and he attracted men by his strength of purpose and fascinat
ing talents, rather than by social traits. He was a man of
deep and strong feehngs, .whether of affection or dislike, but
was an open and manly opponent, scorning all equivocation.
His integrity, morality, and piety were never questioned.
He was firm iu his convictions, and methodical in his conduct ;
and wholly exempt from eccentricity or Httleness. His repu
tation as an orator has not been surpassed in the State, and
probably not in the South. His voice was very clear, his
sentences weU rounded, and his gesticulation neither frequent
nor violent! He was not a declaimer, but a pohshed and
logical speaker, who enchained attention by a lofty, sustained,
and unbroken strain of rhetoric. He was fluent as a foun
tain, and the coldest subject quickened into a glow on his
magic tongue.* The result of the late war was very unpro
pitious for Mr. Yancey's fame, for there are many who cen
sure him now who would have been foremost in apotheosizing
him had the southern States succeeded in estabhshing their
independence. Mr. Yancey married a daughter of Mr. Washington Earle
of South Carohna, who now resides, with his children, in Ma
con county. A son, Capt. Ben. C. Yancey, commanded a bat
tahon of sharpshooters in a brigade of the Western Army.
Elisha Y. Fair came to Montgomery about the year 1835,
and was au attorney here for several years, having been ad
mitted to the bar in his native State. His professional attain
ments gave him prominence, and he was made minister resi
dent to Belgium in 1856. He retained that honorable position
during the administration of Mr. Buchanan. In 1865 he
represented Montgomery in the constitutional convention —
his last public trust. He now resides on his plantation in
Autauga. Gen. Fair is a gentleman of culture, and is re
spected for many exceUencies of character. He married Miss
Wyatt of Autauga.
Henry C. Semple, an attorney of prominence in Mont-
*0n one occasion he quoted the familiar line, " 'Tis not all of life to live,
nor all of death to die," in a speech meant to arouse his audience to a feel
ing of resistance to encroachments on the constitution. The abject status
of "live"-ing, as the word sank almost to a whisper, and the ecstacy of
"die"-ing, as his soul was thrown into the tone of its enunciation, gave a
construction to the line which not even its author could have thought it
susceptible of.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 465
gomery, came to reside here about the year 1845. He is a
native of Vfrginia, and a son of Judge Semple, ^a jurist of
that State, whose first wife was a sister of President Tyler.
He has been a successful practitioner for many years, and is
also weU known for his labors in connection with the " Code
of '52." During the war he recruited a Hght battery, and
saw service on several hard-fought fields. He was promoted
to the rank of major of artiUery for his efficient conduct.
Major Semple is a gentleman of scholarly attainments, quiet
deportment, and honorable reputation. He married a daugh
ter of Hon. Lorenzo James.
The recoUection of Johnson Jones Hooper is a sunny spot
in the memory of those who knew him. He was born in Wil
mington, N. C, June 9, 1815, and was the son of a journalist.
His grandfather was the brother of Hon. Wm. Hooper, a signer
of the colonial decree of independence, and he was also a lin
eal descendant of Hon. Archibald Maclain, another colonial
patriot of 1776. His mother, the daughter of Col. DeBerniere,
a British officer, was HneaUy descended from Bishop Jeremy
Taylor, the EngHsh poet and divine. His education was as
good as can weU be obtained outside of a coUege, and at the
age of fifteen years, being in Charleston, S. C, he was a writer
for the city press. At the age of twenty he journeyed through
the Gulf States, and remained in Tuskaloosa several months.
He then went to TaUapoosa county, and in 1840 to Chambers,
where he read law in the office of his brother. He soon after
edited the Banner at DadevUle, where his humorous articles
began to attract attention. Ln 1843 he edited a paper for six
months in Wetumka. He then returned to Chambers, and
practiced law and edited a newspaper in LaFayette. His " Si
mon Suggs " paper had now appeared, and given him much
celebrity. In 1846 he came to Montgomery, and became one
of the editors of a journal here, but returned to Chambers
within a year. Ln 1849 he was elected to the office of soHci
tor by the legislature, defeating Messrs. A. M. Presley of Cham
bers, M. S. Latham of Russell, and A.W. Bowie of TaUadega,
and held the office several years. In 1852 he came to reside
in this county, as editor of the Montgomery Mail, and only sev
ered his connection with that journal when he was elected sec
retary of the provisional Confederate congress in 1861. He
accompanied the congress to Richmond, Va., where he died
June 6, 1862. Having married a daughter of Hon. Greene D.
Brantley of Chambers, one of the first settlers and worthiest
citizens of LaFayette, he left several chUdren ; one of whom
is an attorney in Aberdeen, Miss., and another is a merchant
in New York. Mr. George D. Hooper of Lee is a brother, and
30

466 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Col. G. W. Hooper of the late 6th A labama Infantry is a nephew.
Mr. Hooper was well known to the country as the author of
" Simon Suggs, " a work of unsurpassed humor, and of great
popularity. He regretted having pubHshed it, however, because,
as he conceived, it identified his name with a class of Htera
ture which was an obstacle to his advancement in the more
ambitious walks of lU'e. As a writer he was ready, lucid, and
captivating ; forcible when grave, and irresistible when humor
ous. He was, too, a scholar, and a man of thought. He had
a large and guileless heart, a vigorous and ¦fertile inteUect, an
affable and genial disposition, the most unpretending manner,
aud singular directness of purpose. With these quahties it is
not a wonder that he was popular and beloved. He wielded
much influence wherever his journal was read, and his death
created a marked impression even amid the exciting events
during which it occurred.
The late James Holt Clanton resided in Montgomery.
He was born in Columbia county, Georgia, Jan. 8, 1827. His
mother was a Miss Clayton, and related to Gen. Clayton of
Barbour. His father, Hon. Nathaniel Holt Clanton, who rep
resented Macon in both houses of the general assembly, was
the son of Holt Clanton, a Virginia "rebel" in 1776. The
parents settled in Macon in 1835, and the son grew to man
hood there. His education, ending with his matriculation at
Tuskaloosa, was cut short by his volunteering in the war with
Mexico as a private in Capt. Rush Elmore's company, Col.
Baihe Peyton's regiment. Serving out his six months' enlist
ment, he soon after enlisted in the Palmetto regiment, for
which Capt. Preston S. Brooks came back to recruit, but
reached there after the occupation of the Mexican capital.
On his return, he read law at Tuskegee in the office xjf Hon.
David Clopton, and attended the law school of Judge ChUton
there. Admitted to the bar in 1850, he at once located in
Montgomery. In 1855 he represented the county in the leg
islature, and in 1860 was a candidate for elector on the BeU
ticket. He opposed secession, but favored unity when that
policy was adopted, and entered the service as captain of a
mounted company. He operated on the Florida coast tiU the
faU of 1861, when he augmented his command to a regiment,
of which he was chosen colonel. This was the First Alabama
cavalry. Ordered to Tennessee, he opened the battle at
ShUoh, and was engaged the second day. At Farmington,
his regiment being absent, he was temporarily on Gen. Bragg's
staff. At BoonviUe he commanded a brigade, consisting of
his own and a Mississippi regiment, and Major S. J. Murphy's
battalion, and drove the enemy in handsome style. In the
spring of 1863 he raised three more regiments — the 6th, 7th,

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 467
and 9th Alabama cavalry — and was commissioned a brigadier
general. The necessities of the service kept these regiments
separated much of the time, and gave Gen. Clanton no op
portunity to handle them as a brigade. In 1864 he fought
Gen. Rousseau at Ten Islands, on the Coosa, opposing 200
men to 1300 for several hours. In this affair he lost his en
tire staff, viz : Capt. Robert Abercrombie of Florida and Lieut.
Thomas Judkins of Montgomery kUled, and Capt. Bat. Smith
of DaUas and Lieut. Hyer of Florida wounded. He then
harassed Rousseau through the State. Ordered to Dalton,
he reached there in advance of his command, and served on
Gen. Polk's staff at Resaca, AdafrsvUle, and CassvUle; receiv
ing the thanks of the generals for his services in placing the
artUlery and stores across the Etowa at the latter place. In
1865 he reheved Gen. Alph. Baker at PoUard, and beat back
a raid of the enemy soon after. In March he made head
against Gen. Steele's corps with a body of cavalry, and was
dangerously wounded and captured at Bluff Spring, Florida.
Taken to Pensacola, he was paroled -about the 1st of May.
Resuming his profession, from 1866 to the close of his Hfe
he was the official head of his party in the State, and his
¦ life was frequently imperiUed by the bold manner in which he
discharged his duty as such. His death occurred Sept. 26,
1871, in KnoxvUle, Tennessee. During the day he had been
in the federal court as the attorney of the State of Alabama
in the matter of the Alabama and Chattanooga raUroad.
Going on the street at dusk, he was introduced to a sop of
Hon. T. A. R. Nelson, who had been an officer in the federal
army. A dispute arose very quickly between them, when the
young man stepped into a saloon for his gun, came out and
lodged a load of buckshot in the breast of Gen. C. The lat
ter drew his pistol and fired at random, then slowly laid down
and died. His remains were brought to the city of Mont
gomery, where they lay in state at the capitol, and were fol
lowed to the grave by the whole population. Demonstrations
of grief and respect came up from all parts of the State, and
no event of such a character ever elicited more profound re
gret. Indeed, few men have had so large a circle of devoted
friends, nor was any man ever more purely unselfish in his
friendship. With the courage of Cceur de Leon, he had also
the magnanimity and generosity of that paragon of chivalry,
and was not lacking in any essential the attributes of gentility
and manhood. Loving the land of his birth as he did the
mother that bore him, the latter years of his life were conse
crated to it with an intensity of devotion that forgot self.
He passed away in the noontide of usefulness, "but his fame,
"consigned to the keeping of that Time, which, happUy, is

468 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
" not so much the tomb of Virtue as its shrine, shaU, in years
"to come, fire modest worth to noble deeds." •
Gen. Clanton married a daughter of Hon. James Aber
crombie of RusseU, and left three chUdren.
Montgomery is the home of Thomas James Judge. A na
tive of Richland district, South Carolina, he was bom Nov. 1,
1815. Three or four years later his parents came to this State,
and settled in Butler county. His early advantages were
quite meagre, and at the age of 15 years he entered a printing
office in Montgomery. Here he remained a year learning the
art of printing, but left it to accept a clerkship in a dry goods
house. In 1834 he established a newspaper at GreenvUle,
which he edited about a year. He volunteered in the Creek
war, serving three months, and in 1 837 removed to HaynevUle.
There he read law in the office of John S. Hunter and Nathan
Cook, esqs. A year later he located in HaynevUle to practice.
In 1843 he was appointed district soHcitor by Gov. Fitzpatrick,
but was defeated before the legislature. The foUowing year
he represented Lowndes in the legislature, and was re-elected
the ensuing year. In 1847 he served Lowndes and Butler in
the senate, where he continued tiU 1850, when he resigned "to
remove to this county. The same year he was a delegate to
the NashvUle convention. Forming a partnership here with
Messrs. T. H. Watts and J. F. Jackson, he entered an ampler
theatre of action. In 1853 he represented the county in the
legislature. In 1857 he made a brilHant canvass for congress
against Hon. J. F. DowdeU of Chambers, but was defeated, as
he was two years later by Mr. Clopton of IVlacon. When the
war began between the States, he first volunteered as a pri
vate, serving at Pensacola. He then aided in organizing the
Fourteenth Alabama, of which he was chosen colonel. He
repaired to Virginia with it, but in AprU 1862 was so severely
injured by a railroad coUision as to cause him to resign. He
subsequently served as judge of a mUitary court tUl the close
of the war. In 1865 he was elected to the bench of the su
preme court, a position he filled tUl the reconstruction meas
ures ousted him in 1868. He is now practicing his profession
in Montgomery.
The career of Judge Judge is that of one who has made his
way by the powers of intellect from the ink-roUer to the high
est judicial tribunal of his State, and from poverty to an afflu
ence that was swept away by the late war. He has strong
impulses, a sociable nature, and a keen intuition. Ln his va
rious canvasses he invariably drew out the strength of his
party, and is ahke happy and powerful iu his efforts on the
stump and at the bar. His personal appearance is striking,

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 469
his features and figure being weU and substantially developed.
He married a sister of Hon. Peyton T. Graves of Lowndes.
William Wirt Allen is a native and resident of Montgomery.
His father, the late Mr. Wade AUen, was for many years a
planter in this county, and one of its first settlers. His mother
was a sister of Mr. Daniel Sayre of this county. The parents
came from South Carolina in 1818, and the son was born in
1835. Graduating at Princeton, he read law, but not with a
view to practicing. The war found him planting, and he laid
down the peaceful vocation to enter the service as first lieu
tenant of the cavalry company of which Gen. Clanton went
out as captain. When the First Alabama Cavalry was organ
ized he was elected major of it. He fought at Shiloh, aud
was in the subsequent operations of that campaign. Succeed
ing to the colonelcy of the regiment, he led it into Kentucky,
and was wounded sHghtly at Perry-rifle. At Murfreesboro,
where he commanded a brigade, he was severely wounded,
and disabled for some time. Appointed a brigadier general,
he took command of a brigade at Dalton composed of men
from several States. At Marietta he was transferred to the
command of the brigade composed of the 1st, 3d, 4th, 9th,
51st, and 12th Alabama cavalry regiments. He remained in
charge of this brigade, participating in all the arduous duty
of the mounted corps on Johnston's retreat, tiU August 1864,
when Crews' (Ga.) brigade was added, and subsequently An
derson's (Confederate) brigade. At the head of this division
he passed into the Carolinas at the heels of Sherman, and by
his fidelity to duty earned the commission of major general,
conferred in March 1865. He surrendered at Sahsbury, N.
C, May 3, 1865. Since then he has given his attention to
agriculture, tiU appointed adjutant general of the State in
1870, a position he nowr fills.
Gen. AUen is tall and stout, making a stalwart figure. He
is cordial in manner, and of ardent public spirit. As a soldier
he was cool amid danger, and faithful and tireless in the dis
charge of his duty. Few cavalry officers stood higher in the
confidence of thefr commanders, or were more respected by
their troops.
He married a sister of Col. Charles P. Ball of this county.
Moses Wright Hannon became a citizen of this county in
1847. He was born in Baldwin county, Georgia, in 1827, and
his father was a planter and lawyer ; his mother an aunt of ,
Hon. Aug. R. Wright of that State. He was here in mercan
tile business, but in 1850 he went to California. On his re
turn, eight years later, he engaged in a mercantile business
bere, Ln 1861 he entered the mUitary service as Heutenant

470 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
colonel of the First Alabama Cavalry, and a few months later
recruited the Fifty-third Alabama, a mounted regiment. With
this command he served for some time in the Tennessee vaUey,
under Roddy and Forrest. He was then placed over a brigade,
composed of his old regiment, Young's (Ga.) regiment, Ros-
weU's (Ga.) battahon, and Snodgrass' (Ala.) battahon. He led
this command during the last year and a half of the war, serv
ing through the Georgia campaign, under Gen. Wheeler, and
in Gen. KeUy's division. The brigade performed much ardu
ous service, and in August 1864, under its commander, made
a daring raid on Sherman's rear, capturing about 100 men,
destroying a wagon-train, and bringing off 1500 beef cattle.
H followed Sherman into the Carohnas, and was engaged in
the last fight of the forces in those States, that at Statesboro.
For his services, the commission of brigadier general was issued
to Gen. Hannon, but «not received. At the peace he was a
merchant in Montgomery city and New Orleans tiU he removed
to Texas in 1870, and is planting in Freestone county. Gen.
Hannon was a brave and efficient officer, with aU the qualities
of the good soldier, and greatly respected by his men, whose
weHare he was ever solicitous to promote. He is also a gen
tleman of moral standing, and business capacity. His wfre
was Miss Mastin of this county.
Few men in the State are better known throughout itslimits
than Samuel Farrow Rice, now a resident of this county.
He is the son of Judge Wm. Rice, who was a State senator
in South Carolina. His mother was a sister of Z. P. Hern
don, a noted South Carolina lawyer, another of whose sisters
married Hon. Samuel Farrow of that State. The son was
born in Union district, June 2, 1816, and was graduated at
the South Carolina CoUege. He read law in the office of the
celebrated Wm. C. Preston, and was Hcensed to practice in
1838. He opened an office at Winnsboro, but in 1838 came
to this State, and settled in Talladega. He at once purchased
a newspaper and edited it six years. In 1840, ana again in
'41, he represented TaUadega, and in the winter of the latter
year was elected State printer. This office he held three
months, then resigned it. He then devoted his time more
closely to the law, and was the partner at different times of
Messrs. PhiHp E. Pearson, John T. Morgan and Thomas D.
Clarke. In 1845 he was defeated for congress by Gen. Mc
ConneU after a rare canvass ; and two years later was again
beaten by Mr. Bowdon. In 1848 he was on the electoral
ticket of Taylor and Fillmore, and in 1851 was a third time
defeated for congress, after a close and heated canvass, by
Hon. Alexander White. In 1852 he settled in Montgomery
as the associate of Col. Jamas E. Belser. In December 1854

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 471
he was elected to the supreme bench over Messrs. G. W.
Stone, J. D. Phelan, and J. W. Lesesne. He remained in
that most responsible position four years, . serving the last
three as chief justice. Resigning in January 1859, he repre
sented the county in the legislature the same year. From
1861 to '65, he represented Autauga and Montgomery in the
State senate. Since that time he has not held any position,
but devoted himself to his profession in Montgomery, much
of the time as the partner of Messrs. Geo. Goldthwaite and
Henry C. Semple.
Judge Rice is above medium highth, and thin but well knit.
His head is disproportionately large, his eye dark and restless,
and his complexion florid. SociaUy he is one of the most
fascinating of men, fuU of genius and with a ready discernment.
He is voluble and animated in the rostrum, and his utter
ances scintiUate with gems of metaphor, ridicule, and wit.
In the forum he is astute, ready, and logical, and his reputa
tion is deservedly wide-spread. He is also proficient in pen
craft, and as a poHtical writer has few equals in the State.
But aU his varied talents seem to be enjoyed without an effort
to retain them. Judge Rice married a daughter of Major P.
E. Pearson, at one time of TaUadega.
John Dennis Phelan resided in this county. His father
was an Irishman ; his mother a native of New England, and
he was born in Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1810. His parents
removed to Richmond, Vfrginia, and thence came to Hunts
vUle, in this State, where he grew to manhood. Graduating
at the University of Tennessee, he read law under Hon. B.
W. Leigh of Vfrginia, and was enroUed as an attorney in
1832. He first located in New Orleans, but returned to
BuntsvUle in a few months, and edited the Democrat for some
time. He represented Madison in the legislature in 1834,
and was re-elected. In 1836 he was elected attorney general
of the State over Hon. A. B. Meek, and held the position two
years. He removed to Tuskaloosa, and in 1839 entered the
house as a member from that county, and was elected speaker.
He was elected to the circuit court bench in 1841, and made
the town of Marion his home. He was re-elected by the leg
islature, and in 1850, when the election of circuit judges was
transferred to the people, he defeated Hon. A. B. Moore of
Perry for the position. In January 1852 he was transferred
to the supreme court bench, where he remained four years.
Shortly after, he was appointed clerk of the supreme court,
and held that office eight years. The resignation of Justice
R. W.Walker in 1864 made a vacancy wliich he filled till 1865,
when the State government was overthrown. From 1865 to
1866 he was again clerk of the supreme court, H.e now re-

472 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
sides at Sewannee, Tennessee, and is professor of law in the
coUege there. He married Miss Harris of Limestone. Capt.
Thomas Phelan of the Eighth Alabama Infantry, and Capt.
Watkins Phelan of the Thfrd - Alabama Infantry, the former
killed at Gaines' MUl, the latter at Petersburg, were his sons.
Major EUis Phelan of Fowler's Battery, and Capt. John Phe
lan of Lawrence, are also sons.
Judge Phelan is short, but compactly buUt, with distinctly
cut features. His deportment is unassuming and prepossess
ing, and he is a genial companion. As a jurist he was distin
guished for patience and impartiahty, and was free from asperi
ty or tartness. His reHgious convictions are very strong, and
his Hfe is one of purity and moral exceUence.
James T. HoltzclaW of this county was born in McDon
ough, Georgia, Dec. 17, 1833. He came to Montgomery and
read law with Elmore & Yancey, and was Hcensed in 1855.
Locating in the city, he practiced with fair success tUl the
commencement of the late war. He volunteered with his com
pany (the Montgomery True Blues), of which he was Heuten
ant, and was at the capture of the Pensacola navy yard. Sub
sequently he was selected by Colonel Lomax to demand the
surrender of Fort Pickens, which, being refused, was not as
saulted, in obedience to orders from Col. Chase. Ln August
1861, President Davis appointed him major of the Eighteenth
Alabama, and he became lieutenant colonel the foUowing De
cember. At ShUoh he was shot through the right lung whue
standing by the colors of his regiment, and, though his wound
was considered mortal, he rejoined his regiment within ninety
days. His commission as colonel dated from the day of Shi-
loh. In the autumn of '62 he was sent to MobUe, where he
remained for some time hi command of a brigade. In the
spring of 1862 he was recommended for promotion by Gen
erals Beauregard and Buckner, and by the governor and leg
islature of the State ; again by Generals Bragg, Hardee, HUl,
. and Stewart ; aud by Gen. J. E. Johnston when he took com
mand of the Army of Tennessee. He was injured at Chica
mauga by his horse, which ran against a tree ; but he remained
on the field, his regiment losing two-thirds of its rank and file.
At Lookout Mountain he commanded Clayton's brigade, and
held in check Hooker's corps from dark till midnight, when he
was withdrawn to Mission Ridge. In the battle the next day
the same brigade was hurled against Hooker, who had turned
the Confederate flank, and it was only withdrawn at dark,
when almost HteraUy surrounded. Early in the campaign of
1864 he was promoted, and was with his brigade during John
ston's great retreat, and throughout Hood's disastrous canv
paign. His brigade ranked among the best in the service,

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 473
and in the fight at NashvUle held the most important point
across the FrankHn pike. With the brigades of Generals
Pettus and Gibson, he covered the retreat of our disorganized
forces, and Gen. Holtzelaw was, with those generals, speciaUy
comphmented in general orders. In January 1865, Gen. H.
took command of a division consisting of his own and Ector's
Texas brigade, which, with Gibson's brigade and Patton's ar
tUlery, formed the garrison of Spanish Fort. Here, for thir
teen days, 2700 Confederates held 25,000 federal troops,
backed by a large fleet, at bay. In May 1865, Gen. H. was
paroled at Meridian, and has since practiced his profession
in Montgomery.
He is large and fine-looking, with a ruddy complexion, and
Hght brown hair. He is manly in aU his conduct and feelings,
and was one of the best brigadiers in the Confederate service.
In conversation he is pleasant, but disposed to taciturnity.
His wife is aniece of the late Major Thos. Cowles of this county.
John William Augustus Sanford has resided in Montgom
ery since 1852. Born at MUledgevUle, Georgia, about the
year 1830, he is the son of Gen. John W. A. Sanford of that
State. He was graduated at Oglethorpe University, took his
law course at Harvard CoUege, and was admitted to the bar
in 1851. He at once came to this State, and located in Mont
gomery. He was an elector for Buchanan in 1856, and en
tered the mUitary service as a private in the Thfrd Alabama
Infantry in 1861. He soon became quartermaster of it, and
in 1862 was chosen Heutenant colonel of the thfrd battahon
of HiUiard's Legion. He served in Tennessee, and fought at
Chicamauga. When the legion was divided into regiments,
he became colonel of the Sixtieth Alabama. He led the reg
iment at Beane's Station, Drury's Bluff, White Oak, H ateli
er's Run, &c, and surrendered it at Appomattox. In 1865 he
was elected attorney general of the State for four years, but
was expeUed from office by the act of congress in 1868. In
1870 he was again elected, and now holds the position. Col.
Sanford is handsome in person, with courtly manners, and
easy address. He is scholarly in his attainments, graceful as
a speaker, and is a gentleman without reproach, as he was a
soldier without fear. He married a daughter of Col. Wm. H.
Taylor of this county.
Whosoever shaU record the facts which appertain to the
judiciary of Alabama wiH doubtless entitle its three grand
divisions "Lipscomb," "CoUier," " Walker," for the connec
tion of these three eminent names with it extend over a period
of forty-two years in almost regular succession. The last
mentioned, the late Abeam Joseph Walker, was a resident

474 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
of Montgomery, but was born near NashvUle, Tennessee,
November 24, 1819. His parents were plain and pious people.
He was graduated at the University of NashvUle, at the age
of eighteen years, and afterwards taught school. In 1841 he
was admitted to the bar at NashvUle, and in Jan. 1842 located
as a practitioner at Jackson vUle, in this State. He first ap
peared in official Hfe as a member of the lower house of the
legislature from Calhoun in 1845, and three years later was
an elector on the Cass presidential ticket. At the legislative
session of 1851 he was a member of the senate from Calhoun,
and a year later he removed to TaUadega. He was there the
law partner of Mr. (since Gen.) John T. Morgan. At the
session of 1853 he was elected bythe general assembly chan
cellor of the northern division, and held the office tiU the
summer of 1856, when he resigned. He was chosen by the
general assembly to succeed Chief Justice ChUton on the
supreme court bench at its session in 1855, and in January
1857 he became chief justice. He became a citizen of Mont
gomery in 1857. He was re-elected without opposition to
the supreme bench in 1861 and 1865, and served as chief jus
tice till July 1868, with an intermission of a few months in
1865. He was evicted from office by the reconstruction meas-
nres of 1868, and at once began the practice of law in Mont
gomery in association with Col. VfrgU S. Murphey. During
the last year or two of his occupancy of the bench, he pre
pared the Revised Code of the laws of the State, an arduous
and weU executed labor. He continued to practice tiU his
death, AprU 25, 1872.
Judge Walker was of ordinary size, fair complexion, and
grave but affable manner. " For a man of his position and
talents, he was " singularly modest and retiring, and in his
" intercourse with the world was ' void of offense' as a chUd.
" * * He was remarkably free from guUe, was the very soul
"of sincerity and honor, and had unbounded confidence in
" his feUow man. * * The decisions made by him wUl for-
" ever remain a proud memorial of his unwearied industry,
" strong logical powers, keen discrimination, and undoubted
" talent, and have already given him high rank as a jurist."*
His opinions are embraced in fifteen volumes of the Reports,
from Vol. XXVIII to Vol. XLII, inclusive.
Judge Walker married twice ; each time to a Miss Nesbit
of Calhoun ; and left several chUdren.
A weU known digest o'f the decisions of the supreme court
of the State is that prepared by John Wesley Shepherd, a
resident of this county, but a native of Madison. Born of
* Hon. Bobert Tyler : Editorial remarks on the death of Judge Walker.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 475
Virginia parents, in 1826, he was graduated at Yale CoUege,
read law under Messrs. S. Parsons and S. D. Cabaniss, and
was enroUed as an attorney in 1847. In 1851 he was selected
for reporter of the supreme court, and held the office for
seventeen years. He came to reside here when appointed.
The reports from XlXth to XLIst Alabama, inclusive, are
his work, besides which he issued his digest in 1858. Mr.
Shepherd, has not been otherwise prominent in the State, and
is a gentleman o'f a retiring disposition, but esteemed for
many exceUencies of head and heart.
George W. Stone is a leading member of the Montgom
ery bar. He was born in Bedford county, Virginia, October
24, 1811, and his mother was a niece of the Hon. Jabez Left-
wich of Madison. His parents removed to Lincoln county,
Tennessee, in 1817, and there his father was a planter in com
fortable cfrcumstances. Beginning his education in an " old
field school," he ended it in a vUlage academy. He then read
law at FayettevUle, Tennessee, and was licensed in 1834. He
at once came to this State, passed a few months in Coosa
county, then removed to SyHacauga, Talladega county, where
he practiced. Locating in the town of Talladega in 1840, he
practiced in association with Hon. W. P. ChUton. On the
death of Judge EH Shortridge, August 1843, Gov. Fitzpatrick
appointed Mr. Stone to the vacancy thus created on the circuit
court bench, and at the meeting of the legislature he was
elected for six years over Messrs. G. D. Shortridge of Shelby,
S. W. Harris of Coosa, and others. He filled the responsible
position tUl January 1849, when he resigned, and removed to
Lowndes. There, at BayneviUe, he was the law partner in
succession of Messrs. Nathan Cook,, T. J. Judge, and S. Per
ry NeSmith. In January 1856 he was chosen to a seat on
the supreme court bench, defeating Messrs. R. C. BrickeU of
Madison, David Clopton of Macon, and others, and the same
year came to reside in Montgomery. Ln this very honorable
position he continued tUl 1865, obtaining a re-election in 1861.
Since that time he has given his undivided attention to the
demands of a large pratice, associated in a firm with Hon.
David Clopton and the late Gen. Clanton.
Judge Stone is of medium highth, with weU marked fea
tures, and a somewhat austere demeanor. He was learned
and laborious on the bench, exhibiting both fitness and ca
pacity for the trust. He is scrupulously honest and moral,
with strong convictions, and manly courage. Few men are
capable of such protracted mental labor as he bestows on the
minutiae of his profession, and fewer stUl contribute more by
their upright example to the weU-being of society. He has
been thrice married, first to Miss GiUespie of Tennessee, then

476 MONTGOMERY' COUNTY.
to Miss Moore of Lowndes, aud in 1866 to Mrs. Wright, a
daughter of Hon. Paschal Harrison of Monroe. Capt. J. M.
Mickle of the Eighteenth Alabama, who feU at Chicamauga,
married his daughter.
Lu the earHer days of the late terrible war no event sent a
pang of deeper regret to the public heart than 'the death of
Tennent Lomax. He was a resident of Montgomery at the
time, but a native of AbbeviUe, South Carolina, where he was
born Sept. 20, 1820. His father, Hon. Wm. Lomax, was a law
yer who served in the legislature of his State. His mother,
who died at his bfrth, was a MissTennent,of "a pious and pa
triotic famUy. " The father died during the boyhood of his
son, and he was left an orphan. But he was cared for, and
graduated at Randolph -Macon CoUege. He at once came to
this State — 1841 — and read law in Eufaula under John A. Cal
houn, esq. His distaste for the practice, however, caused him
to abandon it in a short time. When the war with Mexico be
gan, he raised a company and entered the service as a captain.
During the occupation of the country he was governor of Ori
zaba for some months. Soon after his return he removed to
Columbus, Ga., and there edited a newspaper with marked
abihty for some years. In 1857 he came to reside in Mont
gomery. Through his influence the 2d volunteer regiment was
organized soon after the Harper's Ferry raid. To him, as col
onel of this regiment, was entrusted the delicate duty of tak
ing possession of the navy yard and forts at Pensacola at the
opening of the war, and Forts Barancas and McRae feU into
his hands. After two months service his command was mus
tered out. In AprU 1861, he was elected Heutenant colonel
of the Thfrd Alabama Infantry, and repaired with it to Vir
ginia. He soon became colonel, and was in command of
the regiment at Seven Pines. On that bloody field, whUe in
advance of his regiment, itseH far in advance of the Confede
rate line, he was killed. His body feU into the hands of the
enemy, but was interred on the spot, and was subsequently
brought to Montgomery, where a martial shaft sentinels his
last resting place. His commission as brigadier general was
sent to him the day he was killed, but he faUed to receive it.
Gen. Lomax was six feet, four inches in stature, and hand
somely formed. His bearing was knightly, and his manners
pohshed. " Firm in the advocacy of a cause, and outspoken
"in the expression of his sentiments, he never forgot the cour-
"tesy due an opponent, nor failed to demand the respect to
"which he was entitled. * * He enjoyed the respect and
"confidence of his command to an extent surpassed by no of-
"ficer of any grade. * * Alabama mourns him as one of
"the brightest of the many jewels she gave to the cause of

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 477
"Southern independence."* Gen. Lomax married first a sister
of Hon. J. G. Shorter of Barbour ; his second wffe was Mrs.
Shorter of Barbour. His only child— a son — is a minor.
The late William Parish Chilton was an honored citizen
of Montgomery. His father was a Baptist minister, and his
mother was a sister of Hon, Jesse Bledsoe, the Kentucky jurist.
Born in Kentucky in 1810, he was plainly educated, and read
law in NashvUle, Tenn. He came to this State in 1834, and
estabhshed HimseH in the practice at MardisvUle, in Talladega,
associated with Mr. George P. Brown, a briUiant young attor
ney. He was subsequently associated in the practice with
Messrs. G. W. Stone, J. T. Morgan, and F. W. Bowdon. In
1839 he represented the county in the legislature, and in 1843
was the unsuccessful candidate of his party for congress. He
removed to Macon county in 1846, and was at different times
in partnership there with Messrs. WUHam McLester, W. C.
McLser, and C. A. Battle. When Justice Ormond retfred from
the bench of the supreme court, Mr. ChUton was chosen to
succeed him, Dec. 31, 1847, and this though he was of one
party, and a majority in the legislature was of the other ; a
fact creditable alike' to him and them. He became chief jus
tice when Justice Dargan resigned, Dec. 6, 1852, and held the
eminent position tiU Jan. 2, 1856. Resuming the practice, he
was chosen to the senate from Macon in 1859, over Col. Gra
ham. Ln 1860 he came to reside in Montgomery, as the law
partner of Hon. W. L. Yancey. H e was elected to represent the
Montgomery district in the provisional congress of the Con
federacy, and was re-elected to the two congresses under the
permanent constitution. " It was a common remark that he
"was the most laborious member of the body," says his col
league, Hon. J. L. 1M. Curry of Talladega. At the peace he
continued his professional labors in association with Col. Jack
Thorington, and was so engaged at the time of his death, Jan.
20, 1871. Both houses of the legislature, the supreme court,
the federal court, aU in session at the time in Montgomery,
adjourned in respect to his memory, and spread resolutions of
sorrow on their journals. The cfrcuit court of Mobile, the bar
there and at Selma, took simUar action ; while the Masonic
bodies throughout the State, of which order he was grand
master, united hi the general expression of sorrow.
Justice Chilton was of a rather robust figure, with weU
formed features, and a grave but cheerful manner. He was a
profound lawyer, and a dignified and impartial jurist, bring
ing to bear in both his professional and official duties a degree
of chligence and fitness which added materiaUy to the fame
and influence his talents gave him. " His public career was
*Hon.R.H. Powell of Bullock.

478

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

"distinguished by a pure, unselfish patriotism, an incorrupt-
" ible integrity, and a capacity and willingness to labor which
" seemed inexhaustible. * * His Hfe was a conclusive refuta-
" tion of the popular fallacy that the practice of law is incon-
" sistent with a pure Christianity."* No pubhc man of the
State has exhibited more of the characteristics of a good and
useful citizen.
Justice ChUton was twice married, each time to a sister of
Gen. Morgan of DaUas, and two of his sons are attorneys at
the Montgomery bar. Col. Anderson Abercrombie of Texas,
and Dr. U. R. Jones and Mr. Wm. S. Thorington of this
county, married daughters of Judge C. Hon. Thomas ChU
ton of TaUadega, deceased, who was for eight years a mem
ber of* congress from Kentucky, was a brother.
Tristram Burgess Bethea came to reside in Montgomery in
1855. He was born in Marion district, South Carolina, April
12, 1810, but was removed to Monroe county, this State, in
his chUdhood. His father died soon after, and he was there
by bereft of many early advantages. He grew to manhood in
Monroe, with a plain education, and read law under Gov. Bagby
and under Hon. C. M. Conrad at New Orleans, in which city he
resided a short time. From 1832 to 1850, he was a planter in
WUcox county, and in the latter year removed to MobUe. In
1853 he represented MobUe in the senate, and soon after be
came a planter in this county, which he represented in the leg
islature from 1863 to 1867. Mr. Bethea is portly in figure,
with a dark eye that betrays his Huguenot lineage. He is a
man of much sagacity, with broad and practical views, and in
flexible convictions on subjects of moment. He is thoroughly
informed, energetic, and untiring in the pursuit of an object.
He maried Miss Bethea of WUcox, and one of his sons, Lieut.
T. B. Bethea, a mere youth, fell bravely fighting at Cheha.
Malcolm D. Graham is a resident of Montgomery, but a na
tive of Autauga. His parents came from North Carolina in 1819,
and his father, John G. Graham, was a citizen there for many
years. His mother was a Miss Smith, cousin of Dr. NeU Smith of
Clarke. Born in 1826, he was educated at Transylvania Uni
versity, and there read law. Licensed in 1850, he was elected
clerk of the house of representatives at Montgomery in 1853,
defeating Hon. A. B. CHtheraU. In 1854 he removed to Hen
derson, Texas, aud was a State senator there, three years later.
In 1858 he was elected attorney general by the popular poU,
and was on the Breckinridge electoral ticket for the State at
large. A year later he went into the mUitary service, as col-
*Hon. Jabez L. M. Curry of Talladega.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 479
onel of the regiment of which Generals Gregg and Granberry
afterwards became colonel. In 1862 he was elected to the con
gress of the Confederate States. He was captured by the fed
eral troops in 1864, and confined at Johnson's Island tUl the
peace. He came to reside in this county in 1866, because he
was not permitted to practice his profession in Texas without
a pardon. Col. Graham is a superior type of manhood, phys-
icaUy, inteUectually, and moraUy,' and unites to talents of a
high order, many excellencies of character. He married a
daughter of Hon. T. B. Bethea. Judge Wm. Graham of this
county was his uncle.
Alexander Barron Clitherall resided in Montgomery.
He was born at SmithvUle, Brunswick county, North Carohna,
Dec. 12, 1820. His coUegiate course was interrupted by the
removal of his mother to Greene county, this State, in 1837.
He was a clerk in the "store" of his brother, Mr. George B.
CHtheraU of Greenesboro, but in 1839 removed to Tuskaloosa
to read law under Hon. E. W. Peck. Licensed in 1841, he-
removed to Pickens county the year after. From 1842 to
1852 he was assistant or principal clerk of the house of rep
resentatives of the general assembly. In 1853 he was grand-
patriarch of the Sons of Temperance in the State. In March
1854 Governor Winston appointed him to the bench of the
circuit court made vacant by Judge Re avis' resignation, and
he held the spring term of the court. In June, the same
year, he was appointed by Gov. Winston judge of the probate
court of Pickens, and held the office a year. In 1857 he was
elected to the senate from that county, and in 1859 was trans
ferred to the lower house. He became a citizen of Mont
gomery in 1861, and was the temporary private secretary of
President Davis* and assistant secretary of the congress.
Shortly after, he was appointed register in the treasury de
partment, and. held the office about a year. He continued to
reside in this county, taking an active interest in all pubhc
matters, till his death in Montgomery city, February 17, 1869.
Judge CHtheraU was tall and spare. " His inteUect was
*As private secretary, Judge Clitherall bore the first message of the presi
dent to the congress, the original manuscript of which is now in possession
of his family. It is as follows : Executive Depabtment,
Montgomery, Ala., February 21, 1861.
Hon. Howell Cobb, President of the Congress :
Sir— I hereby transmit for the advice of the congress the following nom
inations : ,
Robert Toombs of Georgia to be Secretary of State of the Confederate
States of America. C. G. Memminger of South Carolina to be Secretary of
the Treasurv Leroy Pope Walker of Alabama to be Secretary of War.
J j r Jefp'n Davis.

480 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
" bright and quick. Almost without an effort it seemed to
" seize hold of andUlume every part of a compHcated question,
" enabling him at once to present to others his conclusions
" with great clearness. And he was as witty, and as happy
•" at repartee, as Sidney Smith. * * He was fuU of gayety.
" * * but beneath the gHttering effervescence was the purest
" wine of generosity, courage, and integrity, joined with a love
"for his friends as' strong and as lasting as life."* He was
an occasional contributor to the press, and displayed pecuhar
talent as a writer-; some of his humorous sketches even rival
ling those of Jonse Hooper.
Judge CHtheraU's widow— who was a Miss Hayes of Pick
ens— and chUdren reside in this county.
Robert Tyler, a weU known journalist, resides in Mont
gomery. He was born in Charles City county, Vfrginia, in
1818, and is a son of Hon. John Tyler, president of the United
States, 1841-45. Educated at WUHam-and-Mary CoUege,
he read law under Prof. Beverly Tucker. He removed to
PhUadelphia during the presidency of his father, and soon at
tained to prominence at the bar -there. He was appointed
prothonotary of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, a lucra
tive office, the duties of which could be discharged by deputy
without interfering with his professional labors. He partici
pated in the political conflicts of the day, and was honored
with several high trusts of a party character. When the war
between the States began, he boldly expressed his sympathy
with the South, and when Vfrginia withdrew- from the Union
, he gathered up his household gods and united his fortunes
with those of his native State. He enhsted as a private in
Col. Custis Lee's brigade, but resigned shortly after when ap
pointed register of the treasury of the Confederate States.
At the close of hostUities he came to this State, and has since
been an attorney and a jomnahst. He is the present official
head of his party in this State. <
Mr. Tyler is of medium highth and thin, with the prominent
features of his father, whom he closely resembles ; and is kind
and cordial in manner. His attainments are scholarly, and he
is one of the most effective and forcible writers the poHtical
press of the State has yet produced. As a speaker he is log
ical, but somewhat vehement. He is impulsive — the usual
coroUary of honest convictions — yet persistent, and tenacious
of his opinions. He is an industrious journalist, with broad
views of pubhc measures, and an earnest co-laborer in any
cause he may espouse. He married a Miss Cooper, daughter
of the famous tragedian.
* An anonymous writer in the Mobile Register.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 481
_ The late Patrick Henry Brittan, of this county, was a na
tive of Vfrginia, and a brother-in-laAV of Barbee, the sculptor.
Born in 1815, he learned the trade of a printer in Washington,
D. C, and from 1837 to 1843 was connected with the press of
Columbus, Georgia. He then established a newspaper in
Chambers county, and in 1849 came to Montgomery. Elected
State printer, he held the place for six years, in partnership
with Messrs. Thomas DeWoH and M. P. Blue ; and was for
ten years prominent as a journalist here. In 1857-'9 he was
quartermaster general of the State, and secretary of state from
1859 to 1865. He died March 18, 1868, and his famUy reside
here. Col. Brittan was a man of sound judgment and popular
deportment ; faithful as an official, able as a journalist.
Lorenzo James, of this county, was born in Kershaw dis
trict, South Carohna, in 1805. He was the son of Hon. Sam
uel James and his wife, Mary Darrington, who settled in Clarke
county in 1818. Graduating at Yale College, he resided in
MobUe and DaUas for a short time, and in 1828 removed to
that part of Montgomery which was shortly after caUed
Lowndes. In 1835 he represented that county in the senate,
but shortly after removed to Clarke. He was a member of
both houses of the legislature from that county, and was a
planter there for many years. For several years past he has
made Montgomery his home. Col. James is " a gentleman of
the old school," whose bland manner, cheerful humor, and
instructive conversation are in delightful contrast with the
sternly material era that is upon us. One of his daughters is
the wife of Mr. Daniel H. Cram of this county, whose map of
the State is almost a history within itseH.
Eminent among the citizens of this county is David Clop
ton. A native of Putnam county, Georgia, he was born Sept.
29, 1820. Dr. Alford Clopton, his father, was by birth a Vir
ginian ; was several times a member of the Georgia legisla
ture, president of a bank" in Macon, <fec. His mother was a
Miss Kendrick. His parents settled in Macon county in 1843.
The son was graduated at Randolph-Macon CoUege, read law
under Hon. Absalom H. ChappeU, and was admitted to the
bar in 1841. After practicing a short time in Georgia, he lo
cated at Tuskegee in 1844. His first associate was Mr. Solo
mon L. Pope ; his second was Hon. R. F. Ligon, a partnership
which lasted nineteen years, and made profitable to both.
His name was before the legislature once or twice for justice
of the supreme court, but he was not elected. In 1859 he
was nominated by his party for congress against his written
remonstrances, and elected after one of the hottest canvasses
ol

482 MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
ever witnessed in the State, defeating Hon. T. J. Judge of
Montgomery 221 votes. He served till his State seceded from
the Union, and then retired with his delegation. Soon after
his return home, he volunteered as a private in the TweKth
Alabama Infantry, and served till the close of 1861, when,
having been elected to the first Confederate congress, he took
his seat hi that honorable body. Li 1863 he was re-elected
over Mr. John H. Cadenhead of Macon, and remained in con
gress tUl the downfall of the Confederacy. He has since
taken only a quiet interest in public affafrs, having practiced
his profession in Montgomery since 1866.
Mr. Clopton is a frail figure, with a weU-developed head.
His hair is black, his complexion and eyes dark. The intel
lectual in him is predominant. He is a close student, and an
indefatigable worker. AU his arguments are pointed, precise,
and perspicuous, His oratory is chaste, scholarly, and fin
ished. The purity of his life is exceptionable even among
pious, persons, and he is exemplary in aU the walks of a chris
tian gentleman.
Mr. Clopton's first wife was a sister of Hon. R. F. Ligon of
Macon ; his second a Mrs. Chambers of Columbus, Georgia.
One of his daughters married Mr. Clifford A. Lanier of this
county, author of "Thorn-Fruit" and "Two-hundred Bales,"
two volumes of romance which have recently appeared.
Joseph Hodgson of this county is a native of Virginia, and
born about the year 1838. He took a coUegiate course, and
made the law his profession. Just prior to the late war he
came to this State, and soon after became a Heutenant in the
First Cavalry. In 1863 he recruited a regiment— the Seventh
Alabama Cavalry — of which he was chosen colonel. He saw
some arduous service with it, especiaUy in Tennessee, and in
front of WUson's column of cavalry. At the peace he became
a journalist in Montgomery, and in 1870 was elected to the
position he now holds as superintepdent of public instruction.
He is the author of a "Manual and Statistical Register" of
the State, and has acquired reputation as a writer. He mar
ried a daughter of the late Dr. Samuel D. Holt of this county.
William H. Parsons, who was born hi the city of Mont
gomery in 1826, is now a brilliant writer and orator in Texas.
He was the son of a baker, his mother bemg a daughter of
one Mr. Montague who lived, here, aud he was reared hi the
county. He removed to Texas in 1848, and was a brigadier
general there during the late war.
John D. Bibb and James W. Armstrong represented Mont
gomery in the constitutional convention of 1819 ; William L.
Yancey and Thomas H. Watts in that of 1861 ; and John A.
Elmore and Elisha Y. Fair hi that of 1865.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 483
The foUowing is a list of members of the general assembly :
Senators.
1819— John Gause. 1845— Samuel C. Oliver.
1822— John Dandridge Bibb. 1849— Eobert J. Ware.
1825 — James Abercrombie. 1851 — Benajah S. Bibb.
1828— James Abercrombie. 1853— Thomas H. Watts.
1831 — James Abercrombie. 1855 — Adam C. Felder.
1834— Benajah S. Bibb. 1857— Adam C. Felder.
1836— Thomas S. Mays. 1861— Samuel F. Bice.
1839— Samuel C. Oliver. , 1865— Adam C. Felder.
1842 — Samuel C. Oliver. [No election in 1867 or since.]
Representatives.
1819 — Joseph Fitzpatrick, James Edmondson, Larkin Cleveland.
1820 — Joseph Fitzpatrick. James Abercrombie, Larkin Cleveland.
1821 — Joseph Fitzpatrick, George Dabney, Peter B. Williamson.
1822 — James Abercrombie, John Browning.
J 823 — William McLemore, John G. Ashley.
1824 — James Abercrombie, Andrew Baxter.
1825 — Nimrod E. Benson, William McLemore, John S. Bailey.
1826 — Nimrod E. Benson, Dixon H. Lewis, John S. Bailey.
1827 — Elias Bonnell, Dixon H. Lewis, William Y. Higgins.
1828 — Elias Bonnell, Dixon H. Lewis, James E. Belser.
1829 — Samuel C. Oliver, Henry Goldthwaite, Moseley Baker.
1830 — Samuel C. Oliver, John Bugeley, Moseley Baker.
1831 — Samuel C. Oliver, John Bugeley, Moseley Baker.
1832 —Samuel C. Oliver, John Bugeley, Bobert J. Ware.
1833-SamuelC. Oliver, Alfred V. Scott, Bobert J. Ware.
18u'4 -Samuel C. Oliver, William McLemore, Wm. B S. Gilmer.
1835 — Samuel C. Oliver, John Martin, Wm. B. S. Gilmer.
1836— Samuel C. Oliver, Alfred V. Scott, John A. Campbell.
1837— Samuel C. Oliver, Alfred V. Scott, Merrill Ashurst.
1838— Henry W. Hilliard, George D. Shortridge, William O. Baldwin.
1839 — Joseph J. Hutchinson, William O. Baldwin.
1840— Joseph J. Hutchinson, Merrill Ashurst.
1841— Joseph J. Hutchinson, Bobert J. Ware.
1842— John Caffey, Robert J. Ware.
1843 — John Caffey, Francis Bugbee.
1844— B. C. Bunting, Thomas Williams, jr.
1845— Michael Ellsberry, Benajah S. Bibb, Clement Billingslea.
1847— Benajah S. Bibb, Eobert J. Ware, Charles G. Gunter.
1849— Thomas H. Watts, William H. Rives, Charles G. Gunter.
1851 — Thomas Caffey, WiHiam B. Moss, Francis S. Jackson.
1853— James E. Belser, Thomas J. Judge.
1955 — James E. Belser, James H. Clanton.
1857— Charles H. Moulton, James R. Dillard.
1859-Samuel F. Bice, Milton J. Saffold.*
1861— William H. Rives, Thomas M. Arrington.
1863— T. B. Bethea, W. H. Ogbourne.
1865— T. B. Bethea, Henry M. Caffey.
1869— W. C. Arthur.
1870— H. H. Craig, (colored,) G. A. Harmount, Paul Strobach, Holland
Thompson, (colored,) L. J. Williams, (colored.)
*Besigned, and Mike L. Woods seated, January 13, 1860.

CHAPTER LIX.
THE COUNTY OF MORGAN.
Morgan was estabhshed by an act passed February 8, 1818,
and taken from the territory ceded by the Cherokees at the
Turkeytown treaty.
It Hes hi the- northern part of the State, and contiguous to
Limestone and Madison on the north, Lawrence on the west,
Winston and Blount on the south, and MarshaU on the east.
It was first called "Cotaco," for the large creek that flows
through it ; but in 1821 it was changed to perpetuate the name
of Gen. Morgan,* a colonial hero.
Its area is about 720 square mUes.
The assessed value of property in, 1870 was $1,500,304,
nearly five-sixths of which was real estate.
The census gives the foUowing figures :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  6126 6580 6637 7592 8829
Blacks  2936 3261 3488 3743 3358
In 1870 the farm lands — 80,749 acres improved, and 165,487
acres unimproved — were valued at $1,183,488.
The Hve stock — 2462 horses, 660 mules, 7845 neat cattle,
4962 sheep, 14,844 hogs— was valued at $453,375.
In 1869 the productions were 333,332 bushels of corn,
23,336 bushels of wheat, 17,701 bushels of oats, 25,018 bushels
of potatoes, 70,886 pounds of butter, 11,877 gaUons of sorg
hum, 1119 pounds of tobacco, 4389 bales of cotton, 6747
pounds of wool ; the value of annuals slaughtered was $107,250;
and the productions were valued at $837,236.
The profile of the country is hUly and sometimes mountain
ous, with much land that lies well for cultivation. The up
lands are Hght, the vaUeys are aUuvial and fertUe.
The Tennessee is the northern boundary line, and is navi
gable the entire distance. The Memphis & Charleston RaU-
*Daniel Morgan was born in- Pennsylvania in 1736, and reared on the
frontier. He became noted for daring, and was made a captain at the begin
ning of the colonial revolt against Great Britain. He was in Arnold's expe
dition to Quebec. He arose to the rank of brigadier general, and in 1781
defeated Col. Tarleton in the affair at the Cow-pens. He afterwards served
in congress, and removed to Winchester, Virginia, where he died, July 6, 1802.

MORGAN COUNTY. 485
road passes over nearly eight mUes of the northwestern part,
and the raUway from Decatur to Montgomery has about twenty-
four mUes of its track in the western haU.
Blue limestone is found in Morgan, and mineral waters ex
ist; Valhermosa springs being a resort.
Somerville, the seat of justice, has about 200 inhabitants.
It was incorporated Dec. 19, 1819, when it was made the seat
of justice, and was named for Lieut. SomervUle, a Tennesseean,
kUled at the Horse-shoe Bend.
Decatur had 671 inhabitants by the census of 1870, and is
a growing town since it becamaia raUroad centre. There was
a branch bank of the State here for a number of years. The
federal troops seized and held the place during the late war,
and fortified it so strongly that when Gen. Hood reached it
on his way to NashvUle he found that it would cost him more
to take it than it would be worth afterwards.
In 1819 election precincts were estabhshed at Levi Taylor's,
Daniel Turner's, David WUHams', Archelaus Craft's, McDan-
iel's Ferry, and Joseph Smith's horse-mUl ; and a year later
others were established at Decatur, Centreville, John Willis',
and Larkin H. Roger's.
Morgan was devasted during the late war, for it lay between
the upper mUlstone of invasion and the nether millstone of re
sistance, and a long chain of stirring events was left to the local
historian. Detachments of troops consumed the subsistence
of the people, gunboats would be " bushwhacked," and would
land their crew to retaliate on the defenceless citizens ; and
the black laborers left the fields to lie faUow whUe they fled
to the northern troops, or were hurried across the mountains
by masters. Forrest first overtook Streight in the southern
part of the county, and began the desperate and bloody chase
which had its termination in Cherokee. In 1863 the enemy
occupied Decatur, and could not be dislodged tiU Gen. Hood
flanked the place, and forced the garrison to evacuate, after
having driven in their outposts, when several were kUled on
each side.
Jesse Winston Garth came to this county in 1817. He
was born in /¦ lbermarle county, Virginia, October 1788, and
was a scion of highly respectable families. Having received a
good education, he read law, and was admitted to the bar in
1809. He began the practice in CharlottesvUle ; saw mUitary
service on the coast in 1812, and was a member of the legis
lature from his native county in 1815. He removed to St,
Louis, but, a few months after, came to Alabama. Here he
soon renounced the law, and devoted his time to planting,
whereby he became very wealthy. He was the first senator

486 morgan county.
from the county, and in 1831 was defeated for congress by
Hon. S. W. Mardis of Shelby. He was also an officer of
mUitia, whence his famUiar title. He died in Huntsville, Sept.
7, 1867. • PhysicaUy, Gen. Garth was a splendid type of man,
being six feet, four inches in stature, and very erect. He was
a man of action, rather than words ; and whUst he was retir
ing and unobtrusive in his manners, few men were so positive
and self-reliant. Deficient in the arts by which an ephemeral
popularity is won, he commanded the entire confidence and
esteem of those with whom he came in contact. His wife
was' a Miss Dandridge of Virginia. One of his daughters
married Hon. F. W. Sykes of Lawrence ; a son represented
this county in the legislature of 1853 ; aud another is an
attorney in HuntsvUle.
One of the first settlers of Morgan was John Taylor Rath
er. He was born in Prince Edward county, Vfrginia, in 1792,
and, with his father, Daniel Rather, settled in Madison county
in 1811. He was appointed deputy sheriff, but in 1812 was
commissioned lieutenant in the 7th United States Infantry.
Mustered out in 1815, he again became deputy sheriff of Madi
son. In 1818 he came to Morgan, and became a merchant
at SomerviUe. In 1820 he represented the county, and was
nine times subsequently elected before 1835, when he entered
the senate. In 1841 he was on the Whig " general ticket"
for congress. In 1865 he represented Morgan in the "recon
struction" convention. He is now residing in Colbert county,
blessed with unusual health and activity for an octogenarian,
the fruits of a sober and pious Hfe. Captain Rather first
married a sister of Gen. W. B. McCleUau of TaUadega, and
then Miss Roberts of Virginia.
Greene P. Rice came to this county about the year 1831.
He was born in Tennessee, and his parents were among the
earHer settlers of Madison, where his father was a farmer.
He grew to manhood in that county, but removed to and re
sided in Illinois two or three j^ears. He became a minister of
the gospel, and an attorney, and was several times a member
of the general assembly. In 1839 he was president of the
senate of the State, and was judge of the county court prior
to that date. He last represented the county in the legisla
ture in 1855, and died four or five years later, at the age of
about sixty years. He was a man of commanding figure, and
formal but suave address. He spoke well, having a sonorous
voice, and was a man of some culture and native talent. Be
was also warm-hearted, hospitable, and exemplary in his con
duct. He left a number of descendants.

MORGAN COUNTY.

487

Melkijah Vaughn and Thomas D. Crabb represented Mor
gan in the constitutional convention of 1819 ; Jonathan Ford
in that of 1861 ; and John T. Rather in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of the members of the legislature :

Senators.

1819— Jesse W. Garth.
1822— Thomas D. Crabb.
1825— Thomas D. Crabb.
1828— Jesse W. Garth.
1831— Thomas McElderry.
1832 — Reuben Chapman.
1835— John T. Bather.
1838— Gkeene P. Eice (1839 )
1841— Milton McClanahan.

Repn

1844— Milton McClanahan.
1847 — Nathaniel Davis.
1849— William S Compton.
1851 — John N. Malone.
1855— John N. Malone.
1857— John D. Eathek (1859.)
1861 — Joshua P. Coman.
1865 — Isaac M. Jackson.
[No election in 1867 or since.]

iresentatives.
1819— Melkijah Vanghn, John Mc-
Carley.
1820— John T. Eather, McKinney
Holderness.
1821— Horatio Philpott, McKinney
Holderness.
1822— John T. Rather, John Adams.
1823— Horatio Philpott, William S.
Goodhue.
1824— John T. Eather, Eobert Tap-
scott.
1825— M. Vaughn, Stephen Heard.
1826— Henry W. Rhodes, S. Heard.
1827— John T. Rather, M. Vaughn.
1828 — James T. Sykes, Benajah S.
Bibb, Thomas McElderry.
1829— John T. Eather, Horatio Phil
pott, Thomas McElderry.
1330— John T. Eather, Horatio Phil
pott, Daniel E. Hickman,
1831— John T. Eather, Horatio Phil
pott, Daniel E. Hickman.
1832— John T. Rather, Henry
Rhodes, Robert F. Houston,
1833-John T Rather, Henry
Ehodes, Eobert F. Houston.
1834 — John T. Rather, Isaac Lane,
Robert F. Houston.
1835 — Matthew W. Lindsay, Henry
W. Ehodes, Eiley S. Davis.

W.

W.

1836— Matthew W. Lindsay, Milton
1 McClanahan, Eiley S. Davis.
1837- W. A. Slaughter, Milton Mc
Clanahan, Eiley S. Davis.
1838— M. W. Lindsay, M. McClana
han, R. N. Philpott.
1839— Charles E. B. Strode, Milton
McClanahan.
1840— C. E. B. Strode, M. McClana
han.
1841— C. E. B. Strode, M. M. Troup.
1842— William W. Roby, Greene P.
Rice.
1843— D.C.Humphries, M. M. Troup.
1844 — Wm. W. Boby, Aaron Perry, jr.
1845 — Greene P. Rice, A. Perry, jr.
1847— Wm. W. Roby, Thos. A. Strain.
1849 — John D. Eather, John Ryan.
1851 — John D. Bathes, William H.
Campbell.
1853— Jesse W. Garth, jr.
1855— Greene P.Rice.
1857— E. N Walden,
1859— E. 5ST. Walden.
1861- J. C. Orr.
1663- G. P. Charlton.
1865— Z, F. Freeman.
1867 — [No election.]
1870 — Jackson Gunn .

CHAPTER LX.
THE COUNTY OF PERRY.
Perry was created by an act passed December 13, 1819,
and was taken from territory the most of which belonged to
no county, though at one time nominaUy a part of Mont
gomery. -
It had been subjected to several changes in its Hmits of
minor consequence before the past few years, and two and a
half townships were set apart to form Hale, one and a half to
form Baker, and one and a third was added to DaUas. It
Hes near the centre of the. State, contiguous to Bibb on the
north, Hale and Marengo on the west, DaUas on the south
and east, aud Baker on the east.
It was named for Commodore Perry* of the federal navy.
Its area is about 745 mUes.
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $3,257,515 ;
personal property $1,464,015 ; total $4,721,530.
The poulation is thus given by the federal census bureau :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  7149 872] 8,342 9,479 7,142
Blacks  4341 10,365 13,943 18,24517,833
The cash value of farm lands — 97,977 acres improved, and
114,490 acres unimproved — was $1,455,175 in 1870.
The Hve stock — 929 horses, 2160 mules, 5399 neat cattle,
2374 sheep, 7903 hogs— was valued at $491,609.
In 1869 the productions were 341,985 bushels of corn, 14,000
bushels of potatoes, and 13,449 bales of cotton ; and the value
of aU productions was $1,476,555.
Perry presents a diversity of hiU and plain, with much prai
rie, more Hght, and some " bottom " soU.
The Cahaba flows through the county, but is not naviga
ble. Six miles of the Selma and Meridian raUroad track are
within the county, and 23| of the Selma aud Memphis road.
Marion, the seat of justice, is a town of some consequence.
"Oliver Hazaed Pekbt was born at South Kingston, Ehode Island, in
1 785. He was the son of a seaman, and he entered the navy at a tender age.
He arose gradually, and in 1S12 was sent to construct a naval armament in
Lake Erie, The following year his little squadron fell in with the British flo^
til la, and gained a decisive victory. " We have met the enemy, and they are
ours," he wrote to the navy department. He afterwards served against the
Algerine pirates, and diedin 1819, at the island of Trinidad, Caribbean Sea.

PEEEY COUNTY. 489
It was first caUed Muckle's Ridge, and was fixed upon as the
place for the courthouse in 1822. The federal census of 1850
gave it 1544 inhabitants ; that of 1860 gave it 1708 ; and in
1870 there was a total population of 2646, of whom 1191 are
whites, and 1455 are blacks. There are two coUeges for fe
males, and one for males, located in the town, the latter being
the weU known Howard CoUege. It is one of the most inter
esting interior towns of the State, and has a considerable local
trade. " Old Perry Courthouse," the seat of justice from 1819 to
1822, was near the Cahaba.
Uniontown, formerly caUed WoodvUle, is a town on the raU
way from Selma to Meridian. It had 300 inhabitants in 1850,
but the federal census of 1870 gives it 1444 souls.
Near the junction of Old Town Creek with the Cahaba,
were the Cahaba towns of the Indians — the place to which
Col. RusseU marched with his command in 1814, and where
Manowa fled with a remnant of the survivors of the fatal bat
tle of Tohopeka.
In 1819 the legislature appointed Nathan Reed, Laban
Rice, Edward McCraw, Joseph Britain, and John Tubbs to
select a site for the courthouse ; aud, a year later, Elisha F.
King, Samuel D. Read, James L. Beard, John Martin, Thos.
A. Perry, and Caleb RusseU were appointed for the same pur
pose. The first election precincts were estabhshed in 1819 at, Jo
seph Britain's, Wm. Walters', and Capt. McCluskey's ; and
two others were estabhshed a year later at Wm. Wardly's
and James L. Beard's.
Among the prominent citizens was George Weissenger.
He was frbm Wurtemburg, Germany, and was born in 1769.
In 1789 he settled in Charleston, South Carohna, and resided
there and in Georgia tiU he came to this county in 1821.
Here he was a planter of substance and character, and often
represented the county in the legislature. He died in AprU
1837, leaving the reputation of a most worthy and useful cit
izen, and a number of descendants. One of his sons, Mr. L.
A. Weissinger, has served the county as a legislator ; another,
George W., was for many years the associate of Geo. D. Pren
tice as editor of the LouisvUle Journal.
Perry was the home of Richard Booker Walthall. He
was born in Amelia county, Vfrginia, May 19, 1794, and was
the son of John and Grace Booker WalthaU. The parents re
moved to FrankHn county, Tennessee, in 1798, and there the
son passed his boyhood. After graduating at NashvUle Col
lege, he read medicine for six months, but abandoned it ta

490 PERRY COUNTY.
march against the Muscogees. He fought at TaUadega and
Tohopeka, and only laid aside his arms at the close of the war.
In 1819 he came to this State, and, after residing a year in
Tuskaloosa, settled in Perry — erecting his log cabin near where
his stately mansion yet stands. Giving his attention to plant
ing, he accumulated wealth rapidly. In 1825 he was elected
to the general assembly, and continued to hold a seat in that
body for eleven consecutive years. In 1842 he was again
elected to the senate, and served three years more. During
the major portion of this time his party was hi a minority in
the county, and it was the battle-ground of the fiercest poHt
ical struggles in the State. The abUity, popularity, and purity
of purpose of Col. WalthaU enabled him always to carry more
than the strength of his party. He possessed the manliest
traits of character, the highest sense of honor, and conspicu
ous talents and energy. " He wore the white flower of a blame-
"less Hfe, and the grand old name of gentleman. " His fervid
eloquence on the hustings, his rigid integrity in business, and
the boundless hospitality of his home, made him a power inhis
day. His figure was tall, erect, and Hthe ; his complexion was
dark, and his coal-black eyes were overhung by heavy brows.
His feeble health aud modesty prevented him from occupying
more exalted positions in the State. He died of consumption
at Blount Springs, July 30, 1849. WhUe in Tennessee, he
married a Miss xvloody, and left several descendants in Perry.
One of his sons, the late John N. WalthaU, represented the
county in the legislature in 1861, and a grandson is an attor
ney at the bar of Marion. Dr. D. C. Smyly of DaUas married
one of his daughters.
Andrew Barry Moore is a distinguished citizen of Perry.
He was born in Spartanburg district, South Carolina, March
7, 1807. His father was a planter, and brother of Gen. Thomas
Moore, who represented South Carolina in congress ; and his
mother was a cousin of Postmaster-general Barry of Kentucky.
WeU educated, he came to Perry in 1826 on business, but was
induced to take a school here, which he taught for two years.
He then read law in the office of Messrs. EHsha Young and
Sidney M. Goode, and was enroUed as an attorney . in 1833.
For eight years he was a justice of the peace, and entered the
legislature in 1839. In 1842 he was re-elected, and served for
four consecutive terms. At the session of 1843 he was elected
speaker over Mr. Jemison of Tuskaloosa, was elected the year
after over Judge Peter Martin of Tuskaloosa, and was again
chosen to the place in 1845. Three years later he was an
elector for Cass and Butler, and in 1852 was transferred to
the bench of the circuit court. In that responsible position
he continued tiU 1857, when he resigned to accept the nomi-

PERRY COUNTY. 491
nation of his party for governor, to which position he was
chosen without opposition. Re-elected in 1859 over Mr. Wm.
F. Samford of Macon, his second term was exceedingly stormy.
He directed the seizure of the forts and arsenals of the federal
government prior to the secession of the State ; a step which
only anticipated the determination of the people of MobUe. He
also aided materiaUy in the equipment of the State troops, aud
threw his soul into the cause of Southern independence. At
the close of his term he was appointed special aid-de-camp to
Gov. Shorter, and as such discharged important duties in the
northern counties. In 1865 he was seized and incarcerated in
Fort Pulaski, Savannah, in company with Hons. R. M. T. Hun
ter and J. A. Seddon of Vfrginia, Gov. Magrath and Hon. G.
A. Trenhohn of South Carolina, Gov. AUison and Hon. D. L.
Yulee of Florida, Gen. Mercer of Georgia, Gov. Clarke of Mis
sissippi, and Hon. John A. CampbeU of Mobile. He was
treated courteously, and was released, for want of health, in
August. Since that time he has practiced law at Marion.
Gov. Moore is about six feet in stature, stout, and weU buUt,
with good features, and florid complexion. In private, as well
as in pubhc life, he is a model of probity and manly sincerity.
Frank, cordial, moral, and fuU of public spirit, he was always
a popular favorite, and has ever commanded the highest re
spect. The large estate he had accumulated was swept away
by the .war. His wfre was a Miss Goree of this county, aud he
has a number of descendents here.
The late Columbus W. Lea of this county was born hi Clarke
county, Ga., in the year 1800. His father, a wealthy planter,
gave his son a coUegiate education at the University of Geor
gia. Both his parents were Virginians, his mother being a~
Miss Moffat. He opened a law office at Marion as soon as
he reached manhood, and was the partner at different times
of Messrs. A. B. Moore and J. P. Graham. He was quite
profitably engaged in the profession for several years, but re
tired early to give attention to his planting interests. From
1832 to 1838 he was annuaUy elected to the legislature from
this county, save one year, and was returned in 1844. His
party being in a minority in Perry, he suffered two or three
defeats for the senate. He was an elector for Pierce, and was
on the Douglas ticket for the same position. He was also a
member of the constitutional convention of 18'65. The latter
portion of his life was passed in retirement, and he died at
his home in this county in 1869. His personal appearance
was prepossessing, being portly in person, with weU-developed
and expressive features. Brusk in manner, he was forcible
and original in action and language, whUe his oratory was
effective and happy. He was also shrewd, practical, and so-

492 PERRY COUNTY.
ciable, and of exceUent moral character. His wife was a Miss
Parker of Tuskaloosa, and his descendants reside in this
county. Henry Clinton Lee of this county was born in Clarke
county, Georgia, in 1803, and his father and mother were the
brother and sister respectively of the parents of Col. Colum
bus Lea. He was graduated at the University of Georgia,
in a class with Gen. Toombs of that State. In 1829 he came
to this State, read law, and was elected district solicitor soon
after he obtained Hcense ; a position he filled for several years.
From 1836 to 1842 he was in the senate from this county, and
was the unsuccessful candidate of his party in 1843. He again
represented the county from 1847 to 1851, and was elected dis
trict soHcitor in 1853. His death occurred a year later, De
cember 1854. Mr. Lee was six feet, four inches in bight, and
presented a handsome and commanding exterior. His mental
gifts were varied and briUiant, and his professional career was
very successful. Fluent, eloquent, popular, and sociable, he
was a favorite with Fortune. His wife was a daughter of
Col. Thomas Reed Roots of Virginia, another of whose daugh
ters was the mother of Gen. Howell and Col. T. R. R. Cobb
of Georgia, and yet another the mother of Gen. H. R. Jack
son of that State. Of his three sons, one was kUled at Nash
vUle, and another is an attorney in DaUas ; and he has other
descendants in this bounty. Hon. Martin A: Lee of this
county was his brother, and Gen. Sam Houston of Texas
married his sister.
Robert Tignall Jones was a citizen of this county. He
was born in Mecklenburg county, Vfrginia, October 8, 1815,
and was the son of a farmer ; his mother being a Miss HaU.
The son received a good education, and was graduated at
West Point in 1837. Receiving a commission as Heutenant,
he was sent to Florida, where he saw active service in the In
dian war. In 1838 he resigned and settled in Perry county
as a planter. He was here noted as a prominent citizen, and
one who surveyed and constructed the Cahaba & Marion RaU
road. In 1861 he declined the rank of brigadier general and
a seat on the mUitary board of the State, tendered by Gov.
Moore. Repairing to Fort Morgan, he was placed in com
mand of a battalion of artiUery, and at one time was in com
mand of the fortress. In July he was appointed colonel of
the Twelfth and the Twentieth Alabama regiments, and ac
cepted the former. Col. Jones was a strict discipHnarian,
yet, so great was the confidence of his men, that he was re
elected colonel at the re-organization of the regiment in 1862.
At Seven Pines he feU, towards the close of the day, whUe

PERRY COUNTY. 493
turning the guns of a captured battery on the enemy. The
ball pierced his breast, and his death was immediate.
Col. Jones was endowed with sound judgment, inflexible
wUl, and a lofty sense of honor. He was of upright charac
ter, and so practical that he preferred deeds to words. When
Gen. Beauregard sent the new battle-flag to the regiments,
most of the colonels made addresses, and now, said the men
of the Twelfth, Colonel Jones wiH make a long speech. He
mounted his horse and had the regiment drawn up. " Unfold
thatflag," said he to the orderly. " Men !" he continued, point
ing to the bunting, " there is your new battle-flag. Wherever
you see it moving, do you foUow." He then dismissed the regi
ment as usual, and rode off. His first wife was a Miss Jones
of this county.; his second a sister of Capt. J. J. Sewell, also
of this county. He left several chUdren, who reside in Perry.
Jack F. Cocke came to Perry in the year 1830. He was
born in Hancock county, Georgia, where his parents were
prominent and wealthy. Receiving an academic education,
at the age of nineteen years he came to Perry and engaged in
planting. His energy and industry soon enabled him to accu
mulate wealth, which he was Hberal and hospitable in dispen
sing. In 1845 he entered the senate by defeating Col. Wal
thaU. In that body he remained for sixteen years, defeating
such men as Columbus W. Lea and John P. Graham. Re
tiring from the senate in 1861, he has since been in private
life. He was an efficient and laborious legislator, displaying
sterling sense and discretion. TaU and robust, with cordial
manners, he was always popular. He married Miss Binion of
this county, and one of his daughters married Prof. Thornton
of Howard CoUege.
One of the best known and most highly esteemed citizens
of Perry is James Francis Bailey. He was born in WUkes
county, Georgia, in 1810, and came with his parents to this.
county in 1823. Obtaining his education chiefly by his own
exertions, he was graduated at the State University in 1834.
He remained there as preceptor a year to obtain means to
obtain a law course at the University of Virginia. Locating
to engage in the practice in 1837 at Marion, he was for seven
years associated with the late John N. Walthall, esq. He
represented the county in the legislature in 1847, and was
elected judge of the county court during that session. From
1850 to 1865 he was judge of the probate court, and was only
displaced by the adverse results of the war. A member of
the constitutional convention of 1861, he was the only one
that voted for the ordinance of secession who was re-elected
to the convention of 1865. He is now a practicing attorney

494 PERRY COUNTY.
at Marion. As a scholar he is learned in one or more of the
abstruse sciences, including meteorology, and is otherwise
extensively informed. One of the most honorable, exemplary.
and amiable of men, he is respected and admired for many
virtues. Joseph R. John re'sided in this county for a number of
years. Bom at Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1814, he grew
up and was educated in that State. In 1838 he came to this
State and county, and taught school two years. He read law
in the meantime, and was admitted to the bar two years later.
He practiced at Uniontown, giving close attention to his pro
fession, and arose steadUy in it. He represented the county
in the legislature in 1847, but removed to DaUas in 1856. He
was mayor of Selma in 1862, and in 1863 was elected chan
ceUor, holding the position till the overthrow of the State
government in 1865. Since that time he has devoted himseK
to his profession, much of the time as the associate of Hon.
Wm. H. Fellows. ChanceUor John is a profound lawyer, and
a citizen of the highest moral aud social standing. His son
is county soHcitor of DaUas.
Isham Warren Garrott was a citizen of Perry. He was
a native of North Carolina, and was born in 1816. Educated
at Chapel HUl, and admitted to the bar, he was thrown upon
his own resources for a future, as his parents were not wealthy.
He came to Alabama, and located at GreenvUle ; but the fol
lowing year came to Marion, where he was associated soon
after with James Phelan, esq., late C. S. senator from Missis
sippi. He was steadily successful., and soon won the favor of
the pubhc. From 1845 to 1849 he represented Perry in the
lower house of the legislature. Subsequently he was associ
ated in the practice of law with Judge Brooks. In 1860 he
was a Breckinridge elector. When the State seceded he was
appointed by Governor Moore commissioner to North Caro
hna to ask the legislature of that State to co-operate in the
secession movement. This task performed, he returned and
raised the 20th Alabama, with the assistance of Gen. Pettus
of Dallas, and was commissioned colonel of it. Throwing
his whole soul into the cause, aud devoting his exclusive atten
tion to his command, he soon developed remarkable mUitary
talent. Port Gibson was the first battle-field to prove his cool
slull in handling his regiment, and at Big Black he behaved
with equal credit. He was shut up in Vicksburg, and shared
the horrors of that seige, participating at the outposts, with
the ardor of a patriot, in all its dangers. It was on the 17th
of June that he asked a private to aUow him to discharge his
piece. The soldier assented, and Gen. Garrott brought the

PERRY COUNTY. 495
gun to his shoulder and was taking aim when a baU entered
his left breast. He feU dead, without uttering a word. His
remains are interred at Vicksburg. Four days before the
lines were closed around Pemberton' s army, his commission
as brigadier general was forwarded from Richmond.
Gen. Garrott was of the portly appearance which betokens
full habits. The character of his mind was solid and practical,
and he was capable of prolonged mental exertion. In the
pursuit of an object he was untiring, and relentless save when
a victor. H e owed his success rather to persistent effort than
to any extraordinary natural gUts. But the admirable quali
ties of his head were echpsed by the more striking attributes
of his heart. The good and generous in human nature were
blended in him ; and he was the soul of honor and manly
fidehty. He married a daughter of Dr. Fletcher of Perry,
and left three minor sons and a daughter.
Porter King is a native aud resident of Perry. His father,
Gen. E. D. King, a native of Georgia, was a very prominent
and wealthy citizen of the county from its first settlement tiU
his death in January 1862, serving in several honorable posi
tions. The son is a graduate of the State University, and
was admitted to the bar in 1849. Two years later he repre
sented the county in the legislature. He continued ai the
bar tiU appointed to the bench of the cfrcuit court in 1858,
and was subsequently elected to that high position, and filled
it tiU 1865. He entered the military service as captain of
one of the first companies that left Perry, which became part
of the Fourth Alabama infantry, in which he served a year.
He is now giving his attention to planting. Judge King is
stoutly buUt, and his manner is unpretentious and staid. He
is energetic, moral, and practical, aud his mind is enriched by
Hterary culture. He married a daughter of Hon. John Erwin
of Greene. Capt. EHsha F. King, one of the earliest and
wealthiest citizens of the county, was his cousin.
George Doherty Johnston resided for many years in
Perry. He was born in 1832 at HUlsboro, North Carolina,
where his father was a merchant. His mother, a Miss Bond,
was a grand-daughter of Major Geo. Doherty, a colonial offi
cer in 1776. In 1833 his parents settled at Greenesboro, this
State, and his father died there the same year. His mother
brought her famUy to Marion soon after, and he was here
reared, and graduated at the Howard. Obtaining his law
Hcense at Lebanon, Tennessee, he opened an office in Marion
in 1855. The foUowing year he was mayor, and in 1857 he
represented the county in the legislature. Entering the army
as a lieutenant in the Fourth Alabama infantry, he served.

496 PERRY COUNTY.
with that command till commissioned major of the Twenty-
fifth Alabama in January 1862. After the faU of Col. Loomis
at ShUoh, and from that day, he led the regiment in every
encounter till promoted to brigadier general. This was for
gallantry at Atlanta, July 22, 1864, where he forced the
enemy's line with his regiment, and captured more men than
he led, with two flags, and 350 stands of arms. He had been
previously recommended for promotion by Generals J. E.
Johnston, Hood, and Hindman, and now received it on the
recommendation of Generals Bragg, Hood, Cheatham, and
Brown. Three hours after receiving his commission, July 28,
his leg bone was fractured by a bullet, but he placed the
wounded member in his bridle-rein, and continued iu com
mand of the brigade (Deas') tiU exhausted. During Hood's
movement into Tennessee he was on crutches much of the
time, but took command of Quarles' brigade after the battle
of Franklin, and led it tUl the second day at BentonviUe,
when he commanded Walthall's division till the reorganiza
tion at Goldsboro. At the time of the surrender he was on
the way to report to Lieut. Gen. Taylor. He was then asso
ciated with Mr. John F. Vary in the practice of the law at Ma
rion tiU 1868, since when he has resided much of the time in
Dallas, and is now commandant of cadets at the State Uni
versity. Gen. Johnston is of ordinary highth, and compactly built,
with a handsome exterior, and cordial manner. He is a fluent
and graceful speaker, a considerate and kind companion, and
was a daring and intrepid soldier. He first married a daugh
ter of Gen. C. A. Poeluitz of Marengo, and his second wife
was Miss Barnett of Tennessee.
Bush Jones was a native and resident of Perry. His parents
came from Virginia to this county in 1835, and he was born
here the year after. Graduating at the State University, he
finished his law studies at Lebanon, Tennessee, and began the
practice at Uniontown in 1858. In January 1861 he enhsted
in a DaUas company that served six weeks at Fort Morgan.
He fought at Manassas as a private in the Fourth Alabama,
with which he afterwards served for some months as a Heuten
ant. He then went to Corinth, where he was soon after elected
captain of a company from St. Clair, which was part of the
Ninth Alabama battahon. When the battahon was reorgan
ized he was elected Heutenant colonel, and became colonel
when the addition of two companies made the complement of
a regiment which was caUed the Fifty-eighth Alabama. He
led it at Chicamauga, where it lost sixty-three per cent, of its
number, and at Mission Ridge, where his horse was kUled
under him. The Thirty-second Alabama had been consoh-

PERRY COUNTY. 497
dated with his regiment, and he led the command at Dalton,
Rocky Face, Resaca, New Hope, and thence to Atlanta. He
was in temporary command of Deas' brigade at Atlanta, and
led Holtzclaw's July 22 at Atlanta, at Jonesboro, and Spanish
Fort, as he did his consolidated regiments at NashvUle. He
was paroled at Meridian, was appointed probate judge of this
county by Gov. Parsons shortly after, and v/as elected by the
people in 1865. From 1868, when he was evicted from office,
by the reconstruction acts, he practiced his profession here
till his death September 27, 1872, at Uniontown, whUe on the
Greeley electoral ticket. Colonel Jones was of a command
ing figure, and easy address. He was a brave officer, ever at
the post of danger, and was a gentleman of abUity and cid-
ture. He married a sister of Mrs. Augusta Evans WUson of
MobUe. Young L. Royston is a native and resident of Perry. His
parents came to the county, from Georgia, in 1819, and he
was born about the year 1827. He was educated at the State
University, and read law aud began the practice hi Marion.
In 1855 he became soHcitor of the judicial circuit, and held
the office for nine or ten years. He entered the military ser
vice as captain of a company in the Eighth Alabama, and soon
arose to the rank of colonel. He was conspicuous for courage
at WUHamsburg, Seven Pines, Gaines' MUl, and Salem Church,
and was dangerously wounded in the two latter battles. The
severity of his wounds severed his connection with the Eighth,
and he was for some time on post duty at Selma. He has
taken but Httle part in pubhc affafrs since the peace, but has
given his attention to business, much of the time in DaUas.
Col. Royston is 6 feet, 7| inches, in stature, and spare. His
mental acquirements, genial nature, and popular bearing make
him prominent and useful as a citizen.
John Moore came to Perry, in 1834, from Wake county,
North Carolina, when four years old. His father was a plan
ter iu this county for a number of years. He was graduated
at the State University, and read law under Gen. Garrott. He
was a Heutenant in the Fortieth Alabama regiment, and was
captured near Marietta in June 1864. Exchanged iu October,
a want of health cut short his service. In 1865 he represented
the county in the legislature, and iu 1866 he was elected to
the circuit court bench by a large majority over Hon. B. F.
Saffold of Dallas. Removed from the bench in AprU 1868,
he has since practiced law, and is now associated with Mr. P.
B. Lawson. Judge Moore is manly both in appearance and
nature, and reserved in demeanor. He married a daughter of
32

498 PERRY COUNTY.
Dr. Clement BUlingslea, who represented Montgomery in the
legislature of 1845,
William B. Modawell resides in this county, but is a native
of Madison, and born in 1819. His mother was left a widow
with a large family, and his early advantages were chiefly
those acquired whUe employed as a salesman from his twelfth
to his twentieth year. In 1839 he removed to Marengo, and
was there a teacher for five years, then deputy sheriff. In 1852
he began to practice law, and graduaUy made his business
very remunerative, h e represented Marengo in the legisla
ture of 1863, and in 1867 came to reside in this county. He
was the unsuccessful candidate of his party for the State sen
ate here in 1871, and exerts an active influence on pubhc meas
ures. In appearance he is stalwart, and in manner cordial.
He is an upright man, of rare business capacity, earnest pub
lic spirit, a close and acute observer, and of touch practical
knowledge. William M. Brooks and J. F. BaUey represented Perry in the
constitutional convention of 1861, and Columbus W. Lea and
J. F BaUey in that of 1865.
The following is a Hst of members of the general assembly
from the county of Perry: Senators,
1822— Dunklin Sullivan. 1849— Jack F. Cocke.
1825— Dunklin Sullivan. 1851— Jack F. Cocke.
1828— Eichard B. WalthaU, 1855— Jack F. Cocke.
1831— Eichard B. Walthall, 1857— Jack F. Cocke,
1834— Eichard B. Walthall. 1861— Edward H. Moren.
1836— Henry C. Lee. 1865— EdwaTd H. Moren.
1839— Henry C. Lee. 1867— [No election till 1871.]
1842— Bichard B. Walthall. 1871— T. C. Stewart.
1845— Jack F. Cocke. Representatives,
1822— George Weissinger, William 1832— Geo,Weissinger, Columbus W.
Ford. Lea, W. S. Miree. .
1823— Geo. Weissinger, John Mc 1833— Jno. Barron, Columbus W.Lea,
Laughlin. W. S. Miree.
1824— Geo. Weissenger, Charles J. 1834— Jno. Barron, Colnmbus W.Lea,
Shackleford. W. S. Miree.
1825— Geo. Weissinger, E.B.Walthall. 1835— Obed C. Eiland, Columbus W.
1826— Geo.Weissinger, E.B.Walthall. Lea, W. S. Miree.
1827— Geo. Weissinger, R. B. Walthall. 1836— Obed C. Eiland, John Barron,
18^8— David Cole, Martin A. Lee. Michael Wright.
1829— Geo. Weissinger, David A. 1837— L.A.Weissinger, Columbus W.
Cole, Elisha Young. Lea, D. Sullivan.
1830— Elisha F. King, Martin A.Lee,' 1838— L. A. Weissinger.W. E. Blassin-
Elisha Young. game, Michael Wright.
1831— Elisha F. King, Martin A Lee, 1839 -Andrew B. Moore, John Bar-
C. J. Shackleford. . ron, Michael Wright.

PICKENS COUNTY.

499

1840— Wm. Seawell, John Barron, A. 1851-
Q. Bradley.
1841— Benjamin Ford, John Barron, 1853-
A. Q. Bradley. 1855-
1842— Andrew B. Moore, John Bar- 1857-
ron, W. S. Miree.
1843— Andrew B. Mooee, John Bar- 1859-
ron, W. S. Miree. 1861-
1844— Andrew B. Moore, C. W. Lea, 1863-
W.S. Miree. 1865-
1845 — Andrew B. Moore, Isham W.
Garrott, Jesse G. Cole. 1886-
1847 — James F. Bailey, Isham W. 1867-
Garrott, Joseph R. John. 1870-
1849— Henry C. Lee, William Hen
drix, George Goldsby.

-Henry C. Lee, Porter King,
George Goldsby.
-E. G. Talbert, Jesse G. Cole.
-John C. Eeid, W. S. Miroe.
-Geo. D. Johnston, A. Q. Brad
ley.
-A. K. Shepard. A. Q. Bradley.
-John N. WalthaU, W.S. Miree.
-J. L. Price, J. H. Chapman.
-Jno. Moore, Eobert D. Sturdi-
v nt.
-T.J Seawell, vice John Moore.
-[Nd election.]
-James H. Graham, A. H. Cur
tis, (c), John Dozier, (c).

CHAPTER LXI.

THE COUNTY OF PICKENS.
Pickens was carved out of Tuskaloosa by an act passed
Dec. 19, 1820, and has preserved nearly its original dimen
sions, with the addition of two beats on the west side, added
in 1832— the township and fractional township in range two
having originally belonged to Greene, to which county they
Were again attached several years ago.
It Hes in the western part of the State, on the Mississippi
line, south of Fayette and Sanford, west of Tuskaloosa, and
north of Greene and Sumter.
It was named for Gen. Pickens* of South Carolina.
The area of Pickens is about 905 square miles.
The population decenniaUy is thus exhibited :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870

Whites  4974
Blacks  1648

9347 10,972 10,117 8052
7771 10,570 12,199 9638

The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $1,132,081 ;
personalty $349,929; total $1,482,010.
* Andrew Pickens was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, in 1739,
but his parents settled in South Carolina during his childhood. Having
fought the Cherokees in 176), he won much distinction as an officer of the
rebellious colonies, and arose to the rank of brigadier general. He after
wards served in congress, and held other civic honors, and died in 1817.

500 PICKENS COUNTY.
The cash value of farm lands — 76,816 acres improved, and
199,525 acres unimproved— was $799,785 in 1870.
The value of live stock — 1125 horses, 1546 mules, 6502
neat cattle, 4055 sheep, 8339 hogs— was $337,557.
In 1869 the farm productions were 254,251 bushels of corn,
5214 bushels of wheat, 11,686 bushels of oats, 204,406 bushels
of potatoes, 8263 bales of cotton, 3799 pounds of wool ; the
value of animals slaughtered was $84,016 ; and the value of
farm productions was $1,078,978.
The surface of the country is hilly in the northern and
eastern portion, and more level in the southern and western.
There is a variety of soil, from sand-hill to prairie.
The Tombikbee flows through the southwestern portion,
and is navigable the greater part of the year. The Selma
&• Memphis Railroad is surveyed through the county.
Carrolton was laid out in 1830 as the seat of justice, and
named Hon. Chas. Carrol "of Carrolton,"Maryland. It is 172
mUes northwest of Montgomery, and has about 400 inhabit
ants. PickensyUle, the first seat of justice, has about 500.
The first white settler, Josiah Tilly, came to the county
from Tuskaloosa in 1817, and dwelt at a bluff on the Tombik
bee, till he went to Texas with some Choctas. The first white
chUd born in the county was the daughter of Jonathan York,
the second white inhabitant.
The first court was held at the house of Jacob Danby ; the
first county judge was Solomon MarshaU ; the first sheriff
was Adino Griffin ; the first newspaper was printed in 1840 at
PickensvUle, with W. D. Lyles as editor.
The first voting place was at  Cox's on Coldfire creek
in 1821 ; the next at Charles M. HoUand's, Jesse Clements',
and Robert Bridges'.
Pickens has no general history, though the forces of De
Soto, BienvUle, and Forrest have at different intervals bivou
acked on its soU. Mr. Nelson F. Smith pubhshed an inter
esting Httle volume about the county in 1856.
Samuel B. Moore, whose name figures in the list of gov
ernors of our State, was a resident of Pickens. He was from
Franklin county, Tennessee, and was born in 1789. He
received a Hmited education, and came to the State at an
early day, settling in Jackson county. As far back as 1823,
he represented that county in the legislature, and, after serv
ing several terms in the lower, was transferred to the upper
house in 1828. He was president of that body hi March
1831 when Gov. Gabriel Moore resigned, and succeeded to
the executive office. This he administered tiU December of
the same year. At the close of his term he came to this
county, which he represented in the senate from 1834 to 1838,

PICKENS COUNTY. , 501
serving as president of it in 1835. From 1835 to 1841 he
was also judge of the county court of Pickens. He died in
Carrolton; November 7, 1846. Governor Moore was a gen
tleman of integrity and high standing. His deportment was
dignified, but courteous, and he possessed a fund of sound
practical sense. He was a batchelor.
Lewis Maxwell Stone is a weU known resident of this
county. He was born in Baldwin county, Georgia, in 1820.
Coming with his parents to this State in 1834, he was edu
cated at our State University. Having read law at Harvard
CoUege, he was Hcensed in 1843, and located in Carrolton.
From 1849 to 1853 he served the county in the lower house
of the legislature, and from 1859 to 1863 in the upper. Mean
time he was a member of the constitutional convention of
1861. Since the war he has devoted hfrnseH' to his profes
sion. Mr. Stone is a christian gentleman, of experience and
talents, and a valuable citizen, whose influence is always for
good. He married the widow of Mr. Gershom KeUy, de
ceased, of this county.
Martin Luther Stansel resides in Pickens. Born in
Washington county, Georgia, in 1824, he came with his pa
rents to this county in 1832, and here grew to manhood. His
father was a minister of the gospel and planter. The son was
graduated at Tuskaloosa in 1843, and was admitted to the
bar in 1845. Opening an office in Carrolton, he has since
practiced with success. In 1849 he was elected judge of the
county court, but a year later was defeated for probate judge
by Judge Thomas. In 1861 he represented the county in the
legislature. When the 41st Alabama was organized, he en
tered the service of his country as its major. He soon arose
to the colonelcy, sharing the toUs of the command, and its
dangers at Murfreesboro, Jackson, (Mississippi), Chicamauga,
Drewry's Bluff, and in front of Richmond and Petersburg in
the closing months of the great struggle. At Murfreesboro
he was wounded. Gen. Moody being iU, Col. Stansel com
manded the brigade — 41st, 43d, 59th, and 60th Alabama regi
ments — in the battle of White Oak Road, and in the engage
ments on the retreat to Appomattox, where he surrendered it.
The same year he represented Pickens in the constitutional
convention, and was elected to the senate soon after, serving
tiU chaos came in 1868. He has since pursued his profession.
Col. Stansel's manners are polished and affable, but marked
by an air of reserve. His habits are moral and temperate.
As a soldier he was cool and intrepid in action, and enjoyed
the confidence of his troops. As a speaker, he is forcible,
argumentative, and brief. He married a daughter of the la.te
James B- Sherrod, esq., of this county.

502 PICKENS COUNTY.
Thomas C. Lanier was a prominent citizen of Pickens for
many years. An Alabamian by bfrth, he was one of her
bravest defenders, and his name is indissolubly connected
with the historic achievements of the Forty-second Alabama.
He was very severely wounded at Corinth, and disabled for
some time. He represented the county in the legislature in
1865, but soon after removed to east Florida, and resides
near Pilatka.
Among the gallant dead of the late war Alabamians wUl
remember none with more pride than John Herbert Kelly,
a native of this county. He was the son of Mr. Isham Har
rison Kelly, a lawyer here, and nephew of Mr. Wm. KeUy
-.of Madison. His mother was a Miss Herbert, whose father
was a South Carolinian, of a weU-known south Alabma famUy.
The son was born in Carrolton, March 31, 1840. Both his
parents died before he was seven years old,»and his rearing
devolved upon his grand-mother, the wife of Hon, J. R. Haw
thorn of WUcox. At the age of 17 years his relatives, Hons. W.
W. Boyce of South Carolina and PhU. T. Herbert of California,
procured for him a cadetship at West Point. He lacked but
a few months of graduating when his State seceded, and he
at once went to Montgomery to offer his services. He was
appointed a second Heutenant in the regular army, and dis
patched to Fort Morgan. With Gen. Hardee he went to Mis
souri, and was there commissioned major, and placed in com
mand of an Arkansas battalion. He fought at ShUoh, and a
month after was promoted to the command of the Eighth Ar
kansas regiment with the rank of colonel. Participating in
the battles of PerryvUle and Murfreesboro, he was severely
wounded at the latter. Furloughed for three weeks, he re
turned within two. At Chicamauga he commanded a brigade
(Fifty-eighth North Carolina, Sixty-fifth Georgia, Fifth Ken
tucky arid Sixty- third Virginia), and lost within an hour 300
out of 852 effective men. Generals Preston, LiddeU, and
Cleburne then urged his immediate promotion, Gen. C. say
ing to the secretary of war : " I know no better officer of his
grade in the service." Promoted at the early age of twenty-
three and a half years, he was assigned to a brigade of Wheel
er's division, and soon after was placed over a division —
Grigsby's and Wade's brigades. His career thenceforward
was signalized by a series of briUiant achievements in that
arm of the service. These were ended by his death whUe
leading a charge at FrankHn, Tennessee, Aug. 20, 1864. His
remains were removed to Mobile in 1866, and there interred.
Gen. Kelly evinced a natural aptitude and talent for mUi
tary affairs, and was a brave and efficient officer. Generous
and amiable, he endeared himself to his command, and won

PICKENS COUNTY.

503

thefr confidence and admfration. He died amid the clash
and shock of battle, and the State lost no truer son.
Lewis M. Stone and W. H. Davis represented the county in
the constitutional convention of 1861 ; and M. L. Stausel and
Robert Henry in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the legislature :

1822-1825- 1827-1829-1832-1834-1835- 1838-1841- 1844-

-Levin Powell.
¦Jesse VanHoose.
¦James Moore. .
-Eufus K. Anderson.
-Eufus K. Anderson.
-Samnel B. M oore,
-Samuel B. Moore (1835).
-Peyton King.
-Peyton King.
-Jeptha Spruill.

Senators. 1847- 1851- 1853-
1855- 1857- 1859-
1863-
'1865- 1867-1869-

-James M. Beckett.
-JoelE. Pearson,
-John J. Lee.
-B. F. Wilson.
-Alexander B. Clitherall.
-Lewis M. Stone.
-John J. W. Payne.
-M.L. Stansel,
-[No election.]
-A. M. Mcintosh.

Representatives.

1825— Boley Conner. 1841—,
1826 — Lawrence Brasher.
1827— Boley Conner. 1842-
4828— George H. Flournoy.
1829-George H. Flournoy. 1843-
1830— John C. Kilpatrick.
1831— John C. Kilpatrick. 1844-
1832— George H. Flournoy.
1833— Eeuben Gardner. 1845-
1834 — Lincoln Clarke, Augustus B. 1847-
Wooldridge, Henry Sossaman. 1849-
1835 — Lincoln Clark, Charles Coons, 1851-
Charles Stewart. 1853-
1836— Jeptha Spruill, Thomas Wil- 1855-
liams, Joseph Martin. 1857-
1838— Wm. S. Jones, B. H. Neilly, 1859-
Frederick C. Ellis. 1861-
1839— Joel E. Pearson, Curtis Wil- 1863-
liams, Nathaniel Smith. 1865-
1840— Jeptha Spruill, Wm. McGfill, 1867-
James Peterson. 1869-
¦1870-

Jeptha Spruill. Beuben Gard
ner, J. McK. D. Wallis.
Thomas Williams, E. Gardner,
Nathaniel Smith.
Jeptha Spruill, John D. John
ston, Eobert T. Johnston.
John "D. Johnson, Henry Stith
T. J. Clarke.
E. T. Johnston, N. Smith.
E. T. Johnston, J. E. Pearson.
¦L. M. Stone, A. L. Neal.
L. M. Stone, J. B. Gladney.
•J, "D. Johnson, James Henry.
¦Z. L. Nabers, S. Williams.
¦Z. L. Nabers, A. L. Neal.
•A.-B. Clitherall, A. L. Neal.
•M. L. Stansel, A. L. Neal.
-Benj. Atkinson, J. T. Gardner.
-Thomas C. Lanier, E. Henry.
-[No election.]
-Wm. Murrah (to fill vacancy).
.•Wm. Murrah, D. C. Hodo.

CHAPTER LXII.
THE COUNTY OF PIKE.
Pike was estabhshed by an act passed Dec. 17, 1821, from
portions of Henry and Montgomery. Its original dimensions
included about two-fifths of the present Barbour (on the south
west), aU. of west BuUock and east Crenshaw-, but did not em
brace its own present tier of southern townships. As shaped
now it lies south of Montgomery and BuUock, north of Coffee,
west of Barbour, and east of Crenshaw, and is in the southeast
quarter of the State.
It was named to honor Gen. Pike,* who feU at York.
Its present area is about 738 square mUes.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was 81,699,337, as
follows : real estate $1,372,059 ; personalty $327,278.
The population is thus given by the decennial enumeration :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  5204 7987 12,102 15,646 12,798
Blacks  1904 2121 3,818 8.789 4,625
The cash value of farm lands — 97,885 acres Unproved, and
and 213,599 acres unimproved— was $1,314,779 in 1870.
The value of Hve stock— 1615 horses, 1323 mules; 11,214
neat cattle, 2878 sheep, 24,433 hogs— was $539,227.
In 1819 the farm productions, valued at $1,284,584, were
309,965 bushels of corn, 4416 bushels of oats, 8849 pounds, of
rice, 64,451 bushels of potatoes, 26,905 gaUons of cane syrup,
7192 bales of cotton, 3123 pounds of wool ; and the value of
animals slaughtered was $175,976.
Pike is thus shown to be one of the thriftiest counties, pro
ducing the necessaries of life at home.
The surface is rolling, and the soil generally light, with val
uable exceptions.
The Conecuh and the Pea water the county, the latter being
the eastern boundary. There is a raUroad from Girard to
*Zebulon Montgomery Pike was born at Lamberton. New Jersey, Jan. 5,
1779. He entered tbe regular army when a lad, and acquired reputation by
his explorations of the western wilds. When the war of 1812 began, he was
stationed on the Canadian frontier. With 1700 men, he made an attack on
York (now Toronto), and in the moment of victory was killed by the explo
sion of a powder magazine, April 27, 1813.

PIKE COUNTY. 505
Troy, traversing 14^ mUes of the county ; and the projected
Vicksburg & Brunswick road is surveyed across the county.
Teoy, the seat of justice, is a growing town, with 1058 in
habitants in 1870, of whom 818 were whites. It was first
caUed Zebulon, then CentrevUle, and finaUy Troy, at the sug
gestion of Hon. Luke R. Simmons, who was a friend of Mr.
Alexander Troy of Columbus county, North Carolina, a prom
inent gentleman, and father of Col. Troy of Montgomery.
LouisvUle, now in Barbour, was the first seat of justice, whence
it was removed to MonticeUo, aud to Troy in 1839. The first
courts were held at Andrew Townsend's.
Brundidge has about 300 inhabitants ; Orion about 250.
In 1821, Andrew Townsend, Wm. Cox, Jacinth Jackson, Al
exander McCaU, and Daniel Lewis were appointed to choose
a site for the courthouse, and, a year later, the two latter, and
Obediah Pitts, James Arthur, and Edmund Hobby were com
missioned to that duty.
In the summer of 1836, during the Creek "war," a party of
about 300 Indians, including women, were encamped about
four mUes above Hobdy's bridge, on Pea river, in this county.
In passing from their old homes on the Tallapoosa, they had
committed some depredations near Midway, in Barbour. Gen.
Wm. Wellborn overtook them here, with about 200 men, many
of whom were Georgians. Dividing his men, he attacked on
two sides. The savages were surprised, but fought courage
ously. Even the women fought fiercely, and thrust knives into
the horses of the whites. But they were soon dispersed in
the swamp, with severe loss. The whites lost several kUled
and wounded.
James McCaleb Wiley resides in PUie. He was born in
Cabarrus county, North Carolina, in 1806, and came with his
parents to Alabama in 1818. They settled in Lawrence, and
he came to DaUas in 1824. Well educated, he became a phy
sician in 1826.* He read law shortly after, and was licensed.
In 1829 he removed to Louisiana, and in. 1832 to Mex
ico, where he became a mUitary officer. In 1836 he re
turned to the State, and began to practice law in Butler
county. In 1839 he was appointed register in chancery of
Barbour, aud removed to Clayton. In 1843 he was elected ma
jor general of the militia, and in 1850 he came to this county.
He has practiced here in partnership with Messrs. Shep.
Ruffin and B. B. McCraw. In 1865 he was appointed to the
circuit court bench, and in 1866 was elected to congress, but
was not permitted to hold the seat. In 1868 he became judge
of the circuit court, a position he now holds. Judge Wiley
is of portly figure and impressive appearance. He is digni
fied and impartial on the bench, and is a citizen of moral

506 PIKE COUNTY.
habits and pubhc spfrit. He married a daughter of Hon.
Randall Duckworth of DaUas, and two of his sons are attor
neys. The late A. Wallace Staeke came to Pike about the year
1852 from Virginia, and was a lawyer and journa"Hst here tiU
his death about ten years later. He was an accompHshed
and genial gentleman, and represented the county in the leg
islature. After some service as a Heutenant in the army, he
died in this county. He was a brother of Judge Boiling Starke,
and cousin of Hon. Eli W. Starke, now of BuUock.
EH W. Starke, A. P. Love, and J. A. Henderson repre
sented Pike in the constitutional convention of 1861 ; Levi
Freeman, M. B. Locke, and E. S. Owens in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of members of the legislature :
Senators.
1822 — John W. Devereux. 1847 — Lewis Hutchinson.
1825— William Irwin. 1849— Jesse O'Neal.
1828— William Irwin. 1853— Harrell Hobdy.
1831— William Irwin. 1867— Henry B. Thompson.
1834 — James Larkins. 1859 — Edward L. Mclntyre.
1836— John W. Devereux. 1863— Duncan A. McCall.
1839— Joseph W. Townsend. 1865— E. B. Wilkerson.
1840— Jesse Womack. 1866— F. E. Boykin.
1842 — Asa Arrington. . [No election in 1867. ]
1845— Jones J. Kendrick. Representatives.
1825— Phillips Fitzpatrick. 1845— Harrell Hobdy, W. B. Stringer.
1826— Charles A. Dennis, Bartlett 1847— W. Hubbard,"Samuel S. Ham-
Smith, ilton.
1827— C. A. Dennis, James Ward. 1849--N. McLeod, Eichard Benbow.
1828 — Andrew C. Townsend, Samuel 1851 — Levi Freeman, E. Benbow.
G. B. Adams. 1853— W. J. McBryde, D. H. Horn,
1829 — C. A. Dennis, Jacinth Jackson. James Farrior.
1830 — A. C. Townsend, 3. Jackson. 1855 — W. J. McBryde, Duncan L.
1831 — George B. Augustus, Lawson Nicholson, John F. Ehode-.
J. Keener. 1857 — John D. Murphree, James Boat-
1832 — Jesse T. Eeeves, L. J. Keener. right, J. C. Baskins.
1833— Wm. F. Evans, L. J. Keener. 1859— A. W. .Starfce, 0. F. Knox, J.
1834 -William F. Evans. B. Goldsmith.
1835— Charles A. Dennis. 1861— A. W. Starke, J. H. Eainer,
1836— William F. Evans. Frank Park.
1837— Luke E. Simmons. 1863— J. E Brooks, W. E. Cox, G.
1838— Luke E. Simmons. W. Carlisle.
1839— Jesse T. Eeeves, A. H. Harris. 1865— A.N. Worthy, Wilson B. String-
1840 — Luke E. Simmons, S. Dixon. er, John E. Goldthwaite.
1841— Norman McLeod, J. B.Stinson. 1866— W. C. Menefee, (vice W. B.
1842  Crowder, B. W. Hodges. Stringer.)
1843— N. McLeod, John A. Stringer. 1867— [No election.]
1844 — Harrell Hobdy, A. Lansdale. 1870 — John P. Hubbaed.

CHAPTER LXIII.
THE COUNTY OF BANDOLPH.
Randolph was estabhshed by an act approved Dec. 18, 1832
and carved out of the last Creek cession.
TUl Cleburne and Clay were formed it embraced the eastern
tier of townships of the latter, and the southern tier of the
former. It now Hes in the eastern part of the State, contigu
ous to the State of Georgia on the east, to Cleburne on the
north, to Clay on the west, and to Chambers and Talla
poosa on the south.
It was named to honor Mr. John Randolph* of Vfrginia.
The population is thus placed on the record :
1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  4446 10,616 18,132 10,365
Blacks  527 965 1,927 1,641
In 1870 the assessed value of real estate was $765,969 ; of
personal property $116,163 ; total $882,332.
The cash value of farm lands — 62,023 acres improved, and
189,044 acres unimproved— was $620,331 in 1870.
The value of Hve stock — 1313 horses, 845 mules, 9860 neat
cattle, 7485 sheep, 14,819 hogs— was $370,810.
In 1869 the farm productions were 48,587 bushels of wheat,
264,448 bushels of corn, 20,707 bushels of oats, 38,902 bush
els of potatoes, 125,066 pounds of butter, 12,992 gaUons of
molasses, 7677 pounds of tobacco, 2246 bales of cotton, 13,262
pounds of wool ; the value of animals slaughtered was $119,803 ;
and the farm productions were valued at $718,695.
The surface of Randolph is broken and hUly, intersected
by fertile vaUeys, which lie well for smaU farmers. The met-
amorphic rock, everywhere visible, reveal, in nature's language,
the fact that this county Hes within the primary system of
created matter.
Wedowee, the seat of justice since 1836, is a vUlage. The
name (which means "rolling water" in the Muscogee) was
"John Bandolph was born in Petersburg, Virginia, in 1773, and entered
congress in 1799. He was a member of one house or the other of that body,
with the exception of two or three short interruptions, till his death, at Phil
adelphia, May 23, 1833. He was minister to Eussia in 1830 for a few months.
He possessed much talent and culture, and was one o'f the most peculiar men
of any age.

508 BANDOLPH COUNTY.
changed to McDonald in 1839, but resumed its present name
three years later. Louina is a vUlage.
The first courts were held at Blake's Ferry, (then caUed
Triplett's or Young's) ten mUes west of Wedowee.
On Wehadkee (white water) in the southeastern part of the
county, is the Rock MUls Cotton Factory. It was begun by
Mr. Jacob Eichelburger, and others, several years ago, and
now has 30 looms in motion.
Randolph has no general history.
Among the prominent citizens of Randolph is Robebt
Stell Heflin. He is the son of Hon. Wyatt Heflin, a plan
ter, who served in the Georgia legislature, and represented
Randolph in the lower house thrice. His mother was the
sister of Col. John D. SteU, who presided over both houses
of the Georgia legislature, and was a member of the secession
convention in Texas. The son was born in Morgan county,
Georgia, in 1815. Soon after attaining to lawful age he was
elected clerk of the cfrcuit court for Fayette county, Georgia,
and was subsequently a member of both branches of the
legislature of that State. Before leaving Georgia he was ad
mitted to the bar, and in 1844 began to practice in Wedowee.
In 1849 he represented Randolph, and. from 1857 to 1863
served the county in the senate. He was appointed probate
judge by Gov. Parsons, aud the foUowing May was elected
for a fuU term. Ejected from office in 1868 by the reconstruc
tion acts, he was elected to congress the year ensuing, defeat
ing Col. Parkinson of Lee. In appearance Judge Heflin
resembles his brother, Judge Heflin of TaUadega, being stout
and fleshy. He has aU the popular quahties, and is kind and
generous. William Heney Smith resides in this county. He was
born in 1828 in Fayette county, Georgia, and is the son of
Jeptha Smith, a planter, and his wfre who was a sister of
Hon. David Dickson of Mississippi. He came with his
parents, who settled in Randolph in 1839. Having received
an academic education, he read law under Hon. John T. Hef
lin, in Wedowee, and was licensed in 1850. For some time
he was associated in the practice with Col. James Aiken.
From 1855 to 1859 he represented Randolph in the house.
In 1860 he was on the Douglas electoral ticket, and the year
succeeding lacked but four votes of an election to the Con
federate provisional congress by the convention. Li Decem
ber 1862 he went into the federal lines, and was there tiU the
close of the war. Governor Parsons appointed him judge of
the circuit court hi 1865, but he resigned the foUowing Jan
uary. When congress put its reconstruction acts into execu
tion, he was appohited chief of the registration bureau for the

BANDOLPH COUNTY. 569
State. In February 1868 he was voted for for governor, and
inaugurated July 13, 1868. In 1870 he was defeated for the
ofiice. Governor Smith is of medium highth, rather fleshy, of
agreeable appearance, and pleasant exterior. His ability is
above the ordinary, and as a speaker ne is pithy and effective.
He is temperate and prudent, forbearing and humane. He
married a Miss Wortham of this county.
Whllvm A. Handley, the present representative in con
gress from this district, resides in Randolph. He was born
near FrankHn, Georgia, Dec. 15, 1834, but came with his
parents to this county when quite young. He was educated
at a vUlage school, and was a maU-carrier for two years. He
engaged in mercantile pursuits very early, and has made it
the occupation of his Hfe. He was an officer of the Twenty-fifth
Alabama, and was wounded at Murfreesboro. In 1870 he was
nominated for congress without sohcitation on his part, and
elected by a large majority. Major Handley is a courteous
and obliging gentleman, of pleasant exterior. He is a man
of marked capacity for business, and his moral standing is
very high ; and he makes a very efficient representative.
H. M. Gay, R. J. Wood, and George Forrester represented
the county in the constitutional convention of 1861 ; and J.
H. Davis, R. T. Smith, and George Forrester in that of 1865.
The following a Hst of members of the legislature ; the
county voting with TaUadega tUl 1837 :
John T. Heflin.
Henry M. Gay.
Eobert S. Heflin.
Robert S. Heflin.
W. T. Wood.
1865— M. E. Bell.
Representatives.
1837— Thomas Blake. 1855— W. H.Smith, Eich'd J. Wood.
1838— Wm. McKnight. 1857— W. H. Smith, A. W. Denman,
1839— F. F.Adrian. Isaac S. Weaver.
1840-F. F. Adrian. 1859— F. A. McMurray, F.M. Ferrill,
1841— Wyatt Heflin. J. High tower.
1842— Jeremiah Murphy. 1861— C. J. Ussery, A. W. Denman,
1843— Wyatt Heflin . James Aiken.
1844— James H. Allen. 1863— H. W. Armstrong, M. D. Bar-
1845— Wyatt Heflin, Sam'l T. Owen. ron, A. A. West.
1847— Wm. Wood, C. J. Ussery. 1865— William E Connolly, W. W.
1849— E. S. Heflin, C. D. Hudson. Dobson, Jas. L. Williams.
1851— Bobert Pool, John Eeaves. 1867— (No election . )
1853— W. P. Newell, John Goodin. 1870— J. H. Davis.

Senators.

1834— William Arnold.

1851-

1838— William B. McClellan.

1853

1839— George Beese.

1857-

1843 — James E. Eeese .

1859-

1845— Jefferson Falkner.

1863-

1847— Seaborn Gray.

1865

CHAPTER LXIV.
THE COUNTY OF BUSSELL.
RusseU was created by an act approved Dec. 18, 1832, and
Was carved from the last Creek cession. TUl 1866 it embraced
the greater part of Lee, including Opelika, and a year or two
later the vUlage and beat of GlennvUle were taken from Bar*
bour and attached to it. It now lies in the eastern part of the
State, on the Georgia line, with Lee on the north, Barbomon
the south, and Macon and BuUock on the west.
It was named for Col. Gilbert C. RusseU of MobUe.
Its area is about 700 square mUes.
The population in 1840 was 6244 whites, and 7269 blacks ;
in 1850 it was 8405 whites, and 11,143 blacks ; in 1860 it was
10,936 whites, and 16,656 blacks ; and in 1870 it was 5946
whites, and 15,690 blacks.
The assessed, value of real estate was $2,138,776 ; personalty
$496,701 ; total $2,635,477.
The cash value of farm lands— 114,781 acres improved, and
161,778 acres unimproved— was $1,721,442.
The Hve stock — 824 horses, 2410 mules, 7601 neat cattle,
820 sheep, 6540 hogs— were valued at $498,304 in 1870.
In 1869, the productions were 272,221 bushels of corn, 26,770
bushels of oats, 52,146 bushels of potatoes, and 20,796 bales
of cotton ; the value of animals slaughtered was $35,610 ; and
the value of farm productions was $2,236,179.
The profile of the country is hUly and roUing, with much
aUuvial and clay soil.
The Chattahoochee is the eastern boundary Hne, andisnav-
igable from Girard to the sea. The raUroad from Girard to
Troy passes through the county from east to west, 34 mUes.
Seale, the seat of justice, is a vUlage newly buUt on the raflj
way, and named for Mr. Arnold Seale of Macon.
Girard, the first seat of justice, has about 1200 inhabitants,
and derives benefit from its proximity to Columbus, Georgia.
Crawford, where the courthouse stood for many years, and
tUl 1868, is a smaU vUlage ; and GlennvUle, where one of the
military coUeges of the State was located, has about 400 in
habitants. Hardeman Owen, Anderson Abercrombie, and Thomas M.

BUSSELL COUNTY.1 511
Martin were the commissioners appohited in 1833 to select a
site for the courthouse.
As far back as the summer of 1739, Gen. Oglethrope, gov
ernor of Georgia, visited the town of (old) Coweta, six mUes
below where Girard now stands, and made a treaty with the
savages. Fort MitcheU was buUt by the Georgians in 1813, and called
in honor of David Bradie Mitchell, then governor of Georgia.
It was at Fort Mitchell that Gen. LaFayette crossed when
he visited Alabama in 1824. Gov. Pickens ordered Gen. Tom
Woodward to meet him at the Chattahoochee with an armed
escort, of which Maj. Gen. Wm. Taylor, on his arrival, took
command. Gen. Moore of M onroe commanded one troop, and
Capt. James Abercrombie commanded the Montgomery troop.
Hon. BolHng HaU of Autauga, Hon. John Murphy of Mon
roe, and other prominent citizens were there, besides a num
ber of Indians. After waiting three or four days, Gen. La
Fayette and the Georgians appeared on the other bank, and
were there met by Chilly Mcintosh and fifty painted warriors.
They took charge of the Ulustrious man, placed him in a sulky,
which was drawn on the ferry boat. When the boat reached
the west bank, the Indians drew the sulky to the top of the
bank, about 80 yards. There an eloquent address of welcome
was made by Hon. John D. Bibb of Montgomery, and the line
of march was taken up for the interior.
RusseU was the home of the Muscogees as far back as any
thing was known of them ; and from its secluded glens came
the last bold remonstrance against the encroachments of the
pale face. They had ceded thefr lands four years before, and
the white man was already making a desolation of their forests,
when, in 1836, many of them refused to give up the cradle of
their race. HostUities began by depreciations on the whites,
and Roanoke, a hamlet on the east side of the river, was burned,
and several whites were kiUed. Georgia and Alabama at once
began to arm, and a force of about 1500 Alabamians rendez
voused at Tuskegee, in Macon. Opothleyoholo, Tuskena, and
other chiefs, brought in a force of friendly warriors, and the
army, under Gen. Jessup reached Fort Mitchell. From there
they marched down to Hatcheechubbee creek, which they
crossed and formed in line of battle, when an order came from
Gen. Winfield S. Scott, who had reached Ft. Mitchell, and taken
command, directing Gen. Jessup to faU back to that place.
Neahmathla* had been captured by the friendly Indians, and
his people now flocked into Fort MitcheU to the number of
*Mr. W. H. Sparks, in " The Memories of Fifty Years, " gives a speech and
death-song said to have been made by Neahmathla when brought before Gen.
Jessup which is mostly fictitious.

512 EUSSELL COUNTY.
about 500. They were escorted to Montgomery, and taken
thence to the West, against their dearest wishes.
It was the Uchees that chiefly occupied RusseU, and their
dialect was exceedingly peculiar. It wag distinct from the
other tribes of the Muscogee confederacy, and was never ac
quired by white or red man unless reared from infancy among
them. It was guttural entirely, and spoken with the mouth
open, and no word or sound ever required it to be closed for
its pronunciation.
As has been said in the chapter on Chambers county, the
last fighting of the great war between the States occurred on
Alabama soU ; and the last collision occurred in RusseU. In
view of the approach of WUson's mounted column, Gen.
HoweU Cobb, with 5000 Georgia mUitia, and 2000 Confederate
troops, prepared to contest the advance of WUson, and took
post in Girard. At 11 o'clock, the morning of April 16, 1865,
a heavy Hue of skirmishers dashed into Girard, but were
beaten back. Four hours later the whole front was assaUed
by the federal line of battle. Gen. Cobb at once had the
lower bridge burned, and after severe fighting they were
again repeUed. At 5 o'clock the assault was renewed with
great energy, principaUy at the upper bridge. Sorely pressed,
the order was given for the Confederates to retire across the
river. Observing the movement, the enemy pressed hotly
forward, and, in the darkness, friend and foe went over the
bridge in one wUd mass of confused and struggling humanity.
In the darkness of the night the defending force was dis
persed — " To towri and tower, to down and dale,
To tell disaster's dismal tale."
The loss in the battle of Girard was not very severe in
kUled and wounded on either side, but quite a number of
Confederates were captured. Generals Cobb, Buford, and
Toombs escaped. The federals burned the naU factory in
Girard, and a number of buildings in Columbus. This was
the last combat of a great war.
John Ceowell was among the first white settlers of the
county. Indeed, he came to Hve here as the agent of the
government to the Muscogees as early as 1815. He was born
in Halifax county, North Carolina, about the year 1785, was
a cousin of Gov. Raybun of Georgia, and is said to have de
scended from a brother of Oliver CromweU, who fled from
England in 1674 to escape the wrath of the loyalists, and
omitted the "m" from his name for that purpose. In 1817
he had a temporary residence at St. Stephens, and was elected
by the first territorial legislature a delegate to congress. He
was also the first member of the lower house of congress

BUSSELL COUNTY. 513
from the State, being re-elected by the people in 1819. He
was not again in pubhc life except as the Indian agent for a
number of years. He was a stout man, of genial nature,
great energy, and interesting coUoquial powers. He was a
patron of the turf, and his horses were the favorites on many
of the courses of the South. He died at Fort Mitchell in
1845, and is there buried. He has a number of relatives in
the county, but was never married.
James Abeecbombie, who was a distinguished citizen of
this county, was born in Hancock county, Georgia, in 1795.
His father was a planter with considerable means, and gave .
his son a good education. About the year 1812 the son came
to the wilds of Alabama, and first settled in Monroe (now
DaUas) county, but shortly after became a resident of Mont
gomery. That county he represented in the lower house of
the legislature in 1820, '22, '24, and from 1825 to 1834 in the
senate. In the latter year he came to RusseU, and in 1838-'40
represented the county in the legislature. In 1844 he headed
the Clay electoral ticket. From 1847 to '51 he was in the
upper house, and in the latter year was elected to congress
over Hon. John Cochran of Barbour. He was re-elected two
years later, defeating Mr. David Clopton of Macon. This
closed his long pubHc service. He removed to Florida in
1859, and died near Pensacola, July 2, 1861. He was buried
in Columbus, Georgia. His wife was a sister of Mr. Isaac N.
Ross of TaUapoosa, and the late Hon. James J. Abercrombie
of Florida was his son. Col. R. H. Abercrombie of Macon,
Dr. Charles Abercrombie, who represented Macon in 1853,
and Col. Anderson Abercrombie of Texas, are nephews.
Capt. Abercrombie "was a man of massive proportions,
"both in body and mind. He was one of that class of men
¦" who engage in aU business with intention to succeed. They
"'never stop to count cost, but set in to go through, cost what
"it may. These inherent quahties of mind we deem indis-
"pensable to aU greatness. The right use of such mental
"condition may be, and often is, abused, especially in hard
"political races; but this is an abuse. Capt. A. had a large
" endowment of this capital. He used it successfrdly in his
"business Hfe. He made a great deal of money, paid out a
" fortune for his friends, squandered thousands for party, gave
*' with princely munificence to the church, and to the poor."*
He was one of the most remarkable men the State has pro
duced, and was a tower of strength to whatever cause he be
longed, and wielded an immense influence by his personal
popularity and wondrous energy.  '
*Eev. Dr. Lovick Pierce of Georgia.
33

514 EUSSELL COUNTY.
Benjamin H. Bakee came to Russell in 1836. He was born
in Warren county, Georgia, in 1811, and grew up with grave
disadvantages. He was sheriff of RusseU from 1840 to 1843,
began to practice law in 1844, and was a member of one branch
or the other of the legislature from 1847 to 1857. He also1
represented the county in the constitutional convention of
1861, and the same year entered the mUitary service as Heu
tenant colonel of the Sixth Alabama Infantry, A want of
health caused him to resign early in 1862, and he died the
following year at Crawford. "Without the advantage* of
' early education, without friends or fortune, Col. Baker com-
' menced the study of law at a period of life when most men
' who pursue that profession have been long engaged in it, and,
' despite many adverse circumstances, rose rapidly in the pro-
' f ession, and at the same time by his zeal and honesty so
' commended himself to his fellow-citizens that few men have
'ever enjoyed a greater degree of pubhc confidence during
' his career as a lawyer and poHtician. He was most remark-
'able as an advocate hi criminal cases, and as a poHtical
' speaker. The zeal and earnestness with which he entered
' on the advocacy of his cause culminated often in fervid and
'impassioned eloquence, in which the native inteUect of the
'man towered above aU the disadvantages of Hfe."* He was
of medium stature, dark complexion, and popular manners.
His wfre was a Miss Greer of Georgia, and he left a number
of chUdren, one of whom was clerk of the circuit court of the
county in 1865-68.
Solomon Heydenfelt resided for several years in this
county. He was a native of Charleston, South Carolina, and
came to the State in the early settlement of TaUapoosa county.
He was judge of the county court there in 1840, and soon
after came to RusseU. Here he practiced law several years,
then went to California, where he was made a justice of the
supreme court. He was a man of very fair abUity and excel
lent character. His brother, Elkin, was also an attorney of
some standing iu TaUapoosa.
Milton S. Latham came to this county about the year
1837. He was a native of Ohio, taught school here, read law
under Judge Alfred P. Reid, and began the practice. He was
an unsuccessful candidate for soHcitor before the legislature
in 1849, and a year or two later removed to CaHfornia.
Elected to congress from that State in 1853, was made col
lector of the port of San Francisco in 1855, elected governor
in 1860, was chosen to the federal senate three days after his
inauguration, where he served six years, and is now a banker
*Hon. James F. Waddell of Seale.

BUSSELL COUNTY. 515
and mUHonaire in San Francisco'. A remarkable, career even
in America.
James Cantey is another notable citizen of Russell. He
was born in Kershaw district, South Carohna, Dec. 30, 1818,
and was the son of a planter, whose wfre was a Miss Richard
son. Graduated at South Carolina CoUege, he was admitted
to the bar in 1840, and practiced law at Camden tUlrthe com
mencement of the war with Mexico. As an officer of the
Palmetto regiment, he won distinction, and was wounded. In
1849 he settled in this county as a planter. In 1861 he was
elected colonel of the Fifteenth Alabama, and went with it to
Virginia. He saw service under Jackson in the VaUey, and
in the battles before Richmond. Promoted shortly after to
the rank of brigadier, he was assigned to the Western Army.
For a time he was stationed at MobUe, and there organized
a brigade, consisting of the 17th, 21st, ahd 29th Alabama, and
37th Mississippi. He was soon after in command of a divis
ion at PoUard, consisting of his own, Sears' Mississippi, and
Reynolds' Arkansas brigades. The First and Twenty-sixth
Alabama having been added, and the Twenty-first taken from
the brigade, it passed through the fire from Dalton to Jones
boro, and from Franklin to BentonvUle, the condition of Gen.
Cantey's health prohibiting him from commanding the greater
part of the time. Since the peace he has been planting in
this county. He is a man of impressive appearance, but
reserved in manner. He married a daughter of Col. Lemuel
Benton, an early settler of the county.
James Fleming Waddell came to this county in 1857.
Born at HUlsboro, North Carolina, in 1826, he was appointed
a second Heutenant in the 12th United States Infantry in
1846, and served in Mexico with that regiment. In 1849 he
was appointed consul to Matamoras, and was wounded by
Caravajal's troops in their attack on the town, in 1851, whUe
attempting to save the property of Americans. He served a
year as captain of a company in the Sixth Alabama Infan
try, then "organized a light battery. He served his guns
at Baker's Creek and at the siege of Vicksburg, where
he was captured. Promoted to major, he commanded an
artUlery battalion consisting of Barrett's, Bellamy's, and Em
ery's batteries, and did faithful service in the Dalton-Atlanta
campaign, and his guns roared on the banks of the Chatta
hoochee when Girard was assaulted. In 1865 he was ap
pointed judge of the probate court of Russell, was elected m
1866, and served tUl 1868. Major Waddell has very consid
erable abUity as a speaker, was a fearless officer, and is a
popular gentleman.

516

BANDOLPH COUNTY.

Robeet A. Haedaway was for many years a citizen of
this county. He was born in Georgia, about the year 1828,
and is a son of Hon. R. S. Hardaway, formerly of RusseU, now
of Columbus, Georgia. He went to Mexico as an officer of
Seibels' battaUon, and distinguished himself as an officer of
artiUery in Virginia during the late war, rising to the rank of
colonel of artiUery. From the first Manassas, where he was
not actively engaged, to his surrender at Appomattox, he was
a participant in or was present at forty-one engagements, in
cluding aU the great battles of the army of Northern Virginia.
And the guns of the Third Richmond Howitzers, a company
of his artiUery-regiment, fired the last shot of that immortal
army at Appomattox. He is a civU engineer by profession,
and was a brave and efficient soldier. He now resides in
Chambers. Benjamin H. Baker and R. O. Howard represented RusseU
in 'the constitutional convention of 1861; A. B. Griffki and
George D. Hooper in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of members of the legislature ; the
county voting with Chambers tiU 1837.

Senators.

1834 — Lawson J: Keener.
1837— William Wellborn.
1840— Jeflerson Buford.
1843— Eobert S. Hardaway.
1847 — James Abercrombie.
1851 — Benjamin H. Baker.

1853 — Benjamin H . Baker.
1857--A. B. Griffin.
1861— John A. Lewis.
1865— J. W. Castens.
[No election in 1867, or since.]

Representatives.

1837— Nimrod W. Long. ia51-
1838 — James Abercrombie. 1853—
1839 — James Abercrombie. 1855-
1840— B. S. Mangum. 1857-
1841— Britain D. Harris. 1859-
1842— Britain D. Harris. 1861-
1843— John Segar. 1863-
1844— Wm. Barnett. 1865-
1845— W. Barnett, Nimrod W. Long. 1867-
1847— Benjamin H. Baker, J. Wilson 1870-
1849— B. H. Baker, James B. Reese.

-0. B. Walton, 8. Bass, jr.
-Hiram Nelms, A. T. Calhoun.
•W. C. Dawson, jr., E. Garlick. .
•S. S. Colbert, Clarke Aldridge.
-F. G. Jones, E. Calhoun.
-W. G. Williams, J. Wilkerson.
-D. B. Mitchell, F. A. Nisbett.
-L. F. McCoy, B. G. Owens.
[No election. ]
¦B. M. Henry, Horace King (c.)

CHAPTER LXV.
THE COUNTY OF SANFOED OB JONES.
Sanford was first estabhshed in 1866, and caUed in honor
of Hon. E. P. Jones of Fayette. The de facto convention of
1867 abohshed it, but it was re-estabhshed, Oct. 8, 1868, by its
present name, to compliment Hon. H. C. Sanford of Cherokee.
The territory was taken from Fayette and Marion, and it
Hes in the northwest quarter of the State, on the Mississippi
Hne, north of Pickens, south of Marion, and west of Fayette
and Marion.
The population in 1870 was 7330 whites, and 1563 blacks.
The area of Sanford is about 600 square miles.
The assessed value of property is about $750,000.
The farm lands — 42,465 acres improved, and 231,537 acres
unimproved — had a cash value of $304,250 in 1870.
The value of Hve stock — 1462 horses, 496 mules, 6848 neat
cattle, 6784 sheep, 11,463 hogs— was $301,749 in 1870.
In 1869 the productions were 219,437 bushels of corn, 16,-
145 bushels of wheat, 14,128 bushels of oats, 32,664 bushels
of potatoes, 1144 gaHons of wine, 72,157 pounds of butter,
6407 gaUons of sorghum, 4000 pounds of tobacco, 1825 bales
of cotton, 9924 pounds of wool ; the vf hie of animals slaugh
tered was $64,083 ; and the value of farm productions was
$643,049. The surface is hUly and broken ; the soU Hght to a large
extent, but with fertile vaUeys.
There is a great abundance of iron ore, and a smelting and
casting furnace is in operation three mUes west of Vernon.
The Buttahatchee flows through the northern part, but
there are no navigable steams. The projected railway from
Columbus to Decatur is surveyed through the heart of the
county. There are a number of flour and lumber mUls, and the ma
terial interests of the county are rapidly improving.
Veenon, the seat of justice, is a vUlage, and there are no
towns. The county has no general history, and is not yet repre
sented separately in the general assembly.

CHAPTER LXVI.
THE COUNTY OF SHELBY.
Shelby was estabhshed by an act passed Feb. 7, 1818, out
of territory nominaUy taken from Montgomery. As at first
formed, it embraced St. Clair, and WUls creek was its north
east boundary ; but the southern boundary Hne was the town
ship line north of Columbia. In November of the same year
the dimensions of the county were fixed as they stood tul the
estabhshment of Baker, when the two lower tiers of townships
were cut off.
Shelby lies just north of the centre of the State, contiguous
to Jefferson on the north and west, TaUadega on the east,
Baker on the south, and Bibb on the southwest.
It was named for Gov. Shelby* of Kentucky.
Its area is about 845 square mUes.
The foUowing gives the population at regular intervals :
18-20 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  2011 4549 4494 7153 8970 8840
Blacks  405 1155 1618 2383 3648 3378
The assessed value ^of real estate in 1870 was $935,957;
personalty $266,112; total $1,202,069.
The cash value of farm lands — 48,376 acres improved, 147,-
957 acres unimproved — was $516,136 in 1870.
The value of Hve stock — 1174 horses, 642 mules, 6603 neat
cattle, 3524 sheep, 9787 hogs— was $311,018.
In 1869 the farm productions, valued at $692,911, were 30,-
275 bushels of wheat, 221,618 bushels of com, 26,189 bushels
of oats, 24,960 bushels of potatoes, 73,099 pounds of butter,
3710 pounds of tobacco, 2194 bales of cotton, 6283 pounds of
wool ; and the value of animals slaughtered was $86,668.
' The surface is hiUy ; the soU is generaUy Hght, witH aUuvial
lowlands. The county is between the mountainous and level
region of the State.
The Cahaba waters the western portion, and the Coosa is
*Isaao Shelby was born near Hagerstown, Md. , in 1 750. He was a surveyor,
and removed to northwest North Carolina in 1771. He fought at Point
Pleasant, and led a regiment at King's Mountain. He was the fijst governor
of Kentucky, was re-elected in 1812, and during his second term he led the
Kentuokians at the fight on the Thames. In 1817 he declined the position
of minister of war, and died July 18, 1826.

SHELBY COUNTY. 519
the eastern boundary, but neither is navigable. The raU
way from Montgomery to Decatur crosses the southwestern
portion for twenty mUes, and the Selma and Rome Railroad
passes over thirty-four mUes of the southeastern portion.
Shelby is rich in natural productions, and they are better
utilized than in any other county of the State. Iron ore is
abundant, and the Shelby Iron works do an extensive busi
ness. • Coal exists in exhaustless quantities, and much of it
is exported. Slate and sand-stone, both of the best quality,
and marble of an inferior kind, are plentiful. There is much
blue Hmestone, and three furnaces are now converting it into
lime. Even gold and copper have been found. Of the min
eral waters, Shelby springs have wide celebrity.
Columbiana, the seat of justice, has about 450 inhabitants.
ShelbyvUle, where the courthouse first stood, is deserted.
MontevaUo has about 650 inhabitants ; HarpersvUle and
WUsonvUle about 250 each.
David Neal, Job Mason, Benj. C. Haslett, Ezekiel Henry,
Henry Avery, James Franklin, and Thomas Beecher, sr., were
appointed in 1821 to select the site for the courthouse ; and,
a year later, Daniel McLaughlin, Wm. GUbert, Isaac Hutch-
eson, Edmund King, Bennett Ware, Webb Kidd, and Abra
ham Smith were appointed for the same purpose.
The army of Gen, WUson passed through Shelby on its
way to Selma iu 1865. The Cahaba Rolling MUls,' the Red
Mountain, Central, and Columbiana Iron-works, five collieries,
and other valuable property, in the vicinity of MontevaUo,
were destroyed. March 30, WUson's forces arrived at Mon
tevaUo. Resuming the march, for several mUes south they
were engaged in a protracted skirmish with Roddy's and
Crossland's brigades, under Gen. Dan Adams, in which there
was a number of casualties on each side. The contending
forces moved on to Selma, and had severe skirmishes on the
way, in which Gen. Forrest was engaged in several daring
personal encounters neat Randolph and MaplesvUle, and a
number of men were disabled and captured.
One of the earhest and most gifted pubhc nien of the State
was Samuel W. Mabdis, of this county. He oaiue from Ten
nessee, and was probably a native of the State. When a
young man he came with his father, Mr. Reuben Mardis, a
farmer, to the county, and opened a law office in MontevaUo.
He represented the county in the legislature in 1823, and for
several successive years. In 1831 he was elected to congress,
his competitors being Gen. Garth of Morgan and Col. Baylor
of Tuskaloosa ; and was re-elected over Hon. EHsha Young
of Greene. At the expiration of his second term, he removed
to MardisvUle, TaUadega county, and continued the practice ;

520 SHELBY COUNTY.
but died there November 14, 1836, aged about forty years.
To a mind gffted above his feUow men, he added aU the vir
tues of the purest heart. With his gentlemanly bearing,
high-toned feehng, christian piety, and open-hearted gener
osity and benevolence, he won the esteem of aU. " His edu
cation, so far as books are concerned, was defective ; but his
knowledge of men, and of the motives which influence men,
exceUed that of any man I ever saw. To his superiority in
this respect, and to his quick and dear perception of the
turning points of his cases, is mainly attributable his success
at the bar."* He married a daughter of Mr. Robert Taylor
of this county. His half-brother, Judge N. B. Mardis, is a
citizen of this county.
Daniel E. Wateous came to Shelby about the year 1825.
A native of Vermont, he was born about the year 1796, was;
weU educated, and was an attorney when he settled at Mon
tevaUo. He was a successful practitioner, and held the lead
ing position at the bar of the county for many years. In
1837 he entered the senate from Shelby and Bibb, and
remained in that body by successive elections for sixteen years,
save one session. In 1845 he was the nominee of his party
for congress, but Hon. W. L. Yancey was successful in the
canvass that foUowed. In 1856 he removed to Texas, where
he died .a few years ago. Mr. Watrous was a sparely built
man, with weU-defmed facial features. He was a man of un
sullied integrity, rigid sense of propriety, cultivated and
scholarly mind, and with urbane manners. There have been
few citizens of Shelby so useful and exemplary. His brother,
Charles, was a federal district judge in Texas.
John Stbong Stoees was a prominent citizen of this county
He was a younger brother of Judge Storrs of Autauga,
and was born in Middlebury, Vermont, in 1810. Graduated
at the coUege there, he came to MontevaUo about the year
1831, and read law under Hon. D. E. Watrous. He began
the practice at once, and was quite successful. In 1841 he
represented the county in the lower house of the legislature,,
aud for ten. successive years continued in the same position.
From 1857 to 1859 he represented Shelby and Jefferson in
the senate. He died in November 1862, leaving a reputation
for usefulness, and a character for integrity and moral con
duct. He was short and stout, with prepossessing features.
His wife was a Miss Hazard, of the county, an accompHshed
lady. Geoege David Shoeteidge, a distinguished citizen of this
county, was the son of Hon. EH Shortridge of TaUadega, and
* Hon . W. Moody of Tuskaloosa.

SHELBY COUNTY. 521
was born in Montgomery county, Kentucky, Nov. 10, 1814.
He came with his parents to Tuskaloosa in 1826, and bad but
a partial education when he accepted a clerkship in the office
of the supreme court, two years later. He was subsequently
a clerk under Hon. J. I. Thornton of Greene, secretary of
state, and was also clerk in a book store. He was one of the
first students at the State University, but was not graduated.
WhUe reading law in his father's office he edited a newspaper.
Licensed as an attorney in 1834, he was elected soHcitor the
same winter, and removed to Montgomery. There his talents;
soon brought hi-m into notice, and he was twice elected mayor
of the embryo city. In 1838 he represented Montgomery in
tha legislature. Pecuniary reverses and iU-health soon after
caused him to retire to his plantation in this county, but he
recuperated and resumed the practice here. In 1846 the legis
lature elected him to the bench of the cfrcuit court over Messrs.
P. T. Harris, T. A. Walker, Lincoln Clarke, and J. W. Womack.
In 1850 he was continued on the bench by a large popular
majority. After holding the responsible office nine years, he
resigned it in 1855 when nominated for governor. His party
was in a minority in the State, and he was defeated by Gov.
Winston. Soon after this he removed to Selma, and was the
associate there in the practice with Hon. J. R. John. He re
mained there a year or two, then returned to this county, which
he represented in the constitutional convention of 1861. This
finished his pubhc career. The ruthless hand of war was laid
hearily on him in the loss of his three sons and only son-in-
law. He died in 1870. Possessed of a handsome person, an
easy address, a wide range of knowledge, and a genial and
ready wit, Judge Shortridge was one of the most interesting
men of his day. He was ah able, upright, and patient judge ;
as a literateur he wielded a graceful pen ; and as a gentleman
he belonged to the best school. His popularity was the result
of kindness of heart, HberaHty, and an observance of the
amenities due from man to man. His wfre was a daughter of
Mr. Edmund King of this county.
George Phillips and Thomas A. Rodgers represented Shelby
in the convention of 1819 ; George D. Shortridge and John
M. McClanahan in that of 1861 ; and James T. Leeper and
N. B. Mardis in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the legislature.
Senators.
1819— Bennett Ware. 1832— Alexander Hill.
1822— Jack Shackelford. 1834— James M. Nabors.
1825— James Jackson. 1837— Daniel E. Watrous.
1828--Thomas Crawford. 1840— D. E. Watrous.
1831-Joab Lawler. 1843-D. E. Watrous.

522

SAINT CLAIE COUNTY.

1847 — James M. Nabors.
1849— D. E. Watrous.
1853— Moses Kelly.
1855— H. W.Nelson.
1857— John S. Storrs.

1859— H. W. Nelson.
1861— John P. Morgan.
1863— M. T. Porter.
1865— Gilbert T. Deason.
[No election in 1867, or since.]

Representatives.

1819 — Jesse Wilson, Arthur Taylor.
1820 — Benj. Davis, Jack Shackelford.
1821— Benj. Davis, Thos. McHenry.
1822 — Benjamin Davis.
1823— Samuel W. Mardis;
1824— Samuel W. Mardis.
1825— Samuel W. Mardis.
1826— Joab Lawler.
1 827 — Joab Lawler.
1828— Joab Lawler, Sam'l W. Mardis.
1829— joab Lawler, Sam'l W. Mardis.
1830 — Joab Lawler, Sam'l W. Mardis.
1831 — Leonard Tarrant, James M.
Nabors.
1832— Leonard Tarrant, George Hill.
1833— James M. Nabors, George Hill.
1834 -Martin H . McHenry, Alphonzo
A. Sterrett.
1835— M. H. McHenry, A. A. Sterrett.
1836— M. H. McHenry, John M. Mc
Clanahan.
1837— John M. McClanahan, John T.
Primm .

1838— John M. McClanahan, Wm. J.
Peters.
1839— James M. Nabors, Wade H.
Griffin.
1840— W. J. Peters, Wade H. Griffin.
1841— W. H. Griffin, John S. Storrs.
1842— John S. Storrs, Wm. M. Kidd.
1843— John S. Storrs, David Owen.
1844— John S. Storrs, Wm. M. Kidd.
1845— John S Storrs, Joseph Eoper.
1847— John S. Storrs, T. H. Brazier.
1849— John S. Storrs, Thomas H.
Brazier.
1851 — \\r. L. Prentice, Joseph Eoper.
1853— A. A. Sterrett, T. P. Lawrence.
1855— J. M. McClanahan, N. B.King.
1857— N. B. Mardis, J. P. Morgan.
1859— D. T. Seal, W. G. Bowdon.
1861— J. P. West, S. Brashier.
1863— J. Keenan, Samuel Leeper.
1865— J. C. Hand, Samuel Leeper.
1867— [No election.]
1870— Burwell B. Lewis.

CHAPTER LXVH.

THE COUNTY OF SAINT CLAIE.

Saint Clair was taken from Shelby by an act passed Nov.
20, 1818. It lies south of Blount and Etowa, west of TaUa
dega and Calhoun, east of Blount and Jefferson, north of
Shelby and Talladega.
It was named to honor the memory of Gen. St. Clair.*
The area of the county is about 625 square miles.
*Aethue St. Clair was born in Edinburg, Scotland, in 1734, and came to
America as a lieutenant in the army of Gen. Wolf in 1759. At the peace he
remained, and was living in Pennsylvania when the colonies rebelled.
Commissioned colonel, he arose to the rank of major general during the
war. He was the first governor of the Northwestern Territory, and in 1791
was defeated in battle by the Miami Indians. In 1802 he retired from the
governorship, and died in Westmoreland county, Penn. , Aug. 31, 1818.

SAINT CLAIE COUNTY. 523
The population is thus shown at different periods :
1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870

Whites  -.  3607 4818 4505 5501 9236 7295
Blacks  559 1157 1133 1128 1777 2065
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $549,977 ;
personalty $95,929 ; total $645,906.
The cash value of farm lands — 34,051? acres improved, and
102,438 acres unimproved— was $401,174 in 1870.
The Hve stock — 970 horses, 452 mules, 3165 neat cattle,
3578 sheep, 8775 hogs— is valued at $252,095.
In 1869 the farm productions were 157,268 bushels of corn,
29,778 bushels of wheat, 7895 bushels of oats, 9326 bushels of
potatoes, 32,677 pounds of butter, 4579 gaUons of molasses,
1293 pounds of tobacco, 1244 bales of cotton, 4451 pounds of
wool ; the value of slaughtered animals was $16,738 ; and the
value of farm products was $391,114.
The surface is broken and mountainous, and the valleys are
healthy and fertile.
The Coosa is the eastern boundary, but is not navigable
below Greensport. The Cahaba (called "Chicasa river "in
the treaty of 1765,) has its head-waters in the county. The
Alabama and Chattanooga raUroad passes through the county
from northeast to southwest.
St. Clair is rich in coal and iron ore, lying as it does in the
heart of the great mineral region of the State. MiUstone grit,
black and variegated marble, Hmestone, etc., are also among
the resources of this region. There are numerous chalybeate
and sulphur springs, and St. Clair Springs is a resort.
Asheville, the seat of justice since 1822, was incorporated
that year, and is a vUlage, named for Hon. John Ashe, for
many years a leading citizen of the county. Greensport, at
the lower terminus of navigation on the Coosa, is a viUage.
On Canoe creek, between AshevUle and SpringviUe, stood
the Indian vUlage of Litafutchee, which was destroyed by a
detachment of Gen. Jackson's troops, Oct. 29, 1813, and its
inhabitants captured — 29 in number.
At Ten Islands, near Greensport, Gen. Jackson buUt Fort
Strother, his base of Operations against the Creeks. Near the
same spot, in July 1864, Gen. Clanton, with a handful of men,
made a gallant stand against the largely superior numbers of
Gen. Rousseau, who passed on to Cheha and Loachapoka.
The loss on each side was light ; but the Confederate leader
lost all of his staff, kUled or wounded.
John Ashe, JohnMassey, John Cunningham, Joel Chandler,
and George ShortweU were appointed to superintend the erec
tion of the courthouse in 1821.

524 SAINT CLAIE COUNTY.
The first voting places were at Joel Chandler's, Peter Rags-
dale's, and Wm. Guthrey's — in 1819.
Buewell T. Pope resided in this county, but was born in
Oglethorpe county, Georgia, Jan. 7, 1813. His parents were
WUey Pope and Sarah Davis. Graduating at Athens, he read
law under Judge Clayton, and was enroUed as an attorney in
1836. A year later he came to this State, and located at We
tumka, where he practiced law. La lft44 he came to AshvUle,
where he resided and pursued his profession tUl he removed
to Gadsden in 1^67. He was elected to congress in 1865
over Mr. James Sheid, but was refused his seat. In 1867 he
was appointed judge of the cfrcuit court. WhUe on the bench
in the courthouse at Jacksonville, AprU 1868, he was arrested
by a Heutenant in the federal army, and taken to jaU for re
fusing, at the command of this petty officer, to place negroes
on the juries. He was released within a few days, but, being
in feeble health, this violence hastened his end, and he died
in Gadsden, May 8, 1868. Judge Pope was above medium
size, with reserved manners. He was remarkably firm in his
conviction's of right and duty, and combined within his char
acter the virtues, piety, sobriety, charity, and benevolence, in
a very Hberal degree. He married a daughter of Mr. Joseph
Lester of Wetumka.
John W.Inzee is also a resident of St. Clair, but was bom in
Gwinnett county, Georgia, Jan. 9, 1834. His father was a
Baptist minister ; his mother was a Miss Reid. Educated weU,
he came to this State in 1854 with his parents, and read law
in the office of Messrs. A. J.Walker and John T. Morgan atTal-
adega. Licensed as an attorney in 1855, he opened an ofiice
in AshvUle. In 1859 Gov. Moore- appointed him judge of the
probate court of the county, and in 1861 he represented it in
the constitutional convention. Entering the service of his
country as a private, he became Heutenant colonel of the 58th
Alabama, was captured at Mission Ridge, and remained on
Johnson's Island tiU the close of the war. He was appointed
probate judge in 1865, but resigned a few weeks after. In
1866 he was elected to the same office over Hon. C. G. Bee-
son, and was removed by military ukase in 1867. He now
practices law in AshvUle. Col. Inzer is a good lawyer, and an
honest and upright man. He married a niece of Hon. B. T.
Pope. David Conner represented St. Clair in the constitutional
convention of 1819 ; and John W. Inzer in that of 1861 ; C.
G. Beeson in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of members of the legislature :

SUMTEB county.

525

1819— David Conner.
1822— David Conner.
1825— John Ashe.
1823— David Conner.
1831— David Conner.
1832— John Ashe.
1835— Charles C. P. Farrar.
1838— Charles C. P. Farrar.
1841— Walker K. Baylor.
1843— Moses Kelly.

1819 — James Hardwick.
1820— Phillip Coleman.
1821 — James Hardwick.
1822 — James Hardwick, P. Coleman.
1823— Jas. Hardwick, Geo. Shortwell.
1824— P. Coleman, Geo. Shortwell.
1825— P. Coleman, Geo. Shortwell.
1826 — P. Coleman, John Massey.
1827 — Henry Bradford, John Massey.
1828— T. M. Barker, John Massey. .
1829 — Henry Bradford, John Massey.
1830 — C. Longford, John Massey.
1831— C. C. P. Farrar, G. T. McAfee.
1832— John Massey, G. T. McAfee.
1833— John Massey, C. C. P. Farrar.
1834— John Massey, C. C. P. Farrar.
1835 — John Massey, E. Hammond.
1836— John W. Cobb, E. Hammond.
1837— John W. Cobb, E. Hammond.
1838V-JameB Eogan, E. Hammond.

Senators. 1844— John Ashe.
1847— Moses Kelly.
' 1851— Moses Kelly.
1853— Mace T. P. Brindley.
1857— William Thaxton.
1859— F. W. Staton.
1861— W. N. Crump.
1863-C.G. Beeson.
1865— W. H. Edwards.
[No election in 1867, or since.]
Representatives. 1839— John Massey.
1840— Oran M. Eoberts.
1841 — Bichmond Hammond.
1842— John W. Bothwell,
1843— John W. Cobb.
1844— J. M. Edwards.
1845— J. M. Edwards.
1847 — Bichmond Hammond.
1849— J. M. Edwards.
1851— Albert G. Bennett.
1853 — James Foreman.
1855— G. H. Beavers,
1 856e— Eichmond Hammond.
1859— Levi Floyd.
1861 — James Foreman.
1863— George W. Ashe.
1865— George W. Ashe.
1867— [No election.]
1870— Leroy F. Box.

CHAPTER LXVIII.

THE COUNTY OF SUMTEE.

Sumter was formed Dec. 18, 1832, out of the main body of
the lands in the State acquired at the treaty of Dancing Rab
bit creek, and retains its original size save two ranges of
townships set apart to Chocta in 1847.
It now Hes in the western part of the State, adjoining the
State of Mississippi, west of Marengo and Greene, north of
Chocta, south of Pickens and Greene.
It was named for Gen. Thomas Sumter* of South Carolina.
"Thomas Sumteb was born in 1734,. but his early history and career are
not known. He entered the colonial army as lieutenant oolorlel of a rifle

526 SUMTEE COUNTY.
Its area is about 900 square mUes.
The population is thus shown at different intervals :
1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  13,901 7,369 5,919 5,202
Blacks  16,036 14,881 18,116 18.907
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $2,415,290 ;
personalty $749,300; total $3,164,590.
The cash value of farm lands — 141,784 acres improved, and
142,314 acres unimproved— was $1,684,953 in 1870.
The value of Hve stock— 1242 horses, 1957 mules, 6729
neat cattle, 2249 sheep, 8024 hogs— is $513,788.
In 1869 the farm productions were 334,110 bushels of corn,
472 bushels of wheat, 17,725 bushels of potatoes, 45,270
pounds of butter, 11,646 bales of cotton, 2513 pounds of
wool ; the value of animals slaughtered was $57,726 ; and the
value of farm productions was $1,513,788. .
The face of the country is uneven, often hUly, but there are
prafrie lands, and much aUuvial "soU.
The Tombikbee is the eastern boundary line the entire
length of the county, afferding trade facilities the greater
part of the year ; and the Sookan'atchee (hog river) andNox-
ubbee are smaU rivers. Besides, there are sixty-three miles
of raUway in the county — of the Alabama & Chattanooga 27,
of the MobUe & Ohio 14, of the Selma & Meridian about 22.
Livingston, the seat of justice, is on the Sookan'atchee,
and has about 1000 inhabitants. It was laid out for the
county site in 1833, and was named for Hon. Edward Liying-
ston of Louisiana, the federal minister of state at the time.
GainesvUle is a town of about 1000 inhabitants, on the
'Bikbee, named for Hon. George S. Gaines of Mississippi*
At Jones' Bluff stood Fort Tombikbee, buUt by Captain
DeLusser, a French officer, in 1735, by order of Gov. BienvUle.
It continued to be a fortified post under the French, British,
and Spaniards — the latter caUing it Fort Confederation — tfil
several years after Galves took MobUe in 1782. It was at
regiment, and won distinction as a partisan officer in South Carolina. He
afterwards served that State in congress for seventeen years, and there died,
June 1, 1832, at the age of 98 years.
* A white man settled the spot the year before the Dancing Eabbit treaty,
and became entitled to 300 or 400 acres of land by the stipulations, as he had
a Chocta wife. He at once offered to sell it to Hon. Geo. S. Gaines for $1000,
and the latter accepted, paying the first installment. He told Mr. Gaines a
few days later that Col. Lewis offered ¦ him $2000 in cash, after he had sold
it, and remarked his ill-fortune, saying that the difference would have saved
him from toil in his old age. Mr, Gaines had known him well since he came
into the country as government factor, and told him to go to Col. Lewis, sell
the property as his own, and refund the advance he had made. Col. Lewis
was so pleased with this noble oonduct, that he colled the town for Mr.
Gaines.

SUMTEE COUNTY. 527
this spot, Oct. 17, 1802, that the whites secured the first ces
sion of thefr lands in Alabama from the Choctas, being the
strip of territory around Fort Stephens. Gen. James WUkin- ,
son was the federal commissioner, and the Indian delegation
was headed by Pushmataha and Homastubbee, medal mingos.
A few mUes from Jones' Bluff, the Chocta factorage was
located in 1816 by Hon. G. S. Gaines ; and the creek on which
it stood yet bears the name of Factorage creek. It was to
this spot that Gen. Coffee of Lauderdale, Col. McKee of Tus
kaloosa, and Hon. John Rhea of Tennessee came, Oct. 24, 1816,
and treated with Mushulatubbee, Pushmataha, Puckshenub-.
bee, and others, for the cession of the Chocta lands east of the
Tombikbee. Samuel Chapman, so long connected with the judicial chron
icles of our State, was a resident of Sumter. He was born in
Caroline county, Vfrginia, in 1793, and was the elder brother
of Hon. Reuben Chapman of Madison. He was graduated
at Washington CoUege, and read law under Chapman John
ston, esq., at Staunton. Admitted to the bar in 1815 he re-
- moved to ClarksvUle, Tennessee, and was elected soHcitor of
the district shortly after. But he resigned in 1818, and came
to reside in Huntsville. He represented Madison in the first
State legislature, and was judge of the county court from
1820 to 1832. In the latter year he was chosen to the bench
of the cfrcuit court for the district which embraced Sumter,
"and at once came to reside in this county. By successive
elections he was continued on the bench for eighteen years,
defeating Hon. James D. Webb of Greene for the position in
1847. Aiter retiring therefrom he removed to Lauderdale
county, Mississippi, but subsequently removed to Cahaba,
where he died Oct. 11, 1863.
Judge Chapman was large and fine looking, with a dark
complexion. He has left the reputation of a dignified and
impartial judge, and of an honorable and useful citizen. He
first married a daughter of Col. John Shelby of Tennessee ;
then a niece of Hon. Eppes Moody of Franklin; again, a
sister of General Pettus of DaUas ; lastly, a lady of Mobile.
Of his sons, one was killed in the Confederate service ; an
other was an officer of the cruiser Sumter, aud is now a
planter near Galveston, Texas ; a third is Capt. R. Chapman
of this county. Of his daughters, one married Gen. Pettus of
DaUas ; others married Capt. R. Thorn and Judge G. B. Saun
ders, citizens at one time of this county.
William Wintee Payne was a resident of Sumter. He
was born in Fauquier county, Virginia, in 1805, and descended
from a highly respectable famUy. Receiving a good educa- .

528 SUMTEE COUNTY.
tion, he came to Alabama in 1825, and settled at Tuscumbia.
In 1831 he represented Franklin in the legislature. He came
to Sumter in 1833, and engaged in plantmg on an extensive
scale. In 1836, '37, and '38 he represented the county in the
legislature. In 1841 he was elected to congress on the gen
eral ticket system. He was re-elected in '43 over Hon. Elisha
Young of Greene, and in '45 over Hon. John Erwin, also of
that county. Though in great favor with his party, Mr. Payne
was not re-nominated in 1847 because of a two-thirds rule in
the convention. He was much chagrined by this treatment,
and in the fall of the same year returned to his native State,
where he has since resided, near Warrenton. In 1859 he
presided over the Democratic State convention at Richmond.
The private and pubhc character of Mr. Payne was without
blemish. His talents were greatly improved by persistent
observation and study, and on the stump he was a forcible
and effective debater. His demeanor was kind and bland,
and he possessed all the elements of popularity. He married
a daughter of Mr. John J. Winston of Franklin in 1826. His
son was a colonel in the late war, and his son-in-law, whose
name was Payne, commanded a brigade of Vfrginia troops.
Joseph G. Baldwin was a resident of Sumter. Born in
the Shenandoah VaUey, about the year 1811, he was of the
talented famUy which Has produced Judge Briscoe G. and
Hon. John B. Baldwin — the former being his uncle. A de
fective education he perfected by years of study later in Hfe.
After serving as a scribe in a pubHc office, he read law, and
removed to Macon, Mississippi, to practice. He was in a
prosperous business when he came to this county in 1839 and
associated himself with Mr. Jonathan Bliss ; residing first at
Gainesville, then at Livingston. In 1814 he represented the
county iu the legislature, and was the unsuccessful candidate
of his party for congress in 1849, when the canvass was an
heated one. In 1853 appeared his "Party Leaders" and
" Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi," both of which
at once attracted popular attention, and won for their
author an enduring fame. In the fall of the same year he
removed to MobUe, was the partner there for a few months of
Hon. PhiHp PhilHps, then removed to the Pacific El Dorado.
At .the bar of San Francisco he soon arose to eminence, and
was elected to the bench of the supreme court by a popular
poU of his party. He was on the bench three or four years,
then resigned, and resumed his profession. During the late
war he went to Washington and asked, but was refused, per
mission to visit his aged parents in Virginia. His death
occurred in 1866, and the supreme court, sitting in Sacra
mento, adjourned, and went to San Francisco, accompamed

sumtee county. 529
by the entire bar, to attend his obsequies. He left several
chUdren, his wife being a sister of Hon. Alexander White of
DaUas. His eldest son, Alexander W. Baldwin, a man of much
talent, and a native of Sumter, became federal district judge
in Nevada, and was kUled by a raUroad accident in December
4869. The mind of Judge Baldwin was a very gifted one. With
capacities widely divergent, he exhibited, as occasion required,
and without effort, logic, eloquence, or humor. He was an
able lawyer, an eloquent advocate, a learned jurist, a spark
ling wit. With aU his superiority of inteUect, there was an
absence of self. " Although great, he never celebrated Ins
" own importance ; and although good, he made no record of
"his generosity. * * Oh, for an hour's talk with some
"man Hke him, wearing his humanity as he used to wear it,
"with his hat about to turn a back summerset from his head,
"with his forehead growing broader, and his eyes sparkling
"brighter, as he advanced in anecdote, tUl he was shut out
"from vision by the tears his mirth created, and we were
" compeUed to feel that there was at least one great man in
" the world who could be funny."*
Samuel Williams Inge, who resided some years in Sumter,
was born in Warren county, N. C, Feb. 22, 1817. His father
was a planter, and brother of Hon. Wm. M. Inge, member of
congress from Tennessee in 1833, who afterwards settled in
this county. His mother was a Miss WUHams. The parents
settled in Greene in 1827. The son received an exceUent
education, attending for a time the State University. He
read law with Messrs. Wm. M. Murphy and Wm. G. Vande
graff at Erie. Locating at Eutaw in 1839, he "remained there
about a year, then came to Livingston. In 1844 he repre
sented Sumter in the legislature. In 1847 he was elected to
congress over his cousin, Hon. Wm. M. Murphy of Greene,
and was re-elected two years later over Hon. Jo. G. Baldwin.
In 1850 he had a hostUe correspondence with the Hon. Ed
ward Stanley of N. C, growing out of remarks on the floor
of congress, but it was adjusted on the ground. He went to
CaHfornia as federal district attorney in 1853, and retained
the office several years. He then contracted for the survey
of Sonora, in which he expended his fortune, and for which
his heirs have now a claim against the Mexican government.
He was subsequently the law partner of Hon. A. P. Critten
den in San Francisco. His death occurred there June 10, 1868.
Mr. Inge had a handsome physical development, being over
* Mr. T. B. Wetmore of Dallas.
34

530 SUMTEE COUNTY.
six feet in highth. He was an eloquent and impassioned
stump orator, and was an impulsive, but chivalrous and gen
erous, man. His wife was Miss HiU of Greene, and two of
his sons are attorneys in this State.
Bacchus W. Huntington was for some years a citizen of
Sumter. He is a native of New Jersey, and was bom about
the year 1817. WeU educated, he first removed to South
Carolina, about 1839, and shortly afterwards opened a law
office in Tuskaloosa. He arose to distinction very rapidly at
the bar, and hi 1843 represented that county in the legisla
ture. Ln 1846 he came to Sumter, and was a very successful
practitioner here. Elected to the bench of the cfrcuit court in
1852 over Judge Reavis, he resigned the position the year
after, and removed to the city of New .York to practice.
Judge Huntington was whUe here a consummate pleader, and
was potent before a jury. Upon the bench he was prompt to
decide, unapt to err, and gave promise of high rank in that
position, if he had retained it. His Hterary culture, genial
nature, and rich mental gffts alone would have given him de
cided prominence. He married a daughter of Mr. Daniel M.
Riggs of DaUas.
The first native-born governor of the State was John An
thony Winston, Sumter's favorite son. He was the grandson
of Capt. Anthony Winston, a native of Hanover county, Vir
ginia, a colonial officer of 1776, and the owner of the cele
brated Portuguese giant Peter Francisco. Capt. Winston re
moved first to Tennessee, and subsequently settled in Madison
county, this State, about the year 1810. He was a man of
marked and elevated character. He left seven sons — Anthony,
John J., WiUiam, Joel W., Isaac, Edmund, and Thomas J. —
and two daughters, Mrs. Pettus and Mrs. Jesse Jones, and
thefr descendants are scattered throughout the Southwest.
The subject of this sketch was the son of Wm. Winston, a
planter. His mother was a sister of Hon. Wm. Cooper of
Colbert. The parents removed to Limestone, and afterwards
to Franklin. The son, born in Madison in 1812, was educated
at Lagrange CoUege and the University of NashvUle. In
1834 he came to Sumter, and was here very successful as a
planter. He entered public Hfe as a representative from this
county in the legislature of 1840. In 1842 he was returned,
and the year after was transferred to the upper houses in which
he served ten years, presiding over it in 1847. When the war
with Mexico began, he was elected a field officer of a volun
teer regiment in MobUe, but there was some dissension among
the officers, and only a remnant of the troops got into service.
As early as 1844 he engaged in mercantUe business in MobUe,

SUMTEE COUNTY. 531
where he spent much of his time tiU the close of his Hfe. In
1853 he was nominated by his party for governor, and was
elected without any organized opposition. He was re-elected
two years later, defeating Hon. G D. Shortridge by a vote of
42,238 to 30,639. He was a delegate at large to the Charles
ton convention, and subsequently headed the Douglas elect
oral ticket. Early in 1861 he was sent as a commissioner to
Louisiana. Soon after his return he was appointed colonel of
the Eighth Alabama Infantry, and served with it about a year
in Virginia, then resigned in Ul-health. At Seven Pines the
regiment occupied such an advanced position that it became
engaged at elose quarters with immense odds. Gov. Winston
led it forward with his bridle reins in his teeth and a navy pis
tol in each hand. Being ordered to surrender, he repHed that
he "didn't join the army to surrender; that was not his busi
ness there.' Rheumatism causedhim to resign just after, and
he spent the time on his plantation, giving aU the aid he could
to the cause of the South. In 1865 he was elected to the
constitutional convention from this county over Judge DUlard,
and two years later was elected to the federal senate over Gen.
Houston of Limestone ; bnt he was not allowed his seat, and
was soon after disfranchised. He died in MobUe, Dec. 21,
1871, after a protracted illness.
Gov. Winston was in person taU and thin, and in his man
hood's day was erect, active, and sinewy. Energy, firmness,
boldness, honesty, and common sense were his marked charac
teristics. H e was not an orator, for his voice was sharp and
shriU; yet as a stump debater he had few equals. His speeches
were short, bold, and incisive, whUe he had decided powers of
satire and ridicule. As governor he displayed great firmness
in his efforts to defeat unconstitutional legislation and waste
ful expenditure of the pubhc money, and he was called the
"Veto Governor" inconsequence of Ins frequent clashes with
the legislative branch of the State government. He never
feared to act at the prompting of duty. As a soldier he was
a stern disciplinarian, and not popular. But with men of aU
classes in the State he was a favorite, and no man has ever
held the confidence of the people in a greater measure. In
1858 the legislature changed the name of Hancock county to
Winston in his honor.
Gov. Winston first married a sister of Hon. Joel W. Jones
of MobUe, who died soon after, leaving him an only chUd, who
married CoL Thomas J. Goldsby of DaUas.
The late Tueneb Reaves resided for a third of a century in
Sumter. Born in Johnson county, N. G, June 18, 1812, he
passed not a day in the school-room. Apprenticed to a con-

532 " SUMTEE COUNTY.
fectioner at the age of 12 years, he removed with his employer
from HUlsboro to Raleigh, and there soon entered a dry-goods
store as a salesman. Embarking in business on his own ac
count, he was much involved by the monetary crash in 1837.
Having read law meantime, he was admitted to the bar in 1838,
and the same year came to this county. Here he entered on
the practice, associated with Hon. Harrison W. Covington,
and worked his way by slow gradations and unremitting labor.
In 1848 he pubHshed his " Digest of the Decisions of the Su
preme Court of Alabama," a task executed with very decided
credit to himseH and entire satisfaction to the profession. Iu
September 1851 he was appointed by Gov. Collier to the
bench of the circuit court, without the least soHcitation on his
part, and held the office till the May foUowing. In 1854 he
was again appointed to the bench by Gov. Winston, and held
the office a few months. Elected without opposition to the
senate from Chocta, Sumter, and Washington in 1861, he
served for four years in that body. He remained thereafter
devoted to his professional pursuits tUl June 13, 1872, when
he died suddenly of appoplexy, at his home in Gainesville.
Judge Reavis was stoutly buUt, and his features were weU de
veloped. ' His manners were cordial and courteous. " As a
" speaker he was plain, argumentative, clear, and correct.
"Love of order and method were displayed in aUthe employ-
" ments of life, and enabled him to despatch an amount of
"business that would have staggered any two ordinary men.
" He was full of bon hommie, genial, jovial, humorous, and
"witty, and he wassteadUy and habituaUy benevolent and phi-
" lanthropic."* He was a profound lawyer, and was thor
oughly read in ancient and modern Hterature; his Hterary
library being the best in the State.
Anthony Winston Dillaed is a resident of Sumter. He
was born at Tuscumbia, in 1827, and received a thorough ed
ucation. In 1848 he began the practice of the law at Gaines
ville, and soon after become the editor of a newspaper in that
town. In 1856 he was elected judge of probate of Sumter,
defeating the incumbent, Hon. Ben. J. H. Gaines, and his ju
dicial career of six years is greatly to his credit as a faithful
official. He declined the office of district soHcitor tendered
by Gov. Parsons in 1865. When the western chancery division
was. created in 1868, he accepted the appointment of chan
ceUor from Gov. Smith, and now holds that position. Chan
ceUor Dillard has at various times printed numerous contribu
tions to the press and the periodical literature of the South,
and is the author of one or two unpublished works. His writ-
. *Hon. A. W. Dillard of Gainesville.

SUMTEE COUNTY. 533
ings are characterized by a vigorous diction, and a freshness
and feHcity of style, which combine to render him interesting
upon any topic his pen may touch. His wUe is a daughter of
the late Major Edward Herndon of this county. '
The first election precincts were established in 1833 at Gaines
ville, Jones' Bluff, at Allen Glover's store, at Lewis & Smith's
store, and at the houses John D. Rogers, John C. McGrew,
and Green B. Chancy.
WUHam Anderson was the first judge of the county court.
WiUiam Anderson, John C. Whitsett, Charles J. Puckett,
Andrew Ramsey, Wm. O. Winston, Edward B. Colgin, and
Warham Easley were appointed to select a site for the court
house by the act of Jan. 12, 1833.
Augustus A. Coleman represented the county in the consti
tutional convention of 1861 ; John A. Winston in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of the members of the legislature :
Senators.
1834— Feakcis S. Lyon. 1851— John A. Winston.
1835— John Eains. 1 853— Wm. Woodward.
1838— John Eains. 1855— Thos. McC. Prince.
1839— David B. Boyd. 1857— Wm. Woodward.
1840— John E. Jones. 1861— Turner Eeavis.
1843— John A. Winston. 1865— John T. Foster.
1847 — John A. Winston (1847). [No election in 1867 or since.]
Representatives.
1833— Elijah Price. 1847— W. Woodward, Philip S. Glov-
1834— Jefferson McAlpin. er, Geo. A. Amason.
1835— Wm. S. Chapman. 1849— Eobert H. Smith, T. E. Crews,
1836— Wm. Winter Payne. James T. Hill.
1837— W. W. Payne. 1851— John C. Whitsett, J. E. Lar-
1838— W. W. Payne. kin, Devereux Hopkins.
1839— P. H. Cromwell, B. Little, R. 1853— John C. Whitsett, Benjamin
F. Houston. P. Portis.
1840— J. A. Winston, Wm. M. Inge, 1855— Jerome Clanton, Wm. J. Gil-
Blake Little. more.
1841— W. Woodward, J. M. Rushing, 1857— Robert F. Houston.
H. W. Covington. 1859— Bartlett Y. Ramsey.
1842— W. Woodward, J. A. Winston, 1860— A. S. Vandegraff (vice Eamsey).
Isaac F. Dortch. 1861 — Benjamin B. Little.
1843— J, G. Baldwin, J. C. Whitsett, 1863— John Mclnnis.
H. F. Scruggs. 1865— Willis V. Hare.
1844— W. Woodward, S. W. Inge, W. 1867— [No election.]
S. Patton 1869— Eichard Burke, W. Taylor.
1845 — W. Woodward, S. W. Inge, S. 1870— E. W. Smith, Jas. H. Holmes,
S. Perry. J- A. Mooring.

CHAPTER LXIX.
THE COUNTY OF TALLADEGA.
TaUadega was estabhshed by an act approved December
18, 1832, the territory being a part of the last Muscogee ces
sion. The original Hmits were retained tUl Clay was formed
in 1866.
It lies in the northeast quarter of the State, contiguous to
Calhoun on the northeast, Shelby and St. Clair on the west,
Clay aud Cleburne on the east, and Coosa on the south.
Its name is said to be derived from the Muscogee words,
teha, border ; talla, town.
Its area is about 750 square mUes.
The decennial census makes the foUowing exhibit :
1840 1850 I860 1870
Whites  7663 11,617 14,634 8469
Blacks  ,  4924 7,007 8,886 9595
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $2,730,107 •
personal property $811,583 ; total $3,541,690.
The cash value of farm lands — 81,597 acres improved, and
122,924 acres unimproved— was $940,662 in 1870.
The value of Hve stock — 922 horses, 1786 mules, 5333 neat
cattle, 2355 sheep, 6947 hogs— was $400,156.
In 1869 the farm productions were 70,359 bushels of wheat,
284,783 bushels of corn, 42,821 bushels of oats, 15,391 bush
els of potatoes, 53,167 pounds of butter, 5697 bales of cotton,
5784 pounds of wool; the value of animals slaughtered was
$76,884 ; and that of farm productions $1,084,387.
The country is crossed by mountainous ridges, and inter
sected by fertile and lovely vaUeys.
The Coosa is the western boundary Hne, but is not naviga-
gable. The railroad from Selma to Rome traverses the county
for forty mUes ; and other railroads are projected into it.
Iron ore, coal, marble, gold, lithographic-stone, plumbago,
and pumice-stone, are all found in Talladega. There were
smelting furnaces for the iron during the late war ; the gold is
now being sought, and the marble — which is of a very superior
quality — is quarried to some extent. No county has greater
variety of minerals.
There are sulphur and chalybeate waters, and Talladega
and Chandler's springs are resorts for invahds.

TALLADEGA COUNTY. 535
Talladega is second only to Calhoun as a wheat growing
county, and flour mUls are numerous.
Talladega, the seat of justice, had 1933 inhabitants by the
census of 1870, of whom 920 were- whites and 1013 blacks.
The population in 1850 was • 1320 souls. It is divided into
four wards. There is a coUege for white females and one for
colored students in the town. The first courts of the county
were ordered to be holden " at the TaUadega battle-ground ;"
but for two or three years the courthouse was at MardisvUle
before it was finaUy made permanent at this place. The spot
was first known to the whites as an Indian vUlage, and a half-
breed, name Alexander Leslie, buUt a stockade just above the
spring to protect the friendly Indians from the " red sticks "
in 1813. The latter surrounded the defence with a largely
superior force, and had reduced the inmates to extremities,
when a messenger bore to Gen. Jackson, who had just arrived
at Ten Islands, an urgent request for aid. Jackson at once
put his troops in motion, and marched to within six miles of
the place, Nov. 8, 1813. At dayhght the next morning the
Tennesseeans surrounded the hostUe Indians, who were in the
thickets of the branch below the spring, and at eight o'clock
moved upon them at that common centre. The savages rush
ed out with wUd whoops, and drove back the mUitia of Rob
erts' brigade, but were in turn repelled by fresh troops. For
a few minutes the savages fought courageously ; but the Ten-
nesseans pressed steadily upon thefr covert, and they began
to flee through the gaps in the lines. The victors pursued,
or shot them down as they ran, and 299 of the savages were
left dead or disabled on the field. The garrison of LesHe's
fort — consisting of 160 warriors and thefr families — were re
lieved. The whites had about 2000 men engaged, including
a number of Cherokees and Creeks ; and lost 15 killed and
80 wounded. The "red-sticks " had nearly 1000 warriors in
the fight.
The asylum for the deaf and dumb and blind is in the town
of TaUadega. It was estabhshed by an act dated January
27, 1860, and Jacob T. Bradford, J. B. Martin, Gabriel B. Du-
Val, Wm. Taylor, and M. H. Cruikshank composed the first
board of commissioners. Dr. Joseph H. Johnston was elect
ed principal of the institution Feb. 3, 1860, and has been in
charge of it ever since. The State pays $18,000 a year for
the maintenance of the asylum. Twenty-two blind and 102
mutes have been received into the institution, and 82 are there
at present.
Between the mouths of the creeks Kiamulgee and TaUasee-
hatchee, on the east bank of the Coosa, stood the Indian
town Coosa, which DeSoto visited in July 1540. He is said

536 TALLADEGA COUNTY.
by the chroniclers to have been received by a chief seated on
a chair borne by poles on the shoulders of four men, and with
1000 warriors in imposing array. The chief made a speech
of welcome, and the Spaniards spent 25 days at the town. It
is described as having 500 houses. In his interesting work on
the American Indians, Adair mentions " Koosa," as a town
of importance 200 years later, and Col. Hawkins visited it in
1798. \At the mouth of Cedar creek, in this county, Gen. Jackson
buUt Fort WUHams, before he marched to the Horse-shoe
Bend. Election precincts were first estabhshed in 1833, and loca
ted at Wm. Moore's, Joseph B. Cleveland's, Daniel Conner's,
Daniel Welch's, and Thomas Roland's.
Henry Carter, Hugh Barclay, James Calvert, James Dren-
nan, John Lawler, Andrew Crawford, and Jesse Upton were
appointed to select a site for the courthouse in 1833.
One of the earliest settlers of Talladega was Eli Shoet-
eeoge. Born in Paris, Kentucky, in 1794, he was the son of
a planter and stock-raiser ; and his mother was Miss Muir,
both of Vfrginia. In his chUdhood his parents removed to
Greenup county, and his father was kUled over the line in
Virginia by one of the Hampton famUy in 1804. Though but
ten years old, he and his brother Levi, two years older, got
into a canoe, went down to the mouth of Big Sandy, then up
the Ohio to the Guyandotte, then into Cabell county, Vir
ginia, and brought the corpse of the father by the same route
home. Educated at a high school in Vfrginia, he read law at
Mount Sterling, and began to practice there. He was soon
after appointed State's attorney for the district, and in 1817
was a member of the legislature. From 1819 to 1822 he was
on the circuit court bench, and was then law partner of Messrs.
Amos Davis, Levi S. Todd, and CabeU Breckinridge. In 1826
he came to this State, and settled in Tuskaloosa as the law
partner of Hon. H. W. Ellis. He was for a short time on the
supreme court bench in 1828, and subsequently was a mem
ber of the legislature from that county. In 1835 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for congress, and a year later was
elected to the bench of the circuit court. He at once became
a citizen of TaUadega, and resided here till his death, while
holding the office of judge, July 20, 1843.
In appearance Judge Shortridge was handsome and impres
sive, and his manners were courteous, bland and gentle. His
moral standing was very high, and his attainments as a law
yer and scholar were very considerable. Fluent of speech,
skilled in rhetorical rules, with a ready memory, ardent tem
perament, and a clear and melodious voice, none could faU to

TALLADEGA COUNTY. 537
remark the speU with which he enchained an audience. He
was one of the most pohshed of the early public men of the
State. His wife was Miss HoweU of Kentucky. Of his
several chUdren, one was the wife of Dr. Paul H. Lewis, a
distinguished physician of MobUe, and father of Hon. B. B.
Lewis of Tuskaloosa.
John White, one of the early judges of the supreme court,
was from Jefferson county, Vfrginia, where he was born in
1778. He was a nephew of Hon. Alexander White, who
served Virginia in the first and second congress. After read
ing law, he removed to Tennessee in 1810, and, soon after
Alabama was admitted, he settled in Lawrence county. Open
ing a law office in Courtland, he was for a time the partner
of Hon. J. J. Ormond. In 1827 he represented Lawrence
in the house, and in December 1825 was chosen by the legis
lature to the supreme court bench, and he held the distin
guished position tiU 1832, when he came to TaUadega. He
was here associated with Hon. W. P. Chilton a short time.
His death occurred in 1842, and he left the reputation of a
pure, upright, and God-fearing man. His first wife was the
sister of Mr. Dickinson, a famous NashvUle lawyer ; his
second a Connecticut lady. Messrs. Alexander and John
White of Dallas ate his sons, and the late Mr. Sam. H. Dixon
of Autauga and Judge Garber of Nevada married his daughters.
Joab Lawlee came to TaUadega in 1834. He was bom in
Monroe county, N. C, in 1796, and was the son of a farmer.
His parents removed to Tennessee when he was a youth, and
subsequently settled in Madison county, and in 1819 in Shelby.
His early advantages were not good, but he labored assidu
ously to supply 'the defect and fully succeeded. Between
1821 and '26, he held the offices of cfrcuit court clerk and
county judge of Shelby. From the latter year to 1831, he
represented that county in the lower house of the legislature,
then he served Bibb and Shelby a year in the senate. In
1832 he was appointed receiver of public money for the Coosa
land district. This he resigned in 1835 when elected to con
gress over Messrs. Eli Shortridge and Pleasant H. May, both
of Tuskaloosa. He was re-elected in 1837 over Hon. H. W.
Ellis of Tuskaloosa. But his useful life was cut short by his
death, which occurred in Washington, May 8, 1838, and he is
interred there in the congressional cemetery. For twelve
years prior to this event he had labored as an elder in the
Baptist Church. Judge Lawler was of commanding appear
ance, with a popular and easy address. He was a fluent
orator, an upright citizen, and a pious man. His wife was
the sister of Hon. Robert A. Baker of DaUas.

538 TALLADEGA COUNTY.
Levi Welboubne Lawleb, only son of the foregoing, is a
resident of this county, but a native of Madison. Born in
1816, he was well educated, and at the age of 19 years suc
ceeded his father as receiver of pubhc moneys of the Coosa
land district. In 1839 his commission expired, and he was
out of the office tUl 1841, when President Tyler re-appointed
him. He removed with the office to DeKalb county, and
served tUl 1845, when he returned to this county and gave
his attention to planting. WhUe a resident of DeKalb he
was a general of mUitia. In 1848 he embarked in the com
mission business in Mobile, which he now continues. In 1860
he was a delegate for the State at large to the Charleston
Convention, and from 1861 to '65 represented TaUadega in
the legislature. Gen. Lawler is of medium highth, fair com
plexion, and easy address. He is a practical and thoughtful
man, of enlarged views and extensive information. His dehv-
ery as a speaker is calm, and he wields a graceful and forcible
pen. His first wfre was Miss Jenkins of TaUadega ; his second,
a grand-daughter of Hon. Wm. Smith of S. C, a member of
the first federal congress.
Alexandee Bowie settled in this county in 1835. He was
born in AbbeviUe district, S. C, in 1789, and was the son of Ma
jor John Bowie, a colonial officer in 1776, who eame from Scot
land. His mother was a daughter of Gen. Andrew Pickens.
After graduating at Columbia, he read law with his brother,
Major Geo. Bowie, a distinguished lawyer who removed to this
State and died in Dallas, and came to the bar in 1813. He
located in Abbeville, and was several years in the legislature.
Locating in TaUadega, he began the practice, but in 1839 was
elected chanceUor of the northern division over Hon. E. W.
Peck of Tuskaloosa. This position he filled for six years with
decided credit to himself. It was his last official trust. He
died at his home in this county, Dec. 30, 1866. He was dis
tinguished for graceful elocution, independent judgment, and
scholarly attainments. He was vivacious and hospitable, and
his vitahty was remarkable. He married a Miss Jack of Han
cock county, Ga., and his son, Andrew W. Bowie, is a promi
nent lawyer here. . One of his daughters married Dr. Knox,
whose gallant sons, Capt. Alex. B. Knox of the 42d Alabama,
and Major Sam. L. Knox of the 1st Alabama, were kUled, the
one at ShUoh, the other at FrankHn.
Among the many distinguished men of this county, Fellx
Geundy McConnell has a place. He was born in NashvUle,
Tennessee, in 1809; of humble parentage. Two years later.
his parents removed to FayettevUle, Tennessee, where he
grew to manhood. He received but Httle education, and

TALLADEGA COUNTY. 539
adopted the trade of a saddler. Subsequently he read law,
and came to TaUadega in 1834' to practice ; but that profes
sion was uncongenial to his ardent temperament, and he
abandoned it for the more exciting field of poHtics. In 1838
he represented the county in the lower house, and the next
year was transferred to the senate, where he served four
years. In 1843 he was the candidate of his party for con
gress, and was elected over Hon. WilHam P. ChUton. He
was re-elected over Hon. Samuel F. Rice in 1845, the lat
ter having secured the nomination of the party ; and the
canvass they made is vividly remembered by those who heard
it. It was whUe serving his second term that he put an end
to his own Hfe, Sept. 10, 1846, in his room at a hotel at Wash
ington city. The cause was intemperance. Gen. McConneU
was squarely and stoutly buUt, aud rather above ordinary
stature. His manner was rough, but his warm and generous
heart commended him to those who were not insensible to his
pecuharities. A quick perception, close observation, and re
tentive memory supphed to a considerable extent the want of
education. A ready wit and constant fund of anecdote ac
compHshed ends beyond the reach not unfrequently of the
maturest judgment. To his family he was affectionate ; to
his friends constant. He married a daughter of Mr. WiUiam
Hogan of this county, and his children are here.
The gifted Feanklin Welsh Bowdon resided in TaUadega,
though he was born in Chester District, South Carolina, Feb.
17, 1817. . His father was a thrifty planter, and a man of piety
and hospitality. His mother was a daughter of Mr. Thomas
Welsh, for many years a citizen of DaUas. The parents came
to Alabama about 1820, and Hved and died in Shelby. The
son was graduated at Tuskaloosa, and read law under Hon.
Daniel E. Watrous at MontevaUo. Admitted to the practice,
he came to TaUadega in 1838, and was successively the law
partner of Messrs. Thomas and. Wm. P. ChUton, and TignaU
W. Jones. In 1844 and '45 he. represented TaUadega hi the
legislature. In 1846 he succeeded to the seat in congress va
cated by the death of Gen. McConneU, defeating Gen. T. A.
Walker of Calhoun and Mr. Benj. Goodman of Chambers.
He was elected to a fuU term the next year, defeating- Hon.
S. F. Rice, and again in 1849 defeating Gen. Bradford. Soon
after the expiration of his term, he removed to Tyler, Texas,
where he became the partner of George W. ChUton, esq. He
was an elector on the Buchanan ticket, and died in that State
June 15, 1857.
To attempt a description of Mr. Bowdon's mental endow
ments would appear like eulogy, to which this work nowhere

540 TALLADEGA COUNTY.
aspires. It is but just to say that he was the most gifted ora
tor the State has produced. An EngHsh peer who heard him
in Washington said that he had Hstened to the great orators
of Europe and America, but this member from the mountains
of Alabama excelled them aU. In the forum, or on the stump,
he was irresistible. The symmetry of his propositions was
such* as to leave no fla'w, and to the mind's eye his logic was
as clear as a sunbeam. His words came not only without ef
fort, but he seemed rather to repress than promote their utter
ance. His influence over an audience was wondrous, and, as
Macaulay has defined eloquence to be persuasion, he fuUy
reached that standard. Nor was he less sound and learned,
for ChanceUor Bowie pronounced his briefs models of legal
acumen. In appearance he was prepossessing. Six feet high
and weU proportioned, his features were handsome and weU-
developed. His temperament was somewhat sanguine, and he
was agreeable, polished, and fuU of generous impulses. His
only enemy was his own appetite, which impaired his useful
ness, and cut him off in the zenith of hfe. He married the
daughter of Hon. Thomas ChUton of this county, formerly a
congressman from Kentucky, and his chUdren are now in Tal
ladega. Bowdon CoUege, in CarroU county, Georgia, is named
in honor of Mr. Bowdon.
The late Jacob Tipton Beadfoed was a resident of this
county. He was born in Jefferson county, Tennessee, in 1807,
and was the son of a planter who came from North Carolina.
The son was weU educated, and settled in Jackson county to
merchandise in 1827. In 1832 he was appointed register in
the land offi.ce at MontevaUo, and continued with it when it
was brought to MardisvUle. In 1836 he was elected general
of mUitia. He went with the land office when it was trans
ferred to Lebanon in 1842, but returned to TaUadega in 1845.
In 1849 he was the whig candidate for congress, but his party
was in the minority. He served TaUadega in the senate from
1853 to '57. Under the Confederate government he was com
missioner of public lands for" the State. He died March 4,
1866. Gen. Bradford was possessed of extensive information,
a retentive mind, and agreeable deportment. His memory is
much respected. He married a daughter of Hon. Micah Taul
of Kentucky, a member of congress and the father of Hon.
Micah Taul of this county, who was elected secretary of state
in 1866. Two of Gen. B.'s sons are lawyers of TaUadega, and
one of them, Col. Taul Bradford, was a field officer of both
the 10th and 30th Alabama regiments.
Among the sacrifices our noble State made for the southern
cause was the life of John Jeffeeson Woodward. He was a

TALLADEGA COUNTY. 541
native of Fairfield district, South Carolina, where his ancestors
had been prominent for three generations. His father, John
Woodward, was a planter, who served in both branches of the
South Carolina legislature. The son, born in October 1808,
was graduated at Columbia, and was soon after admitted to
practice. But his fortune was ample, and he devoted his time
to planting. In 1838 he came to this State, settled in TaUa
dega, and pursued his occupation. But pecuniary losses
obliged him to open a law office. In this he sustained himself
weU, and laid the foundation of an extensive practice. When
Judge Stone left the bench, in January 1849, Gov. Chapman
appointed Mr. Woodward to the vacancy, and the legislature
elected him for a fuU term the foUowing winter. When the
election of judges was given to the people, in 1850, he was de
feated for the position. The legislature soon after elected him
district soHcitor, and re-elected him subsequently; and he
served several years. When the war caUed him from peaceful
pursuits he entered the army as captain of a company in the
10th Alabama. Soon after reaching Virginia he became major,
was advanced to- lieutenant colonel in December, and in the
latter capacity commanded the regiment at WUHamsburg. As
colonel, he led the Tenth at Seven Pines. He again led it at
Cold Harbor, and in the great charge of WUcox's division at
Gaines' Mill he feU whUe the wUd yeU of his companions in
triumph was ringing in his ear. His remains were taken to
South Carolina and deposited by the side of his father's.
Col. Woodward was taU and rather slender. His deport
ment was grave, and he was taciturn, though cheerful at times
even to buoyancy. He was earnest, direct, candid ; and his
courage was of the kind which needs no passion to arouse it.
Few men stood so high for soHd worth and stainless honor.
He was truly a lover of his country, and, had he not died for
it, no one would have doubted his perfect wiUingness at any
hour to have done so. He married a daughter of Hon. PhU-
Hp E. Pearson, at one time of this county, and has a number
of relatives in the State and county.
Jabez Lafayette Moneoe Cueey was a resident of this
county. He is a native of Lincoln county, Georgia, where he
was born in 1825. His father, Col. Wm. Curry, a planter and
merchant, and a member of the Georgia legislature, came to
TaUadega in 1837, and died in 1855, quite wealthy. The
mother of Mr. Curry was a Miss Winn, whose grandfather
founded Winnsboro, S. C. Graduated at the University of
Georgia, he took a law course at Harvard in 1845. He en
tered the profession as the partner of Mr. Andrew W. Bowie,
but soon turned his attention to public topics, and rep-

542 TALLADEGA COUNTY.
resented the county in the legislature in 1847. He was again
elected in '53 and '55, and in '56 was a Buchanan elector.
The foUowing year he was elected to congress without oppo
sition, and was re-elected in 1859. In 1861 he was elected to
the' provisional congress by the convention, defeating Hon.
Wm. H. Smith of Randolph. In the faU he was elected to
the first Confederate congress, but two years later was defeated.
In 1864 he entered the service, and was appointed Heutenant
colonel of the Fifth Alabama Cavalry, where he continued till
the cessation of hostUities. Since the war he entered the gos
pel ministry, and has resided in Virginia.
Col. Curry is of ordinary highth, and when young was slen
der, but now approaches plumpness. His facial features ex
press the natural ability and astuteness of his mind. His
oratory is fervid, but chaste and graceful ; whUe his compre
hensive ideas and the statesmanlike grasp of his views at
tracted attention even in Europe during his service in the fed
eral congress. He is a scholar and man of letters, and whoUy
devoted now to his exalted calling. His first wife was a
daughter of ChanceUor Bowie of this county.
This county has long numbered among its residents Lewis
Eliphalet Parsons. He was born in Boone county, New
Tork, AprU 28, 1817. His father, a farmer of moderate means,
1 was a grand-son of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards. The
son was educated in the pubhc schools, and read law in the
office of Hon. Frederick TaUmadge in New York, and after
wards under Hon. G. W. Woodward in Pennsylvania. In
1840 he located in TaUadega, and soon after associated him
self with Hon. Alexander White. The firm entered on an
extensive practice, and won great professional success. In
1856 he was on the FUlmore electoral ticket. In 1859 he en
tered the legislature as the friend of State aid and internal
improvements, and whUe there proposed that the State'should
seU its stock in the banks (two-fifths of their capital) and
apply the premium to that end. This premium at that time
amounted to about $500,000, and was soon after lost to the
State. He again represented TaUaflega in 1863, and opposed
the mUitia system of the State, because the Confederate gov
ernment had full power in the premises. President Johnson
appointed him provisional governor of the State, June 21,
1865, and, from that time tUl the 20th of December foUowing,
he was laboriously engaged in the work of rehabUitation.
When the legislature met, in December, he was chosen with
out opposition a senator in congress for a term of six years.
But he was refused his seat because of the opposition con
gress made to the reconstruction policy of Mr. Johnson.
Since that time he has practiced his profession.

TALLADEGA COUNTY. 543
Gov. Parsons is stoutly bruit, with a large head, ruddy com
plexion, and lustrous dark eyes. As a lawyer he is methodi
cal, ready, vigilant, indefatigable, and laborious. In the
forum or on the stump he presents the brightest aspects of
his case, concealing its defects with admirable skUl. In" the
private relations of Hfe he is humane, benevolent, and char
itable. He married a Miss Chrisman of Kentucky.
Maecus Henderson CeuIkshank is a resident of TaUade
ga, but a native of Autauga. Born in 1826, he was the son
of a Scotchman who settled there in 1822. His mother was
the daughter of Lachlan McNeU, an early resident of Autau
ga. He read law in TaUadega under Messrs. White & Parsons,
and became a member of their firm in 1847. He was register
in chancery and mayor of the town of TaUadega, and became
the editor of the Reporter in 1855. In 1863 he defeated CoL
Curry for the Confederate congress', and served tUl the final
adjournment of that body in March 1865. The same year
Gov. Parsons appointed him commissioner for the reHef of
the destitute of the State, a position which he held three
years. Mr. C. has an agreeable exterior, and an active and
weU stored mind.
TaUadega claims, also, the fame of James Benson Maetin.
Born in Habersham county, Georgia, Sept. 27, 1825, he was,
deprived of educational advantages by the death of his father.
At the age of nineteen years he came to Calhoun county, and
read law under Hon. A. J. Walker. EnroUed as an attorney
in 1845, he was first associated with Mr. J. L. Lewis in the
practice, and subsequently with Hon. A. J. Walker. In 1852
he was elected general of mUitia, whence his title. The fol
lowing year he came to TaUadega, and first entered into a
partnership with Mr. John T. Morgan, and afterwards with
Mr. A. W. Bowie. In 1857 he represented the county in the
legislature. A year later he opened a law office at Cahaba,
remained there some months, then returned to TaUadega. In
May 1860 he was elected to the bench of the cfrcuit court,
but at the organization of the Tenth Alabama Infantry, in
May 1861, he was elected Heutenant colonel of it. The regi
ment was sent to Virginia, and, in its memorable baptism of
blood at DrainsvUle, he feU with a minnie ball in his heart.
Gen. Martin was somewhat above medium highth, compactly
built, with florid complexion, and prominent brow. In his
profession he was laborious; as an advocate eloquent and
impassioned, with a soaring fancy ; impressing juries with the
sincerity of his words. As a jurist, his decision in The State
vs. Murphy, adopted by the supreme court as law, is a mon
ument to his abUity. He was, furthermore, an humble chris-

544 TALLADEGA COUNTY.
tian, an honest man, an affectionate friend, and a true soldier.
" With him duty was a guiding star — one that was never lost
" sight of ; and in the shining but rugged path marked out by
" it he was never known to falter or waver. This was conspic-
" uously manifest in the last act of his life. He had obtained
" leave of absence from the army to hold his courts, but post-
" poned his departure to take part with his regiment in the
" expected engagement. To a comrade who found him on
" his knees before the expedition set out, he expressed the
" conviction that the last day of his life had dawned, and he
" was prepared for it. The death that he looked for found
"him where' duty placed him."*
"Ah ! soldier, to your honored rest,
Your truth ahd valor bearing ;
The bravest are the tenderest,
The loving are the daring."
He married a Miss Nesbit of Calhoun, sister of the wife of
Hon. A. J. Walker, and left several chUdren, now in Calhoun.
John Thomas Heflin resides in TaUadega. He is the
younger brother of Judge Heflin of Randolph. He was born
in Morgan county, Georgia, in' 1820, and came to this State
with his parents in 1834. His education was limited to an
academic course. Having read law in Lafayette with Mr.
John J. Steiner, he came to the bar in 1841, and opened an
office in Wedowee. He soon arose to prominence, and in
1851 was elected without opposition to represent Randolph
and TaUapoosa in the senate. In 1856 he was defeated for cir
cuit court judge by Hon. Robert Dougherty of Macon by 84
majority. Two years later he removed tp Jacksonville, and
was the partner of Gen. W. H. Forney tiU I860, when he came
to TaUadega. In June 1862 Governor Shorter appointed him
judge of the circuit court to fiU Judge Martin's vacancy, and
he was elected for a full* term the May foUowing. He held
this position tiU the overthrow of the Confederacy in 1865,
Since that date he has practiced his profession, having an of
fice in Selma. Judge Heflin has a large frame, and his head
and face have aU the organs weU developed. His standing at
the bar is deservedly high, and his familiarity with decisions
and statutes is evidence of his remarkable memory and la
borious research. He is hospitable, temperate, and compan
ionable, with pointed likes and dislikes. He married the
widow of Hon. F. W. Bowdon, an accompHshed lady.
John Hendeeson, of this county, was born in Monroe county,
Tenn., in 1824. His father was sheriff of that county, but
came to TaUadega, where the son grew to manhood. His ed-
*An anonymous writer in the Mobile Register, May 1872.

TALLADEGA COUNTY.

545

mation was confined to tlie rudiments. In 1846 he went to
Mexico hi Capt. Hugh Cunningham's company, andwasattbe
siege of Vera Cruz. On his return, he read law in Tuskegee
under Judge ChUton, and was admitted to practice in 1849.
He then spent two years in California, but returned to Tuske
gee, and formed a partnership with Gen. G. W. Gunn. In 1855
he came to this county, and beeame the partner of Mr. Wm.
S. McGhee. In 1866 Gov. Patton appointed hun judge of the
cfrcuit court to fiU Judge Smith's vacancy, . and the following
May he was elected for a fuU term ower Hon. G. 3. Walden,
and Hon. M. J. Turnley of Calhoun. He was put out of office
in 1868, and was an elector on the Seymour ticket the same
year. Judge H. is of plain appearance, and unassuming man
ner. His firmness, uprightness, and practical sense render
him influential and popular. He married the sister of Judge
Inzer of St. Clair. Rev. Sam'l Henderson, who represented
Macon in the State convention of 1861, is a -brother.
Mollie E. Mooee, a native of this county, but now of
Texas, has acquired a just celebrity as a poet. Some of her
verses are among the rarest gems of 'Southern Hterature.
TaUadega claims with pride her -gifted daughter.
N. D. Johnson, A. R. Barclay, and M. G. Slaughter repre
sented the county in the constitutional convention of 1861 ;
and Joseph D. McCann, Andrew Cunningham, and Alexander
White hi that of 1865.
The foUowing is a list of members of the legislature :
.Senators.

3834— William Arnold.
1836— William Arnold.
3838— William B. McClellan.
1839— Felix G. MeConnell.
S842— 'Felix ©. McConneU.
1843— John W. Bishop.
9.845— James G. L. Huey.

Rej

1834 — Lewis C. Sims.
'1835— Lewis C. Sims.
1836— Francis Mitchell.
1837— Wm. B. McClellan.
1838— Felix G. McConneU.
1839 -Wm. P. Chilton, William Mc-
Pherson.
1840— Samuel F. Bioe, George Hill.
1841— S. F. Bice, John W. Bishop.
3842— A. B. Barclay, John W. Bishop.
1843— Thomas D.Glarke, John Hill.
a845— F. W. Bowdon, John Hill,
Henry B. Turner.
1847— J. L. M. Curry, Allen Gibson,
John J. Woodward.
1849— Walker Reynolds, B. W. Groce,
Jacob H. King.
35

1847— John H. Townsend.
1849 — Leonard Tarrant.
1853— J. Tipton Bradford.
1857— George Hill.
1861— B. W. Groce.
1865 — JameS Montgomery,
[No election in 1867 or since.]
ircsentativ&s. 1851— A. 3. Liddell, Alves Q.Nicks,
Nathan G. Shelley.
.1853— J. B. M. Currv, J. "W. Bishop,
N. G. Shelley.
1855— J. L. M. Curry, J. W. Bishop,
D. H. Bemson.
1857— James B. Martin, John T. Bell,
D. H Bemson.
1859— Lewis E. Parsons, John T. Bell,
Charles Carter.
1861— Levi W. La,w9er, Gee. S. Wal
den, Charles Carter.
1863— Levi W. Lawler, L. E. Parsons.
1865— George P. Plowman, J. D.
McCann, James W. Hardie.
1867— [No election.]
1870— TaulBradfcrd, Amos Hitehcock

CHARTER LXX.
THE COUNTY OF TALLAPOOSA.
TaUapoosa was carved out of the last Creek cession by an
act approved Dec. 18, 1832, and has retained its size except
the part assigned to Ehnore in 1866.
It lies in the east centre of the State, west of Chambers and
Lee, east of Coosa and Elmore, south of Clay, and north of
Macon. Its name is from the Indian words which mean "cat-town,"
and was apphed first to the beautiful river, many, years ago.
Its area is about 760 square mUes.
The population is thus shown at different intervals :
1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  4424 11,511 17,154 12,772
Blacks  9020 4,073 6,673 4,190
The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $1,603,276 ;
personal property $389,635; total $1,992,911.
The cash value of farm lands — 88,902 acres improved, and
185,417 acres unimproved — is $488,967.
The value of Hve stock — -1224 horses, 1198 mules, 8251 neat
cattle, 3538 sheep, 12,799 hogs— is $406,999.
In 1869 the productions were 48,469 bushels of wheat, 267,-
764 bushels of corn, 33,353 bushels of oats, 26,236 bushels of
potatoes, 5466 bales of cotton, 10,439 pounds of wool ; the value
of animals slaughtered was $138,673 ; and the value of farm
productions was $1,055,798.
The face of the country is broken and HUly, with clay and
Hght soU on the ridges, and rich loam in the vaUeys.
The TaUapoosa bisects the county, but is not navigable.
The projected raUroad from Opelika to GuntersvUle is com
pleted from the former city several mUes beyond DadevUle.
Gold, silver, and plumbago exist, but are not sought ; pum
ice-stone is found in large quantities, and there are mineral
waters. About the year 1840 there was much excitement
about the gold in the northern part of the county.
Dadevtlle, the seat of justice, has about 800 inhabitants;
and DudleyviUe and YoungsvUle each have about 250.

TALLAPOOSA COUNTY. 547
The fight at Emuckfau creek was in the northern part of
TaUapoosa. Gen. Jackson, with 850 whites and 200 Indians,
encamped at the creek the night of Jan. 21, 1814. At day-
Hght the next morning, his camp was fiercely assaUed at dif
ferent points. Driven off, the savages attacked again, exhib
iting admirable courage. They were at last pursued for three
mUes by the mounted men, and the combat ceased. But Jack
son prudently saw fit to retreat the next day, his loss being
about 30 killed, and 70 wounded. The loss of the savages
was but Httle more. They pursued the retreating whites into
Clay. At Okfuskee, on the Tallapoosa, the British estabhshed a fort
in 1735, and occupied it for several years for the purpose of
ahenating the Upper Muscogees from the French. Near Ok
fuskee, within, and at the apex of, the Horse-shoe Bend, stood
Tohopeka, where the Indians collected to resist Jacksa Chula
Harjo ( Old Mad Jackson) as they caUed him. They con
structed a breastwork of timbSr across the mouth of the little
peninsula, and were so confident of victory that they permit
ted their wives and chUdren to remain in the town. The prin
cipal chief present was Manowa, who led the party that
lolled Gen. Wm. Mcintosh twelve years after, and there were
not less than 1000 warriors present. Gen. Jackson, with nearly
3000 troops, left Fort Strother, March 14, 1814 ; reached Fort
WUHams on the 21st, and on the 27th appeared before the
place. Gen. Coffee, with the cavafry, crossed the river and
encircled the town on the east bank ; then sent over a de
tachment to set fire to the vUlage, and wliich made a vigor
ous attack on the rear of the Indian line. At the same time
two pieces of artiUery opened on the breastworks in front, and
at noon the Tennesseeans moved to the assault of them. The
struggle at the breastworks was desperate, and lasted for some
minutes ; but the whites thronged over, and the Indians slowly
feU back to the shelter of the undergrowth. Pressed vigor
ously, they took refuge in the reeds and thickets on the river
bank. Jackson sent a flag of truce to obtain thefr surrender,
but they fired on it. Torches were thrown into the thickets,
and the blaze drove many into the river, where they were
kUled by Coffee's troops. Night closed the conflict ; Toho
peka was in ashes, and the hopes of the surviving Creeks lay
in the dust saturated by the blood of three-fourths of their
bravest warriors. A number were killed in the river, and 557
bodies were counted on the peninsula. Of the Tennesseeans,
32 were kUled, and 99 wounded ; of the Cherokees, 18 were
lolled, and 36 wounded; and of the tory Creeks, 5 were Hied,
and 11 were wounded. Jackson returned to Fort WUHams
the next day.

548 TALLAPOOSA COUNTY.
This county was the favorite abode of the Indians, and their
viUages were scattered along the banks of the TaUapoosa.
Bied H. Young was one of the first settlers. He was a na
tive of Georgia, probably of Greene county, and born in 1803.
He came to Alabama about the year 1819, and lived in Mon
roe, Pike, and Montgomery, tiU he came to this county in 1833.
He was the original of Mr. J. J. Hooper's humorous charac
ter "Simon Suggs," but the pen-pictures of Mr. H. probably
have done injustice to the reputation of Mr. Young. He was a
plain man, of much vitality and of native talent, but of fair
standing as -a citizen. He died here in October 1866, leaving
a number of descendants of much respectabUfry.
Goode Beyan, who eame to TaUapoosa at an early day, was
a planter here, and represented the county in the legislature
in 1843. He went to Mexico as major of Coffey's regiment,
and soon after his return removed to Georgia. During the
late war, he became a brigadier general, and served with
marked distinction and credit. He is a planter in that State.
Michael Jeffeeson Bulges, a prominent citizen of this
county, was born in Richland district, South Carohna, in 1807.
Bis parents removed to east Tennessee, and he there grew up.
Reaching the years of manhood, he came to this State, and
lived for about ten years in Montgomery (now Elmore) county,
where he made gins. He then removed to Coosa, about 1838,
and several years later came to this county. Here he has been
a farmer, il e entered public life as a member of the legisla
ture from this county in 1851, and has served in both houses,
and has fiUed a number of party offices. In 1862 he went
into the Confederate service as captain of a company in the
47th Alabama, and was severely wounded in the leg and arm
at Cedar Run. At Gettysburg he was leading the regiment
as its colonel, when shot through the fang and captured. In
1865 he received a very complimentary vote for governor of
the State. Col. Bulger is of ordinary stature, but muscular
frame. He is a plain man, of much practical knowledge, and
lofty integrity. On the battle-field he was without fear. He
married Miss Bozeman of Elmore, and his £on, Hon. Wm. D.
Bulger, was an efficient officer of the 47th Alabama.
Solomon MitcheU, Wm. Zimmerman, aud Berry Strange
were the commissioners appointed to select a site for the court
house in 1833.
AUen Kimball, M. J. Bulger, and T. J. Russell represented
TaUapoosa in the constitutional convention of 1861 ; and Wm.
J. Boone, Early Greathouse, and D. H. Thrasher in that bf
1865.

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.

549

1834 — James Larkins.
1836— John W. Devereux.
1839— Salmon Washburn.
1840— Samuel C. Dailey.
1843— Eobert Dougherty.
1845— Jefferson Falkner.
' 1847 — Seaborn Gray.

1837— W. H. Young.
1838— John M. Holly.
1839— John Jeff. Holley.
1840— Charles Stone.
1841 — Leroy Gresham.
1842 — Leroy Gresham.
1843— Goode Bryan.
1844— Allen Kimball.
1845— John J. Holly, Allen Kimball,
1847— John J. Holly, Jesse Smith.
1849— John Bowe, J. L. Simmons.
1851— John Bowe, M. J. Bulger.
1853— Harry Gillam, R. H. J. Holly,
Benj. Gibson.

Senators. 1*51— John T. Heflin.
1853— Allen Kimball.
1857— John Rowe.
1861— W. D. Mathews.
1863— Michael J. Bulger.
1865— A. H. Slaughter.
1866 -Michael J. Bulger.
[No election in 1867, or since.]
Representatives. 1855— A. G. Petty, Hugh Lockett, J.
T. Shackelford.
1857— Henry M. Simpson, M. J. Bul
ger, James Johnson.
1859— John J. Holly, O. P. Dark, J.
G. Bass.
1861— John J. Holly, W. B. Berry,
J. G. Bass.
1863— R. Ashurst, A. A. Dent, Early
Greathouse .
1865— David H. Thrasher, Jas. Lind
say, H. R. McCoy.
1867--[No election.]
1870— J. V. Ashurst, Wm. D. Bulger.

CHAPTER LXXI.

THE COUNTY OF TUSKALOOSA*
Tuskaloosa was established by an act passed Feb. 7, 1818.
Its original northern boundary was that of the present coun
ties of Marion and Winston ; as far east as the Sipsee Fork
of the Tuskaloosa, and down the same to include the present
east boundary of the county ; as far south as Five MUe creek
in the present Hale county, and from the mouth thereof due
west to the 'Bikbee ; up the same to Cotton Gin Port (by a
singular error !) in Mississippi, thence northeast to the present
northern line of Marion ; but Marion was estabhshed six days
later, and Greene and Pickens within three or four years. It
now Hes east of Pickens, south of Fayette and Walker, west
of Jefferson and Bibb, north of Hale and Bibb.
* The word Tuskaloosa is spelled indifferently with a c and fc. The sav
ages had no written language ; hence there is no rules for lettering their
words except that of sound. The last syllable should, for that reason, be
spelled "see."

550 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
It was named for the river* which flows through it, and the
name is from the Chocta words tuslca, warrior ; loosee, black.
The area of the country is about 1415 square mUes.
The population at different intervals is thus shown :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870

Whites  5894 8807 9943 10,571 12.971 11,787
Blacks  2335 4839 6640 7,485 10,229 8,294
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $2,690,789, viz :
real estate $1,919,960; personalty $770,829.
The cash value of farm lands — 77,007 acres improved ; and
243,101 acres unimproved— was $1,105,677 in 1870. The
value of live stock — 1245 horses, 1378 mules, 8186 neat cat
tle, 6139 sheep, 11,046 hogs— is $454,982.
In 1869 the farm productions were 7551 bushels of wheat,
343,569 bushels of corn, 7718 bushels of oats, 42,142 bushels
of potatoes, 120,010 pounds of butter, 1960 pounds of tobacco,
6458 bales of cotton, 8194 pounds of wool ; the value of ani
mals slaughtered was $86,509 ; and the value of farm products
was $1,336,815.
The surface of the country is broken and hilly, and the soU
generaUy thin but- reposing on clay. The bottoms are pro
ductive. The Tuskaloosa is navigable during the winter and spring
to the town of Tuskaloosa, and the Alabama & Chattanooga
Railroad passes over 46J mUes of the southern part of the
county. Coal of the best quality is very abundant, and is being mined
to some extent. Iron ore is also very plentiful. The sand
stone was quarried at one time. The minerals of Tuskaloosa
are destined to make the county prosperous at an early day.
Tuskaloosa is the seat of justice. It stands on a plateau
at the falls of the river, and in 1870 had a population of 1689
souls ; of whom 902 were whites, and 787 blacks. Thomas
York, the first settler within the corporate Hmits, came to the
spot in March 1816, from Blount county, and the -place was
incorporated Dec. 13, 1819. " The lower part of the town of
Tuskaloosa" was separately incorporated a year later, and
Charles Lewin, Benjamin Cox, Gilbert SaltonstaU, John J.
Inge, Isaac Patrick,' Wm. M. Marr, and Joshua Halbert were
the corporators. The first newspaper was printed here in
1819, by T. M. Davenport. In 1826 Tuskaloosa was made
the capital of the State, and retained the honor tUl 1846.
The brigade of Gen. Croxton captured the town the night of
AprU 2, 1865, and destroyed the public stores, &c. Besides
* The Tuskaloosa is called Banoe river in the treaty made by the British
and Indians in 1765. It was also called the Chocta some years later.

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 551
the State University, a mUe, from the town, the Baptists,
Methodists, Presbyterians, and Catholics have each a female
coUege within its Hmits.
Northport is incorporated, and had 604 inhabitants in 1870.
The University opened its first session in AprU 1831. The
endowment of $300,000 is held in tiust by the State, which
pays annually the interest on that sum at eight per cent, for
the maintenance of the faculty, &c. The grounds are ample,
embracing about 500 acres, and the buUdings for the famihes
of the faculty are substantial. The originalUniversity buUd
ings were burned by order of Gen. Croxton, AprU 3, 1865,
and that now in use is a handsome structure, as yet unfinished,
but sufficient for present purposes. Alva Woods,* D. D., was
the first president, 1831 to 1837 ; Basil Manly, D. D., was the
second, 1837 to 1855 ; Landon C. Garland, LL. D., was the
thfrd, 1855 to 1865 ; there were then two or three nominal
presidents, the last of whom was Hon. Wm. R. Smith, 1870
to 1871 ; and the present head of the faculty is Prof. N. T.
Lupton.f There is no accurate Hst of the alumni extant, the
•one recently printed being defective and incomplete.
The Alabama Insane Hospital is within a half mUe of the
University. The main buUding was buUt and fitted up at a
cost of $250,000, and the outer buUdings have been added at a
large expenditure. The institution is one of the most perfect
of its kind in the South, and is a credit to the State. It is
lighted with gas, thoroughly ventUated, made fire-proof, and
arranged with every convenience. The law establishing the
hospital was passed February 1852, and it was opened July
1861. The State pays a sum per capita for indigent patients,
and those who have means defray their own expenses. The
number of patients received up to Aug. 1, 1872, was 829, and
there were 334 present at that time. Dr. Bryce:): is the pres
ent medical superintendent of the hospital, and is the only
one it has had.
*Alva Woods was born in New England, and was presiding 6ver a college
in Kentucky when he was elected to, the presidency of the University of
Alabama. He was an exceedingly ripe scholar, but was charged with secta
rianism, and the University did not prosper under his hand. He went back
to New England, and was sent to Europe by one of the States of that section
to report on the educational system there. At last accounts he was living.
fN. T. Lupton was born near Winchester, Va., in 1830, and was a member
of the faculty of the Southern University at Greenesboro, in Hale, from
1859 to 1871 , when he was called to a chair in the State University. He was
chosen to the presidency within a few months, the president elect having
declined tc accept.
tPBTEK Bryce was born in Columbia, S. C, in 1834, and received the de
gree of M. D. from the University of New York in 1859. He was assistant
physician in the South Carolina Hospital for the Insane when called to his
present trust in I860.

552 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
Seven mUes from the city of Tuskaloosa is the Kennedale
eotton mill. It began operation!* in 1868, is Owned by Baugh„
Kemiedy & Co., has 5000 spindles,, 120 looms, uses about 1000)
bales of raw cotton a year, makes sheeting, shirting, and
drills, and has about 115 employees.
A Muscogee viUage stood by the river, about a mUe below
tlie present city. The Choctas and Chicasas, under Push
mataha, and Col. McKee, marched to attack the place in 1813,.
but found it deserted; and, after applying the torch, they re
tired. It is caUed " a very old vUlage " in the American State
Papers, when aUuding' to the capture of a Mrs. Crawley iu
Tennessee,, by the savages, who brought her to the place in
1812. A brigade of federal troops, 1500 strong, under Gen. Crox
ton, captured, the city the night of AprU 2T 1865, and about.
50 prisoners. There was- no fighting, and the brigade occu
pied the plaee several days.
One of tlie first settlers of this county was John McKee..
A native of Bockbridge county, Virginia, he was stationed in.
east Mississippi as federal agent for the Chicasas as early as
1812.. A year later he was largely influential in causing the
Choctas and Chicasas to side with the whites and against the
Creeks. He even marched with a large force of one of these
tribes to destroy tlie Creek town at the faUs of the Tuska
loosa. Several years later he came to Tuskaloosa as an offi
cial in the land office. " From. 1823 to 1829 he represented the
district hi congress. Li 1829 he was one of the commission
ers who negotiated the treaty of Dancing Rabbit, by which a
large tract of country west of the Tombikbee was acquired.
from the Choctas. He died at the- residence of CoL Gould.
in Greene county about the year 1834. Col. McKee was one
of the noblest of our early public men. He was stalwart and
handsome, an educated and sociable gentleman,, thoroughly
informed, and with very entertaining conversational powers.
Nothing but his modesty kept him from occupying a more
prominent place in our annals. He was a. bachelor.
One of the earliest settlers of Tuskaloosa Was Marmaduke
Williams, a native of Caswell county, North Carohna. ' He.
Avas elected to succeed his brother, Gen. Robert WUHams,. in
congress in 1803, and served six years. In 1810s he came to,
this State, and after residing for eight years hi Madison, he;
came to this county. A year later he was a member of the-
convention that framed the constitution for the State, and was.
also a candidate for governor against Gov: Bibb the same
year. Between 1821 and 1840, he was eleven times elected
to represent the county in the general assembly, and was for'

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 55$
several years judge of the county court. From the latter of
fice he retfred in 1842, having then reached the proscribed age
of 70 years. He died Oct. 29, 1850, leaving a character for
usefulness and practical worth. His wtfe was Miss Payne,
and his descendants in the county and State are numerous.
Hon. James Guild, so long and favorably known as a physi
cian of this county, married one of his daughters. Robert
WUHams, governor of Mississippi Territory, was his brother.
Constantine Pebkins was one of the earliest settlers of this
county. He was born in Knox county, Tennessee, in 1792,,
and was graduated at Cumberland CoUege. About that time
he volunteered against the Creeks, and acquitted himself with
gaUantry at Emuckf au and 1 alladega. He then read law in
NashvUle, and became State's attorney for a judicial district.
Lu 1819 he came to Tuskaloosa, and the same year was elected
district solicitor over Mr. S. L. Perry. He held this office tiU
1825, when-he became attorney general. In 1832 he repre
sented Tuskaloosa in the lower house, and from 1834 tUl his
death in the upper. Be died Sept. 17, 1836. Major Perkins
was of large frame and distinguished bearing. He was an
able lawyer, and a generous and hospitable citizen. He mar
ried a daughter of Judge Hume R. Field, a Crawford elector
for president in this State in 1824, and left a son, who became
a physician. One of his daughters married Hon. Matthew
W. Lindsay of Morgan, attorney general in 1839 ; a second
married Mr. Ihomas WalthaU of Perry.
Hon. Hardin Perkins, a prominent citizen of this county,
who frequently represented it in the legislature, and was
State treasurer for some years, was a cousin to Maj. Perkins.,
He died Dec. 31, 1850, at the age of 59 years. He was much
respected for his integrity and sound judgment.
Sion L. Peeby, the first lawyer who settled within the Hmits
of the town of Tuskaloosa, was born in Sumner county, Ten
nessee, in 1793, and was the son of a physician. He was weU
educated, and read law in Sevierville. h e volunteered against
the Creeks, and fought at Emuckfau. In 1815 he settled in
Madison, and three years later came to this county, where he
practiced successfuUy, in association with Hon. H. W. Collier
at one time. He served the county in the legislature in 1821,
and in 1827 was elected to the bench, where he continued six
years. He then devoted his time to agriculture, and has not
reappeared in public life. His wife was Miss Lacy of Ten
nessee, and his daughters reside in this county, where he yet
Hves. Judge Perry's uprightness, energy and cultivation are
weU known.

554 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
Of the early pubhc men of Tuskaloosa, none has left a
more gratifying reputation than Levin Powell. Born in
Loudon county, Vfrginia, in the year 1794, he grew to man
hood and was educated there. He was with General Jack
son during the war of 1812-'14, and contracted rheumatism
in camp, from the effects which he never fuUy recovered.
Shortly after the war, he became a merchant at HuntsvUle in
partnership with Messrs. John M. Taylor and P. A. Foote,
but 'his residence there was brief before -he came to this
county. In 1822 he was elected to the senate from this and
¦ one or two adjoining counties, aud was retained in that
capacity tUl his death, serving as president of the body in
1828 and 1832. He was also postmaster and justice of the peace.
His popularity and influence with the people was wonderful,
and had for its basis his exemplary conduct and matchless
probity. " Perhaps the highest achievement of this remarka-
"ble man was the .conventional equity jurisprudence which
"he created in himself. For the last ten years of his Hfe, in
"a majority of conflicts between citizens and neighbors,
" throughout the county, the matters of difference were sub-
"mitted to Levin Powell, and in every instance his friendly
"award prevailed as absolutely as if it had been a compulsory
"decree in chancery."* He died in 1833. He married a sis
ter of Hon. Washington Moody, and she is now residing in
this county.
Robert Emmet Bledsoe Bayloe resided for several years
in this county. He is a native of Kentucky, where he was
born in 1793, and is a nephew of the distinguished Judge
Jesse Bledsoe, and a cousin of the late Hon. W. P. ChUton
of Montgomery. His father, a Vfrginian, was an aid-de
camp to Gen. Washington. The son was weU educated, and
became a lawyer. He fought under Gen. Harrison against
the British and Indians, and in 1819 served in the Kentucky
legislature. He came to this county in 1820, and opened a
law office. In 1824 he represented the county hi the legisla
ture. He represented the district in congress in 1829, defeat
ing Messrs. Seth Barton of Tuskaloosa and Richard Ellis of
Franklin ; but was beaten for the position two years after. In
1833 he removed to Dallas, and became the law-partner of Col.
Gayle. In 1836 he led a battalion of men against the Creeks,
and shortly after, in 1836, removed to Mobile, and thence to
Texas in 1839. There he became a judge of the circuit court,
a Baptist minister, &c, and is stUl among the living. Baylor
University, one of the more famous educational institutions of
Texas, was so called to do him honor. Col. Baylor has a
* Hon. Newton L. Whitfield of Carthage.

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 555
courteous and cordial deportment, cultivated talents, and in
the zenith of his manhood was an ornate and eloquent speaker.
Among the early citizens of Tuskaloosa was Dennis Dent.
He was a Georgian, and born about the year 1797. Coming
to Tuskaloosa about the year 1820, he engaged in planting
and became wealthy. He first represented Tuskaloosa in the
legislature in 1834, and was twice re-elected. He entered
the State senate in 1838, and continued there by successive
elections for thfrteen years. ' It was in 1849 that his party
had one majority in the senate and elected him president of
it. He was subsequently a merchant in MobUe. In 1836 he
was captain of a company raised to suppress the Creek troubles.
His title " general" came from a mUitia election. General
Dent had a tall and hardy frame, but his figure was stooping.
He was possessed of much practical sense, and his moral
character was unblemished. He married a Miss BeaUe of
Georgia, and left a number of descendants.
Tuskaloosa was the home of Heney Watkins Colliee. He
was born in Lunenburg county, Virginia, Jan. 17, 1801, and
was descended from a family of which Sir Francis Wyatt, an
early governor of that State, and Rear Admiral Sir George
CoUier were members. Soon after his birth his parents re
moved to AbbeviUe, S. C, and the son received his education
at the hands of the famous Dr. WaddeU. He read law under
Judge Haywood in Tennessee, was licensed in 1822, and at
once settled in HuntsvUle. He soon after came to Tuska
loosa, and became the law partner of Hon. Sion L. Perry.
In 1827 he represented the county in the legislature, and the
legislature of 1828 elected him to the supreme bench over
Judge EH Shortridge. When the supreme bench was consti
tuted separately in 1832, Judge CoUier was continued on the
circuit bench. When Judge Saffold resigned in 1836, Gov.
Clay appointed him to the vacant seat on the supreme court
bench, and the legislature elected him to the position over
Hon. A. Crenshaw of Butler by 78 to 38 votes. The foUow
ing year he became chief justice. This position he fiUed for
twelve years, and his decisions are spread through thirty-five
vol nmes of Reports. Though his interest in poHtics was but
shghtly evinced, yet, in 1849, he was elected governor of the
State without opposition. Vote : CoUier 36,350 ; S. F. Rice
364 ; scattering 220. He was re-elected at the close of his
term, receiving 37,460 votes, to 5747 for B. G. Shields, 411 for
W. L. Yancey, and 61 for Nathaniel Terry. He retfred from
office Dec. 20, 1853, but his long public service had impaired
his health, and he died at Bailee's Springs, Aug. 28, 1855.
Gov. CoUier was reserved in his manners, and amiable in

556 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
his disposition. " He was as free from the taint of self-love
" as is compatible with human nature. No man was more
"scrupulously just, or more uncalculatingly generous and
" charitable. He was so zealous in maintaining the right, and
" so averse to wrong, that he seemed timid and temporizing
" to those who did not know him intimately. A more cau-
"tious, laborious, and upright public servant never Hved. * *
"If others excelled him in one or more, or many, of the
"moral and intellectual attributes, few equalled him in the
"just proportion, soundness, and strength of aU combined."*
Gov. CoUier married a sister of Mr. Alfred Battle of this
county, and three daughters survived him. One married
Prof. Benagh of the State University, drowned in the Tuska
loosa ; a second married Capt. Wm. R. King of Dallas, kUled
at Sharpsburg; the other married Battle Fort, esq., of Mis
sissippi. Harvey W. Ellis resided in Tuskaloosa. He was a Ken-
tuckiau, and came here in 1823. He had just passed the
threshold of manhood, but was a licensed attorney. Enter
ing on the practice, he was subsequently the partner of
Messrs. E. W. Peck and John D. Phelan. In 1826 he repre
sented the county in the legislature, was four times re-elected,
and also served as attorney of the State bank for some time.
He was once or twice an unsuccessful candidate for congress.
In 1842 he died on his plantation in Pickens county, in the
noonday of his useful Hfe. The city authorities of Tuska
loosa passed resolutions of respect to his memory. "Mr.
" EUis was a commanding man in many respects. To a fine
" but delicate figure, he added a strong and weU-cultivated
" mind ; was an acute lawyer, an eloquent advocate, a grace
ful and polite gentieman."t He married Miss Parish, an
accomplished lady, who afterwards presided over the domestic
estabhshment of the American embassy in ¦ Paris when her
uncle, Hon. Wm. R. King, was minister resident. He left no
chUdren. Seth Baeton came to Tuskaloosa about the year 1821. He
was a native of Virginia, and was educated and read law in
that State. He was elected to the legislature in 1825 by the
casting vote of the sheriff, as there was an equal number of
votes for Hon. H. W. CoUier and another. He stood in the
front rank of the bar here. About the year 1830 he removed
to New Orleans, where his abilities were fully recognized.
He was minister to Venezuela under Mr. Polk, and died in

"Hon. C. C. Clay of Madison.
fHon. Wm. B. Smith.

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 557
Washmgton City in 1850. He was an able lawyer and tal
ented man.
Eminent among the citizens of Tuskaloosa was John J.
Osmond. He was a native of England, born in 1795, and
came with his parents to the vicinity of CharlottesvUle, Vir
ginia, in his infancy. He was left an orphan at a tender age,
and without fortune, but prominent friends of the family con
tributed Hberal aid to his elementary education and culture.
He evinced a strong taste for books, and was fortunate
enough to secure access to the extensive library of Hon.
Dabney Carr. He also prepared for the bar, and in 1827
came to this State, and began the practice at Courtland, in
Lawrence, where he was associated with Col. James E. Saun
ders. He represented that county in the legislature in 1832
and '33, and was elected to the bench of the supreme court
in 1837. About three years later he came to reside in this
county. He remained on the bench for twelve years, then
declined further service because of his feeble health, tie
was one of the three selected to prepare the Code of 1852.
He passed the remainder of his life in seclusion and afflu
ence, and died here March 4, 1866.
Justice Ormond was slender, with thni visage and dehcate
physical structure. He was taciturn, and reserved, but not
cold or saturnine, in his deportment and disposition. His
ideas were exclusively inteUectual, and his eye had glanced
over the entire field of EngHsh and GaUican literature.
"The great achievement of Judge Ormond's life is embodied
"in the jurisprudential services he rendered to his age. A
" compeer in aU respects in that illustrious triumvirate of ju-
" rists, Messrs. CoUier, Goldthwaite, and Ormond, he occupies
" a page in the Alabama law reports that wiU pass down ' to
"future times, and be cited as authority in the adjudication
"of human rights as long as the common law maintains a
"footing among civilized nations. For purity and elegance
" of style, I do not beHeve his reported opinions have been
" surpassed by anything that has appeared in the history of
"Alabama jurisprudence. There are passages in those opin-*
"ions that approximate the inimitable and incomparable
"beauty, and charm, of Lord Stoweli's style. "*
Justice Ormond married a Miss Banks of Lawrence, and
his only son is a physician here. One of his daughters mar
ried Professor MaUet of Virginia, the eminent chemist; an
other is the wife of Hon. Charles Hays of Greene.
Jesse Van Hoose, a prominent citizen of this county, was
'Hon. Newton L. Whitfield.

558 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
born in Montgomery county, N. C, in 1788. In 1817 he
came to this State, and was the first clerk of the circuit
court of Franklin county. He resigned, and removed to
Fayette, and was the first county court judge there. In
1825-27 he represented Fayette, Marion, Pickens, and
Walker in the senate, but resigned his seat. He held other
positions of an honorary character, but had a distaste for po
Htical life. In 1841 he came to reside in Tuskaloosa, and
died at his home at Northport, March 23, 1852. Judge Van
Hoose was a most estimable man, and his influence was al
ways favorable to the pubhc good. He has a number of de
scendants, and one of his sons is now a practicing attorney
at the Tuskaloosa bar ; another, the late Mr. Albert E. Van
Hoose of Pickens, was soHcitor of the cfrcuit a few years ago.
George W. Ceabb came to Tuskaloosa in his youth from
Tennessee, but was born in Botetourte county, Virginia, Feb.
22, 1802. He read law here, and was for a time assistant sec
retary of the State senate. He was elected controUer of the
treasury of the State in 1829 over Hon. John C. Perry of Dal
las, and held the office for several years. In 1836 he was
lieutenant colonel of the Alabama troops that went to Flor
ida, and was general of mUitia subsequently. The same year
he entered the legislature from this county, and was trans
ferred from a seat in the senate to the federal congress in
1838 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Joab Law
ler of TaUadega. He was re-elected in 1839 over Hon. H.
W. Ellis, and served a term. He soon after removed to Mo
bile, and in 1845 was elected judge of the criminal court of
that city. He died while holding the position, August 15,
1846, 'in PhUadelphia. Gen. Crabb was taU, and his figure
manly. He ranked well as a lawyer, and was a dignified gen
tleman, of popular address. He married a sister of Hon.
Wm. M. Inge of Sumter, and his only child married Prof.
Pratt, at one time of the University faculty. Hon. Thomas
D. Crabb of Morgan was a brother.'
Samuel Goedon Fbierson came to this county with his pa
rents in 1819. He was born in WilHamsburg district, South
Carolina, in 1805, passed much of his boyhood in Tennessee
(1809-1819), and received a plain education. He read law
here in, the office of Hon. Eli Shortridge, and was admitted to
the bar about the year 1826. He was thrice elected to the
legislature, and was treasurer of the State from 1840 to 1846.
He died in this county, April 5, 1857, and his famUy are still
here. The most remarkable trait of Mr. Frierson was his
wonderful mimicry. Indeed, " he was by an almost immeas-
" urable degree above, and more than, a mimic. He was a

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 559
" dramatic genius of high calibre, and his personations of
" men and character were histrionic performances of the first
" order."* His brother, Hon. Gideon B. Frierson, was judge of the
county court of Sumter for six years, and solicitor of the cir
cuit court at one time, and died while removing to Texas in
1855. The eighth elected governor of the State, Joshua Lanier
Martin, Hved and died in Tuskaloosa. He was born in Blount
county, Tennessee, Dec. 5, 1799, and was the son of a farmer
in moderate cfrcumstances. His mother was a sister of Hon.
Henry Bailey, attorney general of South Carolina from 1836
to 184'. The son received a plain English education, which
he improved by teaching a school. After reading law a short
time, he came to this State in 1819, and finished his studies
under his brother in RusseUvUle, Franklin county. Locating
in Athens, Limestone county, he entered on the practice.
From 1822 to 1828, save one year, he was annuaUy elected to
represent Limestone in the legislature. He then served as
soHcitor for several years, resigning in 1834. The same year
he was elected a judge of the cfrcuit court, defeating Hon.
John White of TaUadega. The foUowing year he was elected
to congress over Gen. James Davis and Mr. Ralph Hatch,
both of Franklin. He was re-elected in 1837, defeating Hon.
David G. Ligon of Lawrence. At the expiration of his sec
ond term he came to reside in Tuskaloosa, and here contin
ued the practice of law. In 1841 he was elected chanceUor
over Hon. E. W. Peck, and served in that capacity tiU elected
governor in 1845, by a large majority over Hon. Nathaniel
Terry of Limestone. During his administration the Mexican
war occurred, and he patriotically exerted himself to forward
the cause of his country. At the close of his term he again
engaged in his profession. In 1853 he represented the county
in the legislature. This was his last official position, as his
death occurred in Tuskaloosa, Nov. 2, 1866.
Gov. Martin was of medium highth, but stoutly built. His
deportment was such as would render him exceedingly popu
lar, whUe his kindness of heart, Hberahty, and public spfrit
were widely known. It is much to say of him that, without
stooping to the arts of the demagogue, he was never defeated
for any favor he asked of the people. His mental attributes
were of the solid and practical sort, upon which men are prone
to rely in times of distrust.
He was twice married, each time to a sister of Hon. Wm.
Mason of Limestone. Of his four sons, one is Hon. John M.
*Hon. Newton L. Whitfield.

560 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
Martin of this county. Hon. Wm. B. Martin, who represented
Lauderdale in 1825, was a brother of Gov. M.
Peter Martin, elder brother of the foregoing, was born in.
Blount county, Tennessee, in February 1797. He was plainly
educated, but read law and came to RusseUvUle, Franklin
county, in 1818. In 1819 he was elected soHcitor of the judi
cial circuit, an office he held several years. He represented
FrankHn in the legislature of 1825, and in 1832 was elected
attorney general of the State. He came to reside in Tuska
loosa the year after, and discharged the duties of his ofiice till
appointed to the bench of the circuit court in 1836 by Gov.
Clay. He was twice elected to the same position by the legis
lature, and resigned the office in 1843. The succeeding year he
represented Tuskaloosa in the legislature, which was his last
official station. He resumed the practice of his profession,
which he continued tUl his death in November 1862. Judge
Martin was below the medium stature. He was a man of
integrity and moral standing, but of strong feelings, and was
not so great a popular favorite as his brother, the governor.
As a lawyer he was successful and laborious, and his talents
were very respectable. He married a sister of Hon. John A.
Nooe of Franklin, and one of his sons was attorney general
of the State in. 1847, but removed to Memphis, Tennessee, and
died soon after. Another son, Leonidas, was district attorney
iu CaHfornia, where he died in 1857; and a third, Lucius
VanB. Martin, now of this county, was solicitor for this cfrcuit
in 185 6-' 60, aud federal district attorney under President
Johnston. Elisha Woolsey Peck resides in this county. He was bora
in Schoharie county, N. Y., in 1799, and was the son of a f aimer
in fan circumstances. Havhig been admitted to the bar of
Syracuse in 1824, he at once came to Alabama, locating in
Elyton. He there practiced his profession till 1838, when he
came to Tuskaloosa. Here he was the partner of Hon. H.
W. Ellis at one time, and afterwards of Hon. Lincoln Clarke.
In 1839 he was appointed chancellor by Gov. Bagby to fiU a
vacancy, and held the office a year or two. In 1867 he was
elected to the mUitary reconstruction convention and presided
ever that body. A few months later he was declared chief
justice of the supreme bench, an office he now holds. Judge
Peck is small and delicate in physique, with a large head. He
has a logical and methodical mind, and is industrious and
"learned in his profession. He is also moral and charitable.
He married a Miss RandaU of TaUadega, and one of his
daughters married Capt. J. M. Martin of this county.

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 561
William Russell Smith of this county is a native of Rus-
seUvUle, Kentucky, and was born in 1815. His mother,
whose maiden name was Hampton, removed to HuntsviUe in
1817 after the death of her husband, and thence came to Tus
kaloosa in 1820, where she died in 1823. Left an orphan so
early, and being in. humble circumstances, he was befriended
by Gen. Crabb. After serving two or three years as a taUor's
apprentice, he attended the State University from 1831 to
1834. He then read law with Gen. Crabb, was Hcensed in
1835, and located at Greenesboro. In 1836 he was captain
of a company of mounted men in a regiment raised to repress
the Creeks, of wliich Joseph P. Frazier of Jackson was
colonel. In the winter of '36-37 he edited a Hterary maga
zine in Mobile, which was short-Hved. WhUe iu Mobile he
wrote a tragedy caUed "Aaron Bun-," which he assisted in
performing. Sol. Smith, who was the manager of the theatre,
speaks of this play in his "Memoirs" as a work of genius.
In 1838 Mr. Smith returned to Tuskaloosa and edited the
Monitor about a year, then resumed the law. He was elected
to the legislature in '4l and again in '42. In 1844 he removed
to Fayette, where he was soon after elected major general of
militia. He was elected judge of the cfrcuit court in 1850 by
1300 majority over Judge Chapman ; but this he resigned the
foUowing year to take his seat in congress, to which he had
been elected by 50 majority over Hon. John Erwin of Greene.
In 1853 he defeated for congress the nominees of the two
parties — Messrs. Syd. Moore and S. F. Hale of Greene — by
85 plurality over the former. Ln this contest every newspaper
in the district was against him. In 1855 he again defeated
Judge Moore by 1900 majority. In 1861 he was a member
of the constitutional convention, but voted against and re
fused to sign the secession ordinance. He raised the 26th
Alabama in the faU of '61, but was elected to the Confederate
congress before its equipment, defeating Messrs. N. H. Brown,
Wm. S. Earnest of Jefferson, and Rev. P. M. Musgrove of
Blount. In 1863 he was re-elected. In 1865 he received a
flattering vote for governor. Having changed his residence
from Fayette to Tuskaloosa about 1850, he has since resided
there, and is now practicing law. In 1841 he pubHshed the
"Alabama Justice," a book for magistrates, which has had a
second and thfrd edition. In 1861 he published the debates
of the constitutional convention of the State, nearly the
whole edition of which was burned. He has since published
several volumes of "Condensed Reports" of the supreme
court, and an exceUent school translation of the "LHad."
No one in our annals has had a career more checkered than

562 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
that of Judge Smith. Without means and without influential
friends, he has arisen by his own exertions, attaining a degree
of popular favor wliich his opponents have striven in vain to
destroy. The varied pursuits in which he has engaged ex
hibit a diversity of talents and a capacity for mental labor
which enkindle admiration. In person he is short of stature,
but well buUt, with a prominent brow, and weU defined fea
tures. He has been thrice married, the last time to Miss
Easby of Washington, D. C, an accompHshed lady.
Lincoln Clark, a prominent citizen of this county for some
years, was born in- Massachusetts in the year 1800. He was
graduated at Amherst CoUege in 1825, and taught school in
North Carolina and Virginia tiU 1831. Having read law in
the meantime, he came to this State, and began to practice
at Carrolton, Pickens county. He was without pecuniary
meaus, but his talents and attention to business soon brought
him into favorable notice. He twice represented Pickens in
the legislature, aud in 1836 came to reside in this county.
Here he was the law partner of Hon. E. W. Peck, but in
1838 he was chosen to the office of attorney general, which
he held a year. In 1845 he was elected to the legislature
from this county, but did not take the seat, for he was ap
pointed to the bench of the cfrcuit court by Gov. Fitzpatrick,
which position he held a few months. In 1847, he removed to
Dubuque, Iowa, and was a Cass elector in 1848, a member of
congress in 1851, and amassed a large property by his prac
tice. He was a profound lawyer, and a gentleman of talents,
and moral character. "He was a burning and shining light."
Basil Manly resided in Tuskaloosa for many years. He
was the brother of Judge Mathias E. and Gov. Charles Manly
of N. C„ and was born in Pittsboro, N. C, Jan. 29, 1798. At
the age of 20 years he was Hcensed as a minister of the gos
pel, and a year later entered South Carolina CoUege to per
fect his education. He was graduated, and from 1826 to 1837
was pastor of a congregation hi Charleston. In the latter
year he was chosen to the presidency of the University of
Alabama, and came to reside in Tuskaloosa. He was retained
in this most honorable position for eighteen years, when he
resigned, and returned to Charleston to resume his clerical
labors. In 1859 he again came to this State to serve as gen
eral missionary and evangehst. Two years after he was
caUed to the charge of a church in Montgomery. In 1863
he came to Tuskaloosa, and resided here tiU 1867, when he
removed to GreenvUle, South Carolina. His death occurred
there Dec. 21, 1868.

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 563
Dr. Manly* was one of ^the most gfrted and exemplary men
of his time. "As to his style of preaching, it was simple yet
"dignified, classical without pedantry, exuberant without
" gaudiness, profound without obscurity, earnest and zealous
"without enthusiasm, and pathetic without cant."f As an
educator he was no less distinguished than as a minister.
" His learning was varied rather than profound. He possessed
" a vast range of outhne knowledge. His vocabulary was the
"richest I ever knew any man to command, giving a fresh-
"ness to his conceptions that never faded to secure unflag-
"ging attention. He was never dry, jejune, or prosy." J He
married Miss Rudolph of South Carolina. Rev. BasU Manly,
president of Georgetown (Ky.) College ; Rev. Charles Manly,
president of Union University (Murfreesboro), Tennessee;
and Capt. R. T. Manly of Mobile, (a brave officer of the 59th
Alabama, are his sons.
Among the citizens of Tuskaloosa Robert Jemison stood
like Saul among the chUdren of Kish — a head and shoulders
above his brethren. He was the son of Mr. Wm. Jemison, a
wealthy planter, his mother being a IVJiss Mimms, one of whose
famUy gave name to the Ul-starred fort in Baldwin. Born in
Lincoln county, Georgia, Sept. 17, 1802, he grew up in Twiggs
county, where his father settled in 1807. He was for some
time the pupU of Prof. N. S. S. Beaman, step-father of Hon.
W. L. Yancey, and in his classes were Dixon H. Lewis, W.
T. Colquitt, A. H. Chapell, Grigsby E. Thomas, and T. A.
Watkins, names quite famiHar in Georgia and this State. He
also for a whUe attended the University of Georgia, then be
gan to read law under Messrs. Stephen W. Harris and EH
Shorter at Eatonton. Coming with his parents to this State
in 1821, he continued his studies under Hon. Henry Y. Webb
in Greene county, but the foUowing year came to Tuskaloosa
with his father. In 1826 he removed to Pickens, and there
bent his energies to planting, &c, for ten years. Returning
to Tuskaloosa, he represented the county in the lower branch
of the legislature from 1840 to 1851 except three years. He
was then transferred to the senate, where he remained twelve
years, and where his ability and large experience gave him a
commanding influence. In 1862 he was elected president of
the senate, and was so serving when elected to the Confede
rate States senate the foUowing year to succeed the gifted
Yancey. In 1861 he had represented Tuskaloosa in the con
stitutional convention, and was the candidate of the more
* The degree of " LL.D." was conferred upon him by some college.
t Bev. Samuel Henderson of Macon.
X Rev. E. B. Teague of Dallas.

564 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
moderate men of that body for the presiding ofiice. His
service in the Confederate senate was his last official trust,
for he spent the remainder of his useful life in attention to
private pursuits. Though he opposed secession, and was its
weightiest adversary till it was accompHshed, Mr. Jemison
gave to the new government a hearty support, and expended
his large means most HberaUy in behaH of the destitute non-
combatants. Hence the federal troops destroyed much of
his property, and contributed to those pecuniary troubles
which harassed the closing years of his Hfe. He died in
Tuskaloosa city, Oct. 17, 1871.
Mr. Jemison was of ordinary stature, but remarkably
stout. His physical powers were capable of great endurance,
and his extraordinary energy put them to frequent tests. H'e
was exceedingly enterprising, and gave his attention not only
to planting, but to the operating of lumber mUls, buUding,
&c, and to introducing machinery and other apphances to
develope the natural resources of the country. His energies
seemed never to flag, and the home industries he created were
to a great extent under his personal supervision. He was a
firm friend of the raUroad from Chattanooga to Meridian,
and was president of the company from" 1863 to 1869. His
sound judgment and sterhng sense made him a most useful
legislator, and, though not an orator in the general accept
ance of the term, his remarks were always sensible, tasteful,
and timely. No Alabamian was more distinguished for what
is called "force of character" than he, and no one has stamped
his name more legibly on the annals of Tuskaloosa.
Mr. Jemison married a sister of Hon. John T. Taylor of
MobUe, and his only daughter married A. C. Hargrove, esq.
His brother represented Tuskaloosa in the house in 1861.
Newton L. Whitfield resides in this county. He was bom
in Georgia in 1810, but came with his parents to Tuskaloosa
in early youth. His father, Mr. Benjamin Whitfield, was a
man of sterling sense, and represented the county in the leg
islatures of 1826 and 1828. The son was educated at the
State University, and came to the bar in 1843. He practiced
law for fifteen years, and then abandoned it to accept the
presidency of the Alabama and Chattanooga railroad compa
ny. In 1859 and in 1865 he represented the county in the
legislature. He is now planting, and is president of a com
pany which has projected a raUroad from Tuskaloosa to Tus
cumbia. Mr. Whitfield is, a gentleman of practical ideas,
sound judgment, sagacity, and large experience ; while energy,
public spirit, and hospitaHty are salient characteristics. His
mind is stored with valuable information, and he is not only
thoroughly read in classical and current Hterature, but he is

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 565
a writer of very superior abUity. No Alabamian combines
more culture and character with such modest, genial, and
unobtrusive bearing. Capt. H. S. Whitfield of this county is
a brother. John G. Barb grew to manhood in Tuskaloosa, but was a
native of North jOarolina. At an early age he became an or- ,
phan, and he came to this county and State with an aunt.
When only a lad he developed such precocious talent in an
amateur thespian entertainment that Mr. D. M. Boyd deter
mined to educate him. ' He was graduated at the University,
and for several years afterwards held the position of assistant
professor of mathematics in that institution. He then read
law under Hon. H. W. EUis, and entered on the practice ; but
his taste for Hterature predominated, and he left the bar. He
led a company to Mexico, and passed several months in the
service. He was an elector for Buchanan, and in 1857 was
appointed consul to Melbourne. He died on the voyage.
Capt. Barr was one of the most companionable men of the
age. A graceful writer, an effective stump speaker, a literatus
of some celebrity, he was one of that briUiant galaxy of young
men in Tuskaloosa, between 1835 and '45 — B. W. Hunting
ton, W. R. Smith, A. B. Meek, A. B. CHtheraU, G. P. Blevins,
N. L. Whitfield, John G. Barr, F. A. P. Barnard, S. A. Hale,
David H. Robinson — in each one of whom was a wealth of
thought or wit that made him a centre of interest to the in
telligent of every circle. Capt. Barr has a sister residing in
the county.
Ezekiel A. Powell, of this county, is a native of South
Carolina, and was born about the year 1818.. His parents
came to this State in his boyhood, and he grew up in Fayette
county. His early advantages were very meagre, and he la
bored on a farm in his early manhood. He then came to this
county, and was a merchant at Northport for a number of
of years. Subsequently he read law, and is now in very suc
cessful practice in association with Mr. James M. VanHoose.
From 1855 to 1867, he was almost continuously a member c4
one house or the other of the legislature, defeating Hon. Rob
ert Jemison in 1865. The leading characteristic of the mind
of Mr. PoweU is the eminently practical and strong common
sense that distinguishes him as a speaker, and a man of busi
ness. He married a sister of Mr. I. J. Lee of Sumter.
For twenty years Landon Cabell Garland was a citizen of
Tuskaloosa. He was born in Nelson county, Vfrginia, March
11, 1810, of an exceUent famUy, and was graduated at Hamp
den- Sydney CoUege in 1829. Though only 19 years old, he
was caUed the same year to the tutorship of chemistry in

566 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
Washington CoUege. A year later he was elected to the chair
of chemistry and natural phUosophy. At the opening of
Randolph-Macon CoUege he was caUed to the chair of chem
istry and natural phUosophy there, and soon after became
president of that institution. He continued in that position
till 1846, then resigned to prepare for the bar. But, a year
later, he accepted a professorship in the University of Ala
bama, and made Tuskaloosa his home. Soon after he came,
his interest was fuUy aroused to the importance of developing
the coal and iron resources in this and adjacent counties, and
he became an earnest advocate of a raUroad through this region
as a primary step. A company was formed with the immediate
purpose of constructing a raUway from Meridian to Chatta
nooga, and he was elected president of it. He labored dili
gently in that capacity, and made many addresses in behalf
of the project. Ln 1850 he was elected to the presidency of
the University, and filled the position for ten years, and tUl
it was destroyed by Gen. Croxton. In 1866 he accepted a.
chair in the University of Mississippi, and there resides. The
estimation in which he is held as an educator is attested by
the fact that he has been offered the presidency of twelve
coUeges or universities, besides many professorships ; and he
has, at some time during his career, filled every chair known
to the college curriculum. Purity and elevation of sentiment
mark his walk among men, and his temper and taste are re
fined and cultivated. He married a daughter of Hon. David
Garland of Virginia, and Dr. Eugene A. Smith and Hon. B.
B. Lewis, both of Tuskaloosa, married his daughters.
Newbern Hobbs Brown came with his parents to this State
and county in 1834. A native of Wake county, North Caro
lina, he was born in 1824. His father was a planter, and in
such circumstances that the son was enabled to graduate at
the University. He read law under the eye of Judge Porter,
and was admitted to the bar in 1847. In 1853 he was elected
to the legislature, and continued in that body tUl 1860, when
h^ resigned to accept the office of soHcitor of the circuit
court. During the war he was a private in Lumsden's bat
tery, and in 1861 received a very flattering vote for congress
man. He is now a practicing attorney. Mr. Brown is a
gentleman of solid talents, and is estimable in his deport
ment, and popular with aU classes.
James B. Wallace, a prominent citizen of Tuskaloosa
for some years, was a native of South Carolina, and born
about the year 1800. About the year 1820 he came to this
county, but removed a year later to Tennessee. Admitted to
the bar at NashvUle, he opened a law office at Courtland some

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 567
years after. He represented Lawrence in the senate from
1834 to 1838, then resigned to accept the office of clerk of
the supreme court to succeed Judge Minor. He resided here
from that time tiU his death in 1855, and represented the
coimty in the legislature of 1851. He was a man of superior
abUity as a lawyer and speaker, courteous, and well-informed,
and with social traits that made him a middle man in almost
any circle. He married a Miss Craddock. .
Michael Tuomey has left a familiar name in Alabama.
He was born in Leland, and was there reared, and thoroughly
educated. He imbibed a taste for geology, and made a pe
destrian tour of the British Isles to examine exposed strata.
About the year 1840 he came to Virginia, and was soon after
made State geologist through the influence of the late Hon.
Edmund Ruffin. In 1847 he came to this State when elected
to the chair of geology in the University, and was appointed
geologist of the State. In that capacity he made a geologi
cal reconnoisance of Alabama, and reported to the general
assembly his observations. These were pubHshed, and are of
much value, reflecting credit upon the skUl and industry of
Prof. Tuomey. He was a member of the faculty for several
years, and died about the year 1857. His wife, who was a
Miss Handy of Baltimore, resides with thefr daughters in
MobUe. Conspicuous among the dead of the late war is Robert
Emmet Rodes, who was a citizen of this county. He was
the son of Gen. David Rodes, a prominent gentleman of
Lynchburg, Virginia. The maiden name of his mother was
Yancey. Born in Lynchburg, March 29, 1829, he there passed
his boyhood. July 4, 1848, he was graduated at the mUitary
institute at Lexington, but remained there two years as an
assistant professor. He then served as assistant to the chief
engineer of the Southside RaUroad tUl 1854, when his skUl
was employed on a raUroad at MarshaU, Texas. In 1855 he
was chosen assistant, and two years later chief, engineer, of
the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, and made Tuska
loosa his home. He was thus engaged, in January 1861,
when he led a company to Fort Morgan. His company
shortly after became a part of the 5th Alabama Infantry, of
which he was elected colonel. Ordered to Virginia, he was
promoted to the rank of brigadier general in October. His
brigade was made up of the 5th, 6th, and 12th Alabama, and
12th Mississippi regiments — the latter being detached from
and the 3d and 26th Alabama added to the brigade the spring
foUowing. Gen. Rodes was under fire at WUHamsbnrg, and at
Seven Pines led his brigade with great credit, but was disa-

568 TUSKALOOSA COUNTY.
bled by a wound in the arm. He was only able to join his
command in time to participate in the glories of Boonsboro
and Sharpsburg. At ChanceUorsvUle he commanded one of
the three divisions of Jackson's corps which assaulted the
enemy's position. His division led the way, sweeping every-
thing'before it, and thrilled by his clarion shout of " Forward,
men, over friend or foe. " On swept the column, piercing the
lines of the dismayed Booker, tiU obliged to halt and re-form.
During the night, Gens. Jackson and A. P. HUl being wound
ed, the command of the corps devolved on him, and he pre
pared to renew the daring movement at dawn. But Col.
Pendleton, of the artiUery, having sent for Gen. Stuart, Rodes
modestly and patrioticaUy yielded the command, believing that
that officer could inspire more confidence among the troops,
though, as a cavalry officer, he had no title to the place. It
has been regretted that Gen. Rodes was not aUowed to finish the
work so auspiciously begun, and with the spirit of which he
was so thoroughly imbued. Commissioned as major general
for his conduct in this battle, he was placed over D. H. HUl's
old division — Battle's, Ransom's, Doles's, and Daniel's brig
ades. At Gettysburg, the WUderness, Spottsylvania, and the
second Cold Harbor, Gen. Rodes added new lustre to his fame.
Gen. Lee witnessed his grand charge at Gettysburg, aud sent
an officer to express his thanks. When Early retfred from
Maryland, Rodes gave the foe bloody repulses at Castleman's
Ferry and Kernstown. It was at Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864,
that he was struck behind the ear by a fragment of sheU, and
died within a few hours — " in the very moment of triumph,
" and whUe conducting the attack with great gaUantry and
" skill," as Gen. Early remarks. His remains were taken to
Lynchburg, and were foUowed to the grave by an immense
concourse. " Daughters of Southland, come, bring ye bright flowers,
Wreathe ye a chaplet for the brow of the brave ;
Bring ye some emblem of Valor and Victory,
Bring ye some emblem of Death and the Grave. "
The stern and mUitary precision of Gen. Rodes were not
such as to render him a favorite with a citizen soldiery, but
his troops always admired his abUity, aud towards the close
©f his "career the sight of him was sure to extort a cheer
which was rarely given to any besides save Gen. Jackson.
Gen. Early says, in his book, that "hevwas a most accom-
" phshed, skUlful, and gaUant officer, upon whom I placed
"great rehance. " No man more assiduously devoted him
self to the duties of a soldier than Gen. Rodes, and he was
truly the trusted right arm of every corps commander under
whom he served. In person he was slender but of ordinary
height, with a resolute expression, and a soldierly bearing.

TUSKALOOSA COUNTY. 569
He was fond of the martial surroundings of war, but strove
to excel in its graver duties. In the private relations of life
he was amiable, but reserved and not sociable. His wife was
a Miss Woodruff of this county, and his chUdren — a minor
son and daughter — reside here.
John Spinks Kennedy, for some years past a resident of this
county, is a native of Moore county, N. C, and was born in
1818. In 1825 he came with his parents to Lauderdale, where
the father was a gunsmith and planter. Educated at La
grange, he read law, and was Hcensed in 1842. In 1841 he
represented Lauderdale in the legislature, was re-elected the
next year, and again in 1847. In 1848, he was elected solici
tor, and served in that responsible capacity nine years. He
was an elector for Breckinridge, and afterwards a private in
the 7th Alabama regiment, then became its commissary. He
came to Tuskaloosa in 1863, and is here a manufacturer of
cotton goods. Capt. Kennedy is of popular deportment, and
is Hberal, moral and enterprising. OHver S. Kennedy, esq.,
of Lauderdale, is his brother.
Sterling A. M. Wood, is a citizen of Tuskaloosa, but a
native of Lauderdale, and born in 1823. He took a coUegi-
ate course, 'and read law in Columbia, Tennessee. Admitted
to the bar in 1845, he became the partner of his brother at
Florence. In 1857 he represented Lauderale in the legisla
ture, and was at that session elected district soHcitor. This
position he filled until 1861, when he went into the ser
vice as captain of the first company that left Lauderdale.
When the 7th Alabama Infantry was organized, in May, he
was elected colonel. He remained with his regiment at Pen
sacola till ordered to Bowling Green, Ky., in February 1862.
In March he was commissioned as brigadier general. At
ShUoh he commanded the 16th and 23d Alabama, 27th and
44th Tennessee, and 32d Mississippi regiments. The 44th
Tennessee was afterwards taken away, aud the 45th Alabama
regiment, and Gibson's Alabama and Newman's Tennessee
battaHons substituted. This splendid brigade was led by him
at PerryvUle, Murfreesboro, and Chicamauga. At Perry-
vUle he was struck on the head by a sheU fragment, and disa
bled for several weeks. He resigned in 1863, and since the
war has practiced law in Tuskaloosa. Gen. Wood is six feet
two inches in highth, and was one of the finest looking men
in the service. , As a speaker he is fluent and eloquent, and
ranks weU at the bar. He was master of the grand, lodge of
the Masons of this State for two years. He married a Miss
Leftwich of Virginia.

570

TUSKALOOSA county.

Patrick Scott, Thomas York, and John WUson were the first
settlers of the county, March 1816.
Wm. L. Adams was the first lawyer that came to the county ;
John L. TindaU the first physician, John Click the first mer
chant, Richmond CarroU the first blacksmith ; Nathan Roberts
the first preacher.*
Under the territorial government Isaac Patrick was the
first chief justice of the county court, John Smith the sheriff,
Wm. H. TerreU the first clerk of the superior, and Mathew
CHck of .the county, court. Under the State government,
Hume R. Field was the first judge of the county court, Henry
T. Anthony was the clerk of that court ; John Hodge the first
sheriff; and Mathew CHck the first circuit court clerk.
. Julius Sims represented the county in the territorial legis
lature. Marmaduke WiUiams and John L. TindaU represented
the county in the convention that framed the constitution ;
Robert Jemison and Wm. R. Smith represented it in the
" secession" convention ; and Moses McGuire and John C.
Foster in the " reconstruction" convention.
The following are the members of the general assembly :
Senators.

1819— Thomas Hogg.
1822— Levin Powell.
1825— Levin Powell.
1823— Levin Powell (1828).
1831— Levin Powell (1832).
1833— James Guild.
1834 — Constantine Perkins.
1836 — Samuel Johnson.
1837— George W. Crabb
1838— Dennis Dent.
1840— Dennis Dent.

1843— Dennis Dent.
1847— Dennis Dent (1849).
1851 — Bobert Jemison.
1853 — Bobert Jemison. ,
1857 — Bobert Jemison.
1859— Bobekt Jemison (1862).
1863— Ezekiel A. Powell.
1865— Ezekiel A. Powell.
1867— [No election.]
1871— John M. Martin.

Representatives.

1819— James Hill, Hardin Perkins,
Julius Sims.
1820— James Hill, H. Perkins, Jeptha
V. Isbell.
1821 — Marmaduke Williams, Levin
Powell, Sion L.Perry.
1822— M. Williams, Jas. Hill, Thos.
C. Hunter.
1823 — James Hill, Hardin Perkins,
John L. Tindall.
1824— Bobert E. B. Baylor, H. Per
kins, J. L. Tindall.
1825— M. Williams, Seth Barton, J.
L. Tindall, Bichard Inge,
1826— M. Williams, H. Perkins, Har
vey W. Ellis, Benj. Whitfield.
1827— Henry W. Collier, H. Perkins,
H. W. Ellis, Wm. H. Jack.

1828— Willis Banks, H. Perkins, Seth
Barton, Benj. Whitfield.
1829— Willis Banks, H. Perkins, H.
W. Ellis, M. Williams.
1830— M. Williams, Thos. Hogg, Eli
Shortridge. Moses Collins.
1831 -Benj. B. Fontaine, Wm. H.Ter
rell, Jas. Poster, John E. Drish.
1832— M. WiUiams, Con. Perkins,
-pleasant N. Wilson, J. B. Drish.
1833— M Williams, Thos. Williams,
H. W. Ellis, Jolly Jones.
1834— Dennis Dent, Sam'l G. Frier-
son, Eli Shortridge, Jolly Jones,
1835— D. Dent, S. G. Erierson, Jacob
Wyzer, AbeliH. White.
1836— D. Dent, S. G. Frierson, H.W.
Ellis, Geo. W. Crabb.

* These facts are from a MSS. History of Tuskaloosa, by Hon. W. Moody.

WALKEB COUNTY.

571

1837— Benj. F.Porter, Wm. Simonton,
Pleasant H. May, M, Williams.
1838— B. F. Porter, Jabez Mitchell,
Eeuben Searcy, M. W7illiams.
1839— B F. Porter, J. Mitchell, John
D. Phelan, M. Williams.
1840 — Bobert Jemison, jr., J.Mitchell,
H. Perkins, James G. Blount.
1841— R. Jemison, jr., J. Mitchell, H.
Perkins, Wm. B. Smith.
1842— B. P. Porter, Marion Banks,
Wm.P.Merriwether, W.E.Smith.
1843— J. MitcheU, M. Banks, W. P.
Merriwether, B.W.Huntington.
1844— J. Mitchell, E. Jemison, jr.,W.
P. Merriwether, Peter Martin.
1845— James Guild, B. F. Porter, A.
Wynn.
1847— B. F. Porter, E. Jemison, jr.,
H. Perkins.

1849— Moses McQuire,E.Jemison, jr.,
H. Perkins.
1851 — James B. Wallace, M. Banks,
E. H, Clements.
1853 — Joshua L. Martin, Newbern H.
Brown.
1855— Ezekiel A.Powell, N.H.Brown.
1857— E. A. Powell, N. H. Brown.
1859— Newton L. Whitfield, N. H.
Brown (resigned).
I860— E. A. Powell.
1861 — Wm. H. Jemison, John Camp
bell Spencer (died).
1862— Thomas P. Lewis.
1863— T. P, Lewis, W. A. Bishop.
1865 — Newton L. Whitfield, James A.
McLester.
1869— Eyland Bandolph. i
1870— Newton N. Clements, W. S.
Wyman . v

CHAPTER LXXII.

THE COUNTY OP WALKER.

Walker was created by an act approved December 20, 1824,
and the territory taken from Tuskaloosa and Marion. The
northern portion was set apart to form Winston in 1850.
It Hes south of Winston, west of Blount, northwest of Jef
ferson, north of Tuskaloosa, east of Marion, and north and
east of Fayette.
It was named for Hon. John W. Walker of Madison.
Its area is about 830 square mUes.
The population is thus exhibited :
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870

Whites  2034 3820
Blacks  168 212

4857 7461 6235
267 519 308

The assessed value of real estate in 1870 was $461,939 ; per
sonalty $87,531 ; total $549,470.
The farnl lands — 23,454 acres improved, and 85,076 acres
unimproved — are valued at $296,480.
The Hve stock — 963 horses, 326 mules, 6180' neat cattle,
1795 sheep, 8309 hogs— were valued at $216,724.
In 1869 the farm productions were 9131 bushels of wheat,

572 WALKER COUNTY.
158,816 bushels of corn, 34,924 bushels of potatoes, 36,652
pounds of butter, 1213 pounds of tobacco, 928 bales of cot-
ion, 3243 pounds of wool ; the value of animals slaughtered
was $52,124 ; and the value of farm productions $292,415.
The Sipsee Fork of the Tuskaloosa waters the county; but
is not navigable, and there are no raUways.
Walker is a vast coal-field, and is probably richer in this
particular than any other county of the State. Of the coal
on Mulberry creek, Professor Tuomey makes special mention,
saying, " This, of aU the coal in the State, wUl best beartrans-
" portation, on account of its superior hardness." Iron ore
is also abundant, and the mineral wealth of Walker is won
derful. Jasper, the seat of justice, is a smaU vUlage, named for Ser
geant Jasper, a brave South Carolina soldier in 1776.
Walker has no general history. Its early settlement was
contemporaneous with that of Tuskaloosa and Marion.
The name of John Manasco is a f amUiar one in Walker. A
native of Georgia, he was bom in the year 1800, and came
to this county at an early day. A farmer, and a plain and
unlettered man, his reputation for integrity and good sense
was never questioned. He was a general of mUitia, and has
represented the county in the legislature twelve years.
Robert Guttery was the member Walker sent to the consti
tutional convention of 1861, and B. M. Long to that of 1865.
The county voted with Marion and Tuskaloosa tUl 1834,
since when it has been represented in the legislature as fol
lows : Senators.
1825— Jesse Van Hoose. 1841— Milton McClanahan.
1827— James Moore. 1845— Tandy W. Walker.
1828— John Wood. 1847— Thomas M. Peters
1830— John M. Dupuy. 1849— H. L. Stevenson.
1833— John Brown. 1853— Wm. A. Hewlett.
1836— Harrison W. Goyne. 1857—0. H. Bynum.
1838— Walker K. Baylor. 1861— J. Albert HiU.
1839— Gkeen P. Rice. 1865— F. W. Sykes.
[No election in 1867, or since. J
Representatives.
1834— Samuel B. Patton. 1847— John Manasco.
1835— S. B. Patton. 1849— James Cain.
1836— Eldridge Mallard. 1851— John Manasco.
1837— James Cain. 1853 — John Irwin.
1838 — Joseph Buthe'rford. 1855— John Manasco.
1839— Eldridge Mallard. 1857— Wm. Eeid.
1840— Eldridge Mallard. 1859— J. M. Easley.
1841— James Cain. 1861— Wm. Gravellee.
1842— James Cain. 1863— John Manasco.
1843— John E. Clancy. 1865— John Manasco.
1844— L. W. Baker. 1867— [No election.]
1845— John Manasco. 1870— L. C. MiUer.

CHAPTER LXXIH.
THE COUNTY OF WASHINGTON.
Washington is the oldest of the counties. It was created
by the proclamation of Gov. Sargent of the Mississippi Ter
ritory, dated June 4, 1800, who arrogantly extended its Hmits
over aU the country between the Chattahoochee and the Pearl,
and the paraUel 31°. on the south and 32° 28' on the north — ¦
300 utiles one way, and 88 the other — notwithstanding the
fact that the Indians stiU occupied nearly aU of it. Out of its
original domain 16 counties in Mississippi, and 29 in Alabama
have since been formed whoUy or in part. The lower half of
its present area was taken from Baldwin in 1820, and from
1830 to 1847 it was about 70 miles in length ; but the five
northern tiers of townships were then taken to form Chocta.
It now Hes contiguous to the State of Mississippi on the west,
Chocta on the north, Clarke on the east, and MobUe on the
south. Its area is about 1115 square mUes.
It was named for Gen. George Washington, the illustrious
Virginian. The population decenniaUy is thus exhibited :
1800 1810 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870
Whites  733 2010 1924 2843 1195 2119 2125
Blacks  517 910 1550 2457 1518 2550 1787
In 1870 the assessed value of real estate was $162,120 ; per
sonalty $149,009; total $311,129.
The cash value of farm lands — 14,778 acres improved, and
65,428 acres unimproved — is $155,620.
The value of Hve stock — 617 horses and mules, 7376 neat
cattle, 2389 sheep, 5024 hogs— $164,741.
In 1869 the productions were 57,034 bushels of com, 4500
pounds of rice, 14,623 bushels of potatoes, 1803 bales of cot
ton, 5103 pounds of wool; and the value of farm produce
$160,312. The lands are rolling, and the soU generally Hght, and cov
ered with extensive pine forests.
The commercial facilities are the Tombikbee river along the
entire east boundary, navigable at aU times ; and the MobUe
& Ohio RaUroad for 22£ nines in the southwest portion. The
projected raUway from Mobile to Elyton is surveyed through
the southeast quarter of the county.

574 WASHINGTON COUNTY.
St. Stephens, the seat of justice, is 145 mUes southwest of
Montgomery. It was first settled by the Spaniards, who came
to buUd a fort here about the year 1786. When Americans
began to populate the place, about the year 1803,»the worm-
eaten stockade of the Spanish fort was stUl visible. In the
early settlement of the present State, St. Stephens was the
chief town. During the brief territorial existence of Alabama
it was the seat of government, and the sessions of the legis
lature were held here. A bank was estabhshed here in 1818,
with David FUes, James A. Torbert, Dennison DarHng, Thos.
I. Strong, Israel Pickens, J. G. Lyon, Wm. Crawford, J. F.
Ross, W. D. Gaines, A. S. Lipscomb, Nathan Whiting, George
Buchanan, and Thomas CroweU as directors. In 1818 the
town had about 1500 inhabitants ; but its decay rapidly fol
lowed the removal of the seat of government, and it now has
about 250 inhabitants. Many of the buUdings were removed
to MobUe.
The first civU courts in the county were held at Mcintosh's
Bluff, several mUes above the junction of the great rivers, in
1803. The year after, the courthouse was removed to a place
that took the name of Wakefield. A few years later it was
removed to a point about eighteen miles northwestwardly
from St. Stephens* but was finaUy fixed at the latter place.
Wakefield was laid out on the land of Richard Brashears,
and the act of incorporation in 1805 appoints John Arm
strong, George Brewer, James Denby, Edmund Craighton,
and Thomas Bassett the commissioners "for regulating the
town." It is now a deserted spot.
About five miles west of Mcintosh's Bluff, in this county,
Feb. 19, 1807, Capt. E. P. Gaines, commandant at Fort Stod
dard, at the head of a file of soldiers, met and arrested Col.
Aaron Burr of New York, ex-vice president of the United
States. Charged with an attempt to lead a " fiUibustering "
expedition against the Spaniards in Texas, he was arrested
on the Mississippi, and made to give bond. But he fled east
ward. The rewards offered for his apprehension, however,
reached the 'Bikbee settlement in advance of him, and Capt.
Gaines promptly arrested him as soon as he learned that he
was in the vicinity. Sent to Richmond, Virginia, he was tried
and acquitted of his aUeged offenses.
In 1815, A. S. Lipscomb, Joseph McCarty, James Thomson,
Hugh Timniin, John Harris, Francis Boykin, and John Wam-
mock were appointed to choose a site for the courthouse.
Mcintosh's Bluff was the seat of justice of Baldwin when
that oounty lay west of the river.
George Michael Troup was born at Mcintosh's Bluff in this

WASHINGTON COUNTY. 575
county in 1780. He was the son of a Briton, who had resided
in Georgia, and there married a sister of Gen. John Mcintosh.
At the outbreak of the rebelHon of 1776 he was loyal, and
returned to Britain. He soon after went to Pensacola, and
thence came to this bluff, which yet bears the name he gave
it. At the peace the famUy removed to Georgia, and there
the son grew to manhood. He entered congress in 1806,
and in 1816 defeated Hon. W. W- Bibb for a seat in the fed
eral senate ; a defeat that caused Dr. Bibb to be appointed
governor of Alabama Territory. Mr. Troup was afterwards
governor of Georgia, but Hved in retirement the last twenty-
five years of his Hfe. He died May 3, 1856. Washington is
proud, of her distinguished son.
The chronicles of our judiciary begin with Harry Toulmin,
the first territorial judge, and one of the first settlers of old
Washington. He was born in Taunton, England, in 1766,
and was a scion of a respectable famUy. At the age of 22
years, he entered the ministry, and soon had a large congre
gation. But he was too free in the expression of his poHtical
opinions, and began to be viewed with distrust by the govern
ment. Threatened with mob violence, he came to America
in 1791, and a year later became president of Transylvania
University, Lexington, Ky. He held this position four years,
when he was elected secretary of state. WhUe .thus occu
pied it became his official duty to sign and promulgate the
celebrated State rights resolutions of 1798. About the same
time he read law, and also compUed a code of the laws of
Kentucky. He also contributed much to the periodical Htera-
ture**of the day. WhUe stUl holding his secretaryship he was
appointed by President Jefferson judge of that part of Mis
sissippi territory lying on the Tombikbee. He arrived in the
spring of 1804, via New Orleans. He held his first court in
Wakefield, which he named. His house soon became the
rendezvous of all the prominent persons who visited the fron
tier, and Jackson, Claiborne, Benton, Gaines, &c, found a
genial companion and hospitable board under the roof of the
pioneer jurist. He held his judgeship tiU 1817. In 1819 he
was a member of the State convention which framed the con
stitution, representing Baldwin county, in which his residence
then stood. He compUed the first digest of the laws of the
State, pubHshed in 1823. His death occurred at Wakefield,
Dec. 1824. Judge Toulmin left the reputation of a dignified
magistrate, a cultivated scholar, and a moral and energetic
citizen. He left two sons. One of his daughters married
Major Gen. E. P. Gaines, U. S. A., and the other six married
respectable gentlemen, and thefr descendants are numerous
in the State.

576 WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Among the prominent characters of this county was Ptol
emy T. Harris. He was a native of Georgia, and a rela
tive of Hon. S. W. Harris of Coosa. He came to St. Stephens
in 1819. He read law and was admitted to the bar in 1821,
and located here to practice. From 1826 to 1830 he repre
sented the county in the legislature. In 1832 he was elected
to the circuit court bench, an office he held for eight succes
sive years. In 1841 he was appointed general assignee in
bankruptcy by Judge Crawford, and resigned his judicial office.
In 1848 he removed to Louisiana, where he died some years
after. He married a daughter of Colonel Wm. McGrew of
Washington, who was kUled by the Indians in 1813, and has
a daughter now residing in Clarke county. Judge Harris was
taU and portly in appearance, but rather awkward. In con
versation he was blunt and candid, and there is a story extant
that in proposing to a lady once he began by asking her if
she could make up her mind to be the mother of his chUdren.
The blushing damsel made a confused and hasty exit from
the room. But with aU this bluntness he was possessed of
much astuteness, and was quite popular.
James CaUer and James Magoffin represented Washington
in the legislature of Mississippi Territory.
Israel Pickens and Henry Hitchcock represented the county
in the constitutional convention of 1819 ; J. G. Hawkins in
that of 1861 ; and Wm. H. Coleman in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the legislature :
Senators.
1819— Wm. Trotter. 1842— Girard W. Creagh.
1822— Francis W. Armstrong. 1845— B. L. Turner.
1824 — James Taggert. 1847 — Girard W. Creagh.
1825— Wm. Crawford. 1849— G M. Godbold.
1826 — Willoughbv Barton. 1851 — Lorenzo James.
1828— lack F. Ross. 1853— Wm. Woodward.
1829— James B. Hogan. 1855— Thomas McC. Prince.
1832— James B. Hogan. 1857— Wm. Woodward.
1835 — James F. Eoberts. 1861 — Turner Eeavis.
1838— Theophilus L. Toulmin. 1865— John T. Foster.
1839 — Girard W. Creagh. [No election in 1867, or since.]
Representatives.
1819— John Everett, J.Thompson. 1832— Alexander Trotter.
1820— James Taggert, B. H. Smoot. 1 833— Erasmus G. Callier.
1821— James Taggert, J.Thompson. 1834—Joseph McCarty, jr.
1822— James Thompson. 1835 — Joseph McCarty, jr.
1823— Josiah D. Lister. 1836— John H. Owen.
1824  Euflin. 1837-^Tohn H. Owen.
1825— James G. Lyon. 1838— James G. Slater.
1826— Ptolemy T. Harris. 1839— Wm. Smith.
1827— Ptolemy T. Harris. 1840— S. S. Houston.
1828— Ptolemy T. Harris. 1841— S. S. Houston.
1829— John Fitts. 1842— B. L. Turner.
1830— Ptolemy T. Harris. 1843— B. L. Turner.
?831— Ptolemy T. Harris. 1844— Thomas McC. Prince.

WILCOX COUNTY. 577
1845-Thomas McC Prince. 1861-James B. Slade.
, Sin " i ?6S^b • Malone- 1 863— T. P. Ashe.
ss?"""k ^' ^Um6r- 1865-George C. Yonge.
!srq~r kr nlaT- 1867-[No election. ]
853-G. W. Gordy. 1869-J. R. Waldrop.
855-James White. 1870-Wm. W. Bassett (resigned).
1857-JamesB. Slade. 1871-Wm. H. Coleman
1859 — James White.

CHAPTER LXXIV.
THE COUNTY OP WILCOX.

WUcox was formed from Monroe and DaUas by an act
passed Dec. 13, 1819, and retains its original domain.
It Hes in the southwest quarter of the State, south and
east of Marengo, south and southwest of DaUas, west of But
ler, north of Monroe, and northeast of Clarke.
Its area is about 945 square mUes.
The county was named for Lieut. Wilcox,* U. S. A., in con
sequence of facts mentioned in this chapter.
The population of the county has been as foUows :
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
Whites  1556 5442 5960 5,517 6,795 6,767
Blacks  1361 4106 9318 11,835 17,823 21,610
The assessed: value of real estate in 1870 was $2,365,821 ;
personal property $670,835 ; total $3,036,656.
The cash value of farm lands — 165,907 acres improved, and
204,682 acres unimproved— were valued at $2,347,868 in 1870.
The Hve stock— 1702 horses, 3418 mules, 12,072 neat cattle,
2897 sheep, 17,020 hogs— is $957,754.
In 1869 the productions were 660,968 bushels of corn,
92,932 bushels of potatoes, 47,428 pounds of butter, 20,095
bales of cotton, 2611 pounds of wool; the value of animals
slaughtered was $52,416 ; and the value of farm productions
was $2,550,667.
WUcox is one of the great agricultural districts, standing
second on the Hst of corn producing counties, and fourth
'Joseph M. Wilcox was a native of Connecticut, and a graduate of the
federal military academy in 1812. Commissioned lieutenant in the Third
Infantry, he was sent to the South at once.
37

578 WTLQOX COUNTY.
in the matter of the production of cotton. The lands are
roUing, often hUly, but with much that is flat. The soU is di
versified, consisting largely of prafrie, and extending to the
other extreme.
The Alabama flows through the county in a serpentine
course for 62 mUes, leaving about three-fifths of it to the
east, and is navigable nearly the entire year. Twelve mUes
of the Selma and Gulf raUroad are in east WUcox; the Selma
and MobUe raUroad is surveyed through the northwest corner ;
and the projected raUway from Brunswick to Vicksburg is
surveyed over about 38 miles of its territory, from east to west.
Camden, the seat of justice, has about 1000 inhabitants. It
was called BarboursvUle tUl about the year 1840, about which
time it was made the seat of justice. A chartered female
coUege is one of its advantages.
Canton, where the courthouse stood for a number of years,
has gone to decay ; and Prairie Bluff, a promising vUlage at
one time, is a smaU hamlet now.
AUenton and Rehoboth are incorporated villages.
The first voting places were estabhshed at Prairie Bluff,
Canton, and WUHam Black's in 1819. A year later, John
Smith's, "near the Lower Standing Peach-tree," and Allen &
Saltmarsh's, " at the Upper Standing Peach-tree," (Clifton,)
were added ; and in 1822 others were estabhshed at Obadiah
Dumas's and John McCondichie's.
In 1819 WUHam Black, Thomas Evans, John Speight,
Thornton Brown, and Wm. McCarreU, were appointed to
choose a site for the courthouse ; Robert Brown, John Black-
man, John Gamble, John Jenkins and EHjah Lumsden were
added in 1820 ; and John Jenkins, Robert H. Scott, and Benj.
Huff were appointed in 1822 to contract for' the erection of
public building.
In February 1814, Col. RusseU marched his regiment and
two companies of volunteers, from Fort Claiborne to the Ca
haba river, to drive the Indians from that vicinity. He de
spatched a barge laden with provisions up the Alabama with
orders to meet him on the Cahaba. Not finding the barge when
he reached the " old towns" on the latter river, he sent Lieut.
WUcox, with five men, in a canoe, down the Cahaba to hasten
its arrival. WUcox reached the mouth of the Cahaba, and
moved down the Alabama. The evening of the second day
after leaving the command, the party were captured by the
Indians, except two who swam ashore and fled. The Indians
occupied the canoe, and passed on down the river. The barge
had passed the mouth of the Cahaba, and knowing that Rus
sell would not wait for it, was on its return to Fort Claiborne
when it came iu sight of the Indian canoe. The savages

WILCOX COUNTY. 579
fearing to lose their prisoners, butchered and scalped them,
at the sand-bar at the mouth of Pursley creek, this county,
and the unfortunate WUcox and his party were in the last
agonies of death when the barge reached the canoe.
_ It was just below Clifton, iu this county, that DeSoto is be
heved to have crossed the Alabama, and the mounds in the
immediate vicinity confirm the opinion in some degree.*
Waltee R. Ross was one of the first settlers of Wilcox.
He came to Alabama in the territorial time, and was in the
expedition to the Cahaba towns. He was a planter here, and
amassed wealth. He represented the county in one house or
the other of the legislature for eleven years, closing his offi
cial services in 1844. He died several years later. Captain
Ross was highly respected for integrity, energy, and practical
sense, and was a very useful legislator. He left a daughter,
who married the late Dr. Isaac F. Dortch of this county, and
his descendants are in the county.
John W. Bridges was another of the earHer settlers of the
county, and one of its most influential citizens for nearly forty
years. His service as a legislator began in 1825, and he
served the county thfrteen years in that capacity. He was
also judge of the county court for several years. His death
occurred in 1858, at the age of 58 years. Judge Bridges
accumulated a large estate, for he was a good lawyer and a
successful planter. He was fuU of public spfrit and benevo
lence, but of strong wUl and fiery temperament. His wife
was a Miss Bethea, of -the couhty.
Franklin King Beck resided in this county. He was born
in Duplin county, North Carohna, May 21, 1814. His father,
Hon. John Beck, after serving in the legislature of North
Carolina, settled in Alabama about 1819, and subsequently
represented WUcox in the general assembly. His mother
was a sister of Hon. Wm. R. King. The son spent his boy
hood in the county, and was matriculated at our State Uni
versity, but finished his course at Georgetown, D. C, and then
attended the law department of Yale CoUege. Licensed in
*When the painting of " DeSoto Discovering the Mississippi" was brought
to the attention of tie library committee oi congress, in 1845, Hon. J. Q.
Adams of Massachusetts objected to it, and stoutly maintained that DeSoto
not only did not reach the Mississippi, but, that he did not cross the Alabama.
Hon . Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, also of the committee, prevailed upon
him to regard the painting simply as a work of art, and in that way alone
did he consent to its purchase. Mr. Adams, while secretary of state, had
urged the same view of the subject in a lengthy correspondence with -the
Spanish ministry in 1819, aud the position he assumed as a diplomatist
probably caused him to wish to appear consistent in after years ; for the
matter has been settled beyond a reasonable doubt, and the line of DeSoto's
march distinctly traced from contemporaneous records.

580 WILCOX COUNTY.
1841, he located in Camden, and in 1843 was elected soHcitor
over Hon. T. J. Judge of Lowndes, but served only one term.
In 1851 he represented the county, and again in 1855. He
was a member of the constitutional convention of 1861, and
soon after was elected Colonel of the Twenty-third Alabama.
He participated in the privations of this regiment, leading it
into Kentucky, and at the battle of Port Gibson and Baker's
Creek. '1 he day after the latter battle the regiment was left
by accident (failure to receive the order) at Big Black bridge,
and Col. Beck held Gaant's army in check for twelve hours
with his single regiment. He shared in the disaster at Vicks
burg, and just after being paroled had his leg fractured by
the kick of a horse. '1 his disabled him for some time, but
he rejoined the command, and began the march with Gen.
Hood into Tennessee. At Resaca, October 12, 1864, whUe
making a reconnoisance, a cannon baU struck the Hinb of a tree,
glanced downward, passing through his thigh, and killed his
horse. He feU, (his beast roUing over on the leg fractured
at Vicksburg) and expired, in a few moments.
Col. Beck, besides being a lawyer and advocate of estabhshed
reputation, was a wealthy planter. Enterprise and pubhc spirit
were marked features in his character. Hospitable, talented,
and popular, his loss was severely felt by his county, and the
entire State. His wife was a sister of Messrs. Robert and
Fehx Tait, and he left two sons and a daughter, who now re
side in the county. Hon. Thomas K. Beck, who represented
WUcox in the legislature, was a brother of Col. B.
Robert H. Ervin is a native and resident of Wilcox. His
father, Samuel Ervin, a South Carohnian, was in Alabama in
1814 ; whUe his mother's father, Mr. John Eades, was here
even earHer. Born at Coal Bluff, this county, in 1822, he re
ceived a plain education, but was graduated in medicine at
Transylvania University in 1845. He retired from an exten
sive practice in 1853 when elected to represent the county in
the legislature. In 1858 he was grand master of masons in
the State. Early in 1861 he entered the army in a mounted
company, and participated in the battle of Shiloh. From
1863 to 1865 he represented DaUas and WUcox in the State
senate. He has not since been in pubhc position, but has
given his attention to agriculture. Dr. Ervin is stout and ro
bust, with a brusk but kind deportment. He is prudent and
sagacious, his mind being of the practical order. Moral and
honorable, he is a fair type of the Southern gentleman. He
married a sister of Major Felix Tait of this county.
Aaron Burr Cooper, a prominent citizen of this county,
was born in Morris county, New Jersey, December 11, 1800.

WILCOX COUNTY. 581
His education is good, and would have been made thorough
but for the death of his father while he was preparing to enter
college. Having read law in Morristown, he came to Mobile
in January 1822. A year later he removed to Clarke county,
and in 1826 to Monroe. At Claiborne he formed a partner
ship in the practice of law with Gen. Enoch Parsons, which
existed tiU the death of the latter. In 1845 and '47 he rep
resented Monroe in the legislature. Abandoning the law in
1850, he came to this county, and engaged in planting. In
1865 he represented the county in the constitutional conven
tion, and the same year was chosen to the State senate from
DaUas and WUcox. He was warmly supported for federal
senator in 1865. Since his retirement and disfranchisement
in 1867, he has maintained a quiet position in Hfe. The ca
reer of Mr. Cooper has been characterized by an earnest de
votion to the practical and moral concerns of life, yet he has
found time to obtain an intimate knowledge of various branch
es of learning. He has been twice married, the last time to
the widow of Hon. John G. Creagh of Clarke. Two of his
sons were kUledin battle during the late war, one of whom,
Capt. H. M. Cooper, was on the staff of Gen. AUen of Mont
gomery. S. George Cochran has been for some years at the head of
the bar of WUcox. A native of New York, his parents were
Irish. He was weU educated, and came to this county and
State about the year 1846, when at the threshold of man
hood. He began the practice of law here, and in 1849 was
judge of the county court. He has practiced here in associa
tion with the late Capt. Burett O. Holman, and Col. R. H.
Dawson. He is an able lawyer, and his Hterary acqufre
ments will compare favorably with those of any citizen of
Alabama. Hospitality and integrity are also salient charac
teristics of one whose modesty alone has barred his advance
ment to the stations his talents commanded. His wife was
Miss Carson of Tuskaloosa.
Alexander T. Hawthorn grew to manhood in this county,
but was a native of Conecuh. Born in 1825, he was the son
of a weU known Baptist minister, and nephew of Hon. J. R.
Hawthorn of east WUcox. In 1846 he went to Mexico as a
Heutenant in Capt. Blanton McAlpine's company from MobUe.
Subsequently he practiced law for several years in Arkansas,
but was in mercantUe business in New Orleans at the begin
ning of the late war. He went back to Arkansas, recruited a
regiment, and took an active part in the mUitary service.
Promoted to the rank of brigadier general, he served west of

OOZ WILCOX COUNTY.
the Mississippi. He is now Hving in Texas. Rev. J. Board-
man Hawthorn, an eloquent Baptist minister, now of Ken
tucky, is a brother of Gen. H. and native of WUcox.
William B. H. Howard of this county was born in South
Carolina in 1816. His father was from Maryland, and of the
distinguished family of that name there. He came with his
parents to Monroe in 1818, and grew to manhood in that
county. A graduate of Princeton, he was admitted to the
bar in 1841, and represented Monroe twice in the legislature
soon afteif. In 1847 he removed to New Orleans, and to Cal
ifornia two years later. In 1851 he located in MobUe, and
represented that county in the legislature of 1855. He was
also the editor of a daUy newspaper there. He came to this
county in 1856, and during the war was a private in the Thfrd
Alabama cavalry. From 1865 to 1868 he was soHcitor of this
judicial cfrcuit. Mr. Howard is a gentleman of the noblest
character; pure in heart, charitable and humane, generous
and honorable. He is a ripe scholar, an able advocate, and
one of the best political speakers of the State. He married
a sister of Capt. Richebourg GUHard of Camden, soHcitor of
this judicial district in 1855-'9, and his son is an attorney at
the bar of WUcox.
Charles L. Scott came to this county iu 1864. He is a na
tive of Vfrginia, and a son of the late Hon. R. G. Scott of
Monroe. Born in 1829, he was educated at WUHam-and-
Mary College, and Hcensed to practice law. But in 1849 he
went to California, and labored in the gold region there for
several years. Elected to the senate of that State in 1855, he
represented it iu congress from 1857 to 1861. When the war
began, he cast his lot with the South, and entered the Fourth
Alabama Infantry as a private. Elected major, he was se
verely wounded at the first battle of Manassas. Since that
time he has been a planter and a newspaper editor in this
county, taking an active part in pubhc questions. ±vl ajor Scott
is a forcible writer, an effective speaker, and an interesting
companion. A ready discernment, au ardent temperament,
and a resolute wiU unite to give him much force of character.
S. J. Cumming, a prominent attorney of this county, resided
for a number of years in Monroe, and represented that county
in the legislature, and in the constitutional convention of 1865.
He was also adjutant of the Seventeenth Alabama regiment.
In 1865 he came to reside in this county, where he has prac
ticed at different times with Hon. J. J. Roach, Capt. R. GU
Hard, and Capt. R. T. Simpson. He was the nominee of his
party for congress in 1870. Capt. Cumming is an upright

WILCOX COUNTY.

583

man, of soHd acqufrements, and of great industry in his pro
fession. John Y. Kilpatrick came to this county in 1866. A native
of North Carolina, he was born in 1835, but grew to manhood
in Monroe. He read law at MonroevUle, under Hon. S. J.
Cumming, and began the practice of law in Clarke. During
the war he was an officer in the regiment of Col. Wirt Adams.
In 1863-7 he represented Clarke in the legislature. Capt.
KUpatrick unites to talents of a fine order, much purity of
purpose, and decided amiabUity.
FrankHn K. Beck represented WUcox in the constitutional
convention of 1861 ; A. B. Cooper in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the legislature :
Senators,

1822— Neil Smith.
1825— Arthur P. Bagby.
1827— Thomas Evans.
1830— John W. Bridges.
1833— Fkancis S. Lyon (1834).
1834 -John McNeil Burke.
1835— John M. Burke.
1838— Walter E. Boss.
1841— W. E. Boss.
1844— Calvin 0. Sellers.

1847— A. E. Manning.
1851 — James T. Johnson.
1853— Samuel E. Blake.
1855— Eobert S. Hatcher.
1857 — James M, Calhoun.
1859— James M. Calhoun (1862.)
1863— Eobert H. Ervin.
1865 — Aaron B. Cooper.
[No election in 1867, or since.]

Representatives.

1822— Edwin L. Harris,
1823— John Beck.
1824— John Beck.
1825— John W. Bridges.
1826— John W. Bridges.
1827— John W. Bridges.
1828— J. W. Bridges, Allen Eobin
son.
J 829— W. E. Eoss, Allen Eobinson,
1830— W. E. Bogs, AUen Moore.
1831— W. E. Eoss, Allen Moore.
1832— W. E. Eoss, Thomas K. Beck.
1833 — Simeon S. Bonham, Claudius
M. Pegues.
1834— Henry E. Curtis, C. M. Pe-

1835— H. E. Curtis, J. W. Bridges.
1836— Wm. H. Pledger, Duncan E.
Smith.
1837— W. E. Eoss, John W. Daniel.
1838— John M. Burke, Alien Moore.

1839 — Benj. Williamson, A. Moore.
1840— C. M. Pegues, Kinchen E.
Womack.
1841 — Littleberry W. Mason, Thos.
Jefferson.
1842— J. W. Bridges, Chas. Dear.
1843— J. W. Bridges, C. Dear.
1844— L. W. Mason, T. K. Beck.
1845— L. W. Mason, T. K. Beck.
1847 — Joseph D. Jenkins, James T.
Johnson.
1849 -J. W. Bridges, Thos. E. Irby.
1851— David W. Sterrett, Franklin
K. Beck.
1853— Eobert H. Ervin, D. J. Pox.
1855— George Lynch, F. K. Beck.
1857— Felix Tait.
1859— Felix Tait,
1861— George S. Gullett.
1863— John Moore.
1865 — J. Eichard Hawthorn.
1869— William Henderson.

CHAPTER LXXV.
THE COUNTY OP WINSTON.
Winston was created, by an act passed Feb. 12, 1850, under
the name of "Hancock," to honor the memory of Gov. John
Hancock of Massachusetts ; but the name was changed by an
act passed Jan. 22, 1858, to honor Gov. Winston of Sumter.
The territory was taken almost entirely from Walker.
The county Hes in the northwest quarter of the State, south
of Lawrence and Morgan, west of Blount, north of Walker,
east of Marion.
Its area is 924 square mUes.
The population in 1860 was 3450 whites, and 122 blacks;
and in 1870 it was 4134 whites, and 21 blacks.
The assessed value of property in 1870 was $190,167 ; to-
wit : real estate $162,265 ; personalty $27,902.
The cash value of farm lands — 17,847 acres improved, and
103,936 acres unimproved— was $149,410 in 1870.
The value of Hve stock — 840 horses and mules, 5187 neat
cattle, 3550 sheep, and 10,985 hogs— is $175,028.
In 1869 the productions were 94,165 bushels of corn, 3278
bushels of wheat, 17,991 bushels of potatoes, 2551 gaUons of
sorghum syrup, 7954 pounds of tobacco, 205 bales of cotton,
5259 pounds of wool ; the value of animals slaughtered was
$50,123 ; and the value of farm products was $298,475.
The surface of the county is broken and mountainous, with
picturesque scenery. The soU is Hght and sterUe, except
small valleys that are aUuvial.
There is no navigable river, though the county is watered
by the tributaries of the Tuskaloosa ; and there are no raU
ways, but the projected ones from Aberdeen to Decatur, and
from Birmingham to Tuscumbia, are surveyed through the
western portion.
' Winston is rich in coal and iron ore ; lead is being sought ;
copper is said to exist ; slate is plentiful.
Houston, a smaU vUlage, named for the late Gen. Houston
of Texas, is the seat of justice.
There is a natural bridge near Larissa, in this county,
which has attracted some attention. The faUs of Clear creek
are also an object of beauty and interest.

WINSTON COUNTY. 585
C. C. Sheets represented Winston in the constitutional con
vention of 1861, and also in that of 1865.
The foUowing is a Hst of members of the legislature.
Senators.
1853— William A. Hewlett. . 1861— J. Albert Hill.
1857—0. H. Bynum. 1865— F. W. Sykes.
[No election in 1867, or since.]
Representatives.
1853— James Vest. 1863— Zach. White.
1855— Absalom Little. 1865— J. W. Wilhite.
1857— Absalom Little. 1867— [No election.]
1859— James M. Bibb. 1870— John Taylor.
1861— Christopher C. Sheets

THE WAE RECORD.

PEELIMINAEY OBSEEVATIONS.
The facts for this department of the volume, meagrely as
they are' presented, have been gathered with extreme diffi
culty. No official data exists that is accessible. The statis
tics compUed by the bureau organized for that purpose by
the State, during the late war, have, by some mysterious
agency, disappeared from the capitol ; but they were by no
means complete. It is surmised that much information of
the kind could be obtained from the archives of the Confed
eracy at Washington, but apphcation has been recently made
to the authorities there, by one most likely to receive a favor
able answer, and a peremptory refusal was the result. Hence,
the author was driven to the necessity of visiting aU parts of
the State, to glean from the memory of survivors the state
ments here embodied.
Of some of the organizations much fuller details are at
hand, but, where all are deserving, it is proper to give no
undue prominence to -any particular command.
The plain and brief outline of the operations of these com
mands is meant to be garnished by no adjectives of praise.
Where valor, fortitude, and devotion were the rule, it is not
necessary to multiply words to enforce it upon the attention
of the reader. The fuH measure of the heroic achievements
of Alabamians in war requires volumes instead of a few pages,
and it is much to be desired that some patriotic son should
prepare a work which would be ample in its detaUs; the
ground-work of which is laid, and the sources of information
indicated, in the pages which foUow.
It wUl be observed that only the names of captains of com-

WAB EEC0ED. 587
panies and field officers are given. Of course no one wUl infer
therefrom that these officers were more deserving than the
mass of privates and subalterns, who shared the perUs and
privations of the struggle with even a less incentive to patri
otic duty. But it was necessary to draw a limit to these facts
somewhere, and, owing to the difficulty of securing more com
plete information, this was the point selected.
" Thousands of noble names that might claim
Triumphant laurels and immortal fame,
Confused in clouds of glorious actions lie,
And troops of heroes undistinguished die."
There were also staff and department officers whose names
should be embraced in any compilation of the war record of
Alabama, for their duties were essential to the conduct of the
operations in the field, and, were often of the most dehcate
and hazardous nature ; but thefr omission here is for reasons
embraced in what has been already said.
Whatever may be his opinion of the cause for which these
men fought and suffered, no Alabamian — no American — can
faU to feel his admfration enkindle at deeds which have made
the name of " Southebnek " a title of respect throughout the
civilized world. On the grandest theatre of human action —
apart from the laws and tribunals of men — and with the God
of Battles as the arbiter — these brave sons of Alabama
achieved triumphs which make a luminous chapter in the
annals of mankind. On no battle-field did their conduct
bring reproach to Alabama ; it was an unbroken chain of
Ulustrious deeds that cannot be tarnished by the faUure of
the cause. "The time wUl come, yes, is, even now, when no
"higher honor can attach to the memory of the dead, no
" purer or more enviable distinction characterize the Hving,
" than this : He was a Coneedeeate soldiee, full of coueage
" and devotion."* And, now that
"The war drums throb no longer, and the battle-flags are furled,"
every generous American unites in the homage due to a
matchless valor, whose glory defies ahke the humUiation of
Defeat and the inroads of Time.

*Col. Charles C. Jones, jr., of Georgia.

588 WAB EECOED.
PART I.
THE WAE WITH MEXICO, &C.
During the troubles with the Muscogees and Cherokees in
1836 and '37, the people of Alabama volunteered very
promptly, and in large numbers. Under Generals Patterson
of Madison and PhUpot of Morgan, a force marched into
the Cherokee country in 1837, as a considerable body moved
to the Chattahoochee under Generals Jessup, U. S. A., and
Patterson the year before. But there was no fighting.
Quite a number of Alabamians were also anxious to partic
ipate in the war with Mexico, 1846-48.
The Thirteenth U. S. Infantry was raised under the ten
regiment bUl of 1847, and was officered by Alabamians to
some extent. There was a company from Limestone, under
Capt. Egbert Jones, in that regiment.
There was a regiment organized in MobUe, with Jones M.
Withers of Lowndes as colonel,* and PhiHp H. Raiford of
Macon as lieutenant colonel, but dissensions among the offi
cers caused it to disband. Several of the companies, how
ever, went on to the Rio Grande, but were not in active service.
The First Alabama Volunteers was a regiment organized
at MobUe in June 1846 for twelve months' service. John R.
Coffey of Jackson was colonel, Richard G. Earle of Calhoun
Heutenant colonel, Goode Bryan of TaUapoosa major, and
Hugh P. Watson of TaUadega adjutant. The companies
were as foUows : From Greene, Capt. Syd. Moore ; Greene,
Capt. Andrew P. Pickens ; TaUadega, Capt. Hugh Cunning
ham; Calhoun, Capt. E. T. Smith; DeKalb, Capt. Zach.
Thomason ; Perry, Capt. Wm. Coleman ; Jackson, Capt.
Jones ; MobUe, &c, Capt. Wm. Ketchum ; Pike, Baldwin,
&c, Capt. Dru. Baldwin. The regiment proceeded to the
Rio Grande, and remained near Brownsville for three months.
At Camargo it was brigaded under Gen. PUlow. In Decem
ber the regiment was sent to Tampico, and placed under Gen.
Shields, and shortly after was sent to Vera Cruz and brigaded
with the Palmetto regiment and First Georgia. Sent to take
Alvarado, the regiment reached Cerro Gordo the day after
the battle. The regiment was mustered out of service May
25, 1847. It entered the service 900 strong, lost one kUledin
a skirmish, 150 by disease, and about 200 had been dis
charged. A battahon of volunteers was organized in the spring of
1847, and enhsted for the war. John J. Seibels of Montgom-
*Col. Seibels of Montgomery was elected colonel, but resigned.

WAE EEC0ED. 589
ery was chosen lieutenant colonel, and was the only field offi
cer. The companies were from Tuskaloosa, Capt. John G.
Barr ; Wilcox, Dallas, and Lowndes, Capt. T. E. Irby ; Bar
bour, Capt. Tennent Lomax ; MobUe, Capt. Blanton McAl
pine; Sumter, Capt. Gibbs. The battahon reached Vera
Cruz too late to join Gen. Scott's forces, but was on garrison
duty in the interior, principaUy at Orizaba, tiU the peace.
There were also three or four detached companies from the
State, but none of them suffered in battle.

PART II.
THE WAE BETWEEN THE STATES.
Alabama contributed her blood and treasure lavishly to the
cause of separation, as wUl appear on page 69.
The foUowing are the regiments in their order :
FIRST ALABAMA— (Inpantby.)
This was the first regiment organized under the act of the
State legislature authorizing the enlistment of troops for
twelve months. The companies rendezvoused at Pensacola
in February and March 1861, and about the 1st of April or
ganized by the election of regimental officers. Transferred
to the army of the Confederate States soon after, it remained
on duty at Pensacola for a year. It was chiefly occupied in
manning the batteries, and took part in the bombardments of
November 23, and of January 1, 1862. A detachment was
in the night fight on Santa Rosa Island. Being the oldest
regiment in the Confederate service, it was first caUed on to
re-enhst for the war, at the end of the first year, and seven of
the companies did so. Ordered to Tennessee, the regiment,
1000 strong, reached Island Ten March 12, 1862. In the se
vere conflict there, aU but a remnant of the regiment were
captured. Those who escaped were organized into a battal
ion, which was part of the garrison at Fort PUlow, and after
wards fought at Corinth. Those captured were exchanged in
September, and the regiment rendezvoused at Jackson, Miss.,
having lost 150 by death in prison, and 150 by casualties since
and during the siege of Island Ten. At once ordered to Port
Hudson, they participated in the privations of that siege.
They were captured, after losing 150 killed and wounded.
The privates were paroled and the officers kept in prison tUl
the peace. The men were exchanged in the fall, and joined

590 WAR EECOED.
Gen. Johnston in Mississippi, 610 strong. The regiment was
then at MobUe and PoUard, and joined Gen. Johnston at Ala-
toona. In Cantey's brigade, it fought at New Hope, and was
afterwards transferred to the brigade of Gen. Quarles, in which
it served till the end. It participated at Kennesa, and lost
considerably at Peach Tree Creek. In the terrible assault on
the, enemy's Hnes at Atlanta, July 28, the regiment won fresh
renown, but lost hah of its force in kUled and wounded.
Moving with Hood into Tennessee, it again lost very heavUy at
Franklin and NashvUle. Transferred to North Carohna, it
took part at Averysboro and BentonvUle, and about 100 men
surrendered at Goldsboro. Upwards of 3000 names were on
its roUs at different times during the war, including the com
panies that did not re-enhst. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Henry D. Clayton of Barbour ; till re-organized.
Isaiah G. W. Steedman of WUcox ; captured at Island Ten
and Port Hudson.
Lieutenant Colonels. — I. G. W. Steedman ; promoted. M.
B. Locke of Pike ; wounded and captured at Port Hudson.
Majobs. — Jere N. WUHams of Barbour; tiU re-organized.
Samuel L. Knox of TaUadega ; captured at Island Ten ; cap
tured at Port Hudson, but escaped ; wounded at Atlanta ;
kUled in command of the regiment at Franklin.
Adjutants. — S. H. Dent of Barbour; resigned. Samuel
D. Steedman of Wilcox ; captured at Island Ten and Port
Hudson. CAPTAINS AND COUNTIES FBOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Tallapoosa. — James D. Meadows ; captured at Island Ten
and Port Hudson ; murdered by the guard at Johnson's Island.
Pike. — Augustus H. Owen ; resigned. J. H. Wood.
Lowndes. — Y. D. Conyers; resigned. John T. Stubbs;
captured at Island Ten and Port Hudson.
Wilcox. — D. Wardlaw Ramsay ; captured at Island Ten
and Port Hudson.
Talladega. — Joseph H. Johnson ; resigned. R. H. IsbeU ;
captured at Port Hudson.
Pike. — George W. Dawson ; tUl re-organized. M. B. Locke ;
captured at Island Ten ; elected Heutenant colonel. R. H.
RUey ; captured at Port Hudson.
Baeboue. — Alpheus Baker ; resigned. (Company disbanded
at the end of the first year.)
Baeboue. — John W. Clarke. (Company disbanded at the
end of the first year.)
Mobile. — Ben. Lane Posey. (Company disbanded at the
end of the first year.)

WAE EEC0ED. 591
Baeboue. — J. W. Mabry; not re-elected. Richard WU
Hams ; captured at Island Ten ; wounded and captured at
Port Hudson.
Baeboue (1862) — Wm. H. Pruitt ; captured at Port Hudson.
Montgomeey and Autauga (1862).— J. F. Whitfield; cap
tured at Island Ten and Port Hudson.
Macon (1862).— C. A. Stanton ; captured at Island Ten ;
resigned. C. C. Knowles ; captured at Port Hudson.

SECOND ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Second was composed of companies which flocked to
the seaboard at the first caU of the State, and enhsted for a
year. They organized at Fort Morgan in AprU 1861, and re
mained in garrison there tiU March 1862, m.anuing the heavy
artiUery. Ordered to Tennessee, the term of service expfred
at Fort PUlow, and it was disbanded. Two or three compa
nies almost intact joined other organizations ; but the mass
distributed themselves among new regiments, and infused a
leaven of discipline into thefr ranks.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — Harry Maury of MobUe.
Lieutenant Colonel. — Hal C. Bradford of Jackson.
Majoes. — PhUander Morgan of TaUadega; resigned. D.
P. Forney of Calhoun.
Adjutant. — J. B. McClung of Madison.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES PE0M WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Calhoun. — D. P. Forney ; promoted. WUHam M. Hames.
Pickens. — Thomas C. Lanier.
Feanklln. — John Goodwin.
Jackson. — Alexander M. Saxon.
Monroe. — George W. Foster.
Clabke. — Stephen B. Cleveland ; resigned. A. R. Lankford,
Mobile. — W. C. Fergus.
Mobile. — .... Watson.
Mobile. — Ed. McDonald ; resigned. A. H. Jennette.
Mobile. — .... Taylor ; resigned. J. B. V. Lefebvre.

THIRD ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Montgomery, AprU 1861,
and was the first Alabama command that went to Vfrginia.

592 WAR EECOED.
Mustered into service at Lynchburg, May 4, the regiment was
ordered to Norfolk. There it was in a temporary brigade
with the First and TweHth Virginia, under Col. Withers, who
was soon after succeeded by Col. Mahone. For twelve months
the Third remained at Norfolk, and there re-enhsted, but saw
no active service. Norfolk was evacuated, May 5, 1862, and the
regiment fell back with the army. At Seven Pines it was held
in reserve the first day ; but was badly cut up the second, losing
38 kUled and 122 wounded. -A fortnight later it was attached
to Rodes' brigade, which now consisted of the Thfrd, Fifth,
Sixth, Twelfth, and Twenty-sixth Alabama regiments. _ The
brigade, led by Col. J. B. Gordon of the Sixth, participated
in the week of battle before Richmond, as part of D. H. HUl's
division. The Third lost 207 out of 345 men and officers at
the bloody repulse of Malvern Hill, and mustered with only
180 men a few days after that terrible conflict, but soon re
cruited to 300. HUl's division was not engaged at Cedar Run
or the second Manassas, but moved with the army, aud the
Third Alabama was the first to plant the "stars and bars" ou
the hUls of Maryland. At Boonsboro the fighting was pro
longed and desperate, as it was at Sharpsburg, and the Thfrd
shared in the triumphs of those bloody days. It moved back
into Vfrginia with the army, and was in Hne of battle at
Fredericksburg. At ChanceUorsviUe it shared prominently
in the glories achieved by Jackson's corps in the splendid as
sault on Hooker, and in the two days lost 24 kUled, and 125
wounded. In the second Maryland campaign, the Third
moved with EweU's corps, to wliich it now belonged, as far
as Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. It lost heavily at Gettys
burg, fighting both days with much credit, and shared in the
privations of the retreat. After the return to Vfrginia, it
skirmished at Mine Run, and wintered at Orange Courthouse.
Now under Brig. Gen. Battle, the regiment bore a conspicu
ous part in the battles of the WUdemess and Spottsylvania,
, losing very severely. In the fighting at the second Cold Har
bor, it charged the enemy's breastworks, and lost considera
bly. It was with Early in the VaUey, and in Maryland, taking
part in the demonstration against Washington, and in the
pursuit of Hunter. At Winchester its loss was heavy, and it
suffered severely at Cedar HUl, but protected the rear of the
retreating army. Placed in the trenches at Petersburg, the
Third dwindled away by attrition tiU only about 40 laid down
their arms at Appomatox. Of 1651 names on its roU, about
260 perished in battle, 119 died in the service, and 605 were
discharged or transferred. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Jones M. Withers of MobUe ; promoted. Ten-

WAE EECOBD. 593
nent Lomax ; promoted, but killed in command. CuUen A.
Battle of Macon ; wounded at Sharpsburg ; promoted. Chas.
Forsyth of MobUe.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Tennent Lomax ; promoted. Cul-
len A. Battle ; promoted. Charles Forsvth ; promoted. Rob
ert M. Sands of MobUe.
Majobs. — CuUen A. Battle ; promoted. Charles Forsyth ;
promoted. R. M. Sands ; wounded at Gettysburg ; promoted.
Richard H. PoweU of Macon ; wounded at Spottsylvania.
Adjutants. — Charles Forsyth ; promoted. Isaiah A. Wil
son of Macon ; resigned. Alfred R. Murray of MobUe ; trans
ferred. Samuel B. Johnston of Macon ; killed at Seven Pines.
Mirabeau B. Swanson of Macon ; transferred. Alexander H.
Pickett of Macon ; transferred. David R. Dunlap of MobUe ;
wounded at Cedar Creek.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Mobile. — Robert M. Sands ; promoted. T. Casey Wither-
spoon ; wounded and captured at Sharpsburg.
Mobile. — Wm. H. Hartwell ; resigned. John R. Simpson ;
wounded at Sharpsburg ; reheved. Arthur Robbins ; wounded.
Macon. — W. G. Swanson ; tiU re-organized. Rob't L. Mayes;
kUled at Seven Pines. Chas. J. Bryan ; wounded at Malvern
HUl ; resigned. Wm. Thomas BUbro ; killed at Spottsylvania.
T. Alexander Etheridge ; wounded.
Macon. — Richard H. PoweU; promoted. E. Troup Ran-
daU; wounded at ChanceUor svUle ; retfred. John R. McGow
an ; wounded at Spottsylvania.
Mobile. — Archibald Gracie ; resigned. John F. Chester ;
wounded at Seven Pines ; died of wounds received at Win
chester. John T. Huggins.
Montgomeey. — F. W. Hunter ; resigned. Watkins Phelan ;
wounded at Seven Pines ; kUled at Petersburg. W.A. McBryde.
Montgomeey. — W. G. -Andrews, (Company transferred to
artUlery at the close of first year's service).
Lowndes. — M. Ford Bonham ; wounded at Gettysburg, and
Winchester. Coosa and Autauga. — Edward S. Ready ; wounded at Seven
Pines ; wounded and captured at Boonsboro ; detached and
promoted. Louis H. HUl; resigned. B. F. K. Melton.
Mobile. — Louis T. Woodruff; resigned. John K. Hoyt;
detached.' George H. Dunlap.
Lowndes and Montgomeey (1862).— Cornelius Robinson, jr.
Macon (1862). — J. L. W. Jelks ; died at Richmond. Rich
ard W. H. Kennon ; wounded at Malvern Hill; retfred. Fran
cis' M. Germany ; wounded at Gettysburg ; retfred. Robert
T. Rutherford. 38

594 WAE EECOBD.
FOURTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Dalton, Georgia, May %
1861, and proceeded at once to Virginia. Mustered into ser
vice for twelve months at Lynchburg, May 7, it proceeded to
Harper's Ferry. It soon after feUback to Winchester, where
it became part of Gen. B. E. Bee's brigade — of which the 2d
and 11th Mississippi, 1st Tennessee, and 6th North Carolina
were the other regiments. Moved to Manassas Junction, the
regiment took a prominent part in that conflict, losing 38
killed and 208 wounded out of a total of about 750 engaged.
Gen. Bee, kiUed at Manassas, was succeeded by Gen. W. H.
C. Whiting. The Fourth wintered at Dumfries, re-enhsted
for three years in January 1862, re-organized in April, and
about that time moved over to the vicinity of Norfolk. It
was engaged both days at Seven Pines, losing 8 kUled and 19
wounded. A fortnight later, the brigade was sent to the Val
ley, but came back with Jackson's corps a few days after. It
was hotly engaged at Cold Harbor, losing 22 kUled and 108
wounded out of 500 present ; and lost slightly at Malvern
HUl. Moving northward with the army, the Fourth partici
pated at the second Manassas, losing 20 killed, and 43 wound
ed. At Boonsboro the loss was slight, and at Sharpsburg 8
were kUled, and 36 wounded. After this campaign Gen. Law
was assigned to the permanent command of the brigade,
which was shortly after organized with the Fourth, FUteenth,
Forty-fourth, Forty-seventh, and Forty-eighth Alabama regi
ments as its complement. The Fourth was engaged at Fred
ericksburg, losing 5 kUled, and 17 wounded. It lost slightly
in the briUiant fight at Suffolk, and soon after took up the
line of march for Maryland. It passed into Pennsylvania,
and was engaged in the assault at Gettysburg, with a loss of
15 kiUed, and 72 wounded and missing. In the faU the
Fourth moved with Longstreet's corps, and took part at Chic
amauga, with a loss of 14 lolled, and 54 wounded out of about
300 engaged. It moved with the corps into east Tennessee,
and in the attack on KnoxvUle lost 5 kUled, and 24 wounded.
Rejoining the army in Virginia, the Fourth was hotly engaged,
and. lost 15 kUled, and 58 wounded at the battle of the "Wil
derness out of about 250 engaged, and 4 kUled and 11 wound
ed at Spottsylvania. It took part in all the operations to the
second Cold Harbor, where its loss was slight. Then, for
nearly ten months, it lay behind the defences of Petersburg,
taking part in the various movements and assaults, and los
ing 10 kiUed, and 30 wounded during the time. It surren
dered 202 men at Appomattox, Gen. Perry of Macon having
been in command of the brigade for nearly a year. Of 1422

WAE EECOBD. 595
men on its rolls, about 240 perished in battle, nearly 100 died
of disease, aud 408 were discharged or transferred.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— Egbert J. Jones of Madison ; kUled at the first
Manassas. Evander M. Law of Macon ; promoted. Pinck
ney D. Bowles* of Conecuh.
Lieutenant Colonels. — E. M. Law; promoted. Thomas
J. Goldsby of DaUas ; wounded at Cold Harbor ; resigned.
Owen K. McLemore of Chambers ; killed at Boonsboro. P.
D. Bowles; promoted. L. Houston Scruggs of Madison;
wounded at Chicamauga.
Majoes. — Charles L. Scott of WUcox ; wounded at Manas
sas ; resigned. P. D. Bowles ; promoted. L. H. Scruggs ;
promoted. Thomas K. Coleman of Perry ; kiUed at Chica
mauga. W. M. Robbins of Perry ; wounded at WUderness.
Adjutant. — Robert T. Coles of Madison; wounded at
Gaines' MUl.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH COMPANIES CAME.
Dallas.— Thomas J. Goldsby; promoted. R. V. Kidd;
kUled at Chicamauga. J. M. West ; wounded at Hanover
Junction. Macon.— T. B. Dryer ; tiU re-organized. E. J. Glass ; re
signed. Bayless E. Brown ; killed at WUderness.
Dallas. — N. H. R. Dawson ; tUl re-organized. Alfred C.
Price; killed at Cold Harbor. M. D. Sterrett; wounded at
Malvern HUl ; retired. F. C. Robbins ; wounded at Cold
Harbor ; wounded and captured at KnoxvUle.
Peeey and Marengo. — Richard Clarke ; tUl re-organized.
Thomas K. Coleman ; promoted. James T. Jones ; wounded
at WUderness.
Conecuh. — P. D. Bowles ; promoted. WiUiam Lee ; kUled
at Malvern HUl. J. W. Darby ; wounded at WUderness.
Madison.— G. B. Mastin ; killed at Seven Pines. W. W.
Leftwich ; killed at Gettysburg. James H. Brown ; wounded
at WUderness.
Peeey. — Porter King ; till re-organized. Wm. M. Robbins ;
promoted. H. H. Moseley; wounded aud captured at KnoxvUle.
"This officer did not receive his commission as brigadier, but in the clos
ing days of the war he was appointed to the command of five regiments,
and a full brigade staff to reported to him. Born in Edgefield district, S. C,
in 1838, Pinckney Downie Bowles was educated at the military academy in
Charleston, and the University of Virginia. He read law under Gen. Mc
Gowan at Abbeville, and located in Conecuh county, this State, to practice
in 1859. He was there engaged at the beginning of the war. His military
record is-the history of the Fourth Alabama Infantry, of which he was the
brave and faithlul commander. He is now a practitioner of law at Ever
green, Conecuh county.

596 WAR EECOBD.
Laudeedale. — Robert McFarland; tiU re-organized. H.
Armistead ; kUled at the first Cold Harbor. W. F. Karsner.
Madison. — Edward D. Tracy; transferred and promoted.
L. Houston Scruggs ; wounded at Malvern HUl, and Sharps
burg ; promoted. Walter Harris ; died in the service.
Jackson. — R. B. Linsey; killed at first Manassas. J. D. Og-
Uvie ; died in the service." James H. Young; till re-organized.
W. H. Robinson; wounded at Cold Harbor; retfred. James
Sullivan ; killed at Sharpsburg. James Keith ; kUled at Fred
ericksburg. A. Murray ; killed at Petersburg  McIver.

FIFTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The FUth Infantry was organized at Montgomery, May 5,
1861, and at once moved to Pensacola. A few days after, it
proceeded to Virginia, and took post near Manassas Junction
in the brigade of Gen. EweU. It was in the skfrmish at
Farr's X Roads, and was on the field but not engaged at the
first Manassas. It remained in the vicinity of Manassas
during the faU and winter, and Gen. Rodes became the bri
gade commander in October- — the Sixth and Twelfth Alabama,
aud Twelfth Mississippi, being the other regiments of the
brigade. Moving with the army to Yorktown in March 1862,
it there re-enhsted and re-organized. It was under fire at
Yorktown, and was on the field at WiHiamsburg. At Seven
Pines the regiment received its baptism of blood, losing 27
kiUed and 128 wounded. The regiment was hotly engaged at
Cold Harbor and Malvern HUl, losing 15 killed and 58
wounded. It was not at the second Manassas battle, but
moved into Maryland, and shared in the stubborn conflicts at
Boonsboro and Sharpsburg, losing 11 kiUed and 39 w_ounded
out of the remnant present for duty. It was in line of battle
on the crest, and saw Burnside's bloody repulse at Freder
icksburg ; and at ChancellorsvUle it was in the invincible line
under Rodes that swept everything before it ; reaping its
brightest renown, and losing heavUy. It moved into Mary
land and Pennsylvania on the Gettysburg campaign, and its
loss was very severe in that battle. Having wintered at
Orange C. H, the FUth, now reduced to a mere skeleton, par
ticipated in the battles of the WUderness and Spottsylvania,
without severe loss. It took part in the subsequent opera
tions as the lines began to be drawn around Petersburg, los
ing slightly at the second Cold Harbor. It went with Early
into the VaUey and across the Potomac, taking part in nu
merous engagements with the foe, and losing severely at Win-

WAE EEC0BD. 597
Chester. It soon after took its place in the memorable
trenches of Petersburg, and wintered there. Only 25 or 30
men were around its colors when they were surrendered at
Appomattox, under Capt. RUey. Of 1719 names on its rolls,
nearly 300 perished in loattle, 240 others died in the service,
and 507 were discharged or transferred.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Robert E. Rodes of Tuskaloosa; promoted.
AUen U. Jones of Greene ; tUl reorganized. Christopher C.
Pegues of DaUas ; kUled at first Cold Harbor. Josephus HaU
of Clarke ; wounded at Spottsylvania ; resigned. Edwin La
Fayette Hobson of Greene.
Lieutenant Colonels. — AUen C. Jones ; promoted. John
T. Morgan of DaUas; resigned. Josephus Hall; promoted.
Edwin L. Hobson ; promoted. Eugene Blackford of Barbour.
Majoes. — John T. Morgan ; promoted. H. A. Whiting of
Tuskaloosa ; transferred to Gen. Rodes' staff. E. L. Hobson ;
promoted. Eugene Blackford ; promoted.
Adjutants. — H. A. Whiting ; promoted. Robert I. Smith
of MobUe ; till re-organized. Charles J. Pegues of DaUas.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Tuskaloosa. — Wm. H. Fowler. (Company transferred to
artiUery at the close of the first year's service).
Geeene. — E. L. Hobson ; promoted. J. W. WUHams ; cap
tured at Boonsboro.
Pickens. — Syd. H. Ferguson; tUl re-organization. T. C.
Belsher; wounded.
Sumtee. — John H. Dent ; tUl re-organized. N. R. E. Fer
guson ; killed at WUderness. James H. Holmes.
Sumtee. — Rob't P. Blount ; resigned. Jas.V. Tutt ; wounded
at Seven Pines. George Reed ; kiUed near Winchester.
Dallas. — C. C. Pegues ; promoted. E. B. Moseley.
Claeke. — Josephus HaU ; promoted. S. M. Woodward.
Monroe. — GUes Goode ; died in the service. T. J. RUey.
Talladega. — Charles M. SheUey; resigned. WUHam T.
Renfro ; killed at ChanceUorsvUle. N. S. McAfee.
Baeboue. — Eugene Blackford ; promoted. L. S. Chitwood.
Lowndes (1862). — D. W. Johnson ; kUled at Cold Harbor.
Thomas S. Herbert ; resigned. John M. GUchrist ; killed at
second Cold Harbor.

SIXTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Sixth Infantry organized at Montgomery, May 6, 1861,

598 WAR EECOED.
with twelve companies, and about 1400 men. It was first or
dered to Corinth, and from there went to Virginia. Reachmg
Manassas Junction, it was brigaded under Gen. EweU. It
was on the field, but not actively engaged in the first Manas
sas, and passed the faU and winter in that vicinity. General
Rodes succeeded Ewell in command of the brigade. La the
spring it moved to Yorktown with the army, and there re-or
ganized, and re-enhsted for the war. It was on the field at
WiUiamsburg, but not under fire. At Seven Pines the regi
ment took a prominent part, suffering terribly, losing 102
kiUed, and 282 wounded out of about 650 engaged ; whUe the ¦
brigade lost 1296 out of about 2500. Its mutilated columns
again took a conspicuous part at M echanicsvUle, Cold Harbor,
and Malvern HUl, and suffered very severely. It was in the
advance iu the movement across the Potomac, and lost slight
ly at Boonsboro ; but at Sharpsburg was severely cut up, the
loss being 52 kifled and 104 wounded. The regiment was
present, but did not take part at Fredericksburg. With its
brigade-companions — the Thfrd, Fifth, Twelfth, and Twenty-
sixth — Col. O'Neal commanding them, the regiment was in
the victorious wave of battle at ChanceUorsvUle, and again
its ranks were thinned by its losses. It shared the perils of
the Pennsylvania campaign, when Gen. Battle led the brigade,
and in the fierce shock on the rocky slopes of Gettysburg it
suffered frightfully. Having wintered near Orange Court
house, the regiment was at the Wilderness, where it lost con
siderably ; and was badly mutUated at Spottsylvania. It took
part in the VaUey campaign of Gen. Early, and suffered se
verely at Winchester ; and lost a number captured at Cedar
Creek. Moving back to Petersburg, it was placed in Fort
M ahone, and was almost continuously under fire till it colors
were folded at Appomatox ; its number present being about 80
men under Lieut. Col. Culver. Of 2109 names on its rolls,
nearly 400 perished in battle, 243 died of disease in the ser
vice, and 675 were dischargee! or transferred.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — John J. Seibels of Montgomery ; tiU re-organ
ized. John B. Gordon of Jackson ; wounded at Sharpsburg ;
promoted. James N. Lightfoot of Henry ; wounded at Chan
ceUorsvUle and Spottsylvania.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Benjamin H. Baker of RusseU;
resigned. John B. Gordon ; promoted. James J. WiUing-
ham of Lowndes ; kiUed at Seven Pines. James N. Light-
foot ; wounded at Sharpsburg ; promoted. A. M. Gordon of
Jackson; lolled at ChanceUorsvUle. George W. Hooper of
Russell ; disabled by accident ; retired. Isaac F. Culver of
Henry ; wounded at Winchester.

WAE BECOED. 599
Majoes.— John B. Gordon ; promoted. S. Perry NeSmith
of Lowndes ; kUled at Seven Pines. A. M. Gordon ; promoted.
George W. Hooper; promoted. Isaac F. Culver; wounded
at Sharpsburg ; promoted.
_ Adjutants.— George Goldthwaite jr. of Montgomery ; re
signed  Pace of Georgia ; transferred. John Whit
Thomas of Henry ; kUled at Spottsylvania. Edgar Watson
of Montgomery ; JoUed at FarmvUle.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH COMPANIES CAME.
Heney. — Alexander C. Gordon ; resigned. James N. Light-
foot ; promoted. Isaac F. Culver ; wounded at Boonsboro ;
promoted. Thomas Lightfoot, killed at Winchester.
Lowndes. — James J. WUHngham; elected Heutenant col
onel. M. L. Bowie ; wounded at Sharpsburg and Spottsyl
vania ; retfred.
Montgomeey. — Gabriel DuVal ; resigned. M. L. Kirkpat-
rick ; tiU re-organized. Mathew Fox ; kUled at Seven Pines.
John W. Burton ; wounded and captured at Gettysburg.
Lieut. Wat. WaUer commanded.
Macon. — John M. Kennedy; tiU re-organization. W. D.
Rowe ; wounded at Winchester.
Russell. — James F. WaddeU ; tUl re-organization. Augus
tus S. Flournoy ; kUled at Seven Pines. R. M. Greene ;
wounded at WUderness and Winchester.
Montgomeey. — S. G. Hardaway ; tUlre-ofganization. John
B. McCarthy ; killed at Seven Pines. John Lawler ; resigned.
Wilcox.— George Lynch; till re-organization. Juhus A.
Kimbrough ; wounded at Gettysburg.
Autauga. — Thomas A. Davis ; appointed surgeon. Wm.
F. Davis ; resigned. Green H. Thompson.
Jackson. — Wm. T. Gunter ; tUl re-organized. W. C. Hunt ;
wounded at Seven Pines and Gettysburg ; killed at Cedar Creek.
Jackson. — Wm. L. Gordon; tiU re-organization. A. M.
Gordon ; wounded at Seven Pines ; promoted.
Heney. — T. T. Smith; resigned. Thomas Bell; kUled at
Seven Pines.
Russell. — Walter H. Weems; till re-organized. George
W. Hooper ; promoted. N. S. Black.

SEVENTH ALABAMA.
The Seventh organized at Pensacola, May 18, 1861, with
eight infantry and two mounted companies. It was composed
of twelve months,1 men, of companies that had rendezvoused

600 WAR EECOKD.
at that place. It remained on duty there tiU November, when
it was ordered to Chattanooga, and a month later to Bowling
Green. It was in a temporary brigade under Col. S. A. M.
Wood, and feU back with the army to Corinth. The time of
service of most of the companies expfred the first week in
April 1862, and it disbanded, though the company from
Montgomery and Autauga, and other men of the regiment,
fought at ShUoh. The mass of the men-went at once into
other organizations, and rendered efficient service therein.
FIELD OPFICEES.
Colonel. — Sterling A. M. Wood of Lauderdale ; promoted.
Lieutenant Colonel. — John G. Coltart of Madison.
Majoe. — A. A. Russell of Jackson.
Adjutant. — Simeon Dean of Chambers ; promoted. S. A.
McClung of Madison ; transferred to Gen. Wood's staff.
captains, and counties feom which the companies came.
Chambees. — James M. Jackson; resigned. Simeon Dean.
Calhoun. — Robert W. Draper.
Cheeokee. — WUHam H. Clare.
Madison. — OHver B. Gaston.
Baeboue. — P. Bludworth.
Butlee and Pike. — WUliam T. McCaU.
Jackson. — J. B. Ragsdale ; resigned. Flavius J. Graham.
Wilcox and Dallas. — Thomas G Jenkins. (Mounted.)
Montgomeey and Autauga. — Jesse J. Cox. (Mounted.)
Laudeedale. — WUHam H. Price.

EIGHTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This was the first Alabama command that enhsted "for the
war." It was organized by the appointment of its field offi
cers by the war department. The regiment lay at Yorktown,
Virginia, the first eleven months of its service, and a detach
ment of it was engaged in a skirmish near Wynn's MUl.
Placed in Gen. Pryor's brigade, the regiment feU back with
the army till the enemy overtook it at WUHamsburg. It won
its first laurels on that fiercely-contested field, losing about
100 men. At Seven Pines it was again under the most deadly
fire, and its loss was 32 kUled, 80 wounded, and 32 missing.
Now in the brigade of Gen. WUcox, — with the Ninth, Tenth,
Eleventh, and Fourteenth Alabama regiments — the Eighth
was under fire at MechanicsvUle, and took part in the des
perate assault of Longstreet's division on the enemy's posi
tion at Gaines' MUl, and emerged victoriously from the bloody

WAE EEC0BD. 601
combat with the loss of haH of the 350 men it had engaged.
Three days later, the regiment was in the Hne of assault at
Frazier's Farm, where it met Meagher's Irish brigade, and of
180 effective men, only 90 were at regimental muster the next
morning. Its ranks soon began to fiU up, and the Eighth
marched with the army towards the Potomac. At the second
battle of Manassas it was under a destructive fire, and lost
about 60 men, but was held in reserve. The regiment took
part in the capture of Harper's Ferry, then crossed the river
and fought obstinately at Sharpsburg, where it lost 67 kUled
and wounded. It wintered on the Rappahannock, and lost
slightly at Fredericksburg. At Salem Church, WUcox's brig
ade of Alabamians, of which it was part, bore the brunt of
the federal assault, and drove them back in confusion, cap
turing 1500 prisoners; the Eighth losing 58 men kUled and
wounded. It was in the exultant army that Lee led into Ma
ryland the second time, and its colors were flouted in the face
of death at Gettysburg ; where, of 420 engaged, 260 were left
on the bloody field. With the army it re-crossed the Potomac,
and wintered in the vicinity of Orange C. H. The regiment
was again hotly engaged at the Wilderness, losing hearily,
and at Spottsylvania suffered considerably. It was under fire
nearly every day as the federal army pressed up to Richmond,
and its loss was severe at the second Cold Harbor. At Peters
burg the Eighth again suffered largely. It fought the cavalry
raid on the Weldon RaUroad, and participated in the capture
of the " Crater." At Deep Bottom the regiment participated
with some loss, and lost heavUy in the attempt to dislodge the
enemy from thefr position on the Weldon RaUroad. The reg
iment assisted at the repulse of the foe on the plank road be
low Petersburg, and fought cheerfuUy on the retreat up the
James. At Appomattox the remnant indignantly denied the
first rumors of the contemplated surrender, many wept like
chUdren at the announcement, and the survivors tore thefr
battle-rent banner into shreds to retain as a memento. Of
1377 men on its roU, the Eighth had 300 killed or mortaUy
wounded, over 170 died of disease, and 236 were discharged
or transferred. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— John A. Winston of Sumter; resigned. Young
L. Royston of Perry; wounded at Frazier's Farm and Salem
Church ; retired. Hillary A. Herbert of Butler.
Lieutenant Colonels. — John W. Frazier of Tennessee;
' resigned. Thomas E. Lby of DaUas ; kUled at WUHamsburg.
Y. L. Royston; promoted. H. A. Herbert; wounded at
Sharpsburg and WUderness; promoted. John P.Emerich of
MobUe ; wounded at Petersburg.

602 WAE EECOED.
Majoes.— Thomas E. Lby; promoted. Y. L. Royston;
promoted. H. A. Herbert ; wounded and captured at Seven
Pines; promoted. John P. Emerich; wounded at Gaines'
MUl; promoted. Duke NaU of Perry; died of wounds re
ceived at WUderness.
Adjutants. — Thomas Phelan of Perry; transferred to line.
Dan Jones of Dallas; wounded at Frazier's Farm; trans
ferred and promoted. Morgan S. Cleveland of DaUas;
wounded at Petersburg.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Peeey. — -Young L. Royston; promoted. Thomas Phelan;
kUled at Gaines' MUl. Thos. Heard ; wounded at WUderness.
Dallas. — James Kent; resigned. Robert T. McCrary;
killed at Salem. W. R. Knox; wounded at Petersburg.
Peeey. — Duke NaU; wounded at Sharpsburg; promoted.
W. L. Fagan.
Butlee.— HUlary A. Herbert; promoted. Lewis A. Liv
ingston ; wounded at Gettysburg, and died in the hands of
the enemy. La W. Stott.
Mobile. — Thomas Smith; resigned. C. E. Blackwood;
wounded at Frazier's Farm ; resigned. A. H. Ravesies ;
wounded at Sharpsburg.
Mobile. — Charles Ketchum ; resigned. Leonard F. Sum
mers ; killed at Seven Pines. Benj. Briggs ; resigned. Henry
McHugh ; kUled at Petersburg Crater.
Mobile. — J. P. Emerich ; promoted. A. Kohler ; wounded
and captured at Gettysburg.
Mobile. — WUHam Cleveland ; resigned. W. W. Mordecai ;
wounded at Petersburg.
Mobile. — Patrick Loughry ; kUled at Seven Pines. C. P.
Brannegan ; kUled at Gettysburg. John McGrath ; wounded
at WUderness and Spottsylvania.
Coosa. — T. W. W. Davies; resigned. G. W. Hannon;
kUled at Gaines' MUl. M. E. Mc WUHams ; died in the ser
vice. J. T. L. Robinson; wounded at Petersburg. •

NLNTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Richmond, Virginia, the
latter part of May lv61, and moved to Winchester several
weeks later. It was there brigaded under Gen. Kirby Smith
of Florida, but faded to reach the battle-field of Manassas be
cause of a railroad accident. The regiment lay at Manassas
CentervUle till March 1862, when it marched to Yorktown.

WAE BECOED. 603
Gen. J. H. Forney of Calhoun succeeded to the command of
the brigade, and was reheved by Gen. Wilcox in January.
The regiment was under fire at Yorktown, with sHght loss.
It participated in the battle of WUUamsburg, but the loss was
not severe. At Seven Pines it was held in reserve, and did
not suffer. It was now brigaded with the Eighth, Tenth,
Eleventh, and Fourteenth Alabama regiments, still under
Gen. WUcox. At Gaines' MUl the regiment sustained severe
loss, and was rent and torn by the waU of fire at Frazier's
Farm. With the army it took up the Hne of March for Ma
ryland, and was under fire but not actively engaged at the
second Manassas. It was part of the investing force at
Harper's Ferry, and hastened from there to the field of
Sharpsburg, where it lost 8 kUled, 42 wounded, and 9 miss
ing. The Ninth wintered on the Rappahannock, and was un
der fire, with few casualties, at Fredericksburg. Its brightest
renown was won at Salem, where it bore the brunt of a suc
cessful assault, and lost very heavily. The regiment moved
into Pennsylvania, and sustained severe loss at Gettysburg,
where the brigade had 781 killed and wounded. The faU and
winter were passed in camp, near Orange C. H, and the
Ninth participated in the fierce struggles at the WUderness,
"and at Appomattox, with severe loss in each battle. Gen.
Sanders of Greene then took command of the brigade.
The fighting was almost continuous for several weeks,
culminating in the terrible repulse of the invading army
at the second battle of Cold Harbor, in which the Ninth
shared without severe loss. From June till the end — nine
weary months — the regiment was in the trenches of Pe
tersburg, or engaged in the majority of the numerous
and bloody battles that reheved the monotony of the last,
long, and desperate colhsion of the great rival armies that
had so long struggled on Virginia soU. A remnant of the
Ninth surrendered at Appomattox, the brigade having been
in command of Gen. W. H. Forney of Calhoun for some
months. Of 1138 men on its roUs, about 200 feU in battle,
over 175 died of disease, and 208 were discharged or trans
ferred. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— Cadmus M. WUcox of Tennessee; promoted.
Samuel Henry of MarshaU; resigned. Horace King of Mor
gan ; wounded at Gettysburg.
Lieutenant Colonels.— Samuel Henry; promoted. Ed
ward A. O'Neal of Lauderdale ; transferred. Gaines Smith
of Limestone.
Majoes.— E.. A. O'Neal; promoted. Jere WUHams of
Jackson ; resigned. James M. Crow of Lauderdale.

604 WAE EECOED.
Adjutants. — John BurtweU of Lauderdale; transferred.
John Featherston of Limestone ; transferred to line. James
W. WUson ; kUled at Sharpsburg. WUHam Holcombe of
Limestone ; captured at Petersburg.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Mobile. — F. H. Ripley ; resigned. W. C. Murphy ; wounded
and captured at Williamsburg ; killed at Salem. A. H. Hays.
Jackson and Marshall. — Jere WUHams ; promoted. Blake
Moore ; resigned. Elias Jacobs ; wounded at Gettysburg ;
retfred. Patrick Seward ; captured.
Limestone. — Thomas H. Hobbs; killed at Gaines' MUl.
John Featherston ; wounded at Gettysburg.
Butler.— E. Y. HUl; killed at Gaines' MUl. Thomas
MUls ; resigned. Mathew Patton.
Lauderdale. — D. W. GUlis ; killed at WUUamsburg. John
Chisholm ; captured at Gettysburg ; died at Fort Delaware.
B. F. Taylor ; wounded at Sharpsburg ; captured at Petersburg.
Laudeedale. — J. Butler Houston; resigned. WUHam C.
Reeder ; resigned. James M. Crow ; wounded at Gaines'
MUl; promoted. Wm. J. Cannon.
Maeshall. — James L. Sheffield; resigned. John Ray-
burn ; kUled at Sharpsburg. A. W. Ledbetter ; wounded at
Salem and Petersburg.
Lawbence. — James M. Warren; resigned. M. G May;
wounded at Sharpsburg.
Moegan. — Horace King ; promoted. Wm. Todd ; retired.
Limestone. — David Houston; resigned. Gaines Smith;
captured at Gettysburg ; promoted.

TENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Montgomery, June 4, 1861,
and went to Vfrginia a month later. When it arrived at Win
chester it was brigaded under Gen. E. K. Smith, with the
Ninth and Eleventh Alabama, Nineteenth Mississippi, and
Thirty-eighth Virginia. It saw no active service for several
months, and lay near Manassas and CentervUle, with Gen.
WUcox in command of the brigade. It was doing some de
tached duty when attacked at DrainsviUe, where it lost 21
kUled, and 64 wounded. The regiment marched to the penin
sula, and was sheUed at Yorktown. It fought at Williams
burg, and there lost 85 kUled and wounded. Held in reserve
at Seven Pines, it suffered lightly. The Tenth took a con
spicuous part in the battles of Gaines' MiU and Frazier's

WAB EEC0BD. 605
Farm, and emerged from these terrible conflicts with a loss
of over 200 men kUled and wounded. It was at the second
battle of Manassas and about 30 of its men feU on that san
guinary field. Under fire at Harper's Ferry, it marched rap
idly to Sharpsburg, and of the 200 men with which it entered
the battle, over half were left dead or wounded there. Dur
ing the winter of 1862-3, the Tenth was on the Rappahan
nock, and saw some active duty, suffering Hghtly at Hazel
River and Fredericksburg. It sustained the shock of Sedg
wick's corps at Salem, and of its 400 men engaged, 120 were
kiUed and wounded ; whUe the brigade lost 441 in casualties,
and that exact number of the enemy's dead were counted in
its front. In the harvest that death reaped at Gettysburg
were 175 of the men of this regiment killed or wounded, of
450 engaged. The Tenth spent the winter of 1863-4 near
Orange C. H., and was hotly engaged at the WUderness and
Spottsylvania, losing about 50 killed and wounded in the
former, and about 60 in the latter, battle. It participated at
the second conflict at Cold Harbor, where it lost about 20
killed and wounded. In the months of August and June,
1864, the Tenth took part in the fierce struggles around Pe
tersburg, suffering severely in the majority of them. At
Hatcher's Run it lost J.5 or 20 disabled, and about 30 at High
Bridge and FarmvUle, on the retreat to Appomatox. There
the regiment furled its colors forever, ten commisioned
officers and 208 men being present. Of 1429 names on
its roUs, nearly 300 fell in battle or died of wounds, about
180 died of disease, and 249 were discharged or transferred.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — John H Forney of Calhoun ; wounded at
DrainesvUle ; promoted. John J. Woodward of Talladega ;
kUled at Gaines' MUl. Wm. H. Forney of Calhoun ; wounded
at Gettysburg ; promoted. Wm. T. Smith of St. Clair.
Lieutenant Colonels. — James B. Martin of TaUadega;
kUled at DrainesvUle. John J. Woodward ; promoted. Wm.
H. Forney ; wounded and captured at WUUamsburg ; pro
moted. John H. CaldweU of St. Clair ; resigned. James E.
SheUey of TaUadega ; wounded at Spottsylvania ; kUled at
Petersburg. Wm. T. Smith of St. Clair ; promoted. Lewis
W. Johnson.
Majoes. — Taul Bradford of TaUadega ; resigned. John W.
Woodward ; promoted. Wm. H. Forney ; promoted. John
H. Caldwell ; promoted. James D. Truss of St. Clair ; pro
moted. L. W. Johnson ; promoted.
Adjutants. — James B. Martin of TaUadega ; wounded at
Frazier's Farm ; resigned. James E. SheUey ; transferred to
line. George P. Brown of TaUadega ; kUled at Petersburg.

606 WAR EECOED.
J. M. Renfro of Calhoun ; transferred to line. B. T. Sides of
TaUadega. CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
St. Claib. — John H. CaldweU ; promoted. WUson L. Brew
ster ; resigned. Samuel A. Wyatt ; resigned. Leroy F. Box.
Jefferson. — Alburto Martin ; wounded at the second Ma
nassas ; resigned. Wm. A. McMUHon ; wounded at Gettysburg;
resigned. Thomas J. Hickman ; wounded at High Bridge.
Shelby. — Rufus W. Cobb ; resigned. WiUiam Lee ; killed
at Gaines' MiU. Lieut. J. f. WUson commanded for some time.
Calhoun. — Franklin Woodruff ; resigned. Richard C. Ra-
gan ; kUled at Spottsylvania. Frank M. Allen ; resigned.
Lieut. Thomas H. Martin commanded for some time.
Talladega. — John J. Woodward ; promoted. Walter Cook ;
kiUed at Salem. James E. SheUey ; promoted. W. W. Draper.
St. Clair. — James D. Truss; promoted.. Wm. T.Smith;
wounded at Spottsylvania and Petersburg ; promoted. B. F.
Sides. Calhoun. — Wm. H. Forney ; wounded at DrainesvUle ;
promoted. George C. Whatley ; kUled at Sharpsburg. Jas.
B. Farmer; wounded at Gaines' MUl; resigned. John A,
Cobb ; wounded at Wilderness ; resigned. James M. Ren
fro ; wounded at Ream's Station. Lieut. T. J. Walker com
manded for some time.
Calhoun. — Woodford R. Hanna ; resigned. Pickens W.
Black; kUled at first Cold Harbor. A. T. Martin.
DeKalb. — Abner A. Hughes ; resigned. Robert W. Cow
an ; kUled at Games' MUl. L. E. Hamlin ; wounded at Sharps
burg ; resigned. Simeon G. Yeargin ; wounded at Gettys
burg. Lieut. Thomas Christian commanded for some time.
Talladega. — J. C. McKenzie ; wounded at Frazier's Farm ;
John Oden; wounded at Sharpsburg; resigned. Henry N.
Coleman ; killed at Petersburg. S. J. Morris.

ELEVENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Eleventh was enhsted June 17, 1861, at Lynchburg, Va.,
with 972 men, rank and file, though several of the companies
had been in camp for two or three months. Proceeding to
Virginia, it reached Winchester in July, and was brigaded
under Gen. E. K. Smith of Florida. It remained between
Alexandria and Centreville, aud near Manassas, tUl the army
moved over to Yorktown. Gen. J. H. Forney of Calhoun
had been in temporary command of the brigade, and was

WAE EECOED. 607
succeeded during the winter by Gen. Wilcox. The regiment
feUbackto Richmond, and was first under fire at Seven Pines,
where it lost 9 kUled and 49 wounded. It charged the enemy
in a strong position at Gaines' MUl, and in a few minutes lost
27 kUled and 129 wounded. But it_ was at Frazier's farm,
three days after, that the Eleventh, and other regiments of
the brigade, charged across an open field, and engaged in a
bloody struggle oyer the enemy's batteries, wherein the bayo
net was the chief weapon, and where it lost the commanding
officers of eight companies, and a total of 182 kiUed and
wounded. The regiment was under fire at the second battle
of Manassas, and lost 25 kUled and wounded. It was part of
the investing force at Harper's Ferry, and hastened to Sharps
burg, where it was engaged with a loss of thirty-five killed and
wounded. It wintered on the Rappahannock, and was ex
posed at Fredericksburg, where the casualties were 12 kUled
and wounded. As part of WUcox's brigade, it fought Sedg
wick at Salem, where it lost 117 kUled and wounded. With
the army, it moved into Pennsylvania, and was . badly cut up
at Gettysburg. The command wintered near Orange Court
house, 1863-4, and tried to gather strength for the last great
struggle. At the WUderness and Spottsylvania the regiment
was at close quarters, with the foe, and lost about 65 men.
Gen. Sanders of Greene was now in command of the brigade.
From the WUderness to Petersburg almost constant skirmish
ing occurred, and from June 22 to June 30, the loss was about
80 kUled and wounded. The Eleventh was in the column
that retook the line broken at the " Crater," losing about 40
men, and from August 16 to October 17, which includes the
effort to retake the Weldon RaUroad, the loss in kUled, wound
ed, and captured was 76. It fought at Burgess' MiU, with se
vere loss, and was sternly confronting the foe at Apponjattox
when astounded by the news of the surrender. There were
only about 125 of the regiment present there for duty, Capt.
Stewart of Pickens commanding. Of 1192 names on itsmus-
ter-roU, over 270 feU in battle, about 200 died of disease,
170 were discharged, and 80 were transferred.
FIELD and staff.
Colonels. — Sydenham Moore of Greene; mortally wounded
at Seven Pines. J. C. C. Sanders of Greene ; wounded at Get
tysburg ; promoted. George E. Tayloe of Marengo.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Stephen F. Hale of Greene ; kUled
at Gaines' MUl. George E. Tayloe ; promoted.
Majoes.— Isham W. Garrott of Perry; resigned. Archi
bald Gracie of Mobile ; resigned. George Fields of Greene ;
resigned. Richard J. Fletcher of Washington ; disabled at
Gettysburg; retfred.

608 WAE EECOED.
Adjutants — .... Holcombe of Marengo ; transferred to
Hne. Walter E. Winn of Marengo ; transferred to staff dutyj
R. Y. Ashe of Marengo; kUled near Petersburg. C. Wat
lington of Marengo.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Mabengo. — Young M. Moody of Marengo ; resigned 
Holcombe ; kUled at Fraziers's farm. John B. Rains.
Geeene. — George Fields; promoted. WiUiam Bratton;
kiUed at Frazier's Farm. George Clark.
Gbeene. — J. C. C. Sanders; wounded at Frazier's Farm.
B. T. Higginbotham ; wounded at Salem ; resigned. R. M.
Kennedy; wounded at Petersburg.
Mabengo. — George E. Tayloe ; promoted. John H. Prince.
Washington and Clarke. — R. J. Fletcher ; promoted. John
James ; kUled at second Cold Harbor.
Bibb. — James L. Davidson ; resigned  CadeU ; kUled
at Petersburg. Zachariah Abney.
Tuskaloosa. — James McMath; killed at Frazier's Farm.
John B. Hughes ; wounded.
Pickens. — Reuben Chapman ; resigned. M. L. Stewart.
Fayette. — .... Trawick ; removed. .... BeU ; killed at
Frazier's Farm  Harris ; lolled at the Crater.
Peeey. — Henry Talbird ; resigned. Mat. M. England ; died
in the service. Walter C. Y. Parker ; mortaUy wounded at
Frazier's Farm. James L. Brazelton ; killed at Petersburg.
Edward R. Lucas.

TWELFTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The TweHth Alabama was organized at Richmond in July
1861, and at once moved to the Potomac "front." It was
first brigaded under Gen. EweU of Virginia, who was soon
after succeeded by Gen._ Rodes of Tuskaloosa. The regiment
lay near Manassas during the faU and winter, and moved to
Yorktown in the spring of 1862. It was under fire there, and
suffered lightly at WUHamsburg. At Seven Pines the regi
ment was in the advance that opened the battle, and stormed
the redoubt held by Casey's division, carrying three lines of
works by successive charges, and losing 70 killed and 141
wounded — more than half it had engaged. It participated
to some extent in the other battles before Richmond, and
mustered 120 men for duty after the battle of Malvern HUl.
StUl under Rodes, and in D. H. HiU's division, and brigaded
with the Third, FUth, Sixth, and Twenty-sixth Alabama regi
ments, the TweHth was in the advance into Maryland. It
bore a conspicuous part at Boonsboro, and also at Sharps
burg, losing in these bloody conflicts 27 killed, 69 wounded,

WAE EECOED. 609
and 33 missing, out of its thinned ranks. Retiring into Vir
ginia with the army, the regiment wintered on the Rappahan
nock. It was under fire but not actively engaged at Freder
icksburg; but it was in the resistless column of Rodes at
ChanceUorsvUle, where Col. O'Neal led the brigade, and where
the TweHth charged three lines of breastworks, and was
badly mutilated. It skfrniished at Brandy Station, and again
led the way over the Potomac. At Gettysburg it was on the
extreme left, and pressed the enemy in confusion through
the town, then supported the grand assault, and afterwards
covered the rear. After the army retfred into Virginia, the
TweHth was engaged in several skirmishes — at Warrenton
Springs, Turkey Run, &c. The winter was passed near
Orange C. H., and the regiment — Gen. Battle now command
ing the brigade — was hotly engaged at the WUderness and
Spottsylvania, and in the continuous skirmishing 6f Grant's
advance movement to Cold Harbor. The TweHth then again
marched into Maryland when Early threatened Washington.
It participated at Winchester with very severe loss, and in
the further operations of the corps in the Valley. On its re
turn to Petersburg it took part— now in Gordon's corps — in
the fierce struggles around that historic city, and laid down
its arms at Appomattox. Of the original number of 1196,
about ,50 were at Appomattox ; and of the 321 recruits re
ceived, about 70 were there. Nearly 250 died of wounds re
ceived in battle, about 200 died of disease, and 202 were dis
charged. The battle-flag of the regiment is now in MobUe.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Robert T. Jones of Perry ; kUled at Seven
Pines, B. B. Gayle of Morgan ; kUled at Boonsboro. Sam
uel B. Pickens of South Carolina ; wounded at Spottsylvania
and Winchester.
Lieutenant Colonels — Theodore O'Hara of Kentucky;
transferred. B. B. Gayle ; promoted. Samuel B. Pickens ;
wounded at Boonsboro ; promoted. J. C. Goodgame of Coosa.
Majobs — E. D. Tracy of Madison ; transferred. John C.
Brown of Coffee ; resigned. B. B. Gayle ; promoted. Sam
uel B. Pickens ; promoted. John C. Goodgame ; promoted.
Adolph Proskauer of Mobile; wounded at ChanceUorsvUle
and Spottsylvania.
Adjutants — Samuel B. Pickens; promoted. Junius L. Wal
thaU of MobUe ; transferred. L. Gayle of Vfrginia.
captains, and counties feom which the companies came.
Mobile — George HeuiUy ; till re-organized. Jule L'Eton-
dal ; died in the service. T. H. Rogers ; wounded at Win
chester. 39

610 war becobd.
Coosa — Joseph H. Bradford ; till re-organized, John C.
Goodgame; promoted. Henry W, Cox; killed at Chancel-
lorsville. Patrick Thomas ; kUled at Appomattox.
Mobile — -Augustus Stykes ; resigned. A, Proskauer; pro
moted. F. C. Fischer, E. Karcber.
Coffee — John C. Brown ; promoted. T, C. Horn ; resigned,
E. Tucker ; kiUed at Sharpsburg, . v . Davis; killed at Get
tysburg. J. McCasseUs ; kUled at the Wilderness.
DeKalb — W. Higgins; resigned, R. F. Patterson; re
signed., W. L. Maroney; resigned. John Rogers; killed at
Spottsylvania. A. Majors ; kUled at Snicker's Gap.
Macon — R. F. Ligon ; till re-organized. Robert H. Keel
ing; lulled at Seyen Pines. J. W. JVJcNeeley; wounded at
ChanceUorsvUle ; transferred. Robert E. Park ; wounded at
Gettysburg ; wounded and captured at Winchester.
Jackson— A. S. Bibb; till re-organized, P. D.Ross wound
ed at Gettysburg,
Moegan — B. B. Gayle ; promoted, C. A- Darwin ; killed at
Seven Pines, A. E. Hewlett ; wounded and captured at Win
chester. Mobile — W. T. WalthaU ; transferred, John J. Nicholson ;
wounded at Seven Pines and the Wilderness.
Macon — W. H. C. Price ; tiU re-organized, D, H. Garri
son; kiUed at Sharpsburg. '1 nomas Fitzgerald; killed at
ChanceUorsvUle, E. H, RoweU.

THIRTEENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Thirteenth was organized at Montgomery, July 19,
1861, and at once proceeded to Virginia. Ordered to York-
town, it was ihere brigaded under Gen. Rains. It lay at that
place tUl the army feU back on Richmond the foUowing spring.
At Seven Pines the regiment was engaged warmly, and the
casualties were 7 killed and 45 wounded. Held in reserve
during the battles in front of Richmond, it was nevertheless
subjected there to a destructive fire, from which it suffered se
verely. As part of Areher's brigade, under Colquitt of Geor
gia, the regiment took part in the first Maryland campaign,
losing lightly at Boonsboro, but heavUy at Sharpsburg. The
winter was passed on the Rappahannock, and its monotony was
relieved by the frightful repxilse of Burnside at Fredericks
burg, of which the Thirteenth was a witness; and where it
suffered Hghtly, Col. Fry led the brigade in the assault on
Hooker at ChanceUorsvUle, and there the Thirteenth lost HaU
of the 460 men with which it went into the battle. It was hi
the Pennsylvania campaign, and at Gettysburg its. colors were

WAE EECOED. 611
planted on the crest of the ridge, where they were torn to
shreds, and the regiment was again terribly mutUated. Re
tiring to Vfrginia, the Thirteenth passed the whiter of 1863-4
mostly in camp. At the Wilderness the regiment actively
participated, and the loss was comparatively heavy. It took
part in the subsequent operations around Petersburg, being
now in the brigade of Gen. Sanders of Greene — the Eighth,
Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth Alabama regiments
— subsequently commanded by Gen. W. H. Forney of Cal
houn. Under Col. Aiken the remnant of about 100 men sur
rendered at Appomattox. Of the 1245 men on its rolls, about
150 were killed in battle, or died of wounds, 275 died of dis
ease, 64 were transferred, and 202 were discharged.
field and staff.
Colonels — B. D. Fry of TaUapoosa ; wounded at Seven
Pines and Sharpsburg, and wounded and captured at Gettys
burg ; promoted. James Aiken of Randolph.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Juhus C. B. Mitchell of Mont
gomery ; resigned. Reginald H. Dawson of Wilcox ; re
signed. Wm. H. Betts of Macon ; resigned. James Aiken ;
wounded at ChanceUorsvUle and Bristow Station ; promoted.
Majoes. — Samuel B. JVI arks of Montgomery ; resigned.
Wm. H. Betts ; promoted. James Aiken ; promoted. John
T. Smith of Randolph ; kUled at ChanceUorsvUle.
Adjutants. — James D. Clark of WUcox; transferred to
line. John Rentz of WUcox ; kUled at Sharpsburg. T. W.
S. Hendon of Randolph ; wounded at ChanceUorsvUle ; re
tired. L. P. Broughton of Butler ; kUled at the Wilderness.
captains, and counties feom which companies came.
Wilcox. — R. H. Dawson ; elected lieutenant colonel. Jas.
D. Clark ; killed at MechanicsvUle. Samuel SeUers.
Macon. — Wm. H. Betts ; promoted. E. "C. Chambers ;
wounded and captured at Gettysburg.
Coosa. — Osceola Kyle ; resigned. N. J. Taylor ; died in
the service. B. A. Bowen.
Randolph. — James Aiken ; promoted. A. S. Reeves ;
wounded at Sharpsburg. .
Randolph. — M. D. Robinson; wounded; retired. John D.
H. Robinson ; wounded and captured at Gettysburg.
Tallapoosa. — S. T. Strickland ; resigned. J. V. Ashurst ;
wounded at ChanceUorsvUle ; retired. James M. Simpson ;
wounded at Gettysburg.
Butleb. — John Glasgow; resigned. R. N. Cook; killed
at second Cold Harbor.
Coosa. — Ellis Logan ; resigned. J. A. Allison.
Randolph.— John T. Smith; promoted. L. D. Ford.

612 • WAE EEC0ED.
Randolph. — E. B. Smith ; resigned. James M. K. Gwin ;
wounded before Richmond ; retired. W. H. Burton ; resigned.

FOURTEENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey),
This regiment was organized at Auburn, August 1, 1861-
It went first to HuntsvUle, thence to Vfrginia, where it ar
rived in November. Proceeding to Yorktown, it was brigaded
under Gen. Pryor of Vfrginia, Longstreet's division, 'i he
command feU back with the army, and fought at WUliams-
burg with heavy loss to four of the companies. At Seven
Pines it was again in action, with but few casualties. It par
ticipated at Mechanicsville, and was almost annihUated at
Frazier's Farm and Malvern HUl, losing nearly all the offi
cers, after charging the enemy's almost impregnable positions
repeatedly. It moved towards the Potomac with the army,
and was engaged with shght loss at the second battle of Ma
nassas. Greatly reduced in strength, the Fourteenth fought
at Sharpsburg, suffering severely in casualties. Placed in
Wilcox's brigade, Anderson's division — with the Eighth,
Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Alabama regiments — it was ou
the line of the Rappahannock during the winter of 1862-3,
and was in line of battle on the highths when Burnside was
repulsed at Fredericksburg. The regiment was hotly en
gaged, and with heavy loss, at Salem. It went on the Penn
sylvania campaign, aud the blood of" its veterans was poured
out freely at Gettysburg. The winter of 1863-'4 was passed
in camp near Orange C. H, and the Fourteenth was engaged
with shocking results at both the WUderness and Spottsylva
nia, emerging from those battles with much depleted ranks.
Now in Sanders' brigade, Mahone' s division, the Fourteenth
participated in the numerous and bloody struggles around
Petersburg, during the last ten months of the war. Its col
ors were furled forever at Appomattox, where only 70 or 80,
under Capt. Perry of Lowndes, were present, Tlie names of
1317 men were on its roUs, over 250 of whom perished in
battle, 350 died in the service, and 159 were discharged or
transferred. FIELD and staff.
Colonels. — Thomas J. Judge of Montgomery ; resigned,
A. C. Wood of Randolph ; wounded twice ; resigned. Lucius
Pinkard of Macon ; wounded at Gettysburg ; retired.
Lieutenant Colonels. — David W. Baine of Lowndes' ;
kiUed at Frazier| s Farm. Lucius Pinkard ; promoted. James
A. Broome of Chambers ; wounded at the Wilderness ; retired.
Majob&. — Owen K. McLemore of Chambers ; resigned. A.

WAE BEC0ED. 613
C. Wood ; promoted. James A. Broome ; promoted. R. A.
McCord of TaUapoosa; kiUed at ChanceUorsvUle. George
W. Taylor of Randolph ; wounded at Spottsylvania.
Adjutants. — Lucius Pinkard of Macon ; promoted. James
S. Williamson jr. of Lowndes ; wounded at Gettysburg.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH COMPANIES CAME.
Chambees — W. D. Harrington ; resigned. J. F. Wallace ;
kUled ou pieket on the Mata-pony. S. Hodge.
Lowndes — James S. Williamson ; kUled at Frazier's Farm.
Simeon G. Perry.
Chambees — D. H. McCoy ; resigned. M. L. Barber ; wound
ed at Frazier's Farm ; transferred to department duty. G. J.
Bankston ; wounded several times.
Chambees — James A. Broome ; promoted. B. H. Pearson ;
captured on picket. Lieut. H. W. Burns commanded.
Chambers — W. C. Uen; died in the service. J. S. E. Da
vis; wounded several times.
Chambees — M. P. Ferrell ; resigned. J. S. McLean ; wound
ed several times.
Tallapoosa — W. H. Brooks'; resigned. J. L. Craig ; died
in the service. R. A. McCord ; promoted. J. A. TerreU ; pro
moted. Lieut. H. C. Veasy commanded for some time.
Tallapoosa — W. W. Selmau; resigned. W. B. O'Brien;
wounded twice ; retired. C. H. Lambeth ; killed at the Wil
derness. J. B. Winslett.
Talladega — J. T. BeU ; kUled at Mechanicsville. ' E. Folk ;
kUled at Petersburg.
Randolph — A. C. Wood; promoted. George W. Taylor;
promoted. G. F. Weaver; wounded; retired. B. I. Pate;
wounded; resigned.

FIFTEENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment organized at Fort MitcheU in the summer of
1861, and moved at once into Vfrginia. Joining the main
army near Manassas, it was brigaded with the '21st Georgia,
21st N. Carolina, and 16th Mississippi, under Gen. G. B. Crit
tenden of Kentucky ; Gen. I. R. Trimble succeeding Critten
den in December. When the army moved over to Yorktown,
the FHteenth remained on the Shenandoah, in Gen. T. J. Jack
son's division. It was engaged with slight loss at Front Royal
and Winchester, but lost 9 kUled and 33 wounded, out of 425,
at Cross Keys. Moving over to Richmond, in Jackson's flank
movement on McClellan, it entered the first battle of Cold
Harbor with 412 men, and lost 34 kUled and 110 wounded.
Five days after, it suffered Hghtly at Malvern Hill, On the

614 WAE EEC0BD.
march into Maryland, it was engaged at Hazel River and Ma
nassas Junction with a loss of 6 kiUed and 22 wounded. A
day or two later the Fifteenth participated in the second aiid
greater battle of Manassas, losing 21 killed and 91 wounded
out of 440 men engaged. At ChantUly the regiment lost 4
killed and 14 wounded, and took part in the iuvestment of
Harper's Ferry, with trivial loss. At Sharpsburg, of 300 en
gaged, 9 were lulled and 75 wounded. Under fire at Freder
icksburg, the casualties were one kUled and 34 wounded. The
Fifteenth was then placed in a brigade under Gen. Law (with
the Fourth, Forty-fourth, Forty-seventh, and Forty-eighth
Alabama regiments), Longstreet's corps. At Suffolk it lost 4
kiUed and 18 wounded. It took part in the grand assaiUt of
Hood's division on Gettysburg, and within a few minutes, lost
72 killed, 190 wounded, and 81 missing, out of 644 men en
gaged. Tlie FHteenth suffered lightly at Battle Mountain,
and, transferred to the West, bore its colors proudly at Chic
amauga, where it lost 19 kUled and 123 wounded, out of 425
engaged. In the fierce fights at Brown's Ferry and Lookout
Valley, the regiment lost 15 kiUed and 40 wounded. Six kUled
and 21 wounded at KnoxvUle, and light loss at Bean's Station,
closed the operations of the regiment in Tennessee. It took
450 men in at the WUderness and Spottsylvania, and lost 18
kUled and 48 wounded. At Hanover Junction and the second
Cold Harbor tlie loss was 6 killed and 16 wounded, and then
the regiment took its plaee in the "last ditch" at Petersburg.
At Deep Bottom a third of its 275 men present were kUled
or wounded, and at FusseU's MUl the loss was 13 kUled and
90 wounded. The Fifteenth took part in the subsequent se
vere fighting, and surrendered at Appomattox 170 strong. Of
1633 on the rolls, over 260 feU in battle, 440 died in the ser
vice, and 231 were transferred or discharged.
FIELD AND STAFE.
Colonels. — James Cantey of RusseU ; promoted. John F.
Treutlen of Barbour; resigned. WilHam C. Oates of Henry;
wounded- at Brown's Ferry. A. A Lowther of Russell;
wounded at FusseU's Mill.
Lieutenant Colonels. — J. F. Treutlen ; promoted, Isaac
B. Feagan of Barbour ; wounded at Gettysburg ; retired.
Majoes. — J. W. L. Daniel of Barbour; resigned. A. A.
Lowther ; wounded at WUderness ; promoted.
Adjutants. — Locke Weems of RusseU ; transferred to Hne.
DeB. Waddell ; transferred to line.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Russell. — A. A. Lowther; promoted. Locke Weems;
mortally wounded at Gaines' Mill. F. K. Shaaf.

war record. 615
Barbour. — Isaac B. Feagan; promoted. R. A. Wright;
wounded at second Manassas ; retired. Noah B. Feagan.
Macon.— Peter V. Guerry ; killed at first Cold Harbor. J.
H. EUison ; killed at Gettysburg  Guerry.
Barbour. — .... Worthington ; died in the service. B. A.
HUl; killed at FusseU's MUl.
Dale. — E. Brooks ; resigned. W. A. Edwards ; resigned.
G. A. C. Mathews ; wounded near Richmond ; retired 
Glover ; killed at Petersburg.
Pike. — B. F. Lewis; resigned. Geo. Y. Malone; wounded
at first Cold Harbor ; retfred. DeKalb WUHams.
Henry. — W. C. Oates; promoted. Henry C. Brainard;
kiUed at Gettysburg. John A. Oates; died of wounds re
ceived at Gettysburg. DeB. WaddeU.
Baeboue and Dale. — W. N. Riehardson ; captured in east
Tennessee. Benjamin Gardner ; resigned.
Pike.— Frank Park; kUled at KnoxviUe. W. H. Strick
land ; wounded at FusseU's MUl.
Barbour. — Henry C. Hart; trasferred to department duty.
W. J. Bethune ; wounded at Gettysburg.
Pike (March 1862).— .... HiU ; killed at Cross Keys. Lee
Bryan ; wounded at first Cold Harbor ; retfred. Jas. Hatcher.

SIXTEENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Sixteenth was organized at Courtland, August 6, 1861.
Ordered to KnoxvUle, it was there placed in Gen. Zollikoffer's
brigade. Under that commander it fought at Fishing Creek,
and lost 64 men there. Transferred to another field of opera
tions, and placed in the brigade of Geu. Wood of Lauder
dale — with the 33d Alabama, 44th Tennessee, and 32d and
33d Mississippi — it was very warmly engaged at ShUoh, where
it lost 162 men. As part of Buckner's division, it moved into
Kentucky, and was held in the reserve at PerryvUle, ahd not
actively engaged. The Sixteenth participated in the affair at
Triune with slight loss ; and was in the thickest of the battle
at Murfreesboro, where its loss was 168 kiUed and wounded.
The regiment remained in the vicinity of TuUahoma till the
Army of Tennessee fell back to Chattanooga. At Chica
mauga it was in Cleburne's division, and its colors floated " in
the van of chivafric men" in that fierce grapple with a cour
ageous foe, and its loss was 244 killed and wounded. From
the disaster at Mission Ridge the Sixteenth retired with
trivial loss, and wintered at Dalton. Gen. Mark Lowery of
Mississippi was now in command of the brigade, to which the
Forty-fifth Alabama and Gibson's Battahon were soon added.

616 WAR EECOED.
From Dalton to Atlanta the Sixteeuth bore an honorable
share in the wonderful retrograde movement of the Western
Army, fighting by day and entrencliing by night, and its casu
alties were 200 in number. On that field of blood, Jones
boro, the Sixteenth left about 150 of its men, and was an
actor in the other scenes of the fearful drama around Atlanta.
It moved with Hood into Tennessee, and in the fruitless and
sanguinary struggles at Franklin and NashvUle lost half its
remaining force, and every commissioned officer. A remnant
foUowed the march of the army into the CaroHnas, and sur
rendered at Goldsboro, about 50 men being present. It had
been consohdated with the 1st and 45th Alabama regiments.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— Wm. B. Wood of Lauderdale;, transferred.
A H. Helvenston of Marion ; resigned. Frederick A Ash
ford of Lawrence ; kiUed at Nashville.
Lieutenant Colonels. — John W. Harris of Franklin ; re
signed. A. H. Helvenston ; wounded at Murfreesboro ; pro
moted. Jas. McGaughey of FrankHn ; kUled at Chicamauga.
Majors. — A H. Helvenston; wounded at Shhoh; pro
moted. James McGaughey ; wounded at Murfreesboro ;
promoted. F. A Ashford; promoted.
Adjutant. — Brice Wilson of FrankHn ; killed at Franklin.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Lauderdale. — Alexander D. Coffee ; resigned. OHver S.
Kennedy ; resigned. Calvin Carson.
Feanklin. — Jas. M'Gaughey ; wounded at ShUoh; promoted.
Barton Dickson ; wounded at Chicamauga and at New Hope.
Franklin. — James W. C. Smith ; resigned. John Beene ;
wounded and captured at FrankHn.
Franklin. — W. W. Weatherford ; resigned. John Beene ;
wounded and captured at FrankHn.
Lawrence. — Frederick A. Ashford; promoted. Frederick
Sherrod ; wounded at Murfreesboro.
Lawrence. — WilHam Hodges ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Marion. — JohnB. Powers ; resigned. JohnH. Bankhead ;
wounded. Lawrence. — WUHam S. Bankhead ; resigned. Lafayette
Swope ; resigned. Robert McGregor ; lolled at Nashville.
Marion. — George W. Archer; wounded at Atlanta.
Conecuh. — J. J. May.

SEVENTEENTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at Montgomery in August
1861. In November it moved to Pensacola, and was present

WAR RECORD. 617
at the bombardment in that month, and in January after.
In March 1862 [the regiment was sent to west Tennessee.
Brigaded under J. K. Jackson of Georgia — with the Eight
eenth, Twenty-first, and Twenty-fourth Alabama regiments —
the regiment fought at Shiloh, and lost 125 killed and wound
ed. A month after, it was in the fight at Farmington with
few casualties. In the autumn, when Gen. Bragg moved into
Kentucky, the Seventeenth, much depleted by sickness, was
left at MobUe. It was there driUed as heavy artUlery, and
had charge of eight batteries on the shore of the bay. It
remained at that post tUl March 1864, when it was ordered
to Rome, Ga. The brigade consisted of the Seventeenth and
Twenty-ninth Alabama, and the First and Twenty-sixth Ala
bama, and Thirty-seventh Mississippi, were soon after added,
the command devolving at different times on Gen. Cantey of
RusseU, Col. Murphey of Montgomery, Col. O'Neal of Lau
derdale, and Gen. SheUey of TaUadega. It was engaged at
the Oostenaula bridge, and in the three days' battle of Re-
saca, with severe loss. The Seventeenth had its full share of
the trials and hardships of the campaign from Dalton to
Jonesboro, fighting almost daUy, especiaUy at CassvUle, New
Hope, Kennesa, Lost Mountain, and Atlanta. In the battle of
Peach-tree Creek it lost 130 killed and wounded, and on the
28th of July 180 kUled and wounded. The entire loss from
Resaca to Lovejoy's Station was 586, but few of whom were
captured. The regiment moved into Tennessee with Gen.
Hood, and lost at least two-thirds of its force engaged at
Franklin ; and a number of the remainder were captured at
NashvUle. A remnant moved into North Carohna, and a
part fought at BentonviUe. It was then consolidated with
the Twenty-ninth and Thirty-third Alabama regiments, with
E. P. Holcombe of Lowndes as colonel, J. F. Tate of RusseU
heutenant colonel, and Willis J. Milner of Butler major. The
regiment surrendered at Greensboro, N. C, April 1865.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Thomas H. Watts of Montgomery ; resigned.
R. C. Faiiss of Montgomery ; resigned. Virgil S. Murphey
of Montgomery ; captured at Franklin.
Lieutenant Colonels. — R. C. Faiiss; promoted. VirgUS.
Murphey; promoted. Edward P. Holcombe of Lowndes;
wounded at Resaca.
Majors. — Vfrgil S. Murphey ; promoted. Thomas J. Bur
nett of Butler ; wounded at Atlanta.
Adjutants. — W. M. Moon of Lowndes; resigned. S. J.
Cumming of Monroe.

618 WAR RECORD.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Lowndes. — E. P. Holcombe ; promoted. C. E. Saddler ;
wounded at ShUoh.
Butler. — J. Dean; resigned. James S. Moreland; cap
tured at Resaca.
Butler. — W. D. Perryman ; resigned. John Boiling ;
captured at Nashville.
Coosa. — Thomas C. Bragg; resigned. John A. Hester;
captured near Atlanta.
Randolph. — Wiley E. White ; captured at HuntsvUle.
Montgomery. — Andrew L. O'Brien ; wounded at Atlanta.
Russell. — Thos. Ragland ; killed at Atlanta. John F. Tate.
Monroe. — WW. McMillan ; wounded and taken at FrankHn.
Pike. — A. M. CoUins ; resigned. J. L. Bones ; wounded
at Atlanta.
Butler. — T. J. Burnett ; promoted. T. A. McCane.

EIGHTEEN 1 H ALABAMA— (Infantry) .
This regiment was organized at Auburn, Sept. 4, 1861, and
the field officers were appointed by President Davis. A few
weeks later, it went to MobUe, by way of HuntsvUle, and was
there brigaded under Gen. Gladden of Louisiana, with the
Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-second, and Twenty-fifth Ala
bama regiments, Withers' division. Ordered to Corinth in
March 1862, the regiment was there brigaded under Gen. J.
K. Jackson of Georgia, with the Seventeenth and Nineteenth
Alabama regiments. The Eighteenth fought the first day at
ShUoh, and lost 125 kiUed and wounded out of 420 men
engaged. It was detaUed to escort the brigade of Gen. Pren
tiss, which it had largely aided to capture, to the rear, and did
not take part the second day. After the battle, the regiment
being without field officers, was for a short time under officers
detailed for the purpose. It was under fire at Blackland, and
soon after was sent to Mobile. There the Eighteenth re
mained till April 1863, when it rejoined the army of Tennes
see, in a brigade with the Thfrty -sixth and 'i hirty-eighth
Alabama regiments, and the Ninth Alabama battalion (the
latter being soon after raised to the Fifty-eighth regiment, and
consolidated subsequently with the Thirty-second Alabama),
commanded successively by Generals Cummings of Georgia,
Clayton of Barbour, Holtzclaw of Montgomery, and Colonel
Bush Jones of Perry. At Chicamauga the Eighteenth was
terribly mutilated, losing 22 out of 36 officers, and 300 out of
500 men, kiUed and wounded. At Mission Ridge the Eight
eenth was engaged, and lost about 90 men, principaUy cap-

WAR RECORD. 619
tured. Having wintered at Dalton, it began the Dalton-At-
lanta campaign with 500 effective men, and fought aU the way
down to J onesboro, losing constantly in killed and wounded,
but with no severe loss at any one place. It lost very nearly
haH its number during the campaign, and rendered effective
service. The regiment went with Gen. Hood into 1 ennessee,
and lost about 100 at Franklin, principaUy captured. When
the army moved to the Carohnas in February 1865, the regi
ment was ordered to Mobile, and placed in the field works at
Spanish Fort. It participated prominently in the siege of
that place several weeks later, with some loss, and escaped
when the defences were evacuated. It surrendered at Me
ridian, Miss., May 4, 1865, with the military department.
field and staff.
Colonels.— Edward C. Bullock of Barbour; died in ser
vice. Eli S. Shorter of Barbour ; resigned. James T. Holtz
claw of Montgomery ; wounded at Chicamauga ; promoted.
Peter F. Hunley of Shelby.
Lieutenant Colonels. — EH S. Shorter ; promoted. J. T.
Holtzclaw ; wounded at ShUoh ; promoted. Richard F. Inge
of Greene ; kUled at Chicamauga. Peter F. Hunley ; pro
moted. Shep. Ruffin of Pike ; promoted.
Adjutants. — B. W. Starke of PUte ; wounded at ShUoh ,
resigned. John P. C. Whitehead of Georgia ; transferred. R.
P. Baker of MobUe.
CAPfAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Coffee. — WUHam M. Moxley ; resigned. B. W. Starke ;
wounded at ShUoh ; resigned. Joseph Justice ; kUled at
Chicamauga. Noah Hutchinson.
Covington. — James Brady ; resigned. O. A Stringer ;
killed at Chicamauga. Thomas Hardwjpk.
Jefferson.— James OHver ; resigned. James McLaughlin.
Coosa. — Guy Smith ; resigned. Charles M. Cox ; resigned.
W. H. Hammond ; kUled at Chicamauga. George M. WU
Hams ; wounded at Chicamauga ; captured at Franklin.
Tuskaloosa.— Richard F. Inge ; promoted. S. K. Wilker-
son ; captured at Mission Ridge.
Butler. — H. Clay Armstrong ; resigned. Aug. C. Greene ;
wounded at Jonesboro.
Jefferson —James Haughey ; resigned; H. P. Walker.
Pike.— Shep. Ruffin; promoted. S. K. Fielder; kUled at
Chicamauga. J. B. Darby; wounded at New Hope.
Shelby.— Peter F. Hunley; wounded at ShUoh; promoted.
J. M. Mickle ; kiUed at Chicamauga.  Martin,
Talladega.— John Calhoun ; resigned. H. Clay Stone ;
wounded at Chicamauga ; detached. Thomas M. Riser.

620 WAE BECOKD.
NINETEENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Nineteenth was organized at HuntsviUe, August 14,
1861, and at once ordered to Mobile. It remained there
about three mouths, then was at Pensacola a fortnight. Or
dered to Corinth, the regiment was brigaded under General
Gladden of Louisiana, with the Twenty-second, Twenty-fifth,
and Twenty-sixth Alabama regiments, to which the Thirty-
ninth was added after the battle of ShUoh. In that battle the
Nineteenth received its appaUing baptism of blood, losing 110
kiUed and 240 wounded of the 650 that foUowed its colors
into the action. Gen. Frank Gardner soon after succeeded
to the command of the brigade, and led it into Kentucky,
where it did not come in coUision with the foe. It retired
with the army, and fought at Murfreesboro, with a loss of
about one hundred kiUed and wounded, about one-fourth of
its strength. Gen. Deas of MobUe succeeded to the com
mand of the brigade, and led it at Chicamauga, where it
again lost very heavily. The casualties were few at Mission
Ridge, and the Nineteenth wintered at Dalton. In the al
most cessant battle from that place to Atlanta, the regiment
lost largely in casualties, particularly at New Hope and near
Marietta. The brigade being under Gen. Johnston of Perry,
the Nineteenth was badly cut up in the battles of July 22 and
28 at Atlanta. It suffered Hghtly at Jonesboro, but, having
followed Gen. Hood into Tennessee, the Nineteenth lost se
verely in prisoners at FrankHn, with few casualties. It went
to North Carolina, and was engaged at Kinston and Ben-
tonviUe, losing largely in the latter battle. Consohclatedwith
'the Fortieth and the Forty-sixth Alabama regiments at Salis
bury (with M. L. Woods of Montgomery as colonel, and
Ezekiel Gully of Sumter as Heutenant colonel), the Nine
teenth surrendered at that place, 76 strong.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Joseph Wheeler of Georgia ; promoted. Sam
uel K. McSpadden of Cherokee ; captured at Resaca.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Edw. D. Tracy of Madison ; pro
moted to brigadier general. Geo. R. Kimbrough of Pickens.
Majoes. — Samuel K. McSpadden ; promoted. George R.
Kimbrough ; promoted. Solomon Palmer of Blount.
Ad jut ants.— Clifton Walker of Madison ; wounded at Shi-
loh ; transferred to Gen. Tracy's staff. C. G Hale ; wounded
at Murfreesboro.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Pickens.— George R. Kimbrough ; promoted. R. J. Healy ;
kUled at Murfreesboro. Dyer C. Hodo ; wounded at Atlanta.

WAE EECOED. 621
Blount.— Wm. D. McKenzie; killed at Corinth. H. L.
Houston ; killed at Atlanta.
Jeffeeson.— Wrm. F. Hamby ; wounded at ShUoh. Lieut.
Rouse commanded.
Cherokee.— W. P. Hollingsworth ; transferred to General
Tracy s staff. Ed: Thornton ; killed at Jonesboro.
Cherokee.— Rufus B. Rhea ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Cherokee.— Wm. E. Kirkpatrick ; resigned. Marvel Israel ;
wounded at Chicamauga ; retired. Thomas B. WiUiamson ;
wounded at Atlanta.
Cherokee.— Jackson MUlsap ; resigned. John N. Barry;
retired. James H. Leath ; wounded at Atlanta.
Cherokee-. — J. L. Cunningham ; transferred to Gen. Tracy's
staff. Samuel B. Echols.
Cherokee. — James H. Savage.
Blount. — J. H. Skinner ; resigned. Solomon Palmer ; pro
moted. Nathan J. Venable ; kUled at Marietta. Jas. K. Duffie.

TWENTIETH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at Montgomery, Serit. 16,
1861, and proceeded to Mobile in November. In February
1862 it went to KnoxvUle, and was placed under Gen. Lead-
better of MobUe. Transferred to Barton's brigade, the Twen
tieth operated for some time in east Tennessee, and advanced
into Kentucky with Gen. Kirby Smith, being in Reynolds'
brigade, Heth's division. It was in the pursuit of Gen. Sill
on Salt river, and joined Gen. Bragg just after the battle of .
PerryvUle. The regiment was in Col. T. H. Taylor's brigade
for a short time, but shortly after the return to Tennessee a
brigade of Alabamians was organized — the Twentieth, Twenty-
third, Thirtieth, Thirty-first, and Forty-sixth regiments — and
placed under Gen. Tracy of Madison, and in Stevenson's di
vision. A few days prior to the battle of Murfreesboro, the
division was sent to Vicksburg, and the regiment fought at
Port Gibson the foUowing spring, losing heavily in casualties.
At Baker's Creek it agam suffered severely, and was then
pent up in Vicksburg. During that dreary siege the ranks of
the Twentieth were greatly thinned, and it surrendered with
the fortress. After the faU of Gen. Tracy at Port Gibson,
Gen. S. D. Lee of South Carolina commanded the brigade,
tiU Gen. Pettus of DaUas was placed over it in the parol
camp at DemopoHs. Ordered to join Gen. Bragg, the Twen
tieth participated in the battle of Mission Ridge without loss.
The winter was passed at Dalton, and the regiment was en
gaged in the constant fighting from Dalton to Atlanta, being

622 WAR RECORD.
conspicuous at Rocky-face, and losing heavUy at Kennesa.
Its colors were borne through the fron hail at Jonesboro, and
the remnant suffered severely. It moved into Tennessee with
Gen. Hood, and lost largely at NashvUle. From that disas
trous field the Twentieth passed into North Carohna, and
fought at Kinston and Bentonville. It was surrendered at
Salisbury — about 165 rank and file. Of the original 1100 men
with which the Twentieth took the field, only 63 were present
at Salisbury. field and staff.
Colonels. — Robert T. Jones of Perry ; transferred. Isham
W. Garrott of Perry ; promoted, but killed at Vicksburg in
command of the regiment. Edmund W. Pettus of DaUas ; pro
moted. Jas. M. Dedman of Dallas ; wounded near Franklin.
Lieutenant Colonels. — I. W. Garrott of Perry; promoted.
E. W. Pettus ; captured at Port Gibson, but escaped ; pro
moted. James M. Dedman of Dallas; promoted. MitcheU
T. Porter of Jefferson ; resigned. John VV. Davis of Shelby;
wounded at Rocky-face, and Marietta.
Majors. — E. W. Pettus; promoted. A. S. Pickering of
Perry; killed at Port Gibson. James M. Dedman ; promoted.
M. T. Porter; promoted. John W. Davis; wounded at Ma
rietta; promoted. John G. Harris of Greene.
Adjutants. — John L. Smith of DaUas ; promoted to the
adjutancy of the brigade. Francis M. Vance of DaUas.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH COMPANIES C4ME.
Perry — A. S. Pickering ; promoted. Leroy E. Davis.
Dallas and Bibb — James M. Dedman ; wounded at Vicks
burg ; promoted. Thomas K. Fergusson.
Jefferson — Mitchell T. Porter; promoted. Jack Ayres;-
kUled at Jonesboro. Andrew J. Tarrant.
• Bibb — R. Hobson Pratt ;* captured at Port Gibson. Lieut.
Wm. Lowery commanded.
Greene — .... Watkins ; resigned. John McKee Gould ;
detailed on Gen. Pettus' staff. Lieut. J. S. Smith commanded.
Perry and Bibb. — Lucius J. Lockett; resigned. W. H.
Sheppard ; resigned. Isaac W. Parrish. ,
Shelby, Bibb, and Jefferson. — John W. Davis ; promoted.
R. M. Deshazo ; resigned. Geo. S. Nave ; wounded at Marietta.
Perry and Bibb. — John P. Peterson ; resigned. Samuel W.
Davidson. Greene. — John G. Harris ; promoted. Albert Avery ; re
signed. Noah H. Gewin.
Tuskaloosa. — Jos. C. Guild ; resigned. Benj. Massingale.
'This officer romained in prison during the war, and was entitled to the
lieutenaut-colonelcy of the regiment over Col. Davis.

WAR RECORD. 623
TWENTY-FIRST ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Twenty-first was mustered into service Oct. 13, 1861,
at MobUe, and remained at HaU's Mill and Fort Gaines tiU
ordered to Fort PUIqw in March 1862. It remained there a
few days, then moved to Corinth, where it was brigaded under
Gen. Gladden. The regiment took part in the battle of Shi-
loh, where it lost six color-bearers in succession, and 200 kiUed
and wounded out of about 650 engaged and was comphmented
in general orders. On the return to Corinth, the regiment was
reorganized, and extended thefr enhstment from one year to
"for the war." The Twenty-first was at Farmington, but its
casualties were few. In the summer the regiment was ordered
to MobUe, and was on garrison duty at Fort Morgan, and at
Oven and Chocta Bluffs.* It was at PoUard a short time under
Gen. Cantey, but was then ordered to the defenses of Mobile.
Two companies were stationed at Fort Powell, where, with a
loss of one killed, they withstood a bombardment of a fort
night from five gun-boats and six mortar-boats which attempted
to force an entrance through Grant's Pass. Six companies of
the regiment were captured at Fort Gaines, and two at Fort
Morgan ; but the two at Fort PoweU blew up and evacuated
that post. The men captured at Fort Gaines were exchanged,
the others were not. The remainder of the regiment were
part of the garrison of Spanish Fort, where it lost about 10
killed and 25 wounded. The Twenty-first was surrendered at
Cuba, in Sumter, May 6, 1865, about 250 strong. It is but
just to say that the Twenty-first was composed largely of arti
sans from MobUe, many of whom were detached to assist in
the various government works.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — James Crawford of MobUe ; resigned. Charles
D. Anderson of MobUe ; captured at Fort Gaines.
1 Lieutenant Colonels. — A. J. IngersoU of MobUe ; resigned.
Stewart W. Cayce of Mobile ; resigned. Charles S. Stewart
of MobUe ; kUled at Fort Morgan. J. M. WUHams of Mobile.
Majoes.— Frederick Stewart of Mobile; tUl re-organized.
Jas. M. WUHams ; promoted. Chas. B. Johnson of M obUe.
*It was while the regiment lay at Mobile that a sub-marine boat was con
structed to operate against the blockading squadron. After ten or fifteen
men had been lost by the sudden sinking of the vessel, Lieut. George E.
Dixon, of Capt. Cothran's company, with several of his men, volunteered to
man it. But the current at the entrance of the bay was too strong, and Dixon
and his men accompanied it to Charleston. There it went to sea one night,
and blew up the Housatonic, of the federal blockading squadron, causing her
to sink, with all her crew. The fate of Dixon and his men was not known
till after the peace, when his boat was found by the side of the Housatonic,
and in its air-tight walls were encoffined the skeletons of the brave crew.
Dixon was a Kentuckian bj birth and an engineer by profession.

624 WAR EECORD.
Adjutants. — S. W. Cayce ; promoted. James M. WiUiams ;
transferred to Hne. George Vidmer of MobUe ; wounded at
Spanish Fort.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Mobile. — John F. Jewett ; till re-organization. ¦) ames M.
Williams ; promoted. Jno. F. Cothran ; captured at Ft. Morgan.
Mobile. — Charles B. Johnson ; promoted. John O'Con
nor ; captured at Fort Gaines.
Marengo. — J. M. Rembert; wounded at ShUoh; died in
the service. F. Smith ; captured at Fort Gaines.
Mobile. — Cary W. Butt ; wounded at ShUoh ; resigned.
MelvUle C. Butt.
Marengo. — / ohn 0. Chamberlain ; resigned. Henry Sos-
saman ; captured at Fort Gaines
Mobile and Baldwin. — F. J. McCoy ; tUl re-organized. B.
F. Dade ; captured at Fort Gaines.
Mobile. — S. S. Taylor; died in the service. Murdock Mc-
Innis ; captured at Fort Gaines.
M j Charles Devaux. ) ( Companies transferred
mobile.— j Angelo Festorazzi. j to theFirst Louisiana.)
Mobile. — Charles S. Stewart; promoted. A P. Doran;
captured at Fort Morgan; resigned. C. LeBaron Colhns;
captured at Fort Morgan.
(Conscripts) 1862— A. S. Carrington ; captured atFt. Gaines.
(Conscripts) 1862— Edw. Spalding ; captured at Ft. Gaines.

T WENTY-SECOND ALABAMA— (Infantry.)
The Twenty-second was organized at Montgomery in No
vember 1861, and was encamped at MobUe during the winter.
Ordered to west Tennessee, and brigaded under Gen. Glad
den of Louisiana, the regiment was engaged at ShUoh with
very heavy loss. After that battle, Gen. Frank Gardner was
placed over the brigade — Nineteenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-
fifth, Twenty-sixth-Fiftieth, and Thirty-ninth Alabama regi
ments — and led it into Kentucky. It was present at Mumfords-
vUle, and skfrniished at PerryviUe. It came back with the
army, and fought at Murfreesboro with severe loss. Gen. Deas
then assumed command of the brigade. The regiment was in
the splendid line of battle which moved to the assault of Rose-
crans' army at Chicamauga, and lost five color-bearers, and
175 killed and wounded out of about 400 men. The Twenty-
second suffered lightly at Mission Ridge, and wintered at
Dalton. . It participated in the campaign from Dalton to At
lanta, losing gradually by the constant fighting, the brigade
being under Gen . Johnston of Perry a short time. At Atlanta,

war record. 625
July 22d and 28th, the loss of the regiment was quite severe,
and large at Jonesboro. It moved into Tennessee with Gen.
Hood, and suffered severely at FrankHn, and Hghtly at Nash
vUle. Transferred beyond the Edisto, the Twenty-second
moved into North Carolina, skirmishing with the advance of
Thomas's army. The loss at Kinston and BentonvUle was
Hght, Colonel Toulmin leading the brigade. Consolidated
with the Twenty-fifth, Thirty-ninth, and Twenty-sixth-FUtieth,
at SmithvUle, with H. T. Toulmin as colonel, N. B. Rouse of
Butler as Heutenant colonel, and Robert Donald of Lime
stone as major, the regiment laid down its arms at Greenes
boro, N. C, AprU 1865. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Zach. C. Deas of MobUe ; wounded at ShUoh ;
promoted. John C. Marrast of Mobile ; died in the service.
Benjamin R. Hart of Montgomery ; kiUed near Atlanta.
Harry T. Toulmin of MobUe.
Lieutenant Colonels. — John C. Marrast ; promoted. John
Weedon of MobUe ; kUled at Chicamauga. Benj. R. Hart ;
promoted. Harry T. Toulmin ; promoted. E. Herbert Arm-
stead of MobUe ; kUled at Franklin.
Majors. — Robert Beverly Armstead of MobUe ; kUled at
ShUoh. John Weedon ; promoted. B. R. Hart ; wounded
at Chicamauga ; promoted. H . T. Toulmin ; promoted. E.
H. Armstead ; promoted. Thomas McC. Prince jr. of Chocta;
wounded at Franklin.
Adjutants. — EHas F. Travis of MobUe ; wounded at Shi-
loh ; transferred. Wm. G. Smith of MobUe ; resigned. J. L.
Lockwood of Montgomery ; wounded at Jonesboro.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Walkee.— John Weedon ; promoted. J. M. Whitney.
Chocta.— Abner C. Gaines ; kUled at ShUoh. Thos. McC.
Prince jr. ; wounded at Chicamauga ; promoted. John Lyon.
Claeke.— James Deas Nott ; kUled at Chicamauga. Joseph
R. Cowan ; wounded near Marietta.
Cheeokee.— Stephen R. Hood ; resigned. E. H. Armstead ;
promoted. Thomas M. Brindley ; kiUed near Atlanta. Lieut.
King commanded.
Calhoun.— J. R. Northcutt ; resigned. Jacob G. Mordecai.
Randolph.— A. B. Shepherd ; wounded at ShUoh ; resigned.
James B. Martin.
Randolph. —  Roberts , resigned. Ben. B. Little ; kiU
ed at Jonesboro. Wm. O. Baldwin jr. ; kiUed at Franklin.
Mobile.  Harry T. Toulmin ; wounded at ShUoh ; pro
moted. S. Franklin Preston.
pIKE.  A. P. Love ; wounded at ShUoh ; retired. WUlis C.
40

626 WAE BECOBD.
Wood ; wounded at Murfreesboro ; resigned. W. H. Hen
derson ; wounded at Kinston.
Montgomeey and Pike. — B. R. Hart ; promoted. Hugh W.
Henry.

TWENTY-THIRD ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment organized at Montgomery, Nov. 19, 1861.
Ordered, shortly after, to MobUe, it was attached to General
Gladden's brigade, and remained there tUl the foUowing Feb
ruary. During a stay there of two months the regiment lost
82 men by disease. It then 'moved into east Tennessee, and
was first brigaded under Gen. Leadbetter of MobUe, after
wards under Gen. Barton of Tennessee, and in June 1862 un
der Col. Taylor of Kentucky. The Twenty-third performed
much arduous duty in east Tennessee, and formed part of
Stephenson's division, Kirby Smith's corps, in the Kentucky
campaign. When the army returned to Tennessee, a brigade
was formed of the Twentieth, Twenty-third, Thirtieth, Thirty-
first, and Forty-sixth Alabama regiments, and placed under
Gen. Tracy of Madison. In December 1862, with Stephen
son's division, the Twenty-third was moved to Vicksburg, and
a few days later was present at the fight at Chicasa Bayou.
It was hotly engaged at Port Gibson, where the brigade com
mander feU, and lost hearily there in kiUed and wounded, and
captured. Gen. S. D. Lee then took command of the brigade.
At Baker's creek the Twenty-third was engaged, and lost a
number captured. The next day it was in the fight at Big
Black bridge, and when the army feU back, the regiment was
left, by oversight, and for twelve hours resisted the whole fed
eral army, without severe loss. Retiring into Vicksburg, the
regiment shared in that siege, fighting day and night, but
without many casualities. Paroled immediately, the regi
ment was soon exchanged, and joined the Army of Tennessee
just after the battle of Chicamauga, Gen. Pettus of Dallas
commanding the brigade. The Twenty-third took part at
Mission Ridge with Hght loss, and wintered at Dalton. At
the beginning of the campaign it suffered heavy loss at Re
saca, but was constantly in front of Sherman aU tlie way
down the bloody path to Atlanta and Jonesboro, suffering
very severely in the latter battle. The regiment marched
with Gen. Hood into Tennessee, was engaged at Columbia
with considerable loss, and at NashvUle, where many of the
men were captured. It guarded the rear of the retreating
army, and moved into the Carolinas. From BranchvUle to
BentonviUe it fought Sherman, and was consolidated with the
Forty-sixth Alabama, with J. B. Bibb as colonel, Osceola Kyle

WAE EECOED. 627
of Coosa as lieutenant colonel, and J. T. Hester as major, and
surrendered at Salisbury, North Carohna. Nearly 1200 names
were on the roUs of the Twenty-third ; it had 436 muskets at
Rocky-face, and 76 surrendered at Salisbury, under Col. Bibb.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — FrankHn K. Beck of Wilcox; captured at
Vicksburg ; kiUed at Resaca. Joseph B. Bibb of Montgom
ery ; wounded at NashvUle.
Lieut. Colonel. — Jos. B. Bibb of Montgomery ; promoted.
Majoes. — Fehx Tait of Wilcox ; resigned. John J. Long-
mire of Monroe ; resigned. F. Mc Murray of Macon ; wounded
at Mission Ridge ; retfred. A. C. Roberts of Marengo ; kiUed
at New Hope. J. T. Hester of Montgomery.
Adjutants. — Henry Goldthwaite of Mobile ; resigned. J.
T. Norman of Macon ; captured at Port Gibson. WiUiam
Beard of .Conecuh. >
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Wilcox. — J. J. Longmire ; promoted. G. H. Moye ; resigned.
W. P. Steen ; captured at Vicksburg ; wounded at A tlanta.
Macon. — F. McMurray ; wounded and captured at Port
Gibson; promoted. F. Rutherford; kUled at Jonesboro.
Lieut. Carnie LesHe commanded.
Mabengo. — A. L. Norwood; resigned. A. C. Roberts;
promoted. Robert Chapman.
Conecuh. — D. K. Smith ; resigned. J. T. Hester ; promo
ted. James M. Anderson.
Moneoe. — G. G. Mathews; resigned. H. M. Graham;
captured at Vicksburg.
Lowndes. — Henry P. Reid; resigned. S. OHver Merri
wether ; captured at Port Gibson.
Chocta. — J. G Yates ; resigned. John Stevens ; killed at
Port Gibson. F. Butterfield ; kiUed at Atlanta.
Conecuh. — T. B. McCaU ; resigned. B. L. Selman ; cap
tured at Vicksburg ; wounded at Resaca. Lieut. McDonald
commanded. Baldwin. — R. Y. Rew ; resigned. W. H. MUes ; captured
at Vicksburg.
Wilcox and Claeke. — Wm. E. Powe; resigned. Greene
D. McConneU ; captured at Vicksburg.

TWENTY-FOURTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Mobile in August 1861,
and remained at Fort Morgan tiU AprU 1862. It then moved
to Corinth, and was brigaded under Gen. J. K. Jackson of
Georgia. The regiment was first under fire at Blackland and

628 WAE EECOED.
Farmington, with trifling loss. It shared the privations of
the Kentucky campaign, but was not engaged. Placed in the
brigade of Gen. Manigault of South Carolina, with the Twen
ty-eighth and Thirty-fourth Alabama, and two South Caro
hna regiments, the Twenty-fourth took part at Murfreesboro,
where it lost about 100 killed and wounded. It moved back
with the army to the line of Chattanooga. In the grand for
ward movement at Chicamauga, the regiment bore its flag
" high and haughtily in the face of Death, " and lost 200
kiUed and wounded. It was engaged at Mission Ridge, with
about 25 casualties. Having wintered at Dalton, the regi
ment fought aU the way down from Crow VaUey to Jones
boro, losing about 300 men, principaUy in the casualties of
battle. With the army, the Twenty-fourth moved into Ten
nessee, and was engaged at Columbia, FrankHn, and Nash
vUle, but without severe loss in either. The regiment was
part of the army that proceeded to the Carolinas, and was in
the fight at Salisbury. Just before the surrender, it was con
solidated with the Twenty-eighth and Thirty-fourth Alabama
regiments, with J. C. Carter of Montgomery as colonel, Starke
H. Oliver of Mobile as lieutenant colonel, and P. G. Wood
of DaUas as major. At the time of the surrender, near High
Point, N. C, it was in Sharp's brigade, of D.«H. HUl's divis
ion, S. D. Lee's corps, and numbered about 150 men.
FIELD' AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Wm. A. Buck of MobUe ; wounded at Mur
freesboro ; resigned. Newton N. Davis of Pickens ; wound
ed and captured at Franklin.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Wm. M. LeBaron of MobUe ; re
signed. Wm. B. Dennett of Mobile ; resigned. N. N. Davis ;
promoted. B. F. Sawyer of TaUadega ; retired. George A.
Jennison of MobUe.
Majors. — Wm. B. Dennett ; promoted. Newton N. Davis ;
promoted. Junius J. Pierce of Shelby.
Adjutants. — George A. Jennison ; promoted. George B.
Enholm of MobUe.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Mobile. — W. B. Smith ; kUled at Murfreesboro. Bart. S.
Chamberlain ; wounded at Chicamauga. D. P. Berry.
Mobile.— Bernard O'Connell ; resigned. Wm. J. O'Brien ;
kUled at Chicamauga'; R. T. B. Parham ; detached.
Shelby. — Junius J. Pierce ; promoted. HubbeU Pierce ;
wounded at Atlanta.
Mobile. — George M. Bonner ; tiU re-organized. Starke H.
OHver ; wounded at Atlanta.
Clarke. — Dan'l McLeod ; tUl reorganized. Thos. I. KimbaU.

WAR RECORD. 629
Mobile. — John D. Fowler; resigned. W. P. Fowler;
wounded at Atlanta.
Mobile. — Alphonse Hurtel; detached. Lieut. Wm. H.
Higley commanded.
Pickens. — N. N. Davis; promoted. W. J. McCracken;
wounded at Atlanta. Lieut. W. B. Dunlap commanded.
Mobile. — James Hooper ; tiU re-organized. John B. Haz
ard ; wounded and captured at Mission Ridge ; died at John
son's Island. Lieut. John M. Nettles commanded.
Talladega and Shelby. — Benjamin F. Sawyer; promoted.
James HaU ; wounded at Bentonville.

TWENTY-FIFTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at MobUe in December 1861
by the consoHdation of two battalions. It remained in that
vicinity two or three months, then went to Tennessee. Bri
gaded under Gen. Gladden, the regiment fought -at ShUoh,
where its casualties were 15 kUled and 75 wounded. Placed
under Gen. Gardner, with the Nineteenth, Twenty-second,
Thirty -ninth, and Twenty-sixth-FUtieth, the Twenty-fifth met
with trifling loss at Farmington. It moved into Kentucky
with Gen. Bragg from the Chattanooga base, but was not en
gaged in any action. It came back, and participated at Mur
freesboro — Col. Loomis commanding the brigade — with a loss
of 13 kiUed, 88 wounded, and 16 missing, out of about 250
present for duty. The regiment — Gen. Deas in command of
the brigade — feU back with the army, and was in the forward
movement at Chicamauga, where it was fearfully mutUated.
It again suffered severely at Missionary Ridge, but wintered
and recruited at Dalton. AU along the bloody track of the
hostUe armies through north Georgia, the Twenty-fifth left a
record, especially at New Hope. At ntlanta, July 22, the
regiment lost 49 per cent, of its force, but captured two stands
of colors, and more prisoners than it numbered. Six days
later, near the same spot, the Twenty-fifth again lost very
heavily. It was engaged at Jonesboro without severe loss,
but suffered considerably at Columbia, on Hood's arrival in
middle Tennessee. At Franklin the regiment again lost
largely, and at NashvUle its loss was not light, but it pre
served its organization on the retreat. Proceeding to the
CaroHnas, the Twenty-fifth was in Sherman's front, with some
casulties at Columbia and Kinston, and with large loss at
Bentonville. Consolidated with the Nineteenth, Twenty-
second, Thirty-ninth, and Twenty-sixth-FUtieth, the regiment
was shortly after surrendered at Goldsboro, having about 75
men of the old Twenty-fifth present for duty.

630 AVAR record.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels — John Q. Loomis of Coosa ; wounded at ShUoh
and Murfreesboro ; resigned. Geo. D. Johnston ; promoted.
Lieutenan r Colonels. — Wm.B. McCleUan of TaUadega;
resigned; George D. Johnston; promoted.
Major — George D. Johnston of Perry; promoted.
adjutant — John Stout of Coosa; wounded at Murfrees
boro, Atlanta and Franklin.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Covington. — M. Harper ; kUled at ShUoh. Charles Corege ;
resigned. Bushrod \\ . BeU.
Pike. — John B. Curtis; resigned. N. B. Rouse.
Shelby. — WileyPope; resigned. Lieut. Pledger commanded.
St. Clair. — A. VV . Nixon ; resigned. H. Lewis Morris ;
wounded and captured at Murfreesboro ; wounded at New
Hope and Franklin.
Pickens. — D. M. Richards ; wounded and captured at Mis
sion Ridge.
Randolph. — Wm. A. Handley ; wounded at Murfreesboro ;
resigned. F. M . Handley ; wounded at Franklin.
Tallideg\. — Joseph D. McCann ; resigned. Archibald A.
Patterson ; killed at Murfreesboro. SUas P. Bradford.
i alladega and St. Clair. — Edmund Turner ; resigned.
WUliam Spruce ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Coffee and Pike. — D. P. CosteUo ; wounded at ShUoh ; kUled
at Murfreesboro. Dan'l C. Monroe ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Calhoun. — Mathew Alexander ; resigned. W. B. HoweU;
wounded at Atlanta and BentonviUe.

TWENTY-SIXTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at Tuscumbia in the summer
of 1861, and soon after went to Virginia. It was in camp of
instruction at Richmond during the fall and winter, ana in
March 1862 was moved to Yorktown, and placed in the brig
ade of Gen. Rains of Tennessee. It was under fire there for
six weeks, with few casualties. Gen. Jo. E. Johuston led the
regiment into position at W UHamsburg, where its loss was in
considerable. At Richmond it was placed in the brigade of
Gen. Rodes of Tuskaloosa — shortly after re-organized so as
to embrace the Third, Fifth, Sixth, Twelfth, and Twenty-
sixth Alabama regiments — and lost 22 per cent, of its num
ber in casualties at Seven Pines. The Twenty-sixth was
also hotly engaged at Gaines' MUl, Frazier's Farm, and Mal
vern Hill, emerging from the effects of those terrible struggles
with only 300 of the 600 with which it entered, the others
having gone down in the uamage of battle. The regiment

WAR EECOED. 631
was in the van of the army as it moved over the Potomac,
and fought at Boonsboro and Sharpsburg, losing in those two
battles 10 killed and 45 wounded. Having wintered on the
Rappahannock, the Twenty-sixth was present at Fredericks
burg. In the grand advance of Jackson's corps at Chancel-
lorsvUle— Col. O'Neal leading the brigade— the regiment lost
very heavily, but its colors floated at the front. It then moved
, mto Pennsylvania, and took part hi the battle of Gettysburg,
with a loss of 7 kUled, 58 wounded, and 65 missing. Retiring
with the army into Virginia, the Twenty-sixth skfrmished at
KeUy's Ford and Mine Run. During the winter, the Ala
bama legislature petitioned to have the regiment sent home
to reerait its thinned ranks, and it remained a short time at
PoUard. Ordered to Dalton in the spring of 1864, it was
placed in Cantey's brigade, and lost graduaUy but largely in
the almost incessant battle from Dalton to Atlanta. Having
marched with Gen. Hood into Tennessee, the regiment was
badly cut up at NashvUle, and only a remnant surrendered at
Greensboro, North Carolina, to which place it had been trans
ferred with the forces., FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— Wm. R. Smith of Tuskaloosa ; resigned. E. A.
O'Neal ; wounded at Seven Pines, Boonsboro, ChanceUorsvUle.
Lieutenant Colonel. — John S. Garvin of Tuskaloosa;
wounded at ChanceUorsvUle and Franklin.
Majors. — R. D. Reddin of Fayette ; resigned. D. F.
Bryan of Fayette.
Adjutant. — S. B. Moore of Madison.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.*
Fayette. — .... Moore ; resigned-. E. M. Vandiver ; wounded
at ChanceUorsvUle.
Fayette. —  (Lieut. A. Thompson commanded.)
Fayette. — .... Newton ; resigned. J. M. Harton.
Fayette. — D. M. Gideon.
Fayette. — H. H. Reid ; resigned. Sidney B. Smith.
Marion. — D. F. Bryan ; promoted. E. M. Turner.
Marion. — . . . Lefoy.
Marion. — J. S. White ; resigned. J. W. White.
Fayette. — W. H, Lindsey.
Fayette — Elbert Leach.
F. M. Smith, captain of sharpshooters.
*After diligent effort, the author was obliged to give the line officers of
this regiment jp a very imperfect form.

632 . WAR RECORD.
TWENTY-SIXTH-FIFTIETH ALABAMA*— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Corinth, in March 1862,
by the consolidation of two battahons then recently recruit
ed. Placed in the brigade of Gen. Gladden, it fought at
ShUoh with a loss of 12 kUled and 111 wounded out of about
700 engaged. Gen. Gardner having taken command of the
brigade — the Nineteenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-fifth, Twen-
ty-sixth-Fiftieth, and Thirty-ninth Alabama regiments — the'
Twenty-sixth-Fiftieth moved into Kentucky, and lost about
20 men in a combat with Gen. SHl's division. It participated
in the battle of Murfreesboro, with a loss of about 200 men
in casualties of the 600 engaged. Ihe regiment wintered at
TuUahoma, and was with the army when it feU back. Now
under Gen. Deas as brigadier, the regiment moved to the as
sault at Chicamauga about 500 strong, of which about one-
fifth were killed or wounded. It was in the Hne at Mission
Ridge, and lost about 45 men, mostly captured. On the 're
treat from Dalton, where it had wintered, the regiment per
formed arduous and active service, fighting nearly every day.
In the bloody battles around Atlanta the regiment lost very
heavily, but at Jonesboro the Hst of casualties was smaU. It
then moved into Tennessee with Gen. Hood, and was badly
mutilated at FrankHn. The regiment subsequently proceed
ed to the Carolinas, and it was at Kinston that a line of skir
mishers, 40 strong, principaUy from it, under Captain E. B.
Vaughan, captured a stand of colors and 300 men of the 15th
Connecticut. The Twenty-sixth-Fiftieth laid down its arms
at Greenesboro, N. C, with Gen. Johnston's forces.
FIELD and staff.
Colonel. — John G. Coltart of Madison ; wounded at ShUoh
and Atlanta.
Lieutenant Colonels.— Wm. D. Chaddick of Madison;
resigned. Newton Nash Clements of Tuskaloosa.
Majoes. — . . . . : . Gwin of 'Tennessee ; wounded at ShUoh;
resigned. N. N. .Clements ; promoted. Thomas H. GUbert
of Limestone ; resigned. John C. Hutto of Walker.
Adjutant.— John C. Bruckner of Madison ; kUled at Atlanta.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Calhoun.—  Sappington ; resigned. T. T. Lank
ford ; retired. Martin Walker.
Limestone.— T. H. GUbert; promoted. J. Archie Ray.
Jackson. — Lemuel G. Meade ; resigned. James E. Daniel.
*Thisregiment bore the name ofthe Twenty-sixth for some months, when
it was ascertained that the regiment preceding — then in Virginia— bore that
number permanently, and it then took the name of the Fiftieth Alabama,
other regiments having been organized meantime.

WAR RECORD. 633
Blount. — George Arnold ; killed at Atlanta. John Elrod.
Limestone. — James H. Malone ; resigned. John B. Mc-
CleUan ; transferred. WUHam Richardson.
Tuskaloosa.— N. N. Clements ; promoted. John D. Burgin.
Walker and Fayette. — John C. demons ; resigned E.
B. Vaughan.
Walker — John C. Hutto ; promoted.
Lauderdale. — John C. Haynie ; resigned. Robert Donald.
Walker and Fayette. —  Wooten ; resigned. John
B. McCleUan.

TWENTY-SEVENTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at St. Heinian, Tennessee, a
number of companies having flocked to that point, in the win
ter of 1861. Ordered to Fort Henry, the regiment shared in
the defence of that place, but retired before its surrender,
and formed part of the garrison of Fort Donelson. It took
part in that memorable conflict, and was there surrendered.
A number of the command were in hospitals, &c , and these
were not captured, but organized into two companies, joined
the Thirty-third Mississippi, and lost 8 killed and 25 wounded
at the battle of PerryvUle. The main body of the regiment
was exchanged in September 1862, and was ordered to Port
Hudson, where it was joined by the other two companies. It
remained in that quarter during the winter, and was brigaded
under Gen. Buford of Kentucky, Loriug's division. At Baker's
Creek the Twenty-seventh was warmly engaged, and retfred
from the field with Loring's division. It was then in the
trenches at Jackson for ten days, and retreated with the army
across the Pearl. The regiment passed the winter at Canton,,
and in the spring of 1864 was sent to the vicinity of Tuscum
bia to recruit, being greatly reduced iu numbers. A detach
ment of the regiment crossed the Tennessee, and captured
about 100 of the enemy in AprU 1864. It was soon after
ordered to Dalton, and placed in Scott's brigade with the
Twelfth Louisiana, and Thfrty-fifth, Forty-ninth, Fifty-fifth,
and Fifty-seventh Alabama regiments — Loring's division,
Stewart's corps. The Twenty-seventh was from that time
forward a sharer in the vicisitudes of the Army of Tennessee,
fighting with much loss throughout the Atlanta-Dalton cam
paign, and forming part of the last 'onfederate wave of bat
tle as it swept beyond the bloody abatis at Franklin, and beat
vainly against the gates of NashvUle. A mere skeleton of the
regiment proceeded to the Carolinas, where it was consoli
dated with the Thfrty-fifth, Forty-ninth, and Fifty-seventh
Alabama regiments, and was surrendered at Greensboro, N.
C, AprU 1865.

634 WAR RECORD.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — A. A. Hughes of Franklin ; captured at Fort
Donelson ; died in the service. James Jackson of Lauder
dale ; wounded at Kennesa.
Lieutenant Colonels. — James Jackson ; captured at Fort
Donelson ; promoted. Edward McAlexander of Lauderdale.
Majors. — Edward McAlexander ; captured at Fort Donel
son ; promoted. R. G. Wright of Franklin.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.*
Franklin. — J. B. Moore ; tiU re-organized. Robert Wat
son ; superceded. H. Rodgers ; wounded at Kinston.
Franklin. — R. G. Wright; captured at Fort Donelson;
promoted. F. LeB. Goodwin.
Lauderdale. — Empson B. Dudley ; captured at Fort Don
elson ; wounded in Georgia.
Lawrence. — H. B. Irwin of Lawrence ; captured at Fort
Donelson ; wounded at Kinston.
Lauderdale. — T. A. Jones; tiU re-organized. Rob't Andrews.
Madison. — .... Roberts ; tiU re-organized. John Corn.
Franklin. — Tho's B. M'CuUough ; transferred. W. A. IsbeU ;
killed atBaker's Creek. S. S. Anderson ; wounded at Franklin.
Morgan —  Humphrey ; tUl re-organized. John B.
Stewart. Lawrence — Henry A. McGhee ; resigned. Tho's McGhee.
Laudeedale. — Hugh L. Ray ; captured at Fort Donelson.

TWENTY-EIGHTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Shelby Springs, March 29,
1862, about 1100 strong, to serve "for three years or the war."
Shortly after the battle of ShUoh, the regiment reached Cor
inth, where many of the men died of disease. Brigaded un
der Gen. Trapier (shortly after succeeded by Gen. Duncan and
Col. Manigault), with the Tenth and Nineteenth South Caro
lina, and Thirty-fourth Alabama — to which the Twenty-fourth
Alabama was soon after added — the Twenty-eighth was first
under fire in a skirmish at Corinth, where it lost two men.
From Tupelo to Chattanooga, thence into Kentucky with
Gen. Bragg, and the regiment feU back to middle Tennessee
with the army. It fought at Murfreesboro with many casual
ties, but captured a battery. The winter and sprmg were
passed near Tullahoma, and the regiment was hotly engaged
at Chicamauga, losing largely in killed and wounded. At
Lookout Mountain the regiment was nearly surrounded by
the enemy, and fought desperately, losing 172 kUled, wounded,
"Copt. Wm. Word, commanding one of the companies in this regiment
attached to the Thirty-third Mississippi, was killed at Perryville.

WAR RECORD. 635
and captured. It was also engaged two days later at Mission
Ridge with some loss. During the winter, at Dalton, the
Twenty-eighth re-enlisted "for the war." It participated in
the severe campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, taking part in
aU the fighting, and losing largely in proportion to the men it
had present for duty. The regiment foUowed Gen. Hood into
Tennessee, and took part in the desperate and fruitless strug
gles at Franklin and Nashville, with severe loss. From that
tragic theatre it went to North Carolina, where it was consoH-
dated with the Twenty-fourth and Thirty-fourth Alabama,
wth J. C. Carter of Montgomery as colonel, Starke H. OHver
of MobUe as Heutenant colonel, and P. G. Wood of Dallas as
major. The regiment surrendered at Greenesboro, N. C, in
Sharpe's brigade, Hill's division, S. D. Lee's corps.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel — JW. Frazer* of Tennessee ; resigned. J. C. Reid.
Lieutenant Colonels. — John C. Reid of Perry ; promoted.
W. LaveUe Butler ; wounded and captured at NashvUle.
Majors. — T. W. W. Davies of Coosa; transferred to the
navy. W. L. Butler; promoted.
Adjutants. — Sumter Lee of Perry ; resigned. Charles R.
Harris of Perry ; wounded and captured at NashvUle.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Perry. — W. LaveUe Butler ; promoted. James H. Graham ;
wounded at Chicamauga ; resigned. John F. WUson ; wound
ed at Franklin.
Blount and Marshall. — John H. Turpin ; wounded and cap
tured at Murfreesboro. E. R. Kiker; captured at Mission Ridge.
Blount — .... Tidmore ; resigned. John Couch.
Jefferson. — Wm. M. Nabors.
Walker. — H. A. M. Henderson ; resigned. H. G. LoUer ;
killed at Resaca. Lieut. Robert S. Cox commanded.
Walker. — F. A. Gamble ; resigned. L. E. GUbert.
Jefferson. — .... Miller ; resigned. John C. Morrow ; re
signed. G. W . Hewitt ; wounded at Murfreesboro and Chic
amauga. Jefferson. — J. F. Tarrant; resigned. WA M. Hawkins;
kUled at Murfreesboro. Wm. R. McAdory ; killed at Mission
Ridge. Wm. A. McLeod; kiUed at Atlanta.
Dallas. — F. M. Hopkins ; captured at Mission Ridge. Lieu
tenant P. G. Wood commanded.
Perry. — Charles R. Harris ; resigned. Homer M. Ford.
Walker. — F. A. Musgrove ; wounded at Murfreesboro.

*Col. Frazer was a graduate of West Point and a field officer of the Eighth
Axabama. He wag made a brigadier general some months after he left the
Twenty-eighth, and was captured at Cumberland Gap.

636 WAR RECOED.
TWENTY-NINTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Pensacola in February,
1862, by the addition of two companies to the _ Fourth Ala
bama battahon — a body of eight companies, which had_ been
organized the autumn before at Montgomery; The regiment
remained at Pensacola tUl it was evacuated, suffering much
from diseases that usuaUy afflict raw troops. It then lay be
tween PoUard and Pensacola for over a year, when it was or
dered to Mobile, and there remained from July 1863 to April
1864, save a short time that it was at PoUard. The regiment
then joined the Army of Tennessee at Resaca, in time to ini
tiate the Atlanta-Dalton campaign, and was brigaded with the
First, Seventeenth, and Twenty-sixth Alabama, and Thirty-
seventh Mississippi regiments, commanded at different in
tervals by Col. Murphey of Montgomery, Gen. O'Neal of Lauj
derdale, and Gen. SheUey of TaUadega. The Twenty-ninth
was engaged at the battle of Resaca with a loss of about 100
kiUed and wounded, out of 1100 men engaged. At New
Hope the loss was very heavy, and at Peach-tree Creek the
regiment was cut to pieces. Again, July 28, near Atlanta,
haH of the regiment were kUled and wounded in the fierce
and protracted assault on the enemy's line. The Twenty-
ninth then moved into Tennessee with Gen. Hood, and lost
very heavUy in casualties at FrankHn, and largely in casual
ties and prisoners at NashvUle. A remnant of it moved into
the Carolinas, and was engaged at Kinston and Bentonville
with considerable loss. About 90 men surrendered at Greens
boro, N. C. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — J. R. F. Tatnall of Georgia ; transferred to the
navy. John F. Conoley of DaUas.
Lieutenant Colonels. — J. F. Conoley; promoted. Ben
jamin Morris of Barbour.
Majors. — Benj. Morris; promoted. Henry B. Turner of
TaUadega ; wounded at Atlanta.
Adjutants. — Lemuel D. Hatch of Greene; transferred.
Benj. H. Screws of Barbour; transferred to line. James Ste
phenson of Virginia.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Talladega. — Henry B. Turner ; promoted. E. Orear ;
wounded at Resaca ; kUled at Franklin.
Blount. — Duncan Dew ; wounded at Atlanta.
Blount. — Wm. H. Musgrove ; died in the service. John
M. Hanna ; kiUed at Atlanta.
Bibb — Alfred V. Gardner ; wounded at Resaca and Franklin.
Shelby. — Samuel Abernethy. »

WAE BEC0BD. 637
Blount. — B. F. Sapp ; died in service. T. J. Smitherman.
Barbour.— John F. Wagnon ; resigned. John A. Foster ;
wounded at Resaca ; captured at NashvUle.
Bibb. — Hugh Latham; died in the service. Berry G.
Brown ; kiUed at NashvUle.
Conecuh.— J. B. SoweU ; died in the service. Ulee . W.
MUls ; killed at Atlanta. John B. AUen ; killed at Franklin.
Barbour.— John C. McNab ; resigned. J. C. Hailey ; kUled
at Atlanta. Benjamin H. Screws ; wounded at Atlanta.

THIRTIETH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Thirtieth was organized at TaUadega AprU 16, 1862,
and reported for duty at once to Chattanooga. Sent further
into east Tennessee, it was brigaded under Gen. Reynolds of
Tennessee, then under Gen. Stevenson. The regiment skir
mished at TazeweU and Cumberland Gap, and moved into
Kentucky, but was not engaged. On the return to Tennessee,
the Thirtieth was brigaded with the Twentieth, Twenty-third,
Thirty-first, and Forty-sixth Alabama, under Gen. Tracy of
Madison, and in December was sent to Vicksburg with the
other portions of Stevenson's division. In the spring the
regiment fought with few casualties at Port Gibson, but was
bathed in blood at Baker's Creek, where it lost 229 men
kUled, wounded, and missing — haH of its number— and had
four ensigns kUled, and its colors rent by 63 baUs and 16 sheU
fragments. Pent up in Vicksburg, the Thirtieth suffered se
verely in casualties during the siege, and was captured with
the fortress. < Paroled, the regiment recruited at DemopoHs,
and proceeded, with other portions of the brigade — now under
Gen. Pettus of DaUas — to the main army near Chattanooga.
The regiment was engaged without loss at Mission Ridge, and
wintered at Dalton. At Rocky-face the Thirtieth suffered
severely, and Hghtly at Resaca. From there to Atlanta its
tattered colors floated at the front of the fire-tried Army of
Tennessee, the regiment losing heavUy at New Hope, Atlanta,
and Jonesboro. Proceeding into Tennessee, the Thirtieth
was cut up at NashvUle, but was part of the rear guard back
to Duck river. Transferred to North Carohna, the regiment
fought at Kinston and Bentonville, suffering severely in cas
ualties. With the army the Thirtieth surrendered at Greens
boro, North Carolina, about 100 men being present for duty.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— Charles M. SheUey of TaUadega; promoted.
James K. EUiott of TaUadega ; wounded at BentonvUle.
. Lieutenant Colonels. — Taul Bradford of Talladega ; re
signed. A. J. Smith of Jefferson ; kiUed at Vicksburg. John

638 WAE EECOED.
C. Francis of Calhoun ; kUled at Rocky-face. Thomas Pat
terson of Talladega; kUled at Atlanta. James K. EUiott;
promoted. Wm. H. Burr of St. Clair.
Majoes. — A. J. Smith; promoted. WiUiam Patterson of
Talladega ; wounded at Baker's Creek ; resigned. John C.
Francis ; promoted. Thomas Patterson ; promoted. James
K. Elhott; promoted. Wm. H. Burr; promoted.
Adjutant. — Wm. W. Houston of TaUadega ; wounded at
Baker's Creek.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FE0M WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Shelby. — C. G. Samuels; resigned. B. F. Samuels; re
signed. Shelby and Jepfeeson. — .... Deshazo ; resigned. J. M.
Acton. Talladega. — Wm. Patterson; promoted. Henry Oden;
killed at Vicksburg. . . . Peacock ; kiUed at BentonvUle.
Talladega. — David Anderson ; lolled at Baker's Creek. D.
C. McCain.
Talladega. — John Sawyer ; resigned. James K. Elliott ;
wounded at Rocky-face ; promoted. W. T. Webb.
Calhoun. — John C. Francis ; promoted  McCain.
Calhoun. — Henry McBee ; resigned. Samuel KeUy.
St. Claie. — E. P. Woodward ; resigned. Wm. H. Burr ;
wounded ; promoted.
Talladega. — Thomas Patterson ; wounded at Port Gibson ;
promoted. Wm. S. McGhee ; killed at Atlanta.
Randolph. — Jack Derrett ; kUled near Atlanta. Lieuten
ant Stephens commanded.

THIRTY-FIRST ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Talladega, in AprU 1861,
and reported to Gen. Leadbetter at Chattanooga shortly after.
It then moved up to KnoxvUle, where it was brigaded un
der Gen. Barton, Stevenson's division. The regiment was at
the investment of Cumberland Gap, and took part in the fight
at Tazewell. With Gen. E. K. Smith's column it was in the
Kentucky campaign, without coming up with the enemy.
When the forces came back, it was permanently brigaded
with the Twentieth, Twenty-third, Thirtieth, and Forty-sixth
Alabama, and under Gen. Tracy of Madison. In December,
the Thirty-first accompanied Stevenson's division to Vicks
burg. In May 1863 it was initiated into the sternest duties
of war at Port Gibson, where the regiment suffered severely.
It fought at Baker's Creek, and the loss was very heavy. As.
part of the garrison of Vicksburg, the regiment shared in the

WAR RECORD. 639
dangers and privations of that siege, and, after losing a num
ber kiUed and wounded, was surrendered with the fortress.
Placed in parole camp at DemopoHs, the Thirty-first was soon
exchanged. With Gen. Pettus in command of the brigade,
the regiment joined the army of Tennessee, and was engaged
with shght loss at Mission Ridge. It wintered at Dalton,
and in the memorable campaign from Dalton to Atlanta it bore
a fuU share in the dangers and hardships which have made
it a bloody but proud page in Southern annals. It foUowed
Gen. Hood into Tennessee, and after sustaining severe losses
at Columbia and Nashville, was the rear-guard of the retreat
ing army. Transferred to North Carolina, the regiment was
hotly engaged at BentonviUe, and a fragment of the 1100
with which it entered the service stacked arms at Greensboro,
as part of Pettus' brigade. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Daniel R. Hundley of Madison ; wounded and
captured at Port Gibson ; captured at Big Shanty, Ga.
Lieut. Colonel. — Thomas M. Arrington of Montgomery.
Major. — G. W. Mattison of Shelby ; wounded at New Hope.
Adjutants. — Joseph J. Nix of TaUadega ; transferred to
line. John W. Shorter of Georgia; captured at Baker's
Creek ; resigned. Wm. M. Garrard of Georgia.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Cherokee. — Isaac Moragne, resigned. . . . Pickens ; re
signed. W. L. Hughes ; wounded at Jonesboro.
Cherokee. — MarshaU Alexander ; resigned. J. J. Nix ;
wounded and captured at Baker's creek ; wounded at Jones
boro. Lieut. Bagley commanded ; kUled at Bentonville.
Shelby. — James Cobb ; resigned  Shelby resigned.
Robert Pruitt.
Calhoun. — E. Thompson ; resigned. John Ross.
Talladega.—  Carter ; resigned. G. W. Watts ; re
signed. F. M. Shouse.
Talladega — Robert McKibben.
Talladegx. — Wm.S. Chapman; resigned. Robert A. Har-
die ; resigned. W. H. Hancock ; transferred. W. J. Rhodes ;
wounded at Kinston and BentonviUe.
Randolph. — Augustus A. West ; resigned. Andrew Reeves ;
resigned. James L. WUHams ; captured at Mission Ridge.
Montgomery. — John M. Shields ; resigned. S. L. Arring
ton ; died in the service. L. W. Vick.
Shelby. -J. L. Reeves; made surgeon. John W. Pitts ;
resigned. Samuel Morgan ; resigned. J. McClanahan.

640 WAR RECORD.
THIRTY-SECOND ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment organized at MobUe, in April 1862, and three.
months later proceeded to Tennessee. It was first under fire
at Bridgport, where it forded the Tennessee in the face of the
enemy. Shortly after, the regiment captured Stevenson, with
valuable stores. It operated in middle Tennessee, part of the
time under Gen. Forrest, and was surprised and overpowered
at Lavergne, losing a number of prisoners. Placed in Gen.
D. W. Adams' brigade, the Thirty-second fought with severe
loss at Murfreesboro. Having wintered at TuUahoma, the
regiment was part of the force sent to Mississippi to the rehef
of Vicksburg. It was in the trenches at Jackson, and, without
loss, repulsed an assault of the enemy, 260 of whose dead
were counted and buried in front of its position. Two or
three months later, the Thirty-second rejoined the Army of
Tennessee, and participated in the battle of Chicamauga
with smaU loss. It was then transferred from Adams' brigade
to that of Gen. Clayton of Barbour, and consohdated with the
Fifty-eighth Alabama, where its further record wiU be found.
field and staff.
Colonel. — Alexander McKinstry of MobUe ; reheved.
Lieut. Colonel. — Harry Maury of MobUe ; captured at La
vergne ; wounded at Murfreesboro and Jackson ; transferred.
Majors. — Thos. P. Ashe of Washington; resigned. Thos.
S. Eastou of MobUe ; resigned. John C. KimbaU of Clarke ;
relieved. Adjutant. — John L. Chandler of MobUe ; reheved.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH COMPANIES CAME.
Washington. — R. L. Bowling; wounded at Murfreesboro;
relieved. Mobile. — John Drew; resigned. Charles H. Garner; re
signed. Hinson H. Smith ; resigned. H. McF. Tatum ; died
in the service.
Mobile and Baldwin. — Thos. S. Easton ; promoted. Benj.
H. Smoot; relieved.
Wilcox and Clarke. — John Creagh ; resigned. George W.
Cox ; wounded at New Hope.
Clarke. — Alexander KUpatrick ; resigned.
Mobile, Washington, and Chocta. — H. S. Smith ; resigned.
Thomas S. Fry ; wounded near Dalton ; transferred.
Clarke and Washington. — J. C. KimbaU; promoted. S.
T. Taylor.
Clarke. — John W. BeU ; died in the service.
Mobile, Tuskaloosa, and Fayette. — Walter Thompson ; de
tached. Mobile. — J. McF. Cleveland ; resigned. W. B. Grist.

WAR RECORD. 641
THIRTY-THIRD ALABAMA— (Infantry).
The Thirty-third was organized at Pensacola in April-1862,
and proceeded to Corinth just after the battle of 'ShUoh.
Placed in the brigade commanded by Col. Hawthorn of Ar
kansas, the regiment remained at 'l upelo tiU the Kentucky
campaign was entered on. It was part of the brigade of Gen.
Wood of Lauderdale, and in Buckner's division, and was
present at the- capture of Mumfordsville. At Perry vUle the
Thirty-third received its first terrible lesson in the horrors of
battle, for it entered that conflict about 500 strong, and came
out with 88 rank and file, the others having fallen in the
bloody struggle. It came out of Kentucky with the army,
and at Murfreesboro the loss of the regiment was compara
tively large, for it was in Cleburne's division. Tie remainder
of the winter was spent in camps near TuUahoma, and the
regiment retired behind the Tennessee during the summer.
In the grand forward movement on the enemy's Hne at Chic
amauga, the Thirty-third suffered very heavUy. Gen. M. P.
Lowery of Mississippi having reheved Gen. Wood of the
command of the brigade — Sixteenth, Thirty-third, Forty-fifth
Alabama, and Thirty-second and Thirty-third Mississippi reg
iments, and Gibson's (Ala.) and Newman's ( Tenn.) battahons
— the Thirty-third was effectively engaged at Mission Ridge
without loss. It was part of the wall of fire that checked the
exultant federals at Ringgold Gap, where it lost but one man.
The regiment passed the winter at Dalton, and was iu the in
cessant battle from there to Atlanta, fighting during the day
and entrenching at night, and losing many by the casualties
of battle, particularly at New Hope, and around Atlanta. Hav
ing foUowed Gen. Hood into Tennessee, it moved to the as
sault of the enemy's works at Franklin, with 285 men, and lost
over two-thirds of them, mostly kiUed. Transferred to North
Carolina, the Thirty-third took part in the operations there,
and a remnant was there surrendered.
field and staff.
Colonels. — Samuel Adams of Butler ; wounded at Perry-
vUle ; kUled at Kennesa. Robert F. Crittenden of Coffee ; cap
tured at NashvUle.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Isaac H. Horn of Coffee ; resigned.
R. F. Crittenden ; promoted. James H. Dunklin of Butler.
Majors. — R. F. Crittenden ; promoted. James H. Dunk
lin ; wounded at Chicamauga ; promoted.
Adjutants. — John Crosby StaUworth of Conecuh ; died at
Tupelo. A. M. Moore of Greene; killed at Chicamauga.
WUlis J. Milner of Butler.
41

642 , WAR RECORD.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Butler. — James H. Dunklin ; promoted. Wm. E. Dodson ;
kiUed at Kennesa. Charles S. Linthicum.
Dale.— W. E. Cooper ; killed by railroad disaster. Charles
H. riryant ; wounded at Vi urfreesboro.
Montgomery. — John C. Norman ; resigned. Charles Wal
ler ; wounded at Murfreesboro ; resigned. Joseph WUson.
Covington. — W. N. Brandon.
Butler.— J. D. McKee ; kiUed at PerryvUle. B. F. Ham-
mett ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Covington.— .... Dailey ; resigned 
Dale. — W. E. Cooper ; kiUed by raUroad disaster. Need
ham Hughes ; captured at NashvUle.
Coffee. — M. C. Kinney ; wounded at PerryvUle.
Butler. — Thomas G. Pou ; resigned. John F. Barganier ;
resigned. Wm. S. Sims ; killed at Chicamauga. John Gam
ble ; wounded at New Hope and Columbus.

THIRTY-FOURTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at Loachapoka, April 15, 1862.
It went thence to Tupelo, and was placed — with the Twenty-
fourth and Twenty-eighth Alabama, and two South Carohna
regiments — in Manigault's brigade, Withers' division. The
regiment moved into Kentucky, but was not under fire during
the campaign. It was with the main army when it took position
at Murfreesboro, and lost very hearily on its first battle-field.
The remainder of the winter was passed near TuHahoma, aud .
the Thirty-fourth withdrew with the army to the Chattanooga
Hne. At Chicamauga the regiment again lost largely in kUled
and wounded, and at Mission Ridge many of its number w-ere
captured. It wintered and recruited for the great campaign
of 1864 at Dalton, and began " The Hundred Days' Battle " '
in the spring. From Dalton to Atlanta, the Thirty-fourth
shared fuUy in the operations of the historic Army of Ten
nessee, and hi the battles of July 22d and July 28th at At
lanta its losses were particularly large. At Jonesboro its
casualties were few, but then came the expedition into Ten
nessee, and though the Thirty-fourth escaped the severest
part of the battle of Franklin, at NashvUle its already de
pleted ranks were almost swept away. With the wreck of
the army it passed into the Carolinas, where it skirmished at
Kinston and lost severely at BentonviUe. Consolidated with
the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-eighth, about 100 of the 1000
men with which the Thirty-fourth took the field were surren
dered at High Point, North Carohna.

WAR RECORD. 643
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel.^JuHusC.B. MitcheU of Montgomery; detached.
_ Lieutenant Colonels. — James W. Echols of Macon ; re
signed. J. C. Carter of Montgomery; wounded at Murfreesboro.
Majors. — Henry McCoy of Tallapoosa; resigned. John
N. Slaughter of Coosa ; wounded at Atlanta.
Adjutants. — John E. Burch of Montgomery ; captured at
NashvUle. James P. Brenan of Montgomery.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Coosa and Montgomery. — Thomas MitcheU ; resigned. R.
G. Welch ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Coosa.— John N. Slaughter ; promoted. E. B. Wood ; cap
tured at Mission Ridge. Lieut. M. Lambert commanded.
Coosa. — Jas. M. WilHs ; resigned. W. G. Oliver ; wounded
at Jonesboro.
Tallapoosa. — W. H. Holstein; wounded.
Tallapoosa. — M. F. Fielder ; resigned. John R. Colquitt ;
wounded at Atlanta.
Tallapoosa. — J. Frank Ashurst ; resigned. Henry J. Ricks.
Tallapoosa. — . . . Pinckard ; resigned. J. Maxey Smith ;
wounded near Atlanta.
Montgomery. — John C. Carter; promoted. Lieut. F. H.
Cobb commanded.
Russell. — J. B. Bickerstaff ; kUled at Murfreesboro. John
S. Burch ; wounded at Atlanta. ,
Russell. — Henry M. Crowder ; resigned. WiUiam John
son; resigned. Joseph M. Simms.

THIRTY-FIFTH ALABAMA— (Infantry.)
The Thirty-fifth organized at Lagrange, in FrankHn, April
1862. Ordered to Corinth, it was there brigaded under Gen.
Breckinridge. It foUowed that officer to Louisiana, and took
part in the attack on Baton Rouge, losing quite a number.
It was part of the force with which Van Dorn assaulted Cor
inth, and the Thfrty-fifth was a severe loser in the casualties
of that fierce struggle. Placed under Gen. Buford, the regi
ment was under fire at the first bombardment of Port Hud
son.- It passed some time in that vicinity, and in May 1863
the regiment was engaged at Baker's Creek with light loss.
Escaping the perils "of Vicksburg by foUowing Gen. Loring
out of the battle, the Thfrty-fifth was soon after sent to the
Army of Tennessee ; but in February 1864 went back' to Mis
sissippi to confront Sherman's advance. The regiment was
now in the brigade of Gen. T. B. Scott of Louisiana, consist
ing of the Twenty-seventh, Forty-ninth, Fifty-fifth, and Fifty-
seventh Alabama, and TweHth Louisiana. Rejoining the

644 WAR RECORD.
Army of Tennessee, the Thirty-fifth was part of the resolute
column that stood in front of Sherman's army during the
great struggle in north Georgia, and in the bloody and fruitless
sacrifices made before the gates of Atlanta. During that
time it lost largely, 65 being lolled or wounded July 22 at
Atlanta, and 27 on the 28th foUowing. The regiment moved
into Tennessee with Gen. Hood, and was in the advance in
the attack on the outpost at Decatur, where it lost 35 kUled
and wounded. At the bloody shambles of Franklin, the
Thirty-fifth lost 150 killed and wounded, or one-half its ef
fective force. The loss at NashvUle was Hght, and the rem
nant of the regiment proceeded eastward to renew the then
hopeless struggle in the Carolinas. The Thirty-fifth was
surrendered with the Army of Tennessee.
field and staff.
- Colonels. — James W . Robinson of Franklin ; resigned.
Edwin Goodwin of Franklin; died in the service. Samuel
S. Ives of Lauderdale ; wounded at Franklin.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Edwin Goodwin ; promoted. Sam
uel S. Ives ; promoted. A . E. shf ord of Lawrence.
Majors. — Wm. Hunt of Franklin ; transferred. S. S. Ives ;
promoted. A. E. Ashford; promoted. John S. Dickson of
Madison ; kUled at Franklin.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
L \ whence. — Richard O. Pickett ; captured at Corinth ; re
signed. Ezekiel Johnson.
Lauderdale. — W. B. Taylor; resigned. J. B. Patton;
wounded at FrankHn.
Lawrence. — A. E. Ashford; promoted  Tathem.
Lauderdale. — Samuel S. Ives; wounded at Baton Rouge;
promoted. J. R. MitcheU ; wounded at Corinth.
Limestone. — John West.
Limestone. — L. N. Martin.
Madison. — John S. Dicksou ; promoted. Joseph Brown.
Madison. — .... Peavy ; resigned. J. A. Flanagan.
Franklin. — Thaddeus Felton ; kUled at Corinth. John
Harris ; died in service. Sam'l D. Stewart ; killed at FrankHn.
Franklin. — Red Jones.

THIRTY-SIXTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Thirty-sixth was organized at Mount Vernon Arsenal,
May 12, 1862. It remained there a month, then aided in the
construction of the defences at Oven and Chocta Bluffs.
From August 1862, to April 1863, the regiment remained in
Mobile, whence it went to TuUahoma. It was there brigaded

WAR RECORD. 645
under Gen. Clayton of Barbour, with the Eighteenth, Thir
ty-eighth, and Thirty-second-FUty-eighth Alabama regi
ments, Stewart's division. The Thirty-sixth feU back with
the army, and participated at Chicamauga with a loss of 125
kUled and wounded. Its loss was Hght at Lookout, but large
in casualties and prisoners at Mission Ridge. The regiment
wintered at Dalton, and was engaged at Crow's VaUey,
Rocky-face, Resaca, New Hope, the Atlanta battles, and the
skfrmishing interludes, losing about 300 men by the casual
ties of battle from the time it left Dalton. At Jonesboro the
regiment was again warmly engaged, and lost 25 per centum
of its force present. Having accompanied General Hood to
middle Tennessee, the Thfrty-sixth lost about 60 men at
NashvUle, and came out of there as an organized body. The
regiment, with the other regiments of Holtzclaw's brigade,
was then placed on garrison duty, at Spanish Fort, and dur
ing that memorable siege lost 110 men kUled, wounded, and
captured. It was part of the force surrendered at Meridian,
in AprU 1865. The Thfrty-sixth went into line of battle at
Dalton, May 7, 1864, with 460 muskets, and, within the
eleven months that followed, lost 470 men and 21 officers,
chiefly kflled and wounded. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Robert H. Smith of MobUe ; resigned. Lewis
T. Woodruff of MobUe ; wounded at New Hope ; retfred.
Thomas H. Herndon of Greene.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Lewis T. Woodruff; promoted.
Thomas H. Herndon ; wounded at Chicamauga, and Atlanta,;
promoted. Majors. — Thomas H. Herndon ; promoted. Charles S.
Hennegan of Sumter ; captured at Mission Ridge.
Adjutants. — Thomas A. Hatch of Greene ; resigned. Rob
ert T. Harkness of Greene.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Sumtee. — Charles S. Hennegan; promoted. John M.
Qiiarles ; resigned. James T. Meek.
Geeene. — Nathan M. Carpenter.
Greene. — ) ames A. Wemyss ; wounded at Atlanta ; re-^
signed Lieut. W. N. Knight commanded.
Tuskaloosa and Fayette. — John C. Adams ; wounded at
Mission Ridge ; retired. John M. Walker ; kUled at Resaca.
Lieut. Wm. M. Owen commanded.
Mobile —John G. Cleveland ; killed at Chicamauga. Wash
ington Lott ; wounded at Resaca.
Monroe. — John Deloach ; resigned- D. W. Kelly ; kUled
at Mission Ridge. Wm. S.. Wiggins ; wounded at Jonesboro,

646 WAE BECOED.
Moneoe. — Malcolm Patterson ; resigned. John B. Jordan ;
captured at Atlanta. David T. McCants.
Geeene. — James W. A. Wright ; wounded and captured at
Mission Ridge.
State of Mississippi. — Mathew Calvert ; resigned. WeUes
Thompson. Tuskaloosa. — Andrew J. Derby ; resigned. H. A. Farish ;
captured at Spanish Fort.

THIRTY-SEVENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
The Thirty-seventh was organized at Auburn, in the spring
of 1862, under the requisition of President Davis for 12,000
more Alabamians. Ordered to Columbus, Miss., after a short
time the regiment proceeded to Tupelo. There it was placed
in Little's division, and in the brigade of Col. Martin of Ten
nessee, with three Mississippi regiments ; but Gen. D. H.
Maury succeeded Gen. Little, when the latter was killed at
luka, where the Thirty-seventh was first engaged, with some
loss. The regiment took part in the battle of Corinth, losing
heavUy iu casualties. Its brigade commander feU at Corinth,
and the Thirty-seventh was thrown into a brigade with the
Second Texas, and Forty-second Alabama, Gen. John C.
Moore commanding. The winter was spent in Mississippi,
— the regiment retreating from Holly Springs, and taking
part in the repulse of the invaders at Chicasa Bayou. Early
in 1863 the Thirty-seventh was sent to the Sunflower river,
but went back in time to take part in the battles of Port Gib
son and Baker's Creek, where its losses were severe. The
regiment was then a portion of the garrison of Vicksburg,
and shared in the perUs of that siege, where it was captured
with the fortress. Exchanged soon after, the regiment was
in parole camp at DemopoHs. Ordered to the Army of Ten
nessee, it lost heavily at Lookout Mountain, and quite a num
ber at Mission Ridge. Ihe winter was passed at Dalton,
where Gen. Baker of Barbour took charge of the brigade.
At MiU-creek Gap, Resaca, Noonday Creek, Kennesa, and the
series of battles around Atlanta, the colors of the Thirty-
seventh floated at the front, as its long Hst of casualties
shows. In one charge at Atlanta, July 22, its commander
and 40 men were kUled outright, out of 300 men present.
During the faU and winter, the 1 hirty-seventh was on garri
son duty at Spanish Fort, but moved into North Carolina.
It broke the enemy's line at Bentonrille, and furled its tat
tered banner a few days later, with 300 of its nuniber present
of the 1100 with which it took the field.

WAE EECOED. 647
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— James F: DowdeU of Chambers ; captured at
Vicksburg ; retired.
Lieutenant Colonels.— A. A. Greene of Chambers ; wound
ed at Iuka and Mission Ridge ; kiUed at Atlanta. W. F. Sla-
ton of Macon.
Majors.— John P. W. Amorine of Pike ; transferred W.
F. Slaton ; wounded at Corinth ; captured at Lookout Moun
tain ; promoted. Joel C. Kendrick of Covington.
Adjutants.— John C. Meadows of Chambers; transferred.
Thomas L. Samford of Macon.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES PROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Henry.— Moses B. Greene ; wounded at Corinth.
_ Tallapoosa.— John O. Davis ; wounded at Corinth ; re
signed. James H. Johnson ; wounded at Atlanta.
PiKE.— Joel C. Kendrick ; wounded at Corinth and Atlanta.
M acon and Russell.— W. F. Slaton ; promoted. Jeptha J.
Padgett; wounded.
Henry. — J. L. Skipper ; resigned. Joel G. Greene ; wound
ed at Atlanta.
Pike. — C. Pennington ; wounded at Resaca.
Chambers.— W. W. Meadows ; kUled at Corinth. S. M.
Robertson ; wounded ; resigned. C. E. Evans ; wounded at
Resaca and Atlanta.
Baeboue and Henry. — Marion C. J. Searcy ; wounded at
Corinth ; kUled at Mission Ridge. H. F. Reynolds.
Chambers. — James J. Talbot; resigned. T. J. Griffin.
Pike.— J. M. Leach ; kUled at New Hope. Geo. H. Chatfield.
THIRTY-EIGHTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
The Thirty-eighth was organized at MobUe in May 1862, and
remained at the defences in the vicinity of that city tUl Feb
ruary 1863. It then proceeded to TuUahoma, and was there
placed in the brigade of Gen. Clayton of Barbour, with the
Eighteenth, Thirty-sixth, and Fifty-eighth Alabama regiments.
The regiment was first under fire with shght loss at Hoover's
Gap, and lost nearly half the regiment killed and wounded
at Chicamauga. At Missionary Ridge the Thirty-eighth
was again hotly engaged at close quarters, and a large num
ber were captured. It wintered at Dalton, and bore its share
in the operations of the Dalton-Atlauta campaign, losing se
verely, particularly at Resaca and Atlanta. From Marietta
to the close, Gen. Holtzclaw of Montgomery commanded the
brigade. It fought around the latter city, and at Jonesboro.
During the Tennessee campaign of Gen. Hood, the regiment
felt the bHght of the December frost at NashvUle, and was in

648 WAR RECORD.
the rear of the retreat. Placed in the defences at MobUe, the
regiment went through the fiery ordeal at Spanish Fort, where
it again suffered severely. With the army; it was surrendered
at Meridian, Mississippi, about 80 strong.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Charles T. Ketchum of MobUe ; resigned. A.
R. Lankford of Clarke ; captured at Resaca.
Lieutenant Colonels. — A. R. Lankford ; promoted.
Majors. — Origin S. Jewett of Clarke ; killed at Chicamau
ga. W. J. Hearin of Clarke ; captured at Mission Ridge.
Adjutants. — Alfred R. Murray of Mobile ; wounded at Chic
amauga and Resaca.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH COMPANIES CAME.
Clabke. — W. J. Hearin ; promoted. Daniel Lee.
Wilcox.— W. R. Welsh ; kUled at Chicamauga. G.W.Welsh.
Washington. — A. G. Moore. Lieut. E. A. Holt commanded.
Clarke. — G. W. FUes ; resigned. John J. R. Jenkins ; re
signed. Benj. Anderson ; wounded at Mission Ridge.
Conecuh — E. W. Martin. Lieut. S.W. Landrum commanded.
Fayette. — John J. Winston ; resigned. Albert Embree ;
died in the service. W. H. Wright ; wounded and captured
at Mission Ridge.
Mobile. — John B. Perkins; kiUed at Chicamauga. George
H. Cleveland.
Wilc >x. — John A. Jackson ; captured at Mission Ridge ; '
and died in prison. Robert J. Young.
Clarke. — Charles E. Bussey ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Mobile. — Ben. Lane Posey ; captured at Mission Ridge ;
wounded at Kennesa.

THIRTY-NINTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at Opelika in May 1862, and
proceeded at once to Mississippi. It was there brigaded un
der Gen. Frank Gardner, with the Nineteenth, Twenty-second,
Twenty-fifth, and Twenty-sixth Alabama regiments. It par
ticipated in the weary march into Kentucky, and came back
with the army to Murfreesboro. The regiment took part in
that battle, and with heavy loss in casualties, having gained
much credit for repulsing an attack of the enemy the day
before. The regiment was with the army when it feU back
to the Chattanooga Hne, and took part in the battle of Chica
mauga with a very heavy loss of men. At Mission Ridge the
loss was light, and the Thirty-ninth, now under Gen. Deas of
MobUe as brigade commander, wintered at Dalton. From
there to Atlanta the regiment was a conspicuous actor in aU
the fighting of the army, suffering severely. And when, un-

WAR RECORD. 649
der Gen. Hood, the fate of the Confederacy was risked on
the "iron dice of battle," in the trenches of Atlanta, and at
Jonesboro, the ranks of the Thirty-ninth were thinned sadly
by the casualties of those desperate struggles. It marched
with the army into Tennessee, and lost a number of prisoners
at NashvUle. Emerging from that train of disasters, the regi
ment raUied to the caU of Gen. Johnston in the Carolinas, and
took part in the operations there, though reduced to a bare
skeleton. It was there consolidated with the Twenty-second
and Twenty-sixth-Fiftieth Alabama, but was surrendered a
few days later. FIELD and staff.
Colonels. — Henry D. Clayton of Barbour ; promoted.
Whitfield Clarke of Barbour.
Lieutenant Colonels. — James T. FleweUen of Barbour;
resigned. Whitfield Clarke, promoted. Lemuel Hargroves
of Barbour ; resigned. W. C. CHfton of RusseU.
Majors. — Whitfield Clarke ; promoted. L. Hargroves ; re
signed. W. C. Clifton ; promoted. J. D. Smith of Barbour ;
killed at Jonesboro.
Adjutants.— J. M. Macon of Barbour ; transferred. H. B.
Tompkins of Barbour.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Pike.— J. W. W. Jackson ; resigned. J. P. NaU ; wounded ;
i retfred  Roberts ; kUled in North Carolina.
Baeboue. — Lemuel Hargroves; promoted. T. J. Cox.
Baeboue. — Calvin McSwean ; resigned. J. A. Miller.
Heney. — Lee A. Jennings ; wounded at Murfreesboro ; re
signed. A. J. Cassady.
Russell. — W. C. CHfton ; promoted.
• The State of Georgia.— A. H. FleweUen ; resigned. WU-
Hs Banks ; kUled near Atlanta.
Henry and Baeboue.— T. Q. Stanford ; kiUed at Murfrees
boro ; C. H. Mathews ; kUled at Peach-tree Creek.
Baeboue.— Joseph C. Clayton ; lolled at Murfreesboro ; J. L.
McRae Baeboue.— Whitfield Clarke ; promoted. J. D. Smith ; pro
moted. Wm. H. DiU.
Baeboue.— J. C. MitcheU ; resigned. Thomas J. Brannon.

FORTIETH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized in May 1862 at MobUe, and
remained there tiU December. It then moved to Vicksburg,
and took part in the operations on Deer Creek. WhUe m that
region it was brigaded with the Thirty-seventh and Forty-

650 WAR -RECORD.
second Alabama, and Second Texas, under Gen. Moore. Four
companies were placed in Fort Pemberton, and were from
there transferred to Gen. Bragg' s army, and fought at Chica
mauga. The other companies of the Fortieth were part of
the garrison of Vicksburg, suffered severely, and were there
captured. The regiment was united near Mission Ridge, and
took part in that battle, and at Look-out Mountain, but with
light loss. Having passed the winter at Dalton, where Gen.
Baker took command of the brigade, the Fortieth took part
in the campaign from there to Atlanta, losing largely, espe
cially at New Hope. When the army marched back to Ten
nessee, in company with the other regiments of Baker's brig
ade, the Fortieth was sent to MobUe, and was on garrison duty
there for some months. In January 1865, the regiment pro
ceeded with the remainder of the army to North Carohna, and
shared in the operations, fighting at BentonviUe with severe loss.
Consolidated with the Nineteenth and Forty-sixth, the Forti
eth was shortly after surrendered at Yadkin river bridge.
FIELD and staff.
Colonels. — -Augustus A. Coleman of Sumter; resigned.
John H. Higley of Mobile ; captured at Vicksburg.
Lieutenant Colonels. — John H. Higley ; promoted. Thos.
Stone of Pickens ; died in service. Ezekiel Gully of Sumter.
Majors.* — Thomas Stone ; promoted. Ezekiel GuUy ; pro
moted. E. D. WUlett of Pickens. t
Adjutant. — Clarence H. EUerbee ; killed at Bentonville.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Sumter. — Ezekiel Gully ; promoted. James Cobbs ; re
signed. Samuel H. Sprott.
Pickens. — E. D. WUlett; promoted. James A. Latham;
kUled at BentonvUle.
Sumtee. — W. A. C. Jones; captured at Vicksburg; trans
ferred. Thomas M. Branson ; resigned. James W. Monette,
Chocta. — Abraham G. CampbeU.
Pickens. — Thomas Stone ; promoted. J. Henderson Pick
ens ; captured at Vicksburg.
Chocta. — Edward Marsh ; killed at Dalton.
Chocta. — Thos. Wilkes Coleman ; captured at Vicksburg.
Lieut. Jo. Knighton commanded.
Perry. — C. C. Crowe ; detached. Lieut. Hicks commanded.
Sumter. — Andrew M. Moore ; captured at Vicksburg..
Covington. — Hiram Gant.

FORTY-FIRST ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized in May 1862, and soon after
"Devereux Hopkins of Chocta was elected major, but did not accept.

WAR RECORD. 651
proceeded to Chattanooga. It operated in middle Tennessee
some months, then joined the army of Tennessee soon after
its return from the Kentucky campaign. It was initiated into
the harsh realities of war when " stormed at with shot and
sheU," as part of Hanson's devoted brigade, at Murfreesboro ;
and on that fatal field left its brigadier and 198 of its dead
and wounded. The regiment then remained at TuUahoma
tiU ordered to Mississippi with the other portions of Breckin
ridge's division. It was engaged in the operations for the re
Hef of Vicksburg, and in# the trenches of Jackson. Having
rejoined the Army of Tennessee, the Forty-first was in the
forward movement at Chicamauga, and in the fierce struggle
over the enemy's fortified position, left its brigade commander
(Gen. Helm of Kentucky) and 189 men on the bloody field.
The regiment was shortly after transferred to the brigade of
Gen. Gracie of M obUe — Forty-third, FUty-ninth, and Sixtieth
Alabama, and StahVorth's battalion. As part of Longstreet's
corps, the Forty-first participated in the bloody struggles and
severe privations of the winter campaign in east Tennessee,
sustaining much loss. The regiment reached Virginia in AprU
1864, and was engaged in the battle of Drewry's Bluff and
Dutch Gap. It was then in the protracted siege at Peters
burg, and in the bloody battles around that city. The regi
ment was also very hotly engaged at Hatcher's Run, and in
the fighting on the retreat to Appomattox ; and was there
fighting under the matchless Lieut. Gen. Gordon, when the
flag of trace appeared. About 270 of its number were there
present for duty, under Col. Stansel. Of 1454 names on its
roUs, about 130 were kUled, about 370 died of disease, and
135 were transferred or discharged.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Henry Talbird of Perry ; resigned. M. L. Stan
sel of Pickens ; wounded at Murfreesbord.
Lieutenant Colonels. — J. T. Murfee of Tuskaloosa ; re
signed. M. L. Stansel; promoted. T. G. Trimmier of Tus
kaloosa ; killed at White-oaks Road.
Majors.— M. L. Stansel; promoted. T. G. Trimmier; pro
moted. Jesse G. Nash of Pickens ; resigned. L. D. Hudgins
of Tuskaloosa ; kUled at Petersburg. J. M. Jeffries of Pickens.
Adjutant. — J. D. Leland.
Captains, and counties from which the companies came.
Tuskaloosa. — T. G. Trimmier; promoted. H. H. Sartain.
Pickens. — J. C. Kirkland; resigned. L. F. Shelton.
Pickens.— J. G. Nash ; promoted. J. H. Cason ; wounded
at Beene's Station ; resigned. John C. Moorhead.
Pickens.— Robert H. McCord; died in the service. B. A.

652 WAR RECORD.
Hudgins ; wounded at Murfreesboro ; resigned. John C. Fair.
Perry and Greene. — Wm. G. England ; resigned. A. B. S.
Moseley. Tuskaloosa. — B. F. Eddins; resigned. L. M. Clements;
wounded at Chicamauga.
Tuskaloosa. — L. T. Hudgins ; promoted. James White.
Fayette. — F. Ogden; resigned. H. M. BeU; wounded at
Hatcher's Run.
Pickens. — Thos. S. Abernethy ; resigned. John M. Jeffries ;
promoted. J. T. Harkins.
Pickens. — James N. Craddock ; resigned. James Halbert.

FORTY-SECOND ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at Columbus, Miss., in May
1862, and was composed principaUy of men who re-organized,
in two or three instances as entire companies, after serving a
year as the Second Alabama Infantry. The regiment joined
Generals Price and Van Dom at Ripley in September, and
was brigaded under Gen, John C. Moore of Texas. A month
later the Forty-second went into the battle of Corinth with
700 men, and lost 98 killed and about 250 wounded and cap
tured in the fighting at and near that place. It wintered in
Mississippi, Moore's brigade being re-organized with the
Thirty-seventh, Fortieth, and Forty-second Alabama, and
Second Texas regiments. It was part of the garrison of Vicks
burg, and lost 10 kiUed and about 50 wounded there, and the
remainder captured at the surrender of the fortress. The
Forty-second was in parole camp at DemopoHs, then joined
the Army of Tennessee. It fought with severe loss at Look
out and Mission Ridge, and wintered at Dalton. Gen. Baker
of Barbour then took command of the brigade, which was in
Clayton's (Stewart's) division, Polk's corps. In the spring the
Forty-second fought at Resaca with a loss of 59 killed and
wounded. It was then continuaUy skfrmishing tUl the battle
of New Hope, where its loss was comparatively Hght, as it
was at Atlanta the 22d of July. On the 28th of July the loss
was very heavy, and the ranks of the regiment were fearfully
thinned by the casualties of battle. A few days later the
regiment was sent to Spanish Fort, where it remained on gar
rison duty during the faU, and tUl January 1865. It then
moved into North Carohna, and its colors floated hi the thick
est of the battle at BentonviUe, and were furled at the capitu
lation of that army. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — John W. Portis of Clarke ; wounded at Corinth ;
resigned. T. C. Lanier of Pickens ; wounded at New Hope.

WAR RECORD. 653
Lieutenant Colonels.— Thomas C. Lanier; wounded at
Corinth ; promoted.
Majors.— W. C. Fergus of MobUe ; captured at Missionary
Ridge. Adjutants.— Thomas J. Portis of DaUas; resigned. Thos.
GaUlard of Mobile.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Monroe.— George W. Foster; kiUed at Corinth. S. S.
GaUlard ; resigned. D. W. Rankin.
Pickens. — Robert Best; died in the service. Robert K.
Wells ; ItiUed at Atlanta. Burt Upchurch.
Wilcox. — Wm. D. McNeil ; made lieutenant colonel of the
consohdated regiments in North Carohna.
Pickens.— T. C. MiteheU ; wounded at New Hope.
Conecuh. — J. T. Brady ; wounded at Lookout Mountain ;
resigned  Hendrix.
Fayette. — J. B. Perkins ; resigned. Charles R. Labuzan.
Talladega. — Alexander B. Knox ; kUled at Corinth. J. R.
Stockdale. Moneoe.— W. B. Kemp ; resigned. E. G. RUey ; wounded
at Corinth ; resigned. Geo. H. Gray ; wounded, at New Hope.
Mobile. — Charles Briggs ; resigned. •; ohn W. Haley ; died
of wounds received at Corinth. R. C. Reeder.
Maeion. — .... Condrey ; wounded at Corinth. Lieut.
Thomas Condrey commanded.

FORTY-THIRD ALABAMA— (Infantry).
The Forty-third was organized in May 1862 at Mobile. It
was at once ordered to Chattanooga, and placed under Gen.
Leadbetter. It moved into Kentucky in Gen. Kfrby Smith's
column, but was not actively engaged. Having passed the
winter at Cumberland Gap, the regiment joined Gen. Bragg
at TuUahoma, being in a brigade under Gen. Gracie — the
Forty-first, Forty-third, Fifty-ninth, and Sixtieth Alabama,
and StaUworth's battahon. The regiment subsequently went
back to east Tennessee, and operated there for some months.
Rejoining the main army, it passed through the iron haU of
Chicamauga, with very severe loss. As part of Longstreet's
corps, the Forty-third was shortly after sent towards Knox
vUle, and took part in the investment there, with Hght loss.
It was also in the fight at Beene's Station, but the casualties
were few. Having passed through the bitter privations of
the winter campaign in east Tennessee, the regiment reached
Gen. Beauregard at Petersburg in May 1864. When Sheri
dan swooped upon the outposts of Richmond, the Forty-third
fought him with some loss. At the battle of Drewry's Bluff

654 WAR RECORD.
the regiment was hotly engaged, and lost severely in casual
ties. It was then in the trenches of Petersburg from June
1864 to the close, fighting continually, and taking part in most
of the battles that occurred by the attempts of the enemy to
flank the Confederate line. At Appomattox the Forty-third,
with the other portions of the brigade, had just driven back
a Hne of the enemy, and taken a battery, when the capitula
tion of the army was announced. It surrendered as part of
Moody's brigade, (Col. Stansel of Pickens commanding,)
Bushrod Johnson's division, Gordon's corps, and about 50
men were -present for duty. Of 1123 names on the roUs of
the Forty-third, about 100 were killed, about 225 died of
disease, and 161 were discharged or transferred.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Archibald Gracie of MobUe ; promoted. Y. M.
Moody of Marengo; wounded at Drewry's Bluff ; promoted.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Young M. Moody; promoted.
John J. JoUy of Greene ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Majors. — John J. Jolly; promoted. R. D. Hart of Ma
rengo; resigned. T. M. Barber of Tuskaloosa; resigned.
W. J. Mimms of Jefferson.
Adjutants. — R. H. Henley of Marengo ; resigned. John
R. Shelton of Greene ; kiHed near Richmond. John L. Ste
phens of Greene ; wounded at Drewry's Bluff.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Marengo. — James R. Jones ; resigned. OHver H. Prince ;
kUled at Chicamauga. Quintus S. Adams ; wounded at Drew
ry's Bluff.
Marengo. — R. D. Hart ; promoted. W. W. Harder ; wound
ed at Chicamauga. O. W. Pritchett; killed at Drewry's Bluff.
Greene.-*— James A. Gordon ; kUled at Chicamauga. J. C.
McAUUly ; wounded near Richmond.
Tuskaloosa.— F. M. Barber; promoted. J. W. MUls.
Walker and Tuskaloosa. — W. H. Lawrence; resigned.
Nicholas P. Lawrence.
Jefferson. — W. J. Mimms; wounded at Chicamauga and
near Richmond ; promoted. Mortimer Jordan.
Marengo. — Joel S. Jones ; resigned. AUen G. Watters.
Mobile. — E. H. Buck; wounded at Beene's Station; re
signed. T. M. Hughes ; kiUed at Petersburg. Winfield WoK.
Tuskaloosa and Walker. — W. A. Fitts; resigned, J. A.
Sylvester ; kiUed at Petersburg. E. F. Comegys.
Tuskaloosa and Walker. — J. H. Shepherd.

FORTY-FOURTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
The Forty-fourth was organized at Selma, May 16, 1862,

war record. 655
and reached Richmond the 1st of July. Attached to A. R.
Wright's brigade, (Third, Twenty-second, and Forty-eighth
Georgia,) R. H. Anderson's division, the regiment was a very
severe sufferer by disease, and went into the second battle of
Manassas with 130 rank and file. It lost 5 kUled and 22
wounded there, then took part in the investment of Harper's
. Ferry. At Sharpsburg the Forty-fourth took 113 rank and
file into the battle, and lost 14 killed and 65 wounded of that
number. The regiment wintered on the Rappahannock, and
was placed in the brigade of Gen. Law of Macon — with the
Fourth, FHteenth, Forty-seventh, and Forty-eighth Alabama
— Hood's division, Longstreet's corps. At Fredericksburg
the regiment was tinder fire, but with Hght loss, and in the
spring was at the battle of Suffolk with the same fortune. The
regiment moved into Pennsylvania, and in the terrible assault
at Gettysburg, lost heavUy, but captured the only two guns of
the enemy's that were brought off the field by the Confeder
ates. Transferred, a few weeks later, with the corps, to the
West, the Forty-fourth lost largely in casualties at Chicamauga.
It then shared the privations of the east Tennessee campaign,
losing Hghtly at Lookout VaUey, KnoxvUle, and Dandridge.
The corps reached the Army of Northern Vfrginia in time to
take part" at the WUderness and Spottsylvania, where the
Forty-fourth's casualties were numerous. Its losses were Hght
at Hanover Junction, the second Cold Harbor, and Bermuda
Hundreds. Around Petersburg, and in the trenches of that
city, the Forty-fourth was constantly engaged. It left there
with the remnant of the army, and folded its colors at Appo
mattox, under Col. Jones. The Forty-fourth had 1094 names
on its roU, of whom about 150 perished in battle, 200 died in
the service, and 142 were discharged or transferred.
FIELD AND STAFF.
' Colonels. — James Kent of DaUas ; resigned. Charles A.
Derby of Lowndes ; killed at Sharpsburg. Wm. F. Perry of
Macon ; promoted. John A. Jones of Bibb.
¦Lieut. Colonels.— C. A. Derby ; promoted. W. F. Perry ;
promoted. J. A. Jones ; promoted. G. W. Carey of Shelby.
Majors. — Wm. F. Perry ; promoted. John A. Jones ; pro
moted. George W. Carey; wounded near Richmond. A.
W. Denman of Randolph.
Adjutant. — T. A. NicoU of DaUas ; capturednear Richmond.
captains, and counties from which the companies c*me.
Lowndes and Dallas.— Richard J. Dudley ; resigned. D.
A. Bozeman ; kUled at Spottsylvania. D. B. Edwards.
Bibb.— John A. Jones ; promoted. L. D. Brown ; resigned;
Joab Goodson ; died in the service. James M. HUl.

656 WAR RECORD.
Wilcox.— John W. Purifoy ; wounded at Sharpsburg ; re
tfred. Robert Powers.
Shelby.— Wm. T. King ; kiUed at second Manassas. T.
L. Morrow; resigned. Jonas Oakes.
Shelby. — George W. Carey ; promoted. John H. NeUson ;
killed at Spottsylvania. T. 0. Ferguson.
Bibb.— Henley G. Sneed ; resigned. Wm. N. Greene;
wounded at Chicamauga ; retfred. John N. Fondreu.
Dallas and Bibb.— Thomas C. Daniel; killed at second
Manassas. Bluford Brown; resigned. Wm. T. Dunklin;
killed at Gettysburg. W. P. Becker.
Bibb.— F. M. Goode ; resigned. Joseph F. Johnston;
wounded twice, once at Chicamauga.
Randolph.— A. W. Denman ; promoted. John T. Tweedle.
Calhoun. — Patrick P., Riddle ; died in the service. John
M. Teague ; killed at Gettysburg. John D. Adrian ; wounded
at the WUderness; kUled at Chaffin's Bluff. M. H. Fowler.

FORTY-FIFTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at Auburn, in May 1862, and
proceeded at once to Corinth. At Tupelo it lost many men
by disease, but in the autumn mpved into Kentucky in Pat
ton Anderson's brigade. It charged a battery at PerryvUle,
and suffered very severely in casualties. The regiment came
out of Kentucky with the army, and was soon after engaged
in the battle of Murfreesboro, where its casualties were nu
merous. Placed in the brigade of Gen. Wood of Lauder
dale, Cleburne's division, (with the Sixteenth, Twenty-sixth-
FUtieth, and Thirty-third Alabama), the Forty-fifth remained
on duty with the Army of Tennessee, passing the first haH of
the year 1863 at TuUahoma. It fought under the eye of Cle
burne at Chicamauga, and its- mutilated ranks told the elo
quent story of its services. Gen. Mark Lowery of Missis
sippi succeeded to the command of the brigade, and the
Forty-fifth was present at Mission Ridge and Ringgold Gap
with slight loss. The winter was passed at Dalton, and the
regiment took a full share in the Dalton- Atlanta campaign,
especially at Resaca, and at New Hope, where Cleburne's
division grappled with Logan's corps. On the 22d of July, at
Atlanta, Death reveled in its ranks, and half the regiment^
went down on the hard-fought field. Six weeks later it again
fought " where Cleburne crossed the line" at Jonesboro, with
considerable loss. Then followed the long and disastrous
march into Tennessee. The Forty-fifth opened the battle at
Franklin the evening before by a brilHant fight at Springhill,
and the next day was in the bloody and desperate assault of

WAR RECORD. 657
Cleburne's division on the enemy's works, and was almost an
nihilated around the corpse of its heroic division commander.
Its colors floated before Nashville, and a remnant of the
Forty-fifth moved into North Carolina. It was there consoli-
dated with other Alabama regiments, and surrendered with
Gen. Johnston's forces. FIELD and staff.
Colonels. — W. A. Goodwin of Macon ; resigned. James
G. GUchrist of Lowndes ; resigned. E. B. Breedlove of Ma
con; resigned. Harris D. Lampley- of Barbour; kUled at
Atlanta. R. H. Abercrombie of Macon.
Lieutenant Colonels. — James G. GUchrist ; promoted.
E. B. Breedlove ; promoted. Harris D. Lampley ; promoted.
R. H. Abercrombie ; promoted. James Jackson of Macon.
Majors. — E. B. Breedlove ; wounded at Murfreesboro ;
promoted. Harris D. Lampley; promoted. R. H Aber
crombie ; promoted. George C. Freeman of Lowndes ;
wounded at Atlanta ; retfred. James Jackson ; promoted.
Adjutants. — Lewis • Chapman of Macon ; transferred.
Herndon Glenn of Barbour.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Barbour. — Harris D. Lampley ; promoted. Jas. M. Hobdy;
resigned. Ellis Phelan.
Lowndes. — George C. Freeman ; promoted. J. F. Clem
ents ; wounded at Murfreesboro ; detached. Lieut. J . A.
Robertson commanded.
Macon. — Thos. F. Flournoy ; resigned  Gaffney ; kUled
at PerryvUle. John CaUier.
Barbour and Macon — G.W. Carter; resigned. J. C. CaldweU.
Macon. — James Jackson ; wounded at Atlanta ; promoted.
S. W. King.
Russell. — .... Tucker ; resigned  Crockett.
Macon. — James M. Simmons ; resigned. John R. Carson ;
kUled at FrankHn.
Macon. — R. H. Abercrombie ; promoted. Thomas Smith ;
kUled at Atlanta. John E. Jones ; wounded at Spring HiU.
Macon.— L. M. WUson ; resigned. Barton Perry ; wounded
at Chicamauga and FrankHn.
Russell. — . Black ; resigned. A. W. Torbert ; wounded
at Chicamauga. FORTY-SIXTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
The Forty-sixth was organized at Loachapoka, in the
spring of 1862. Shortly after, it was sent to east Tennessee,
and had several casualties in the fight at TazeweU. The regi-
43

658 WAB RECORD.
ment was in the weary march into Kentucky, in Stevenson's
division, but did no fighting. When the army returned to
Tennessee, the Forty-sixth was placed in a brigade with the
Twentieth, Twenty-third, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Alabama,
under Gen. Tracy. In December, with aU of Stevenson's di
vision, the regiment was sent to Mississippi. In the battle of
Port Gibson, where its brigadier fell, the regiment suffered
severely. A few days later it was engaged at Baker's Creek,
where its casualties were numerous, and where half the regi
ment was captured, including the field officers. The remain
der were besieged in Vicksburg, suffering severely, and were
captured with the fortress. Re-organized at DemopoHs, with
Gen. Pettus in command of the brigade, the Forty-sixth re
joined the Army of Tennessee. It lost considerably at Look
out Mountain and Mission Ridge, and made its winter quar
ters at Dalton. At Crow's VaUey it was engaged, with several
casualties. In the almost constant fighting from Dalton to
Atlanta, the ranks of the Forty-sixth were thinned, and at
Jonesboro its list of casualties was large. Marching with
Hood into Tennessee, it was one of the three regiments that
made the brilHant fight at Columbia, where its loss was con
siderable. The Forty-sixth lost several kUled and wounded
at Nashville, and quite a number captured. It was the rear
guard on the retreat, and the brigade was complimented by
Gen. Hood in special orders for its services then. Transferred
to North Carolina, the Forty-sixth was engaged at Kinston
and BentonviUe, with severe loss in the latter. Consolidated
with the Twenty-third Alabama, with J. B. Bibb of Mont
gomery as colonel, (Col. Woods was transferred to the Nine
teenth Alabama,) Osceola Kyle as lieutenant colonel, and J. T.
Hester of Montgomery as major, the Forty -sixth was sur
rendered at Salisbury by Capt. Brewer, who had commanded
it for two years. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — Mike L. Woods of Montgomery; captured at
Baker's Creek.
Lieutenant Colonel. — Osceola Kyle of Coosa ; captured at
Baker's Creek.
Major. — James M..Handley of Randolph ; captured at Ba
ker's Creek.
Adjutants. — WUham S. Turner of Montgomery ; resigned.
Thomas Riggs of DaUas ; killed at Baker's Creek. Lieut.
House of Coosa, (acting,) kUled at Vicksburg. A. J. Brooks
of Coosa; wounded at Kennesa; Lieut. George McFarland,
(acting,) kiUed at Jonesboro.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES' FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Coosa. — George E. Brewer ; captured at Vicksburg.

WAR RECORD. 659
Coosa. — J. R. Cross ; captured at Vicksburg.
Pike. —  Otis ; captured at Baker's Creek.
Macon.— John F. Baggett; resigned. John F. Spinks;
kUled on Hood's retreat.
Macon.— C. L. Croft ; resigned.
Montgomery.— Jas. W. Powell ; captured at Baker's Creek.
Pike.— J. C. McGufre ; resigned. . . . McCaskUl ; ltilled
at Maker's Creek.
Randolph. — Leonidas Stephens ; died in the service. John
C. Wright.
Randolph.— C. A. AUen ; resigned. Wm. J. Samford.
Henry.— ... WUson ; resigned. L. L. Croft.

FORTY-SEVENTH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
Organized at Loachapoka, May 22, 1862, the Forty-seventh
reached Vfrginia late in June. Assigned to Gen. StpnewaU
Jackson's corps, the regiment was brigaded under Gen
eral TaHaferro, with three Virginia regiments and the Forty-
eighth Alabama. A few weeks later the regiment passed
through the ordeal of battle at Cedar Run, where it lost 12
kUled and 76 wounded, or nearly a third of its force present.
At the second Manassas the Forty-seventh was again engaged,
and lost 7 killed and 25 wounded. It was present at Chan-
tUly and the capture of Harper's Ferry ; entered the battle of
Sharpsburg with 115 men, and lost every commissioned offi
cer present on the field, mustering 17 men the next morning
under a sergeant. The regiment wintered on the Rappahan
nock, and witnessed the repulse of Burnside at Fredericks
burg. Transferred to the brigade of Gen. Law — Fourth, Fif
teenth, Forty-fourth, Fifty-seventh, and Forty-eighth Ala
bama — Hood's division, Longstreet's corps, the Forty-seventh
lost several men in the fight at Suffolk. Rejoining the main
army, the regiment marched into Pennsylvania, and poured
out the blood of its bravest men at Gettysburg. Two months
later the corps was transferred to north Georgia, and the
Forty-seventh lost very severely at Chicamauga. It took part
in the investment of KnoxvUle with light loss, and in the pri
vations of the winter campaign in east Tennessee. Rejoining
the Virginia army, the regiment fought with severe loss at
the WUderness, and was in the brilHant charge on Warren's
corps at Spottsylvania, where the, brigade opened the battle.
In aU the subsequent operations around Richmond the regi
ment took part, and in the grim defences that begirt Peters
burg it endured the perUs and privations of the last suUen
and persistent struggle. As part of Perry's brigade, the For
ty-seventh laid down its arms at Appomattox, about 90 strong.

660 WAR EECORD.
FIELD and staff.
Colonels. — Jas. M. OHver of Tallapoosa ; resigned. Jas.
W. Jackson of Tallapoosa ; wounded at Sharpsburg ; resigned.
Michael J. Bulger of TaUapoosa.
Lieutenant Colonels. — James W. Jackson ; resigned. M.
J. Bulger ; wounded and captured at Gettysburg ; promoted.
L. R. TerreU ; kiUed at Darbytown Road.
Majors.— John Y. Johnston of TaUapoosa; resigned. J.
M. CampbeU of Cherokee ; kUled near Richmond.
Adjutants. — Henry A. Garrett of TaUapoosa ; wounded at
second Manassas ; resigned. W. H. KeUer ; reheved. R. E.
Jordan. CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE qoMPANIES CAME.*
Tallapoosa. — M. J. Bulger ; wounded at Cedar Run ; pro
moted. John H. Hamm.
Tallapoosa. — Joseph Johnston, jr. ; killed at Gettysburg.
Lieut. W. D. Bulger commanded.
Tallapoosa. — Joseph T. RusseU ; resigned. Wm. BaUard ;
wounded and captured at the Wilderness.
Tallapoosa and Chambers. — A. C. Menefee ; killed at Cedar
Run. Henry C. Lindsey; wounded at Sharpsburg.
Cherokee. — J. M. CampbeU ; promoted. F. T. J. Brandon.
Tallapoosa. — Daniel Clowers.
Tallapoosa. — J. V. McKee.
Coosa. — J. Fargerson.
Chambers. — James W. Kellum.
Tallapoosa. — James W. Herren ;  James H. San
ford ; kUled at the WUderness.

FORTY-EIGHTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment enhsted for three years at Auburn, May 22,
1862, with 1097 men. A few weeks later it reached Vfrginia,
and was attached to Gen. Taliaferro's brigade, of Jackson's
division, with the Forty-seventh Alabama, and three Vfrginia
regiments. The Forty-eighth was first engaged in the battle
at Cedar Run, with severe loss ; and at the second Manassas
was again a sufferer. It was part of the investing force at
Harper's Ferry, and was badly mutUated at Sharpsburg.
During the whiter the Forty-eighth was placed in the brigade
of Gen. Law of Macon (with the Fourth, Fifteenth, Forty-
fourth, and Forty-seventh Alabama regiments), Hood's divis
ion, Longstreet's corps. The regiment was under fire at
Fredericksburg, and fought with light loss at Suffolk. It
moved into Pennsylvania, and its colors floated highest up
•This roster is incomplete, and defective in more than one instance.

WAR RECORD. 661
•
on the rocky heights of Gettysburg, where it was fearfully
punished. Ten weeks later, as part of Longstreet's corps,
the regiment was where the lightning of battle flashed bright
est, and its thunder pealed loudest at Chicamauga. It was
hotly engaged at Lookout VaUey, and at KnoxviUe; and
passed the winter in east Tennessee. Rejoining the army of
Northern Vfrginia, the Forty-eighth fought at the Wilderness
and Spottsylvania, and its long list of casualties bore testi
mony to its conduct. From that time to the end, at Hanover
Junction, the second Cold Harbor, Bermuda Hundreds, Pe
tersburg, FusseU's MiU, Fort Harrison, Darbytown Road,
WUUamsburg Road, and Farmrille, the regiment was almost
constantly on active and perUous duty. Its colors were furled
at Appomatox. _ Over 150 of its men had fallen in battle, 165
died in the service, and 125 had been- discharged or trans
ferred. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— James L. Sheffield of MarshaU; wounded at
Cedar Run ; resigned. Wm. C. Oates of Henry ; wounded
at FusseU's MUl.
_ Lieutenant Colonels. — A. A. Hughes of Cherokee ; re
signed. Jesse J. Aldridge of Blount ; resigned. W. M.
Hardwick of Cherokee ; captured on furlough.
Majors. — Enoch Aldridge of Blount ; wounded at Cedar
Run ; resigned. Wm. M. Hardwick ; promoted. J. W. Wig-
ginton of Calhoun.
Adjutants. — Thomas B. Harris of Marshall ; wounded at
Cedar Run ; resigned. T. J. Eubanks of MarshaU ; trans
ferred to Hne. H. S. Figures of Madison ; kUled at the Wil
derness. F. M. Kitchell.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Blount. — Andrew J. Aldridge; resigned. Jesse J. Ald
ridge ; promoted. R. Graves.
DeKalb — T. J. Burgess ; resigned. D. R. King ; mortally
wounded at Cedar Run; J. N. DeArman ; killed at Peters
burg. Marshall.— W. S. Walker; resigned. J. M. Bedford; re
signed. H. C. Kimbrough.
Marshall. — Samuel A. Cox; died in the service. T. J.
Eubanks ; kUled at Lookout VaUey. R. T. Ewing.
Marshall.— S. K. Rayburn ; resigned. F. ,M. Ross ; re
signed. Isham B. SmaU ; kiUed at White Plains.
Blount.— Reuben ElHs ; wounded at Cedar Run ; resigned.
J. Edwards.
. Cherokee.— J. S. Moragne ; resigned. A, L. Woodliff ;
resigned. N, H, McDufne.

662 WAE EECOED.
Cherokee.— R. C. Golightly; killed at Sharpsburg. WTm.
M. Hardwick; promoted. I. J. Lumpkin.
Calhoun.— J . W. Wigginton ; promoted.
Calhoun.— Moses Lee; kiUed at the second Manassas. J.
B. Hubbard ; captured at FusseU's MiU ; superceded. H. L.
Petit.

FORTY-NINTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at NashyiUe, in January 1862,
and attached to the Kentucky brigade of Gen. Breckinridge.
It took part in the battle of ShUoh, where it lost 113 kUled
and wounded, a few weeks later, the Forty-ninth was sent
to Vicksburg, with Breckinridge's brigade, and was engaged
in the defence of the place when bombarded in 1862. Aug. 6,
the regiment fought at Baton Rouge with a loss of 45 kiUed
and wounded. Joining the army of Gen. Van Dorn, the 1 orty-
ninth was engaged in the assault on Corinth, and suffered very
severely there. Ordered to Port Hudson, the regiment passed
the winter in that quarter, and was brigaded with the Twenty-
seventh and Thfrty-fifth Alabama, and two Mississippi regi
ments under- Gen. Buford, who was soon succeeded by Gen.
Beall. The Forty-ninth shared the dangers and hardships of
the 42 days siege of Port Hudson, losing 55 men kUled and
wounded, and the remainder captured. Exchanged three
months later, the Forty-ninth re-organized at Cahaba, and
was attached to the brigade of Gen. Scott of Louisiana, with_
the TweHth Louisiana, and Twenty-seventh, Thfrty-fifth, Fifty-'
fifth, and Fifty-seventh A labama regiments. Joining the main
army at Dalton, the brigade was assigned to Loring's division,
Stewart's corps. Having wintered at Dalton, the Forty-ninth
participated in the Dalton- Atlanta campaign, doing much ar
duous service, but losing inconsiderably. Around Atlanta it
was again fully engaged, and suffered severely. It moved
with Gen. Hood into Tennessee, and came out of the battles
of Franklin and NashvUle- with a long Hst of casualties, and
captured men. Transferred to the Carolinas, the f orty-ninth
took part in the operations there. Reduced to a skeleton, it
was surrendered at Greensboro, N. C.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — Smith D. Hale of Madison; retfred. Jeptha
Edwards of DeKalb ; captured at Port Hudson.
Lieutenant Colonels. — M. GUbreath of MarshaU; re
signed, W. N. Crump of Blount ; retired. John D. Wee
den of M adison ; wounded and captured at NashvUle.
Majors.— B, Johnston of MarshaU ; retired. John D.

WAE EECOED. 663
Weeden ; promoted. Thomas B. Street of Marshall ; cap
tured at Port Hudson.
Adjutants.— John D. Weeden ; promoted. 0. E. Merrill
of DaUas ; wounded at Corinth and Franklin.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Marshall.— Wm. H. Wright ; resigned. Wm. H. David
son ; captured at Port Hudson, but escaped.
DeKaxb — W. G. Beason ; captured at Port Hudson.
Jackson— Wm. R Coffey; retired. W. S. Bruce; cap
tured at Port Hudson, and died in prison.
Marshall. — James Fletcher; retired. W H. Smith;
captured at Port Hudson, but escaped.
Marshall. — Thomas B. Street; promoted. Lieut. Allen
commanded. Marshall. — J. S. Bain ; resigned. F. A. Pogue ; killed at
Port Hudson (company consolidated).
DeKalb. — Wm. J. Haralson ; resigned. T. J. Nicholson ;
captured at Port Hudson, but escaped.
Madison. — J. D. Wann ; retfred. G. C. Ledbetter ; diedin
the service. John D. Rivers ; kUled at Port Hudson. W.
M. Maples ; wounded at NashvUle.
Blount. — WA N. Crump ; elected Heutenant colonel 
Murphy ; resigned. R. F. CampbeU ; captured at Pt. Hudson.
Madison. — John R. Gardner; k'Uled at ShUoh. L. M.
Peavy ; resigned. Thos J. Taylor ; captured at Port Hudson.

[For the "FUtieth Alabama," see "Twenty-sixth-Fiftieth."]

FIFTY-FIRST ALABAMA— (Mounted).
This regiment was organized at Oxford, in Calhoun, August
11, 1862. Ordered to Tennessee, the regiment was placed
under Gen. Forrest, and was in the fight at Lavergne. A
few weeks later it was assigned to Gen. Wheeler's command,
and served during the war principaUy in the brigades of Gen.
Allen of Montgomery or Gen. Hagan of Mobile. It was
engaged in the battle of Murfreesboro with light loss, and
was in the raid down the Cumberland river in January with
Hke result. The regiment was engaged in frequent skir
mishes whUe protecting Gen. Bragg's communications. It
was in the fight at ShelbyviUe, where nearly half the regi
ment were kiUed or captured. The Fifty-first fought at Tra-
cey City and Chicamauga with few casualties, then was part
of the force that made the Sequatchee raid, in which 1000
wagons laden with stores were destroyed, and 4000 mules
were butchered. The regiment was part of the force that

664 WAE RECORD.
captured 400 of the enemy at MaryviUe, and soon after was
part of the investing force at Knoxville. During the remain
der of the winter of '63-'64, the Fifty-first was arduously em
ployed in east Tennessee. It took its place on Johnston's
flank in the retreat to Dalton, and fought nearly every day
for three months. At Decatur and Jonesboro the Fifty-first
was fully engaged, and lost severely. It moved into Tennes
see shortly after, then wheeled about and harassed Sher
man's march into the Carolinas with much effect. About a
week before the capitulation, the FUty-first captured the First
Alabama Union regiment. As part of Gen. Hagan's brigade,
the. regiment laid down its arms near Raleigh.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — John T. Morgan of DaUas; promoted. MU-
ton L. Kirkpatrick of Montgomery.
Lieutenant Colonels. — James D. Webb of Greene ; kUled
at Elk river. M. L. Kirkpatrick ; promoted.
Majors. — Henry Bradford Thompson of Pike ; resigned.
James Dye of TaUadega ; captured at ShelbyvUle.
adjutants. — Charles Force of District of Columbia; trans
ferred to the Hne. David S. Bethune of Pike.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Calhoun. — Wm. M. Hames ; resigned. H. T. Snow. Lieut.
Thomas L. Bowen commanded.
Pike. — Henry B. Thompson ; promoted. L. W. Battle ;
wounded in east Tennessee, and near Fayetteville.
Talladega. — James Dye ; promoted. Thomas Curry.
Calhoun. — Robert Draper; resigned. WUHam White;.
wounded on Sequatchee raid, and at BentonviUe.
St. Clair. — WUHam Edwards ; resigned. Charles Force ;
captured at ShelbyvUle. Lieut. J. W. Lapsley commanded..
Talladega.— Nelson D. Johnson ; captured at ShelbyvUle.
Lieut. Amos Moss commanded.
Tuskaloosa. — Hampton S. Whitfield; resigned  Pal
mer ; resigned. WUliam Walker.
Montgomery. — M. L. Kirkpatrick ; promoted. S. W. Cowl
ing (in prison). Lieut. Jos. G. AUen commanded ; wounded
at Farmington and FayettevUle.
Dallas and Perry. — John Robbins ; resigned. Joseph J.
SeaweU ; wounded at Farmington. Lieuts. Reynolds and
Harrison commanded.
Mobile. — .... Ratcliff.

[If there was such an organization as the FHty-seeond Ala
bama the author has been unable to gather a trace of it, after
a rigid investigation and inquiry.]

WAR RECORD. 665
FIFTY-THIRD ALABAMA— (Mounted).
This regiment was organized at Montgomery, in November
1862. A few weeks later it proceeded to Mississippi. Mov
ing from Columbus to Decatur, in Lawrence, a portion of the
regiment was there equipped, and proceeded to join Gen. Van
Dom. This battahon was in the fight at Thompson's Station,
and at Brentwood, suffering severely in the former. The regi
ment was engaged in the fight with Dodge at Town creek,
and in the pursrut of Streight. Soon after, the FUty-third
joined the main army at Dalton as part of Hannon's brigade,
KeUy's division. It operated on the right of the army as it
feU back towards Atlanta, and was engaged in constant and
perilous duty. When Sherman reached Atlanta, the FUty-
third was the principal force engaged in the daring raid in his
rear, whereby a valuable train was destroyed. It was then at
the heels of Sherman as he devastated Georgia and the Caro-
linas, and took part in the last operations of the war in that
quarter. The regiment laid down its arms at Columbia,
South Carolina. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — Moses W. Hannon of Montgomery ; promoted.
Lieutenant Colonel. — J. F. Gaines of Montgomery;
wounded at Waynesboro.
Major — Tho's F. Jenkins of WUcox ; captured near Florence.
Adjutants. — R. B. Snodgrass of Montgomery; wounded
thrice ; transferred. John TannehUl of Montgomery.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Macon. — John H. Hannon.
Pike and Macon. — W. L. Hanmer ; resigned. I. A WUson.
Coosa and Tallapocsa. — J. C. Humphries.
Dale.— WiUiam T.. McCall.
Dallas. — W. R. Davis ; captured near Rome.
Monroe and Wilcox. — L. E. Locke ; captured near Florence.
(From the other Companies).— P. B. Mastin.
Coffee and Dale — J. E. P. Flournoy.
Lowndes.— E. L. Sanderson; resigned. D. C. Whitley;
- resigned. W. J. Moncrief.
Montgomery and Autauga. — Adam C. Felder.

FIFTY-FOURTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was made up of six Alabama companies of
the Ffrst Alabama-Miss.-Tenn.-Regiment of Col. Baker of
Barbour, and four Alabama companies of the regiment of
Col L M Walker of Tennessee. These companies had been

666 WAR record.
captured at Island Ten, after nearly a year's arduous service
above Memphis. Organized at Jackson, Miss., October 1862,
the Fifty-fourth operated in the vicinity of Vicksburg during
the winter. It fought at Fort Pemberton with light loss, and
at Baker's Creek with equal result. Having escaped Vicks
burg by moving with Gen. Loring from Baker's Creek, the
Fifty-fourth was soon after at the siege of Jackson. It was
then transferred to the army of Gen. Bragg. The regiment
wintered at Dalton, and was engaged in the campaign from
there to Atlanta, when the Army of Tennessee disputed the
ground inch by inch, and stauied those inches with blood.
The regiment lost severely at Resaca, and at Atlanta July 22.
The loss was very heavy at Atlanta July 28, more than haff
the regiment being killed and wounded, and the flag perfora
ted by forty bullets. Having moved with Hood into middle
Tennessee,. the Fifty-fourth shared the privations and disas
ters of that campaign. Transferred to North Carolina, its
colors waved defiantly at BentonvUle, its last battle-field. A
remnant only were surrendered with the forces of Gen. John
ston. FIELD and staff.
Colonels. — Alpheus Baker of Barbour ; captured at Island
Ten ; wounded at Baker's Creek ; promoted. John A. Minter.
Lieut. Colonels. — John A. Minter of Coffee ; captured at
Island Ten ; promoted. Thaddeus H. Shackelford.
Major.— ThaddeuS H. ShackeHord of Mississippi ; captured.
at Island Ten ; promoted.
Adjutant. — Horace. M. Smith of Barbour ; died in service.
captains, and counties from which the companies came.
Coffee. — I. T. Law ; captured at Island Ten, and Atlanta.
Limestone. — Charles W. Raisler ; captured at Island Ten,
and Baker's Creek.
Chocta. — Jonas Griffin ; captured at Island Ten ; resigned.
Charles C. McCaU.
State of Mississippi. — A. J. Evans; captured at Island
Ten ; wounded near Atlanta.
Coffee. — Lewis J. Laird; captured at Island Ten; wound
ed at New Hope.
Chocta. — Joshua Morse ; tUl re-organized. Wm. S. Smith.
Macon. — John H. Christian ; captured at Island Ten.
Blount, Morgan, Limestone. — .... Whitfield ; resigned.
Porter Bibb ; tUl re-organized. S. C. Twitty. Lieut. G. L.
Brindley commanded.
State of Mississippi.— .... Wright. Lieut. Carpenter
commanded. DeKalb. — Thomas H. Withers; captured at Island Ten
and Canton. Lieut. Appleton commanded.

WAR RECORD. 667
FIFTY-FIFTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was made up of Snodgrass.' s and Norwood's
battahons, the former of six companies, the latter of five.
Snodgrass' battalion was organized at Corinth, in the spring
of 1862, out of companies that had been in the service a year
at that time, in the organizations of other States ; and they
had suffered severely at ShUoh ; while the battahon itself had
fought at the first siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles of
Baton Rouge and Corinth. Norwood's battahon was organ
ized at Clinton, Miss., out of the five companies of Alabant-
ians which had fought and been captured at Fort Donelson
whUe part of Quarles' " Tennessee " regiment. Organized at
Port Hudson, February 1863, with 900 veterans, the Fifty-
fifth fought at Baker's Creek in Buford's brigade, Loring's di
vision, losing considerably. It shared in the fighting at Jack
son, and the subsequent operations hi Mississippi. As part of
Scott's brigade, the regiment was attached to the Army of
Tennessee in the spring of 1864. It was much reduced by
the constant fighting on the retreat from Dalton, but entered
the battle of Peach-tree Creek (July 20, 1864) with 22 offi
cers and 256 men, and lost hi kiUed and wounded 14 officers,
and 155 men. After some further skirmishing, the FU'ty-fifth
participated in the winter campaign in Tennessee, and its lists
of casualties both at Franklin and NashviUe were large. Pro
ceeding to North Carohna, the regiment, sadly reduced in
strength, surrendered at Greensboro, under Col. Snodgrass.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — John Snodgrass of Jackson.
Lieut. Colonel.^ — John H. Norwood of Jackson; wounded
at Peach-tree.
Majors. — J. H. Jones of Jackson ; killed at Peach-tree. J.
B. Dickey of Madison.
Adjutants. — Hal. C. Bradford ; detached. J. C. HoweU
of Cherokee ; kUled at Peach-tree.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Madison. — J. B. Dickey ; promoted. J. M. CampbeU.
Cherokee. — D. C. Daniel ; wounded at Resaca and Atlanta.
Calhoun. -Peter Nuunally ; wounded at Peach-tree.
Jackson. — Thomas Bridges ; resigned. J. M. Thompson ;
wounded at Peach-tree.
Jackson and Marshall.— John W. Evans; killed at Peach-
tree. Jackson. — Wm. D. McCampbeU.
Marshall.— Arthur B. Carter; killed at Peach-tree. A. S.
MitcheU. Jackson. — J. H. Cowan ; wounded at Peach-tree.

668 WAR RECORD.

Jackson. — Alex'r Sisk ; absent without leave. A. S.Wheeler.
n™™„™ / vj i ji ( Wm. RandaU; cap. Vicksb'g.
Cherokee (consohdated).- j Eobert w^; r^ignecL

FIFTY-SIXTH ALABAMA— (Mounted).
The Fifty-sixth was made up of two battahons, commanded
by Majors Boyles and Hewlett, and which had been in the
service several months. Thus organized in the summer of
1863, the FHty-sixth operated in north Mississippi for some
time under Gen. Buggies. It was there brigaded under Gen.
Ferguson, and sent to north Georgia. It served on the flank
of the army during the Dalton- Atlanta campaign, and saw
arduous duty. The regiment moved with Gen. Hood to the
Tennessee, then turned and harassed Sherman. It was in
the trenches of Savannah, and operated near Augusta. It
moved into the Carolinas, and was surrendered at Greensboro,
about 200 strong. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — WiUiam Boyles of Mobile.
Lieutenant Colonel. — Wm. A. Hewlett of Walker ; trans
ferred. P. H. Debardelaben of Autauga ; transferred. Wm.
F. Martin of MobUe.
Majors. — P. H. Debardelaben ; promoted. Wm. F. Mar
tin, promoted. Thomas D. HaU of Autauga.
CAPTAINS, AND GOUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.*'
Autauga and Montgomery. — Thomas D. HaU ; wounded
near Kingston, Ga. ; promoted. George Rives.
M obile. — W. F. Martin ; promoted. James W. Bryant.
Butler.— F. D. N. RUey.
Mobile. — WUHam. McGUl ; kUled near Decatur, in Mor
gan. H. O. Eaton.
State op Mississippi. — Geo. F. Peake, (company detached.)
Walker. — .... Johnson ; kUled accidentaUy  Broach.
There were also five companies from Walker and adjacent
counties, under Captains Bibb, Sheppard, James Moore, and
Rice ; the latter succeeded by Capt. Morrow, as he was absent
without leave.

FIFTY-SEVENTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
This regiment was organized at Troy, in Pike, March 1863,
as part of the brigade of Gen. Clanton of Montgomery. It
was stationed at MobUe and Pollard till January 1864, when
it moved to DemopoHs. Brigaded there under Gen. Buford,
(soon succeeded by Gen. Scott) with the Twelfth Louisiana,
Twenty-seventh, Thirty-fifth, and Fifty-fifth Alabama, and a

WAR RECORD. 669
Louisiana regiment, the Fifty-seventh joined the Army of the
Tennessee in time to share frilly the hardships of the Dalton-
Atlanta campaign. The casualties of the regiment, however,
were not severe tiU the battle of Peach-tree Creek, when it
was cut to pieces. The Fifty-seventh participated in the
movement into Tennessee, and at FrankHn and NashvUle its
losses were again very large. Transferred to North Carohna,
the regiment fought at BentonvUle with severe loss. Its
colors were there folded when the army was disbanded.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— J. P. W. Amerine of Pike ; superceded. C. J.
L. Cunningham of Pike ; wounded at FrankHn.
Lieutenant Colonels. — J. W. Mabry of Barbour; super
ceded. R. A. Bethune of Pike ; wounded at Peach-tree.
Majors. — C. J. L. Cunningham ; promoted. W. R. Arnold
of Pike ; kUled at Peach-tree. J. Horatio WUey of Pike.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Pike.— J. P. Wood.
Barbour. — Daniel Martin. <
Dale. — R. A. Bethune ; promoted. Jesse Bruner.
Pike and Coffee. — W. R. Arnold ; promoted. M. J. Horn.
Henry. — J. H. WUey ; promoted. E. Culver ; wounded.
Pike.— James N. Arrington ; resigned. Reuben Lane.
Coffee. — Jesse O'Neal ; resigned. Wm. O. Mixon.
Pike and Barbour. — BaUey M. Talbot; killed at Peach-
tree. Alexander Faison; wounded.
Dale and Coffee. — Mordecai White ; resigned. W. G.
Yelverton.

FIFTY-EIGHTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
The Ninth Alabama (eight companies) battahon was organ
ised at Newbern, in Greene, November 1861, and proceeded
to Corintji the spring foUowing. It was engaged at ShUoh,
Farmington, and a number of skirmishes near Corinth, aU with
hght loss ; but at Blackland the battalion lost about 20 men
killed and wounded, besides a large number by disease at
Corinth and Tupelo. In the summer of 1862, the battalion
was sent to MobUe, and remained there till AprU 1863. At
that time it proceeded to TuUahoma, and was placed in Clay
ton's brigade. The battalion was in several smaU engage
ments, especiaUy at Hoover's Gap. In July 1863, at TuUa
homa, two additional companies were attached, and the FUty-
eighth regiment was thus formed. Placed in Bate's brigade,
a few weeks later the regiment was in the great battle of Chic
amauga. On the first day it captured four pieces of artiUery,

670 WAR RECORD.
and on the second was in a desperate charge which broke the
enemy's Hne ; but its loss in killed and wounded was 148 out
of 254 men. A few weeks later, the regiment was consoli
dated with the Fifty-second Alabama, the field officers of the
Fifty-eighth being retained, and placed in Clayton's brigade.
The consolidated regiment had 400 present at Missionary
Ridge, and lost 250 in casualties and prisoners. The regi
ment wintered at Dalton. At Resaca, within a few minutes,
it lost 95 kUled and wounded -out of 300 engaged. ' It was
engaged in numerous skirmishes during the retreat, and
fought at the battles of New Hope andKennesa, losing a num
ber hi each. The Thirty-second-FHty-eighth was also in the
bloody battles around A tlanta, and a long Hst of casualties
told the story of its conduct. Moving with Hood into Ten
nessee, the regiment was warmly engaged at Columbia, Frank
lin, and Nashville, and again at Franklin on the retreat.
Ordered to Spanish Fort, the regiment was in garrison there
during the siege, losing considerably in casualties. It sur
rendered at Meridian, under Col. Jones.
field and staff.
Colonel. — Bush Jones of Perry.
Lieutenant Colonel. — John W. Inzer of St. Clair ; wounded
at Chicamauga ; captured at Mission Ridge.
Major. — H arry I. Thornton of Greene ; wounded at Resaca
and Atlanta.
Adjutants. — Robert T. Harris of Marengo; wounded at
Chicamauga ; retired. John Clow of Scotland ; kUled at
Chicamauga. Albert T. Goodwyn of Autauga; captured at
Mission Ridge. Walter Hungerford of Perry (acting) ; kiUed
at Atlanta. Wiley SpruUl of St. Clair.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
S r. Clair. — Sheriff Brewster ; resigned. George S. Mark
ham ; captured at Mission Ridge.
Fayette. — Edward Crenshaw ; wounded at Chicamauga.
Jefferson. — W. E. Lee ; captured at Mission Ridge.
St. Clair. — W. M. Inzer ; captured at Atlanta ; resigned.
R. W. Wiggins.
Butler. — Gid. Holland ; kiUed at Spanish Fort.
Calhoun. — Samuel D. McCleUan ; resigned. Clement P.
Read ; wounded at Fish River.
S r. Clair — Sidney F. Lister ; lulled at Mission Ridge. Ai
B. Vandergrift.
Dallas. — Elias Fort ; resigned. Calvin L. Harrell ; wounded
at Chicamauga.
St. Clair, Calhoun, Talladega. — John A. Averett; killed
at Atlanta. Joseph T. Curry.
Autauga and Montgomery.— Samuel D. Oliver,

WAR RECORD. 671
FIFTY-NINTH ALABAMA— (Lspantey).
This regiment was formed by the consoHdation of the Sec
ond and Fourth battahons of HiUiard's Legion- The Legion
was organized at Montgomery, June 25, 1862, and consisted
of five battalions, one of which was mounted, and being de
tached in a short time thereafter, became part of the Tenth
Confederate regiment. The Second battalion, six companies,
was commanded by Lieut. Colonel Boiling Hall jr. of Au
tauga, and Major W. Stubblefield of Coosa ; the Fourth bat
tahon was commanded by Major John D. McLennan of Bar
bour. The legion proceeded to east Tennessee, nearly 3000
strong, under its commander, Col. Hilliard of Montgomery.
Proceeding to Cumberland Gap, it was part of the force that
besieged that position. In October the legion was a part of
the force that occupied Kentucky, a fatiguing march. It
passed the winter and summer following in east Tennessee,
during which time Col. Jack Thorington of Montgomery (of
the first battalion) succeeded Col. HiHiard, and in AprU 1863
it was attached to Gen. Grade's brigade. The legion was in
the great battle of Chicamauga, and left more than haH its
number on the bloody field, and the flag of the Second bat
talion was perforated by 81 baUs. Moving into east Ten
nessee, Col. Thorington having resigned, the legion was di
vided into the Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth Alabama regiments,
and Twenty-third battahon, at Charleston, Nov. 25, 1863.
The Fifty-ninth was at the investment of Knoxville, and the
fights at Dandridge and Beene's Station, with some casual
ties, especiaUy at the latter. In April 1864 the regiment
reached Richmond, and shortly after took part in the battle
of Drewry's Bluff and the fight with Sheridan, losing largely
in casualties in the former. From June tUl the March foUow
ing, the FUty-niuth was in the trenches of Petersburg, or in
the numerous fierce conflicts at the flank and rear of the army,
losing a number at Hatcher's Run and White-oaks Road.
As part of Gordon's corps, Bushrod Johnston's division, the
regiment was engaged at Appomattox, and there surrendered.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel — BoUing HaU jr. of Autauga; wounded at Drewry's
(and at Chicamauga as battalion commander).
Lieutenant Colonels. — John D. McLennan of r3 arbour.;
kUled at Drewry's. Geo. W. Huguley of Chambers.
Majors.— Geo. W. Huguley ; promoted. Lewis H. Grump
ier of Coosa.
Adjutant — CrenshawHall of Autauga; wounded at Drewry's.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Randolph. — John C. Hendrix ; died in the service. S. E.
A. Reaves ; wounded at Drewry's.

672 . WAR EECOED.
Autauga. — John F. Wise ; resigned. John E. HaU ; wound
ed at Petersburg.
Tallapoosa. — J. W. Dillard ; died hi service. John Porter.
Pike. — E. L. Mclntyre ; resigned. John C. Henley.
Dale.— W. H. Stuckey. W. J. Peacock.
Coosa. — L. H. Orumpler ; promoted. W. R. Davie.
Barboue. — James Lang ; wounded twice.
Butlee. — J. R. Glasgow ; resigned. Louis Harrell ; re
signed. H. H. Rutledge ; lolled at Drewry's. Zach. Daniel;
lulled at Hatcher's Run.
Butlee.* — R. F. Manly ; wounded at Drewry's ; wounded
and captured at Hatcher's Run.
Coosa. — W. D. Walden; killed at Chicamauga. R. H.
GuUedge. SIXTIETH ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was formed by consolidating four companies
of the First battalion of HiUiard's Legion with six companies
of the Third battahon. The first battahon, seven companies,
went out with Jack Thorington of Montgomery as Heutenant
colonel, and John H. Holt of Montgomery as major ;t and the
Third battalion, six companies, went out with John W. A.
Sanford of Montgomery as Heutenant colonel, and Hatch
Cook of Georgia as major. The operations of the Hilliard
Legion are given in the memoranda of the Fifty-ninth Ala
bama. At Chicamauga, the First battahon lost 168 kUled and
wounded of 230 engaged, and the third battahon lost 50 kUl
ed and wounded of 219 engaged. * Organized at Charleston,
Tennessee, Nov. 25, 1863, the Sixtieth passed through the
trials and perils of the winter campaign in east Tennessee.
In the spring it reached Richmond, and lost heavUy at Drew
ry's, where the regiment was comphmented on the field by
Gen. Gracie, as the Thfrd battalion had been at Chicamauga
by Gen. Preston of Kentucky. The regiment was in the
trenches at Petersburg for eight months, and lost continually
by the almost incessant shelling. At White-oaks Road and
Hatcher's Run the Sixtieth was fully engaged, and its loss
was severe. At Appomattox, " when the news of the surren-
" der was received, its men were huzzaing over a captured
"battery and a routed foe. "3; The regiment there numbered
165, rank and file.
This, company was part of the preceding one for some time
fThorington succeeded Hilliard as colonel of the legion, and Holt' was
thereupon promoted, but killed at Chicamauga. Daniel S. Troy of Hont-
« gomery became major and lieutenant colonel, after Col. Holt.
|Sergeant-major Lewellyn A. Shaver of Montgomery, who has published
(1867) a very interesting volume about the Sixtieth.

WAR RECORD. 673
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel.— John W. A. Sanford of Montgomery.
Lieutenant Colonels.— Daniel S. Troy of Montgomery;
wounded at Drewry's; wounded and captured at Hatcher's Run.
Major— Hatch Cook of Georgia ; kffled at White Oaks Road.
Adjutant.— James N. Gilmer of Montgomery.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Coosa. — Thomas H. Smith.
Montgomery. — David A. Clark; died of wounds received
at Appomattox.
Montgomery. — Peter M. McEachen.
Pike. — John McReless.
Pike. — George Boatwright; resigned. S. A. WUHams;
wounded at White Oaks Road.
Chambees. — John W. Smith ; wounded at White Oaks Road.
Lowndes. — W. H. Zeagler.
Butlee. —  Tarbutton ; wounded ; retfred. G. A. Tar-
button ; wounded at White Oaks Road.
State pf Geoegia. — Robert B. Lockhart. '
Heney. — James W. Stokes.

SIXTY-FIRST ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at PoUard in September 1863.
A number of the men had been in camps of instruction
for some time under the conscript law of congress, while the
officers were mostly veterans. The regiment was first bri
gaded under Gen. Clanton, but in January 1864 was ordered
to Vfrginia. Reaching Orange C. H., the regiment took the
place of the Twenty-sixth Alabama in Battle's brigade, Rodes'
division. The Sixty-first was first under fire at the Wilder
ness, where its loss was severe, but it captured a battery,
kUled Gen. Jenkins, and almost annihilated his New York
Zouave brigade. At Spottsylvania the Sixty-first lost heavily
in casualties and prisoners during the several days' fighting.
Its loss was not severe at the second Cold Harbor, and it soon
after moved into the VaUey with Early, and crossed into
Maryland. At Snicker's Gap and Winchester the loss of the
Sixty-first was severe, and even larger at Fisher's HUl. Re
joining the main army, the regiment took its place in the
trenches at Petersburg, and lost continuaUy, especiaUy in
prisoners at Hare's Hill. On the retreat to Appomattox the
Sixty-first fought much of the time, and surrendered there 27
men under Capt. A. B. Fannin.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — Wm. G. Swanson of Macon.
43

674 WAE BECOED.
Lieutenant Colonel. — Louis H. HUl of Coosa ; captured
at Petersburg.
Major.— W E. Pinckard of Macon ; captured at Petersburg.
Adjutants.— Charles T. Pollard jr. of Montgomery; re
signed. Thomas T. Greene of Montgomery.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
"A" — Jas. W. Fannin of Macon ; captured at Spottsylvania.
"B" — Robert a. Petersqn of Macon; retired. Wm. H.
PhUpot of Macon ; captured at Petersburg.
" 0 " — JuHus P. Haggerty of Coosa ; retired. C. C. Long
of Macon.
Butler.- — John F. Barganier ; detached  Porter ;
captured at Spottsylvania ; died in prison.
"E" — Eugenius F. Eaber of Macon; retired. Aug. B.
Fannin jr. ot Macon ; wounded at Cold Harbor and Win
chester. Chambers. — A. F. Zachary; wounded at Spottsylvania;
retfred. Allen.
Coffee. — A. D. McCaskiU ; killed at WUderness. J. J.
Joiner ; killed at Hare's HUl.
Macon. — Sidney B. Paine; retired. Wm. A. CampbeU;
wounded. " I " — James S. Hastings of Montgomery ; retfred. A. J.
Slaughter of Macon ; wounded at Snicker's Gap.
Henry (1864).— J. K. Grantham.

SIXTY-SECOND ALABAMA— (Infantry).
Lockhart's Battalion, the nucleus of this regiment, was or
ganized at Selma, in January 1864, and was on duty in the
State till July, when it moved up to Cheha, and lost severely
in the fight there with Rousseau. A few days after, it was
organized as the Sixty-second Alabama regiment, at MobUe.
Stationed at Fort Gaines, the regiment w_as in the bombard
ment of that place, losing several killed and wounded, and
the remainder captured. The prisoners were taken to New
Orleans and Ship Island, and subjected to brutal treatment
at the hands of the enemy. Exchanged in MobUe bay, Jan.
4, 1865. Placed in garrison at Spanish Fort, as part of
Thomas' brigade (with the Sixty-third Alabama), the regi
ment withstood the siege there for six daj-s, with some loss,
and was then reheved by Holtzclaw's brigade.. It served
through the siege and bombardment of Blakeley, losing a
number kUled and wounded, and was captured in the assault
on the works. 'Taken to Ship Island, the men were ex
changed in time to be surrendered Avith the department.. The
regiment was composed wholly of young men, and was com-

WAR RECORD. 675
plimented in special orders by Gen. LideU for its conduct at
Spanish Fort. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — Daniel Huger of MobUe.
Lieutenant Colonels. — James L. Davidson of Bibb ; tUl
re-organized, firunot Yniestre ; captured at Blakeley.
Majors. — B. Yniestre of MobUe ; promoted. J. \V. Pitts
of Shelby ; captured at Blakeley.
Adjutant. — T. G. Bush of Pickens ; captured at Blakeley.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Greene — Wm. H. King.
Perry and Dallas — George D. Shortridge jr. ; captured at
Blakeley. St. Claie and Randolph. — Joseph Thornton ; captured at
Blakeley. Talladega. — WUHam Doriahoe.
Dallas and Peeey. — Jos. J. Aston ; captured at Blakeley.
Calhoun and Talladega.— Junius L. Walthall.
Shelby and Talladega. — J. W. Pitts ; promoted. WaUes
WaUace ; captured at Blakeley.
Peeey. — ; ames A. McCaw ; wounded at Cheha.
Calhoun, St. Claie, Randolph. — Henry Foy.
Bibb. — Wm. C. Ward j wounded at Spanish Fort; captured
at Blakeley.

SIXTY-THIRD ALABAMA— (Infantey).
This regiment was organized at Blakeley, in July 1864, and
nearly aU of the men except two companies (''A" and "B")
were conscripts from various parts of the State, the officers
being mostly veterans. The regiment remained in the de
fences of MobUe tUl ordered to Spanish Fort, three clays be
fore the place was invested, March 1865. It was, with the
Sixty-second, a part of Gen. Thomas' brigade, aud lost sev
eral kUled and wounded during the first six days' operations
at Spanish Fort. Relieved, and sent to Blakeley, the Sixty-
third arrived there in time to share in aU the privations and
perils of that siege. After some loss, it was captured with
the fortress, AprU 9, 1865, about 300 in number, aud ex
changed just prior to the surrender of the department.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— Oland S. Rice; tiU re-organized. Junius A.
Law of Macon ; captured at Blakeley.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Junius A. Law ; promoted. John
H. Echols of Macon; captured at Blakeley.
Majors.— John H. Echols; promoted. I. W. Suttle of
Coosa ; captured at Spanish Fort.

676

WAR RECORD.

Adjutant. — David Johnston of Macon, (acting); captured
at Blakeley.
The foUowing were captains in the regiment : James Arm
strong, W. C. Zimmerman, Charles W. Martin, Alto V. Lee,
Spottswood Garland, aU captured at Blakeley; and I. W.
Suttle, promoted, succeeded by .... Johnson, kiUed at
Spanish Fort.

[There may have been such a regiment as the Sixty-fourth
Alabama among the organizations at MobUe, but it could
have served but a few months, and in no engagement.]

SIXTY-FIFTH ALABAMA— (Infantry).
The nucleus of this regiment was the Fourth Alabama
battahon of reserves, seven companies, which organized in
July 1864 at MobUe, with Wm. M. Stone of Sumter as Heu
tenant colonel, and E. M. UnderhiU of MobUe as major.
The battahon was in garrison at MobUe, and in November
was organized as the Sixty-fifth regiment. In December the
regiment was sent to east Mississippi to repel a raid, and re
mained there several weeks. Ordered from MobUe to North
Carolina, the regiment was stopped at Montgomery, and
ordered to report to Gen. Buford. It retired before Wilson's
column to Girard, and participated in the battle there, losing
several kUled and. wounded, and the remainder mostly cap
tured. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel.— E. M. UnderhiU of MobUe.
Lieutenant Colonel. — E. Toomer of MobUe.
Major.— S. B. Waring of Mobile.
Adjutants. — C. F. Westfeldt of MobUe; resigned. C. H.
Minge of MobUe.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Mobile.— A. J. Leshe ; captured at Girard.
Mobile. — . . . . Bass; captured at Mobile.
Mobile. — .... Magoffin.
Monroe. — . . . . Snowdon.
 — . . Atkinson ; captured at Girard.
Conecuh. — . . . Walker ; captured at Girard.
Mobile. — E. Toomer ; promoted  Lewis ; captured
at Girard.
Macou—  Smith. *
Coosa. — .... Demson.
Dale. — .... Thornton ; captured at Girard.

WAR RECORD. 677
FIRST ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This regiment was organized at Montgomery in November
1861. Ordered to Tennessee soon after, the regiment was
engaged at the battle of ShUoh with light loss. . It fought at
BoonvUle, suffering severely, and at Blackland with few casu
alties. The regiment moved into Kentucky with the army,
as part of Wheeler's command ; was engaged at PerryvUle,
and skirmished for several weeks subsequently. When the
army reached middle Tennessee, the Ffrst was occupied in a
series of skfrmishes, and lost considerably at Murfreesboro.
It guarded the flanks and front of the army, and protected
the rear on the retreat to TuUahoma and Chattanooga, losing
severely at Duck river. The regiment fought at Chicamauga
with Hght loss, and moved into east Tennessee with Long-
street, fighting at Clinton, KnoxvUle, Mossy Creek, &c, with
some loss hi each. It was part of the force on the Sequatchee
raid, fought at Dandridge, and operated on and harassed the
enemy's front and flank during the Dalton- Atlanta campaign.
The Ffrst was in the brilHant fight at Decatur, with severe
loss, and took part in the capture of Gen. Stoneman's column.
Moving to the Tennessee, the regiment faced about and pur
sued Sherman. It was in the fight at Waynesboro, and lost
a number at Fiddler's Pond. In the attack on Kilpatrick,
and the coUisions at Averysboro and BentonvUle, the Ffrst
participated. Near Raleigh, a few days before the surrender,
the regiment drove the enemy. It surrendered as part of
Hagan's brigade, Allen's division, at Sahsbury, N. C, about
150 strong. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — James H. Clanton of Montgomery; promoted.
Wm. W. Allen of Montgomery ; wounded at Murfreesboro ;
promoted. David T. Blakey of Montgomery; wounded at
Dandridge. Lieut. Colonels.— M. W. Hannon of Montgomery; re
signed. W. W. Alen ; promoted. Thomas Brown of Mont
gomery; kUled at WoodsonvUle, Ky. D. T. Blakey; pro
moted. Augustus H. Johnson of Montgomery.
Majors.— W. W. AUen ; promoted. Thomas Brown ; pro
moted. D. T. Blakey; promoted. A. H. Johnson; pro
moted. Vincent M. Ehnore of Montgomery.
Adjutants.— James H. Judkins jr. of Montgomery; re
signed. E. D. Ledyard of Montgomery ; transferred. Wesley
Jones of Montgomery; kiUed at Fiddler's Pond. B. L. Wy-
man of Montgomery.
CaPTArNS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Autauga.'— Thos. Brown ; promoted. W. T. Lary ; wounded

678 WAR RECORD.
at Middleton, Tenn.; resigned. John A. Whiting ; captured
near NashvUle.
Montgomery. — J. F. Gaines; resigned. W. G. CampbeU;
resigned. Morgan. — J. W. Harper; resigned. Josiah Patterson;
(company detached).
, Tallapoosa. — John G Stokes; resigned. Jesse Fitzpat
rick; resigned. Henry Washburn.
Calhoun. — D. T. Blakey; promoted. Warren S. Reese;
transferred. J. Monroe Anderson.
Pike, Dale, Coffee. — A. H. Johnson ; promoted. George
P. Fuhrman; captured at Middleton.
Autauga and Montgomery. — Joseph Hodgson; resigned.
George Speed ; kiUed at Noonday Creek.
Moneoe and Butler. — Orlando H. Abney ; resigned. Jas.
Hightower; resigned. V. M. Elmore; promoted. BoUing
Kavanaugh. Pike and Butler. — 0. H. Colvin; resigned. Sydney E.
AUen ; kUled at Murfreesboro. Robert Allen ; wounded.
Montgomery. — Britton C. Tarver ; resigned.

SECOND ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This regiment was organized at Montgomery, May 1, 1862.
Proceeding to west Florida, it operated there about ten
months, and was engaged in several skirmishes. Ordered to
north Mississippi, and placed under Gen. Buggies, the regi
ment lost 8 men in a skfrmish at Mud creek. It was then
placed in Ferguson's brigade, and operated in the Tennessee
vaUey, taking part in numerous skirmishes. The Second
fought Grierson at Okalona, with a loss of about 70 men
kUled and wounded, then harassed Sherman on his march to
and from Mississippi. Joining Gen. Wheeler, the Second
performed arduous duty on the flank of the army in the
Dalton- Atlanta campaign, and lost a number of men in the
battle of July 22 at Atlanta. Having accompanied Hood to
Rome, the Second then feU on Sherman's rear, and skfrmished
almost daUy with some loss. The regiment tracked Sherman
to Greenesboro, N. C, then escorted President Davis to
Georgia. At Forsyth, in that State, the regiment laid down
its arms, 450 strong. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels.— F. W. Hunter of Montgomery ; reheved. R.
Gordon Earle of Calhoun ; killed at Kingston, Ga. John N.
Carpenter of Greene.
Lieutenant Colonels. — James Cunningham -of Monroe;
resigned. John P. West of Shelby ; resigned^ J. N. Car-

WAR RECORD. 679
penter; promoted. Jos. J. PegUes of Tuskaloosa; wounded
at Nickajack.
Majors.— Mathew R. Marks of Montgomery; relieved. J.
N. Carpenter ; promoted. J. J. Pegues ; promoted. Richard
W. Carter of Butler.
Adjutant.— James M. BuUock of Greene.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES GAME.
Calhoun. — Richard G. Earle ; promoted to colonel. Jacob
W. Whisenhant ; wounded at Kennesa.
Shelby. — John P. West ; promoted to Heutenant colonel.
Frank King.
Geeene. — John N. Carpenter ; promoted. James A. An
derson ; wounded at Nickajack.
Tuskaloosa.— J. J. Pegues ; promoted. James Eddius.
Butlee. — R. W. Carter ; promoted. Joseph AUen.
Montgomery. — Wm. L. AUen ; died in the service. Bethel
J. Bbnham.
Goosa. — Wm. P. Ashley ; wounded at Decatur, Ga.
Monroe.— Jas. H. McCreary ; resigned. F. E. Richardson.
Montgomery and Dallas. — Felix Glackmeyer; resigned.
A. N. McIver ; resigned. Walter H. Daniel.
Montgomery. — Thomas R. Stacey ; resigned. A. P. WUson.

THIRD ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This regiment was organized at Tupelo, in June 1862, by
companies that had been in the service some months, and
several of which, as "Murphy's battalion," had fought at Shi-
loh. The regiment accompanied the army into Kentucky,
and was engaged in daily conflicts with the enemy, particu
larly at Bramlet's Station and Perry viUe. It fell back with
the army, and was on constant and arduous duty during the
remainder of the war, protecting its communications, guard
ing its rear and flanks, and often raiding upon the enemy's
trains and outposts. It was part of the brigade composed of
the Ffrst, Third, Fourth, Ninth, Twelfth, and Fifty-first Ala
bama cavalry, commanded first by Gen. AUen of Montgom
ery, subsequently by Gen. Hagan of MobUe. The Third was
engaged at Murfreesboro, ShelbyvUle, Chicamauga, Kings
ton, KnoxvUle, Mossy Creek, Strawberry Plains, losing con
tinuously in casualties, and suffering severely during Long-
street's winter campaign. In the Dalton- Atlanta campaign
it performed arduous service, fighting with severe loss at De
catur, and helping to capture Stoneman's column. In front
of Sherman, the regiment shrouded Hood's movements, then
harassed the former on his march, participating in the fights
near Macon, at Winchester, Aiken, FayettevUle, BentonvUle,

680 WAR RECORD.
Raleigh, and Chapel HUl. Reduced by its losses to a skele
ton, the regiment surrendered in North Carolina.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — James Hagan of Mobile ; wounded at Frank
lin and Kingston, Tenn. ; promoted. Josiah Robins of WU
cox ; wounded near FayettevUle.
Lieutenant Colonels.— S. Jennings Murphy of MobUe;
transferred. T. H. Mauldin of Monroe ; resigned. Josiah
Robins; promoted. John D. Farish of WUcox; wounded
near FayettevUle.
Majors. — F. Y. Gaines of Chocta ; retired. Jo. Robins ;
promoted. J. D. Farish ; wounded in Coosa VaUey. D. P.
Forney of Calhoun.
Adjutants. — R. R. Gaines of Chocta ; wounded at Farm
ington ; transferred. John L. Reddish of WUcox ; wounded
in Coosa VaUey ; transferred. A. H. Smith.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Chocta. — W. W. Lang; retired. W. P. Cheney.
Monroe. — T. H. Mauldin ; promoted. T. J. BUHngslea.
Wilcox. — Josiah Robins ; promoted. J. Wesley Voltz.
Wilcox and Dallas. — Thos. F. Jenkins; resigned. J. D.
Farish ; promoted. S. W. Pegues.
Mobile. — Paul Ravesies; transferred. J. W. Smith; re
signed. J. C. Brown.
Perry and Dallas. — Wm. Cathy ; killed at PerryvUle. R.
W. Cole; resigned. Thomas Norris; kUled at Chapel HUL
Calhoun. — D. P. Forney ; promoted  Stewart.
Autauga. — J. D. HiU ; resigned. Wm. Mims.
Dallas and Wilcox — James Boykin ; transferred Augus
tus Tomlinson ; died in the service. Thomas Lenoir ; killed
at Resaca. Henry R. Gordon.
Dallas and Wilcox. — R. W. Smith ; transferred 
Holloway. RODDY'S FOURTH ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This regiment was organized at Tuscumbia, October 1862,
and was sent to middle Tennessee. It wintered near the
army, but in the early spring was sent to the Tennessee Val
ley. When Dodge advanced up the vaUey, the Fourth met
him below Tuscumbia, and contested the ground to Town
Creek, losing severely. It took part in the pursuit of Streight,
and, as the heart and nucleus of Roddy's brigade, was on
constant and perUous duty. The regiment fought with loss
at Tishomingo, and suffered severely in the battle of Harris-
burg. On Forrest's Athens and Pulaski raid, the Fourth bore

WAR RECORD. 681
(
the brunt of two or three fights, and was badly cut up. It
bore the leading part in Gen. Roddy's movements, repeUing
raids, picketing the front, and making a number of daring
attacks, such as that at Barton's and the one at Florence.
When WUson crossed the mountains, the regiment was in his
front, and fought nearly aU the way from MontevaUo to Selma.
The larger portion of the Fourth was captured at Selma, and
the remnant laid down its arms at Pond Spring.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — P. D. Roddy of Lawrence ; promoted. Wm.
A. Johnson of Lauderdale ; wounded at Pulaski.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Wm. A. Johnson ; promoted. F.
M. Wines of Morgan.
Major. — Dick Johnson of Lauderdale, wounded near Flor
ence ; killed near Moulton.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Franklin. — Jas.WUHams ; kUled at Courtland. C. J. Hyatt.
Lauderdale. — Joseph H. Sloss ; transferred. Thos. WU
Hams ; wounded near Bainbridge ; kUled near HuntsvUle.
J. M. Weems.
Lauderdale. — Wm. H. Welsh.
Franklin. — W. R. JuHan ; tUl re-organized. John A. Steele.
Lawrence. — Thomas Dorherty.
Lawrence. — J. H. ShackeHord ; transferred. Ward Mc
Donald. Franklin. — John Newsom ; transferred. John C. Nelson ;
wounded and captured.
Franklin. — Jere. DaUy ; tUl re-organized, Edw. J. Odum.
Walker. — E. KeUy; wounded.
Lawrence. — PhiHp ThfrlkiU ; transferred  Magufre.

RUSSELL'S FOURTH ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
At Murfreesboro, Tenn., Dec. 1862, four companies of the
original battahon with which Gen. Forrest entered the ser
vice, were united with the six companies of the Fourth Ala
bama battahon, and the regiment organized. The four com
panies that had been with Forrest for 15 months, had fought
at Fort Donelson, ShUoh, and numerous other engagements.
A few days after its organization, the regiment went with For
rest on a raid into west Tennessee, and fought at Lexington,
Trenton, Jackson, and Parker's Cross Roads, capturing two
pieces of artUlery at the first, and losing severely at the last
mentioned battle. A few weeks later, the Fourth was in the
attack on Fort Donelson, by Wheeler and Forrest, and there
suffered severely. Attached to Allen's brigade of Wheeler's

682 WAR RECORD.
division, the regiment took part in the operations of the cav
alry of the Army of Tennessee. At Chicamauga the regi
ment was warmly engaged, and bore a full share in aU the
engagements of the east Tennessee campaign of Gen. Long-
street. It was then in the Dalton- Atlanta campaign, fighting
continuously, and was part of the force that captured Stone
man's column. When Gen. Hood began to move into Ten
nessee, the Fourth was detached, and' sent to the Tennessee
valley, and operated in that region. After the battle of Nash
vUle, the Fourth was assigned to Forrest's corps, and was sur
rendered with his troops at Gainesville.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — A. A. RusseU of Jackson ; wounded twice.
Lieutenant Colonel. — -Joseph M. Hambrick of Madison ;
wounded at Calhoun, Ga.
Major.— F. M. Taylor of Madison.
Adjutant. — Harry F. Christian of Madison.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.*
Jackson. — Henry F. Smith ; wounded.
Madison. — Oliver B. Gaston; captured; died in prison.
Wilcox and Monroe. — W. C. Bacot ; 'wounded near Atlanta.
Cherokee. — Thomas W. Hampton; killed at Mossy Creek.
Madison. — W. R. Whitman.
Marshall. — Wm. Fennell.
Jackson. — Flavius J. Graham ; wounded near Atlanta.
Marshall. — Henry MUner; resigned. David Davidson;
wounded ; resigned.
Madison. — Frank B. Gurley.
Lawrence. — H. C. Speake.

FIFTH ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This regiment was organized at Tuscumbia, in December
1862, and brigaded under Gen. Roddy. Moved into east Ten
nessee shortly after, and skirmished at Chapel HUl. Cap
tured a wagon train at Hamburg ; captured 60 prisoners and
a train at Hunt's MUl, in Jackson ; blocked the raUroad in
rear of Rosecrans ; captured 130 prisoners at Madison Sta
tion ; -fought Gen. Long at Moulton ; stampeded a regiment
at OakvUle ; and was with Gen. Forrest on Ins briUiant Pu-
*The following were captains in this regiment, but are not assigned to
their respective companies in the report furnished : H. A. Gillespie, W. H,
Taylor (killed at Decatur), Wm. Smith, Jas. Smith, and Thomas B.Winston.
D. C. Kelly of Madison led one of the companies into the service, and was
elected lieutenant colonel of Forrest's regiment. D. C. Davis was the first
captain of one of the Madison companies, and  Trewhitt of the Cher
okee oompany.

WAR RECORD. ' 683
laski raid, with Hght loss. The FUth also skirmished with
Steedman when he marched into the Tennessee VaUey, and
was in front of WUson' s corps from MontevaUo to Selma.
The regiment took part in the defence of Selma, and were
mostly captured there. The remainder surrendered at Dan
vUle, in Morgan. During its career the Fifth captured 450 of
the enemy, besides killing and capturing quite a number.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — Josiah Patterson of Morgan ; captured at Selma.
Lieut. Colonels. — James M. Warren; captured at La
grange ; resigned. J. L. M. Curry of TaUadega.
Majors. — R. F. Gibson of Lawrence; resigned. WiUiam
Wren of Mississippi.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Morgan. — S. W. Nunn ; resigned. E. B. Rice.
Lawrence. — Samuel E. Brown.
Morgan. — F. M. Davis ; resigned. Stephen Simpson.
Moegan — A. H. Rice.
Lawrence. — PhiHp May; wounded at Hunt's MiU.
Marion. — .... Marchbanks ; resigned. Wm. Lloyd.
Fayette. — J. R. Powell; captured at Barton's ; transferred.
Tuskaloosa. — J. M. Woodward.
Morgan. — A. M. Patterson.
Franklin and Marion. — Lang C. AUen.
Marion. — J. K. Swope ; resigned. John CoUier.

SIXTH ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This regiment was organized near Pine Level, early in
1863, as part of Gen. Clanton's brigade. It was first engaged
near PoUard, with a column of the enemy that moved out
from Pensacola. Ordered then to north a labama, the Sixth
was concerned in several skirmishes, near Decatur, with smaU
loss. During the Atlanta-Dalton campaign the regiment
served for several weeks as part of Ferguson's and Arm
strong's brigades, and lost quite a number. A portion of the
regiment resisted Rousseau at Ten Islands, losing a number
Trilled and captured. Transferred to west Florida, the Sixth
fought Steele's column at Bluff Spring, under orders from
Col. Armstead, and its loss was severe, especiaUy m prison
ers. The remnant fought Gen. WUson's column, and laid
down their arms at GainesriUe. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel.— C. H. Colvin of Pike.
Lieutenant Colonel.— W. T. Lary ; captured at Ten Is
lands.

684 WAE record.
Major. — E. A. McWhorter of Macon; captured at Ten
Islands and Bluff Spring.
Adjutant. — Jo. A. Robertson of DaUas.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Macon and Pike. — C. T. Hardman.
Coffee.— C. S. Lee jr. _ ¦
Tallapoosa.— .... Vaughan. ,
Heney. — James McRae.
Pike.— W. R. Heard.
Montgomeey and Pike. — W. G. CampbeU.
Baeboue. — Thomas Abercrombie.
State of Flobida. — Joseph Keyser.
State of Flobida. — J. B. Hutto ; wounded at Manning's
MUl. Coosa and Montgomery. — Waddy T. Armstrong.

SEVENTH ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
The Seventh was organized at Newbern, in Greene, July
22, 1863, and was raised as part of the brigade of Gen. Clan
ton. Ordered to PoUard, the regiment remained in that vi
cinity for nearly a year. In the faU of 1864, the Seventh re
ported. to Gen. Forrest at Corinth, and was assigned to Ruck-
er's brigade. It took part in the raid on JohnsonvUle, and
was engaged in the fighting as Hood moved up to NashvUle.
The Seventh also bore the brunt of the night attack of the
enemy at Brentwood, suffering severely in killed and wound
ed. During Hood's retreat, the regiment fought daUy and
nightly, repeUing the repeated assaults of the enemy's swarm
of cavalry. When the Seventh reached Corinth, only 64
rank and file (effective) were left of the 350 with which it be
gan the campaign. After recruiting a few weeks, the regi
ment joined Gen. Buford, at MontevaUo, 300 strong. Or
dered to west Florida, the Seventh reached GreenvUle, then
turned and confronted WUson' s corps from Benton to Girard,
fighting and obstructing his march. At Girard the regiment
was in the Hne, and took part in the last fighting of the great
war. It moved by way of DadevUle and Wetumka, and sur
rendered at Gainesville, May 14, 1865.
field and staff.
Colonel.— Joseph Hodgson of Montgomery.
Lieutenant Colonels. — Henry J. Livingston of Autauga ;
resigned. Turner Clanton of Montgomery.
Majors. — Turner Clanton ; promoted. Frank C. Ran
dolph of Montgomery.
Adjutant. — Wm. T. Charles of Montgomery; captured,
but escaped.

WAR RECORD. 685
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Randolph.— F. C. Randolph ; promoted. W. F. M'CHntock.
Montgomery. — E. D. Ledyard.
Montgomery. — Britton C. Tarver.
(Cadets). — Charles P. Storrs; wounded at Columbia.
Shelby. — L. H. Mottier.
Montgomeey. — A. H. Bright.
Randolph.— O. P. Knight.
Pickens. — S. V. Ferguson.
Geeene. — D. P. Scarborough.
Montgomeey. — Dalton Yancey.

EIGHTH ALABAMA— (Cayaley).
This regiment was organized in AprU 1864 at Newbern, by
adding a company to the nine of Hatch's battahon, which
had entered the service the previous winter. Ordered at once
to. Blue Mountain, the regiment was under General PUlow.
Moving into north Georgia, the regiment was in the desperate
encounter at LaFayette, with a loss of 30 kiUed and wounded
and about 75 prisoners. Shortly after, the Eighth fought at
Rome, losing about 20 men kUled and wounded. It was or
dered to west Florida soon after, and was in front 'of Steele
as he moved on PoUard. The Eighth surrendered at Gaines
ville, after some further operations of minor importance.
field and staff.
Lemuel D. Hatch of Greene was entitled to the colonelcy
of this regiment, having recruited it by authority, but Gen.
Polk appointed Charles P. BaU of Montgomery colonel, L.
D. Hatch Heutenant colonel, and Richard H. Redwood of
MobUe major. Pending a discussion of the question, Col.
Hatch was wounded and captured (and Major Redwood kUled)
at LaFayette, and Colonel BaU continued in command,
though Hatch's commission as colonel was issued.
Adjutant. — J. Catlin Cade of Marengo.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Tuskaloosa. — W. T. Poe.
Tuskaloosa. — L. N- Cole.
Sumtee. — James V. Tutt.
Dallas.— M. M. Burke.
Geeene.  G. G. Perrin ; kUled at Pine-barren Creek. Brett
Randolph. Mabengo. — E. Charles England.
Tuskaloosa. — W. H. Lawrence ; kUled at Rome. E. W.
Owen.

686 WAR RECORD.
Chocta. — Eugene C. Rhodes ; captured at LaFayette.
Greene. — James Harrison ; captured at LaFayette.
Fayette. — W. H. Whitley.

L— NINTH ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This regiment was formed near TuUahoma, in May 1863,
by consolidating Malone's TweHth and Thomason's Four
teenth battalions. The former had organized in September
1862, and served in the brigades successively of Genl's J. T.
Morgan and J. A. Wharton, fighting at Murfreesboro. The
regiment served with Wharton's brigade tUl December 1863,
operating in the vicinity of the Army of Tennessee, and tak
ing part, with some loss, in numerous skirmishes. .Brigaded
with the First, Thfrd, Fourth, and Fifty-first Alabama cavalry,
first under Gen. J. T. Morgan, afterwards under Generals Al
len and Hagan, the Ninth was in the battle of ShelbyvUle
with much loss, in the severe and bloody campaign in Ten
nessee with Longstreet's corps, and in many conflicts in front
of the main army. During the Dalton- Atlanta campaign, the
Ninth was continually at the exposed points, losing severely
in a number of instances. With other portions of Wheeler's
cavalry, the regiment followed Sherman eastward, and a rem
nant surrendered in North Carolina.
FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — James C. Malone of Limestone ; wounded in
Tennessee, and at Noonday Creek.
Lieutenant Colonel. — Z. Thomason of DeKalb ; captured
at ShelbyvUle.
Majors. — Eugene Falconett ; transferred. Thomas H. Ma
lone of Limestone ; captured at ShelbyvUle.-
Adjutant. — Wm. h. Binford of Madison; died in the ser
vice. Jerome E. Russell of Limestone.
The men and officers of this regiment were from Limestone,
DeKalb, Madison, Morgan, Lauderdale, Cherokee, and Law
rence. The foUowing were captains of companies : T. H.
Malone, promoted ; Wm. P. Westmoreland, transferred ; Wm.
H. Hammock ; Robert W. Figg, wounded at Dover, retired ;
George Mason, wounded at Atlanta ; Robert B. Davenport, .
resigned ; James M. Stevenson, lolled at Dover ; Marcus J.
WUHams ; W. L. Brown, resigned ; S. S. Clayton, captured at
Shelby ville ; S. P. Dobbs, wounded at ShelbyvUle and in Geor
gia ; Thomas J. McDonald, resigned ; John H. Lester, wounded
and captured at Dandridge ; T. W. Harper ; James M. Rob
inson, wounded and captured; Robert A. McCleUand; Wm.
E. Wayland, kUled at Rome; A. D. Blansitt; James E.
>vNance, kUled in South Carolina ; John B. Floyd, wounded at
\ \ \ \

WAR RECORD. 687
Noonday Creek ; Wm. E. Thompson, wounded in Tennessee
and at Calhoun ; John Green, absent without leave ; John
White, superceded.

IL— NINTH ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This regiment was organized at Blue Mountain in the sum
mer of 1864, and was brigaded under Gen. PUlow. It oper
ated in the vicinity of the Army of Tennessee whUe it lay at
Dalton, and was with General Pillow for about eight months.
Transferred to Clanton's brigade, the Ninth fought under that
officer at Ten Islands, with some loss. It was soon after sent
to west Florida, and there made head against Steele's column
at Bluff Spring, losing a number. The regiment then resist
ed Wilson's corps, and in May laid down its arms at Gaines
ville. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — Henry J. Livingston of Autauga.
Lieut. Colonel. — Thomas L. Faulkner of Autauga.
Major. — R. J. Moses of Russell.
Adjutant. — Chas. E. Stewart of Dallas ; transferred to Hne.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Autauga and Bibb. — W. C. C. Cleveland.
Greene and Perry. — .... Horton ; resigned. Geo. Gold
thwaite. Montgomery. — Thomas Orme ; resigned. John A. Floyd.
Shelby. — John Moore ; kUled at Ten Islands. J. F. Wat
son ; kUled near PoUard. Charles E. Stewart.
Franklin. — T. J. Atkinson ; wounded near Decatur ; wound
ed near GuntersvUle.
Marshall. — Samuel Henry.
Walker. — F. H. Musgrove.
St. Clair. — John W. W. Wharton.
'Chambers. — . . . Smith.
Russell. — [A company always on detached duty.]

TENTH ALABAMA— (Cavalry).
This was a regiment organized in the winter of 1863-4, to
constitute part of Boddy's command. Richard 0. Pickett of
Lauderdale was the colonel, and the men were from the
northern counties of Alabama. The services of the regiment
were confined in a great measure to outpost operations in the
Tennessee valley, though it participated in the Pulaski raid,
and other encounters and forays.

688 WAR BECOED.
ELEVENTH ALABAMA— (Cavalby).
The nucleus of this regiment was a battahon that served
for some time under Gen. Forrest, and was commanded by
Col. Jeffrey Forrest. Soon after the latter's death, the com
mand was increased to a regiment, and re-organized. It was
with Forrest in the attack on Athens and Sulphur Trestle,
and in the fight at Pulaski, losing very severely in casualties
on the expedition. The regiment rendered effective service
to Gen. Hood. It was part of Roddy's force at MontevaUo,
and was in front of WUson's column to Selma. At the assault
on the works there, the Eleventh was in the trenches, and ,
nearly aU its men retfred therefrom, as the part of the line
held by them was not assaUed. The regiment laid down its
arms at Decatur. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonel. — John R. BurtweU of Lauderdale.
Lieutenant Colonel. — John Doan of Mississippi.
Adjutant. — David Halsey of FrankHn.
Four of the companies were from Franklin county, under
Captains C. Hyatt, John Steele, Thomas Bonner, and Parker
Rand ; two from Lauderdale, Captains John Barr and Y. A.
Gray; one from Morgan, Captain Z. F. Freeman; one from
Limestone, Captain S. McDonald ; and two from the State of
Mississippi, Captains Van Flake and J. A. Akers.

TWELFTH ALABAMA— (Cavalby).
The nucleus of the TweHth was a battaHon recruited by
Lieut. Col. Wm. H. Hundley of Madison, and Major Bennett
of St. Clair. This (the Twelfth) battaHon operated in east
Tennessee for some months, and was consoHdated with the
First Aabama whUethe army lay at Murfreesboro. It fought
thus at Murfreesboro and Chicamauga, and through Long-
street's east Tennessee campaign. Soon after the latter ope
rations, four companies were added, and the regiment thus
formed took the name of the Twelfth Aabama. Attached to
Hagan's brigade, the regiment took part in the retrograde
movement from Dalton, and was engaged in numerous en
counters. One of its companies lost 20 kUled and wounded
whUe defending a bridge near Ronie. At Atlanta, July 22,
Gen. Wheeler complimented the regiment on the field, and it
lost 25 or 30 men in a hUt to HUt melee with Stoneman's raid
ers. At CampbellsvUle, the TweHth repulsed Brownlow's
brigade, losing 45 men. At Averysboro and the attack on
KUpatrick, and other places, the regiment fought tiU the end.
It disbanded the night before the surrender — about 125
present.

WAE REC0ED. 689
FIELD AND STAFF. _
Colonel. — Warren S. Reese of Montgomery.
Lieutenant Glonel. — Marcellus Pointer of Mississippi;
wounded. Majoe. — A. J. Ingraham of Blount ; disabled by accident.
Adjutant — O. P. Casey of Cherokee ; kiUed at BentonvUle.
The companies were from Jefferson (two), Captains Mus
grove, killed at FayettevUle ; and W. A. White. From St.
Clair, Capt. A. D. Bennett. Jackson, Capt. Wharton. Blount,
Capt. Donaldson, resigned ; Capt. Weaver, killed at Benton
vUle. Calhoun, Capt. Scurry. Madison, Capt. Shepherd.
Cherokee, Capt. Wm. Lokey, resigned ; James MaxweU.
State of Georgia, Capt. McKinney. State of Tennessee,
Capt. Saunders ; company detached.

FOURTH ALABAMA BATTALION.
This was made up of three companies from this State,
which marched to Vfrginia in 1862. One was from Pike,
Capt. A. P. Love (captured at Dmwicldie) ; and two from
Barbour, Captains McKenzie and Roberts. They were or
ganized, and made part of the Phtilips Legion, Hampton's
cavahr. The battaHon foUowed the feather of Stuart through
many of his most brilHant forays, and were with Hampton on
many hard-fought fields.

FIFTH ALABAMA BATTALION.
Tljis battahon organized near Dumfries, Va., in December
1861. Attached to Whiting's brigade, it was soon trans
ferred to Hood's. Sent to Richmond, the battalion was
placed in Archer's brigade, and fought at Mechanicsville,
Cold Harbor, and Frazier's Farm, with heavy loss. It was
engaged at the second Manassas with large loss, and with like
result at Fredericksburg and ChanceUorsvUle. The battalion
lost haH of the 200 it had engaged at Gettysburg, and was
then placed on provost duty in A. P. HUl's corps. It re
mained in Virginia till the end, losing several on the march to
Appomattox, where 30 or 40 were present.
Majoe. — A. S. Vandegraff of Sumter; wounded before
Richmond, aud at Fredericksburg.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES GAME.
Sumtee. — Jas. Winston ; resigned. Wade Ritter ; wounded
at 'the second Manassas.
Calhoun. — T. B. Bush ; killed at second Manassas. A. N.
Porter ; wounded at Fredericksburg.
44

690 WAE RECORD.
Calhoun. — EHjah T- Smith ; resigned  Burton; kiUed
at first Cold Harbor. David Stewart ; kiUed at ChanceUors
vUle. James Reese.
Mobile. — .... Covington ; superceded. C. Hooper (com
pany disbanded).

EIGHTEENTH ALABAMA BATTALION.
This was meant for a local organization, and consisted of
five companies of men, mounted originally. Organized in the
summer of 1862, in Jackson county, the battalion was en
gaged in numerous encounters with the enemy along the line
of the Tennessee. In November it was dismounted by con
sent, and in January 1863 joined the army of Tennessee at
TuUahoma. Attached to Wood's brigade, the battahon lost
heavily at Chicamauga. It was thenceforward a part of Cle
burne's fire-tried division throughout the campaigns of that
army, fighting, marching, and suffering almost without inter
mission till its colors were furled in North Carohna. For the
sake of convenience, the battalion was attached to the Thirty-
third Alabama, without losing its distinctive organization.
The only field officer was a major, as foUows : WUliam T.
Gunter of Jackson ; resigned. John G. Gibson ; kUled at
Chicamauga. Jasper J. Jones of o ackson ; captured at Mis
sion Ridge.
Nearly all the men were from Jackson, and in five compa
nies, commanded by Captains Jasper J. Jones, (promoted),
George E. Cowan, George W. Rodgers, G. M. IngaUs, and
Montgomery Money.

TWENTY-THIRD ALABAMA BATTALION.
This command was organized at Charleston, Tenn., Nov.
25, 1863, and consisted of three companies of the first battal
ion of HiUiard's Legion, 'ihe men had gone through the
Kentucky campaign, and the iron hail of Chicamauga. Ihe
battaHon participated in the east Tennessee campaign of
Longstreet, and reached Richmond hi April. It lost heavily
at Drewry's, and in the frequent skirmishes and battles dur
ing the siege of Petersburg. A mere handful were left to sur
render at Appomattox.
Maj»r. — Nicholas StaUworth of Conecuh; (wounded at
Chicamauga as captain).
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES C>ME.
Conecuh. — W. E. Broughton ; killed at Drewry's. Samuel
"Salter. \ Chambers. — .... Daniels ; resigned  White ; wound-
1 ; retired. Lieut Lampley commanded.
Montgomery. — William Middleton.

WAR EEC0ED. 691
FIRST CONFEDERATE REGIMENT.
This was one of Gen. Wheeler's best cavalry regiments,
and there was a company, perhaps two, of Aabamians in it
from the northwest quarter of the State. The regiment served
throughout the war, and on many battle-fields. None of the
field officers were Alabamians.

THIRD CONFEDERATE REGIMENT.
This was another of Gen. Wheeler's commands, and seven
of the companies were Alabamians. The regiment operated
around the army of Tennessee, and was in several battles and
raids, and in innumerable skirmishes. It lost severely in
more than one of these fights, and its penons floated tUl the
Confederacy was no more. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — I. B. Howard; resigned. W. N. Estes ; kUled
near Chattanooga. P. H. Rice ; wounded in Georgia.
Lieut. Colonels. — W. N. Estes ; promoted. P. H. Rice of
Jackson ; promoted. G. C. Sandusky of Tennessee ; resigned.
John McCaskill of WUcox ; wounded.
Majors. — W. N. Estis ; promoted. G. C. Sandusky ; pro
moted. John McCaskUl ; promoted. F. M. Corn of DeKalb ;
resigned. F. C. Reese of Tennessee.
Adjutants. — D. C. Nicholson ; transferred. N. Rothrock ;
killed at Murfreesboro.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM' WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
DeKalb.— F. M. Com ; promoted. J. T. Hogue.
DeKalb. — . . . Lynch ; resigned. Henry Small.
DeKalb. — R. B. Lankford.
Wilcox. — John McCaskUl ; promoted. Jo. B,obinson.
State of Georgia— . . Pope ; resigned. W. A. Williamson.
State of Georgia — John Bates ; resigned  Edmondson.
Jackson. — P. H. Rice ; promoted. J. T. Witherspoon.
State of Tennessee.— G. C. Sandusky ; promoted. WA P.
Moore. DeKalb. — Daniel Clayton ; wounded.

EIGHTH CONFEDERATE REGIMENT.
This regiment was organized just after the battle of Shiloh
by the consolidation of Brewer's, BeU's, and BaskervUle's
battalions— six Aabama, and four Mississippi companies.
Brewer's battalion was among the first mounted troops raised
in Aabama, and had fought at ShUoh with severe loss. The
Eighth Confederate marched with the army mto Kentucky,

692 , WAR RECORD.
and was engaged in a series of bloody encounters, extending
up to and subsequent to the battle of Murfreesboro. It was
in Wheeler's dash on Rosecrans' rear during that battle, and
was badly cut up in two or three cavalry fights shortly after.
The regiment lost very severely at ShelbyvUle, and was en
gaged at Chicamauga. Near Dalton, May 1864, the regiment
had a protracted fight, with heavy loss. During the Dalton-
Atlanta campaign the regiment fought as infantry nearly the
whole time. It was engaged at Jonesboro, and in the capture
of Stoneman. It was with Wlieeler in his last grand raid
into Tennessee, fighting often, then moved into Vfrginia, and
fought Burbridge at Saltville. The Eighth then pursued
Sherman into the Carolinas, and was in constant contact with
him tiU it surrendered at Greenesboro, less than 100 strong.
field and staff.
Colonels.— R. H. Brewer of Maryland ; resigned.* W. B.
Wade of Mississippi ; wounded in east Tennessee ; trans
ferred. John S. Prather of Chambers ; wounded.
Lieutenant Colonels. — .... Baskerville of Mississippi;
resigned. Jefferson Falkner of Chambers; resigned. John
S. Prather ; promoted. John Wright of TaUapoosa.
Majors.— Solon BeU of Chambers; resigned. John S.
Prather ; promoted. C. C. McCaa of Pickens ; killed at Mur
freesboro. John Wright ; wounded at ShelbyvUle ; promoted.
Knox MUler of TaUadega.
Adjutant. — L. L. Goodrich of Mississippi.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Talladega. — \ . W. Bowie ; resigned. . . Stockdale ;
transferred. Knox MUler ; promoted.
Chambers. — Jefferson Falkner ; promoted. Robert Moore.
Pickens. — C. C. McCaa; promoted. W. M. Ferguson;
captured. Randolph. — . . . . Thompson; captured in Tennessee ; John
H. McElroy; killed near Dalton. Joseph A. Mathews of
Mississippi ; killed near Columbia, S. C.
Tallapoosa.- -John Wright ; promoted  Lindsey ;
captured in Tennessee.
Chambers. — Francis Pinckard ; died in the service. Henry
Holmes'; wounded at Boonsville and Jonesboro.
*Col. Brewer was a graduate of West Point. Promoted to the rank of
brigadier general, he was killed in battle in the Valley of Virginia in 1864.

WAE BEC0ED. 693
TENTH CONFEDERATE REGIMENT— (Cavalby).
_ This regiment was organized at Murfreesboro, by consoli
dating the battalions of Goode and Slaughter*— the latter
being the cavalry of HiUiard's legion, which had passed
through the Kentucky campaign. Brigaded under General
Pegram, the Tenth lost 8 kUled, 19 wounded, and 62 captured
at MonticeUo. After operating in east Tennessee, the regi
ment raided into Kentucky, and fought hi a half dozen severe
conflicts, losing 160 men in aU. Surprised at Jimtown, the
regiment lost about 50 men, mostly captured. At Chica
mauga the Tenth fought under Forrest, and lost heavily.
Placed in Wade's (afterwards Hume's and Robinson's) brigade,
KeUy's division, with the Ffrst and Third Confederate and a
Georgia and Louisiana regiment, the Tenth lost largely at
Resaca and New Hope, and performed arduous duty dur
ing the Dalton-Atlanta campaign. It was then in Wheel
er's last raid, moving as far as SaltvUle, Va. Having returned
to assist Gen. Hood, the Tenth proceeded to the Carohnas,
and was engaged at BentonviUe. It surrendered with John
son's army, 300 strong. FIELD AND STAFF.
Colonels. — C. T. Goode of Georgia; wounded at Chica
mauga ; retired: John B. Rudolph of Lowndes ; resigned.
Wm. J. Vason of Georgia, wounded at BentonviUe.
Lieutenant Colonfls. — M. M. Slaughter of Talladega;
wounded at Cleveland ; retired. Win. J. Vason ; promoted.
Majoes. — John B. Rudolph ; wounded at New Hope ; pro
moted. T. F. Holt of Georgia.
Adjutants. — John M. McKleroy of Barbour; transferred
to line. Jos. E. Mitchell of Virginia ; captured in Kentucky.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Ch\mbees. — Peter M. Rowland ; resigned. Charles Phil-
Hps ; resigned. John M. McKleroy.
Randolph. — WiUiam Smith ; resigned. J. J. Clements ;
wounded and captured at Jimtown.
Tallapoosa. — M. G. Slaughter ; resigned. John Slaughter.
Lowndes. — (John B. Rudolph- while in battaHon ; pro
moted). James Maynard ; resigned. Thomas A. Knight ;
wounded at Resaca.
Talladega.— • • . Barnes ; captured in Kentucky ; died
in prison. John Hendricks.
Barbour. — James Brazier.
[The other four companies were Georgians.]
* Slaughter's (the 17th Alabama) battalion was commanded, by M. M.
aughter of Talladega as major, and had five companies.

694 WAE RECORD.
FIFTEENTH CONFEDERATE REGIMENT.
This regiment was organized at Mobile in the spring of
1864, and made up of companies which had picketed the
coast for two or three years. It remained in the vicinity of
MobUe till the fall, when it moved into Louisiana, and was
engaged in a briUiant affair at Tunica. The Fifteenth also
made head against Smith's army, with smaU loss. The regi
ment disbanded at the downfaU of the Confederacy, except
two or three companies, which were paroled at DemopoHs.
field and staff.
Colonel. — Harry Maury of Mobile.
Lieutenant Colonel. — Thomas J. Myers of Florida.
Major. — Robert Partridge of Florida.
Adjutant. — Win. R. Jordan of Florida.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
'} [obile. — John H. Marshall ; wounded and captured at
Mississippi City.
Mobile. — Wm. CottriU; resigned. E. T. A-ringtom
Mobile. — J. E. MurreU.
Baldwin. — T. C. Barlow.
Chocta. — John McKeUar.
[The other five companies were from Florida.]

FIRST CONFEDERATE BATTALION.
There were three Aabama companies in this battalion,
made up mainly of recruits from the Second Aabama (as its
time was expiring), in the spring of 1862. There were three
other companies, one each from Florida, Georgia, and Ten
nessee, i he battalion fought at Corinth with smaU loss ;
and in Tilghman's brigade, Loring's division, was at Baker's
Creek with few casualties. Part of the battalion was cap
tured at Vicksburg, the other portion fought at Jackson. Or
dered to Virginia in the winter of 1863-4, the battaHon was
placed in Davis' brigade, Heth's division. It was engaged
at the WUderness, the second Cold Harbor, and in the
trenches of Petersburg, losing severely, especially at the at
tempt to drive the enemy from the Weldon Railroad. At
Hatcher's Run (April 2, 1865,) the battaHon was captured,
with the entire brigade ; but it was greatly reduced in num
bers. FIELD AND STAFF.
Lieutenant Colonels. — George Hoke Forney of Calhoun ;
killed at the Wilderness. F. B. McClung of Franldin.
Majors. — L. W. O'Bannon* of Louisiana; transferred.
'O'Bnnnon and Forney were majors before the battalion was entitled to a
lieutenant colonel by the addition ofthe Tennessee and Georgia companies.

WAR RECORD. 695
Geo. H. Forney ; promoted. F. B. McClung ; promoted. A.
M. O'Neal of Lauderdale.
Adjutant. — W. J. Scott of Calhoun ; wounded at second
Cold Harbor.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTESS FROM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
Mobile, Calhoun, Jackson. — Geo. H. Forney ; promoted.
A. M. O'Neal ; promoted.
Mobile. — F. B. McClung ; promoted. Mike Donahue ;
kUled at Weldon RaUroad.
Mobile.— M. M. Kenny.
The other companies, from Florida, Georgia, and Tennes
see, were originally under Captains J. M. Johnson, Lee, and
Bartlett, respectively.
FIRST ALABAMA BATTALION OF ARTILLERY.
This command was recruited at MobUe, Montgomery,
Selma, and Eufaula, as part of the " Army of Alabama," and
was organized about the first of February 1861, at Fort Mor
gan. In the spring the command was transferred to the Con
federate government as " regulars." Stationed at Fort Mor
gan and its dependencies, the battalion attahied a high degree
of discipline, insomuch that the federal Gen. Granger pro
nounced it the most perfect body of either army. Detach
ments of it manned the heavy artillery at Forts Gaines and
PoweU, and rendered effective service. During the terrific
bombardment of Fort Morgan, the battalion, "moved by no
weak fears," handled the guns till they were all knocked out
of position, losing 150 lolled and wounded of about 500 en
gaged. The men were taken to Elmira, N. Y., where fuUy
half died of smaUpox ; and the officers to Fort Warren.
field and staff.*
Lieutenant Colonels.— Robert C. Forsyth of Mobile ; re
signed. James T. Gee of Dallas ; captured at Fort Morgan.
Majoes. — S. S. Tucker ;t died in the service. James T.
Gee of Dallas ; promoted. J. M. Cary of Barbour ; captured
at Fort Morgan.
CAPTAINS, AND COUNTIES FEOM WHICH THE COMPANIES CAME.
" a." — Wm. Walker of Mobile ; died in the service. Wm.
B. Hughes of Montgomery ; wounded and captured at Fort
Morgan.  -'__ 
*Majors Tucker and Gee commanded for a year or two before a lieutenant
colonel was appointed.
tGen. Tucker Was a native of Vermont, and a graduate of West Point.
He served with distinction in Mexico and Nicaragua, and his commission as
major general arrived a few days after his death.

696 WAE EECOED. ¦
"B." — John J. Winston of Greene; resigned. Wm. WeU-
born of Barbour. Frederick S. Ferguson of M aeon ; captur
ed at Fort Morgan.
"C." — James T. Gee ; promoted. J. M. Carey; promoted.
N. J. Smith of Perry ; wounded and captured at Fort Mor
gan. "D." — Junius A. Law of Macon; resigned. Lee Ham
mond of Madison ; captured at Fort Morgan.
" E." — J. Q. Loomis of Coosa ; resigned. J. W. Whiting
of IVl ontgomery ; captured at Fort Morgan.
" F." — Edwin Wallace of Madison ; reheved. W. R. Ju-
Han of Franklin; resigned. R. N. CampbeU of Marengo;
captured at Fort Morgan.

to

"KETCHUM'S"— "GARRITY'S"— BATTERY.
This battery of light artUlery was organized at Mobile in May
1861, and the officers and men were from that county. It went
to Pensacola, and remained there tiU May 1861. It lost 7 kdlecl
and wounded, and several horses at ShUoh. Attached to Rug-
gles' brigade, it was engaged at Farmington without loss.
Moving into Kentucky as part of Chalmers' brigade, its loss
was light at MumfordviUe. At PerryvUle and WUdcat-Gap
the battery fought, with a few casualties at the latter place.
At Murfreesbi >ro its loss was 27 men killed and wounded, and
30 horses. The battery was more fortunate at Chicamauga,
but lost several men and two guns at Mission Ridge. The
battery was in Sherman's way day and night us he moved' on
Atlanta, and suffered very considerably. It fought at Frank
lin and Nashville, with small loss, and endured the siege of
Spanish Fort with only two men kiUed. The battery surren
dered at M eridian.
Captains. — Win. H. Ketchum ; resigned. Wm. H. Homer ;
resigned. James Garrity ; wounded at Murfreesboro and
Marietta. Lieutenants. — Wm. H. Homer ; promoted. David Bush ;
resigned. John C. Yuille ; resigned. John Slaughter ; re
signed. James Garrity ; promoted. David Bond ; killed at
Jonesboro. Maynard Hassell ; kiUed near Atlanta. Henry
FerreU. Jonathan Pressler. John W. Jackson.

"JEFF. DAVIS ARTILLERY."
This battery was organized in May 1861, at Selma, and
was composed of men from Dallas, Perry, Butler, Lowndes,
and Marengo. Furnished with eight guns it went to Virginia
a month later. At Manassas it was attached to Early's brig-

WAR EECOED. 697
ade for some months. The battery was engaged at Seven
Pines, and at the first Cold Harbor lost 18 men and 28 horses
ktiled and wounded. As part of Carter's artillery battalion,
the battery fought at Boonsboro, and sufferred severely at
Sharpsburg. It manned the crest at Fredericksburg, and
fought with Jackson's corps at ChanceUorsvUle with light loss.
The battalion was also engaged in frequent skirmishes soon
afterwards, and the music of its voice was heard at the WU
derness. But at Spottsylvania the battery was charged, aud
lost three guns and haH the command captured. They were
not exchanged, and the other part of the command served
with a battery hi Carter's artiUery regiment tUl the peace.
Captains. — J. T. Montgomery of DaUas ; resigned. J. W.
Bondurant of Marengo ; promoted graduaUy to the rank of
colonel of artUlery. Win. J. Reese of Montgomery ; wounded
at Bealton ; captured at Spottsylvania.
Lieutenants. — A. K. Shepard of Perry; resigned. C. W.
Lovelace of Dallas ; resigned. Wm. Fitts ; resigned. Wm.
J. Reese ; resigned. Robert Walker of DaUas ; resigned.
J. WA Bondurant ; promoted. Robert YeldeU of Butler ; re
signed. H. P. Thomas of Bibb ; resigned. D. E. Bates of
Marengo ; captured at Spottsylvania. John Mitchell of Dal
las.

"HARD AW AYS" BATTERY.
This battery was recruited in RusseU, Macon, and Talla
poosa, and was provided with tents, side-arms, camp equip
age, &c, at the private expense of its first captain. It reached
Vfrginia in June 1861, and remained at .\i anassas tUl March
1862. Thenceforth the record of Hardaway's battery was
that of the immortal Army of Northern Vfrginia. Its guns
roared at Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, the first Cold Harbor,
W7hite-oak Swamp, Sharpsburg, Shepherdstown, UppervUle,
Port Royal, Fredericksburg, ChanceUorsvUle, Gettysburg,
Mine Run, WUderness, Spottsylvania, Hanover Junction, the
second Cold Harbor, Dutch Gap, Deep Bottom, FusseU's
MUl, Fort Field, Fort Gilmer, Fort Harrison, Henrico Poor-
house, Darbytown Road, Appomattox, and in numerous other
stubborn conflicts of lesser note. The long range and soft
whir of its Whitworth bolts were the pride of the service.
The losses of the battery were severe in a number of engage
ments, for it was ever active and bold in its movements
Captains.  Robert A. Hardaway of Macon ; promoted.
Wm. B. Hurt of RusseU ; wounded at Gettysburg ; promoted.
George Arch' FerreU of RusseU.
Lieutenants. — Wm. B. Hurt ; promoted. John W. TulHs

698 WAE EECOED.
of Pike ; wounded and captured at Gettysburg ; detached.
G. A. Ferrell; promoted. Jesse H. Crenshaw of RusseU.
John Andrew Jackson of RusseU.

"WATERS' BATTERY."
This command was organized at MobUe city, in October '61,
and the men and officers were from there. The battery re
mained in the defence of that city tiU the spring of '62, when
it moved to Corinth. It was in the Kentucky campaign,
losing lightly at MumfordviUe, and none at PerryvUle. It
suffered severely at Murfreesboro, where it was in Manigault's
brigade. At Chicamauga the battery was engaged without
loss ; but at Mission Ridge it lost three guns and haH its force
were captured. The other half were distributed in Cobb's
(Kentucky) and Mayberry's (Tennessee) battery, and served
tiU the end.
Captain. — David Waters ; promoted.
Lieutenants. — Wm. HamUton. i harles Watkins. Sam
uel Battle. James M. Muldon ; resigned  Turner.

"GAGE'S BATTERY."
This battery was organized at Mobile, October 1861, and
was composed of MobUians. It remained in the defences of
the city during the winter. It was then sent to Tennessee,
and suffered severely at ShUoh. The battery was then sent
back to Mobile, and remained in garrison there tiU the city
was evacuated. It was surrendered with the department at
Meridian. Captains. — Charles P. Gage ; resigned. James HiU ; re
signed. James H. Hutchisson.
Lieutenants. — James HUl; promoted. Daniel Geary ; till
re-organized. George Johnson ; tiU re-organized. Francis
Titcomb ; tUl re-organized. James H. Hutchisson ; promoted.
Richard H. WUkins ; resigned. Thomas H. Shaw. Cleve
land King ; resigned. John T. ElHson. John S. Treat. F.
H. Stanard.

" WADDELL'S BATTERY."
This battery was organized in February 1862 by an order
allowing 20 men to be taken from each company of the Sixth
Alabama. Equipped with eight guns, the battery was in the
Kentucky campaign. Sent to Mississippi with Stevenson's
division, the battery was badly cut up and lost nearly aU of

WAR RECOED. 699
its guns at Baker's Creek. It lost quite a number during the
siege of Vicksburg, and was there captured. Exchanged, the
battery was divided into the two that foUow.
Captain.— James F. Waddell of RusseU.
Lieutenants. — WA D. Emery of Montgomery ; wounded at
Vicksburg. R. H. Bellamy, Alonzo O'Neal, A. H. Burch,
Jefferson Bates, and Robert Harvey, aU of Russell.

"EMERY'S BATTERY."
This was part of " WaddeU's Battery," and was organized
at Columbus, Georgia, in November 1863. Ordered to Dal
ton, the record of the battery is blended with that of the
Aniy of Tennessee during the memorable campaign of 1864.
It was part of Major WaddeU's battalion — Emery's,. Barrett's,
and BeUamy's batteries. The battery sternly confronted
WUson at Girard, and there the guns and two-thirds of the
men were captured.
Captain. — W. D. Emery of Montgomery.
Lieutenants. — A. H. Burch, Jefferson Bates, M. M. Allen,
R. H. Boykin, aU of Russell.

"BELLAMY'S BATTERY."
This command was the other half of WaddeU's battery, and
was organized at Columbus, Ga., November 1863. Sent to
Dalton, the battery participated in the almost incessant bat
tle back to Atlanta, but its loss was not severe. Ordered to
Columbus, the battery fought Wilson at Girard, and the men
were dispersed or captured, and the guns abandoned.
Captain. — R. H. BeUamy of RusseU.
" Lieutenants. — Aonzo O'Neal of RusseU; killed at Mari
etta. Robert Harvey, aud J. T. HoUand of RusseU.

" SELDEN'S "— " LOVELACE'S"— BATTERY.
The men of this command were chiefly from Marengo, Per
ry DaUas, and Shelby, and it was organized at Uniontown in
the spring of 1862. After a short time passed at Columbus,
Miss the battery went to MobUe, and remained there nearly
two years. Having joined the main army, the battery was
engaged at Resaca, Cassville, Kennesa New Hope Peach-
tree losing lightly iu each, and was comphmented on the held
at the latter place by Gen. Reynolds. - At Jonesboro the bat
tery lost four kUled, and several wounded. It was engaged

^00 WAE EECOED.
in the further operations of that army, and at Nashville lost
several killed and had its guns captured. The remainder sur
rendered at Meridian.
Captains. — Joseph Selden of Perry. Charles W. Lovelace
of DaUas ; captured at Nashville.
Lieutenants. — R. H. Jones ; resigned . . . Murfee ; re
signed. C. W. Lovelace ; promoted. E. C. England of Ma
rengo ; relieved. L W. Duggar of Marengo. C. C. Smoot
of Shelby. W. M. Selden of Perry..

"EUFAULA LIGHT ARTILLERY."
This command was organized at Eufaula, Feb. 26, 1862, and
was composed of men from Barbour and adjoinmg counties
— 262 rank and file. Equipped with six guns, the battery
joined the Army of Tennessee, and participated in its cam
paigns and operations tUl the end, losing 48 men kiUed and
wounded, and 36 by disease, during its service. It was sur
rendered at Meridian, Miss.
Captains. — John W. Clark ; resigned. W. A. McTyere ;
resigned. M. D. Oliver ; kUled at Atlanta. WUliam J. Mc-
Kenzie. Lieutenants. — W. A. McTyere ; promoted. M. D. OHver ;
promoted. W. J. McKenzie ; promoted. W. H. YAoods. F.
M. CaldweU.

" SENGSTAK'S "— " BARRETT'S "—BATTERY.
This company was organized at Mobile, December 1861,
and remained there and at Cplumbus, Miss., tUl September
1862. The .battery was engaged at Corinth and Hatchee,
with small loss at the latter. During the winter that foUowed,
the battery operated in north Mississippi. It was part of the
Ul-fated garrison of Vicksburg, where it lost largely in casual
ties, and was captured. When exchanged, the men were as
signed to Barrett's (Missouri) battery, and joined the Amy
of Tennessee. During the Dalton- Atlanta campaign, Bar
rett's battery — in a battaHon commanded by Major WaddeH
of. Russell — was constantly engaged, and lost considerably.
Ordered to Columbus, it took part in the battle of Girard,
and most of the men, and all the guns, were there captured.
Captain. — Hermann H. Sengstak of Mobile ; transferred.
Lieutenants. — Wm. P. Leslie of Monroe ; resigned. A. P.
St. John of Mobile ; transferred. Stanley H. BeU of Greene ;
wounded at Vicksburg ; transferred.

WAR RECORD. 701
" FOWLER'S "— " PHELAN'S"— BATTERY.
This battery was organized in January 1862, at Tuskaloosa.
It was composed chiefly of men who had served a year in
Vfrginia as a company in the Fifth Aabama Infantry, having
volunteered with R. E. Rodes as captain. The company was the
first organization that re-enhsted " for the war." The battery
was on duty at Mobile for about a year. Having joined the
main army at TuUahoma, the battery was part of WalthaU's
brigade at Chicamauga, and there lost 10 killed, and 18 wound
ed, and 16 horses. At Mission Ridge the batter}*- had several
wounded. Placed in Cheatham's division, the battery lost 6
killed and 9 wounded. On the retreat from Dalton, the guns
were served almost daily, and suffered considerably. Moving
with Gen. Hood into Tennessee, the battery was engaged at
Franklin and NashvUle, losing 8 kUled and wounded at the
latter battle. The battery was stationed at MobUe tUl the
close of the war, and surrendered with 130 men.
Captains. — Wm. H. Fowler of Tuskaloosa; transferred.
John Phelan of Montgomery ; wounded at Resaca.
Lieutenants. — John Phelan ; promoted. Robert O. Per-
rin of Greene ; resigned. N. Venable of Tuskaloosa. Wm.
DaUey of Tuskaloosa ; lolled at Resaca. A. P. Hinton of
Perry. Samuel W. Reeves of Tuskaloosa.

"ANDREWS' "—"LEE'S"— BATTERY.
This company was organized at Norfolk, Va., January 1862,
and the men were from Montgomery. The majority of the
inen had served a year as a company in the Thfrd Aabama
Infantry- Some months later, the battery was sent to North
Carohna, and was on garrison duty on the coast. It assisted
in the capture of Plymouth with smaU loss, and blew up Fort
Branch when the Confederate line at Petersburg was broken,
and tried to join Gen. Johnston. The battery disbanded at
Ridgeway, N. C, AprU 1865.
Captains.— W. G. Andrews; relieved. Edgar J. Lee of,
Montgomery, Lieutenants.— E. R. Spalding ; resigned. E. J. Lee ; pro
moted. J. E. Davis. ' Wm. F. WUHams. Sid. S. McWhor
ter.

" HAYNIE'S BATTERY."
This was also a Mobile battery, and was organized in that
city, October 1861. It remained there tiU May 1862, then
tarried at Columbus, Miss., several months. Sent to Corinth

702 WAR RECORD.
unequipped, the men served with other batteries tiU the siege
of Vicksburg, when the battery was organized, and suffered
in casualties while in charge of the heavy guns. Captured
and paroled, the battery was on garrison duty at MobUe, and
one or two other points, till the struggle closed.
Captain. — John D. Haynie.
Lieutenants. — John G. Cleveland ; resigned. Thomas
Emanuel; killed at Vicksburg. . . . Morris. John Schlater

"CHARPENTIER'S BATTERY."
The men and officers of this company were from MobUe,
and organized for light artUlery service in October 1861. The
battery remained in the defences of Mobile city tiU June
1863, when it was sent to Mississippi. Placed in Feather
ston' s brigade, the battery fought at Jackson with light loss.
Ordered to Dalton, it was in the first part of the retrograde
movement of the army from Dalton, losing ."¦> horses by one
shell at Resaca. The battery then proceeded to Selma to re-
equip. It went thence as flying artiUery with Gen. Forrest,
and fought at Rome, Ga. Having returned to Selma, the bat
tery participated in the defence of the place, and was there
captured. Captains. — Stephen Charpentier ; resigned. John Jenks.
Lieutenants. — John Jenks ; 'promoted. L. H. Goodman.
WiUiam Lee. Samuel Miller.

"LUMSDEN'S BATTERY."
This company was reciuited at Tuskaloosa, and reported
for duty at Mobile, November 1861,125 strong. Stationed at
Fort Gaines till after ShUoh, the battery relieved Gage's at
Tupelo, and were given six guns. The battery skfrmished at
Farmington, and in the Kentucky campaign fought at Perry
vUle with small loss. At Chicamauga there were several cas
ualties, and the battery lost a gun. Its pieces moved down
the road from Dalton to Atlanta, and 5 killed and 25 wounded.
was the number of its casualties. The battery's loss was
smaU around Atlanta ; but, having marched with the army
into Tennessee, it was overwhelmed at NashviUe, losing its
guns, six men killed, and 22 captured. Placed in Spanish
Fort, the garrison was under fire for two weeks, with some
loss. Moving up to Marion Station, (Miss.), the battery was
surrendered with the department.
Captain. — C. L. Lumsden.
Lieutenants. — George Vaughan; made surgeon. H. H.

WAR RECORD. 703
Cribbs; resigned. G. H. Hargrove ; wounded at NashvUle.
Ed. Tarrant ; resigned. A. 0. Hargrove ; wounded at Span
ish Fort. John A. Caldwell ; wounded at Spanish Fort.

" SEMPLE'S BATTERY."
This command was organized at Montgomery, in March
1862, and the officers and men were nearly all from Montgom
ery county. Ordered to Mobile, it soon after joined the Army
of Tennessee. It marched into Kentucky, and was engaged
at PerryviUe with Hght loss. Two sections fought in the last
day's battle at Murfreesboro, losing a thfrd of the men, two
guns, and nearly every horse. At Dug Gap the loss was in
considerable, but serious at Chicamauga. The battery was
engaged at Mission Ridge without loss, and one section suf
fered severely at Ringgold Gap. The loss of men and horses
at Resaca was considerable, and the battery was fully occu
pied with the work of death on the retreat to Atlanta. In the
battle of July 22, and at Jonesboro, the loss was quite severe.
The guns of the battery were the first that opened at Frank
lin, but its loss there and at NashvUle was comparatively
light. Ordered to North Carolina, the battery reached Au
gusta, and there surrendered.
Captains. — Henry C. Semple ; promoted. R. W. Gold
thwaite. Lieutenants. — Elmore J. Fitzpatrick ; detached. John B.
Scott ; resigned. R. W. Goldthwaite ; promoted. E. G. Mc-
CleUan ; killed at Resaca. Charles Dowd ;* wounded at Re
saca. Joseph PoUard ; kiUed at Murfreesboro. Derrill M.
Hart. Henry Armstrong.

"KOLB'S BATTERY."
In AprU 1862, the "Barbour Light ArtiUery" was organ
ized at Eufaula with about 325 officers and men, and with W.
N. Reeves as captain, and R. F. Kolb, J. D. McLennan, Rob
ert Cherry, and Pat Powers as Heutenants. Proceeding to
Montgomery, the company was divided into two, and with
two other companies, organized as the artiUery battalion of
HiUiard's legion, with W. N. Reeves as major. Having
reached Chattanooga, only one of the companies was equip
ped as artUlery — the others continuing with the legion as in
fantry. This company, under Capt. R. F. Kolb, was in the
Kentucky campaign, and in east Tennessee for some time.
'This officer was from Mobile ; the others from Montgomery.

704 WAR RECORD.
It then shared the fortunes of the Army of Tennessee, fight
ing at Chicamauga, on the Dalton- Atlanta campaign, and in
Hood's Tennessee movement. Ordered to North Carolina,
the battery got as far as Augusta when the surrender oc
curred. Of the men of the company, about 45 died of disease
in the service, and about 70 were killed or wounded.

" TARRANT'S BATTERY."
This command was organized in June 1863, and the men
were from the western counties of the State. It remained at
PoUard for some months, and joined the Army of Tennessee
at Dalton. The battery participated in the battles of Resaca,
CassvUle, Lost Mountain, New Hope, Kennesa, Peach-tree,
and Atlanta, and suffered more or less in each. It then
moved towards Tennessee, and was under fire at Decatur from
the gunboats. At NashvUle one section of the battery was
captured entire, after hard fighting, and so many men and
horses killed in' the other that the guns could not be drawn
off. Ordered to Blakeley, the men there manned eight heavy
pieces, endured the perUs of that siege, fired the last gun at
the victor foe, and was there surrendered.
Captain. — Ed. Tarrant of Tuskaloosa ; captured at Blakeley.
Lieutenants. — Seth Shepard of Perry ; captured at Nash
ville. £j. B. Hardwick of Tuskaloosa; wounded at Kennesa ;
captured at NashvUle. E. W. Tarrant of Tuskaloosa ; cap
tured at Blakeley.

" CLANTON'S BATTERY. "
This command v/as organized at Pine Level, in Montgom
ery, June 1863, and composed of men from that and adjoin
ing counties. Attached to Gen. Clanton's brigade, the bat
tery was at Pollard and Mobile for some time, then in north
east Alabama and north Georgia. One section was engaged
in a fight at Rome, and the battery fought at Girard, where
the guns were captured. The surrender of the men soon fol
lowed. Captain — N. H. Clanton of Macon.
Lieutenants. — R. J. Swearingen of Macon. Henry Gold
thwaite of Montgomery. Charles Howard of Macon.

" WARD'S "— " CRUSE'S "—BATTERY.
This command was recruited in Madison, and served in the

WAR RECORD. 705
Army of Tennessee. Capt. Ward was succeeded in the com
mand of it by Capt. S. R. Cruse of Madison*

MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS.
There were two companies of mounted Alabamians in the
" Jeff Davis Legion," an organization that served in Vfrginia
throughout the war. One of the companies was from Sum
ter, under Capt. Wm. M. Stone, who was promoted, and suc
ceeded by A. K. Ramsey as captain. The other was from
Marengo, Capt. Tayloe, who was succeeded by Ivey Lewis as
captain. In the regiment recruited by Col. (afterwards Gen.) Wirt
Adams of Mississippi there were two Alabama companies.
One was from Clarke, under Stephen B. Cleveland as cap
tain, who was promoted, and succeeded by John Y. KUpat-
rick. The other company was from Lowndes, with M. J.
Fagg as captain, who resigned, and was succeeded by M. B.
Bowie. _ There were three or four companies from the State in Geor
gia and Tennessee regiments, from counties bordering on
those States.
Thirty or forty men of Pelhanis battery were from TaUa
dega and Calhoun, under Lieut. Wm. McGregor of the former
county. A number o| Alabamians were also in the battery of Capt.
C. B. Ferrell of Georgia. They were from Chambers and
Randolph, under Lieut. Nathan Davis.
There were others in the battery of Capt. S. H. Dent of
Barbour, and in that of Capt. Thrall of Forrest's corps.
There were also several regiments of "reserves" or militia
towards the close of the war. A detachment of them was
engaged at MontevaUo with WUson, but they were mostly as
sembled at MobUe.
[The terms " promoted," " wounded," "captured," "kiUed,"
&c, used in this record, express only events that befeU the
officer whUe holding that rank in the particular command
where his name is found. The word " retfred " signifies that
the officer left the service at the recommendation of a board
of surgeons, either in consequence of wounds or disease.]
 „  i 
*After diligent effort, no satisfactory information was obtained of this bat
tery.

ERRATA.

1. In the second line of the note on page 12, "1819"
should be 1519.
2. Page 106, ninth line, " 1829" should be 1819.
3. Page 127, thirty-first line, "1853" should be 1823.
4. Page 134, thirty-third line, "Chicamauga" should be
Murfreesboro. In sixth line, same page, "were" should be was.
5. Page 219, eleventh line, " Dr." should be Mr.
6. Page 316, seventeenth line, "January" should be July,
7, Page 342, fifteenth line, " 1836" should be 1856.
8. Page 599, thirty-sixth line, Capt. Powers should be put
down as the successor of Capt. Bell — Sixth Aabama In
fantry. 9. Page 604, twenty-fifth line — Ninth Aabama Infantry —
Capt. W. H. Couch should be put down as the successor of
Capt. May. In the line following, there was a Capt. Todd
preceding Capt. WUliam Todd. And, two lines below, Capt.
Rufus Jones should be put down as the successor of Capt.
Gaines Smith.
10. Page 642, fourteenth line, "M. C. Kinny" should be
M. C. Kimey — Thirty-third Aabama.

INDEX.

PAGE.
Abercrombie, James  513
Abernethy, Miles W  152
Acklen, Wm  3G3
Act of Admission  .'  40
Adair, Win. 1  350
Adams, Samuel  149
Agee, N. A  '.  444
Agricultural College  316
Aiken, John G  123
Aldridge, Enoch  '  142
Allen, William W  4(59
Alston, Win. J  377
Ames, Cyrus  453
Anderson, D. C  431
Ashley, Wm A  197
Ashurt, Merrill  450
Attorney-Generals, list of  99
Athens, Capture of  320
Anstill, Jeremiah  178
Autossee, Fight at  338
Bagby, Arthur P  241
Bailey, J. F  493
Baine.D. W  334
Baker, Alpheus  132
Baker, Benj. H  514
Baker. Robert A  229
Baldwin, Joseph G  528
Baldwin, Marion A  455
Baldwin, Wm. O  456
Barclay, William  284
Barnes, Wm. H  316
Barr, John G  ,  565
Barton, Seth  556
Battalions  689, 694-5
Batteeies  696
Battle, CuUen A  341
Baylor, R. E . B  554
Baylor. W. K  229
Beck, Franklin K  579
Beene, Jesse  216
Beman,. Sum 8  244

PAGE.
Belser, James E  450
Benners, Augustus. . . ¦  275
Benson, Nimrod E  448
Bethea, T. B  478
Blakeley, Siege of  121
Bibb, Benajah S  448
Bibb, Thomas  321
Bibb, Wm. W  108
Bienville, Lemoine de  19
Big Warrior  '  17
Birney, James G  851
Booth, John P  125
Bowdon, Franklin W  539
Bowie, Alexander  538
Bowles, P. D  .595
Boykin, Burrell  420
Bozeman, Nathan  457
Bradford, J. T  540
Bragg, Braxton  410
Bragg, John  409
Brando-.!, Byrd  352
B: ewer, George E  244
Brickell, B. C  366
Bridges, John W  579
Brindley, M. T. P  142
Brittan, P. H  481
Broadnax, Robert  110
Brooks, Wm. M  229
Brown, Benley  112
Brown, John  290
Brown, Newbern B  566
Bryan, Goode  548
Buford, Jefferson  131
Bulger, Michael J  548
Bullock, Edward C  130
Burnt Corn, Skirmish at  194
Byrd, Wm. M  224
Cabaniss, S. D  365
Cahaba Towns  579
Calabee  338
Caldwell, John H  159

708

INDEX.

PAGE.
Calhoun, James M  218
Campbell, John A  400
Campbell, E. B  329
Canby, E 11. S  66
Canoe Fight  435
Cantey, James  515
Cato, Lewis L  131
Casey, Th umas  216
Chapman, Beuben  361
Chapman, Samuel  527
Chamberlain, H. V  396
Chambers, Henry  350
Chancellors  98
Chandler, Daniel  411
Cheha, Skirmish at  339
Cherokees  14
Chicasas  15
Chilton, Wm. P  477
Choctas  16
Clanton, James H  466
Clark, J. 3  265
Clarke, James S  311
Clarke, Wm. E  378
Glausell, Bertrand  392
Olay, C. Comer  356
Clay, C. Claiborne  357
Claysville, Capture of  383
Clayton, Henry D  133
Clemens, Jeremiah  362
Clements, James F  335
Clitherall, A. B  479
Clopton, David  481
Cobb, W. R. W  286
Cobbs. Nicholas H  . . .458
Cochran, John  129
Cochran, S. G  581
Cocke, JackF  493
Coffee, John  296
Colberts, The  189
Coleman, Augustus A  276
Coleman, Daniel  321
Collier, Henry W  555
Coman, J. P  323
Congress, Members of  100
Cook, Nathan  332
Cooper, A. B  580
Cooper, Thomas B  167
Cooper, William  189
Counties, (in alphabetical order).
Cottrell, James La F  331
Crabb, George W  558
Crawford, William  392
Crawford, Daniel  200
Creagh, Girard W  179

Creagh, John G  178
Crenshaw, Anderson  147
Crenshaw, Walter H  147
Cresswell, Julia P  369
Crowell, John  512
Cruikshank, M. H  543
Cumming, S. J  582
Curry, Jabez L. M  541
Cuthbert, John A  395
Dale, Samuel  437
DargaD.E.S  411
Davis, L. E  321
Davis, Nathaniel  323
Davis, Nicholas (Limestone)  321
Davis, Nicholas (Madison)  365
Dawson, N. H. E  223
Deas, Zach. C  '. . . .424
Debt of the State  86
Dellett, JameB  440
Dent, Dennis  555
Deshler, James  191
DeSoto, Hernande  9
Dillard, A. W  532
Dickinson, James S  17S
Dougherty, Bobert  339
DowdeU, James F  163
Dox, Peter M  370
Dunn, Wm. D  404
Earle, Samuel S  291
Earnest, Wm. S  292
Echols, J. W  344
Econachaca, Skirmish at  328
Educational System of the State'. . 87
Ellis, Harvey W  556
Ellis, Eeuben  255
Elmore, Jotm A. (Autauga)  109
Elmore, John A. (Montgomery). .457
Elmore, Eush  458
Emuckfau, Fight at  547
English, Elbert H  324
Enitachopco, Fight at  183
Errata  706
Ervin, Robert H  580
Erwin, John  274
Evans, George R  220
Fair, Elisha r  464
Farmer, Robert  391
Farragut, David G  66
Fearn, Thomas  361
Felder, Adam C  .461
Fitzpatrick, Benjamin  240
Fleming, William  .864
Floyd, John  ;rrr?  22

INDEX.

709

PAGE.
Forney, John H  155
Forney, Wm. H  154
Forrest, h. B  67
Fort Bowyer, Bombardmentof  119
Fort Mims, Massacre of  116
Fort Morgan, Bombardment of  119
Fort Sinquefield, Fight at  175
Fort Tyler, Assault on  16*
Forsyth, John  408
Foster, John  154
Foster, Thomas J  310
Fowler, Wm. H  269
Frazier, John P  284
Freeman, Geo. C  333
French Colonists  373
Frierson, S. G  558
Fry.B. D  245
Gaines, George S  393
Garland, L. C  565
Garrett, WiUiam  199
Garrott, Isham W  494
Garth, Jesse W  485
Gayle, George W  219
Gayle, John  Uf.C>.%.*$l-
Gibbons, Lyman  418
Gilchrist, James G  333
Goetzel, S. H  432
Goldthwaite, George  451
Goldthwaite, Henry  399
Goodman, D. W  420
Government of the State  84
Governors, List of  92
Gordon,A.C  279
Gordon, John B  287
Gracie, Archibald  426
Graham, Malcolm D  478
Graham, Neil 8  344
Graham, William  449
Gregg, John  312
Greening, E. S  195
Hagan, James  430
Hale, Smith D  369
Hale, Stephen F  266
HaU.Bolling  243
HaU.Dixon  11°
Hancock, F. A  285
Handley, W. A  509
Hannon, M. W  469
Haralson, Wm. J  ¦.  235
Hardaway; Bobert A  516
Hardee, Wm. J  232
Harris, Ptolemy T  576
Harris, Sampson W  243

PAGE.
Hatcher, Eobert 8  221
Hawthorn, A. T  581
Heflin, John T  544
Heflin.E.S  508
Henderson, John  544
Henry, John K  '  148
Hentz, Oaroline Lee  301
Herndon, Thomas H  428
Heydenfeldt, Solomon  514
Hillabee, Massacre at  183
Hilliard, Henry W  454
Hitchcock, Henry  394
Hobbs, Thomas H  325
Hodgson, Joseph  482
Holtzclaw, James T  472
Hooper, Johnson J  465
Hopkins, Arthur F  403
Houston, George S  324
Howard, W. B. H  582
Hubbard, David  307
Hudson, Benjamin  256
Hundley, Daniel E  313
Hunter, John 8  219
Huntington, B. W  560
Hutchinson, J.J  276
Indian Tribes  13
Bige, Richard F  264
Inge, Samuel-W  529
Insane Hospital, State  551
Inzer, John W  524
Irby, ThomasE  221
Irwin, William  279
Jackson, Crawford M  110
Jacks. >n, James (two)  298
James, Lorenzo . . . . i  481
Jemison, Robert  563
Jewett, Origen S  180
John, Joseph R  494
Johnston, George D  495
Jones, Bush  ,  49G
Jones, Egbert J  366
Jones, ElUott P  253
Jones, Henry 0  304
JoneB, Robert T  492
Jones, WUliam G  412
KeUy, John H  502
Kelly, Moses   291
Kelly, WiUiam  350
Kennedy, John S  569
Keyes, Wade  304
King, Porter  495
King, WUliam R  211
KUpatrick, John Y  683

710

INDEX.

PAGE.
Lane, George W  364
Langdon , Charles C  397
Latham, Miltbn S  514
Law, E. M  342
Lawler. Joab  537
Lawler, Levi W  538
Lea, Columbus W  491
Leadbetter, Danville  431
Lee, Henry C  492
Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Charles . . . 374
Leftwich, Jabez  368
Lesesne, Joseph W  410
Leslie, Wm. P  444
Levert, Octavia W  395
Lewis, Dixon H  330
Lewis, David P  368
Ligon, David G  308
Ligon, Bobert F  340
Lindsay, Eobert B  190
Lipscomb, Abner S  405
Lomax, Tennent  476
Lowe, WiUiam M  370
Lyon, Francis S  375
Mabry, Albert G  223
Madison Station, Capture of  348
Manasco. John  572
Manly, Basil  '  562
Manning, Amos R  427
Mardis, Samuel W  519
' Martin, Abraham  453
Martin, Alburto  272
Martin, James B  543
Martin, Joshua L  559
Martin, Peter....,  :  560
Martin, William B*  251
Mason, Wylie W  344
Masons, Order of  88
Maury, Harry  420
Mauvilla, Storming of  176
May, Patrick  260
McAlpine, Solomon  261
McCall, .Daniel A  145
McClung, James W  359
McConneU, Felix G  538
McGillivray, Alexander  24
McKee, John  552
McKee, Robert  230
McKinley, John  297
McKinstry, Alexander  423
McLemore, Charles  162
McMillion, Lemuel G,  290
McRae, Colin J  416
McSpadden, Samuel K  169

McVay, Hugh  '. . . 297
Meek, Alexander B  '421
Milfort, Leclerc  17
Minerals  80
Minor, Henry  261
Mobile Bay, Battle in  381
Modawell, W. B  49S
Moody, Young M  378
Moore, Andrew B  490
Moore, David  352
Moore, Gabriel  319
Moore, John  497
Moore, John E  303
Moore, Samuel B  500
Moore, Sydenham  265
Moren, E. H  136
Morgan, John H  ; . 369
Morgan, John T  225
Morrissett, John . . :   443
Mudd, WiUiam S  ":. 292
Murphy, John  439
Murphy, Wm. M  i61
Muscogees  17
Musgrove, Wm. H  141
Neely, Philip P  429
Nooe, John A  256
Norman, Felix G  '.  190
Nott, Tosiah C  407
Norwood, John H  285
Oates, William 0  280
Oliver Samuel C  450
Oliver, Samuel W  195
O'Neal, Edward A  302
Opothleyoholo  18
Ordinance of Secession  62
Ormond, John J . . . .  557
Osceola  337
Owen, George W  373
Parsons, Enoch  442
Parsons, Lewis E  542
Parsons, Silas  360
Payne, Wm. W  528
Pea Eiver  505
Peck, E. Woolsey  560
Pegues, C. C  222
Pelham, Jnhn  156
Perkins, Constantine.  553
Perry, Horatio G.  215
Perry, Sien L  553
Perry, William F  343
Peters, Thomas M  309
Pettus, E. W  227
Pettus, John J  ....'.  324

INDEX. ,

711

PAGE.
Phelan, James  869
Phelan, John D  471
PhiUips, George  218
Phillips, Philip  406
PhiUips, WUliam S  i!19
Pickens, Ezekiel  216
Pickens, Israel .  272
Pickett, Albert J  452
Pickett, Eichard 0  303
Pickett, WiUiam D  452
Pickett, William E  110
Pleasant Eidge, Skirmish at  260
Pope, Burwell T  524
Porter, Benjamin F  .'. 148
Posey, Sidney C  299
PoweU, Ezekiel A  565
PoweU, James E  293
Powell, Levin  554
Powell, Richard H  144
Pratt, Daniel  Ill
Prince, Thomas McC  172
Productions of the State  83
Pryor, Luke  326
Pugh, James L.  128
Pushmataha  16
Raid, Streight's  139, 166
RnUroads of the State  78
Rains, John  375
Ralls, JohnP  251
Raoul, Nicholas  375
Rapier, Charles W  419
Rather, John D  191
Rather, John T  486
Reavis, Turner  531
Regiments  588
ReUgious Bodies  88
Reporters of Supreme Court  100
Requier, A. J  428
Reynolds, Benjamin  256
Rice, Greene P  486
Rice, Samuel F  470
Richardson, WiUiam  323
Rivers of the State  76
Robinson, Cornelius  333
Roddy, P. D  310
Rodes, R.E  567
Rose, Howell  239
Ross, Jack F  392
Ross, Walter  579
Royston, Young L  497
Russell, Gilbert C  394
Saffold, Benjamin F  215
Saffold, Milton J  215

PAGE.
Saffold, Reuben  214
Samford, William F  317
Sanders, John C. C  268
Sanders, Joseph  205
Sanford, H. C  167
Sanford, John W. A  , 473
Sanford, Thaddeus  398
Sansom, Emma  250
Saunders, E. W  221
Scott, Charles L  582
Scott, Robert G  444
Scott, Robert T  284
Seibels, John J .  459
Selma, Storming of  209
Semmes, Raphael  413
Semple, Henry C  ,  464
Shelley, Charles W  231
Shepherd, John W  474
Sherrod, Wm. C  312
Shields, Benjamin G  376
Shorter, EU S  127
Shorter, John GiU  126
Shortridge, Eli  536
Shortridge, George D  520
Sims, J.Marion  455
Sloss, Joseph H  190
Smith, Henry D  299
Smith, NeU  178
Smith, Robert H  425
Smith, Washington M  226
Smith, WiUiam  360
Smith, WiUiam H  508
Smith, William R  561
Snodgrass, John  285
Spanish Fort, Siege of  120
StaUworth, James A  196
Stansel, M. L  501
Starke, A. W  506
Stewart, George N  396
Stone, George W  475
Stone, L. M  '.  501
Storrs, John P  512
Storrs, Seth P  242
St. Paul, Henri  432
Sulphur Trestle, Assault on  321
Sykes, F. W.  309
Tait, Charles  443
Talladega, Battle of  535
Taylor, John M  352
Taylor, John T  419
Taylor, Joseph W  267
Tensas  18
Terry, Nathtoiel  322

712

INDEX.

PAGE
Thornton, Harry I  262
Thornton, James 1  263
Tohopeka, Battle of  547
Toulmin, Harry.. . .  575
Toulmin, Theophilus L  403
Town Creek, Fight at  307
Tracy, E. D  367
Troup, George M  574
Tunstall, Thomas B  122
Tuomey, Michael  567
Tutwiler, Henry  275
Tyler, Robert  480
University of the State  551
Van Hoose, Jesse  557
Waddell, James F  515
Walker, Abrani J  473
Walker, John W  353
Walker, Leroy P  354
Walker, Percy  397
Walker, Richard W  355
Walker, Thomas A  153
Wallace, James B  566
Walthall, R. B. . . . :  489
Ware, Eobert J  449
WaeReookd  586
Watkins, John  195
Watrous, DanielE  520
Watts, Thomas H  460
Weatherford, WUliam  435
Webb, Henry Y  272
Webb, James D  272

page.
Weissinger, George  489
WeUborn, WiUiam  125
Wetmore, Thomas B.  229
Wheeler, Joseph  A  313
White, Alexander  226
White, John.  ;  537
Whitfield, Newton L  564
Wiley, J. MeCaleb  505
WiUiams, George W  280
Williams, James  285
Williams, Marmaduke  552
WUliams, Price  552
WilUarnson, James S  239
Williamson, Peter  239
Wilson, Augusta Evans  423
Winston, John A  530
Winston, Wilham 0  235
Withers, Jones M  417
Wood, S. A. M  569
Wood, WiUiam B  299
Woodruff, Lewis T  400
Woodward, John J  540
Woodward, Thomas 8  339
Woodward, WUliam  171
Woolsey, B. M  224
Woman's Heroism  .141, 248
Wynn, J. H.J  323
Yancey, Benjamin C  168
Yancey, WilUam L  461
Young, Bird H  548
Young, Elisha  377

HI

Ji

SIMMSSSllS

MlUli